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diff --git a/4641-h/4641-h.htm b/4641-h/4641-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b4e4c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/4641-h/4641-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2575 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +Project Gutenberg's Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Starr King in California + +Author: William Day Simonds + +Release Date: January 28, 2010 [EBook #4641] +Last Updated: February 6, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA *** + + + + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By William Day Simonds + </h2> + <h3> + Author of <br /> <br /> "The Christ of the Human Heart"<br /> "Patriotic + Addresses"<br /> "Sermons From Shakespeare" + </h3> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + Dedicated to the Memory of Honorable Horace Davis of San Francisco as the + only Tribute of Respect Now Possible to one whose Friendly Interest and + Assistance the Author Here Gratefully Acknowledges + </p> + <p> + Up to the time of Starr King's death it was generally believed that he, + more than any other man, had prevented California and the whole Pacific + Coast from falling into the gulf of disunion. It is certain that Abraham + Lincoln held this opinion + </p> + <p> + Edwin Percy Whipple + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <h4> + <a href="#link2H_INTR"> Introduction </a> + </h4> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_PART1"> Part I. </a> + </td> + <td> + In Old New England + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_PART2"> Part II. </a> + </td> + <td> + California in 1860 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_PART3"> Part III. </a> + </td> + <td> + California's Hour of Decision + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_PART4"> Part IV. </a> + </td> + <td> + Philanthropist and Preacher + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_PART5"> Part V. </a> + </td> + <td> + In Retrospect + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + Introduction + </h2> + <p> + This book is the result of the author's strong desire to know the truth + relative to a critical period in the history of California, and a further + strong desire to deal justly by the memory of a man recent historians have + been pleased to pass by with slight acknowledgment. + </p> + <p> + What was the nature and measure of Starr King's influence on the Pacific + Coast during the Civil War? To be able to answer that question has cost + more time and study than the reader could be brought to believe. It has + necessitated a thorough examination of all published histories of + California, of numerous biographies, of old newspapers, memoirs, letters + and musty documents. It has involved interviews with prominent persons as + well as a careful study of earlier writings upon Starr King in books and + magazines. Best of all it has compelled the writer to the delightful task + of renewing his acquaintance with the published sermons and lectures of + the patriot-preacher. + </p> + <p> + It is believed that no important data has been overlooked, and it is hoped + that a genuine service has been rendered to all students of California + History, and to all lovers of Starr King—he who was called by his + own generation, "The Saint of the Pacific Coast." + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_PART1" id="link2H_PART1"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Part I. In Old New England + </h2> + <p> + When Starr King entered the Golden Gate, April 28, 1860, he had passed by + a few months his thirty-fifth birthday. A young man in the morning of his + power he felt strangely old, for he wrote to a friend just a little later: + "I have passed meridian. It is after twelve o'clock in the large day of my + mortal life. I am no longer a young man. It is now afternoon with me, and + the shadows turn toward the east." + </p> + <p> + There was abundant reason for this premature feeling of age. Even at + thirty-five King had been a long time among the most earnest of workers. + Born in New York City, December 17, 1824, of English and German ancestry, + son of a Universalist Minister who was compelled to struggle along on a + very meager salary, the lad felt very early in life labor's stern + discipline. At fifteen he was obliged to leave school that by daily toil + he might help to support his now widowed mother and five younger brothers + and sisters. Brief as was his record in school, we note the following + prophetic facts: he displayed singular aptitude for study, he was + conscientious yet vivacious, he was by nature adverse to anything rude or + coarse. Joshua Bates, King's last teacher, describes the lad as "slight of + build, golden haired, with a homely face which everybody thought handsome + on account of the beaming eyes, the winning smile and the earnest desire + of always wanting to do what was best and right." + </p> + <p> + This is our earliest testimony to the lovable character of the man whose + life-story we are now considering. It will impress us more and more as + East and West, Boston and San Francisco, in varying phrase tell again and + again, of "the beaming eyes, the winning smile, and the earnest desire of + always wanting to do what was just and right." + </p> + <p> + A bread-winner at fifteen, and for a large family, surely this is the end + of all dreams of scholarship or of professional service. That depends on + the man—and the conditions that surround him. Happily King's mother + was a woman of good mind who knew and loved the best in literature. + Ambitious for her gifted son, she read with him, and for him, certain of + the masters whom to know well is to possess the foundations of true + culture. It is a pretty scene and suggestive—the lad and his mother, + reading together "till the wee small hours" Plutarch, Grote's History of + Greece, Bullfinch's Mythology, Dante and the plays of William Shakespeare. + Fortunately his mother was not his only helper. Near at hand was Theodore + Parker who was said to possess the best private library in Boston, and + whose passion for aiding young men was well known. He befriended King as + he befriended others, and early discovered in the widow's son superior + talents. In those days very young men used to preach. Before he had + reached his majority, King was often sent to fill engagements under + direction and at the suggestion of Parker. The high esteem of the elder + for the younger man is attested by the following letter to an important + church not far from Boston. + </p> + <p> + "I cannot come to preach for you as I would like, but with your kind + permission I will send Thomas Starr King. This young man is not a + regularly ordained preacher, but he has the grace of God in his heart, and + the gift of tongues. He is a rare sweet spirit and I know that after you + have met with him you will thank me for sending him to you." + </p> + <p> + This young dry-goods clerk, schoolmaster, and bookkeeper, for he followed + all of these occupations during the years in which he was growing out of + youth into manhood, was especially interested in metaphysics and theology. + In these, and kindred studies he was greatly impressed and inspired by the + writings of Victor Cousin, whose major gift was his ability to awaken + other minds. "The most brilliant meteor that flashed across the sky of the + nineteenth century," said Sainte-Beuve. + </p> + <p> + When Thomas Starr King was eighteen years old, William Ellery Channing + died. Of that death which occurred amid the lovely scenery of Vermont upon + a rare Autumnal evening, Theodore Parker wrote, The sun went toward the + horizon: the slanting beams fell into the chamber. Channing turned his + face toward that sinking orb and he and the sun went away together. Each, + as the other, left "the smile of his departure' spread on all around: the + sun on the clouds, he on the heart." + </p> + <p> + Channing's "smile on the heart," his pure philosophy, his sweet Christian + spirit so influenced King that his best sermons read not unlike the large, + calm utterances of Channing when he spoke on the loftiest of themes. To + other good and great men our student preacher was deeply indebted. To Dr. + Hosea Ballou (2d) for friendship and wise counsel. To Dr. James Walker for + the inspiration of certain notable lectures on Natural Theology. Most of + all to Dr. E. A. Chapin, his father's successor in the Universalist Pulpit + at Charlestown, Mass. Dr. Chapin—but ten years King's senior—was + then just beginning his eminent career as pulpit orator and popular + lecturer. He recognized the undeveloped genius of his young friend, he + knew of his earnest student-ship, he delighted to open the doors of + opportunity to him. It was a gracious and honorable relation and most + advantageous to the younger man. Writing to a good Deacon of a neighboring + church Chapin said: "Thomas has never attended a Divinity School, but he + is educated just the same. He speaks Greek, Hebrew, French, German, and + fairly good English as you will see. He knows natural history and he knows + humanity, and if one knows man and nature, he comes pretty close to + knowing God." + </p> + <p> + In 1846 Chapin was called to New York, and through his influence Starr + King, then twenty-two years old, was installed as his successor in the + pastorate of the First Universalist Church of Charlestown. If his + preparedness for an important New England pulpit is questioned it must be + admitted that he entered it wholly without academic training, but we need + not be distressed on that account. From the first he had adopted a method + of study certain to produce excellent results, thorough acquaintance with + a few great authors, and reverent, loving intercourse with a few great + teachers. Little wonder that the "boy preacher" made good in the pulpit + from which his honored Father had passed into, the Silence, and wherein + the eloquence of Chapin had charmed a congregation of devoted followers. + </p> + <p> + Two years pass and he is called to Hollis Street Church in Boston, a + Unitarian Church of honorable fame but at the time threatened with + disaster. It was believed that if any one could save the imperilled + church, King was that man. Not yet twenty-five years of age, established + as minister of one of Boston's well known churches; a co-laborer of + Bartol, Ballou, Everett, Emerson, Theodore Parker and Wendell Phillips,—surely + he is to be tried and tested as few men so young have ever been, here in + the "Athens of America," the city of beautiful ideals and great men. + </p> + <p> + It is certain that King regarded the eleven years he gave to Hollis Street + as merely preparatory to his greater work in California. Writing playfully + from San Francisco to Dr. Bellows in Boston he said: "At home, among you + big fellows, I wasn't much. Here they seem to think I am somebody. Nothing + like the right setting." The record shows that even among the "big + fellows" Starr King was a very definite somebody, for although crowds did + not attend his preaching in Boston as in San Francisco, he was able to + congratulate himself upon the fact that he preached his last sermon in + Hollis Street Church to five times as many people as heard his first. Nor + do we need to await the judgment of California admirers to be convinced of + his ability as a preacher or his popularity as a lecturer. It was said of + him that "he was an orator from the beginning:" that his first public + address "was like Charles Lamb's roast pig, good throughout, no part + better or worse than another." "His delivery," says a candid and scholarly + critic, "was rather earnest than passionate. He had a deep, strange, rich + voice, which he knew how to use. His eyes were extraordinary, living + sermons, a peculiar shake and nod of the head giving the impression of + deep-settled conviction. Closely confined to his notes, yet his delivery + produces a marked impression." + </p> + <p> + Hostile criticism, which no man wholly escapes, enjoyed suggesting that + King had been educated in the common schools of Portsmouth and + Charlestown, and that he had graduated from the navy yard into the pulpit. + A Boston correspondent passed judgment upon him as follows: "He was not + considered profoundly learned; he was not regarded as a remarkable orator; + he was not a great writer; nor can his unrivalled popularity be ascribed + to his fascinating social or intellectual gifts. It was the hidden + interior man of the heart that gave him his real power and skill to + control the wills and to move the hearts, and to win the unbounded + confidence and affection of his fellow-beings." + </p> + <p> + William Everett is authority for the statement that in those early years + in Hollis Street Church "Starr King was not thought to be what a teacher + of Boston Unitarianism ought to be. He was regarded rather as a florid + platform speaker, one interested in the crude and restless attempts at + reform which sober men distrusted." Another reviewer mingles praise and + criticism quite ingeniously. "He astonishes and charms his hearers by a + rare mastery over sentences. He is a skilful word-marshal. Hence his + popularity as a lyceum lecturer. However much of elegant leisure the more + solid and instructive lecturers may have, Mr. King is always wanted. He + is, in some respects, the most popular writer and preacher of the two + denominations which he equally represents, being a sort of soft ligament + between the Chang of Universalism and the Eng of Unitarianism." + </p> + <p> + This last criticism invites us to notice—all too briefly—a + phase of King's experience in New England fitting him most admirably for + the larger work he was to do on the Pacific Coast. From 1840 to 1860 the + Lyceum flourished in the United States as never before or since. Large + numbers of lecture courses, extending even to the small cities and towns, + were liberally patronized and generously supported. In many communities + this was the one diversion and the one extravagance. To fill the new + demand an extraordinary group of public speakers appeared; Emerson, Edward + Everett, Wendell Phillips, Dr. Chapin, Oliver Wendell Holmes, George + William Curtis, Henry Ward Beecher, Frederick Douglas, Theodore Parker and + others, whose names are reverently spoken to this day by aged men and + women who remember the uplift given them in youth by these giants of the + platform. + </p> + <p> + That he was always wanted with such rivals as those is proof enough of + King's power with the people, of his fame as an orator, even before his + greater development and his more wonderful achievements in California. His + lecture circuit extended from Boston to Chicago. His principal subjects + were "Goethe," "Socrates," "Substance and Show," a lecture which ranks + next to Wendell Phillips' "Lost Arts" in popularity. Not withstanding the + academic titles King gave his lectures they seemed to have been popular + with all classes. "Grand, inspiring, instructive, lectures," said the + learned. "Thems' idees," said unlettered men of sound sense. It was + thought to be a remarkable triumph of platform eloquence that King could + make such themes fascinating to Massachusetts farmers and Cape Cod + fishermen. In fine phrase it was said of him that he lectured upon such + themes as Plato and Socrates "with a prematureness of scholarship, a + delicacy of discernment, a sweet innocent combination of confidence and + diffidence, which were inexpressibly charming." + </p> + <p> + It may be claimed with all candor that few public teachers have ever been + able so to enlist scientific truth in the service of the spirit. That + spirit and life are the great realities, that all else is mainly show, at + best but the changing vesture of spirit, is set forth in King's lectures + so completely that he may be said to have made, even at this early age, a + genuine and lasting contribution to the thought of his time. All this be + it noted before he had set foot upon the Pacific Coast, where he was + destined to do his real work. + </p> + <p> + One other service King had rendered the country, and especially New + England, should here be gratefully recalled. Always in delicate health, he + had formed the habit of spending his vacations in the White Hills of New + Hampshire. Benefited in mind and body, and charmed by the rare beauty of a + region then unknown, he endeavored to reveal to the people of Boston, and + other Eastern cities, the neglected loveliness lying at their very doors. + The result was King's "The White Hills, Their Legends, Landscape and + Poetry." Although this pioneer nature-book is now probably quite + forgotten, even by the multitudes who visit the scenes it so glowingly + describes, it is well to remember that it was, indeed, one of the first + attempts to entice the city dweller "back to nature." Published in 1859, + it followed Thoreau's at that time unread "Walden" by only five years, + while it preceded Murray's "Adventures in the Wilderness," and the + earliest of John Burroughs' delightful volumes, by a full generation. It + was in every way a commendable, if not great, adventure in authorship. + </p> + <p> + From this brief review it is evident that when Starr King preached his + last sermon in Boston, March 25, 1860, he had made for himself an enviable + reputation in three difficult fields of work, as preacher, lecturer and + writer. The feeling of Boston and New England upon his departure was + fittingly expressed by Edwin Percy Whipple in a leading journal of the day + in which this eminent author "appealed to thousands in proof of the + assertion that though in charge of a large parish, and with a lecture + parish which extended from Bangor to St. Louis, he still seemed to have + time for every noble work, to be open to every demand of misfortune, + tender to every pretension of weakness, responsive to every call of + sympathy, and true to every obligation of friendship; all will indulge the + hope that California, cordial as must be the welcome she extends him, will + still not be able to keep him long from Massachusetts." + </p> + <p> + On the day before he sailed from New York a "Breakfast Reception" was + given him at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, at which three hundred guests were + seated at the tables. The poet, William Cullen Bryant presided, and other + men hardly less distinguished testified to the nature of King's work, and + to the varied charm of his unique personality. Best of all, perhaps, was + the tribute of his friend and neighbor, Dr. Frederick H. Hedge. "Happy + Soul! himself a benediction wherever he goes; a living evangel of kind + affections, better than all prophecy and all knowledge, the Angel of the + Church whom Boston sends to San Francisco." + </p> + <p> + Such was the man who came to California in the greatest crisis of her + history to exert upon her destiny an influence unequalled and unexampled + even in that most romantic and eventful story of the Golden West. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PART2" id="link2H_PART2"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Part II. California in 1860 + </h2> + <p> + The federal census of 1860 gave California 379,984 inhabitants and San + Francisco 56,802. Historian Bancroft informs us that here was "a gathering + without a parallel in history." It may be said that the whole history and + development of California is without parallel. The story reads not so much + like the orderly growth of a civilized community as a series of unrelated + and episodical events. There is little of logical order or sequence, and + much of surprise, adventure, of conflict and crisis. Said an aged + philosopher, "It is the unexpected that happens," a saying illustrated if + anywhere in the world, in the history of the Golden State. + </p> + <p> + Although discovered early in the sixteenth century by adventurous + Spaniards, no serious attempt was made at settlement of any portion of the + territory now included in the boundaries of California until the year + 1769, when Father Junipero Serra arrived at the Bay of San Diego. Then + followed a half century constituting the Mission Period of California + history, during which Spanish Governors and Franciscan Friars ruled the + land. Inspired more by religious zeal than by lust of conquest, or hope of + gain, the Spanish Padres planted a chain of missions extending from San + Diego to the Bay of San Francisco. At these missions, consisting often, at + the beginning, of nothing more than a rude cross and altar, with some + miserable make-shift of tent or huts as protection from the heat of summer + and the cold of winter, the faithful priests labored to convert the + surrounding Indians. They tried to make of them not alone good Catholics, + but good farmers, and vineyardists, and according to the need of the time, + capable carpenters and builders. As the result of their labors a long + period of simple prosperity was enjoyed at the missions. Buildings were + erected that still delight the traveler. They were for the most part of + Moorish architecture, built of adobe, painted white, with red-tile roofs, + long corridors and ever the secluded plaza where the friar might tell his + beads in peace. Around the missions, some twenty in number, lying a day's + journey apart between the southern and the central bay, Indian workers + cultivated immense fields of grain, choice vineyards, olive orchards and + orange groves; great herds of horses, cattle, and sheep were cared for, + and the women became adept at weaving and spinning. Nor were the Spanish + Governors idle. They encouraged the immigration of settlers both from the + mother country and Mexico by a most liberal policy, assisting the newcomer + to build a home, acquire stock, and establish himself in a country where + there was an abundance of game, and where the earth yielded her bounty + with the minimum of labor. Thus in the half century between 1770 and 1820, + these Pius Padres laid the foundations of California, as they believed + securely, after Catholic and Spanish tradition. + </p> + <p> + Not securely so it proved, for in 1822 Mexico won her independence from + Spain, both political and religious. The California Padres being Spaniards + naturally suffered persecution at the hands of successive Mexican + Governors, who were envious of the lands, orchards and herds of domestic + animals belonging to the various missions. Ruthlessly the Friars were + plundered of their well tilled fields, their fine vineyards, their flocks + and herds, and their Indian converts were enticed or driven into the + service of the new Masters of the country. Some of these officials were of + Spanish blood and some of Mexican but now they proudly called themselves, + Californians. And proudly they lived, these Spanish and Mexican Dons. + Owning immense tracts of land, riding upon fleet horses, relieved of all + necessity of honest work, they soon became in their manner of living, + veritable hidalgoes. + </p> + <p> + Vain, ridiculously boastful, pleasure chasers, they loved above all else + the frolic, the dance, and a good horse. All the way from San Diego to + Shasta were located the immense ranchoes, more than six hundred in number, + ever since celebrated in song and story. This was the period so often + called by poetic writers the Romantic Age of California. Although much of + the glamor of the dear old days of plenty and pleasure has been dispelled + by the careful researches of conscientious scholars, it must still be + admitted that here also were developed certain characteristics and here a + kind of foundation for the future laid, ignorant of which we can not + understand either the California of 1860 or even the State as we of today + know and love it. If it is true that the first settlers in any community + leave a lasting impress upon after generations it is evident that the + Franciscan and Spanish background of California must be reviewed as we + approach the more serious days of American conflict and conquest. + </p> + <p> + Although the first American settler arrived in California in 1816 his + example seems to have been without effect for in 1822 there were but + fourteen persons not of Mexican or Spanish blood in all the province. In + the early '40's emigrants from the "States" began to come in parties, but + so slowly that by January 1, 1848, the entire population (not including + Indians) numbered only 14,000, and Yerba Buena (San Francisco) the only + Pueblo of any size contained barely 900 inhabitants. This be it noted was + but twelve years before the arrival of Starr King, so close was the old + aristocratic rule of Spain to that stirring conflict in which he was to + become a central figure. + </p> + <p> + As we have already observed it is the unexpected that happens in + California history. In this same month of January, 1848, gold was + discovered in the upper Sacramento Valley, an event that rivals the + discovery of America by Columbus, if regarded in the light of results + affecting the development of modern society. "The Gold that Drew the + World" so Edwin Markham heads his story of that strange hegira which + converted far-away California into a new Mecca and made of San Francisco, + that sleepy Spanish Pueblo, in a few months' time a cosmopolitan city of + fifty thousand people. Two years earlier, as a result of the Mexican War, + California had been declared an American Territory, though not formally + ceded to the United States until February 2, 1848. It was generally + believed that the Mexican War had been waged and California acquired in + the interest of negro slavery. James Russell Lowell voices this belief in + the Bigelow papers as follows: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "They just wanted this California + So's to lug new slave states in, + To abuse ye and to scorn ye, + And to plunder ye like sin." +</pre> + <p> + However this may have been, it is certain that among the immigrants of the + fifty's there was a large number of forceful and brilliant men, loving the + old South, and fully determined to swing the new state into line as a + pro-slavery asset. It is true they were not strong enough to prevent the + adoption in 1849 of a constitution prohibiting slavery, yet for all that, + as Southern men they rejoiced when September 9, 1850, California was + admitted to the Union. + </p> + <p> + It is no part of our purpose to give in detail the strange story of + California during her first ten years as an American Commonwealth. By 1850 + her population had increased to 120,000 people, mostly young men drawn by + the lure of gold from every quarter of the civilized world, including not + less than 4000 Chinese. Yet the majority were Americans, and of the + Americans the larger number were from the slave states. Nor was this + condition much altered up to the outbreak of the Civil War. Trustworthy + authorities estimate that not less than forty per cent of her entire + population were at that time of Southern birth, naturally Democratic in + politics and for the most part pro-slavery in sentiment. It should be + remembered that during the decade under consideration the national + government was under the brilliant leadership of the slave-masters who + were ever alert as to the attitude of this new Eldorado of the West. + Consequently every position of trust and honor under national control in + California was given to "safe men" whose attitude towards the "peculiar + institution" was favorable beyond suspicion. To such an extent was this a + matter of public knowledge that the Customs Station of San Francisco was + popularly dubbed the "Virginia Poor House." During all these years + California was under the absolute control of the Democratic Party, and the + party was under control of its Pro-slavery leaders. + </p> + <p> + "The common people," says a late historian, "stood in awe for many years + of these suave, urbane, occasionally fire-eating and always well-dressed + gentlemen from this most aristocratic section of the Union. The + Southerners, born leaders of men, and with politics the paramount interest + in their lives, controlled both San Francisco and California." + </p> + <p> + J. W. Forney, a politician and reporter of the time, is more emphatic and + declares that "California was a secession rendezvous from the day it + became a part of the Union." + </p> + <p> + That the State was strongly Southern in sympathy is proven by the fact + that of fifty-three newspapers published within her borders only seven + advocated the election of Lincoln to the Presidency in 1860. A stronger + proof still is found in the character and conduct of the public men of + California during all the period under consideration. With one or two + exceptions, of whom honorable mention later, every official of any + importance, state or national, favored the South and voted in her + interest. This condition was partly due, without doubt, to the political + leadership of Senator Wm. M. Gwin. A Tennessean by birth, he was forty-six + years of age, when he landed in San Francisco, June 4, 1849. Almost + immediately active in politics he became the most brilliant and + unscrupulous leader California has ever had. He held the reins of power + and of national patronage until the war brought chaos to the old order and + always Wm. M. Gwin was a faithful servant of the old aristocratic South of + John C. Calhoun. He was ably seconded in his efforts to hold California to + the pro-slavery cause by David S. Terry, Chief Justice of the State, and a + fiery Texan, fearless and fierce in every conflict which might affect + adversely Southern Chivalry. After these distinguished leaders there + followed in monotonous succession Senators, Representatives, Governors, + Legislators, representing doubtless their constituents in opposition to + every movement looking to the abolition, or even serious limitation of the + slave power. + </p> + <p> + The first man to challenge the almost solid cohorts of pro-slavery + Democracy in California was David C. Broderick, United States Senator from + 1857 until his untimely death in 1859. Broderick was the son of a stone + cutter and in early life followed his father's trade. Born in Washington, + D. C., he grew to manhood in New York City. When only twenty-six years old + he became "Tammany's candidate for Congress." He was defeated and in June, + 1849, he too arrived in San Francisco, determined never to return East + unless as United States Senator. Plunging into the political life of the + state as a loyal Democrat he was sent almost at once to the legislature in + Sacramento, where he speedily became an influential member. In 1851 he was + made presiding officer of the Senate and by 1852 his leadership within the + State was so firmly established that it was said of him "he is the + Democratic Party of California." January 10, 1857, after years of bitter + struggle, Broderick was elected United States Senator, and the following + March was duly received as a member of that august body. From the first + his had been a strenuous career, he had been the storm center of heated + contests, personal and political, in which he had commanded the suffrages + of his fellows so completely that it was said, "men of all ages followed + him like dogs." He had made many bitter and unrelenting enemies, and now + that he had reached the goal of his ambition, he was to enter upon a last + dread battle, the most severe and deadly of all he had known. + </p> + <p> + Stripped of all misleading complications the question then agitating + Congress and the country was simply this: Shall Negro Slavery be forced + upon the new territory of Kansas against the will of a majority of her + people? This, of course, was only preliminary to the larger question: + Shall the National Government, under lead of the Slave Oligarchy, be given + power to spread over new territory, at will, the blight and curse of human + bondage? Upon this foremost question of the day, Senator Broderick stood + side by side with Stephen A. Douglas in opposition to the Buchanan + Administration, and its mad attempt to force slavery upon the people of + the New West. The attitude of California politicians on this matter is + evidenced by the fact that the legislature in session at Sacramento + promptly instructed Broderick to vote for the administration program, and + a later legislature condemned him by resolution for failing to comply with + the instructions of its predecessor and declared that his attitude was a + disgrace and humiliation to the Nation. They demanded his immediate + resignation. Let it be noted clearly that Broderick was condemned, not for + opposing negro slavery, but simply and solely for opposing the extreme + southern contention. Not long, however, was Broderick permitted to display + his antislavery sympathies. During the exciting campaign of 1859, David S. + Terry, believing himself aggrieved because of certain utterances of + Broderick, challenged the latter to deadly combat. Reluctantly, but + thereto compelled by long usage in California, Broderick met Terry upon + the so-called "field of honor," September 13, 1859. Three days later + Broderick was dead, a sacrifice, so all forward-looking men believed, to + the wrath of the slave power. "His death was a political necessity, poorly + veiled beneath the guise of a private quarrel." This was said at his + funeral, and widely accepted among the people. It has been claimed that + the death of Broderick saved California to the Union; that the revulsion + of feeling following his bloody death was so great that his beloved State + became good soil for the new teaching of Lincoln and the Republican Party. + Generously one would like to accept this theory were not the evidence so + strongly against it. To Broderick belongs the high honor of inaugurating + the fight on the Pacific Coast against the extension of slavery. In the + outset of that conflict he perished, and the manner of his taking off gave + to his message something of the force of martyrdom. But not to the extent + his admirers have imagined. It should be clearly noted that Broderick + believed in local self-government regarding slavery. He believed that the + people of Kansas, and the people of Virginia (as of all other states) + possessed the right under our national constitution, of deciding this + question for themselves without let or hindrance by the general + government. Farther than this he did not go. To the day of his death, he + was a loyal Douglas Democrat. It should be further noted that in this last + campaign of Broderick's life the pro-slavery Democracy swept the State, + its candidate for Governor being elected by a vote nearly twice the + combined vote of the Douglas and Republican candidates: And, also, that a + year after Broderick's death Abraham Lincoln polled only twenty-eight per + cent of the popular vote in California for President of the United States. + Whatever may have been the influence of the Senator's brave conflict in + Congress, or his untimely death, it is evident that the crisis in + California's attitude toward the Union had not yet arrived, that the hour + in which any man might change the course of events still lay within the + unknown future. + </p> + <p> + The same may be said of the life and work of a still more brilliant + opponent of slavery on this Coast, Col. Edward D. Baker, a man of + phenomenal eloquence, with a well earned reputation as a successful lawyer + and politician, with an honorable record for gallant service in the + Mexican War, and for useful service in the House of Representatives in + Washington. When he located in San Francisco in 1852, an immigrant from + the great State of Illinois, he brought new strength to the minority who + were in conscience opposed to the growing dominion of the Slave Power. For + certain reasons, well understood at the time and which do not concern us + here, Col. Baker did not wield the influence which his talents would + naturally have secured for him. Yet as the contest deepened, his majestic + eloquence was beyond question a force for freedom in a community where the + love of oratory amounted to a passion. In the Fremont Campaign, at the + grave of Broderick, and in his own canvass for Congress in 1859, he + rendered most valuable service in laying the foundations of Republicanism + on the Pacific Coast. But it should be remembered by all who would deal + with those great days fairly that the work of Edward Dickinson Baker at + its best was only the work of a brilliant forerunner. Before the real + battle was on he removed from the State, and as the newly elected United + States Senator from Oregon, from this Coast. It is true that on his + journey to Washington a few days before the National election in November, + 1860, Baker delivered in San Francisco an effective speech on Lincoln's + behalf, but it is foolish hero-worship to say, of California! Not only had + Baker been defeated overwhelmingly a few months earlier as Republican + candidate for Congress, but Lincoln himself received the electoral vote of + California only as the result of a three-sided contest in which the + combined opposition polled nearly three-fourths of all the votes cast. In + fact Lincoln distanced his nearest Democratic rival by only 711 Votes. Out + of one hundred and fourteen members of the state legislature but + twenty-four belonged to the party of Lincoln. The Congressional Delegation + was solidly Democratic, and the Governor was a Southern sympathizer. Such + was the condition after Baker's work was done in California, and when the + greater work of Starr King was just beginning. + </p> + <p> + In justice to Colonel Baker, though it is no part of our duty here, we + make grateful mention of the fact that not on the Pacific Coast but in + Washington, as the friend and adviser of President Lincoln, and on the + floor of the United States Senate, this gallant defender of Union and + Liberty rendered a unique and memorable service to his country. His + replies in the Senate to those giants of the Confederacy, John C. + Breckenridge and Judah P. Benjamin attained the dignity of national + events, and his heroic death early in the war on field of battle renders + it forever impossible for any just man to belittle the deeds or influence + of Edward D. Baker. What he might have effected had he remained in + California, or had his life been longer spared, we may not say. The fact + remains that after his mission among us was over Southern and Democratic + sentiment was still in the ascendant. It was reserved for another,—the + privilege and the honor of "saving California to the Union." + </p> + <p> + One other phase of the situation merits careful attention. Almost from the + very beginning of American Settlement in California a dream of Pacific + Empire, separate and independent of "the States" had fascinated many of + her strongest men. And little wonder, for here by the Pacific Sea was a + vast territory walled away by lofty mountains and wide deserts, two + thousand miles west of the frontier settlements of Minnesota and Kansas. + Not until after the outbreak of the Civil War was there telegraphic + communication with the East, and the nearest railway ended somewhere in + central Missouri. Mail was received regularly once in twenty-six days, + sometimes as often as once in two weeks. But there was little direct + communication and less unity of purpose between the older sections of the + United States and far away California. In fact there was considerable + antagonism felt and expressed toward the government of Washington. The + original Mexican population cordially hated, and with good reason, the + national authority. Foreigners in the mines cared nothing for the Union or + the quarrel between the states, and many of the settlers from the East, + which they still lovingly called "back home," felt that they had a real + grievance against the general government. This feeling, which was of long + standing, was naturally intensified by the troubled outlook in 1860. Men + prominent in state and national politics openly advocated independence as + the proper policy for the Pacific Coast. + </p> + <p> + "Why depend on the South or the North to regulate our affairs," wrote our + junior Senator from Washington. "And this, too, after they have proved + themselves incapable of living in harmony with one another." Starr King + had been a resident of the state nearly a year when the San Francisco + Herald published the following letter received from Congressman John C. + Burch: + </p> + <p> + "The people of California should all be of one mind on this subject of a + Pacific Republic. Raise aloft the flag of the hydraheaded cactus of the + western wilds and call upon the enlightened nations of the earth to + acknowledge our independence and protect us from the wreck of a once + glorious Union." + </p> + <p> + Governor John B. Weller, a man not only holding the highest office within + the gift of the people of the state, but also one who had represented + California in the United States Senate made deliberately this declaration: + </p> + <p> + "If the wild spirit of fanaticism which now pervades the land should + destroy the magnificent confederacy—which God forbid—California + will not go with the south or north, but here on the shores of the + Pacific, found a mighty republic, which may in the end prove the greatest + of all." + </p> + <p> + These quotations which might be greatly extended are sufficient to prove + that a strong feeling existed in favor of a Pacific Republic standing + wholly aloof from the coming struggle. It is unthinkable that a Senator + and a Congressman, and especially the Governor of the State, should have + voiced such sentiments had there not been at least a probability that this + might be the course adopted in case the Union was broken up. + </p> + <p> + James G. Blaine, whose history of the time must be regarded as impartial + so far as California is concerned, makes this statement: + </p> + <p> + "Jefferson Davis expected, with confidence amounting to certainty, and + based, it is believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it + did not actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union." + </p> + <p> + This beyond reasonable doubt was the situation in the Spring of 1860: Our + immense State with its coast line of more than seven hundred miles, + sharply divided as between Southern and Northern California; the majority + of our people in Los Angeles and neighboring counties frankly favoring the + proposed confederacy of slave-holding states; many of the larger towns in + the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys of a similar mind; the political + leaders of the State almost solidly Democratic and the majority with + strong Southern leanings; many of our foremost men believing that the time + had come to launch the long dreamed of Pacific Republic, and our ranches + and mines containing a large population either hostile or indifferent to + the cause of Union and Liberty. Over against these varied forces a + probable patriotic majority scattered from one end of California to the + other, some belonging to the new Republican Party and some to the Douglas + Democracy, and many without party affiliation, unorganized, badly + scattered, and now that Broderick was dead and Colonel Baker away, without + competent leadership. If ever a situation called for a man who might at + once command the confidence of the people and arouse the latent patriotism + of our wide-spread population, a man who might do the work of years in a + few months' time, who might in his own persuasive personality become a + center of patriotism around which Union-loving men of all parties, and of + no party, could unite in defense of the imperilled country; one unfettered + by old antagonisms, or misled by personal ambition, a heaven-sent man + destined to a work no other could accomplish—this the situation + plainly demanded. + </p> + <p> + The record, impartially examined, shows, we believe beyond reasonable + doubt, that California's destiny in this critical hour was chiefly + determined by the word and work of her patriot-preacher, Starr King. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PART3" id="link2H_PART3"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Part III. California's Hour of Decision + </h2> + <p> + The period that determined California's attitude during the Civil War, + coincides almost exactly with the first year and a half of Starr King's + residence in the State. Less than a month after he had preached his first + sermon in San Francisco, Abraham Lincoln received the presidential + nomination at Chicago, and the great debate was on. + </p> + <p> + It should be remembered that King's reputation as a lecturer had preceded + him, and that he was hardly settled in his new home before he was flooded + with invitations to lecture here as he had done in the East. As soon as + possible, and as far as possible, he accepted these invitations regarding + them as calls to service in the interest of an enlightened patriotism. + Choosing as subjects such themes as "Washington," "Webster," "Lexington + and Concord," he made of them all a plea for a united country, one + glorious land from Maine to the Sierras. He seems to have perceived the + danger hidden in the perfectly natural ambition of leading men to take + advantage of the troubled time to launch the Pacific Republic, and thus + avoid all danger of the coming conflict between North and South. A free, + independent California, which should practically include the entire Coast,—surely + here was an inspiring and seductive dream. By a method peculiarly his own + he did not directly combat this fascinating idea, but rather sought to win + his hearers to the larger vision of an empire extending from ocean to + ocean, every mile of it dedicated to liberty and progress. + </p> + <p> + "What a privilege it is to be an American," he exclaims in a favorite + lecture, often repeated. + </p> + <p> + "Suppose that the continent could turn towards you tomorrow at sunrise, + and show to you the whole American area in the short hours of the sun's + advance from Eastport to the Pacific! You would see New England roll into + light from the green plumes of Aroostook to the silver stripe of the + Hudson; westward thence over the Empire State, and over the lakes, and + over the sweet valleys of Pennsylvania, and over the prairies, the morning + blush would run and would waken all the line of the Mississippi; from the + frosts where it rises, to the fervid waters in which it pours, for three + thousand miles it would be visible, fed by rivers that flow from every + mile of the Allegheny slope, and edged by the green embroideries of the + temperate and tropic zones; beyond this line another basin, too, the + Missouri, catching the morning, leads your eye along its western slope + till the Rocky Mountains burst upon the vision, and yet do not bar it; + across its passes we must follow, as the stubborn courage of American + pioneers has forced its way, till again the Sierra and their silver veins + are tinted along the mighty bulwark with the break of day; and then over + to the gold-fields of the western slope, and the fatness of the California + soil, and the beautiful valleys of Oregon, and the stately forests of + Washington, the eye is drawn, as the globe turns out of the night-shadow, + and when the Pacific waves are crested with radiance, you have the one + blending picture, nay, the reality, of the American domain! No such soil, + so varied by climate, by products, by mineral riches, by forest and lake, + by wild heights and buttresses, and by opulent plains,—yet all bound + into unity of configuration and bordered by both warm and icy seas,—no + such domain was ever given to one people." + </p> + <p> + In many communities and in varying phrase—always earnest and + eloquent—King returned to the central theme of all his thinking and + speaking, the greatness and glory of the Union,—"one and + indivisible." The following but illustrates the constant tenor of his + teaching: + </p> + <p> + "If all that the past has done for us and the present reveals could stand + apparent in one picture, and then if the promise of the future to the + children of our millions under our common law, and with continental peace, + could be caught in one vast spectral exhibition, the wealth in store, the + power, the privilege, the freedom, the learning, the expansive and varied + and mighty unity in fellowship, almost fulfilling the poet's dream of + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + 'The Parliament of man, the federation of the world,' +</pre> + <p> + you would exclaim with exultation, 'I, too, am an American!' You would + feel that patriotism, next to your tie to the Divine Love, is the greatest + privilege of your life; and you would devote yourselves, out of + inspiration and joy, to the obligations of patriotism, that this land so + spread, so adorned, so colonized, so blessed, should be kept forever, + against all the assaults of traitors, one in polity, in spirit, and in + aim!" + </p> + <p> + In a way we may say that King found himself in these first months in + California. He was forced by the number of his engagements, as well as by + the more direct demands of a new country, to throw aside his manuscripts, + and, making such preparation as conditions would permit, launch boldly out + upon the dangerous sea of extempore speech. He was constantly addressing + audiences in whole, or in part, hostile. Writing to an Eastern friend of + his experiences in the Sacramento Valley, he says, "You see in glaring + capitals, 'Texas Saloon,' 'Mississippi Shoe Shop,' 'Alabama Emporium.' + Very rarely do you see any Northern state thus signalized." Men of + substance, natural leaders of the people, were in most communities either + for Breckenridge or Douglas. The man was grappling with the intellectual + soldiery of disunion. The same forces that had transformed Lincoln, the + Illinois politician into a national figure, the standard bearer of a great + party, were working upon King. And the same method which caused Horace + Greeley to write of Lincoln, "He is the greatest Convincer of his day" was + followed by the younger patriot, face to face as he was with incipient + disloyalty. He was accustomed, even as Lincoln, to state his opponent's + argument fully and fairly, and then without unnecessary severity, demolish + it. An old miner, listening to one of Starr King's patriotic speeches, + delighting in the intellectual dexterity displayed, exclaimed, "Boys, + watch him, he is taking every trick." The necessity of "taking every + trick," and this so far as possible without offence, quickened his powers + and led to the full development of his many sided eloquence. + </p> + <p> + How he was regarded during these early months when he had literally + plunged into the life of a community where nothing was as yet fixed, where + everything was in the making, where the most serious questions of duty and + destiny were stirring the hearts and consciences of men,—is made + clear to us by the testimony of contemporaries whose sole desire must have + been to render honor where honor was due. + </p> + <p> + The latest and most complete history of California based upon the most + trustworthy evidence extant gives cautious tribute to the Starr King of + this period as follows: + </p> + <p> + "The Republicans had lost their most effective orator since the campaign + of the preceding year, Colonel Baker, but his loss was in some degree + compensated for by the appearance of an unheralded but equally eloquent + speaker, Thomas Starr King, who arrived in April, 1860, and later toured + the state, giving lectures on patriotic subjects but always declared for + the Union and the Republican candidates as the surest guaranty of its + preservation." + </p> + <p> + Tuthill, in his history of the time writes with more warmth, and probably + more truth: + </p> + <p> + "There was a charm in King's delivery that few could resist. He was + received with applause where Republican orators, saying things no more + radical, could not be heard without hisses. Delicately feeling his way, + and never arousing the prejudices of his hearers, he adroitly educated his + audiences to a lofty style of patriotism. The effect was obvious in San + Francisco where audiences were accustomed to every style of address; it + was far more noticeable in the interior." + </p> + <p> + The celebrated critic and writer, Edwin Percey Whipple, made a careful + examination of King's record in California and sums up his impressions as + follows: + </p> + <p> + "As a patriotic Christian statesman he included the real elements of power + in the community, took the people out of hands of disloyal politicians, + lifted them up to the level of his own ardent soul, and not only saved the + state to the Union, but imprinted his own generous and magnanimous spirit + on its forming life." + </p> + <p> + Writing a little later and with even more enthusiasm, another authority, + speaking of King's charm of manner, says: + </p> + <p> + "I am persuaded that could he have gone through the Southern states, + shaking hands with secessionists, he would have won them back to their + allegiance by the mere magnetism of his touch." + </p> + <p> + It is, perhaps, impossible at this late date to estimate the effect of + Starr King's appeal to the voters of California in the presidential + election of 1860. As we have already noted, Lincoln carried the State by a + very narrow plurality, and we need not ascribe the swaying of many votes + to the eloquence of King's advocacy to make it appear that his influence + was marked in that memorable campaign. + </p> + <p> + But here must be emphasized a fact, quite often overlooked, and always to + the serious perversion of history. In California, as in every doubtful + state, the Hour of Decision did not precede, but in every instance, + followed the elevation of Lincoln to the presidency. It was upon this rock + that the nation split. Shall a Black Republican be permitted to sit in the + seat of Washington? Shall a man elected, as a matter of fact, by a + sectional minority rule over Virginia—mother of Presidents—over + imperial Texas, or the Golden West? To us the case seems clear. Abraham + Lincoln, who commanded 180 votes in the electoral college to 123 divided + among his opponents, was by our constitution President-elect of the United + States. To the men of that day the case was by no means settled. The + national bond was weak. The local, or state bond was strong. It was a time + of intense political passion. The irrepressible conflict which had clouded + the closing days of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster must now be decided, + either for, or against, the extension of human slavery; either for, or + against, a National Union. + </p> + <p> + Well meaning, but mistaken, writers have claimed that California was never + a doubtful state, that the great majority of her people were ever loyal to + the Northern cause, to Lincoln and Liberty. As a matter of sober truth let + it be here written that the attitude of no state north of Mason and + Dixon's Line gave Northern leaders so grave concern. Nor was the matter + once for all decided until the election of Leland Stanford in September, + 1861, as the first Republican Governor of California. During all the + Spring and Summer of that great year the battle waged with the issue, up + to the last hour, uncertain. These were the months that tried men's souls + in California, as in the Border States. Communities were divided. Party + ties severed. Families broken up. Old friendships sundered. All lesser + questions were lost sight of as Union, or Dis-union, became the all + absorbing theme. The battle of ideas, preceding the battle of bullets, was + on. + </p> + <p> + What was the state of public opinion in California? How runs the evidence? + </p> + <p> + In March, 1861, General E. V. Sumner was given command of United States + regulars on the Pacific Coast, replacing Albert Sidney Johnston, whose + well known attachment to the Southern cause led to his removal by the + Lincoln Administration. In General Sumner's reports to the War Department + in Washington we have impartial and official testimony as to conditions in + California during the period under consideration. Naturally he came first + in contact with the people about San Francisco Bay, a majority of whom + were loyal to the North, and consequently, Sumner's first reports were + encouraging. "There is a strong Union feeling," he writes, "with the + majority of the people of the state, but the Secessionists are much the + most active and zealous party." + </p> + <p> + A little later, better informed, he reported: "The Secessionist party in + this state numbers about 32,000 men and they are very restless and + zealous, which gives them great influence." Still later: "The disaffection + in the southern part of the state is increasing and is becoming dangerous, + and it is indispensably necessary to throw reinforcements into that + section immediately." + </p> + <p> + In this connection it should be remembered that when President Lincoln at + the outbreak of the war called for 75,000 men, California was expected to + furnish her quota of 6,000 soldiers, but so threatening was the local + situation that not a loyal man could be spared from the State. On the + contrary it was found necessary to retain in the State certain regiments + of the regular army badly needed elsewhere. In the summer of 1861, the War + Department proposed to transfer a portion of the regular army stationed in + California to Texas, where the situation demanded immediate succor for the + friends of the Union. How grave the situation had become in California may + easily be determined by a fact which seems to have escaped so far the + attention of historians. On August 28, 1861, the leading men of San + Francisco sent a communication to Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, + remonstrating against the withdrawal of United States troops from + California for the following reasons: + </p> + <p> + 1. "A majority of our present state officials are avowed secessionists, + and the balance being bitterly hostile to the administration are advocates + of a peace policy at any price." + </p> + <p> + 2. "About three-fifths of our citizens are natives of slave-holding states + and are almost a unit in this crisis." + </p> + <p> + 3. "Our advices, obtained with great prudence and care, show us that there + are about 16,000 Knights of the Golden Circle (a secret military + organization of secessionists, said by many authorities to have been much + stronger than was at the time believed) in the state, and they are still + organizing even in our most loyal districts." + </p> + <p> + 4. "Through misrepresentation the powerful native Mexican population has + been won over to the secession side." + </p> + <p> + This document, remarkable in itself, becomes weighty evidence, when it is + stated that after full and careful consideration, the petition was heeded + and the regulars remained on the Coast. + </p> + <p> + General Sumner held command nearly a year, until, as we are accustomed to + think, all danger of a disloyal California was over, yet as the date of + his departure for the Army of the Potomac drew near, he was very anxious + that Col. Wright, an able and loyal officer, should fill his place, and + wrote to the authorities in Washington, "Col. Wright ought to remain in + command. The safety of the whole coast may depend upon it." (italics + ours). + </p> + <p> + A few weeks after the death of Starr King, the Pacific Monthly, leading + magazine of the day, reviewed the situation at the beginning of the great + conflict, as it was then known and understood by all intelligent + Californians: + </p> + <p> + "On the breaking out of the rebellion, public opinion on this coast was + sorely distracted at the issues raised. The great majority of the people + were warmly attached to their Government; but they had drunk deep at the + fountains of Southern eloquence, and had been measurably debauched by the + dangerous teachings of the able men who had ruled the state from its + infancy. When we consider the critical condition of public sentiment at + that dark hour (1860-1861); how the public mind had been thrown off its + poise by the false teaching of a long succession of political charlatans; + how the insidious doctrine of separation and a Pacific Republic had been + hissed by serpents into the ears of the people; how the great dark cloud + of impending ruin hung over our central Government; how legions of armed + patricides were almost battering at the gates of our National Capital; how + rebellion had baptized itself in blood and victory at Bull Run—when + we think how the effect of all these adverse teachings and adverse + fortunes had rendered the public mind plastic to whoever had the genius to + seize and direct it, and reflect that a man of King's abilities, but + without his patriotism, might have grasped the opportunity to drift us + upon shoals and rocks and quicksands of treason, we cannot feel too + thankful that the man and the hour both arrived. His was a noble task, and + nobly did he fulfill it. What he did for California and the Union can + never be fully estimated,—the work he wrought in saving her to the + country, and engraving upon her heart, the golden word—'Union'." + </p> + <p> + Leaving aside for a little space this fervent tribute to King's work, the + quotation just given is evidence of a grave situation, of a state divided + in opinion, of just such an "hour of decision" as gives the strong man his + opportunity. There can be no doubt that the verdict of the Visalia Delta, + a loyal and well-known newspaper, as to conditions in its own community + would apply to every considerable town in the State: + </p> + <p> + "Treason against the Government and constitution is preached from the + pulpit, printed in the newspapers, and openly advocated in the streets and + public places." + </p> + <p> + A work just from the press, "California—Men and Events"—by Mr. + G. H. Tinkham, affords valuable testimony to the necessity and value of + King's mission as patriotic leader: + </p> + <p> + "At a time when some Union men were paralyzed with dread, and others + undecided which way to turn, Thomas Starr King traveled over the state + bolstering up the weak-hearted, and urging loyal men to stand firmly for + the Union. In his lectures, 'Washington,' 'Daniel Webster,' 'The Great + Uprising,' and 'The Rebellion in Heaven,' in unanswerable arguments and + matchless eloquence he kindled the patriotism of the people into a glowing + flame. It is conceded that no individual did more to keep California in + the Union than did Thomas Starr King." + </p> + <p> + How necessary it was that some one should "kindle the patriotism of the + people into a glowing flame" is further evident from the fact that the + California Legislature of 1861 numbered as its members 57 Douglas + Democrats, 33 Southern Democrats, and but 24 Republicans. What this + alignment signified may be judged from the following incident. Edmund + Randolph, (a former Virginian, and a man of fiery eloquence) on July 11, + 1861, delivered unrebuked in the State Democratic Convention at + Sacramento, this diatribe against Abraham Lincoln: "For God's sake speed + the ball, may the lead go quick to his heart—and may our country be + free from this despot usurper, that now claims to the name of President of + the United States." + </p> + <p> + A few days earlier, July 4, 1861, a Confederate flag waved undisturbed in + Los Angeles, as well as in other nearby towns, the Union men in that + section being largely in the minority. For a considerable time in the + United States Marshal's office in San Francisco, a Confederate flag waved + from a miniature man-of-war named "Jeff Davis." + </p> + <p> + In Merced County, Union men were in a sorry minority! A favorite campaign + song in that region was entitled, "We'll Drive the Bloody Tyrant Lincoln + From Our Dear Native Soil." A little later, the Equal Rights Expositer of + Visalia characterized President Lincoln as "a narrow minded bigot, an + unprincipled demagogue, and a drivelling, idiotic, imbecile creature." + </p> + <p> + Unpleasant testimony of this sort, demonstrating the presence and power of + a bitter spirit of disloyalty, running all through the State, but most in + evidence in certain localities peopled from the South, might be given at + great length. But enough. We have no wish to reproduce the evil passions + of an evil time further than to make it absolutely clear that a real + danger of disunion existed, and that friend and foe alike recognized that, + under God, the undaunted leader of Union sentiment in California was none + other than Starr King. + </p> + <p> + A prominent San Francisco paper, indulging in the partizan speech of the + period, calling all friends of the Administration at Washington, + "Abolitionists," gave ungracious testimony to King's standing and + influence as follows: + </p> + <p> + "The abolitionists are bent on carrying out their plans, and will not + hesitate to commit any act of despotism. If the constitution stands in + their way, they will, to use the words of their champion in this state, + Rev. T. Starr King, drive through the constitution." + </p> + <p> + "Their champion in this state." The opprobrium rested upon him then; let + the honor be his now. This in simple justice to the truth of history. + </p> + <p> + It is infinitely to be regretted that what men called "the irresistible + charm of his eloquence" cannot by any manner of speech be here portrayed. + If excuse is necessary let these words from King's lecture on "Webster" + plead for us: + </p> + <p> + "Alas for the perishableness of eloquence! It is the only thing in the + higher walks of human creativeness that passes away. The statue lives + after the sculptor dies, as sublime as when his chisel left it. St. + Peter's is a perpetual memorial and utterance of the great mind of Angelo. + The Iliad is as fresh today as twenty-five centuries ago. The picture may + grow richer with years. But great oratory, the most delightful and + marvelous of the expressions of mortal power, passes and dies with the + occasion." + </p> + <p> + Not wholly, for even in "cold type" some measure of the power and + persuasiveness of the orator's argument is suggested. It is easy to + imagine the force and fire of patriotism that must have glowed in such + words as these: + </p> + <p> + "Rebellion sins against the Mississippi; it sins against the coast line; + it sins against the ballot-box; it sins against oaths of allegiance; it + sins against public and beneficent peace; and it sins, worse than all, + against the cornerstone of American progress and history and hope,—the + worth of the laborer, the rights of man. It strikes for barbarism against + civilization." + </p> + <p> + The intense fervor of King's loyalty to Union and Liberty is seen in his + righteous indignation against an Oregonian who would not fight to save the + country unless he could be shown that his own personal interests were + involved. "For one wild moment," wrote King, "I longed to throttle the + wretch and push him into the Columbia. I looked down, however, and saw + that the water was clean." + </p> + <p> + Think of the force of the following declaration uttered to men who meant + well, but were undecided: + </p> + <p> + "The Rebellion—it is the cause of Wrong against Right. It is not + only an unjustifiable revolution, but a geographical wrong, a moral wrong, + a religious wrong, a war against the Constitution, against the New + Testament, against God." + </p> + <p> + Thus did he condemn all forces within the State at war with liberty and + right. Stern words he used,—words that like Luther's were half + battles. Of peace-at-any-price-men he said: + </p> + <p> + "The hounds on the track of Broderick turned peace men, and affected with + hysterics at the sniff of powder! Wonderful transformation. What a + pleasant sight—a hawk looking so innocent, and preaching peace to + doves, his talons loosely wound with cotton! A clump of wolves trying to + thicken their ravenous flanks with wool, for this occasion only, and + composing their fangs to the work of eating grass! Holy Satan, pray for + us." + </p> + <p> + When the report reached California that Robert Toombs had said, "I want it + carved over my grave,—'Here lies the man who destroyed the United + States Government and its Capitol,'" King replied, "Mr. Toombs cannot be + literally gratified. But he may come so near his wish as this,—that + it shall be written over his gallows, as over every one of a score of his + fellow-felons, 'Here swings the man who attempted murder on the largest + scale that was ever planned in history.'" + </p> + <p> + That our orator knew how to be sarcastic as well as severe must have been + plain to those who heard him exclaim: + </p> + <p> + "There are those who say that they are Union men, and in favor of the + Government, and yet they are bitterly opposed to the administration, and + cannot support its policy. But in a war for self existence, this divorce + is impossible. One might as well say at a fire, while his house is + beginning to crackle in the flames, 'I am in favor of this engine, I go + for this water; the hose meets my endorsement. Certainly, I am for putting + out the fire, but don't ask me to help man the brakes, for I am + conscientiously opposed to the hose pipe. Its nozzle isn't handsome. It + wasn't made by a Democrat.'" + </p> + <p> + How ardently King longed for the liberation of the Blacks is seen in the + following, addressed in all probability more to the President of the + United States than to the people: + </p> + <p> + "O that the President would soon speak that electric sentence,—inspiration + to the loyal North, doom to the traitorous aristocracy whose cup of guilt + is full! Let him say that it is a war of mass against class, of America + against feudalism, of the schoolmaster against the slave-master, of + workmen against the barons, of the ballot-box against the barracoon. This + is what the struggle means. Proclaim it so, and what a light breaks + through our leaden sky! The war-wave rolls then with the impetus and + weight of an idea." + </p> + <p> + Closing his greatest patriotic lecture, most in demand by the public along + the entire Coast, "Daniel Webster," Starr King quotes Webster's noble + peroration in the "Reply to Hayne," "Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, + One and Inseparable," and in lofty strain of patriotic prophecy announces + that: + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Webster's thought breaks out afresh in the proclamation of the + President that America is one and cannot be broken; it bursts forth in the + banners thick as the gorgeous leaves of the October forests that have + blossomed all over eighteen or twenty States; it shows itself in the + passion of the noble Union men of the South who will not bow to Baal; it + floats on every frigate that rides the sea to protect our shipping; it + leaps forth and brightens in the sacred steel which patriots by the + hundred thousand are dedicating, not to ravage, not to murder, not to + hatred of any portion of the southern section of the confederacy, but to + the support of the impartial Constitution, to the common flag, to the + majestic and beneficent law which offers to encircle and bless the whole + republic; it utters itself in the thunder-voice of twenty millions of + white citizens of the land, that in America the majority under the + Constitution must rule, and the public law must be obeyed. + </p> + <p> + "And when the work of the government shall be accomplished,—when the + stolen money of the nation shall be refunded; when hostile artillery shall + be with-drawn from the lower banks of the Mississippi; when the flag of + thirteen stripes and thirty-four stars shall float again over Sumter, over + New Orleans, over every arsenal that has seen it insulted, over Mount + Vernon and the American dust of Washington, over every State Capitol and + along the whole coast and border line of Texas; when every man within the + present limits of the immense republic shall have restored to him the + right of pride in the American Navy, and of representation on common terms + in the National Capitol, and of citizenship on the whole continent; when + leading traitors shall have been punished, and the Constitution vindicated + in its unsectional beneficence, and the doctrine of secession be stabbed + with two hundred thousand bayonet wounds, and trampled to rise no more,—then + the debate between Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster will be completed, the + swarthy spirit of the great defender of the Constitution will triumph, and + a restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America will dignify and + consecrate his name forever." + </p> + <p> + "A restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America,"—this was the + vision that nerved King to herculean labor, to a most real martyrdom. + Condemned to the slow suicide of over-work, he gave his life a conscious + offering to freedom. "What a year to live in," he writes, "worth all other + times ever known in our history or any other." Again,—"I should be + broken down if I had time to think how I feel. I am beginning to look old, + and shall break before my prime." + </p> + <p> + Why is the song so sweet, and why does it move us so strangely? The + singer's heart is breaking. Why is the word so effective? It is laden with + love and winged with sacrifice. A man is dying that others may live in + verity, not longer in shadow; a hero is suffering crucifixion that the sad + ages may a little change their course. Not only is it true that the "blood + of martyrs slain is the seed of the church," but it is also true that a + man never touches the heights of power until he has made a total, + irreversible, affectionate surrender to the cause he professes to serve. + When he has done this the cause becomes incarnate in the man; and he + speaks as one inspired. And this was the power of Starr King in that great + Summer and Fall of 1861 in California. Of course he did not speak in vain. + Leland Stanford, backed by a Union Legislature, was elected Governor of + California, and by October, King joyfully writing an Eastern friend was + able to say "the State is safe from southern tampering." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PART4" id="link2H_PART4"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Part IV. Philanthropist and Preacher + </h2> + <p> + "As a philanthropist, Starr King raised for the most beneficent of all + charities the most munificent of all subscriptions." These words were + spoken at the King Memorial Service held in the city of Boston, April 3, + 1864. They call our attention to a unique service our Preacher-Patriot + rendered the cause he loved. + </p> + <p> + It seems almost beyond belief that the North rushed into the Civil War + wholly unprepared to care for the Nation's Defenders, either in health or + in sickness. Transportation facilities were of the poorest! Young men just + from the home, the farm and the college were crowded into cattle cars as + though they were beasts, frequently with no provision whatever for their + comfort. And rarely were proper arrangements made for their reception in + camp. The bewildered soldiers stood for hours under broiling southern sun, + waiting for rations and shelter, while ignorant officers were slowly + learning their unaccustomed duties. At night they were compelled to lie + wrapped in shoddy blankets upon rotten straw. Under such conditions these + brave volunteers suffered severely and camp diseases became alarmingly + prevalent. But the miserable makeshifts used as hospitals were so bad that + sick men fought for the privilege of dying in camp with their comrades + rather than undergo the privations, and sometimes the brutality of + inexperienced and careless attendants in the crowded and poorly equipped + quarters provided by the government. The largest hospital available + contained but forty beds, and not one afforded a trained, efficient, + medical staff. Competent nurses, sanitary kitchens, proper medicines, + means of humanely transporting the sick and wounded, all were wanting + during early months of the war. + </p> + <p> + This condition which the government did almost nothing to remedy led to + the organization of the United States Sanitary Commission. Strangely + enough the founder of this most necessary and timely organization, Rev. H. + W. Bellows, of New York, encountered the opposition of high officials who + deemed the whole plan quixotic. Even President Lincoln at first regarded + the Commission unnecessary and called it "a fifth wheel to the coach." + Brief experience, however, demonstrated that the government could not + provide all that was necessary for the soldier, either in sickness or in + health, and the Sanitary Commission became often the only hope of brave + men in dire distress. In fact, at this day, it is difficult to see how the + Northern cause would have triumphed at all but for the widespread and + wholly helpful activity of the army of Sanitary workers. + </p> + <p> + The greatest difficulty encountered by the leaders of this noble + philanthropy was to provide necessary funds. Again and again it seemed + that the work must stop because the heavily burdened people could give no + more. At sundry critical junctures California came to the rescue, and made + possible the continuance of this "most beneficent of all charities." But + at whose motion, and under whose influence? + </p> + <p> + Fitz Hugh Ludlow says, "Starr King was the Sanitary Commission of + California." This is but slight exaggeration, for King made it his + peculiar mission to raise money as rapidly as possible for the suffering + soldiers. In the interest of the Commission he traveled to every part of + the Coast, and in the face of the greatest obstacles became the principal + factor in raising $1,235,000, about one-fourth of the entire sum + contributed by the country at large. Under the most favorable + circumstances this would have been a phenomenal achievement, but when we + learn that in 1862 a flood destroyed over fifty million dollars' worth of + property in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys; that California + shipping to the extent of six and one-half millions was also destroyed; + that in 1863 a drought entirely ruined the wheat crop, and made hay so + scarce that it sold for sixty dollars a ton, resulting in a stagnation in + business which threw thousands of men out of employment, in view of these + multiplied disasters, we wonder by what fire of patriotism and by what + charm of eloquence, Starr King drew from the people so large a sum for use + on distant battle fields. Old Californians still remember those thrilling + appeals which few could resist. We are almost led to believe in the sober + truth of such extreme eulogy as we find in "Lights and Shadows of the + Pacific Coast," by S. D. Woods, a venerable San Franciscan, who vividly + recalls King's heroic service in that far off time: + </p> + <p> + "King's personality was magnetic and winning. Gentleness radiated from him + as light radiates from the sun. No one could resist the charm and + fascination of his presence. It is hard to make a pen picture of his face, + for there were lines too pure, lights too fleeting to be caught by words. + In the poise of his head there was nobility and power inexpressible. There + was in his face the serenity of one who had seen a vision, and to whom the + vision had become a benediction. At the time of his death he was the first + pulpit orator in America, and without doubt had no superior in the world." + </p> + <p> + This large praise might lead to incredulity were it not for the deliberate + judgment of Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows, that as an orator "Beecher and Chapin + were his only competitors. He was the admirer and friend of both, and both + repaid his affection and his esteem. He had the superior charm of youth + and novelty, with a nature more varied, and more versatile faculties and + endowments than either. He had a far more artistic and formative nature + and genius. His thoughts ran into moulds of beauty." + </p> + <p> + The judgment of California as to Starr King's unequalled service to the + State and the Nation was officially rendered when upon the announcement of + his death, the Legislature adjourned for the space of three days after + resolving "that he had been a tower of strength to the cause of his + country." + </p> + <p> + Brilliant as was the record of King as the champion of the Sanitary + Commission in California it was by no means the beginning and end of his + philanthropic labors. The forlorn condition of the Chinese—as men + without rights of citizenship—stirred his sympathy and he made + earnest effort to secure for them such civic rights as belong to industry. + The cause of labor, seldom thought in those days to come within the scope + of a minister's interest or duty, commanded his eager attention, and he + improved every opportunity to declare his reverence for the world's + workers in earth, and stone, and iron. In a fine passage in a lecture on + "The Earth and the Mechanic Arts," he writes: + </p> + <p> + "If we were to choose from the whole planet a score of men to represent us + on some other globe or in some other system in a great human fair of the + universe, it would not be kings, dukes, prime-ministers, the richest men, + we should appoint as ambassadors to show what our race is, and what it is + doing here, but the great thinkers, artists, and workers, the thinkers in + ink, the thinkers in stone and color, the thinkers in force and homely + matter, the men who are bringing the globe up towards the Creator's + imagination and purpose; and on this mission the leaders of mechanic art + would go side by side with Shakespeare and Milton, Angelo and Wren, Newton + and Cuvier. + </p> + <p> + "In England, now, they are preparing statues of Brunel the engineer, and + the Stephensons, father and son, to be finished and erected about the same + time with those of Macaulay and Havelock. The nation is beginning to bow + to the occupations and the genius that have added to her power ten + thousand fold,—is beginning to bow to labor, noble, glorious, sacred + labor." + </p> + <p> + Not alone in public pleas for unpopular causes but in private charity King + seemed tireless. "He had the rare facility in everything he said and did + of communicating himself; the most precious thing he could bestow." We are + told that a multitude in distress came to this overburdened man. Ringing + his doorbell they found entrance, and always as they came back, the "step + was quicker which was slow before, the head was up which was down before, + and the lips wreathed in smiles that were sad before." + </p> + <p> + Thus we can see that it was not solely his eloquent defense of liberty and + justice which caused a San Francisco journal, reporting his funeral, to + say, "Perhaps more deeply beloved by a vast number of our people than any + other who has lived and toiled and died among us." His good deeds made him + worthy of this, one of the most beautiful eulogies ever given mortal man, + "No heart ever ached because of him until he died." This was Starr King + the philanthropist, a friend to all who needed his friendship. + </p> + <p> + It would almost appear that in telling the story of "Starr King in + California" we were altogether forgetting that he did not come to the + State to influence its political action, or even to alleviate poverty and + distress. He came as a preacher of Liberal Christianity, and to build up + the church that had honored him with a call to its pulpit. Long before he + left Boston it was written concerning him, "That he loved his calling, and + that it was his ambition to pay the debt which every able man is said to + owe to his profession, namely to contribute some work of permanent value + to its literature." At that early period a discriminating critic bears + testimony, "that his piety, pure, deep, tender, serene and warm, took hold + of positive principles of light and beneficence, not the negative ones of + darkness and depravity, and—himself a child of light—he + preached the religion of spiritual joy." + </p> + <p> + It was King's first and chief ambition to be an effective preacher. In a + letter, written in 1855, he says, "How we do need good preaching. Would + that I could preach extempore." A wish that six years later "came true" in + his San Francisco pulpit. In the inspiring atmosphere of his new field, + and under the stress of a great era, King cast his manuscript aside, and + though he made careful preparation, as every man must who speaks worthily, + he never again submitted to the bondage of the "written sermon." To a man + of King's gifts and temperament this was an immense gain. Indeed, + Bostonian Californians were a unit in declaring that Easterners could have + no conception of the man and orator Starr King became in those last great + years of his brief life. + </p> + <p> + Speedily the little church in which he preached proved too small for the + throng of eager listeners who gathered to hear him, and on the 3d day of + December, 1862, the corner stone of a larger and more beautiful edifice + was laid. + </p> + <p> + We shall find it no easy matter to analyze the sources of his power and + popularity. Often-times success and failure are equal mysteries. Doubtless + no small part of his triumph arose from the peculiar character of the new + society to which he brought talents that commanded instant attention. The + eager temper of the time fitted his sincere and earnest spirit. It was a + perfect adjustment of the man and the hour, the workman and his task. + </p> + <p> + No small part of his popularity arose from the fact that he insisted upon + his right and duty as a minister to discuss great questions of state in + the pulpit. The vicious gulf churchmen discover between the sacred and the + secular was hidden from his eyes. All that affected the humblest of his + fellow men appealed to him as part and parcel of the 'gospel of + righteousness he was commissioned to preach. In the old Boston days he had + discussed freely in the pulpit such themes as the "Free Soil Movement," + "The Fugitive Slave Law," and "The Dred Scott Decision." Burning questions + these, and they were handled with no fear of man to daunt the severity of + his condemnation when he declared that in the Dred Scott Decision the + majority of the Supreme Court had betrayed justice for a political + purpose. It was not likely that such a man would remain silent in the + pulpit upon the so-called "war issues" of 1861. Early in that memorable + year he boldly informed his people as to the course he intended to pursue + so long as the war lasted. He would not equivocate and he would not be + silent. Henceforth stirring patriotic sermons, as the demand for them + arose, were the order of the day in the congregation to which he + ministered. The character of these discourses may be partly determined + from such titles as, "The Choice between Barabbas and Jesus," "The Treason + of Judas Iscariot," "Secession in Palestine," and "Rebellion Pictures from + Paradise Lost." "After the lapse of more than sixty years," so the Hon. + Horace Davis assured the writer, "I can distinctly remember the fire and + passion of those terrible indictments of treason and rebellion." + </p> + <p> + "Terrible indictments" truly, and in the storm and tempest of the time + irresistibly attractive to men and women whose sympathies were on fire for + the Northern cause. King's patriotism won for him a liberal hearing on + subjects that otherwise the people would have declined to consider. + </p> + <p> + But we must not forget that "our preacher" was endowed with that rare and + radiant gift, an altogether charming and persuasive personality. + Appearance, manner, voice, were all instruments of attractiveness, fitting + modes of expression to a gentle and noble spirit. When a friend and + comrade of King's earlier ministry was asked to name the preacher's + preeminent gift, he immediately answered, "his voice." The reply seems + trivial. Yet it was seriously spoken by one whose knowledge of King during + his Boston ministry was close and personal. William Everett, who had + listened to New England's renowned orators, to Emerson's sweet and + satisfying voice, and to the music of Wendell Phillip's speech, said of + King, "His was one of the noblest and sweetest voices I ever heard." + Edward Everett Hale once wrote, "Starr King was an orator, whom no one + could silence and no one could answer." Says another, "There was argument + in his very voice. It thrilled and throbbed through an audience like an + organ carrying conviction captive before its wonderful melody." If it is + true that William Pitt once ruled the British Nation by his voice, as good + authority affirms, if it is true, that Daniel O'Connell's voice + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Glided easy as a bird may glide, + And played with each wild passion as it went, +</pre> + <p> + may it not also be true that Starr King's clear, penetrating, musical + voice, answering to the moods of the soul as a loved instrument to the + hand of the player, was in itself a kind of gospel of good will to men? + </p> + <p> + Horace Davis, Starr King's son-in-law, was accustomed to insist that + writers had wholly failed to note one element of the great orator's power, + namely, his humor. Not wit, Mr. Davis would remark, but a most genial and + kindly, and at the same time illuminating humor. A careful examination of + King's published sermons, speeches and lectures gives but slight evidence + of this gift, owing doubtless to false ideas of what constitutes decorum + in the work of a preacher. Occasionally satisfying evidence is found of + the truth of Mr. Davis' judgment, as in the following: + </p> + <p> + "On many a tombstone where it is written, 'Here lies so and so, aged + seventy years', the true inscription would read 'In memory of one who in + seventy years lived about five minutes and that was when he first fell in + love.'" + </p> + <p> + Writing of his lecture work in California which he called "detestable + vagrancy," he says: + </p> + <p> + "There is a great flood in the interior. California is a lake. Rats, + squirrels, locusts, lecturers, and other like pests are drowned out. I am + a home bird, and enjoy it hugely." + </p> + <p> + King greeted the mention of his name as candidate for United States + Senator with the statement, "I would swim to Australia before taking a + political post," and added, "a dandy lives from one necktie to another, a + fashionable woman from one wrinkle to another and a politician from one + election to another." + </p> + <p> + Certainly there is a smile, as well as a truth, in the following: + </p> + <p> + "Our popular definition of a ghost is just the reverse of truth; it makes + one consist of a soul without a body, while really a specter, an illusion, + a humbug of the eyesight and the touch, is a human body not vitalized + through and through with a soul." + </p> + <p> + "King was the best story teller of his time," thought Dr. Bellows. "Gifted + with an exquisite, a delicious sense of the ludicrous, and given to bursts + of uncontrollable merriment, happy as childhood and as innocent," this is + the verdict of one of his earliest biographers,—E. P. Whipple. That + sunny mirth and infectious laughter was no mean element of his power over + the people, we can readily believe. + </p> + <p> + Another explanation of his far reaching influence both in the pulpit and + on the platform, is found in the rare skill with which he made the + discoveries of science, and the beauties of nature, serve his need as a + teacher of morals and religion. And here, again, he was helped by the + spirit of his age. Darwin's "Origin of Species" was published in 1859, a + kind of crown and culmination of a half century of brilliant progress in + science. Starr King but shared the temper of his time as he turned with + delight to the writings of the masters and reveled in the new universe + there revealed. Modern science, which troubled the faith of many, only + deepened and strengthened his own, as he idealized and spiritualized each + new wonder of earth and heaven. The comet of July, 1861, gave noble + opportunity to enforce in his pulpit the religious lessons of that mother + of all the sciences, Astronomy. "I am glad," he began, "at every new + temptation to consider in the pulpit and the Church the wonders and laws + of modern astronomy." + </p> + <p> + "Does it ever occur to you, brethren, how we waste truth? Have you ever + felt what a sad thing it is that so little of the vast accumulation of + inspiring knowledge should reach our deepest, our religious sentiments, to + kindle and feed them? The most certain knowledge which men now hold is + that which is gathered from the sky. Astronomy, dealing with objects + thousands of millions of miles away, and with forces that rule through + limitless space, is the most symmetrical and firm of all the structures of + science which have been reared by the human mind. Immeasurably more than + David could have known, the heavens, as Herschel reads them, declare the + glory of God. Yet how seldom do we think of the splendors and harmonies + which a modern book of astronomy unveils as part of God's appeal to our + wonder; how seldom does the solemn light from the uppermost regions of + immensity, the light of nebulae which science has broken up into heaps of + suns, converge upon a human soul with power enough to stimulate devout awe + and make the heart bend before the Creator of the universe." + </p> + <p> + A few days at Lake Tahoe, when not a hundred white men had visited its + shores, inspired a sermon long remembered by those who heard it, and + today, after numerous nature-sermons by the world's most gifted preachers, + this discourse remains an almost perfect example of what such a sermon + should be. The following single excerpt must suffice to suggest its + beauty: + </p> + <p> + "I must speak of another lesson, connected with religion, that was + suggested to me on the borders of Lake Tahoe. It is bordered by groves of + noble pines. Two of the days which I was permitted to enjoy there were + Sundays. On one of them I passed several hours of the afternoon in + listening, alone, to the murmur of the pines, while the waves were gently + beating the shore with their restlessness. If the beauty and purity of the + lake were in harmony with the deepest religion of the Bible, certainly the + voice of the pines was also in chord with it. + </p> + <p> + "The oracles of Greece are connected with the oak. And the lightness, the + gaiety, the wit, the suppleness, of the Greek mind find in the voice of + the oak their fit representatives; for the oak, though so stubborn and + sinewy in its substances, is cheery and gay in its tone when the wind + strikes it. But the evergreen trees, though so much softer in their stock, + are far deeper and more serious in their music; and the evergreen is the + Hebrew tree. The Cedar of Lebanon is the tree most prominent when we think + of Palestine and the clothing of its hills. As I lay and listened to the + deep, serious, yet soft and welcome sound of those pines by the lake + shore, I thought of the inspiration of old which had wakened such lasting + and wonderful music from the great souls of Israel. When we want knowledge + or the quickening of intellect, we enter the groves of Greece; when we + would find quickening, when we would feel the deeps of the soul appealed + to, we enter the deeper and more sombre woods of Palestine. The voice of + the pine helps us to interpret the Hebrew genius. Its range of expression + is not so great as that of the oak or the elm or the willow or the beech, + but how much richer it is and more welcome in its monotony! How much more + profoundly our souls echo it! How much more deeply does it seem to be in + harmony with the spirit of the air! What grandeur, what tenderness, what + pathos, what heart-searchingness in the swells and cadences of its + 'Andante Maestoso,' when the wind wrestles with it and brings out all its + soul." + </p> + <p> + To the graces and gifts we have mentioned it is but necessary to add that + King's gospel of religion was in itself a veritable glad tidings to the + people. Not a mere deliverance of doubt, or morality veneered with icy + culture, but faith clear, strong and radiantly beautiful. His thought of + God, of Man, of Immortality, was full of comfort and inspiration. "God is + the infinite Christ," he was wont to say. "Jesus revealed under human + limitations the mercy and love of the Father." + </p> + <p> + King rivalled Theodore Parker in the strength and tenderness of his faith + that "man is the child of God." Saint and sinner, master and slave, + learned and ignorant, rich and poor, all are children of the Infinite God,—born + of His love ere the world was, certain of His love when the world shall + have passed away. He felt that if this is not true, there is not enough + left of religion to so much as interest an earnest soul. Religion is + everything,—the sun in the heavens,—or it is a star too + distant, faint and cold, to cast upon our path a single ray of light. + </p> + <p> + And the unseen world! How very real it was to this man of faith and + prayer. The immortal life is the life. These earthly years but lead us + thither. Such was his faith. In excess of world-wisdom we say, "Eternity + is here and now." Well and good. But if we lose for a kind of technicality + the dear old trust in a higher and nobler life beyond the swift-coming + night of death, what have we gained? Said our beloved preacher, our "Saint + of the Pacific Coast," as he lay dying, "I see a great future before me." + Without that vision he would not have been Starr King. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_PART5" id="link2H_PART5"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Part V. In Retrospect + </h2> + <p> + Above that of all other men the fame of the orator is transient. Eloquence + may be "logic on fire" as Dr. Lyman Beecher defined it. Oratory may be, as + Emerson said, "the noblest expression of purely personal energy." But it + is so far personal, so allied to grace of gesture, to charm of manner, to + melody of voice, to perfection of speech, to a commanding presence, that + it carries to the future but a fraction of its power. The cold type and + the insentiate page constitute at best only the record of nature's rarest + gift. + </p> + <p> + Moreover oratory today is at its ebb, as it has been a hundred times + before, and with us the man of eloquence passes to quick oblivion. It + would be futile to deny that the common fate of orators has overtaken + Starr King. Even in California the present generation knows painfully + little of his great services to the State. This is the first serious + attempt, let us hope it will not be the last, accurately to measure the + extent and value of that service so nobly rendered. It is gratifying, + however, to recall that Californians of his own time, and the years + immediately following, paid ample tribute to his work and his memory. + Extraordinary honors, such as never have been given to any private + citizen, were freely and lovingly accorded the patriot-preacher. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of March 4, 1864, the day of King's death, the San + Francisco Bulletin, then, as now, one of the leading papers of the city, + contained the following tribute: + </p> + <p> + "The announcement of the death of Rev. Thomas Starr King startles the + community, and shocks it like the loss of a great battle or tidings of a + sudden and undreamed of public calamity. Certainly no other man on the + Pacific Coast would be missed so much. San Francisco has lost one of her + chief attractions; the State, its noblest orator; the country one of her + ablest defenders." + </p> + <p> + Scarcely forty years of age, a Californian only from 1860 to 1864, he had + in this brief period so won the hearts of men that in honor of his funeral + the legislature and all the courts adjourned, the national authorities + fired minute guns in the bay, while all the flags in the city and on the + ships hung at half-mast, including those of the foreign consuls and those + on the vessels of England, Russia, Hamburg, Columbia and France. It is + believed that in American history no private individual has been so + honored by the federal army and by foreign nations. + </p> + <p> + That Starr King's tomb might serve as a daily reminder to the people of + his unique devotion to Union and Liberty, a city ordinance forbidding + burials within certain districts of the city was set aside, and to this + day his grave can be seen close to one of San Francisco's busy + thoroughfares. Nor is this all. One of the giant trees of the Mariposa + bears his name and a proud dome of the Yosemite is called Starr King. On + the 27th of October, 1892, a beautiful and impressive monument was + dedicated in Golden Gate Park to his memory. Its base bears the + inscription: + </p> + <p> + "In him eloquence, strength and virtue were devoted with fearless courage + to truth, country and his fellow-men." + </p> + <p> + The dedication address was given by the Hon. Irving M. Scott, a leading + business man of San Francisco. Speaking with the care and sobriety the + occasion demanded, Mr. Scott made the following statement, which the + writer believes will also be the sober verdict of history: + </p> + <p> + "We do not say that Starr King determined for California the course which + she pursued; but we do say that he was the most potent factor in effecting + that determination." + </p> + <p> + "The most potent factor in effecting that determination," to establish + this beyond the possibility of cavil or denial, we have told here once + again his inspiring story. The fact that as late as 1913, the Legislature + of California appropriated $10,000 to place a bust of Starr King in our + National Capitol at Washington would seem to indicate that the people have + resolved that this man shall go down to latest generations as par + excellence,—"our hero." + </p> + <p> + It would be natural, and entirely proper, to close by recounting the + numerous tributes that in the years since King's death have been paid to + his memory, in magazines, memoirs, speeches and poems, but it would seem + like sweetness too long drawn out. And, perhaps, few could resist the + feeling that no human being ever really deserved such "largeness of love." + But they seem so real, they ring so true, that the conviction grows almost + to a certainty that here was one who drew men to him by the incarnate + sweetness and nobility of his nature. "Doubtless," writes his friend, and + co-worker in the Sanitary Commission, Dr. Henry W. Bellows, "he had his + own consciousness of imperfection and sin—for he was human, but I + have yet to know and yet to hear the first suggestion of what his faults + and errors were." + </p> + <p> + In no spirit of fulsome adulation did a prominent San Franciscan write, on + the Sunday following King's departure to "what lies beyond," these tender + words, "Bells sadly ringing this Sabbath morning remind me that one pulpit + stands empty; and that it must stand empty, to all intents and purposes, + until the church walls crumble, and pulpit, pillars, and all are resolved + into dust." + </p> + <p> + Another prominent resident of the State, writing a half century later,—seeing + all after the sobering lapse of years, writing as though the cloud of + sorrow for his friend had never been lifted, thus pays his sincere tribute + of respect: + </p> + <p> + "And so, in the prime of life, at the zenith of his achievement, before + its noon, this sweet, great soul passed away, leaving to those who loved + him, dust and anguish. Well do we remember that almost at his death a + minor earthquake shook the city, and men said, 'Even the earth shudders at + the thought that Starr King is dead.'" + </p> + <p> + Of the many poetical tributes, two at least, are of permanent + significance. One by his friend Bret Harte, dear companion of those great + years in San Francisco, on "A Pen of Thomas Starr King," is at once so + penetrating and so just that it well deserves here a place: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "This is the reed the dead musician dropped, + With tuneful magic in its sheath still hidden; + The prompt allegro of its music stopped, + Its melodies unbidden. + + But who shall finish the unfinished strain, + Or wake the instrument to awe and wonder, + And bid the slender barrel breathe again, + An organ-pipe of thunder! + + His pen! what humbler memories cling about + Its golden curves! what shapes and laughing graces + Slipped from its point, when his full heart went out + In smiles and courtly phrases. + + The truth, half jesting, half in earnest flung; + The word of cheer, with recognition in it; + The note of alms, whose golden speech outrung + The golden gift within it. + + But all in vain the enchanter's wand we wave: + No stroke of ours recalls his magic vision: + The incantation that its power gave + Sleeps with the dead magician." +</pre> + <p> + Could Starr King have been given the privilege of selecting his + poet-laureate we may be sure he would have named Whittier. For they were + both lovers of nature and of man. Both earnest abolitionists, intensely + patriotic, loving liberty and the rights of the humblest of God's + creatures, they were kindred spirits. So Whittier wrote not alone for New + England, not alone for East and West, but from the deeps of his own loyal + and gentle soul, as he penned, these beautiful lines: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "The great work laid upon his two-score years + It's done, and well done. If we drop our tears, + Who loved him as few men were ever loved, + We mourn no blighted hope nor broken plan + With him whose life stands rounded and approved + In the full growth and stature of a man. + Mingle, O bells, along the Western slope, + With your deep toll a sound of faith and hope! + Wave cheerily still, O banner, halfway down, + From thousand-masted bay and steepled town! + Let the strong organ with its loftiest swell + Lift the proud sorrow of the land, and tell + That the brave sower saw his ripened grain. + O East and West! O morn and sunset twain + No more forever!—has he lived in vain + Who, priest of Freedom, made ye one and told + Your bridal service from his lips of gold." +</pre> + <p> + Whittier refuses to believe that King's life, though he lived but "two + score years" was a "broken plan." All who believe that life is of divine + ordering, our days, our duty, our destiny to the last hour will, with + resignation, accept this teaching of faith. To others it will seem in the + nature of an irreparable loss that one so good, and so greatly useful, + should have died so young. + </p> + <p> + And though he met death with a smile, and said, "Tell my friends that I + went lovingly, trustfully, peacefully," yet it is true that he was cut off + in the midst of noble dreams of service he would still render humanity. + Some one has said that "aspiration, not achievement, is the measure of + human worth." If this be true, or partly true, we may not pass in silence + the unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King. + </p> + <p> + His first great dream looked toward a career in Boston. He would found a + lectureship, somewhat like, yet most unlike, that afterward conducted by + Joseph Cook. How grandly he would have interpreted from such a platform + the spiritual significance of modern science is made evident in those + great lectures, "Substance and Show," "Laws of Disorder," and in those + memorable sermons dealing with natural phenomena. All the progress of more + than half a century has not rendered them obsolete. They can still be read + with pleasure and profit. + </p> + <p> + King also planned, when leisure should be afforded him, a work in + philosophy. Something of permanent value to all thinkers and students. One + needs but to read King's lecture on "Socrates" to understand how rich and + valuable such a work would have been. Indeed, here are paragraphs that + could have been written only by one of philosophic mood and habit of mind. + How much of modern "New Thought Philosophy" is expressed in the following: + </p> + <p> + "Few acknowledge that thoughts are as substantial as things, that a + feeling is as real as a paving stone, that the soul is a congeries of + actual forces as truly as the body is, that a moral principle is as + persistent and fatal a thing as a chemical agent, and that, in the deeps + of the mind and of society, laws are at work as constant and stern as + those which spin the planets and heave the sea and poise the firmaments." + </p> + <p> + Accepting as the ground work of his philosophy such principles as these + King tells us that "Socrates came to the conclusion that the stone which + his chisel chipped was less substantial than the soul in every human form: + and that the beauty which his cunning carved into the block was less + charming and permanent than the beauty of truth, temperance, and holiness, + which faith and culture could leave upon the invisible essence of man. He + therefore resolved to abandon the lower for the higher art of Sculpture, + and instead of being an artist in marble to be a fashioner of men." + </p> + <p> + King's aptness for historical and philosophical generalization is quite + evident as we read: + </p> + <p> + "Socrates was the father of a new method of study. His thoughts were the + seed corn of systems. His pupils were the teachers of centuries. Each bump + of his brain was the nucleus of a philosophical school. Hardly had he left + the world, than the strong and simple light he shed was scattered in + various hues by the prismatic minds that had surrounded him or that + succeeded him; and in almost every case,—as so often happens when + the strands of the solar beam are brilliantly dishevelled,—the + actinic ray was lost." + </p> + <p> + In all our reading we have never met a description of the Grecian + philosopher so complete and accurate as one brief phrase in the lecture + from which these excerpts are taken, "Socrates, the slouchy ambassador of + reason." Or what could be truer of Socrates and Plato than to say that + "Arm in arm, the stately duke and the democrat of philosophy walk down the + lists of fame?" + </p> + <p> + Read and re-read the closing paragraph of King's "Socrates" impresses the + thoughtful mind more and more by its depth and beauty, and we ask,—what + might not this man in his full maturity and in scholarly leisure have + contributed to enrich the philosophy of our time? + </p> + <p> + "Down the River of Life, by its Athenian banks, he had floated upon his + raft of reason serene, in cloudy as in smiling weather, for seventy years. + And now the night is rushing down, and he has reached the mouth of the + stream, and the great ocean is before him, dim heaving in the dusk. But he + betrays no fear. There is land ahead, he thought; eternal continents there + are, that rise in constant light beyond the gloom. He trusted still in the + raft his soul had built, and with a brave farewell to the few true friends + who stood by him on the shore he put out into the darkness, a moral + Columbus, trusting in his haven on the faith of an idea." + </p> + <p> + It was an open secret among King's friends in California that he meditated + writing of the Yosemite as he had written of the White Hills of New + Hampshire. Had he done so that region of incomparable beauty would have + been known to the people of our country at least twenty years earlier. + What a volume it would have been, "The Beauty and Glory of the Yosemite" + by Starr King! What a vision he would have given us of that mighty gorge; + of the crystal clearness of Mirror Lake; of the majesty of Cathedral Rock, + of Sentinel Dome, or El Capitan; of the bright waterfalls, Vernal and the + Bridal Veil; or in exquisite artistry of word painting how he would have + pictured for us the wonderful coloring of the Yosemite, the morning tints + of gray, the perfect white of noon shading into blue, the afternoon tinge + of silver and gold, the sunset's gauze of crimson, and then the varying + shades of approaching night. But our artist never lived to paint the + picture for us, and are we not the poorer? Is there any such thing in this + sad world as superfluous genius? Let our philosophers answer. At all + events these were the noble and the unfulfilled ambitions of Starr King. + </p> + <p> + It would seem that of American statesmen Mr. King most admired Daniel + Webster. He never shared the feeling of his fellow abolitionists that + Webster's well-known longing to be President had caused him to be false to + liberty, but rather that the great "Defender of the Constitution" + endeavored to preserve the Union for the sake of liberty. As we have + already noted, when the Civil War broke out King found in the service + Webster had rendered the Nation some of his strongest arguments for the + Northern Cause. He was quite ready to accept the judgment of the English + publicist that "Webster was not only the greatest man of his age,—he + was the greatest man of any age." No doubt he had followed every stage of + that momentous career to the very end. All thoughtful Americans went into + retirement with Daniel Webster, and in his last sickness watched in a kind + of reverent awe as his life ebbed away. From the solemn death chamber in + Marshfield, his home by the stormy Atlantic, came tidings of the great + statesman's last moments, in which he repeated, again and again, the Lord's + Prayer and the Twenty-third Psalm. Loving friends bore tearful witness to + the pathos and heavenly beauty of the old words as they fell from the + trembling lips of the dying man, "Yea, though I walk through the valley of + the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for Thou art with me; Thy rod + and Thy staff they comfort me." + </p> + <p> + If it be a coincidence, it is one of striking appropriateness that when + the last hour came to our foremost "Defender of the Constitution and the + Union," that with unclouded mind, here by the Pacific Sea, he, too, should + have passed to his rest, even as the older patriot, whispering with + untroubled faith, "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. Yea, though + I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil." "I + will fear no evil," these were his last words, and it is good to read that + having so spoken, without a struggle or a pang, he entered upon his + exceeding great reward. His work on earth was done, and well done. + </p> + <p> + Here ends Starr King in California, as written by Reverend William Day + Simonds, Published in book form by Paul Elder and Company, and seen + through their Tomoye Press by Ricardo J. Orozco in the city of San + Francisco, during the month of April, Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Starr King in California, by William Day Simonds + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STARR KING IN CALIFORNIA *** + +***** This file should be named 4641-h.htm or 4641-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/6/4/4641/ + +Produced by David Schwan, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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