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+Project Gutenberg's Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Starr King in California
+
+Author: William Day Simonds
+
+Release Date: November, 2003  [Etext #4641]
+Posting Date: January 28, 2010
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Schwan
+
+
+
+
+
+STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA
+
+
+By William Day Simonds
+
+Author of
+
+     "The Christ of the Human Heart"
+     "Patriotic Addresses"
+     "Sermons From Shakespeare"
+
+
+
+Dedicated to the Memory of Honorable Horace Davis of San Francisco as
+the only Tribute of Respect Now Possible to one whose Friendly Interest
+and Assistance the Author Here Gratefully Acknowledges
+
+
+Up to the time of Starr King's death it was generally believed that he,
+more than any other man, had prevented California and the whole Pacific
+Coast from falling into the gulf of disunion. It is certain that Abraham
+Lincoln held this opinion
+
+Edwin Percy Whipple
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+     Introduction
+
+     Part I
+     In Old New England
+
+     Part II
+     California in 1860
+
+     Part III
+     California's Hour of Decision
+
+     Part IV
+     Philanthropist and Preacher
+
+     Part V
+     In Retrospect
+
+
+
+     Illustrations
+
+     Starr King Monument
+
+     Portrait of Starr King
+
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+This book is the result of the author's strong desire to know the
+truth relative to a critical period in the history of California, and
+a further strong desire to deal justly by the memory of a man recent
+historians have been pleased to pass by with slight acknowledgment.
+
+What was the nature and measure of Starr King's influence on the Pacific
+Coast during the Civil War? To be able to answer that question has cost
+more time and study than the reader could be brought to believe. It
+has necessitated a thorough examination of all published histories of
+California, of numerous biographies, of old newspapers, memoirs, letters
+and musty documents. It has involved interviews with prominent persons
+as well as a careful study of earlier writings upon Starr King in books
+and magazines. Best of all it has compelled the writer to the delightful
+task of renewing his acquaintance with the published sermons and
+lectures of the patriot-preacher.
+
+It is believed that no important data has been overlooked, and it
+is hoped that a genuine service has been rendered to all students of
+California History, and to all lovers of Starr King--he who was called
+by his own generation, "The Saint of the Pacific Coast."
+
+
+
+
+Part I. In Old New England
+
+
+When Starr King entered the Golden Gate, April 28, 1860, he had passed
+by a few months his thirty-fifth birthday. A young man in the morning of
+his power he felt strangely old, for he wrote to a friend just a little
+later: "I have passed meridian. It is after twelve o'clock in the large
+day of my mortal life. I am no longer a young man. It is now afternoon
+with me, and the shadows turn toward the east."
+
+There was abundant reason for this premature feeling of age. Even at
+thirty-five King had been a long time among the most earnest of
+workers. Born in New York City, December 17, 1824, of English and German
+ancestry, son of a Universalist Minister who was compelled to struggle
+along on a very meager salary, the lad felt very early in life labor's
+stern discipline. At fifteen he was obliged to leave school that by
+daily toil he might help to support his now widowed mother and five
+younger brothers and sisters. Brief as was his record in school, we note
+the following prophetic facts: he displayed singular aptitude for study,
+he was conscientious yet vivacious, he was by nature adverse to anything
+rude or coarse. Joshua Bates, King's last teacher, describes the lad
+as "slight of build, golden haired, with a homely face which everybody
+thought handsome on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and
+the earnest desire of always wanting to do what was best and right."
+
+This is our earliest testimony to the lovable character of the man whose
+life-story we are now considering. It will impress us more and more as
+East and West, Boston and San Francisco, in varying phrase tell again
+and again, of "the beaming eyes, the winning smile, and the earnest
+desire of always wanting to do what was just and right."
+
+A bread-winner at fifteen, and for a large family, surely this is
+the end of all dreams of scholarship or of professional service. That
+depends on the man--and the conditions that surround him. Happily
+King's mother was a woman of good mind who knew and loved the best in
+literature. Ambitious for her gifted son, she read with him, and
+for him, certain of the masters whom to know well is to possess the
+foundations of true culture. It is a pretty scene and suggestive--the
+lad and his mother, reading together "till the wee small hours"
+Plutarch, Grote's History of Greece, Bullfinch's Mythology, Dante and
+the plays of William Shakespeare. Fortunately his mother was not his
+only helper. Near at hand was Theodore Parker who was said to possess
+the best private library in Boston, and whose passion for aiding young
+men was well known. He befriended King as he befriended others, and
+early discovered in the widow's son superior talents. In those days very
+young men used to preach. Before he had reached his majority, King was
+often sent to fill engagements under direction and at the suggestion of
+Parker. The high esteem of the elder for the younger man is attested by
+the following letter to an important church not far from Boston.
+
+"I cannot come to preach for you as I would like, but with your kind
+permission I will send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a
+regularly ordained preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart,
+and the gift of tongues. He is a rare sweet spirit and I know that after
+you have met with him you will thank me for sending him to you."
+
+This young dry-goods clerk, schoolmaster, and bookkeeper, for he
+followed all of these occupations during the years in which he was
+growing out of youth into manhood, was especially interested in
+metaphysics and theology. In these, and kindred studies he was greatly
+impressed and inspired by the writings of Victor Cousin, whose major
+gift was his ability to awaken other minds. "The most brilliant
+meteor that flashed across the sky of the nineteenth century," said
+Sainte-Beuve.
+
+When Thomas Starr King was eighteen years old, William Ellery Channing
+died. Of that death which occurred amid the lovely scenery of Vermont
+upon a rare Autumnal evening, Theodore Parker wrote, The sun went toward
+the horizon: the slanting beams fell into the chamber. Channing turned
+his face toward that sinking orb and he and the sun went away together.
+Each, as the other, left "the smile of his departure' spread on all
+around: the sun on the clouds, he on the heart."
+
+Channing's "smile on the heart," his pure philosophy, his sweet
+Christian spirit so influenced King that his best sermons read not
+unlike the large, calm utterances of Channing when he spoke on the
+loftiest of themes. To other good and great men our student preacher
+was deeply indebted. To Dr. Hosea Ballou (2d) for friendship and wise
+counsel. To Dr. James Walker for the inspiration of certain notable
+lectures on Natural Theology. Most of all to Dr. E. A. Chapin, his
+father's successor in the Universalist Pulpit at Charlestown, Mass. Dr.
+Chapin--but ten years King's senior--was then just beginning his
+eminent career as pulpit orator and popular lecturer. He recognized
+the undeveloped genius of his young friend, he knew of his earnest
+student-ship, he delighted to open the doors of opportunity to him.
+It was a gracious and honorable relation and most advantageous to the
+younger man. Writing to a good Deacon of a neighboring church Chapin
+said: "Thomas has never attended a Divinity School, but he is educated
+just the same. He speaks Greek, Hebrew, French, German, and fairly good
+English as you will see. He knows natural history and he knows humanity,
+and if one knows man and nature, he comes pretty close to knowing God."
+
+In 1846 Chapin was called to New York, and through his influence Starr
+King, then twenty-two years old, was installed as his successor in
+the pastorate of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown. If his
+preparedness for an important New England pulpit is questioned it must
+be admitted that he entered it wholly without academic training, but we
+need not be distressed on that account. From the first he had adopted
+a method of study certain to produce excellent results, thorough
+acquaintance with a few great authors, and reverent, loving intercourse
+with a few great teachers. Little wonder that the "boy preacher" made
+good in the pulpit from which his honored Father had passed into, the
+Silence, and wherein the eloquence of Chapin had charmed a congregation
+of devoted followers.
+
+Two years pass and he is called to Hollis Street Church in Boston,
+a Unitarian Church of honorable fame but at the time threatened with
+disaster. It was believed that if any one could save the imperilled
+church, King was that man. Not yet twenty-five years of age, established
+as minister of one of Boston's well known churches; a co-laborer
+of Bartol, Ballou, Everett, Emerson, Theodore Parker and Wendell
+Phillips,--surely he is to be tried and tested as few men so young have
+ever been, here in the "Athens of America," the city of beautiful ideals
+and great men.
+
+It is certain that King regarded the eleven years he gave to Hollis
+Street as merely preparatory to his greater work in California. Writing
+playfully from San Francisco to Dr. Bellows in Boston he said: "At
+home, among you big fellows, I wasn't much. Here they seem to think I
+am somebody. Nothing like the right setting." The record shows that even
+among the "big fellows" Starr King was a very definite somebody,
+for although crowds did not attend his preaching in Boston as in San
+Francisco, he was able to congratulate himself upon the fact that he
+preached his last sermon in Hollis Street Church to five times as many
+people as heard his first. Nor do we need to await the judgment of
+California admirers to be convinced of his ability as a preacher or his
+popularity as a lecturer. It was said of him that "he was an orator from
+the beginning:" that his first public address "was like Charles Lamb's
+roast pig, good throughout, no part better or worse than another." "His
+delivery," says a candid and scholarly critic, "was rather earnest than
+passionate. He had a deep, strange, rich voice, which he knew how to
+use. His eyes were extraordinary, living sermons, a peculiar shake
+and nod of the head giving the impression of deep-settled conviction.
+Closely confined to his notes, yet his delivery produces a marked
+impression."
+
+Hostile criticism, which no man wholly escapes, enjoyed suggesting
+that King had been educated in the common schools of Portsmouth and
+Charlestown, and that he had graduated from the navy yard into the
+pulpit. A Boston correspondent passed judgment upon him as follows:
+"He was not considered profoundly learned; he was not regarded as a
+remarkable orator; he was not a great writer; nor can his unrivalled
+popularity be ascribed to his fascinating social or intellectual gifts.
+It was the hidden interior man of the heart that gave him his real power
+and skill to control the wills and to move the hearts, and to win the
+unbounded confidence and affection of his fellow-beings."
+
+William Everett is authority for the statement that in those early years
+in Hollis Street Church "Starr King was not thought to be what a teacher
+of Boston Unitarianism ought to be. He was regarded rather as a florid
+platform speaker, one interested in the crude and restless attempts at
+reform which sober men distrusted." Another reviewer mingles praise and
+criticism quite ingeniously. "He astonishes and charms his hearers by
+a rare mastery over sentences. He is a skilful word-marshal. Hence his
+popularity as a lyceum lecturer. However much of elegant leisure the
+more solid and instructive lecturers may have, Mr. King is always
+wanted. He is, in some respects, the most popular writer and preacher of
+the two denominations which he equally represents, being a sort of soft
+ligament between the Chang of Universalism and the Eng of Unitarianism."
+
+This last criticism invites us to notice--all too briefly--a phase of
+King's experience in New England fitting him most admirably for the
+larger work he was to do on the Pacific Coast. From 1840 to 1860 the
+Lyceum flourished in the United States as never before or since. Large
+numbers of lecture courses, extending even to the small cities and
+towns, were liberally patronized and generously supported. In many
+communities this was the one diversion and the one extravagance. To
+fill the new demand an extraordinary group of public speakers appeared;
+Emerson, Edward Everett, Wendell Phillips, Dr. Chapin, Oliver Wendell
+Holmes, George William Curtis, Henry Ward Beecher, Frederick Douglas,
+Theodore Parker and others, whose names are reverently spoken to this
+day by aged men and women who remember the uplift given them in youth by
+these giants of the platform.
+
+That he was always wanted with such rivals as those is proof enough of
+King's power with the people, of his fame as an orator, even before his
+greater development and his more wonderful achievements in California.
+His lecture circuit extended from Boston to Chicago. His principal
+subjects were "Goethe," "Socrates," "Substance and Show," a lecture
+which ranks next to Wendell Phillips' "Lost Arts" in popularity. Not
+withstanding the academic titles King gave his lectures they seemed to
+have been popular with all classes. "Grand, inspiring, instructive,
+lectures," said the learned. "Thems' idees," said unlettered men of
+sound sense. It was thought to be a remarkable triumph of platform
+eloquence that King could make such themes fascinating to Massachusetts
+farmers and Cape Cod fishermen. In fine phrase it was said of him that
+he lectured upon such themes as Plato and Socrates "with a prematureness
+of scholarship, a delicacy of discernment, a sweet innocent combination
+of confidence and diffidence, which were inexpressibly charming."
+
+It may be claimed with all candor that few public teachers have ever
+been able so to enlist scientific truth in the service of the spirit.
+That spirit and life are the great realities, that all else is mainly
+show, at best but the changing vesture of spirit, is set forth in King's
+lectures so completely that he may be said to have made, even at this
+early age, a genuine and lasting contribution to the thought of his
+time. All this be it noted before he had set foot upon the Pacific
+Coast, where he was destined to do his real work.
+
+One other service King had rendered the country, and especially New
+England, should here be gratefully recalled. Always in delicate health,
+he had formed the habit of spending his vacations in the White Hills
+of New Hampshire. Benefited in mind and body, and charmed by the rare
+beauty of a region then unknown, he endeavored to reveal to the people
+of Boston, and other Eastern cities, the neglected loveliness lying at
+their very doors. The result was King's "The White Hills, Their Legends,
+Landscape and Poetry." Although this pioneer nature-book is now probably
+quite forgotten, even by the multitudes who visit the scenes it so
+glowingly describes, it is well to remember that it was, indeed, one
+of the first attempts to entice the city dweller "back to nature."
+Published in 1859, it followed Thoreau's at that time unread "Walden"
+by only five years, while it preceded Murray's "Adventures in the
+Wilderness," and the earliest of John Burroughs' delightful volumes,
+by a full generation. It was in every way a commendable, if not great,
+adventure in authorship.
+
+ From this brief review it is evident that when Starr King preached his
+last sermon in Boston, March 25, 1860, he had made for himself an
+enviable reputation in three difficult fields of work, as preacher,
+lecturer and writer. The feeling of Boston and New England upon his
+departure was fittingly expressed by Edwin Percy Whipple in a leading
+journal of the day in which this eminent author "appealed to thousands
+in proof of the assertion that though in charge of a large parish, and
+with a lecture parish which extended from Bangor to St. Louis, he still
+seemed to have time for every noble work, to be open to every demand of
+misfortune, tender to every pretension of weakness, responsive to every
+call of sympathy, and true to every obligation of friendship; all will
+indulge the hope that California, cordial as must be the welcome
+she extends him, will still not be able to keep him long from
+Massachusetts."
+
+On the day before he sailed from New York a "Breakfast Reception" was
+given him at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, at which three hundred guests were
+seated at the tables. The poet, William Cullen Bryant presided, and
+other men hardly less distinguished testified to the nature of King's
+work, and to the varied charm of his unique personality. Best of all,
+perhaps, was the tribute of his friend and neighbor, Dr. Frederick H.
+Hedge. "Happy Soul! himself a benediction wherever he goes; a living
+evangel of kind affections, better than all prophecy and all knowledge,
+the Angel of the Church whom Boston sends to San Francisco."
+
+Such was the man who came to California in the greatest crisis of her
+history to exert upon her destiny an influence unequalled and unexampled
+even in that most romantic and eventful story of the Golden West.
+
+
+
+
+Part II. California in 1860
+
+
+The federal census of 1860 gave California 379,984 inhabitants and
+San Francisco 56,802. Historian Bancroft informs us that here was "a
+gathering without a parallel in history." It may be said that the whole
+history and development of California is without parallel. The story
+reads not so much like the orderly growth of a civilized community as
+a series of unrelated and episodical events. There is little of logical
+order or sequence, and much of surprise, adventure, of conflict and
+crisis. Said an aged philosopher, "It is the unexpected that happens,"
+a saying illustrated if anywhere in the world, in the history of the
+Golden State.
+
+Although discovered early in the sixteenth century by adventurous
+Spaniards, no serious attempt was made at settlement of any portion of
+the territory now included in the boundaries of California until the
+year 1769, when Father Junipero Serra arrived at the Bay of San
+Diego. Then followed a half century constituting the Mission Period of
+California history, during which Spanish Governors and Franciscan
+Friars ruled the land. Inspired more by religious zeal than by lust
+of conquest, or hope of gain, the Spanish Padres planted a chain of
+missions extending from San Diego to the Bay of San Francisco. At these
+missions, consisting often, at the beginning, of nothing more than a
+rude cross and altar, with some miserable make-shift of tent or huts as
+protection from the heat of summer and the cold of winter, the faithful
+priests labored to convert the surrounding Indians. They tried to make
+of them not alone good Catholics, but good farmers, and vineyardists,
+and according to the need of the time, capable carpenters and builders.
+As the result of their labors a long period of simple prosperity was
+enjoyed at the missions. Buildings were erected that still delight the
+traveler. They were for the most part of Moorish architecture, built of
+adobe, painted white, with red-tile roofs, long corridors and ever the
+secluded plaza where the friar might tell his beads in peace. Around the
+missions, some twenty in number, lying a day's journey apart between the
+southern and the central bay, Indian workers cultivated immense fields
+of grain, choice vineyards, olive orchards and orange groves; great
+herds of horses, cattle, and sheep were cared for, and the women became
+adept at weaving and spinning. Nor were the Spanish Governors idle. They
+encouraged the immigration of settlers both from the mother country and
+Mexico by a most liberal policy, assisting the newcomer to build a home,
+acquire stock, and establish himself in a country where there was an
+abundance of game, and where the earth yielded her bounty with the
+minimum of labor. Thus in the half century between 1770 and 1820,
+these Pius Padres laid the foundations of California, as they believed
+securely, after Catholic and Spanish tradition.
+
+Not securely so it proved, for in 1822 Mexico won her independence
+from Spain, both political and religious. The California Padres being
+Spaniards naturally suffered persecution at the hands of successive
+Mexican Governors, who were envious of the lands, orchards and herds
+of domestic animals belonging to the various missions. Ruthlessly the
+Friars were plundered of their well tilled fields, their fine vineyards,
+their flocks and herds, and their Indian converts were enticed or
+driven into the service of the new Masters of the country. Some of these
+officials were of Spanish blood and some of Mexican but now they proudly
+called themselves, Californians. And proudly they lived, these Spanish
+and Mexican Dons. Owning immense tracts of land, riding upon fleet
+horses, relieved of all necessity of honest work, they soon became in
+their manner of living, veritable hidalgoes.
+
+Vain, ridiculously boastful, pleasure chasers, they loved above all else
+the frolic, the dance, and a good horse. All the way from San Diego
+to Shasta were located the immense ranchoes, more than six hundred in
+number, ever since celebrated in song and story. This was the period so
+often called by poetic writers the Romantic Age of California. Although
+much of the glamor of the dear old days of plenty and pleasure has been
+dispelled by the careful researches of conscientious scholars, it must
+still be admitted that here also were developed certain characteristics
+and here a kind of foundation for the future laid, ignorant of which we
+can not understand either the California of 1860 or even the State as we
+of today know and love it. If it is true that the first settlers in any
+community leave a lasting impress upon after generations it is evident
+that the Franciscan and Spanish background of California must be
+reviewed as we approach the more serious days of American conflict and
+conquest.
+
+Although the first American settler arrived in California in 1816 his
+example seems to have been without effect for in 1822 there were but
+fourteen persons not of Mexican or Spanish blood in all the province.
+In the early '40's emigrants from the "States" began to come in parties,
+but so slowly that by January 1, 1848, the entire population (not
+including Indians) numbered only 14,000, and Yerba Buena (San Francisco)
+the only Pueblo of any size contained barely 900 inhabitants. This be
+it noted was but twelve years before the arrival of Starr King, so close
+was the old aristocratic rule of Spain to that stirring conflict in
+which he was to become a central figure.
+
+As we have already observed it is the unexpected that happens in
+California history. In this same month of January, 1848, gold was
+discovered in the upper Sacramento Valley, an event that rivals the
+discovery of America by Columbus, if regarded in the light of results
+affecting the development of modern society. "The Gold that Drew the
+World" so Edwin Markham heads his story of that strange hegira
+which converted far-away California into a new Mecca and made of
+San Francisco, that sleepy Spanish Pueblo, in a few months' time a
+cosmopolitan city of fifty thousand people. Two years earlier, as a
+result of the Mexican War, California had been declared an American
+Territory, though not formally ceded to the United States until February
+2, 1848. It was generally believed that the Mexican War had been waged
+and California acquired in the interest of negro slavery. James Russell
+Lowell voices this belief in the Bigelow papers as follows:
+
+     "They just wanted this California
+     So's to lug new slave states in,
+     To abuse ye and to scorn ye,
+     And to plunder ye like sin."
+
+However this may have been, it is certain that among the immigrants
+of the fifty's there was a large number of forceful and brilliant men,
+loving the old South, and fully determined to swing the new state into
+line as a pro-slavery asset. It is true they were not strong enough to
+prevent the adoption in 1849 of a constitution prohibiting slavery,
+yet for all that, as Southern men they rejoiced when September 9, 1850,
+California was admitted to the Union.
+
+It is no part of our purpose to give in detail the strange story of
+California during her first ten years as an American Commonwealth. By
+1850 her population had increased to 120,000 people, mostly young men
+drawn by the lure of gold from every quarter of the civilized world,
+including not less than 4000 Chinese. Yet the majority were Americans,
+and of the Americans the larger number were from the slave states. Nor
+was this condition much altered up to the outbreak of the Civil War.
+Trustworthy authorities estimate that not less than forty per cent of
+her entire population were at that time of Southern birth, naturally
+Democratic in politics and for the most part pro-slavery in sentiment.
+It should be remembered that during the decade under consideration
+the national government was under the brilliant leadership of the
+slave-masters who were ever alert as to the attitude of this new
+Eldorado of the West. Consequently every position of trust and honor
+under national control in California was given to "safe men" whose
+attitude towards the "peculiar institution" was favorable beyond
+suspicion. To such an extent was this a matter of public knowledge that
+the Customs Station of San Francisco was popularly dubbed the "Virginia
+Poor House." During all these years California was under the absolute
+control of the Democratic Party, and the party was under control of its
+Pro-slavery leaders.
+
+"The common people," says a late historian, "stood in awe for many years
+of these suave, urbane, occasionally fire-eating and always well-dressed
+gentlemen from this most aristocratic section of the Union. The
+Southerners, born leaders of men, and with politics the paramount
+interest in their lives, controlled both San Francisco and California."
+
+J. W. Forney, a politician and reporter of the time, is more emphatic
+and declares that "California was a secession rendezvous from the day it
+became a part of the Union."
+
+That the State was strongly Southern in sympathy is proven by the fact
+that of fifty-three newspapers published within her borders only seven
+advocated the election of Lincoln to the Presidency in 1860. A stronger
+proof still is found in the character and conduct of the public men of
+California during all the period under consideration. With one or two
+exceptions, of whom honorable mention later, every official of any
+importance, state or national, favored the South and voted in her
+interest. This condition was partly due, without doubt, to the political
+leadership of Senator Wm. M. Gwin. A Tennessean by birth, he was
+forty-six years of age, when he landed in San Francisco, June 4, 1849.
+Almost immediately active in politics he became the most brilliant and
+unscrupulous leader California has ever had. He held the reins of power
+and of national patronage until the war brought chaos to the old order
+and always Wm. M. Gwin was a faithful servant of the old aristocratic
+South of John C. Calhoun. He was ably seconded in his efforts to hold
+California to the pro-slavery cause by David S. Terry, Chief Justice
+of the State, and a fiery Texan, fearless and fierce in every
+conflict which might affect adversely Southern Chivalry. After these
+distinguished leaders there followed in monotonous succession Senators,
+Representatives, Governors, Legislators, representing doubtless their
+constituents in opposition to every movement looking to the abolition,
+or even serious limitation of the slave power.
+
+The first man to challenge the almost solid cohorts of pro-slavery
+Democracy in California was David C. Broderick, United States Senator
+from 1857 until his untimely death in 1859. Broderick was the son of
+a stone cutter and in early life followed his father's trade. Born
+in Washington, D. C., he grew to manhood in New York City. When only
+twenty-six years old he became "Tammany's candidate for Congress."
+He was defeated and in June, 1849, he too arrived in San Francisco,
+determined never to return East unless as United States Senator.
+Plunging into the political life of the state as a loyal Democrat he was
+sent almost at once to the legislature in Sacramento, where he speedily
+became an influential member. In 1851 he was made presiding officer of
+the Senate and by 1852 his leadership within the State was so firmly
+established that it was said of him "he is the Democratic Party of
+California." January 10, 1857, after years of bitter struggle, Broderick
+was elected United States Senator, and the following March was duly
+received as a member of that august body. From the first his had been
+a strenuous career, he had been the storm center of heated contests,
+personal and political, in which he had commanded the suffrages of his
+fellows so completely that it was said, "men of all ages followed him
+like dogs." He had made many bitter and unrelenting enemies, and now
+that he had reached the goal of his ambition, he was to enter upon a
+last dread battle, the most severe and deadly of all he had known.
+
+Stripped of all misleading complications the question then agitating
+Congress and the country was simply this: Shall Negro Slavery be forced
+upon the new territory of Kansas against the will of a majority of her
+people? This, of course, was only preliminary to the larger question:
+Shall the National Government, under lead of the Slave Oligarchy, be
+given power to spread over new territory, at will, the blight and
+curse of human bondage? Upon this foremost question of the day, Senator
+Broderick stood side by side with Stephen A. Douglas in opposition to
+the Buchanan Administration, and its mad attempt to force slavery upon
+the people of the New West. The attitude of California politicians on
+this matter is evidenced by the fact that the legislature in session at
+Sacramento promptly instructed Broderick to vote for the administration
+program, and a later legislature condemned him by resolution for failing
+to comply with the instructions of its predecessor and declared that his
+attitude was a disgrace and humiliation to the Nation. They demanded
+his immediate resignation. Let it be noted clearly that Broderick was
+condemned, not for opposing negro slavery, but simply and solely
+for opposing the extreme southern contention. Not long, however, was
+Broderick permitted to display his antislavery sympathies. During the
+exciting campaign of 1859, David S. Terry, believing himself aggrieved
+because of certain utterances of Broderick, challenged the latter to
+deadly combat. Reluctantly, but thereto compelled by long usage in
+California, Broderick met Terry upon the so-called "field of honor,"
+September 13, 1859. Three days later Broderick was dead, a sacrifice, so
+all forward-looking men believed, to the wrath of the slave power. "His
+death was a political necessity, poorly veiled beneath the guise of
+a private quarrel." This was said at his funeral, and widely accepted
+among the people. It has been claimed that the death of Broderick saved
+California to the Union; that the revulsion of feeling following his
+bloody death was so great that his beloved State became good soil for
+the new teaching of Lincoln and the Republican Party. Generously one
+would like to accept this theory were not the evidence so strongly
+against it. To Broderick belongs the high honor of inaugurating the
+fight on the Pacific Coast against the extension of slavery. In the
+outset of that conflict he perished, and the manner of his taking off
+gave to his message something of the force of martyrdom. But not to
+the extent his admirers have imagined. It should be clearly noted
+that Broderick believed in local self-government regarding slavery. He
+believed that the people of Kansas, and the people of Virginia (as of
+all other states) possessed the right under our national constitution,
+of deciding this question for themselves without let or hindrance by the
+general government. Farther than this he did not go. To the day of his
+death, he was a loyal Douglas Democrat. It should be further noted that
+in this last campaign of Broderick's life the pro-slavery Democracy
+swept the State, its candidate for Governor being elected by a vote
+nearly twice the combined vote of the Douglas and Republican candidates:
+And, also, that a year after Broderick's death Abraham Lincoln polled
+only twenty-eight per cent of the popular vote in California for
+President of the United States. Whatever may have been the influence of
+the Senator's brave conflict in Congress, or his untimely death, it is
+evident that the crisis in California's attitude toward the Union had
+not yet arrived, that the hour in which any man might change the course
+of events still lay within the unknown future.
+
+The same may be said of the life and work of a still more brilliant
+opponent of slavery on this Coast, Col. Edward D. Baker, a man of
+phenomenal eloquence, with a well earned reputation as a successful
+lawyer and politician, with an honorable record for gallant service in
+the Mexican War, and for useful service in the House of Representatives
+in Washington. When he located in San Francisco in 1852, an immigrant
+from the great State of Illinois, he brought new strength to the
+minority who were in conscience opposed to the growing dominion of the
+Slave Power. For certain reasons, well understood at the time and which
+do not concern us here, Col. Baker did not wield the influence which
+his talents would naturally have secured for him. Yet as the contest
+deepened, his majestic eloquence was beyond question a force for freedom
+in a community where the love of oratory amounted to a passion. In the
+Fremont Campaign, at the grave of Broderick, and in his own canvass
+for Congress in 1859, he rendered most valuable service in laying the
+foundations of Republicanism on the Pacific Coast. But it should be
+remembered by all who would deal with those great days fairly that
+the work of Edward Dickinson Baker at its best was only the work of a
+brilliant forerunner. Before the real battle was on he removed from the
+State, and as the newly elected United States Senator from Oregon, from
+this Coast. It is true that on his journey to Washington a few days
+before the National election in November, 1860, Baker delivered in San
+Francisco an effective speech on Lincoln's behalf, but it is foolish
+hero-worship to say, of California! Not only had Baker been defeated
+overwhelmingly a few months earlier as Republican candidate for
+Congress, but Lincoln himself received the electoral vote of California
+only as the result of a three-sided contest in which the combined
+opposition polled nearly three-fourths of all the votes cast. In fact
+Lincoln distanced his nearest Democratic rival by only 711 Votes. Out
+of one hundred and fourteen members of the state legislature but
+twenty-four belonged to the party of Lincoln. The Congressional
+Delegation was solidly Democratic, and the Governor was a Southern
+sympathizer. Such was the condition after Baker's work was done in
+California, and when the greater work of Starr King was just beginning.
+
+In justice to Colonel Baker, though it is no part of our duty here, we
+make grateful mention of the fact that not on the Pacific Coast but in
+Washington, as the friend and adviser of President Lincoln, and on the
+floor of the United States Senate, this gallant defender of Union and
+Liberty rendered a unique and memorable service to his country. His
+replies in the Senate to those giants of the Confederacy, John C.
+Breckenridge and Judah P. Benjamin attained the dignity of national
+events, and his heroic death early in the war on field of battle
+renders it forever impossible for any just man to belittle the deeds
+or influence of Edward D. Baker. What he might have effected had he
+remained in California, or had his life been longer spared, we may not
+say. The fact remains that after his mission among us was over Southern
+and Democratic sentiment was still in the ascendant. It was reserved
+for another,--the privilege and the honor of "saving California to the
+Union."
+
+One other phase of the situation merits careful attention. Almost from
+the very beginning of American Settlement in California a dream of
+Pacific Empire, separate and independent of "the States" had fascinated
+many of her strongest men. And little wonder, for here by the Pacific
+Sea was a vast territory walled away by lofty mountains and wide
+deserts, two thousand miles west of the frontier settlements of
+Minnesota and Kansas. Not until after the outbreak of the Civil War was
+there telegraphic communication with the East, and the nearest railway
+ended somewhere in central Missouri. Mail was received regularly once in
+twenty-six days, sometimes as often as once in two weeks. But there was
+little direct communication and less unity of purpose between the older
+sections of the United States and far away California. In fact there
+was considerable antagonism felt and expressed toward the government of
+Washington. The original Mexican population cordially hated, and with
+good reason, the national authority. Foreigners in the mines cared
+nothing for the Union or the quarrel between the states, and many of the
+settlers from the East, which they still lovingly called "back home,"
+felt that they had a real grievance against the general government. This
+feeling, which was of long standing, was naturally intensified by the
+troubled outlook in 1860. Men prominent in state and national politics
+openly advocated independence as the proper policy for the Pacific
+Coast.
+
+"Why depend on the South or the North to regulate our affairs," wrote
+our junior Senator from Washington. "And this, too, after they have
+proved themselves incapable of living in harmony with one another."
+Starr King had been a resident of the state nearly a year when the
+San Francisco Herald published the following letter received from
+Congressman John C. Burch:
+
+"The people of California should all be of one mind on this subject of a
+Pacific Republic. Raise aloft the flag of the hydraheaded cactus of
+the western wilds and call upon the enlightened nations of the earth
+to acknowledge our independence and protect us from the wreck of a once
+glorious Union."
+
+Governor John B. Weller, a man not only holding the highest office
+within the gift of the people of the state, but also one who had
+represented California in the United States Senate made deliberately
+this declaration:
+
+"If the wild spirit of fanaticism which now pervades the land should
+destroy the magnificent confederacy--which God forbid--California will
+not go with the south or north, but here on the shores of the Pacific,
+found a mighty republic, which may in the end prove the greatest of
+all."
+
+These quotations which might be greatly extended are sufficient to prove
+that a strong feeling existed in favor of a Pacific Republic standing
+wholly aloof from the coming struggle. It is unthinkable that a Senator
+and a Congressman, and especially the Governor of the State, should have
+voiced such sentiments had there not been at least a probability that
+this might be the course adopted in case the Union was broken up.
+
+James G. Blaine, whose history of the time must be regarded as impartial
+so far as California is concerned, makes this statement:
+
+"Jefferson Davis expected, with confidence amounting to certainty, and
+based, it is believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if
+it did not actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union."
+
+This beyond reasonable doubt was the situation in the Spring of 1860:
+Our immense State with its coast line of more than seven hundred
+miles, sharply divided as between Southern and Northern California; the
+majority of our people in Los Angeles and neighboring counties frankly
+favoring the proposed confederacy of slave-holding states; many of the
+larger towns in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of a similar
+mind; the political leaders of the State almost solidly Democratic and
+the majority with strong Southern leanings; many of our foremost men
+believing that the time had come to launch the long dreamed of Pacific
+Republic, and our ranches and mines containing a large population either
+hostile or indifferent to the cause of Union and Liberty. Over against
+these varied forces a probable patriotic majority scattered from one end
+of California to the other, some belonging to the new Republican Party
+and some to the Douglas Democracy, and many without party affiliation,
+unorganized, badly scattered, and now that Broderick was dead and
+Colonel Baker away, without competent leadership. If ever a situation
+called for a man who might at once command the confidence of the people
+and arouse the latent patriotism of our wide-spread population, a man
+who might do the work of years in a few months' time, who might in his
+own persuasive personality become a center of patriotism around which
+Union-loving men of all parties, and of no party, could unite in defense
+of the imperilled country; one unfettered by old antagonisms, or misled
+by personal ambition, a heaven-sent man destined to a work no other
+could accomplish--this the situation plainly demanded.
+
+The record, impartially examined, shows, we believe beyond reasonable
+doubt, that California's destiny in this critical hour was chiefly
+determined by the word and work of her patriot-preacher, Starr King.
+
+
+
+
+Part III. California's Hour of Decision
+
+
+
+The period that determined California's attitude during the Civil War,
+coincides almost exactly with the first year and a half of Starr King's
+residence in the State. Less than a month after he had preached his
+first sermon in San Francisco, Abraham Lincoln received the presidential
+nomination at Chicago, and the great debate was on.
+
+It should be remembered that King's reputation as a lecturer had
+preceded him, and that he was hardly settled in his new home before he
+was flooded with invitations to lecture here as he had done in the
+East. As soon as possible, and as far as possible, he accepted these
+invitations regarding them as calls to service in the interest of
+an enlightened patriotism. Choosing as subjects such themes as
+"Washington," "Webster," "Lexington and Concord," he made of them all a
+plea for a united country, one glorious land from Maine to the Sierras.
+He seems to have perceived the danger hidden in the perfectly natural
+ambition of leading men to take advantage of the troubled time to launch
+the Pacific Republic, and thus avoid all danger of the coming conflict
+between North and South. A free, independent California, which should
+practically include the entire Coast,--surely here was an inspiring
+and seductive dream. By a method peculiarly his own he did not directly
+combat this fascinating idea, but rather sought to win his hearers to
+the larger vision of an empire extending from ocean to ocean, every mile
+of it dedicated to liberty and progress.
+
+"What a privilege it is to be an American," he exclaims in a favorite
+lecture, often repeated.
+
+"Suppose that the continent could turn towards you tomorrow at sunrise,
+and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's
+advance from Eastport to the Pacific! You would see New England roll
+into light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of
+the Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes,
+and over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the
+morning blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi;
+from the frosts where it rises, to the fervid waters in which it pours,
+for three thousand miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that
+flow from every mile of the Allegheny slope, and edged by the green
+embroideries of the temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another
+basin, too, the Missouri, catching the morning, leads your eye along its
+western slope till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do
+not bar it; across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage
+of American pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierra and their
+silver veins are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day;
+and then over to the gold-fields of the western slope, and the fatness
+of the California soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the
+stately forests of Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns
+out of the night-shadow, and when the Pacific waves are crested with
+radiance, you have the one blending picture, nay, the reality, of the
+American domain! No such soil, so varied by climate, by products, by
+mineral riches, by forest and lake, by wild heights and buttresses,
+and by opulent plains,--yet all bound into unity of configuration and
+bordered by both warm and icy seas,--no such domain was ever given to
+one people."
+
+In many communities and in varying phrase--always earnest and
+eloquent--King returned to the central theme of all his thinking and
+speaking, the greatness and glory of the Union,--"one and indivisible."
+The following but illustrates the constant tenor of his teaching:
+
+"If all that the past has done for us and the present reveals could
+stand apparent in one picture, and then if the promise of the future to
+the children of our millions under our common law, and with continental
+peace, could be caught in one vast spectral exhibition, the wealth
+in store, the power, the privilege, the freedom, the learning, the
+expansive and varied and mighty unity in fellowship, almost fulfilling
+the poet's dream of
+
+     'The Parliament of man, the federation of the world,'
+
+you would exclaim with exultation, 'I, too, am an American!' You would
+feel that patriotism, next to your tie to the Divine Love, is the
+greatest privilege of your life; and you would devote yourselves, out of
+inspiration and joy, to the obligations of patriotism, that this land
+so spread, so adorned, so colonized, so blessed, should be kept forever,
+against all the assaults of traitors, one in polity, in spirit, and in
+aim!"
+
+In a way we may say that King found himself in these first months in
+California. He was forced by the number of his engagements, as well
+as by the more direct demands of a new country, to throw aside his
+manuscripts, and, making such preparation as conditions would permit,
+launch boldly out upon the dangerous sea of extempore speech. He was
+constantly addressing audiences in whole, or in part, hostile. Writing
+to an Eastern friend of his experiences in the Sacramento Valley, he
+says, "You see in glaring capitals, 'Texas Saloon,' 'Mississippi Shoe
+Shop,' 'Alabama Emporium.' Very rarely do you see any Northern state
+thus signalized." Men of substance, natural leaders of the people, were
+in most communities either for Breckenridge or Douglas. The man was
+grappling with the intellectual soldiery of disunion. The same forces
+that had transformed Lincoln, the Illinois politician into a national
+figure, the standard bearer of a great party, were working upon King.
+And the same method which caused Horace Greeley to write of Lincoln,
+"He is the greatest Convincer of his day" was followed by the younger
+patriot, face to face as he was with incipient disloyalty. He was
+accustomed, even as Lincoln, to state his opponent's argument fully
+and fairly, and then without unnecessary severity, demolish it. An old
+miner, listening to one of Starr King's patriotic speeches, delighting
+in the intellectual dexterity displayed, exclaimed, "Boys, watch him, he
+is taking every trick." The necessity of "taking every trick," and this
+so far as possible without offence, quickened his powers and led to the
+full development of his many sided eloquence.
+
+How he was regarded during these early months when he had literally
+plunged into the life of a community where nothing was as yet fixed,
+where everything was in the making, where the most serious questions of
+duty and destiny were stirring the hearts and consciences of men,--is
+made clear to us by the testimony of contemporaries whose sole desire
+must have been to render honor where honor was due.
+
+The latest and most complete history of California based upon the most
+trustworthy evidence extant gives cautious tribute to the Starr King of
+this period as follows:
+
+"The Republicans had lost their most effective orator since the campaign
+of the preceding year, Colonel Baker, but his loss was in some degree
+compensated for by the appearance of an unheralded but equally eloquent
+speaker, Thomas Starr King, who arrived in April, 1860, and later toured
+the state, giving lectures on patriotic subjects but always declared for
+the Union and the Republican candidates as the surest guaranty of its
+preservation."
+
+Tuthill, in his history of the time writes with more warmth, and
+probably more truth:
+
+"There was a charm in King's delivery that few could resist. He was
+received with applause where Republican orators, saying things no more
+radical, could not be heard without hisses. Delicately feeling his way,
+and never arousing the prejudices of his hearers, he adroitly educated
+his audiences to a lofty style of patriotism. The effect was obvious in
+San Francisco where audiences were accustomed to every style of address;
+it was far more noticeable in the interior."
+
+The celebrated critic and writer, Edwin Percey Whipple, made a careful
+examination of King's record in California and sums up his impressions
+as follows:
+
+"As a patriotic Christian statesman he included the real elements
+of power in the community, took the people out of hands of disloyal
+politicians, lifted them up to the level of his own ardent soul, and not
+only saved the state to the Union, but imprinted his own generous and
+magnanimous spirit on its forming life."
+
+Writing a little later and with even more enthusiasm, another authority,
+speaking of King's charm of manner, says:
+
+"I am persuaded that could he have gone through the Southern states,
+shaking hands with secessionists, he would have won them back to their
+allegiance by the mere magnetism of his touch."
+
+It is, perhaps, impossible at this late date to estimate the effect
+of Starr King's appeal to the voters of California in the presidential
+election of 1860. As we have already noted, Lincoln carried the State
+by a very narrow plurality, and we need not ascribe the swaying of many
+votes to the eloquence of King's advocacy to make it appear that his
+influence was marked in that memorable campaign.
+
+But here must be emphasized a fact, quite often overlooked, and always
+to the serious perversion of history. In California, as in every
+doubtful state, the Hour of Decision did not precede, but in every
+instance, followed the elevation of Lincoln to the presidency. It
+was upon this rock that the nation split. Shall a Black Republican be
+permitted to sit in the seat of Washington? Shall a man elected, as a
+matter of fact, by a sectional minority rule over Virginia--mother of
+Presidents--over imperial Texas, or the Golden West? To us the case
+seems clear. Abraham Lincoln, who commanded 180 votes in the electoral
+college to 123 divided among his opponents, was by our constitution
+President-elect of the United States. To the men of that day the case
+was by no means settled. The national bond was weak. The local, or
+state bond was strong. It was a time of intense political passion. The
+irrepressible conflict which had clouded the closing days of Henry Clay
+and Daniel Webster must now be decided, either for, or against, the
+extension of human slavery; either for, or against, a National Union.
+
+Well meaning, but mistaken, writers have claimed that California was
+never a doubtful state, that the great majority of her people were ever
+loyal to the Northern cause, to Lincoln and Liberty. As a matter of
+sober truth let it be here written that the attitude of no state north
+of Mason and Dixon's Line gave Northern leaders so grave concern.
+Nor was the matter once for all decided until the election of Leland
+Stanford in September, 1861, as the first Republican Governor of
+California. During all the Spring and Summer of that great year the
+battle waged with the issue, up to the last hour, uncertain. These
+were the months that tried men's souls in California, as in the Border
+States. Communities were divided. Party ties severed. Families broken
+up. Old friendships sundered. All lesser questions were lost sight of
+as Union, or Dis-union, became the all absorbing theme. The battle of
+ideas, preceding the battle of bullets, was on.
+
+What was the state of public opinion in California? How runs the
+evidence?
+
+In March, 1861, General E. V. Sumner was given command of United States
+regulars on the Pacific Coast, replacing Albert Sidney Johnston, whose
+well known attachment to the Southern cause led to his removal by
+the Lincoln Administration. In General Sumner's reports to the War
+Department in Washington we have impartial and official testimony as
+to conditions in California during the period under consideration.
+Naturally he came first in contact with the people about San Francisco
+Bay, a majority of whom were loyal to the North, and consequently,
+Sumner's first reports were encouraging. "There is a strong Union
+feeling," he writes, "with the majority of the people of the state, but
+the Secessionists are much the most active and zealous party."
+
+A little later, better informed, he reported: "The Secessionist party
+in this state numbers about 32,000 men and they are very restless
+and zealous, which gives them great influence." Still later: "The
+disaffection in the southern part of the state is increasing and
+is becoming dangerous, and it is indispensably necessary to throw
+reinforcements into that section immediately."
+
+In this connection it should be remembered that when President Lincoln
+at the outbreak of the war called for 75,000 men, California was
+expected to furnish her quota of 6,000 soldiers, but so threatening was
+the local situation that not a loyal man could be spared from the State.
+On the contrary it was found necessary to retain in the State certain
+regiments of the regular army badly needed elsewhere. In the summer of
+1861, the War Department proposed to transfer a portion of the regular
+army stationed in California to Texas, where the situation demanded
+immediate succor for the friends of the Union. How grave the situation
+had become in California may easily be determined by a fact which seems
+to have escaped so far the attention of historians. On August 28, 1861,
+the leading men of San Francisco sent a communication to Hon. Simon
+Cameron, Secretary of War, remonstrating against the withdrawal of
+United States troops from California for the following reasons:
+
+1. "A majority of our present state officials are avowed secessionists,
+and the balance being bitterly hostile to the administration are
+advocates of a peace policy at any price."
+
+2. "About three-fifths of our citizens are natives of slave-holding
+states and are almost a unit in this crisis."
+
+3. "Our advices, obtained with great prudence and care, show us that
+there are about 16,000 Knights of the Golden Circle (a secret military
+organization of secessionists, said by many authorities to have been
+much stronger than was at the time believed) in the state, and they are
+still organizing even in our most loyal districts."
+
+4. "Through misrepresentation the powerful native Mexican population has
+been won over to the secession side."
+
+This document, remarkable in itself, becomes weighty evidence, when it
+is stated that after full and careful consideration, the petition was
+heeded and the regulars remained on the Coast.
+
+General Sumner held command nearly a year, until, as we are accustomed
+to think, all danger of a disloyal California was over, yet as the date
+of his departure for the Army of the Potomac drew near, he was very
+anxious that Col. Wright, an able and loyal officer, should fill his
+place, and wrote to the authorities in Washington, "Col. Wright ought
+to remain in command. The safety of the whole coast may depend upon it."
+(italics ours).
+
+A few weeks after the death of Starr King, the Pacific Monthly, leading
+magazine of the day, reviewed the situation at the beginning of the
+great conflict, as it was then known and understood by all intelligent
+Californians:
+
+"On the breaking out of the rebellion, public opinion on this coast was
+sorely distracted at the issues raised. The great majority of the people
+were warmly attached to their Government; but they had drunk deep at the
+fountains of Southern eloquence, and had been measurably debauched by
+the dangerous teachings of the able men who had ruled the state from its
+infancy. When we consider the critical condition of public sentiment at
+that dark hour (1860-1861); how the public mind had been thrown off
+its poise by the false teaching of a long succession of political
+charlatans; how the insidious doctrine of separation and a Pacific
+Republic had been hissed by serpents into the ears of the people; how
+the great dark cloud of impending ruin hung over our central Government;
+how legions of armed patricides were almost battering at the gates of
+our National Capital; how rebellion had baptized itself in blood and
+victory at Bull Run--when we think how the effect of all these adverse
+teachings and adverse fortunes had rendered the public mind plastic to
+whoever had the genius to seize and direct it, and reflect that a man
+of King's abilities, but without his patriotism, might have grasped the
+opportunity to drift us upon shoals and rocks and quicksands of treason,
+we cannot feel too thankful that the man and the hour both arrived.
+His was a noble task, and nobly did he fulfill it. What he did for
+California and the Union can never be fully estimated,--the work he
+wrought in saving her to the country, and engraving upon her heart, the
+golden word--'Union'."
+
+Leaving aside for a little space this fervent tribute to King's work,
+the quotation just given is evidence of a grave situation, of a state
+divided in opinion, of just such an "hour of decision" as gives the
+strong man his opportunity. There can be no doubt that the verdict of
+the Visalia Delta, a loyal and well-known newspaper, as to conditions in
+its own community would apply to every considerable town in the State:
+
+"Treason against the Government and constitution is preached from the
+pulpit, printed in the newspapers, and openly advocated in the streets
+and public places."
+
+A work just from the press, "California--Men and Events"--by Mr. G. H.
+Tinkham, affords valuable testimony to the necessity and value of King's
+mission as patriotic leader:
+
+"At a time when some Union men were paralyzed with dread, and others
+undecided which way to turn, Thomas Starr King traveled over the state
+bolstering up the weak-hearted, and urging loyal men to stand firmly for
+the Union. In his lectures, 'Washington,' 'Daniel Webster,' 'The Great
+Uprising,' and 'The Rebellion in Heaven,' in unanswerable arguments
+and matchless eloquence he kindled the patriotism of the people into
+a glowing flame. It is conceded that no individual did more to keep
+California in the Union than did Thomas Starr King."
+
+How necessary it was that some one should "kindle the patriotism of the
+people into a glowing flame" is further evident from the fact that
+the California Legislature of 1861 numbered as its members 57 Douglas
+Democrats, 33 Southern Democrats, and but 24 Republicans. What this
+alignment signified may be judged from the following incident. Edmund
+Randolph, (a former Virginian, and a man of fiery eloquence) on July
+11, 1861, delivered unrebuked in the State Democratic Convention at
+Sacramento, this diatribe against Abraham Lincoln: "For God's sake speed
+the ball, may the lead go quick to his heart--and may our country be
+free from this despot usurper, that now claims to the name of President
+of the United States."
+
+A few days earlier, July 4, 1861, a Confederate flag waved undisturbed
+in Los Angeles, as well as in other nearby towns, the Union men in that
+section being largely in the minority. For a considerable time in the
+United States Marshal's office in San Francisco, a Confederate flag
+waved from a miniature man-of-war named "Jeff Davis."
+
+In Merced County, Union men were in a sorry minority! A favorite
+campaign song in that region was entitled, "We'll Drive the Bloody
+Tyrant Lincoln From Our Dear Native Soil." A little later, the Equal
+Rights Expositer of Visalia characterized President Lincoln as "a narrow
+minded bigot, an unprincipled demagogue, and a drivelling, idiotic,
+imbecile creature."
+
+Unpleasant testimony of this sort, demonstrating the presence and power
+of a bitter spirit of disloyalty, running all through the State, but
+most in evidence in certain localities peopled from the South, might be
+given at great length. But enough. We have no wish to reproduce the evil
+passions of an evil time further than to make it absolutely clear that
+a real danger of disunion existed, and that friend and foe alike
+recognized that, under God, the undaunted leader of Union sentiment in
+California was none other than Starr King.
+
+A prominent San Francisco paper, indulging in the partizan speech of
+the period, calling all friends of the Administration at Washington,
+"Abolitionists," gave ungracious testimony to King's standing and
+influence as follows:
+
+"The abolitionists are bent on carrying out their plans, and will not
+hesitate to commit any act of despotism. If the constitution stands in
+their way, they will, to use the words of their champion in this state,
+Rev. T. Starr King, drive through the constitution."
+
+"Their champion in this state." The opprobrium rested upon him then; let
+the honor be his now. This in simple justice to the truth of history.
+
+It is infinitely to be regretted that what men called "the irresistible
+charm of his eloquence" cannot by any manner of speech be here
+portrayed. If excuse is necessary let these words from King's lecture on
+"Webster" plead for us:
+
+"Alas for the perishableness of eloquence! It is the only thing in the
+higher walks of human creativeness that passes away. The statue lives
+after the sculptor dies, as sublime as when his chisel left it. St.
+Peter's is a perpetual memorial and utterance of the great mind of
+Angelo. The Iliad is as fresh today as twenty-five centuries ago.
+The picture may grow richer with years. But great oratory, the most
+delightful and marvelous of the expressions of mortal power, passes and
+dies with the occasion."
+
+Not wholly, for even in "cold type" some measure of the power and
+persuasiveness of the orator's argument is suggested. It is easy to
+imagine the force and fire of patriotism that must have glowed in such
+words as these:
+
+"Rebellion sins against the Mississippi; it sins against the coast line;
+it sins against the ballot-box; it sins against oaths of allegiance; it
+sins against public and beneficent peace; and it sins, worse than all,
+against the cornerstone of American progress and history and hope,--the
+worth of the laborer, the rights of man. It strikes for barbarism
+against civilization."
+
+The intense fervor of King's loyalty to Union and Liberty is seen in his
+righteous indignation against an Oregonian who would not fight to save
+the country unless he could be shown that his own personal interests
+were involved. "For one wild moment," wrote King, "I longed to throttle
+the wretch and push him into the Columbia. I looked down, however, and
+saw that the water was clean."
+
+Think of the force of the following declaration uttered to men who meant
+well, but were undecided:
+
+"The Rebellion--it is the cause of Wrong against Right. It is not only
+an unjustifiable revolution, but a geographical wrong, a moral wrong,
+a religious wrong, a war against the Constitution, against the New
+Testament, against God."
+
+Thus did he condemn all forces within the State at war with liberty and
+right. Stern words he used,--words that like Luther's were half battles.
+Of peace-at-any-price-men he said:
+
+"The hounds on the track of Broderick turned peace men, and affected
+with hysterics at the sniff of powder! Wonderful transformation. What
+a pleasant sight--a hawk looking so innocent, and preaching peace to
+doves, his talons loosely wound with cotton! A clump of wolves trying
+to thicken their ravenous flanks with wool, for this occasion only, and
+composing their fangs to the work of eating grass! Holy Satan, pray for
+us."
+
+When the report reached California that Robert Toombs had said, "I want
+it carved over my grave,--'Here lies the man who destroyed the United
+States Government and its Capitol,'" King replied, "Mr. Toombs cannot be
+literally gratified. But he may come so near his wish as this,--that it
+shall be written over his gallows, as over every one of a score of his
+fellow-felons, 'Here swings the man who attempted murder on the largest
+scale that was ever planned in history.'"
+
+That our orator knew how to be sarcastic as well as severe must have
+been plain to those who heard him exclaim:
+
+"There are those who say that they are Union men, and in favor of the
+Government, and yet they are bitterly opposed to the administration, and
+cannot support its policy. But in a war for self existence, this divorce
+is impossible. One might as well say at a fire, while his house is
+beginning to crackle in the flames, 'I am in favor of this engine, I
+go for this water; the hose meets my endorsement. Certainly, I am for
+putting out the fire, but don't ask me to help man the brakes, for I am
+conscientiously opposed to the hose pipe. Its nozzle isn't handsome. It
+wasn't made by a Democrat.'"
+
+How ardently King longed for the liberation of the Blacks is seen in
+the following, addressed in all probability more to the President of the
+United States than to the people:
+
+"O that the President would soon speak that electric
+sentence,--inspiration to the loyal North, doom to the traitorous
+aristocracy whose cup of guilt is full! Let him say that it is a war of
+mass against class, of America against feudalism, of the schoolmaster
+against the slave-master, of workmen against the barons, of the
+ballot-box against the barracoon. This is what the struggle means.
+Proclaim it so, and what a light breaks through our leaden sky! The
+war-wave rolls then with the impetus and weight of an idea."
+
+Closing his greatest patriotic lecture, most in demand by the public
+along the entire Coast, "Daniel Webster," Starr King quotes Webster's
+noble peroration in the "Reply to Hayne," "Liberty and Union, Now and
+Forever, One and Inseparable," and in lofty strain of patriotic prophecy
+announces that:
+
+"Mr. Webster's thought breaks out afresh in the proclamation of the
+President that America is one and cannot be broken; it bursts forth in
+the banners thick as the gorgeous leaves of the October forests that
+have blossomed all over eighteen or twenty States; it shows itself in
+the passion of the noble Union men of the South who will not bow to
+Baal; it floats on every frigate that rides the sea to protect our
+shipping; it leaps forth and brightens in the sacred steel which
+patriots by the hundred thousand are dedicating, not to ravage, not
+to murder, not to hatred of any portion of the southern section of the
+confederacy, but to the support of the impartial Constitution, to the
+common flag, to the majestic and beneficent law which offers to encircle
+and bless the whole republic; it utters itself in the thunder-voice
+of twenty millions of white citizens of the land, that in America the
+majority under the Constitution must rule, and the public law must be
+obeyed.
+
+"And when the work of the government shall be accomplished,--when the
+stolen money of the nation shall be refunded; when hostile artillery
+shall be with-drawn from the lower banks of the Mississippi; when the
+flag of thirteen stripes and thirty-four stars shall float again over
+Sumter, over New Orleans, over every arsenal that has seen it insulted,
+over Mount Vernon and the American dust of Washington, over every State
+Capitol and along the whole coast and border line of Texas; when
+every man within the present limits of the immense republic shall
+have restored to him the right of pride in the American Navy, and
+of representation on common terms in the National Capitol, and of
+citizenship on the whole continent; when leading traitors shall have
+been punished, and the Constitution vindicated in its unsectional
+beneficence, and the doctrine of secession be stabbed with two hundred
+thousand bayonet wounds, and trampled to rise no more,--then the debate
+between Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster will be completed, the swarthy
+spirit of the great defender of the Constitution will triumph, and a
+restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America will dignify and
+consecrate his name forever."
+
+"A restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America,"--this was the
+vision that nerved King to herculean labor, to a most real martyrdom.
+Condemned to the slow suicide of over-work, he gave his life a conscious
+offering to freedom. "What a year to live in," he writes, "worth all
+other times ever known in our history or any other." Again,--"I should
+be broken down if I had time to think how I feel. I am beginning to look
+old, and shall break before my prime."
+
+Why is the song so sweet, and why does it move us so strangely? The
+singer's heart is breaking. Why is the word so effective? It is laden
+with love and winged with sacrifice. A man is dying that others may live
+in verity, not longer in shadow; a hero is suffering crucifixion that
+the sad ages may a little change their course. Not only is it true that
+the "blood of martyrs slain is the seed of the church," but it is also
+true that a man never touches the heights of power until he has made a
+total, irreversible, affectionate surrender to the cause he professes to
+serve. When he has done this the cause becomes incarnate in the man; and
+he speaks as one inspired. And this was the power of Starr King in that
+great Summer and Fall of 1861 in California. Of course he did not speak
+in vain. Leland Stanford, backed by a Union Legislature, was elected
+Governor of California, and by October, King joyfully writing an Eastern
+friend was able to say "the State is safe from southern tampering."
+
+
+
+
+Part IV. Philanthropist and Preacher
+
+
+"As a philanthropist, Starr King raised for the most beneficent of all
+charities the most munificent of all subscriptions." These words were
+spoken at the King Memorial Service held in the city of Boston, April 3,
+1864. They call our attention to a unique service our Preacher-Patriot
+rendered the cause he loved.
+
+It seems almost beyond belief that the North rushed into the Civil War
+wholly unprepared to care for the Nation's Defenders, either in health
+or in sickness. Transportation facilities were of the poorest! Young men
+just from the home, the farm and the college were crowded into cattle
+cars as though they were beasts, frequently with no provision whatever
+for their comfort. And rarely were proper arrangements made for their
+reception in camp. The bewildered soldiers stood for hours under
+broiling southern sun, waiting for rations and shelter, while ignorant
+officers were slowly learning their unaccustomed duties. At night they
+were compelled to lie wrapped in shoddy blankets upon rotten straw.
+Under such conditions these brave volunteers suffered severely and camp
+diseases became alarmingly prevalent. But the miserable makeshifts used
+as hospitals were so bad that sick men fought for the privilege of dying
+in camp with their comrades rather than undergo the privations, and
+sometimes the brutality of inexperienced and careless attendants in the
+crowded and poorly equipped quarters provided by the government.
+The largest hospital available contained but forty beds, and not one
+afforded a trained, efficient, medical staff. Competent nurses, sanitary
+kitchens, proper medicines, means of humanely transporting the sick and
+wounded, all were wanting during early months of the war.
+
+This condition which the government did almost nothing to remedy led
+to the organization of the United States Sanitary Commission. Strangely
+enough the founder of this most necessary and timely organization, Rev.
+H. W. Bellows, of New York, encountered the opposition of high officials
+who deemed the whole plan quixotic. Even President Lincoln at first
+regarded the Commission unnecessary and called it "a fifth wheel to
+the coach." Brief experience, however, demonstrated that the government
+could not provide all that was necessary for the soldier, either in
+sickness or in health, and the Sanitary Commission became often the
+only hope of brave men in dire distress. In fact, at this day, it is
+difficult to see how the Northern cause would have triumphed at all but
+for the widespread and wholly helpful activity of the army of Sanitary
+workers.
+
+The greatest difficulty encountered by the leaders of this noble
+philanthropy was to provide necessary funds. Again and again it seemed
+that the work must stop because the heavily burdened people could give
+no more. At sundry critical junctures California came to the rescue,
+and made possible the continuance of this "most beneficent of all
+charities." But at whose motion, and under whose influence?
+
+Fitz Hugh Ludlow says, "Starr King was the Sanitary Commission of
+California." This is but slight exaggeration, for King made it his
+peculiar mission to raise money as rapidly as possible for the suffering
+soldiers. In the interest of the Commission he traveled to every part
+of the Coast, and in the face of the greatest obstacles became the
+principal factor in raising $1,235,000, about one-fourth of the entire
+sum contributed by the country at large. Under the most favorable
+circumstances this would have been a phenomenal achievement, but when we
+learn that in 1862 a flood destroyed over fifty million dollars' worth
+of property in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; that California
+shipping to the extent of six and one-half millions was also destroyed;
+that in 1863 a drought entirely ruined the wheat crop, and made hay so
+scarce that it sold for sixty dollars a ton, resulting in a stagnation
+in business which threw thousands of men out of employment, in view of
+these multiplied disasters, we wonder by what fire of patriotism and by
+what charm of eloquence, Starr King drew from the people so large a sum
+for use on distant battle fields. Old Californians still remember those
+thrilling appeals which few could resist. We are almost led to believe
+in the sober truth of such extreme eulogy as we find in "Lights
+and Shadows of the Pacific Coast," by S. D. Woods, a venerable San
+Franciscan, who vividly recalls King's heroic service in that far off
+time:
+
+"King's personality was magnetic and winning. Gentleness radiated from
+him as light radiates from the sun. No one could resist the charm and
+fascination of his presence. It is hard to make a pen picture of his
+face, for there were lines too pure, lights too fleeting to be caught
+by words. In the poise of his head there was nobility and power
+inexpressible. There was in his face the serenity of one who had seen a
+vision, and to whom the vision had become a benediction. At the time of
+his death he was the first pulpit orator in America, and without doubt
+had no superior in the world."
+
+This large praise might lead to incredulity were it not for the
+deliberate judgment of Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows, that as an orator
+"Beecher and Chapin were his only competitors. He was the admirer and
+friend of both, and both repaid his affection and his esteem. He had the
+superior charm of youth and novelty, with a nature more varied, and
+more versatile faculties and endowments than either. He had a far more
+artistic and formative nature and genius. His thoughts ran into moulds
+of beauty."
+
+The judgment of California as to Starr King's unequalled service to the
+State and the Nation was officially rendered when upon the announcement
+of his death, the Legislature adjourned for the space of three days
+after resolving "that he had been a tower of strength to the cause of
+his country."
+
+Brilliant as was the record of King as the champion of the Sanitary
+Commission in California it was by no means the beginning and end of
+his philanthropic labors. The forlorn condition of the Chinese--as men
+without rights of citizenship--stirred his sympathy and he made earnest
+effort to secure for them such civic rights as belong to industry. The
+cause of labor, seldom thought in those days to come within the scope
+of a minister's interest or duty, commanded his eager attention, and
+he improved every opportunity to declare his reverence for the world's
+workers in earth, and stone, and iron. In a fine passage in a lecture on
+"The Earth and the Mechanic Arts," he writes:
+
+"If we were to choose from the whole planet a score of men to represent
+us on some other globe or in some other system in a great human fair of
+the universe, it would not be kings, dukes, prime-ministers, the richest
+men, we should appoint as ambassadors to show what our race is, and
+what it is doing here, but the great thinkers, artists, and workers, the
+thinkers in ink, the thinkers in stone and color, the thinkers in force
+and homely matter, the men who are bringing the globe up towards the
+Creator's imagination and purpose; and on this mission the leaders of
+mechanic art would go side by side with Shakespeare and Milton, Angelo
+and Wren, Newton and Cuvier.
+
+"In England, now, they are preparing statues of Brunel the engineer, and
+the Stephensons, father and son, to be finished and erected about the
+same time with those of Macaulay and Havelock. The nation is beginning
+to bow to the occupations and the genius that have added to her power
+ten thousand fold,--is beginning to bow to labor, noble, glorious,
+sacred labor."
+
+Not alone in public pleas for unpopular causes but in private charity
+King seemed tireless. "He had the rare facility in everything he said
+and did of communicating himself; the most precious thing he could
+bestow." We are told that a multitude in distress came to this
+overburdened man. Ringing his doorbell they found entrance, and always
+as they came back, the "step was quicker which was slow before, the head
+was up which was down before, and the lips wreathed in smiles that were
+sad before."
+
+Thus we can see that it was not solely his eloquent defense of liberty
+and justice which caused a San Francisco journal, reporting his funeral,
+to say, "Perhaps more deeply beloved by a vast number of our people than
+any other who has lived and toiled and died among us." His good deeds
+made him worthy of this, one of the most beautiful eulogies ever given
+mortal man, "No heart ever ached because of him until he died." This
+was Starr King the philanthropist, a friend to all who needed his
+friendship.
+
+It would almost appear that in telling the story of "Starr King in
+California" we were altogether forgetting that he did not come to the
+State to influence its political action, or even to alleviate poverty
+and distress. He came as a preacher of Liberal Christianity, and to
+build up the church that had honored him with a call to its pulpit. Long
+before he left Boston it was written concerning him, "That he loved his
+calling, and that it was his ambition to pay the debt which every able
+man is said to owe to his profession, namely to contribute some work
+of permanent value to its literature." At that early period a
+discriminating critic bears testimony, "that his piety, pure, deep,
+tender, serene and warm, took hold of positive principles of light
+and beneficence, not the negative ones of darkness and depravity,
+and--himself a child of light--he preached the religion of spiritual
+joy."
+
+It was King's first and chief ambition to be an effective preacher. In a
+letter, written in 1855, he says, "How we do need good preaching. Would
+that I could preach extempore." A wish that six years later "came true"
+in his San Francisco pulpit. In the inspiring atmosphere of his new
+field, and under the stress of a great era, King cast his manuscript
+aside, and though he made careful preparation, as every man must who
+speaks worthily, he never again submitted to the bondage of the "written
+sermon." To a man of King's gifts and temperament this was an immense
+gain. Indeed, Bostonian Californians were a unit in declaring that
+Easterners could have no conception of the man and orator Starr King
+became in those last great years of his brief life.
+
+Speedily the little church in which he preached proved too small for the
+throng of eager listeners who gathered to hear him, and on the 3d day of
+December, 1862, the corner stone of a larger and more beautiful edifice
+was laid.
+
+We shall find it no easy matter to analyze the sources of his power
+and popularity. Often-times success and failure are equal mysteries.
+Doubtless no small part of his triumph arose from the peculiar character
+of the new society to which he brought talents that commanded instant
+attention. The eager temper of the time fitted his sincere and earnest
+spirit. It was a perfect adjustment of the man and the hour, the workman
+and his task.
+
+No small part of his popularity arose from the fact that he insisted
+upon his right and duty as a minister to discuss great questions of
+state in the pulpit. The vicious gulf churchmen discover between the
+sacred and the secular was hidden from his eyes. All that affected the
+humblest of his fellow men appealed to him as part and parcel of the
+'gospel of righteousness he was commissioned to preach. In the old
+Boston days he had discussed freely in the pulpit such themes as the
+"Free Soil Movement," "The Fugitive Slave Law," and "The Dred Scott
+Decision." Burning questions these, and they were handled with no fear
+of man to daunt the severity of his condemnation when he declared
+that in the Dred Scott Decision the majority of the Supreme Court had
+betrayed justice for a political purpose. It was not likely that such a
+man would remain silent in the pulpit upon the so-called "war issues" of
+1861. Early in that memorable year he boldly informed his people as to
+the course he intended to pursue so long as the war lasted. He would
+not equivocate and he would not be silent. Henceforth stirring patriotic
+sermons, as the demand for them arose, were the order of the day in the
+congregation to which he ministered. The character of these discourses
+may be partly determined from such titles as, "The Choice between
+Barabbas and Jesus," "The Treason of Judas Iscariot," "Secession in
+Palestine," and "Rebellion Pictures from Paradise Lost." "After the
+lapse of more than sixty years," so the Hon. Horace Davis assured
+the writer, "I can distinctly remember the fire and passion of those
+terrible indictments of treason and rebellion."
+
+"Terrible indictments" truly, and in the storm and tempest of the time
+irresistibly attractive to men and women whose sympathies were on fire
+for the Northern cause. King's patriotism won for him a liberal hearing
+on subjects that otherwise the people would have declined to consider.
+
+But we must not forget that "our preacher" was endowed with that rare
+and radiant gift, an altogether charming and persuasive personality.
+Appearance, manner, voice, were all instruments of attractiveness,
+fitting modes of expression to a gentle and noble spirit. When a friend
+and comrade of King's earlier ministry was asked to name the preacher's
+preeminent gift, he immediately answered, "his voice." The reply seems
+trivial. Yet it was seriously spoken by one whose knowledge of King
+during his Boston ministry was close and personal. William Everett, who
+had listened to New England's renowned orators, to Emerson's sweet and
+satisfying voice, and to the music of Wendell Phillip's speech, said
+of King, "His was one of the noblest and sweetest voices I ever heard."
+Edward Everett Hale once wrote, "Starr King was an orator, whom no
+one could silence and no one could answer." Says another, "There was
+argument in his very voice. It thrilled and throbbed through an audience
+like an organ carrying conviction captive before its wonderful melody."
+If it is true that William Pitt once ruled the British Nation by his
+voice, as good authority affirms, if it is true, that Daniel O'Connell's
+voice
+
+     Glided easy as a bird may glide,
+     And played with each wild passion as it went,
+
+may it not also be true that Starr King's clear, penetrating, musical
+voice, answering to the moods of the soul as a loved instrument to the
+hand of the player, was in itself a kind of gospel of good will to men?
+
+Horace Davis, Starr King's son-in-law, was accustomed to insist that
+writers had wholly failed to note one element of the great orator's
+power, namely, his humor. Not wit, Mr. Davis would remark, but a most
+genial and kindly, and at the same time illuminating humor. A careful
+examination of King's published sermons, speeches and lectures gives
+but slight evidence of this gift, owing doubtless to false ideas of what
+constitutes decorum in the work of a preacher. Occasionally satisfying
+evidence is found of the truth of Mr. Davis' judgment, as in the
+following:
+
+"On many a tombstone where it is written, 'Here lies so and so, aged
+seventy years', the true inscription would read 'In memory of one who in
+seventy years lived about five minutes and that was when he first fell
+in love.'"
+
+Writing of his lecture work in California which he called "detestable
+vagrancy," he says:
+
+"There is a great flood in the interior. California is a lake. Rats,
+squirrels, locusts, lecturers, and other like pests are drowned out. I
+am a home bird, and enjoy it hugely."
+
+King greeted the mention of his name as candidate for United States
+Senator with the statement, "I would swim to Australia before taking a
+political post," and added, "a dandy lives from one necktie to another,
+a fashionable woman from one wrinkle to another and a politician from
+one election to another."
+
+Certainly there is a smile, as well as a truth, in the following:
+
+"Our popular definition of a ghost is just the reverse of truth; it
+makes one consist of a soul without a body, while really a specter, an
+illusion, a humbug of the eyesight and the touch, is a human body not
+vitalized through and through with a soul."
+
+"King was the best story teller of his time," thought Dr. Bellows.
+"Gifted with an exquisite, a delicious sense of the ludicrous, and
+given to bursts of uncontrollable merriment, happy as childhood and as
+innocent," this is the verdict of one of his earliest biographers,--E.
+P. Whipple. That sunny mirth and infectious laughter was no mean element
+of his power over the people, we can readily believe.
+
+Another explanation of his far reaching influence both in the pulpit
+and on the platform, is found in the rare skill with which he made the
+discoveries of science, and the beauties of nature, serve his need as
+a teacher of morals and religion. And here, again, he was helped by the
+spirit of his age. Darwin's "Origin of Species" was published in 1859, a
+kind of crown and culmination of a half century of brilliant progress in
+science. Starr King but shared the temper of his time as he turned with
+delight to the writings of the masters and reveled in the new universe
+there revealed. Modern science, which troubled the faith of many, only
+deepened and strengthened his own, as he idealized and spiritualized
+each new wonder of earth and heaven. The comet of July, 1861, gave
+noble opportunity to enforce in his pulpit the religious lessons of that
+mother of all the sciences, Astronomy. "I am glad," he began, "at every
+new temptation to consider in the pulpit and the Church the wonders and
+laws of modern astronomy."
+
+"Does it ever occur to you, brethren, how we waste truth? Have you ever
+felt what a sad thing it is that so little of the vast accumulation of
+inspiring knowledge should reach our deepest, our religious sentiments,
+to kindle and feed them? The most certain knowledge which men now hold
+is that which is gathered from the sky. Astronomy, dealing with objects
+thousands of millions of miles away, and with forces that rule through
+limitless space, is the most symmetrical and firm of all the structures
+of science which have been reared by the human mind. Immeasurably
+more than David could have known, the heavens, as Herschel reads them,
+declare the glory of God. Yet how seldom do we think of the splendors
+and harmonies which a modern book of astronomy unveils as part of
+God's appeal to our wonder; how seldom does the solemn light from the
+uppermost regions of immensity, the light of nebulae which science has
+broken up into heaps of suns, converge upon a human soul with power
+enough to stimulate devout awe and make the heart bend before the
+Creator of the universe."
+
+A few days at Lake Tahoe, when not a hundred white men had visited its
+shores, inspired a sermon long remembered by those who heard it,
+and today, after numerous nature-sermons by the world's most gifted
+preachers, this discourse remains an almost perfect example of what such
+a sermon should be. The following single excerpt must suffice to suggest
+its beauty:
+
+"I must speak of another lesson, connected with religion, that was
+suggested to me on the borders of Lake Tahoe. It is bordered by groves
+of noble pines. Two of the days which I was permitted to enjoy there
+were Sundays. On one of them I passed several hours of the afternoon
+in listening, alone, to the murmur of the pines, while the waves were
+gently beating the shore with their restlessness. If the beauty and
+purity of the lake were in harmony with the deepest religion of the
+Bible, certainly the voice of the pines was also in chord with it.
+
+"The oracles of Greece are connected with the oak. And the lightness,
+the gaiety, the wit, the suppleness, of the Greek mind find in the voice
+of the oak their fit representatives; for the oak, though so stubborn
+and sinewy in its substances, is cheery and gay in its tone when the
+wind strikes it. But the evergreen trees, though so much softer in their
+stock, are far deeper and more serious in their music; and the evergreen
+is the Hebrew tree. The Cedar of Lebanon is the tree most prominent
+when we think of Palestine and the clothing of its hills. As I lay and
+listened to the deep, serious, yet soft and welcome sound of those pines
+by the lake shore, I thought of the inspiration of old which had wakened
+such lasting and wonderful music from the great souls of Israel. When
+we want knowledge or the quickening of intellect, we enter the groves of
+Greece; when we would find quickening, when we would feel the deeps
+of the soul appealed to, we enter the deeper and more sombre woods
+of Palestine. The voice of the pine helps us to interpret the Hebrew
+genius. Its range of expression is not so great as that of the oak or
+the elm or the willow or the beech, but how much richer it is and more
+welcome in its monotony! How much more profoundly our souls echo it! How
+much more deeply does it seem to be in harmony with the spirit of
+the air! What grandeur, what tenderness, what pathos, what
+heart-searchingness in the swells and cadences of its 'Andante
+Maestoso,' when the wind wrestles with it and brings out all its soul."
+
+To the graces and gifts we have mentioned it is but necessary to add
+that King's gospel of religion was in itself a veritable glad tidings to
+the people. Not a mere deliverance of doubt, or morality veneered
+with icy culture, but faith clear, strong and radiantly beautiful.
+His thought of God, of Man, of Immortality, was full of comfort and
+inspiration. "God is the infinite Christ," he was wont to say. "Jesus
+revealed under human limitations the mercy and love of the Father."
+
+King rivalled Theodore Parker in the strength and tenderness of his
+faith that "man is the child of God." Saint and sinner, master and
+slave, learned and ignorant, rich and poor, all are children of the
+Infinite God,--born of His love ere the world was, certain of His love
+when the world shall have passed away. He felt that if this is not true,
+there is not enough left of religion to so much as interest an earnest
+soul. Religion is everything,--the sun in the heavens,--or it is a
+star too distant, faint and cold, to cast upon our path a single ray of
+light.
+
+And the unseen world! How very real it was to this man of faith and
+prayer. The immortal life is the life. These earthly years but lead us
+thither. Such was his faith. In excess of world-wisdom we say,
+"Eternity is here and now." Well and good. But if we lose for a kind of
+technicality the dear old trust in a higher and nobler life beyond
+the swift-coming night of death, what have we gained? Said our beloved
+preacher, our "Saint of the Pacific Coast," as he lay dying, "I see
+a great future before me." Without that vision he would not have been
+Starr King.
+
+
+
+
+Part V. In Retrospect
+
+
+Above that of all other men the fame of the orator is transient.
+Eloquence may be "logic on fire" as Dr. Lyman Beecher defined it.
+Oratory may be, as Emerson said, "the noblest expression of purely
+personal energy." But it is so far personal, so allied to grace of
+gesture, to charm of manner, to melody of voice, to perfection of
+speech, to a commanding presence, that it carries to the future but a
+fraction of its power. The cold type and the insentiate page constitute
+at best only the record of nature's rarest gift.
+
+Moreover oratory today is at its ebb, as it has been a hundred times
+before, and with us the man of eloquence passes to quick oblivion. It
+would be futile to deny that the common fate of orators has overtaken
+Starr King. Even in California the present generation knows painfully
+little of his great services to the State. This is the first serious
+attempt, let us hope it will not be the last, accurately to measure the
+extent and value of that service so nobly rendered. It is gratifying,
+however, to recall that Californians of his own time, and the years
+immediately following, paid ample tribute to his work and his memory.
+Extraordinary honors, such as never have been given to any private
+citizen, were freely and lovingly accorded the patriot-preacher.
+
+On the evening of March 4, 1864, the day of King's death, the San
+Francisco Bulletin, then, as now, one of the leading papers of the city,
+contained the following tribute:
+
+"The announcement of the death of Rev. Thomas Starr King startles the
+community, and shocks it like the loss of a great battle or tidings of
+a sudden and undreamed of public calamity. Certainly no other man on the
+Pacific Coast would be missed so much. San Francisco has lost one of her
+chief attractions; the State, its noblest orator; the country one of her
+ablest defenders."
+
+Scarcely forty years of age, a Californian only from 1860 to 1864, he
+had in this brief period so won the hearts of men that in honor of
+his funeral the legislature and all the courts adjourned, the national
+authorities fired minute guns in the bay, while all the flags in the
+city and on the ships hung at half-mast, including those of the foreign
+consuls and those on the vessels of England, Russia, Hamburg, Columbia
+and France. It is believed that in American history no private
+individual has been so honored by the federal army and by foreign
+nations.
+
+That Starr King's tomb might serve as a daily reminder to the people of
+his unique devotion to Union and Liberty, a city ordinance forbidding
+burials within certain districts of the city was set aside, and to
+this day his grave can be seen close to one of San Francisco's busy
+thoroughfares. Nor is this all. One of the giant trees of the Mariposa
+bears his name and a proud dome of the Yosemite is called Starr King.
+On the 27th of October, 1892, a beautiful and impressive monument
+was dedicated in Golden Gate Park to his memory. Its base bears the
+inscription:
+
+"In him eloquence, strength and virtue were devoted with fearless
+courage to truth, country and his fellow-men."
+
+The dedication address was given by the Hon. Irving M. Scott, a leading
+business man of San Francisco. Speaking with the care and sobriety the
+occasion demanded, Mr. Scott made the following statement, which the
+writer believes will also be the sober verdict of history:
+
+"We do not say that Starr King determined for California the course
+which she pursued; but we do say that he was the most potent factor in
+effecting that determination."
+
+"The most potent factor in effecting that determination," to establish
+this beyond the possibility of cavil or denial, we have told here
+once again his inspiring story. The fact that as late as 1913, the
+Legislature of California appropriated $10,000 to place a bust of Starr
+King in our National Capitol at Washington would seem to indicate
+that the people have resolved that this man shall go down to latest
+generations as par excellence,--"our hero."
+
+It would be natural, and entirely proper, to close by recounting the
+numerous tributes that in the years since King's death have been paid to
+his memory, in magazines, memoirs, speeches and poems, but it would seem
+like sweetness too long drawn out. And, perhaps, few could resist the
+feeling that no human being ever really deserved such "largeness of
+love." But they seem so real, they ring so true, that the conviction
+grows almost to a certainty that here was one who drew men to him by the
+incarnate sweetness and nobility of his nature. "Doubtless," writes his
+friend, and co-worker in the Sanitary Commission, Dr. Henry W. Bellows,
+"he had his own consciousness of imperfection and sin--for he was human,
+but I have yet to know and yet to hear the first suggestion of what his
+faults and errors were."
+
+In no spirit of fulsome adulation did a prominent San Franciscan write,
+on the Sunday following King's departure to "what lies beyond," these
+tender words, "Bells sadly ringing this Sabbath morning remind me that
+one pulpit stands empty; and that it must stand empty, to all intents
+and purposes, until the church walls crumble, and pulpit, pillars, and
+all are resolved into dust."
+
+Another prominent resident of the State, writing a half century
+later,--seeing all after the sobering lapse of years, writing as though
+the cloud of sorrow for his friend had never been lifted, thus pays his
+sincere tribute of respect:
+
+"And so, in the prime of life, at the zenith of his achievement, before
+its noon, this sweet, great soul passed away, leaving to those who loved
+him, dust and anguish. Well do we remember that almost at his death a
+minor earthquake shook the city, and men said, 'Even the earth shudders
+at the thought that Starr King is dead.'"
+
+Of the many poetical tributes, two at least, are of permanent
+significance. One by his friend Bret Harte, dear companion of those
+great years in San Francisco, on "A Pen of Thomas Starr King," is at
+once so penetrating and so just that it well deserves here a place:
+
+     "This is the reed the dead musician dropped,
+     With tuneful magic in its sheath still hidden;
+     The prompt allegro of its music stopped,
+     Its melodies unbidden.
+
+     But who shall finish the unfinished strain,
+     Or wake the instrument to awe and wonder,
+     And bid the slender barrel breathe again,
+     An organ-pipe of thunder!
+
+     His pen! what humbler memories cling about
+     Its golden curves! what shapes and laughing graces
+     Slipped from its point, when his full heart went out
+     In smiles and courtly phrases.
+
+     The truth, half jesting, half in earnest flung;
+     The word of cheer, with recognition in it;
+     The note of alms, whose golden speech outrung
+     The golden gift within it.
+
+     But all in vain the enchanter's wand we wave:
+     No stroke of ours recalls his magic vision:
+     The incantation that its power gave
+     Sleeps with the dead magician."
+
+Could Starr King have been given the privilege of selecting his
+poet-laureate we may be sure he would have named Whittier. For they were
+both lovers of nature and of man. Both earnest abolitionists, intensely
+patriotic, loving liberty and the rights of the humblest of God's
+creatures, they were kindred spirits. So Whittier wrote not alone for
+New England, not alone for East and West, but from the deeps of his own
+loyal and gentle soul, as he penned, these beautiful lines:
+
+     "The great work laid upon his two-score years
+     It's done, and well done. If we drop our tears,
+     Who loved him as few men were ever loved,
+     We mourn no blighted hope nor broken plan
+     With him whose life stands rounded and approved
+     In the full growth and stature of a man.
+     Mingle, O bells, along the Western slope,
+     With your deep toll a sound of faith and hope!
+     Wave cheerily still, O banner, halfway down,
+      From thousand-masted bay and steepled town!
+     Let the strong organ with its loftiest swell
+     Lift the proud sorrow of the land, and tell
+     That the brave sower saw his ripened grain.
+     O East and West! O morn and sunset twain
+     No more forever!--has he lived in vain
+     Who, priest of Freedom, made ye one and told
+     Your bridal service from his lips of gold."
+
+Whittier refuses to believe that King's life, though he lived but "two
+score years" was a "broken plan." All who believe that life is of divine
+ordering, our days, our duty, our destiny to the last hour will, with
+resignation, accept this teaching of faith. To others it will seem
+in the nature of an irreparable loss that one so good, and so greatly
+useful, should have died so young.
+
+And though he met death with a smile, and said, "Tell my friends that I
+went lovingly, trustfully, peacefully," yet it is true that he was
+cut off in the midst of noble dreams of service he would still render
+humanity. Some one has said that "aspiration, not achievement, is the
+measure of human worth." If this be true, or partly true, we may not
+pass in silence the unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King.
+
+His first great dream looked toward a career in Boston. He would found a
+lectureship, somewhat like, yet most unlike, that afterward conducted by
+Joseph Cook. How grandly he would have interpreted from such a platform
+the spiritual significance of modern science is made evident in those
+great lectures, "Substance and Show," "Laws of Disorder," and in those
+memorable sermons dealing with natural phenomena. All the progress of
+more than half a century has not rendered them obsolete. They can still
+be read with pleasure and profit.
+
+King also planned, when leisure should be afforded him, a work in
+philosophy. Something of permanent value to all thinkers and students.
+One needs but to read King's lecture on "Socrates" to understand
+how rich and valuable such a work would have been. Indeed, here are
+paragraphs that could have been written only by one of philosophic
+mood and habit of mind. How much of modern "New Thought Philosophy" is
+expressed in the following:
+
+"Few acknowledge that thoughts are as substantial as things, that a
+feeling is as real as a paving stone, that the soul is a congeries of
+actual forces as truly as the body is, that a moral principle is as
+persistent and fatal a thing as a chemical agent, and that, in the deeps
+of the mind and of society, laws are at work as constant and stern
+as those which spin the planets and heave the sea and poise the
+firmaments."
+
+Accepting as the ground work of his philosophy such principles as these
+King tells us that "Socrates came to the conclusion that the stone which
+his chisel chipped was less substantial than the soul in every human
+form: and that the beauty which his cunning carved into the block was
+less charming and permanent than the beauty of truth, temperance, and
+holiness, which faith and culture could leave upon the invisible essence
+of man. He therefore resolved to abandon the lower for the higher art of
+Sculpture, and instead of being an artist in marble to be a fashioner of
+men."
+
+King's aptness for historical and philosophical generalization is quite
+evident as we read:
+
+"Socrates was the father of a new method of study. His thoughts were the
+seed corn of systems. His pupils were the teachers of centuries. Each
+bump of his brain was the nucleus of a philosophical school. Hardly
+had he left the world, than the strong and simple light he shed was
+scattered in various hues by the prismatic minds that had surrounded him
+or that succeeded him; and in almost every case,--as so often happens
+when the strands of the solar beam are brilliantly dishevelled,--the
+actinic ray was lost."
+
+In all our reading we have never met a description of the Grecian
+philosopher so complete and accurate as one brief phrase in the lecture
+from which these excerpts are taken, "Socrates, the slouchy ambassador
+of reason." Or what could be truer of Socrates and Plato than to say
+that "Arm in arm, the stately duke and the democrat of philosophy walk
+down the lists of fame?"
+
+Read and re-read the closing paragraph of King's "Socrates" impresses
+the thoughtful mind more and more by its depth and beauty, and we
+ask,--what might not this man in his full maturity and in scholarly
+leisure have contributed to enrich the philosophy of our time?
+
+"Down the River of Life, by its Athenian banks, he had floated upon
+his raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling weather, for seventy
+years. And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth
+of the stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim heaving in the
+dusk. But he betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal
+continents there are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He
+trusted still in the raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell
+to the few true friends who stood by him on the shore he put out into
+the darkness, a moral Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an
+idea."
+
+It was an open secret among King's friends in California that he
+meditated writing of the Yosemite as he had written of the White Hills
+of New Hampshire. Had he done so that region of incomparable beauty
+would have been known to the people of our country at least twenty years
+earlier. What a volume it would have been, "The Beauty and Glory of the
+Yosemite" by Starr King! What a vision he would have given us of that
+mighty gorge; of the crystal clearness of Mirror Lake; of the majesty
+of Cathedral Rock, of Sentinel Dome, or El Capitan; of the bright
+waterfalls, Vernal and the Bridal Veil; or in exquisite artistry of word
+painting how he would have pictured for us the wonderful coloring of the
+Yosemite, the morning tints of gray, the perfect white of noon shading
+into blue, the afternoon tinge of silver and gold, the sunset's gauze
+of crimson, and then the varying shades of approaching night. But our
+artist never lived to paint the picture for us, and are we not the
+poorer? Is there any such thing in this sad world as superfluous genius?
+Let our philosophers answer. At all events these were the noble and the
+unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King.
+
+It would seem that of American statesmen Mr. King most admired Daniel
+Webster. He never shared the feeling of his fellow abolitionists that
+Webster's well-known longing to be President had caused him to be false
+to liberty, but rather that the great "Defender of the Constitution"
+endeavored to preserve the Union for the sake of liberty. As we have
+already noted, when the Civil War broke out King found in the service
+Webster had rendered the Nation some of his strongest arguments for the
+Northern Cause. He was quite ready to accept the judgment of the English
+publicist that "Webster was not only the greatest man of his age,--he
+was the greatest man of any age." No doubt he had followed every stage
+of that momentous career to the very end. All thoughtful Americans went
+into retirement with Daniel Webster, and in his last sickness watched
+in a kind of reverent awe as his life ebbed away. From the solemn death
+chamber in Marshfield, his home by the stormy Atlantic, came tidings
+of the great statesman's last moments, in which he repeated, again and
+again, the Lord's Prayer and the Twenty-third Psalm. Loving friends bore
+tearful witness to the pathos and heavenly beauty of the old words as
+they fell from the trembling lips of the dying man, "Yea, though I walk
+through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for Thou
+art with me; Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me."
+
+If it be a coincidence, it is one of striking appropriateness that when
+the last hour came to our foremost "Defender of the Constitution and
+the Union," that with unclouded mind, here by the Pacific Sea, he, too,
+should have passed to his rest, even as the older patriot, whispering
+with untroubled faith, "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. Yea,
+though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no
+evil." "I will fear no evil," these were his last words, and it is good
+to read that having so spoken, without a struggle or a pang, he entered
+upon his exceeding great reward. His work on earth was done, and well
+done.
+
+
+Here ends Starr King in California, as written by Reverend William Day
+Simonds, Published in book form by Paul Elder and Company, and seen
+through their Tomoye Press by Ricardo J. Orozco in the city of San
+Francisco, during the month of April, Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds
+
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