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      Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds
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Project Gutenberg's Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds

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Title: Starr King in California

Author: William Day Simonds

Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #4641]
Last Updated: February 6, 2013

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA ***




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</pre>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <h1>
      STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA
    </h1>
    <p>
      <br />
    </p>
    <h2>
      By William Day Simonds
    </h2>
    <h3>
      Author of <br /> <br /> "The Christ of the Human Heart"<br /> "Patriotic
      Addresses"<br /> "Sermons From Shakespeare"
    </h3>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <p>
      Dedicated to the Memory of Honorable Horace Davis of San Francisco as the
      only Tribute of Respect Now Possible to one whose Friendly Interest and
      Assistance the Author Here Gratefully Acknowledges
    </p>
    <p>
      Up to the time of Starr King's death it was generally believed that he,
      more than any other man, had prevented California and the whole Pacific
      Coast from falling into the gulf of disunion. It is certain that Abraham
      Lincoln held this opinion
    </p>
    <p>
      Edwin Percy Whipple
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <h2>
      Contents
    </h2>
    <h4>
      <a href="#link2H_INTR"> Introduction </a>
    </h4>
    <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto">
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="#link2H_PART1"> Part I. </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          In Old New England
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="#link2H_PART2"> Part II. </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          California in 1860
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="#link2H_PART3"> Part III. &nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
        </td>
        <td>
          California's Hour of Decision
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="#link2H_PART4"> Part IV. </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          Philanthropist and Preacher
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="#link2H_PART5"> Part V. </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          In Retrospect
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <h2>
      Introduction
    </h2>
    <p>
      This book is the result of the author's strong desire to know the truth
      relative to a critical period in the history of California, and a further
      strong desire to deal justly by the memory of a man recent historians have
      been pleased to pass by with slight acknowledgment.
    </p>
    <p>
      What was the nature and measure of Starr King's influence on the Pacific
      Coast during the Civil War? To be able to answer that question has cost
      more time and study than the reader could be brought to believe. It has
      necessitated a thorough examination of all published histories of
      California, of numerous biographies, of old newspapers, memoirs, letters
      and musty documents. It has involved interviews with prominent persons as
      well as a careful study of earlier writings upon Starr King in books and
      magazines. Best of all it has compelled the writer to the delightful task
      of renewing his acquaintance with the published sermons and lectures of
      the patriot-preacher.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is believed that no important data has been overlooked, and it is hoped
      that a genuine service has been rendered to all students of California
      History, and to all lovers of Starr King&mdash;he who was called by his
      own generation, "The Saint of the Pacific Coast."
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_PART1" id="link2H_PART1">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      Part I. In Old New England
    </h2>
    <p>
      When Starr King entered the Golden Gate, April 28, 1860, he had passed by
      a few months his thirty-fifth birthday. A young man in the morning of his
      power he felt strangely old, for he wrote to a friend just a little later:
      "I have passed meridian. It is after twelve o'clock in the large day of my
      mortal life. I am no longer a young man. It is now afternoon with me, and
      the shadows turn toward the east."
    </p>
    <p>
      There was abundant reason for this premature feeling of age. Even at
      thirty-five King had been a long time among the most earnest of workers.
      Born in New York City, December 17, 1824, of English and German ancestry,
      son of a Universalist Minister who was compelled to struggle along on a
      very meager salary, the lad felt very early in life labor's stern
      discipline. At fifteen he was obliged to leave school that by daily toil
      he might help to support his now widowed mother and five younger brothers
      and sisters. Brief as was his record in school, we note the following
      prophetic facts: he displayed singular aptitude for study, he was
      conscientious yet vivacious, he was by nature adverse to anything rude or
      coarse. Joshua Bates, King's last teacher, describes the lad as "slight of
      build, golden haired, with a homely face which everybody thought handsome
      on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and the earnest desire
      of always wanting to do what was best and right."
    </p>
    <p>
      This is our earliest testimony to the lovable character of the man whose
      life-story we are now considering. It will impress us more and more as
      East and West, Boston and San Francisco, in varying phrase tell again and
      again, of "the beaming eyes, the winning smile, and the earnest desire of
      always wanting to do what was just and right."
    </p>
    <p>
      A bread-winner at fifteen, and for a large family, surely this is the end
      of all dreams of scholarship or of professional service. That depends on
      the man&mdash;and the conditions that surround him. Happily King's mother
      was a woman of good mind who knew and loved the best in literature.
      Ambitious for her gifted son, she read with him, and for him, certain of
      the masters whom to know well is to possess the foundations of true
      culture. It is a pretty scene and suggestive&mdash;the lad and his mother,
      reading together "till the wee small hours" Plutarch, Grote's History of
      Greece, Bullfinch's Mythology, Dante and the plays of William Shakespeare.
      Fortunately his mother was not his only helper. Near at hand was Theodore
      Parker who was said to possess the best private library in Boston, and
      whose passion for aiding young men was well known. He befriended King as
      he befriended others, and early discovered in the widow's son superior
      talents. In those days very young men used to preach. Before he had
      reached his majority, King was often sent to fill engagements under
      direction and at the suggestion of Parker. The high esteem of the elder
      for the younger man is attested by the following letter to an important
      church not far from Boston.
    </p>
    <p>
      "I cannot come to preach for you as I would like, but with your kind
      permission I will send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a
      regularly ordained preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart, and
      the gift of tongues. He is a rare sweet spirit and I know that after you
      have met with him you will thank me for sending him to you."
    </p>
    <p>
      This young dry-goods clerk, schoolmaster, and bookkeeper, for he followed
      all of these occupations during the years in which he was growing out of
      youth into manhood, was especially interested in metaphysics and theology.
      In these, and kindred studies he was greatly impressed and inspired by the
      writings of Victor Cousin, whose major gift was his ability to awaken
      other minds. "The most brilliant meteor that flashed across the sky of the
      nineteenth century," said Sainte-Beuve.
    </p>
    <p>
      When Thomas Starr King was eighteen years old, William Ellery Channing
      died. Of that death which occurred amid the lovely scenery of Vermont upon
      a rare Autumnal evening, Theodore Parker wrote, The sun went toward the
      horizon: the slanting beams fell into the chamber. Channing turned his
      face toward that sinking orb and he and the sun went away together. Each,
      as the other, left "the smile of his departure' spread on all around: the
      sun on the clouds, he on the heart."
    </p>
    <p>
      Channing's "smile on the heart," his pure philosophy, his sweet Christian
      spirit so influenced King that his best sermons read not unlike the large,
      calm utterances of Channing when he spoke on the loftiest of themes. To
      other good and great men our student preacher was deeply indebted. To Dr.
      Hosea Ballou (2d) for friendship and wise counsel. To Dr. James Walker for
      the inspiration of certain notable lectures on Natural Theology. Most of
      all to Dr. E. A. Chapin, his father's successor in the Universalist Pulpit
      at Charlestown, Mass. Dr. Chapin&mdash;but ten years King's senior&mdash;was
      then just beginning his eminent career as pulpit orator and popular
      lecturer. He recognized the undeveloped genius of his young friend, he
      knew of his earnest student-ship, he delighted to open the doors of
      opportunity to him. It was a gracious and honorable relation and most
      advantageous to the younger man. Writing to a good Deacon of a neighboring
      church Chapin said: "Thomas has never attended a Divinity School, but he
      is educated just the same. He speaks Greek, Hebrew, French, German, and
      fairly good English as you will see. He knows natural history and he knows
      humanity, and if one knows man and nature, he comes pretty close to
      knowing God."
    </p>
    <p>
      In 1846 Chapin was called to New York, and through his influence Starr
      King, then twenty-two years old, was installed as his successor in the
      pastorate of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown. If his
      preparedness for an important New England pulpit is questioned it must be
      admitted that he entered it wholly without academic training, but we need
      not be distressed on that account. From the first he had adopted a method
      of study certain to produce excellent results, thorough acquaintance with
      a few great authors, and reverent, loving intercourse with a few great
      teachers. Little wonder that the "boy preacher" made good in the pulpit
      from which his honored Father had passed into, the Silence, and wherein
      the eloquence of Chapin had charmed a congregation of devoted followers.
    </p>
    <p>
      Two years pass and he is called to Hollis Street Church in Boston, a
      Unitarian Church of honorable fame but at the time threatened with
      disaster. It was believed that if any one could save the imperilled
      church, King was that man. Not yet twenty-five years of age, established
      as minister of one of Boston's well known churches; a co-laborer of
      Bartol, Ballou, Everett, Emerson, Theodore Parker and Wendell Phillips,&mdash;surely
      he is to be tried and tested as few men so young have ever been, here in
      the "Athens of America," the city of beautiful ideals and great men.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is certain that King regarded the eleven years he gave to Hollis Street
      as merely preparatory to his greater work in California. Writing playfully
      from San Francisco to Dr. Bellows in Boston he said: "At home, among you
      big fellows, I wasn't much. Here they seem to think I am somebody. Nothing
      like the right setting." The record shows that even among the "big
      fellows" Starr King was a very definite somebody, for although crowds did
      not attend his preaching in Boston as in San Francisco, he was able to
      congratulate himself upon the fact that he preached his last sermon in
      Hollis Street Church to five times as many people as heard his first. Nor
      do we need to await the judgment of California admirers to be convinced of
      his ability as a preacher or his popularity as a lecturer. It was said of
      him that "he was an orator from the beginning:" that his first public
      address "was like Charles Lamb's roast pig, good throughout, no part
      better or worse than another." "His delivery," says a candid and scholarly
      critic, "was rather earnest than passionate. He had a deep, strange, rich
      voice, which he knew how to use. His eyes were extraordinary, living
      sermons, a peculiar shake and nod of the head giving the impression of
      deep-settled conviction. Closely confined to his notes, yet his delivery
      produces a marked impression."
    </p>
    <p>
      Hostile criticism, which no man wholly escapes, enjoyed suggesting that
      King had been educated in the common schools of Portsmouth and
      Charlestown, and that he had graduated from the navy yard into the pulpit.
      A Boston correspondent passed judgment upon him as follows: "He was not
      considered profoundly learned; he was not regarded as a remarkable orator;
      he was not a great writer; nor can his unrivalled popularity be ascribed
      to his fascinating social or intellectual gifts. It was the hidden
      interior man of the heart that gave him his real power and skill to
      control the wills and to move the hearts, and to win the unbounded
      confidence and affection of his fellow-beings."
    </p>
    <p>
      William Everett is authority for the statement that in those early years
      in Hollis Street Church "Starr King was not thought to be what a teacher
      of Boston Unitarianism ought to be. He was regarded rather as a florid
      platform speaker, one interested in the crude and restless attempts at
      reform which sober men distrusted." Another reviewer mingles praise and
      criticism quite ingeniously. "He astonishes and charms his hearers by a
      rare mastery over sentences. He is a skilful word-marshal. Hence his
      popularity as a lyceum lecturer. However much of elegant leisure the more
      solid and instructive lecturers may have, Mr. King is always wanted. He
      is, in some respects, the most popular writer and preacher of the two
      denominations which he equally represents, being a sort of soft ligament
      between the Chang of Universalism and the Eng of Unitarianism."
    </p>
    <p>
      This last criticism invites us to notice&mdash;all too briefly&mdash;a
      phase of King's experience in New England fitting him most admirably for
      the larger work he was to do on the Pacific Coast. From 1840 to 1860 the
      Lyceum flourished in the United States as never before or since. Large
      numbers of lecture courses, extending even to the small cities and towns,
      were liberally patronized and generously supported. In many communities
      this was the one diversion and the one extravagance. To fill the new
      demand an extraordinary group of public speakers appeared; Emerson, Edward
      Everett, Wendell Phillips, Dr. Chapin, Oliver Wendell Holmes, George
      William Curtis, Henry Ward Beecher, Frederick Douglas, Theodore Parker and
      others, whose names are reverently spoken to this day by aged men and
      women who remember the uplift given them in youth by these giants of the
      platform.
    </p>
    <p>
      That he was always wanted with such rivals as those is proof enough of
      King's power with the people, of his fame as an orator, even before his
      greater development and his more wonderful achievements in California. His
      lecture circuit extended from Boston to Chicago. His principal subjects
      were "Goethe," "Socrates," "Substance and Show," a lecture which ranks
      next to Wendell Phillips' "Lost Arts" in popularity. Not withstanding the
      academic titles King gave his lectures they seemed to have been popular
      with all classes. "Grand, inspiring, instructive, lectures," said the
      learned. "Thems' idees," said unlettered men of sound sense. It was
      thought to be a remarkable triumph of platform eloquence that King could
      make such themes fascinating to Massachusetts farmers and Cape Cod
      fishermen. In fine phrase it was said of him that he lectured upon such
      themes as Plato and Socrates "with a prematureness of scholarship, a
      delicacy of discernment, a sweet innocent combination of confidence and
      diffidence, which were inexpressibly charming."
    </p>
    <p>
      It may be claimed with all candor that few public teachers have ever been
      able so to enlist scientific truth in the service of the spirit. That
      spirit and life are the great realities, that all else is mainly show, at
      best but the changing vesture of spirit, is set forth in King's lectures
      so completely that he may be said to have made, even at this early age, a
      genuine and lasting contribution to the thought of his time. All this be
      it noted before he had set foot upon the Pacific Coast, where he was
      destined to do his real work.
    </p>
    <p>
      One other service King had rendered the country, and especially New
      England, should here be gratefully recalled. Always in delicate health, he
      had formed the habit of spending his vacations in the White Hills of New
      Hampshire. Benefited in mind and body, and charmed by the rare beauty of a
      region then unknown, he endeavored to reveal to the people of Boston, and
      other Eastern cities, the neglected loveliness lying at their very doors.
      The result was King's "The White Hills, Their Legends, Landscape and
      Poetry." Although this pioneer nature-book is now probably quite
      forgotten, even by the multitudes who visit the scenes it so glowingly
      describes, it is well to remember that it was, indeed, one of the first
      attempts to entice the city dweller "back to nature." Published in 1859,
      it followed Thoreau's at that time unread "Walden" by only five years,
      while it preceded Murray's "Adventures in the Wilderness," and the
      earliest of John Burroughs' delightful volumes, by a full generation. It
      was in every way a commendable, if not great, adventure in authorship.
    </p>
    <p>
      From this brief review it is evident that when Starr King preached his
      last sermon in Boston, March 25, 1860, he had made for himself an enviable
      reputation in three difficult fields of work, as preacher, lecturer and
      writer. The feeling of Boston and New England upon his departure was
      fittingly expressed by Edwin Percy Whipple in a leading journal of the day
      in which this eminent author "appealed to thousands in proof of the
      assertion that though in charge of a large parish, and with a lecture
      parish which extended from Bangor to St. Louis, he still seemed to have
      time for every noble work, to be open to every demand of misfortune,
      tender to every pretension of weakness, responsive to every call of
      sympathy, and true to every obligation of friendship; all will indulge the
      hope that California, cordial as must be the welcome she extends him, will
      still not be able to keep him long from Massachusetts."
    </p>
    <p>
      On the day before he sailed from New York a "Breakfast Reception" was
      given him at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, at which three hundred guests were
      seated at the tables. The poet, William Cullen Bryant presided, and other
      men hardly less distinguished testified to the nature of King's work, and
      to the varied charm of his unique personality. Best of all, perhaps, was
      the tribute of his friend and neighbor, Dr. Frederick H. Hedge. "Happy
      Soul! himself a benediction wherever he goes; a living evangel of kind
      affections, better than all prophecy and all knowledge, the Angel of the
      Church whom Boston sends to San Francisco."
    </p>
    <p>
      Such was the man who came to California in the greatest crisis of her
      history to exert upon her destiny an influence unequalled and unexampled
      even in that most romantic and eventful story of the Golden West.
    </p>
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_PART2" id="link2H_PART2">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      Part II. California in 1860
    </h2>
    <p>
      The federal census of 1860 gave California 379,984 inhabitants and San
      Francisco 56,802. Historian Bancroft informs us that here was "a gathering
      without a parallel in history." It may be said that the whole history and
      development of California is without parallel. The story reads not so much
      like the orderly growth of a civilized community as a series of unrelated
      and episodical events. There is little of logical order or sequence, and
      much of surprise, adventure, of conflict and crisis. Said an aged
      philosopher, "It is the unexpected that happens," a saying illustrated if
      anywhere in the world, in the history of the Golden State.
    </p>
    <p>
      Although discovered early in the sixteenth century by adventurous
      Spaniards, no serious attempt was made at settlement of any portion of the
      territory now included in the boundaries of California until the year
      1769, when Father Junipero Serra arrived at the Bay of San Diego. Then
      followed a half century constituting the Mission Period of California
      history, during which Spanish Governors and Franciscan Friars ruled the
      land. Inspired more by religious zeal than by lust of conquest, or hope of
      gain, the Spanish Padres planted a chain of missions extending from San
      Diego to the Bay of San Francisco. At these missions, consisting often, at
      the beginning, of nothing more than a rude cross and altar, with some
      miserable make-shift of tent or huts as protection from the heat of summer
      and the cold of winter, the faithful priests labored to convert the
      surrounding Indians. They tried to make of them not alone good Catholics,
      but good farmers, and vineyardists, and according to the need of the time,
      capable carpenters and builders. As the result of their labors a long
      period of simple prosperity was enjoyed at the missions. Buildings were
      erected that still delight the traveler. They were for the most part of
      Moorish architecture, built of adobe, painted white, with red-tile roofs,
      long corridors and ever the secluded plaza where the friar might tell his
      beads in peace. Around the missions, some twenty in number, lying a day's
      journey apart between the southern and the central bay, Indian workers
      cultivated immense fields of grain, choice vineyards, olive orchards and
      orange groves; great herds of horses, cattle, and sheep were cared for,
      and the women became adept at weaving and spinning. Nor were the Spanish
      Governors idle. They encouraged the immigration of settlers both from the
      mother country and Mexico by a most liberal policy, assisting the newcomer
      to build a home, acquire stock, and establish himself in a country where
      there was an abundance of game, and where the earth yielded her bounty
      with the minimum of labor. Thus in the half century between 1770 and 1820,
      these Pius Padres laid the foundations of California, as they believed
      securely, after Catholic and Spanish tradition.
    </p>
    <p>
      Not securely so it proved, for in 1822 Mexico won her independence from
      Spain, both political and religious. The California Padres being Spaniards
      naturally suffered persecution at the hands of successive Mexican
      Governors, who were envious of the lands, orchards and herds of domestic
      animals belonging to the various missions. Ruthlessly the Friars were
      plundered of their well tilled fields, their fine vineyards, their flocks
      and herds, and their Indian converts were enticed or driven into the
      service of the new Masters of the country. Some of these officials were of
      Spanish blood and some of Mexican but now they proudly called themselves,
      Californians. And proudly they lived, these Spanish and Mexican Dons.
      Owning immense tracts of land, riding upon fleet horses, relieved of all
      necessity of honest work, they soon became in their manner of living,
      veritable hidalgoes.
    </p>
    <p>
      Vain, ridiculously boastful, pleasure chasers, they loved above all else
      the frolic, the dance, and a good horse. All the way from San Diego to
      Shasta were located the immense ranchoes, more than six hundred in number,
      ever since celebrated in song and story. This was the period so often
      called by poetic writers the Romantic Age of California. Although much of
      the glamor of the dear old days of plenty and pleasure has been dispelled
      by the careful researches of conscientious scholars, it must still be
      admitted that here also were developed certain characteristics and here a
      kind of foundation for the future laid, ignorant of which we can not
      understand either the California of 1860 or even the State as we of today
      know and love it. If it is true that the first settlers in any community
      leave a lasting impress upon after generations it is evident that the
      Franciscan and Spanish background of California must be reviewed as we
      approach the more serious days of American conflict and conquest.
    </p>
    <p>
      Although the first American settler arrived in California in 1816 his
      example seems to have been without effect for in 1822 there were but
      fourteen persons not of Mexican or Spanish blood in all the province. In
      the early '40's emigrants from the "States" began to come in parties, but
      so slowly that by January 1, 1848, the entire population (not including
      Indians) numbered only 14,000, and Yerba Buena (San Francisco) the only
      Pueblo of any size contained barely 900 inhabitants. This be it noted was
      but twelve years before the arrival of Starr King, so close was the old
      aristocratic rule of Spain to that stirring conflict in which he was to
      become a central figure.
    </p>
    <p>
      As we have already observed it is the unexpected that happens in
      California history. In this same month of January, 1848, gold was
      discovered in the upper Sacramento Valley, an event that rivals the
      discovery of America by Columbus, if regarded in the light of results
      affecting the development of modern society. "The Gold that Drew the
      World" so Edwin Markham heads his story of that strange hegira which
      converted far-away California into a new Mecca and made of San Francisco,
      that sleepy Spanish Pueblo, in a few months' time a cosmopolitan city of
      fifty thousand people. Two years earlier, as a result of the Mexican War,
      California had been declared an American Territory, though not formally
      ceded to the United States until February 2, 1848. It was generally
      believed that the Mexican War had been waged and California acquired in
      the interest of negro slavery. James Russell Lowell voices this belief in
      the Bigelow papers as follows:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     "They just wanted this California
     So's to lug new slave states in,
     To abuse ye and to scorn ye,
     And to plunder ye like sin."
</pre>
    <p>
      However this may have been, it is certain that among the immigrants of the
      fifty's there was a large number of forceful and brilliant men, loving the
      old South, and fully determined to swing the new state into line as a
      pro-slavery asset. It is true they were not strong enough to prevent the
      adoption in 1849 of a constitution prohibiting slavery, yet for all that,
      as Southern men they rejoiced when September 9, 1850, California was
      admitted to the Union.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is no part of our purpose to give in detail the strange story of
      California during her first ten years as an American Commonwealth. By 1850
      her population had increased to 120,000 people, mostly young men drawn by
      the lure of gold from every quarter of the civilized world, including not
      less than 4000 Chinese. Yet the majority were Americans, and of the
      Americans the larger number were from the slave states. Nor was this
      condition much altered up to the outbreak of the Civil War. Trustworthy
      authorities estimate that not less than forty per cent of her entire
      population were at that time of Southern birth, naturally Democratic in
      politics and for the most part pro-slavery in sentiment. It should be
      remembered that during the decade under consideration the national
      government was under the brilliant leadership of the slave-masters who
      were ever alert as to the attitude of this new Eldorado of the West.
      Consequently every position of trust and honor under national control in
      California was given to "safe men" whose attitude towards the "peculiar
      institution" was favorable beyond suspicion. To such an extent was this a
      matter of public knowledge that the Customs Station of San Francisco was
      popularly dubbed the "Virginia Poor House." During all these years
      California was under the absolute control of the Democratic Party, and the
      party was under control of its Pro-slavery leaders.
    </p>
    <p>
      "The common people," says a late historian, "stood in awe for many years
      of these suave, urbane, occasionally fire-eating and always well-dressed
      gentlemen from this most aristocratic section of the Union. The
      Southerners, born leaders of men, and with politics the paramount interest
      in their lives, controlled both San Francisco and California."
    </p>
    <p>
      J. W. Forney, a politician and reporter of the time, is more emphatic and
      declares that "California was a secession rendezvous from the day it
      became a part of the Union."
    </p>
    <p>
      That the State was strongly Southern in sympathy is proven by the fact
      that of fifty-three newspapers published within her borders only seven
      advocated the election of Lincoln to the Presidency in 1860. A stronger
      proof still is found in the character and conduct of the public men of
      California during all the period under consideration. With one or two
      exceptions, of whom honorable mention later, every official of any
      importance, state or national, favored the South and voted in her
      interest. This condition was partly due, without doubt, to the political
      leadership of Senator Wm. M. Gwin. A Tennessean by birth, he was forty-six
      years of age, when he landed in San Francisco, June 4, 1849. Almost
      immediately active in politics he became the most brilliant and
      unscrupulous leader California has ever had. He held the reins of power
      and of national patronage until the war brought chaos to the old order and
      always Wm. M. Gwin was a faithful servant of the old aristocratic South of
      John C. Calhoun. He was ably seconded in his efforts to hold California to
      the pro-slavery cause by David S. Terry, Chief Justice of the State, and a
      fiery Texan, fearless and fierce in every conflict which might affect
      adversely Southern Chivalry. After these distinguished leaders there
      followed in monotonous succession Senators, Representatives, Governors,
      Legislators, representing doubtless their constituents in opposition to
      every movement looking to the abolition, or even serious limitation of the
      slave power.
    </p>
    <p>
      The first man to challenge the almost solid cohorts of pro-slavery
      Democracy in California was David C. Broderick, United States Senator from
      1857 until his untimely death in 1859. Broderick was the son of a stone
      cutter and in early life followed his father's trade. Born in Washington,
      D. C., he grew to manhood in New York City. When only twenty-six years old
      he became "Tammany's candidate for Congress." He was defeated and in June,
      1849, he too arrived in San Francisco, determined never to return East
      unless as United States Senator. Plunging into the political life of the
      state as a loyal Democrat he was sent almost at once to the legislature in
      Sacramento, where he speedily became an influential member. In 1851 he was
      made presiding officer of the Senate and by 1852 his leadership within the
      State was so firmly established that it was said of him "he is the
      Democratic Party of California." January 10, 1857, after years of bitter
      struggle, Broderick was elected United States Senator, and the following
      March was duly received as a member of that august body. From the first
      his had been a strenuous career, he had been the storm center of heated
      contests, personal and political, in which he had commanded the suffrages
      of his fellows so completely that it was said, "men of all ages followed
      him like dogs." He had made many bitter and unrelenting enemies, and now
      that he had reached the goal of his ambition, he was to enter upon a last
      dread battle, the most severe and deadly of all he had known.
    </p>
    <p>
      Stripped of all misleading complications the question then agitating
      Congress and the country was simply this: Shall Negro Slavery be forced
      upon the new territory of Kansas against the will of a majority of her
      people? This, of course, was only preliminary to the larger question:
      Shall the National Government, under lead of the Slave Oligarchy, be given
      power to spread over new territory, at will, the blight and curse of human
      bondage? Upon this foremost question of the day, Senator Broderick stood
      side by side with Stephen A. Douglas in opposition to the Buchanan
      Administration, and its mad attempt to force slavery upon the people of
      the New West. The attitude of California politicians on this matter is
      evidenced by the fact that the legislature in session at Sacramento
      promptly instructed Broderick to vote for the administration program, and
      a later legislature condemned him by resolution for failing to comply with
      the instructions of its predecessor and declared that his attitude was a
      disgrace and humiliation to the Nation. They demanded his immediate
      resignation. Let it be noted clearly that Broderick was condemned, not for
      opposing negro slavery, but simply and solely for opposing the extreme
      southern contention. Not long, however, was Broderick permitted to display
      his antislavery sympathies. During the exciting campaign of 1859, David S.
      Terry, believing himself aggrieved because of certain utterances of
      Broderick, challenged the latter to deadly combat. Reluctantly, but
      thereto compelled by long usage in California, Broderick met Terry upon
      the so-called "field of honor," September 13, 1859. Three days later
      Broderick was dead, a sacrifice, so all forward-looking men believed, to
      the wrath of the slave power. "His death was a political necessity, poorly
      veiled beneath the guise of a private quarrel." This was said at his
      funeral, and widely accepted among the people. It has been claimed that
      the death of Broderick saved California to the Union; that the revulsion
      of feeling following his bloody death was so great that his beloved State
      became good soil for the new teaching of Lincoln and the Republican Party.
      Generously one would like to accept this theory were not the evidence so
      strongly against it. To Broderick belongs the high honor of inaugurating
      the fight on the Pacific Coast against the extension of slavery. In the
      outset of that conflict he perished, and the manner of his taking off gave
      to his message something of the force of martyrdom. But not to the extent
      his admirers have imagined. It should be clearly noted that Broderick
      believed in local self-government regarding slavery. He believed that the
      people of Kansas, and the people of Virginia (as of all other states)
      possessed the right under our national constitution, of deciding this
      question for themselves without let or hindrance by the general
      government. Farther than this he did not go. To the day of his death, he
      was a loyal Douglas Democrat. It should be further noted that in this last
      campaign of Broderick's life the pro-slavery Democracy swept the State,
      its candidate for Governor being elected by a vote nearly twice the
      combined vote of the Douglas and Republican candidates: And, also, that a
      year after Broderick's death Abraham Lincoln polled only twenty-eight per
      cent of the popular vote in California for President of the United States.
      Whatever may have been the influence of the Senator's brave conflict in
      Congress, or his untimely death, it is evident that the crisis in
      California's attitude toward the Union had not yet arrived, that the hour
      in which any man might change the course of events still lay within the
      unknown future.
    </p>
    <p>
      The same may be said of the life and work of a still more brilliant
      opponent of slavery on this Coast, Col. Edward D. Baker, a man of
      phenomenal eloquence, with a well earned reputation as a successful lawyer
      and politician, with an honorable record for gallant service in the
      Mexican War, and for useful service in the House of Representatives in
      Washington. When he located in San Francisco in 1852, an immigrant from
      the great State of Illinois, he brought new strength to the minority who
      were in conscience opposed to the growing dominion of the Slave Power. For
      certain reasons, well understood at the time and which do not concern us
      here, Col. Baker did not wield the influence which his talents would
      naturally have secured for him. Yet as the contest deepened, his majestic
      eloquence was beyond question a force for freedom in a community where the
      love of oratory amounted to a passion. In the Fremont Campaign, at the
      grave of Broderick, and in his own canvass for Congress in 1859, he
      rendered most valuable service in laying the foundations of Republicanism
      on the Pacific Coast. But it should be remembered by all who would deal
      with those great days fairly that the work of Edward Dickinson Baker at
      its best was only the work of a brilliant forerunner. Before the real
      battle was on he removed from the State, and as the newly elected United
      States Senator from Oregon, from this Coast. It is true that on his
      journey to Washington a few days before the National election in November,
      1860, Baker delivered in San Francisco an effective speech on Lincoln's
      behalf, but it is foolish hero-worship to say, of California! Not only had
      Baker been defeated overwhelmingly a few months earlier as Republican
      candidate for Congress, but Lincoln himself received the electoral vote of
      California only as the result of a three-sided contest in which the
      combined opposition polled nearly three-fourths of all the votes cast. In
      fact Lincoln distanced his nearest Democratic rival by only 711 Votes. Out
      of one hundred and fourteen members of the state legislature but
      twenty-four belonged to the party of Lincoln. The Congressional Delegation
      was solidly Democratic, and the Governor was a Southern sympathizer. Such
      was the condition after Baker's work was done in California, and when the
      greater work of Starr King was just beginning.
    </p>
    <p>
      In justice to Colonel Baker, though it is no part of our duty here, we
      make grateful mention of the fact that not on the Pacific Coast but in
      Washington, as the friend and adviser of President Lincoln, and on the
      floor of the United States Senate, this gallant defender of Union and
      Liberty rendered a unique and memorable service to his country. His
      replies in the Senate to those giants of the Confederacy, John C.
      Breckenridge and Judah P. Benjamin attained the dignity of national
      events, and his heroic death early in the war on field of battle renders
      it forever impossible for any just man to belittle the deeds or influence
      of Edward D. Baker. What he might have effected had he remained in
      California, or had his life been longer spared, we may not say. The fact
      remains that after his mission among us was over Southern and Democratic
      sentiment was still in the ascendant. It was reserved for another,&mdash;the
      privilege and the honor of "saving California to the Union."
    </p>
    <p>
      One other phase of the situation merits careful attention. Almost from the
      very beginning of American Settlement in California a dream of Pacific
      Empire, separate and independent of "the States" had fascinated many of
      her strongest men. And little wonder, for here by the Pacific Sea was a
      vast territory walled away by lofty mountains and wide deserts, two
      thousand miles west of the frontier settlements of Minnesota and Kansas.
      Not until after the outbreak of the Civil War was there telegraphic
      communication with the East, and the nearest railway ended somewhere in
      central Missouri. Mail was received regularly once in twenty-six days,
      sometimes as often as once in two weeks. But there was little direct
      communication and less unity of purpose between the older sections of the
      United States and far away California. In fact there was considerable
      antagonism felt and expressed toward the government of Washington. The
      original Mexican population cordially hated, and with good reason, the
      national authority. Foreigners in the mines cared nothing for the Union or
      the quarrel between the states, and many of the settlers from the East,
      which they still lovingly called "back home," felt that they had a real
      grievance against the general government. This feeling, which was of long
      standing, was naturally intensified by the troubled outlook in 1860. Men
      prominent in state and national politics openly advocated independence as
      the proper policy for the Pacific Coast.
    </p>
    <p>
      "Why depend on the South or the North to regulate our affairs," wrote our
      junior Senator from Washington. "And this, too, after they have proved
      themselves incapable of living in harmony with one another." Starr King
      had been a resident of the state nearly a year when the San Francisco
      Herald published the following letter received from Congressman John C.
      Burch:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The people of California should all be of one mind on this subject of a
      Pacific Republic. Raise aloft the flag of the hydraheaded cactus of the
      western wilds and call upon the enlightened nations of the earth to
      acknowledge our independence and protect us from the wreck of a once
      glorious Union."
    </p>
    <p>
      Governor John B. Weller, a man not only holding the highest office within
      the gift of the people of the state, but also one who had represented
      California in the United States Senate made deliberately this declaration:
    </p>
    <p>
      "If the wild spirit of fanaticism which now pervades the land should
      destroy the magnificent confederacy&mdash;which God forbid&mdash;California
      will not go with the south or north, but here on the shores of the
      Pacific, found a mighty republic, which may in the end prove the greatest
      of all."
    </p>
    <p>
      These quotations which might be greatly extended are sufficient to prove
      that a strong feeling existed in favor of a Pacific Republic standing
      wholly aloof from the coming struggle. It is unthinkable that a Senator
      and a Congressman, and especially the Governor of the State, should have
      voiced such sentiments had there not been at least a probability that this
      might be the course adopted in case the Union was broken up.
    </p>
    <p>
      James G. Blaine, whose history of the time must be regarded as impartial
      so far as California is concerned, makes this statement:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Jefferson Davis expected, with confidence amounting to certainty, and
      based, it is believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it
      did not actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union."
    </p>
    <p>
      This beyond reasonable doubt was the situation in the Spring of 1860: Our
      immense State with its coast line of more than seven hundred miles,
      sharply divided as between Southern and Northern California; the majority
      of our people in Los Angeles and neighboring counties frankly favoring the
      proposed confederacy of slave-holding states; many of the larger towns in
      the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of a similar mind; the political
      leaders of the State almost solidly Democratic and the majority with
      strong Southern leanings; many of our foremost men believing that the time
      had come to launch the long dreamed of Pacific Republic, and our ranches
      and mines containing a large population either hostile or indifferent to
      the cause of Union and Liberty. Over against these varied forces a
      probable patriotic majority scattered from one end of California to the
      other, some belonging to the new Republican Party and some to the Douglas
      Democracy, and many without party affiliation, unorganized, badly
      scattered, and now that Broderick was dead and Colonel Baker away, without
      competent leadership. If ever a situation called for a man who might at
      once command the confidence of the people and arouse the latent patriotism
      of our wide-spread population, a man who might do the work of years in a
      few months' time, who might in his own persuasive personality become a
      center of patriotism around which Union-loving men of all parties, and of
      no party, could unite in defense of the imperilled country; one unfettered
      by old antagonisms, or misled by personal ambition, a heaven-sent man
      destined to a work no other could accomplish&mdash;this the situation
      plainly demanded.
    </p>
    <p>
      The record, impartially examined, shows, we believe beyond reasonable
      doubt, that California's destiny in this critical hour was chiefly
      determined by the word and work of her patriot-preacher, Starr King.
    </p>
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_PART3" id="link2H_PART3">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      Part III. California's Hour of Decision
    </h2>
    <p>
      The period that determined California's attitude during the Civil War,
      coincides almost exactly with the first year and a half of Starr King's
      residence in the State. Less than a month after he had preached his first
      sermon in San Francisco, Abraham Lincoln received the presidential
      nomination at Chicago, and the great debate was on.
    </p>
    <p>
      It should be remembered that King's reputation as a lecturer had preceded
      him, and that he was hardly settled in his new home before he was flooded
      with invitations to lecture here as he had done in the East. As soon as
      possible, and as far as possible, he accepted these invitations regarding
      them as calls to service in the interest of an enlightened patriotism.
      Choosing as subjects such themes as "Washington," "Webster," "Lexington
      and Concord," he made of them all a plea for a united country, one
      glorious land from Maine to the Sierras. He seems to have perceived the
      danger hidden in the perfectly natural ambition of leading men to take
      advantage of the troubled time to launch the Pacific Republic, and thus
      avoid all danger of the coming conflict between North and South. A free,
      independent California, which should practically include the entire Coast,&mdash;surely
      here was an inspiring and seductive dream. By a method peculiarly his own
      he did not directly combat this fascinating idea, but rather sought to win
      his hearers to the larger vision of an empire extending from ocean to
      ocean, every mile of it dedicated to liberty and progress.
    </p>
    <p>
      "What a privilege it is to be an American," he exclaims in a favorite
      lecture, often repeated.
    </p>
    <p>
      "Suppose that the continent could turn towards you tomorrow at sunrise,
      and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's
      advance from Eastport to the Pacific! You would see New England roll into
      light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of the
      Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes, and
      over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the morning
      blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi; from the
      frosts where it rises, to the fervid waters in which it pours, for three
      thousand miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that flow from every
      mile of the Allegheny slope, and edged by the green embroideries of the
      temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another basin, too, the
      Missouri, catching the morning, leads your eye along its western slope
      till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do not bar it;
      across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage of American
      pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierra and their silver veins
      are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day; and then over
      to the gold-fields of the western slope, and the fatness of the California
      soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the stately forests of
      Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns out of the night-shadow,
      and when the Pacific waves are crested with radiance, you have the one
      blending picture, nay, the reality, of the American domain! No such soil,
      so varied by climate, by products, by mineral riches, by forest and lake,
      by wild heights and buttresses, and by opulent plains,&mdash;yet all bound
      into unity of configuration and bordered by both warm and icy seas,&mdash;no
      such domain was ever given to one people."
    </p>
    <p>
      In many communities and in varying phrase&mdash;always earnest and
      eloquent&mdash;King returned to the central theme of all his thinking and
      speaking, the greatness and glory of the Union,&mdash;"one and
      indivisible." The following but illustrates the constant tenor of his
      teaching:
    </p>
    <p>
      "If all that the past has done for us and the present reveals could stand
      apparent in one picture, and then if the promise of the future to the
      children of our millions under our common law, and with continental peace,
      could be caught in one vast spectral exhibition, the wealth in store, the
      power, the privilege, the freedom, the learning, the expansive and varied
      and mighty unity in fellowship, almost fulfilling the poet's dream of
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     'The Parliament of man, the federation of the world,'
</pre>
    <p>
      you would exclaim with exultation, 'I, too, am an American!' You would
      feel that patriotism, next to your tie to the Divine Love, is the greatest
      privilege of your life; and you would devote yourselves, out of
      inspiration and joy, to the obligations of patriotism, that this land so
      spread, so adorned, so colonized, so blessed, should be kept forever,
      against all the assaults of traitors, one in polity, in spirit, and in
      aim!"
    </p>
    <p>
      In a way we may say that King found himself in these first months in
      California. He was forced by the number of his engagements, as well as by
      the more direct demands of a new country, to throw aside his manuscripts,
      and, making such preparation as conditions would permit, launch boldly out
      upon the dangerous sea of extempore speech. He was constantly addressing
      audiences in whole, or in part, hostile. Writing to an Eastern friend of
      his experiences in the Sacramento Valley, he says, "You see in glaring
      capitals, 'Texas Saloon,' 'Mississippi Shoe Shop,' 'Alabama Emporium.'
      Very rarely do you see any Northern state thus signalized." Men of
      substance, natural leaders of the people, were in most communities either
      for Breckenridge or Douglas. The man was grappling with the intellectual
      soldiery of disunion. The same forces that had transformed Lincoln, the
      Illinois politician into a national figure, the standard bearer of a great
      party, were working upon King. And the same method which caused Horace
      Greeley to write of Lincoln, "He is the greatest Convincer of his day" was
      followed by the younger patriot, face to face as he was with incipient
      disloyalty. He was accustomed, even as Lincoln, to state his opponent's
      argument fully and fairly, and then without unnecessary severity, demolish
      it. An old miner, listening to one of Starr King's patriotic speeches,
      delighting in the intellectual dexterity displayed, exclaimed, "Boys,
      watch him, he is taking every trick." The necessity of "taking every
      trick," and this so far as possible without offence, quickened his powers
      and led to the full development of his many sided eloquence.
    </p>
    <p>
      How he was regarded during these early months when he had literally
      plunged into the life of a community where nothing was as yet fixed, where
      everything was in the making, where the most serious questions of duty and
      destiny were stirring the hearts and consciences of men,&mdash;is made
      clear to us by the testimony of contemporaries whose sole desire must have
      been to render honor where honor was due.
    </p>
    <p>
      The latest and most complete history of California based upon the most
      trustworthy evidence extant gives cautious tribute to the Starr King of
      this period as follows:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The Republicans had lost their most effective orator since the campaign
      of the preceding year, Colonel Baker, but his loss was in some degree
      compensated for by the appearance of an unheralded but equally eloquent
      speaker, Thomas Starr King, who arrived in April, 1860, and later toured
      the state, giving lectures on patriotic subjects but always declared for
      the Union and the Republican candidates as the surest guaranty of its
      preservation."
    </p>
    <p>
      Tuthill, in his history of the time writes with more warmth, and probably
      more truth:
    </p>
    <p>
      "There was a charm in King's delivery that few could resist. He was
      received with applause where Republican orators, saying things no more
      radical, could not be heard without hisses. Delicately feeling his way,
      and never arousing the prejudices of his hearers, he adroitly educated his
      audiences to a lofty style of patriotism. The effect was obvious in San
      Francisco where audiences were accustomed to every style of address; it
      was far more noticeable in the interior."
    </p>
    <p>
      The celebrated critic and writer, Edwin Percey Whipple, made a careful
      examination of King's record in California and sums up his impressions as
      follows:
    </p>
    <p>
      "As a patriotic Christian statesman he included the real elements of power
      in the community, took the people out of hands of disloyal politicians,
      lifted them up to the level of his own ardent soul, and not only saved the
      state to the Union, but imprinted his own generous and magnanimous spirit
      on its forming life."
    </p>
    <p>
      Writing a little later and with even more enthusiasm, another authority,
      speaking of King's charm of manner, says:
    </p>
    <p>
      "I am persuaded that could he have gone through the Southern states,
      shaking hands with secessionists, he would have won them back to their
      allegiance by the mere magnetism of his touch."
    </p>
    <p>
      It is, perhaps, impossible at this late date to estimate the effect of
      Starr King's appeal to the voters of California in the presidential
      election of 1860. As we have already noted, Lincoln carried the State by a
      very narrow plurality, and we need not ascribe the swaying of many votes
      to the eloquence of King's advocacy to make it appear that his influence
      was marked in that memorable campaign.
    </p>
    <p>
      But here must be emphasized a fact, quite often overlooked, and always to
      the serious perversion of history. In California, as in every doubtful
      state, the Hour of Decision did not precede, but in every instance,
      followed the elevation of Lincoln to the presidency. It was upon this rock
      that the nation split. Shall a Black Republican be permitted to sit in the
      seat of Washington? Shall a man elected, as a matter of fact, by a
      sectional minority rule over Virginia&mdash;mother of Presidents&mdash;over
      imperial Texas, or the Golden West? To us the case seems clear. Abraham
      Lincoln, who commanded 180 votes in the electoral college to 123 divided
      among his opponents, was by our constitution President-elect of the United
      States. To the men of that day the case was by no means settled. The
      national bond was weak. The local, or state bond was strong. It was a time
      of intense political passion. The irrepressible conflict which had clouded
      the closing days of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster must now be decided,
      either for, or against, the extension of human slavery; either for, or
      against, a National Union.
    </p>
    <p>
      Well meaning, but mistaken, writers have claimed that California was never
      a doubtful state, that the great majority of her people were ever loyal to
      the Northern cause, to Lincoln and Liberty. As a matter of sober truth let
      it be here written that the attitude of no state north of Mason and
      Dixon's Line gave Northern leaders so grave concern. Nor was the matter
      once for all decided until the election of Leland Stanford in September,
      1861, as the first Republican Governor of California. During all the
      Spring and Summer of that great year the battle waged with the issue, up
      to the last hour, uncertain. These were the months that tried men's souls
      in California, as in the Border States. Communities were divided. Party
      ties severed. Families broken up. Old friendships sundered. All lesser
      questions were lost sight of as Union, or Dis-union, became the all
      absorbing theme. The battle of ideas, preceding the battle of bullets, was
      on.
    </p>
    <p>
      What was the state of public opinion in California? How runs the evidence?
    </p>
    <p>
      In March, 1861, General E. V. Sumner was given command of United States
      regulars on the Pacific Coast, replacing Albert Sidney Johnston, whose
      well known attachment to the Southern cause led to his removal by the
      Lincoln Administration. In General Sumner's reports to the War Department
      in Washington we have impartial and official testimony as to conditions in
      California during the period under consideration. Naturally he came first
      in contact with the people about San Francisco Bay, a majority of whom
      were loyal to the North, and consequently, Sumner's first reports were
      encouraging. "There is a strong Union feeling," he writes, "with the
      majority of the people of the state, but the Secessionists are much the
      most active and zealous party."
    </p>
    <p>
      A little later, better informed, he reported: "The Secessionist party in
      this state numbers about 32,000 men and they are very restless and
      zealous, which gives them great influence." Still later: "The disaffection
      in the southern part of the state is increasing and is becoming dangerous,
      and it is indispensably necessary to throw reinforcements into that
      section immediately."
    </p>
    <p>
      In this connection it should be remembered that when President Lincoln at
      the outbreak of the war called for 75,000 men, California was expected to
      furnish her quota of 6,000 soldiers, but so threatening was the local
      situation that not a loyal man could be spared from the State. On the
      contrary it was found necessary to retain in the State certain regiments
      of the regular army badly needed elsewhere. In the summer of 1861, the War
      Department proposed to transfer a portion of the regular army stationed in
      California to Texas, where the situation demanded immediate succor for the
      friends of the Union. How grave the situation had become in California may
      easily be determined by a fact which seems to have escaped so far the
      attention of historians. On August 28, 1861, the leading men of San
      Francisco sent a communication to Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War,
      remonstrating against the withdrawal of United States troops from
      California for the following reasons:
    </p>
    <p>
      1. "A majority of our present state officials are avowed secessionists,
      and the balance being bitterly hostile to the administration are advocates
      of a peace policy at any price."
    </p>
    <p>
      2. "About three-fifths of our citizens are natives of slave-holding states
      and are almost a unit in this crisis."
    </p>
    <p>
      3. "Our advices, obtained with great prudence and care, show us that there
      are about 16,000 Knights of the Golden Circle (a secret military
      organization of secessionists, said by many authorities to have been much
      stronger than was at the time believed) in the state, and they are still
      organizing even in our most loyal districts."
    </p>
    <p>
      4. "Through misrepresentation the powerful native Mexican population has
      been won over to the secession side."
    </p>
    <p>
      This document, remarkable in itself, becomes weighty evidence, when it is
      stated that after full and careful consideration, the petition was heeded
      and the regulars remained on the Coast.
    </p>
    <p>
      General Sumner held command nearly a year, until, as we are accustomed to
      think, all danger of a disloyal California was over, yet as the date of
      his departure for the Army of the Potomac drew near, he was very anxious
      that Col. Wright, an able and loyal officer, should fill his place, and
      wrote to the authorities in Washington, "Col. Wright ought to remain in
      command. The safety of the whole coast may depend upon it." (italics
      ours).
    </p>
    <p>
      A few weeks after the death of Starr King, the Pacific Monthly, leading
      magazine of the day, reviewed the situation at the beginning of the great
      conflict, as it was then known and understood by all intelligent
      Californians:
    </p>
    <p>
      "On the breaking out of the rebellion, public opinion on this coast was
      sorely distracted at the issues raised. The great majority of the people
      were warmly attached to their Government; but they had drunk deep at the
      fountains of Southern eloquence, and had been measurably debauched by the
      dangerous teachings of the able men who had ruled the state from its
      infancy. When we consider the critical condition of public sentiment at
      that dark hour (1860-1861); how the public mind had been thrown off its
      poise by the false teaching of a long succession of political charlatans;
      how the insidious doctrine of separation and a Pacific Republic had been
      hissed by serpents into the ears of the people; how the great dark cloud
      of impending ruin hung over our central Government; how legions of armed
      patricides were almost battering at the gates of our National Capital; how
      rebellion had baptized itself in blood and victory at Bull Run&mdash;when
      we think how the effect of all these adverse teachings and adverse
      fortunes had rendered the public mind plastic to whoever had the genius to
      seize and direct it, and reflect that a man of King's abilities, but
      without his patriotism, might have grasped the opportunity to drift us
      upon shoals and rocks and quicksands of treason, we cannot feel too
      thankful that the man and the hour both arrived. His was a noble task, and
      nobly did he fulfill it. What he did for California and the Union can
      never be fully estimated,&mdash;the work he wrought in saving her to the
      country, and engraving upon her heart, the golden word&mdash;'Union'."
    </p>
    <p>
      Leaving aside for a little space this fervent tribute to King's work, the
      quotation just given is evidence of a grave situation, of a state divided
      in opinion, of just such an "hour of decision" as gives the strong man his
      opportunity. There can be no doubt that the verdict of the Visalia Delta,
      a loyal and well-known newspaper, as to conditions in its own community
      would apply to every considerable town in the State:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Treason against the Government and constitution is preached from the
      pulpit, printed in the newspapers, and openly advocated in the streets and
      public places."
    </p>
    <p>
      A work just from the press, "California&mdash;Men and Events"&mdash;by Mr.
      G. H. Tinkham, affords valuable testimony to the necessity and value of
      King's mission as patriotic leader:
    </p>
    <p>
      "At a time when some Union men were paralyzed with dread, and others
      undecided which way to turn, Thomas Starr King traveled over the state
      bolstering up the weak-hearted, and urging loyal men to stand firmly for
      the Union. In his lectures, 'Washington,' 'Daniel Webster,' 'The Great
      Uprising,' and 'The Rebellion in Heaven,' in unanswerable arguments and
      matchless eloquence he kindled the patriotism of the people into a glowing
      flame. It is conceded that no individual did more to keep California in
      the Union than did Thomas Starr King."
    </p>
    <p>
      How necessary it was that some one should "kindle the patriotism of the
      people into a glowing flame" is further evident from the fact that the
      California Legislature of 1861 numbered as its members 57 Douglas
      Democrats, 33 Southern Democrats, and but 24 Republicans. What this
      alignment signified may be judged from the following incident. Edmund
      Randolph, (a former Virginian, and a man of fiery eloquence) on July 11,
      1861, delivered unrebuked in the State Democratic Convention at
      Sacramento, this diatribe against Abraham Lincoln: "For God's sake speed
      the ball, may the lead go quick to his heart&mdash;and may our country be
      free from this despot usurper, that now claims to the name of President of
      the United States."
    </p>
    <p>
      A few days earlier, July 4, 1861, a Confederate flag waved undisturbed in
      Los Angeles, as well as in other nearby towns, the Union men in that
      section being largely in the minority. For a considerable time in the
      United States Marshal's office in San Francisco, a Confederate flag waved
      from a miniature man-of-war named "Jeff Davis."
    </p>
    <p>
      In Merced County, Union men were in a sorry minority! A favorite campaign
      song in that region was entitled, "We'll Drive the Bloody Tyrant Lincoln
      From Our Dear Native Soil." A little later, the Equal Rights Expositer of
      Visalia characterized President Lincoln as "a narrow minded bigot, an
      unprincipled demagogue, and a drivelling, idiotic, imbecile creature."
    </p>
    <p>
      Unpleasant testimony of this sort, demonstrating the presence and power of
      a bitter spirit of disloyalty, running all through the State, but most in
      evidence in certain localities peopled from the South, might be given at
      great length. But enough. We have no wish to reproduce the evil passions
      of an evil time further than to make it absolutely clear that a real
      danger of disunion existed, and that friend and foe alike recognized that,
      under God, the undaunted leader of Union sentiment in California was none
      other than Starr King.
    </p>
    <p>
      A prominent San Francisco paper, indulging in the partizan speech of the
      period, calling all friends of the Administration at Washington,
      "Abolitionists," gave ungracious testimony to King's standing and
      influence as follows:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The abolitionists are bent on carrying out their plans, and will not
      hesitate to commit any act of despotism. If the constitution stands in
      their way, they will, to use the words of their champion in this state,
      Rev. T. Starr King, drive through the constitution."
    </p>
    <p>
      "Their champion in this state." The opprobrium rested upon him then; let
      the honor be his now. This in simple justice to the truth of history.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is infinitely to be regretted that what men called "the irresistible
      charm of his eloquence" cannot by any manner of speech be here portrayed.
      If excuse is necessary let these words from King's lecture on "Webster"
      plead for us:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Alas for the perishableness of eloquence! It is the only thing in the
      higher walks of human creativeness that passes away. The statue lives
      after the sculptor dies, as sublime as when his chisel left it. St.
      Peter's is a perpetual memorial and utterance of the great mind of Angelo.
      The Iliad is as fresh today as twenty-five centuries ago. The picture may
      grow richer with years. But great oratory, the most delightful and
      marvelous of the expressions of mortal power, passes and dies with the
      occasion."
    </p>
    <p>
      Not wholly, for even in "cold type" some measure of the power and
      persuasiveness of the orator's argument is suggested. It is easy to
      imagine the force and fire of patriotism that must have glowed in such
      words as these:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Rebellion sins against the Mississippi; it sins against the coast line;
      it sins against the ballot-box; it sins against oaths of allegiance; it
      sins against public and beneficent peace; and it sins, worse than all,
      against the cornerstone of American progress and history and hope,&mdash;the
      worth of the laborer, the rights of man. It strikes for barbarism against
      civilization."
    </p>
    <p>
      The intense fervor of King's loyalty to Union and Liberty is seen in his
      righteous indignation against an Oregonian who would not fight to save the
      country unless he could be shown that his own personal interests were
      involved. "For one wild moment," wrote King, "I longed to throttle the
      wretch and push him into the Columbia. I looked down, however, and saw
      that the water was clean."
    </p>
    <p>
      Think of the force of the following declaration uttered to men who meant
      well, but were undecided:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The Rebellion&mdash;it is the cause of Wrong against Right. It is not
      only an unjustifiable revolution, but a geographical wrong, a moral wrong,
      a religious wrong, a war against the Constitution, against the New
      Testament, against God."
    </p>
    <p>
      Thus did he condemn all forces within the State at war with liberty and
      right. Stern words he used,&mdash;words that like Luther's were half
      battles. Of peace-at-any-price-men he said:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The hounds on the track of Broderick turned peace men, and affected with
      hysterics at the sniff of powder! Wonderful transformation. What a
      pleasant sight&mdash;a hawk looking so innocent, and preaching peace to
      doves, his talons loosely wound with cotton! A clump of wolves trying to
      thicken their ravenous flanks with wool, for this occasion only, and
      composing their fangs to the work of eating grass! Holy Satan, pray for
      us."
    </p>
    <p>
      When the report reached California that Robert Toombs had said, "I want it
      carved over my grave,&mdash;'Here lies the man who destroyed the United
      States Government and its Capitol,'" King replied, "Mr. Toombs cannot be
      literally gratified. But he may come so near his wish as this,&mdash;that
      it shall be written over his gallows, as over every one of a score of his
      fellow-felons, 'Here swings the man who attempted murder on the largest
      scale that was ever planned in history.'"
    </p>
    <p>
      That our orator knew how to be sarcastic as well as severe must have been
      plain to those who heard him exclaim:
    </p>
    <p>
      "There are those who say that they are Union men, and in favor of the
      Government, and yet they are bitterly opposed to the administration, and
      cannot support its policy. But in a war for self existence, this divorce
      is impossible. One might as well say at a fire, while his house is
      beginning to crackle in the flames, 'I am in favor of this engine, I go
      for this water; the hose meets my endorsement. Certainly, I am for putting
      out the fire, but don't ask me to help man the brakes, for I am
      conscientiously opposed to the hose pipe. Its nozzle isn't handsome. It
      wasn't made by a Democrat.'"
    </p>
    <p>
      How ardently King longed for the liberation of the Blacks is seen in the
      following, addressed in all probability more to the President of the
      United States than to the people:
    </p>
    <p>
      "O that the President would soon speak that electric sentence,&mdash;inspiration
      to the loyal North, doom to the traitorous aristocracy whose cup of guilt
      is full! Let him say that it is a war of mass against class, of America
      against feudalism, of the schoolmaster against the slave-master, of
      workmen against the barons, of the ballot-box against the barracoon. This
      is what the struggle means. Proclaim it so, and what a light breaks
      through our leaden sky! The war-wave rolls then with the impetus and
      weight of an idea."
    </p>
    <p>
      Closing his greatest patriotic lecture, most in demand by the public along
      the entire Coast, "Daniel Webster," Starr King quotes Webster's noble
      peroration in the "Reply to Hayne," "Liberty and Union, Now and Forever,
      One and Inseparable," and in lofty strain of patriotic prophecy announces
      that:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Mr. Webster's thought breaks out afresh in the proclamation of the
      President that America is one and cannot be broken; it bursts forth in the
      banners thick as the gorgeous leaves of the October forests that have
      blossomed all over eighteen or twenty States; it shows itself in the
      passion of the noble Union men of the South who will not bow to Baal; it
      floats on every frigate that rides the sea to protect our shipping; it
      leaps forth and brightens in the sacred steel which patriots by the
      hundred thousand are dedicating, not to ravage, not to murder, not to
      hatred of any portion of the southern section of the confederacy, but to
      the support of the impartial Constitution, to the common flag, to the
      majestic and beneficent law which offers to encircle and bless the whole
      republic; it utters itself in the thunder-voice of twenty millions of
      white citizens of the land, that in America the majority under the
      Constitution must rule, and the public law must be obeyed.
    </p>
    <p>
      "And when the work of the government shall be accomplished,&mdash;when the
      stolen money of the nation shall be refunded; when hostile artillery shall
      be with-drawn from the lower banks of the Mississippi; when the flag of
      thirteen stripes and thirty-four stars shall float again over Sumter, over
      New Orleans, over every arsenal that has seen it insulted, over Mount
      Vernon and the American dust of Washington, over every State Capitol and
      along the whole coast and border line of Texas; when every man within the
      present limits of the immense republic shall have restored to him the
      right of pride in the American Navy, and of representation on common terms
      in the National Capitol, and of citizenship on the whole continent; when
      leading traitors shall have been punished, and the Constitution vindicated
      in its unsectional beneficence, and the doctrine of secession be stabbed
      with two hundred thousand bayonet wounds, and trampled to rise no more,&mdash;then
      the debate between Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster will be completed, the
      swarthy spirit of the great defender of the Constitution will triumph, and
      a restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America will dignify and
      consecrate his name forever."
    </p>
    <p>
      "A restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America,"&mdash;this was the
      vision that nerved King to herculean labor, to a most real martyrdom.
      Condemned to the slow suicide of over-work, he gave his life a conscious
      offering to freedom. "What a year to live in," he writes, "worth all other
      times ever known in our history or any other." Again,&mdash;"I should be
      broken down if I had time to think how I feel. I am beginning to look old,
      and shall break before my prime."
    </p>
    <p>
      Why is the song so sweet, and why does it move us so strangely? The
      singer's heart is breaking. Why is the word so effective? It is laden with
      love and winged with sacrifice. A man is dying that others may live in
      verity, not longer in shadow; a hero is suffering crucifixion that the sad
      ages may a little change their course. Not only is it true that the "blood
      of martyrs slain is the seed of the church," but it is also true that a
      man never touches the heights of power until he has made a total,
      irreversible, affectionate surrender to the cause he professes to serve.
      When he has done this the cause becomes incarnate in the man; and he
      speaks as one inspired. And this was the power of Starr King in that great
      Summer and Fall of 1861 in California. Of course he did not speak in vain.
      Leland Stanford, backed by a Union Legislature, was elected Governor of
      California, and by October, King joyfully writing an Eastern friend was
      able to say "the State is safe from southern tampering."
    </p>
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_PART4" id="link2H_PART4">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      Part IV. Philanthropist and Preacher
    </h2>
    <p>
      "As a philanthropist, Starr King raised for the most beneficent of all
      charities the most munificent of all subscriptions." These words were
      spoken at the King Memorial Service held in the city of Boston, April 3,
      1864. They call our attention to a unique service our Preacher-Patriot
      rendered the cause he loved.
    </p>
    <p>
      It seems almost beyond belief that the North rushed into the Civil War
      wholly unprepared to care for the Nation's Defenders, either in health or
      in sickness. Transportation facilities were of the poorest! Young men just
      from the home, the farm and the college were crowded into cattle cars as
      though they were beasts, frequently with no provision whatever for their
      comfort. And rarely were proper arrangements made for their reception in
      camp. The bewildered soldiers stood for hours under broiling southern sun,
      waiting for rations and shelter, while ignorant officers were slowly
      learning their unaccustomed duties. At night they were compelled to lie
      wrapped in shoddy blankets upon rotten straw. Under such conditions these
      brave volunteers suffered severely and camp diseases became alarmingly
      prevalent. But the miserable makeshifts used as hospitals were so bad that
      sick men fought for the privilege of dying in camp with their comrades
      rather than undergo the privations, and sometimes the brutality of
      inexperienced and careless attendants in the crowded and poorly equipped
      quarters provided by the government. The largest hospital available
      contained but forty beds, and not one afforded a trained, efficient,
      medical staff. Competent nurses, sanitary kitchens, proper medicines,
      means of humanely transporting the sick and wounded, all were wanting
      during early months of the war.
    </p>
    <p>
      This condition which the government did almost nothing to remedy led to
      the organization of the United States Sanitary Commission. Strangely
      enough the founder of this most necessary and timely organization, Rev. H.
      W. Bellows, of New York, encountered the opposition of high officials who
      deemed the whole plan quixotic. Even President Lincoln at first regarded
      the Commission unnecessary and called it "a fifth wheel to the coach."
      Brief experience, however, demonstrated that the government could not
      provide all that was necessary for the soldier, either in sickness or in
      health, and the Sanitary Commission became often the only hope of brave
      men in dire distress. In fact, at this day, it is difficult to see how the
      Northern cause would have triumphed at all but for the widespread and
      wholly helpful activity of the army of Sanitary workers.
    </p>
    <p>
      The greatest difficulty encountered by the leaders of this noble
      philanthropy was to provide necessary funds. Again and again it seemed
      that the work must stop because the heavily burdened people could give no
      more. At sundry critical junctures California came to the rescue, and made
      possible the continuance of this "most beneficent of all charities." But
      at whose motion, and under whose influence?
    </p>
    <p>
      Fitz Hugh Ludlow says, "Starr King was the Sanitary Commission of
      California." This is but slight exaggeration, for King made it his
      peculiar mission to raise money as rapidly as possible for the suffering
      soldiers. In the interest of the Commission he traveled to every part of
      the Coast, and in the face of the greatest obstacles became the principal
      factor in raising $1,235,000, about one-fourth of the entire sum
      contributed by the country at large. Under the most favorable
      circumstances this would have been a phenomenal achievement, but when we
      learn that in 1862 a flood destroyed over fifty million dollars' worth of
      property in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; that California
      shipping to the extent of six and one-half millions was also destroyed;
      that in 1863 a drought entirely ruined the wheat crop, and made hay so
      scarce that it sold for sixty dollars a ton, resulting in a stagnation in
      business which threw thousands of men out of employment, in view of these
      multiplied disasters, we wonder by what fire of patriotism and by what
      charm of eloquence, Starr King drew from the people so large a sum for use
      on distant battle fields. Old Californians still remember those thrilling
      appeals which few could resist. We are almost led to believe in the sober
      truth of such extreme eulogy as we find in "Lights and Shadows of the
      Pacific Coast," by S. D. Woods, a venerable San Franciscan, who vividly
      recalls King's heroic service in that far off time:
    </p>
    <p>
      "King's personality was magnetic and winning. Gentleness radiated from him
      as light radiates from the sun. No one could resist the charm and
      fascination of his presence. It is hard to make a pen picture of his face,
      for there were lines too pure, lights too fleeting to be caught by words.
      In the poise of his head there was nobility and power inexpressible. There
      was in his face the serenity of one who had seen a vision, and to whom the
      vision had become a benediction. At the time of his death he was the first
      pulpit orator in America, and without doubt had no superior in the world."
    </p>
    <p>
      This large praise might lead to incredulity were it not for the deliberate
      judgment of Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows, that as an orator "Beecher and Chapin
      were his only competitors. He was the admirer and friend of both, and both
      repaid his affection and his esteem. He had the superior charm of youth
      and novelty, with a nature more varied, and more versatile faculties and
      endowments than either. He had a far more artistic and formative nature
      and genius. His thoughts ran into moulds of beauty."
    </p>
    <p>
      The judgment of California as to Starr King's unequalled service to the
      State and the Nation was officially rendered when upon the announcement of
      his death, the Legislature adjourned for the space of three days after
      resolving "that he had been a tower of strength to the cause of his
      country."
    </p>
    <p>
      Brilliant as was the record of King as the champion of the Sanitary
      Commission in California it was by no means the beginning and end of his
      philanthropic labors. The forlorn condition of the Chinese&mdash;as men
      without rights of citizenship&mdash;stirred his sympathy and he made
      earnest effort to secure for them such civic rights as belong to industry.
      The cause of labor, seldom thought in those days to come within the scope
      of a minister's interest or duty, commanded his eager attention, and he
      improved every opportunity to declare his reverence for the world's
      workers in earth, and stone, and iron. In a fine passage in a lecture on
      "The Earth and the Mechanic Arts," he writes:
    </p>
    <p>
      "If we were to choose from the whole planet a score of men to represent us
      on some other globe or in some other system in a great human fair of the
      universe, it would not be kings, dukes, prime-ministers, the richest men,
      we should appoint as ambassadors to show what our race is, and what it is
      doing here, but the great thinkers, artists, and workers, the thinkers in
      ink, the thinkers in stone and color, the thinkers in force and homely
      matter, the men who are bringing the globe up towards the Creator's
      imagination and purpose; and on this mission the leaders of mechanic art
      would go side by side with Shakespeare and Milton, Angelo and Wren, Newton
      and Cuvier.
    </p>
    <p>
      "In England, now, they are preparing statues of Brunel the engineer, and
      the Stephensons, father and son, to be finished and erected about the same
      time with those of Macaulay and Havelock. The nation is beginning to bow
      to the occupations and the genius that have added to her power ten
      thousand fold,&mdash;is beginning to bow to labor, noble, glorious, sacred
      labor."
    </p>
    <p>
      Not alone in public pleas for unpopular causes but in private charity King
      seemed tireless. "He had the rare facility in everything he said and did
      of communicating himself; the most precious thing he could bestow." We are
      told that a multitude in distress came to this overburdened man. Ringing
      his doorbell they found entrance, and always as they came back, the "step
      was quicker which was slow before, the head was up which was down before,
      and the lips wreathed in smiles that were sad before."
    </p>
    <p>
      Thus we can see that it was not solely his eloquent defense of liberty and
      justice which caused a San Francisco journal, reporting his funeral, to
      say, "Perhaps more deeply beloved by a vast number of our people than any
      other who has lived and toiled and died among us." His good deeds made him
      worthy of this, one of the most beautiful eulogies ever given mortal man,
      "No heart ever ached because of him until he died." This was Starr King
      the philanthropist, a friend to all who needed his friendship.
    </p>
    <p>
      It would almost appear that in telling the story of "Starr King in
      California" we were altogether forgetting that he did not come to the
      State to influence its political action, or even to alleviate poverty and
      distress. He came as a preacher of Liberal Christianity, and to build up
      the church that had honored him with a call to its pulpit. Long before he
      left Boston it was written concerning him, "That he loved his calling, and
      that it was his ambition to pay the debt which every able man is said to
      owe to his profession, namely to contribute some work of permanent value
      to its literature." At that early period a discriminating critic bears
      testimony, "that his piety, pure, deep, tender, serene and warm, took hold
      of positive principles of light and beneficence, not the negative ones of
      darkness and depravity, and&mdash;himself a child of light&mdash;he
      preached the religion of spiritual joy."
    </p>
    <p>
      It was King's first and chief ambition to be an effective preacher. In a
      letter, written in 1855, he says, "How we do need good preaching. Would
      that I could preach extempore." A wish that six years later "came true" in
      his San Francisco pulpit. In the inspiring atmosphere of his new field,
      and under the stress of a great era, King cast his manuscript aside, and
      though he made careful preparation, as every man must who speaks worthily,
      he never again submitted to the bondage of the "written sermon." To a man
      of King's gifts and temperament this was an immense gain. Indeed,
      Bostonian Californians were a unit in declaring that Easterners could have
      no conception of the man and orator Starr King became in those last great
      years of his brief life.
    </p>
    <p>
      Speedily the little church in which he preached proved too small for the
      throng of eager listeners who gathered to hear him, and on the 3d day of
      December, 1862, the corner stone of a larger and more beautiful edifice
      was laid.
    </p>
    <p>
      We shall find it no easy matter to analyze the sources of his power and
      popularity. Often-times success and failure are equal mysteries. Doubtless
      no small part of his triumph arose from the peculiar character of the new
      society to which he brought talents that commanded instant attention. The
      eager temper of the time fitted his sincere and earnest spirit. It was a
      perfect adjustment of the man and the hour, the workman and his task.
    </p>
    <p>
      No small part of his popularity arose from the fact that he insisted upon
      his right and duty as a minister to discuss great questions of state in
      the pulpit. The vicious gulf churchmen discover between the sacred and the
      secular was hidden from his eyes. All that affected the humblest of his
      fellow men appealed to him as part and parcel of the 'gospel of
      righteousness he was commissioned to preach. In the old Boston days he had
      discussed freely in the pulpit such themes as the "Free Soil Movement,"
      "The Fugitive Slave Law," and "The Dred Scott Decision." Burning questions
      these, and they were handled with no fear of man to daunt the severity of
      his condemnation when he declared that in the Dred Scott Decision the
      majority of the Supreme Court had betrayed justice for a political
      purpose. It was not likely that such a man would remain silent in the
      pulpit upon the so-called "war issues" of 1861. Early in that memorable
      year he boldly informed his people as to the course he intended to pursue
      so long as the war lasted. He would not equivocate and he would not be
      silent. Henceforth stirring patriotic sermons, as the demand for them
      arose, were the order of the day in the congregation to which he
      ministered. The character of these discourses may be partly determined
      from such titles as, "The Choice between Barabbas and Jesus," "The Treason
      of Judas Iscariot," "Secession in Palestine," and "Rebellion Pictures from
      Paradise Lost." "After the lapse of more than sixty years," so the Hon.
      Horace Davis assured the writer, "I can distinctly remember the fire and
      passion of those terrible indictments of treason and rebellion."
    </p>
    <p>
      "Terrible indictments" truly, and in the storm and tempest of the time
      irresistibly attractive to men and women whose sympathies were on fire for
      the Northern cause. King's patriotism won for him a liberal hearing on
      subjects that otherwise the people would have declined to consider.
    </p>
    <p>
      But we must not forget that "our preacher" was endowed with that rare and
      radiant gift, an altogether charming and persuasive personality.
      Appearance, manner, voice, were all instruments of attractiveness, fitting
      modes of expression to a gentle and noble spirit. When a friend and
      comrade of King's earlier ministry was asked to name the preacher's
      preeminent gift, he immediately answered, "his voice." The reply seems
      trivial. Yet it was seriously spoken by one whose knowledge of King during
      his Boston ministry was close and personal. William Everett, who had
      listened to New England's renowned orators, to Emerson's sweet and
      satisfying voice, and to the music of Wendell Phillip's speech, said of
      King, "His was one of the noblest and sweetest voices I ever heard."
      Edward Everett Hale once wrote, "Starr King was an orator, whom no one
      could silence and no one could answer." Says another, "There was argument
      in his very voice. It thrilled and throbbed through an audience like an
      organ carrying conviction captive before its wonderful melody." If it is
      true that William Pitt once ruled the British Nation by his voice, as good
      authority affirms, if it is true, that Daniel O'Connell's voice
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     Glided easy as a bird may glide,
     And played with each wild passion as it went,
</pre>
    <p>
      may it not also be true that Starr King's clear, penetrating, musical
      voice, answering to the moods of the soul as a loved instrument to the
      hand of the player, was in itself a kind of gospel of good will to men?
    </p>
    <p>
      Horace Davis, Starr King's son-in-law, was accustomed to insist that
      writers had wholly failed to note one element of the great orator's power,
      namely, his humor. Not wit, Mr. Davis would remark, but a most genial and
      kindly, and at the same time illuminating humor. A careful examination of
      King's published sermons, speeches and lectures gives but slight evidence
      of this gift, owing doubtless to false ideas of what constitutes decorum
      in the work of a preacher. Occasionally satisfying evidence is found of
      the truth of Mr. Davis' judgment, as in the following:
    </p>
    <p>
      "On many a tombstone where it is written, 'Here lies so and so, aged
      seventy years', the true inscription would read 'In memory of one who in
      seventy years lived about five minutes and that was when he first fell in
      love.'"
    </p>
    <p>
      Writing of his lecture work in California which he called "detestable
      vagrancy," he says:
    </p>
    <p>
      "There is a great flood in the interior. California is a lake. Rats,
      squirrels, locusts, lecturers, and other like pests are drowned out. I am
      a home bird, and enjoy it hugely."
    </p>
    <p>
      King greeted the mention of his name as candidate for United States
      Senator with the statement, "I would swim to Australia before taking a
      political post," and added, "a dandy lives from one necktie to another, a
      fashionable woman from one wrinkle to another and a politician from one
      election to another."
    </p>
    <p>
      Certainly there is a smile, as well as a truth, in the following:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Our popular definition of a ghost is just the reverse of truth; it makes
      one consist of a soul without a body, while really a specter, an illusion,
      a humbug of the eyesight and the touch, is a human body not vitalized
      through and through with a soul."
    </p>
    <p>
      "King was the best story teller of his time," thought Dr. Bellows. "Gifted
      with an exquisite, a delicious sense of the ludicrous, and given to bursts
      of uncontrollable merriment, happy as childhood and as innocent," this is
      the verdict of one of his earliest biographers,&mdash;E. P. Whipple. That
      sunny mirth and infectious laughter was no mean element of his power over
      the people, we can readily believe.
    </p>
    <p>
      Another explanation of his far reaching influence both in the pulpit and
      on the platform, is found in the rare skill with which he made the
      discoveries of science, and the beauties of nature, serve his need as a
      teacher of morals and religion. And here, again, he was helped by the
      spirit of his age. Darwin's "Origin of Species" was published in 1859, a
      kind of crown and culmination of a half century of brilliant progress in
      science. Starr King but shared the temper of his time as he turned with
      delight to the writings of the masters and reveled in the new universe
      there revealed. Modern science, which troubled the faith of many, only
      deepened and strengthened his own, as he idealized and spiritualized each
      new wonder of earth and heaven. The comet of July, 1861, gave noble
      opportunity to enforce in his pulpit the religious lessons of that mother
      of all the sciences, Astronomy. "I am glad," he began, "at every new
      temptation to consider in the pulpit and the Church the wonders and laws
      of modern astronomy."
    </p>
    <p>
      "Does it ever occur to you, brethren, how we waste truth? Have you ever
      felt what a sad thing it is that so little of the vast accumulation of
      inspiring knowledge should reach our deepest, our religious sentiments, to
      kindle and feed them? The most certain knowledge which men now hold is
      that which is gathered from the sky. Astronomy, dealing with objects
      thousands of millions of miles away, and with forces that rule through
      limitless space, is the most symmetrical and firm of all the structures of
      science which have been reared by the human mind. Immeasurably more than
      David could have known, the heavens, as Herschel reads them, declare the
      glory of God. Yet how seldom do we think of the splendors and harmonies
      which a modern book of astronomy unveils as part of God's appeal to our
      wonder; how seldom does the solemn light from the uppermost regions of
      immensity, the light of nebulae which science has broken up into heaps of
      suns, converge upon a human soul with power enough to stimulate devout awe
      and make the heart bend before the Creator of the universe."
    </p>
    <p>
      A few days at Lake Tahoe, when not a hundred white men had visited its
      shores, inspired a sermon long remembered by those who heard it, and
      today, after numerous nature-sermons by the world's most gifted preachers,
      this discourse remains an almost perfect example of what such a sermon
      should be. The following single excerpt must suffice to suggest its
      beauty:
    </p>
    <p>
      "I must speak of another lesson, connected with religion, that was
      suggested to me on the borders of Lake Tahoe. It is bordered by groves of
      noble pines. Two of the days which I was permitted to enjoy there were
      Sundays. On one of them I passed several hours of the afternoon in
      listening, alone, to the murmur of the pines, while the waves were gently
      beating the shore with their restlessness. If the beauty and purity of the
      lake were in harmony with the deepest religion of the Bible, certainly the
      voice of the pines was also in chord with it.
    </p>
    <p>
      "The oracles of Greece are connected with the oak. And the lightness, the
      gaiety, the wit, the suppleness, of the Greek mind find in the voice of
      the oak their fit representatives; for the oak, though so stubborn and
      sinewy in its substances, is cheery and gay in its tone when the wind
      strikes it. But the evergreen trees, though so much softer in their stock,
      are far deeper and more serious in their music; and the evergreen is the
      Hebrew tree. The Cedar of Lebanon is the tree most prominent when we think
      of Palestine and the clothing of its hills. As I lay and listened to the
      deep, serious, yet soft and welcome sound of those pines by the lake
      shore, I thought of the inspiration of old which had wakened such lasting
      and wonderful music from the great souls of Israel. When we want knowledge
      or the quickening of intellect, we enter the groves of Greece; when we
      would find quickening, when we would feel the deeps of the soul appealed
      to, we enter the deeper and more sombre woods of Palestine. The voice of
      the pine helps us to interpret the Hebrew genius. Its range of expression
      is not so great as that of the oak or the elm or the willow or the beech,
      but how much richer it is and more welcome in its monotony! How much more
      profoundly our souls echo it! How much more deeply does it seem to be in
      harmony with the spirit of the air! What grandeur, what tenderness, what
      pathos, what heart-searchingness in the swells and cadences of its
      'Andante Maestoso,' when the wind wrestles with it and brings out all its
      soul."
    </p>
    <p>
      To the graces and gifts we have mentioned it is but necessary to add that
      King's gospel of religion was in itself a veritable glad tidings to the
      people. Not a mere deliverance of doubt, or morality veneered with icy
      culture, but faith clear, strong and radiantly beautiful. His thought of
      God, of Man, of Immortality, was full of comfort and inspiration. "God is
      the infinite Christ," he was wont to say. "Jesus revealed under human
      limitations the mercy and love of the Father."
    </p>
    <p>
      King rivalled Theodore Parker in the strength and tenderness of his faith
      that "man is the child of God." Saint and sinner, master and slave,
      learned and ignorant, rich and poor, all are children of the Infinite God,&mdash;born
      of His love ere the world was, certain of His love when the world shall
      have passed away. He felt that if this is not true, there is not enough
      left of religion to so much as interest an earnest soul. Religion is
      everything,&mdash;the sun in the heavens,&mdash;or it is a star too
      distant, faint and cold, to cast upon our path a single ray of light.
    </p>
    <p>
      And the unseen world! How very real it was to this man of faith and
      prayer. The immortal life is the life. These earthly years but lead us
      thither. Such was his faith. In excess of world-wisdom we say, "Eternity
      is here and now." Well and good. But if we lose for a kind of technicality
      the dear old trust in a higher and nobler life beyond the swift-coming
      night of death, what have we gained? Said our beloved preacher, our "Saint
      of the Pacific Coast," as he lay dying, "I see a great future before me."
      Without that vision he would not have been Starr King.
    </p>
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_PART5" id="link2H_PART5">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      Part V. In Retrospect
    </h2>
    <p>
      Above that of all other men the fame of the orator is transient. Eloquence
      may be "logic on fire" as Dr. Lyman Beecher defined it. Oratory may be, as
      Emerson said, "the noblest expression of purely personal energy." But it
      is so far personal, so allied to grace of gesture, to charm of manner, to
      melody of voice, to perfection of speech, to a commanding presence, that
      it carries to the future but a fraction of its power. The cold type and
      the insentiate page constitute at best only the record of nature's rarest
      gift.
    </p>
    <p>
      Moreover oratory today is at its ebb, as it has been a hundred times
      before, and with us the man of eloquence passes to quick oblivion. It
      would be futile to deny that the common fate of orators has overtaken
      Starr King. Even in California the present generation knows painfully
      little of his great services to the State. This is the first serious
      attempt, let us hope it will not be the last, accurately to measure the
      extent and value of that service so nobly rendered. It is gratifying,
      however, to recall that Californians of his own time, and the years
      immediately following, paid ample tribute to his work and his memory.
      Extraordinary honors, such as never have been given to any private
      citizen, were freely and lovingly accorded the patriot-preacher.
    </p>
    <p>
      On the evening of March 4, 1864, the day of King's death, the San
      Francisco Bulletin, then, as now, one of the leading papers of the city,
      contained the following tribute:
    </p>
    <p>
      "The announcement of the death of Rev. Thomas Starr King startles the
      community, and shocks it like the loss of a great battle or tidings of a
      sudden and undreamed of public calamity. Certainly no other man on the
      Pacific Coast would be missed so much. San Francisco has lost one of her
      chief attractions; the State, its noblest orator; the country one of her
      ablest defenders."
    </p>
    <p>
      Scarcely forty years of age, a Californian only from 1860 to 1864, he had
      in this brief period so won the hearts of men that in honor of his funeral
      the legislature and all the courts adjourned, the national authorities
      fired minute guns in the bay, while all the flags in the city and on the
      ships hung at half-mast, including those of the foreign consuls and those
      on the vessels of England, Russia, Hamburg, Columbia and France. It is
      believed that in American history no private individual has been so
      honored by the federal army and by foreign nations.
    </p>
    <p>
      That Starr King's tomb might serve as a daily reminder to the people of
      his unique devotion to Union and Liberty, a city ordinance forbidding
      burials within certain districts of the city was set aside, and to this
      day his grave can be seen close to one of San Francisco's busy
      thoroughfares. Nor is this all. One of the giant trees of the Mariposa
      bears his name and a proud dome of the Yosemite is called Starr King. On
      the 27th of October, 1892, a beautiful and impressive monument was
      dedicated in Golden Gate Park to his memory. Its base bears the
      inscription:
    </p>
    <p>
      "In him eloquence, strength and virtue were devoted with fearless courage
      to truth, country and his fellow-men."
    </p>
    <p>
      The dedication address was given by the Hon. Irving M. Scott, a leading
      business man of San Francisco. Speaking with the care and sobriety the
      occasion demanded, Mr. Scott made the following statement, which the
      writer believes will also be the sober verdict of history:
    </p>
    <p>
      "We do not say that Starr King determined for California the course which
      she pursued; but we do say that he was the most potent factor in effecting
      that determination."
    </p>
    <p>
      "The most potent factor in effecting that determination," to establish
      this beyond the possibility of cavil or denial, we have told here once
      again his inspiring story. The fact that as late as 1913, the Legislature
      of California appropriated $10,000 to place a bust of Starr King in our
      National Capitol at Washington would seem to indicate that the people have
      resolved that this man shall go down to latest generations as par
      excellence,&mdash;"our hero."
    </p>
    <p>
      It would be natural, and entirely proper, to close by recounting the
      numerous tributes that in the years since King's death have been paid to
      his memory, in magazines, memoirs, speeches and poems, but it would seem
      like sweetness too long drawn out. And, perhaps, few could resist the
      feeling that no human being ever really deserved such "largeness of love."
      But they seem so real, they ring so true, that the conviction grows almost
      to a certainty that here was one who drew men to him by the incarnate
      sweetness and nobility of his nature. "Doubtless," writes his friend, and
      co-worker in the Sanitary Commission, Dr. Henry W. Bellows, "he had his
      own consciousness of imperfection and sin&mdash;for he was human, but I
      have yet to know and yet to hear the first suggestion of what his faults
      and errors were."
    </p>
    <p>
      In no spirit of fulsome adulation did a prominent San Franciscan write, on
      the Sunday following King's departure to "what lies beyond," these tender
      words, "Bells sadly ringing this Sabbath morning remind me that one pulpit
      stands empty; and that it must stand empty, to all intents and purposes,
      until the church walls crumble, and pulpit, pillars, and all are resolved
      into dust."
    </p>
    <p>
      Another prominent resident of the State, writing a half century later,&mdash;seeing
      all after the sobering lapse of years, writing as though the cloud of
      sorrow for his friend had never been lifted, thus pays his sincere tribute
      of respect:
    </p>
    <p>
      "And so, in the prime of life, at the zenith of his achievement, before
      its noon, this sweet, great soul passed away, leaving to those who loved
      him, dust and anguish. Well do we remember that almost at his death a
      minor earthquake shook the city, and men said, 'Even the earth shudders at
      the thought that Starr King is dead.'"
    </p>
    <p>
      Of the many poetical tributes, two at least, are of permanent
      significance. One by his friend Bret Harte, dear companion of those great
      years in San Francisco, on "A Pen of Thomas Starr King," is at once so
      penetrating and so just that it well deserves here a place:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     "This is the reed the dead musician dropped,
     With tuneful magic in its sheath still hidden;
     The prompt allegro of its music stopped,
     Its melodies unbidden.

     But who shall finish the unfinished strain,
     Or wake the instrument to awe and wonder,
     And bid the slender barrel breathe again,
     An organ-pipe of thunder!

     His pen! what humbler memories cling about
     Its golden curves! what shapes and laughing graces
     Slipped from its point, when his full heart went out
     In smiles and courtly phrases.

     The truth, half jesting, half in earnest flung;
     The word of cheer, with recognition in it;
     The note of alms, whose golden speech outrung
     The golden gift within it.

     But all in vain the enchanter's wand we wave:
     No stroke of ours recalls his magic vision:
     The incantation that its power gave
     Sleeps with the dead magician."
</pre>
    <p>
      Could Starr King have been given the privilege of selecting his
      poet-laureate we may be sure he would have named Whittier. For they were
      both lovers of nature and of man. Both earnest abolitionists, intensely
      patriotic, loving liberty and the rights of the humblest of God's
      creatures, they were kindred spirits. So Whittier wrote not alone for New
      England, not alone for East and West, but from the deeps of his own loyal
      and gentle soul, as he penned, these beautiful lines:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     "The great work laid upon his two-score years
     It's done, and well done. If we drop our tears,
     Who loved him as few men were ever loved,
     We mourn no blighted hope nor broken plan
     With him whose life stands rounded and approved
     In the full growth and stature of a man.
     Mingle, O bells, along the Western slope,
     With your deep toll a sound of faith and hope!
     Wave cheerily still, O banner, halfway down,
      From thousand-masted bay and steepled town!
     Let the strong organ with its loftiest swell
     Lift the proud sorrow of the land, and tell
     That the brave sower saw his ripened grain.
     O East and West! O morn and sunset twain
     No more forever!&mdash;has he lived in vain
     Who, priest of Freedom, made ye one and told
     Your bridal service from his lips of gold."
</pre>
    <p>
      Whittier refuses to believe that King's life, though he lived but "two
      score years" was a "broken plan." All who believe that life is of divine
      ordering, our days, our duty, our destiny to the last hour will, with
      resignation, accept this teaching of faith. To others it will seem in the
      nature of an irreparable loss that one so good, and so greatly useful,
      should have died so young.
    </p>
    <p>
      And though he met death with a smile, and said, "Tell my friends that I
      went lovingly, trustfully, peacefully," yet it is true that he was cut off
      in the midst of noble dreams of service he would still render humanity.
      Some one has said that "aspiration, not achievement, is the measure of
      human worth." If this be true, or partly true, we may not pass in silence
      the unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King.
    </p>
    <p>
      His first great dream looked toward a career in Boston. He would found a
      lectureship, somewhat like, yet most unlike, that afterward conducted by
      Joseph Cook. How grandly he would have interpreted from such a platform
      the spiritual significance of modern science is made evident in those
      great lectures, "Substance and Show," "Laws of Disorder," and in those
      memorable sermons dealing with natural phenomena. All the progress of more
      than half a century has not rendered them obsolete. They can still be read
      with pleasure and profit.
    </p>
    <p>
      King also planned, when leisure should be afforded him, a work in
      philosophy. Something of permanent value to all thinkers and students. One
      needs but to read King's lecture on "Socrates" to understand how rich and
      valuable such a work would have been. Indeed, here are paragraphs that
      could have been written only by one of philosophic mood and habit of mind.
      How much of modern "New Thought Philosophy" is expressed in the following:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Few acknowledge that thoughts are as substantial as things, that a
      feeling is as real as a paving stone, that the soul is a congeries of
      actual forces as truly as the body is, that a moral principle is as
      persistent and fatal a thing as a chemical agent, and that, in the deeps
      of the mind and of society, laws are at work as constant and stern as
      those which spin the planets and heave the sea and poise the firmaments."
    </p>
    <p>
      Accepting as the ground work of his philosophy such principles as these
      King tells us that "Socrates came to the conclusion that the stone which
      his chisel chipped was less substantial than the soul in every human form:
      and that the beauty which his cunning carved into the block was less
      charming and permanent than the beauty of truth, temperance, and holiness,
      which faith and culture could leave upon the invisible essence of man. He
      therefore resolved to abandon the lower for the higher art of Sculpture,
      and instead of being an artist in marble to be a fashioner of men."
    </p>
    <p>
      King's aptness for historical and philosophical generalization is quite
      evident as we read:
    </p>
    <p>
      "Socrates was the father of a new method of study. His thoughts were the
      seed corn of systems. His pupils were the teachers of centuries. Each bump
      of his brain was the nucleus of a philosophical school. Hardly had he left
      the world, than the strong and simple light he shed was scattered in
      various hues by the prismatic minds that had surrounded him or that
      succeeded him; and in almost every case,&mdash;as so often happens when
      the strands of the solar beam are brilliantly dishevelled,&mdash;the
      actinic ray was lost."
    </p>
    <p>
      In all our reading we have never met a description of the Grecian
      philosopher so complete and accurate as one brief phrase in the lecture
      from which these excerpts are taken, "Socrates, the slouchy ambassador of
      reason." Or what could be truer of Socrates and Plato than to say that
      "Arm in arm, the stately duke and the democrat of philosophy walk down the
      lists of fame?"
    </p>
    <p>
      Read and re-read the closing paragraph of King's "Socrates" impresses the
      thoughtful mind more and more by its depth and beauty, and we ask,&mdash;what
      might not this man in his full maturity and in scholarly leisure have
      contributed to enrich the philosophy of our time?
    </p>
    <p>
      "Down the River of Life, by its Athenian banks, he had floated upon his
      raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling weather, for seventy years.
      And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth of the
      stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim heaving in the dusk. But he
      betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal continents there
      are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He trusted still in the
      raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell to the few true friends
      who stood by him on the shore he put out into the darkness, a moral
      Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an idea."
    </p>
    <p>
      It was an open secret among King's friends in California that he meditated
      writing of the Yosemite as he had written of the White Hills of New
      Hampshire. Had he done so that region of incomparable beauty would have
      been known to the people of our country at least twenty years earlier.
      What a volume it would have been, "The Beauty and Glory of the Yosemite"
      by Starr King! What a vision he would have given us of that mighty gorge;
      of the crystal clearness of Mirror Lake; of the majesty of Cathedral Rock,
      of Sentinel Dome, or El Capitan; of the bright waterfalls, Vernal and the
      Bridal Veil; or in exquisite artistry of word painting how he would have
      pictured for us the wonderful coloring of the Yosemite, the morning tints
      of gray, the perfect white of noon shading into blue, the afternoon tinge
      of silver and gold, the sunset's gauze of crimson, and then the varying
      shades of approaching night. But our artist never lived to paint the
      picture for us, and are we not the poorer? Is there any such thing in this
      sad world as superfluous genius? Let our philosophers answer. At all
      events these were the noble and the unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King.
    </p>
    <p>
      It would seem that of American statesmen Mr. King most admired Daniel
      Webster. He never shared the feeling of his fellow abolitionists that
      Webster's well-known longing to be President had caused him to be false to
      liberty, but rather that the great "Defender of the Constitution"
      endeavored to preserve the Union for the sake of liberty. As we have
      already noted, when the Civil War broke out King found in the service
      Webster had rendered the Nation some of his strongest arguments for the
      Northern Cause. He was quite ready to accept the judgment of the English
      publicist that "Webster was not only the greatest man of his age,&mdash;he
      was the greatest man of any age." No doubt he had followed every stage of
      that momentous career to the very end. All thoughtful Americans went into
      retirement with Daniel Webster, and in his last sickness watched in a kind
      of reverent awe as his life ebbed away. From the solemn death chamber in
      Marshfield, his home by the stormy Atlantic, came tidings of the great
      statesman's last moments, in which he repeated, again and again, the Lord's
      Prayer and the Twenty-third Psalm. Loving friends bore tearful witness to
      the pathos and heavenly beauty of the old words as they fell from the
      trembling lips of the dying man, "Yea, though I walk through the valley of
      the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for Thou art with me; Thy rod
      and Thy staff they comfort me."
    </p>
    <p>
      If it be a coincidence, it is one of striking appropriateness that when
      the last hour came to our foremost "Defender of the Constitution and the
      Union," that with unclouded mind, here by the Pacific Sea, he, too, should
      have passed to his rest, even as the older patriot, whispering with
      untroubled faith, "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. Yea, though
      I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil." "I
      will fear no evil," these were his last words, and it is good to read that
      having so spoken, without a struggle or a pang, he entered upon his
      exceeding great reward. His work on earth was done, and well done.
    </p>
    <p>
      Here ends Starr King in California, as written by Reverend William Day
      Simonds, Published in book form by Paul Elder and Company, and seen
      through their Tomoye Press by Ricardo J. Orozco in the city of San
      Francisco, during the month of April, Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen.
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">





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