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diff --git a/old/46122-8.txt b/old/46122-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffd583b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/46122-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3858 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Story of the Pullman Car, by Joseph Husband + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Story of the Pullman Car + +Author: Joseph Husband + +Release Date: June 28, 2014 [EBook #46122] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE PULLMAN CAR *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Underscores are used as delimiters for _italics_] + + + + + THE STORY OF THE + PULLMAN CAR + + +[Illustration: GEORGE MORTIMER PULLMAN + +1831-1897] + + + + + The Story of the + Pullman Car + + BY + JOSEPH HUSBAND + Author of "America at Work" and "A Year in a Coal-Mine." + + _ILLUSTRATED_ + + [Illustration] + + CHICAGO + A. C. McCLURG & CO. + 1917 + + + Copyright + A. C. McCLURG & CO. + 1917 + + Published May, 1917 + + W. F. HALL PRINTING COMPANY, CHICAGO + + + + + To + George Mortimer Pullman + + + + +ACKNOWLEDGMENT + + +Of the many books from which information was drawn for the preparation +of this volume the author wishes to make particular acknowledgment to +_The Modern Railroad_, by Mr. Edward Hungerford, to the article "Railway +Passenger Travel," by Mr. Horace Porter, published in _Scribner's +Magazine_, September, 1888; and to _Contemporary American Biography_, +as well as to the many newspapers and magazines from whose files +information and extracts have been freely drawn. + + J. H. + + Chicago, April, 1917 + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER PAGE + + I The Birth of Railroad Transportation 1 + + II The Evolution of the Sleeping Car 19 + + III The Rise of a Great Industry 39 + + IV The Pullman Car in Europe 61 + + V The Survival of the Fittest 73 + + VI The Town of Pullman 89 + + VII Inventions and Improvements 99 + + VIII How the Cars are Made 123 + + IX The Operation of the Pullman Car 133 + + Index 159 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE + + George Mortimer Pullman _Frontispiece_ + + One of the earliest types of American passenger car 8 + + First locomotive built for actual service in America 9 + + Early passenger cars 11 + + American "Bogie" car in use in 1835 12 + + Cars and locomotive of 1845 14 + + Car in use in 1844 20 + + Car of 1831 21 + + Midnight in the old coaches 23 + + "Convenience of the new sleeping cars" 24 + + Early type of sleeping car 28 + + J. L. Barnes, first Pullman car conductor 32 + + One of the first cars built by George M. Pullman 42 + + The car in the daytime 42 + + Making up the berths 42 + + George M. Pullman explaining details of car construction 46 + + One of the first Pullman cars in which meals were served 52 + + The first parlor car, 1875 58 + + Interior of Pullman car of 1880 64 + + The rococo period car 68 + + More ornate interiors 74 + + The latest Pullman parlor car 76 + + First step in building the car 84 + + Fitting the car for steam and electricity 90 + + Work on steel plates for inside panels 90 + + Preparing the steel frame for an upper section 94 + + Sand blasting brass trimmings 94 + + Machine section, steel erecting shop 100 + + Fitting up the steel car underframe 100 + + Making cushions for the seats 104 + + Making chairs for parlor cars 104 + + Making frame end posts 106 + + Assembling steel car partitions 106 + + The vestibule in its earliest form 108 + + Axle generator for electric lighting 110 + + The sewing room, upholstering department 114 + + Forming steel parts for interior finish 118 + + Forming steel shapes for interior framing 118 + + Punching holes for screws 124 + + Shaping steel panelling 124 + + Riveting the underframe 126 + + Steel end posts in position 126 + + Type of early truck 128 + + Modern cast-steel truck 128 + + Ready for the interior fittings 130 + + Interior work 130 + + Pullman sleeping car, latest design 134 + + Front end of a private car dining room 136 + + Rear end of a private car dining room 136 + + Robert T. Lincoln, ex-President 138 + + Bedroom of a private car 142 + + Observation section of a private car 142 + + Modern Pullman steel sleeping car ready for the night 146 + + Modern Pullman steel sleeping car during the day 146 + + Cleaning and disinfecting the Pullman car 152 + + John S. Runnells, President 156 + + + + +THE STORY OF THE PULLMAN CAR + + + + +CHAPTER I + +THE BIRTH OF RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION + + +Since those distant days when man's migratory instinct first prompted +him to find fresh hunting fields and seek new caves in other lands, +human energy has been constantly employed in moving from place to place. +The fear of starvation and other elementary causes prompted the earliest +migrations. Conquest followed, and with increasing civilization came the +establishment of constant intercourse between distant places for reasons +that found existence in military necessity and commercial activity. + +For centuries the sea offered the easiest highway, and the fleets +of Greece and Rome carried the culture and commerce of the day to +relatively great distances. Then followed the natural development +of land communication, and at once arose the necessity not only for +vehicles of transportation but for suitable roads over which they might +pass with comfort, speed, and safety. Over the Roman roads the commerce +of a great empire flowed in a tumultuous stream. Wheeled vehicles +rumbled along the highways--heavy springless carts to carry the +merchandise, lightly rolling carriages for the comfort of wealthy +travelers. + +The elementary principle still remains. The wheel and the paved way of +Roman days correspond to the four-tracked route of level rails and the +ponderous steel wheels of the mighty Mogul of today. In speed, scope, +capacity, and comfort has the change been wrought. + +The English stagecoach marked a sharp advance in the progress of +passenger transportation. With frequent relays of fast horses a fair +rate of speed was maintained, and comfort was to a degree effected by +suspension springs of leather and by interior upholstery. + +An interesting example of the height of luxury achieved by coach +builders was the field carriage of the great Napoleon, which he used +in the campaign of 1815. This carriage was captured by the English at +Waterloo, and suffered the ignominious fate of being later exhibited +in Madame Tussaud's wax-work show in London. The coach was a model of +compactness, and contained a bedstead of solid steel so arranged that +the occupant's feet rested in a box projecting beyond the front of the +vehicle. Over the front windows was a roller blind, which, when pulled +down admitted the air but excluded rain. The _secrétaire_ was fitted up +for Napoleon by Marie Louise, with nearly a hundred articles, including +a magnificent breakfast service of gold, a writing desk, perfumes, +and spirit lamp. In a recess at the bottom of the toilet box were two +thousand gold napoleons, and on the top of the box were places for the +imperial wardrobe, maps, telescopes, arms, liquor case, and a large +silver chronometer by which the watches of the army were regulated. In +such quarters did the great emperor jolt along over the execrable roads +of Eastern Europe. + +The stagecoach was established in England as a public conveyance +early in the sixteenth century, and soon regular routes were developed +throughout the country. Now for the first time a closed vehicle +afforded travelers comparative comfort during their journey, and in the +stagecoach with its definite schedule may be seen the early prototype of +the modern passenger railroad. For three centuries the stagecoach slowly +developed, and its popularity carried it to the continent and later +to America. But by a radical invention transportation was suddenly +transformed. + +As early as the middle of the sixteenth century, and actually +contemporaneous with the inception of the stagecoach, railways, or +wagon-ways, had their origin. At first these primitive railways were +built exclusively to serve the mining districts of England and consisted +of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons might be moved with +greater ease than over the rough and rutted roads. + +The next step forward was brought about by the natural wear of the +wheels on the wooden tracks, and consisted of a method of sheathing the +rails with thin strips of iron. To avoid the buckling which soon proved +a fault of this innovation, the first actual iron rails were cast in +1767 by the Colebrookdale Iron Works. These rails were about three feet +in length and were flanged to keep the wagon wheels on the track. + +For a number of years this simple type of railroad existed with little +change. Over it freight alone was carried, and its natural limitations +and high cost, compared with the transportation afforded by canals, +seemed to hold but little promise for future expansion. + +As early as 1804 Richard Trevithick had experimented with a steam +locomotive, and in the ten years following other daring spirits +endeavored to devise a practical application of the steam engine to the +railway problem. But in 1814 George Stephenson's engine, the "Blucher," +actually drew a train of eight loaded wagons, a total weight of thirty +tons, at a speed of four miles an hour, and the age of the steam +railroad had begun. + +The first railroad to adopt steam as its motive power was the Stockton +& Darlington, a "system" comprising three branches and a total of +thirty-eight miles of track. On the advice of Stephenson, horse power +was not adopted and several steam engines were built to afford the +motive power. This road was opened on September 27, 1825, and preceded +by a signalman on horseback a train of thirty-four vehicles weighing +about ninety tons departed from the terminus with the applause of the +amazed spectators. + +The novelty of this new venture soon appealed so strongly to popular +fancy that a month later a passenger coach was added, and a daily +schedule between Stockton & Darlington was inaugurated. + +This first railway carriage for the transportation of passengers was +aptly named the "Experiment." Consisting of the body of a stagecoach it +accommodated approximately twenty-five passengers, of which number six +found accommodations within, while the others perched on the exterior +and the roof of the vehicle. The fare for the trip was one shilling, and +each passenger was permitted to carry fourteen pounds of baggage. + +This early adaption of the stagecoach to the rapidly developed demand +for passenger service necessitated the coinage of a new terminology, and +it is not surprising that many words of stagecoach days remained. Among +these "coach" is still preserved, and in England the engineer is still +called the "driver"; the conductor, "guard"; locomotive attendants in +the roundhouse, "hostlers," and the roundhouse tracks the "stalls." + +In 1829 a prize of five hundred pounds ($2,500) for the best engine was +offered by the directors of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway which was +to be opened in the following year, and at the trial which was held in +October three locomotives constructed on new and high-speed principles +were entered. These were the "Rocket" by George and Robert Stephenson, +the "Novelty" by John Braithwaite and John Erickson, and the +"Sanspareil" by Timothy Hackworth. Due to the failure of the "Novelty" +and the "Sanspareil" to complete the trial run and the successful +performance of the "Rocket" in meeting the terms of the competition, +the Stephensons were awarded the prize and received an order for seven +additional locomotives. It is interesting to learn that on its initial +trip the "Rocket" attained the unprecedented speed of twenty-five miles +an hour. + +In 1819 Benjamin Dearborn, of Boston, memorialized Congress in regard +to "a mode of propelling wheel-carriages" for "conveying mail and +passengers with such celerity as has never before been accomplished, +and with complete security from robbery on the highway," by "carriages +propelled by steam on level railroads, furnished with accommodations +for passengers to take their meals and rest during the passage, as +in packet; and that they be sufficiently high for persons to walk in +without stooping." Congress, however, failed to call this memorial from +the committee to which it was referred. + +[Illustration: _One of the earliest types of an American passenger +car, drawn by Peter Cooper's experimental locomotive, "Tom Thumb." The +tubular boilers of the locomotive were made from gun barrels._] + +The development of the locomotive in America approximates its +development in England. As early as 1827 four miles of track were laid +between Quincy and Boston for the transportation of granite for the +Bunker Hill Monument. Horses furnished the power, and the cars were +drawn over wooden rails fastened to stone sleepers. + +[Illustration: _"The Best Friend," the first locomotive built for actual +service in America, hauling the first excursion train on the South +Carolina Railroad, January 15, 1831._] + +But reports of the wonders of the new English railways soon crossed +the water, and in 1828 Horatio Allen was commissioned by the Delaware & +Hudson Canal Company to purchase four locomotives in England for use +on its new line from Carbondale to Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Of these +locomotives three were constructed by Foster, Rastrick, and Company, of +Stourbridge, and one by George Stephenson. The first engine to arrive +was the "Stourbridge Lion" and on the ninth of August, 1829, it was +placed on the primitive wooden rails and, to the amazement of the +spectators, Allen opened the throttle and in a cloud of smoke and +hissing steam moved down the track at the prodigious speed of ten miles +an hour. + +One of the first railways in America was the old Mohawk & Hudson, which +was chartered by an act of the New York legislature on April 17, 1826. +The commissioners who were entrusted with the duty of organizing the +company met for the purpose in the office of John Jacob Astor, in New +York City, on July 29, 1826. One of their first official acts was to +appoint Peter Heming chief engineer and send him to England to examine +as to the feasibility of building a railroad. Mr. Heming's salary was +fixed at $1,500 a year. In due course of time he returned from his +European visit of observation and reported in favor of the project +under consideration. Notwithstanding that he was absent six months, the +expenses of his trip, charged by him to the company, were only $335.59. +The road first used horse power and later on adopted steam for use in +the day time, retaining horses, however, for night work. It was not +deemed safe to use steam after dark. At first the trains consisted +of one car each, in construction closely resembling the old-fashioned +stagecoach. + +The road connected the two towns of Albany and Schenectady, and was +seventeen miles in length, but the portion operated by steam was only +fourteen miles in length, horses being used on the inclined plane +division from the top of one hill to the top of another. + +[Illustration: _Early passenger cars, designed after the then prevalent +type of horse coach. These cars were part of the train that ran on the +formal opening of the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad (the first link of the +New York Central System) on July 5, 1831._] + +Three years later a prize of $4,000 was offered by the Baltimore & Ohio +Company for an American engine, and the following year a locomotive +constructed by Davis and Gastner won the award by drawing fifteen tons +at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. In 1832, Matthias W. Baldwin, +founder of the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, designed his +first locomotive, "Old Ironsides," for the Philadelphia, Germantown & +Morristown Railroad; and soon after his second locomotive, the "E. L. +Miller," was put in service on the South Carolina Railroad. + +[Illustration: _One of the first important improvements made by America +in passenger cars was the introduction of the "bogie," or truck; the +short curves of the American roads compelling the abandonment of the +English type of four-wheeled car with rigid axles. The illustration +shows a "bogie" car used on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1835._] + +The first passenger service to be put in regular operation in America +must be credited to the Charleston & Hamburg Railroad in the late fall +of 1830. The following year construction was begun on the Boston & +Lowell Railroad, and in the same year a passenger train, previously +mentioned, was put in service between Albany and Schenectady on the new +Mohawk & Hudson Railroad. + +The journal of Samuel Breck of Boston, affords an interesting glimpse of +the conditions of contemporary railroad travel: + + _July 22, 1835._ This morning at nine o'clock I took passage on a + railroad car (from Boston) for Providence. Five or six other cars + were attached to the locomotive, and uglier boxes I do not wish to + travel in. They were made to stow away some thirty human beings, who + sit cheek by jowl as best they can. Two poor fellows who were not + much in the habit of making their toilet, squeezed me into a corner, + while the hot sun drew from their garments a villainous compound + of smells made up of salt fish, tar, and molasses. By and by just + twelve--only twelve--bouncing factory girls were introduced, who + were going on a party of pleasure to Newport. "Make room for the + ladies!" bawled out the superintendent. "Come gentlemen, jump up on + top; plenty of room there!" "I'm afraid of the bridge knocking + my brains out," said a passenger. Some made one excuse, and some + another. For my part, I flatly told him that since I had belonged to + the corps of Silver Grays I had lost my gallantry and did not intend + to move. The whole twelve were, however, introduced, and soon made + themselves at home, sucking lemons, and eating green apples.... The + rich and the poor, the educated and the ignorant, the polite and the + vulgar, all herd together in this modern improvement in traveling + ... and all this for the sake of doing very uncomfortably in two + days what would be done delightfully in eight or ten. + +[Illustration: _Cars and locomotive in use on the Camden & Amboy +Railroad in 1845. The cars were heated by wood stoves, the glass sash +was stationary, and ventilation was possible only from a wooden-panelled +window which could be raised a few inches._] + +To follow further the rapid development of the railroad in America would +require many volumes. As the canal building fever had seized the fancy +of the American public in preceding years, so a similar enthusiasm +was instantly kindled in the new railroad, and railroad travel became +immediately the most popular diversion. In a relatively few years a web +of track carried the smoking locomotive and its rumbling train of cars +throughout the country. Crude, and lacking almost every convenience +of the passenger coach of the present day, the early railway carriage +served fully its new-born function. To the latter half of the century +was reserved the development of those refinements which have rendered +travel safe and comfortable, and the perfecting of those vast +organizations that have placed in American hands the railroad supremacy +of the world. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE EVOLUTION OF THE SLEEPING CAR + + +The history of improved railway travel may be said to date from the year +1836, when the first sleeping car was offered to the traveling public. +In the years which followed the actual inception of the railroad in +the United States, railway travel was fraught with discomfort and +inconvenience beyond the realization of the present day. Travel by +canal boat had at least offered a relative degree of comfort, for here +comfortable berths in airy cabins were provided as well as good meals +and entertainment, but the locomotive, by its greatly increased speed +over the plodding train of tow mules, instantly commanded the situation, +and as the mileage of the pioneer roads increased, travel by boat +proportionately languished. + +The first passenger cars were little better than boxes mounted on +wheels. Over the uneven track the locomotive dragged its string of +little coaches, each smaller than the average street car of today. From +the engine a pall of suffocating smoke and glowing sparks swept back +on the partially protected passengers. Herded like cattle they settled +themselves as comfortably as possible on the stiff-backed, narrow +benches. The cars were narrow and scant head clearance was afforded +by the low, flat roof. From the dirt roadbed a cloud of dust blew in +through open windows, in summer mingled with the wood smoke from the +engine. In winter, a wood stove vitiated the air. Screens there were +none. By night the dim light from flaring candles barely illuminated the +cars. + +[Illustration: _Car in use in 1844 on the Michigan Central Railroad. +Interesting as showing the rapid improvement in passenger coaches and +how soon they approached the modern type of car in general appearance._] + +In addition to these physical discomforts were added the dangers +attending the operation of trains entirely unprotected by any of the +safety devices now so essential to the modern railroad. No road boasted +of a double track; there was no telegraph by which to operate the +trains. The air brake was unknown until 1869, when George Westinghouse +received his patent. The Hodge hand brake which was introduced in 1849 +was but a poor improvement on the inefficient hand brake of the earlier +days. The track was usually laid with earth ballast and the rail joints +might be easily counted by the passengers as the cars pounded over them. +Add to these discomforts the necessity of frequent changes from one +short line to another when it was necessary for the passengers each time +to purchase new tickets and personally pick out their baggage, due to +the absence of coupon tickets and baggage checks, and the joys of the +tourist may be realized. + +[Illustration: _Car constructed by M. P. and M. E. Green of Hoboken, New +Jersey, in 1831 for the Camden & Amboy Railroad._] + +As early as 1836 the officers of the Cumberland Valley Railroad of +Pennsylvania installed a sleeping-car service between Harrisburg and +Chambersburg. This first sleeping car was, as was later the first +Pullman car, an adaption of an ordinary day coach to sleeping +requirements. It was divided into four compartments in each of which +three bunks were built against one side of the car, and in the rear of +the car were provided a towel, basin, and water. No bed clothes were +furnished and the weary passengers fully dressed reclined on rough +mattresses with their overcoats or shawls drawn over them, doubtless +marveling the while at the fruitfulness of modern invention. As time +went on other similar cars, with berths arranged in three tiers on one +side of the car, were adopted by various railroads, and occasional but +in no manner fundamental improvements were made. Candles furnished the +light, and the heat was supplied by box stoves burning wood or sometimes +coal. For a number of years these makeshift cars found an appreciative +patronage, and temporarily served the patrons of the road. + +[Illustration: _Midnight in the old coaches previous to the introduction +of the Pullman sleeping car. A night journey in those days was something +to be dreaded._] + +In the next ten years similar "bunk" cars were adopted by other +railroads, but improvements were negligible and their only justification +existed in the ability of the passengers to recline at length during the +long night hours. The innovation of bedding furnished by the railroad +marked a slight progress, but the rough and none too clean sheets and +blankets which the passengers were permitted to select from a closet +in the end of the car, must have failed even in that day to give +satisfaction to the fastidious. + +But in the early fifties these very inconveniences fired the imagination +of a young traveler who had bought a ticket on a night train between +Buffalo and Westfield, and in his alert mind was inspired, as he +tossed sleepless in his bunk, the first vision of a car that would +revolutionize the railroad travel of the world and of a system that +would present to the traveling public a mighty organization whose first +purpose would be to contribute safety, convenience, luxury and a uniform +and universal service from coast to coast. + +George Mortimer Pullman was born in Brockton, Chautauqua County, New +York, March 3, 1831. His early schooling was limited to the country +schoolhouse, and at the age of fourteen his education was completed and +he obtained employment at a salary of $40 a year in a small store in +Westfield, New York, that supplied the neighboring farmers with their +simple necessities. But the occupation of a country storekeeper failed +to fix the restless mind of the boy, and three years later he packed his +few possessions and moved to Albion, New York, where an older brother +had developed a cabinet-making business. + +[Illustration: Harpers Weekly MAY 28, 1859. + +CONVENIENCE OF THE NEW SLEEPING CARS. + +(_Timid Old Gent, who takes a berth in the Sleeping Car, listens._) + +BRAKEMAN. "Jim, do you think the Millcreek Bridge safe to-night?" + +CONDUCTOR. "If Joe cracks on the steam, I guess we'll get the Engine and +Tender over all right. I'm going forward!"] + +Here Pullman found a wider field for his natural abilities, and at the +same time acquired a knowledge of wood working and construction that +was soon to afford the foundation for larger enterprises. During the ten +years that followed there were times when the demands on the little shop +of the Pullman brothers failed to afford sufficient occupation for the +two young cabinet makers, and the younger brother, eager to improve his +opportunities, began to accept outside contracts of various sorts. The +state of New York had begun to widen the Erie Canal which passed through +Albion. Clustered on its banks were numerous warehouses and other +buildings, and the young man soon proved his ability to contract +successfully for the necessary moving of these buildings back to the +new banks of the canal. The venture was successful. An opportunity +fortuitously created was seized, and not only was an increased +livelihood secured, but the wider scope of this new activity gave the +young man an increased confidence in himself on which to enlarge his +future activities. + +It was during these years that George M. Pullman experienced his first +night travel and the hardships of the sleeping car accommodations. As +Fulton and Watt and Stephenson, in the crude steam engine of their +time, saw the locomotive and marine engine of today, so in this bungling +sleeper George M. Pullman saw the modern sleeping car and the vast +system he was in time to originate. In his mind a score of ideas were +immediately presented and on his return to Albion he discussed the +possibility of their amplification with Assemblyman Ben Field, a warm +friend in these early days. + +The contracting business had increased Pullman's field of observation, +it had stimulated his invention, it had accustomed him to the management +of men. When the widening of the Erie Canal had been accomplished, the +field for his new vocation was practically eliminated; and it was but +natural that the ambition of youth could not be satisfied to return to +the cabinet-making business. Westward lay the future. In the new town +of Chicago, which had in so few years grown up at the foot of Lake +Michigan, young men were already building world enterprises. Chicago, +named from the wild onion that grew in the marsh lands about the winding +river, offered promise of greatness. Its romantic growth seized the +imagination of the youthful Albion contractor. + +Naturally his first thought was to profit by his contracting experience, +and again a happy chance favored him. Built on the low land behind the +sand dunes and south of the sluggish river Chicago suffered from a lack +of proper drainage. Mud choked the streets; cellars were wells of water +after every rain. In 1855, the year of his arrival, Pullman made a +contract to raise the level of certain of the city streets. It was a +bold undertaking, but his confidence knew no hesitation, and the work +was satisfactorily accomplished. Other contracts followed, and in a +short time Pullman had built himself a substantial reputation and had +raised a number of blocks of brick and stone buildings, including the +famous Tremont House, to the new level. + +Chicago in 1858 was a town of 100,000 population. Here Cyrus H. +McCormick had built his reaper factory on the banks of the river. Here +R. T. Crane was laying the small foundation for the mighty industry of +future years. Here Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter were rising junior +partners in their growing business, and here the future heads of the +meat-packing industry were developing their mighty business. To the +country boy from a New York village, its muddy streets and rows of frame +and brick buildings savored of a metropolis; in its naked newness he +sensed the vital energy that was so soon to place it among the cities of +the world. + +[Illustration: Early type of sleeping car. The traveler rarely removed +more than his outer clothing, and oftentimes kept his boots on] + +But even during these years of untiring activity the thought of a +radical improvement in railway car construction was constantly working +in the brain of the young contractor, and in 1858 he determined to give +his ideas the practical test. The story of this first application of +these revolutionizing ideas to the railroad coaches then in use is best +told in the words of Leonard Seibert, who was at that time an employee +on the Chicago & Alton Railroad. + + In 1858 Mr. Pullman came to Bloomington and engaged me to do the + work of remodelling two Chicago & Alton coaches into the first + Pullman sleeping-cars. The contract was that Mr. Pullman should make + all necessary changes inside of the cars. After looking over the + entire passenger car equipment of the road, which at that time + constituted about a dozen cars, we selected Coaches Nos. 9 and 19. + They were forty-four feet long, had flat roofs like box cars, single + sash windows, of which there were fourteen on a side, the glass in + each sash being only a little over one foot square. The roof was + only a trifle over six feet from the floor of the car. Into this + car we got ten sleeping-car sections, besides a linen locker and two + washrooms--one at each end. + + The wood used in the interior finish was cherry. Mr. Pullman + was anxious to get hickory, to stand the hard usage which it was + supposed the cars would receive. I worked part of the summer of + 1858, employing an assistant or two, and the cars went into service + in the fall of 1858. There were no blue-prints or plans made for the + remodelling of these first two sleeping-cars, and Mr. Pullman and I + worked out the details and measurements as we came to them. The two + cars cost Mr. Pullman not more than $2,000, or $1,000 each. They + were upholstered in plush, lighted by oil lamps, heated with box + stoves, and mounted on four-wheel trucks with iron wheels. There was + no porter in those days; the brakeman made up the beds. + +In the construction of these first sleeping cars Mr. Pullman introduced +his invention of upper berth construction by means of which the upper +berth might be closed in the day time and also serve as a receptacle for +bedding. Other improvements and devices were worked out and tested, and +from these first experiments were drawn the detailed plans from which +the first cars entirely constructed by him were made. Although without +technical training himself, Mr. Pullman was quick to recognize the +necessity of skilled assistance to express and improve his embryonic +ideas. To this end he soon established a small workshop, and employing +a number of skilled mechanics set himself to the mastery of the problems +which confronted him. + +Another interesting personal reminiscence of the first days of the +Pullman car is afforded by J. L. Barnes, who was in charge of the first +car run from Bloomington to Chicago over the Chicago & Alton. + + Mr. Pullman had an office on Madison Avenue just west of LaSalle + Street and I boarded with a family very close to his office. I used + to pass his office on my to meals, and having read in the paper + that he was working on a sleeping car, one day I stopped in and made + application to Mr. Pullman personally for a place as conductor. I + gave him some references and called again and he said the references + were all right and promised me the place. I made my first trip + between Bloomington, Illinois, and Chicago on the night of September + 1, 1859. I was twenty-two years old at the time. I wore no uniform + and was attired in citizen's clothes. I wore a badge, that was all. + One of my passengers was George M. Pullman, inventor of the sleeping + car.... All the passengers were from Bloomington and there were + no women on the car that night. The people of Bloomington, little + reckoning that history was being made in their midst, did not come + down to the station to see the Pullman car's first trip. There was + no crowd, and the car, lighted by candles, moved away in solitary + grandeur, if such it might be called.... I remember on the first + night I had to compel the passengers to take their boots off before + they got into the berths. They wanted to keep them on--seemed afraid + to take them off. + + The first month business was very poor. People had been in the habit + of sitting up all night in the straight back seats and they did not + think much of trying to sleep while traveling.... After I had made + a few trips it was decided it did not pay to employ a Pullman + conductor, and the car was placed in charge of the passenger + conductor of the train which carried the sleeping car, and I was out + of a job. + + The first Pullman car was a primitive thing. Beside being lighted + with candles it was heated by a stove at each end of the car. + There were no carpets on the floor, and the interior of the car was + arranged in this way: There were four upper and four lower berths. + The backs of the seats were hinged and to make up the lower berth + the porter merely dropped the back of the seat until it was level + with the seat itself. Upon this he placed a mattress and blanket. + There was no sheets. The upper berth was suspended from the ceiling + of the car by ropes and pulleys attached to each of the four corners + of the berth. The upper berths were constructed with iron rods + running from the floor of the car to the roof, and during the day + the berth was pulled up until it hugged the ceiling, there being + a catch which held it up. At night it was suspended about half-way + between the ceiling of the car and the floor. We used curtains in + front and between all the berths. In the daytime one of the sections + was used to store all the mattresses in. The car had a very low deck + and was quite short. It had four wheel trucks and with the exception + of the springs under it was similar to the freight car of today. The + coupler was "link and pin;" we had no automatic brakes or couplers + in those days. There was a very small toilet room in each end, only + large enough for one person at a time. The wash basin was made of + tin. The water for the wash basin came from the drinking can which + had a faucet so that people could get a drink. + +[Illustration: J. L. Barnes, the first Pullman car conductor, whose +reminiscences of that early period are quoted in this book] + +The two remodeled Chicago & Alton coaches were instantly accepted by the +public, but despite their popularity, and the popularity of a third +car which followed them, their originator considered them merely as +experiments and in 1864 plans for the first actual Pullman car were +completed which gave promise of a car radically different in its +construction, appointments, and arrangement from anything heretofore +attempted. Into this car Pullman resolutely cast the small capital that +he had accumulated; in its success he placed the unswerving confidence +that characterized his clear vision and indomitable determination to +succeed. This model car was built in Chicago on the site of the present +Union Station in a shed belonging to the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at +a cost of $18,239.31, without its equipment, and almost a year was +required before it was ready for service. Fully equipped and ready for +service it represented an investment of $20,178.14. The "Pioneer" was +the name chosen for its designation, and with the faith that other cars +would soon be required the letter "A" was added, an indication that even +Mr. Pullman's vision failed to anticipate the possible demand beyond the +twenty-six letters of the alphabet. + +Never before had such a car been seen; never had the wildest flights of +fancy imagined such magnificence. Up to the building of the "Pioneer" +$5,000 had represented the maximum that had ever been spent on a single +railroad coach. It was unbelievable that this $18,000 investment could +yield a remunerative return. The "Pioneer" had improved trucks with +springs reinforced by blocks of solid rubber; it was a foot wider and +two and a half feet higher than any car then in service, the additional +height being necessary to accommodate the hinged upper berth of Mr. +Pullman's invention. Combined with its unusual strength, weight, and +solidity, its beauty and the artistic character of its furnishing and +decoration were unprecedented. At one stride an advance of fifty years +had been effected. + +A further proof of Mr. Pullman's faith in the success of the "Pioneer" +type of car is illustrated by the fact that due to its increased height +and breadth the dimensions of station platforms and bridges at the +time of its construction would not permit its passage over any existing +railroad. It is said that these necessary changes were hastened in the +spring of 1865 by the demand that the new "Pioneer" be attached to the +funeral train which conveyed the body of President Lincoln from Chicago +to Springfield. In this way one railroad was quickly adapted to the new +requirements, and a few years later when the "Pioneer" was engaged to +take General Grant on a trip from Detroit to his home town of Galena, +Illinois, another route was opened to its passage. + +Other roads soon made the necessary alterations to permit the passage of +the "Pioneer" and its sister cars which were now under construction. The +"Pioneer" had, by this time, won wide recognition and popularity, and a +few months later was put in regular service on the Alton Road. So +well were its dimensions calculated by Mr. Pullman that the "Pioneer" +immediately became the model by which all railroad cars were measured, +and to this day practically the only changes in dimensions have been in +increased length. + +To secure the continuous use of the "Pioneer" and other similar cars an +agreement was effected between Mr. Pullman and the Chicago & Alton which +marked the beginning of the vast system which today embraces the entire +country and makes possible continuous and luxurious travel over a large +number of distinct railroads. Thus in the space of a few years George M. +Pullman not only evolved a type of railroad car luxurious and beautiful +in design and embracing in its construction patents of great originality +and ingenuity, but, in addition, evolved the rudimentary conception of +a system by which passengers might be carried to any destination in cars +of uniform construction, equipped for day or night travel, and served +and protected by trained employees whose sole function is to provide for +the passengers' safety, comfort, and convenience. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE RISE OF A GREAT INDUSTRY + + +The "Pioneer" had cost Mr. Pullman $20,000. Compared with the finest +sleeping cars previously in use, it was clearly evident that a new +development in luxurious travel had been accomplished. The best ordinary +sleeping cars were considered expensive at $4,000. There was no more +comparison between the "Pioneer" and its predecessors in comfort than +in cost. But it remained to be seen what the public would think of it; +whether they preferred luxury, comfort, and real service, to hardship, +discomfort, and no service at a lower cost. + +The new cars were larger, heavier, and more substantial than any +previously constructed. Increased safety was one of their advantages. +Moreover, they were far more beautiful from every aspect--artistically +painted, richly decorated, and furnished with fittings for that day +remarkable for their elaborate nature. They were universally admired, +and quickly became the topic of interest among the traveling public. It +is remarkable that at this early date the two features of the +Pullman car which characterize it today--the features of safety and +luxury--should have been so clearly defined. + +It is human nature to accept each step forward as a new standard and it +is characteristically American to refuse to accept an inferior article +as soon as one superior is available, even if at greater cost. +The "Pioneer" and its successors established such a standard, and +immediately those accustomed and able to afford the increased rate +required by the greater investment in the car, gladly and thankfully +accepted it; while those whose nature usually inclines to haggling when +the purse is touched, were convinced of the worth of the innovation +by the assurance against disaster which the weight and strength of the +Pullman cars assured. + +The next car constructed by Mr. Pullman, after the "Pioneer" cost +$24,000. And very soon after several additional cars were built at +approximately the same cost, and were put in operation on the Michigan +Central Railroad. Here was the great test. In these luxurious carriages +and in the verdict of the traveling public rested the future of Mr. +Pullman's project. The question simply resolved itself to this: Did the +public want them? In the old sleeping cars a berth had cost considerably +less than it was necessary to charge for one in the new Pullman cars. +In the mind of the inventor there was no question as to the verdict. The +railroad authorities were equally certain the other way. They did not +think the public would pay the extra sum. + +There was but one way to decide, and Mr. Pullman made the suggestion +that both Pullman cars and old style sleeping cars be operated on the +same train at their respective prices. The results would show. + +What happened is best described in the words of a contemporary writer. + + Mr. Pullman suggested that the matter be submitted to the decision + of the traveling public. He proposed that the new cars, with their + increased rate, be put on trains with the old cars at the cheaper + rate. If the traveling public thought the beauty of finish, the + increased comfort, and the safety of the new cars worth $2 per + night, there were the $24,000 cars; if, on the other hand, they were + satisfied with less attractive surroundings at a saving of 50 cents, + the cheaper cars were at their disposal. It was a simple submission + without argument of the plain facts on both sides of the issue--in + other words, an application of the good American doctrine of + appealing to the people as the court of highest resort. + + The decision came instantly and in terms which left no opening for + discussion. The only travelers who rode in the old cars were those + who were grumbling because they could not get berths in the new + ones. After running practically empty for a few days, the cars in + which the price for a berth was $1.50 were withdrawn from service, + and Pullmans, wherein the two-dollar tariff prevailed, were + substituted in their places, and this for the very potent reason, + that the public insisted upon it. Nor did the results stop there. + The Michigan Central Railway, charging an extra tariff of fifty + cents per night as compared with other eastern lines, proved an + aggressive competitor of those lines, not in spite of the extra + charge, but because of it, and of the higher order of comfort and + beauty it represented. Then followed a curious reversal of the usual + results of competition. Instead of a levelling down to the cheaper + basis on which all opposition was united, there was a levelling + up to the standard on which the Pullman service was planted and on + which it stood out single-handed and alone. + + Within comparatively a short period all the Michigan Central's rival + lines were forced by sheer pressure from the traveling public + to withdraw the inferior and cheaper cars and meet the superior + accommodations and the necessarily higher tariff. In other words, + the inspiration of that key-note of vigorous ambition for excellence + of the product itself, irrespective of immediate financial + returns, which was struck with such emphasis in the building of the + "Pioneer," and which ever since has rung through all the Pullman + work, was felt in the railroad world of the United States at that + early date, just as it is even more commonly felt at the present + time. At one bound it put the American railway passenger service in + the leadership of all nations in that particular branch of progress, + and has held it there ever since as an object lesson in the + illustration of a broad and far-reaching principle.[1] + +[1]: _Contemporary American Biography_, p. 260. + +[Illustration: One of the first cars built by George M. Pullman] + +[Illustration: Interior of the car. (1) the car in the daytime showing +wood stove and fuel box; (2) making up the berths. There were no end +divisions, and a thin curtain only separated the berths] + +[Illustration] + +It will probably be interesting at this point to describe with some +detail the Pullman car of this early period. In the _Daily Illinois +State Register_, Springfield, May 26, 1865, appears an interesting +description of one of the new Pioneer type of cars just installed on the +Chicago & Alton Railroad. + + To the train on the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, which + passed up at noon today, was attached one of Pullman's improved and + beautiful sleeping carriages, containing a party of excursionists + from the Garden City [Chicago], to whom the trip was complimentarily + extended by the company of the road, and among whom was George M. + Pullman, Esq., of Chicago, the patentee of the car. This carriage, + which we had the pleasure of inspecting during the stay of the train + at our depot, we found to be the most comfortable and complete in + all its appurtenances, and decidedly superior in many respects to + any similar carriage we have ever seen. It is fifty-four feet in + length by ten in width, and was built at a cost of $18,000, + the painting alone costing upwards of $500. Besides the berths, + sufficient in number to accommodate upwards of a hundred passengers, + there are four state rooms formed by folding doors, and so + constructed with the berths that the whole can easily be thrown into + one apartment. When the car is not used for sleeping purposes, as in + the day, every appearance of a berth or a bed is concealed, and in + their stead appear the most comfortable of seats. + + Westlake's patent heating and ventilating apparatus is applied + so that a constant current of pure and pleasant air is kept in + circulation through the car. In fact, it was useless to attempt to + enumerate, in so brief a notice, even a few of the many improvements + which have been introduced by the patentees into the carriage, + rendering it as they have, superior to any that we have ever + inspected. To one fact, however, we will refer in this connection, + as especially conducive to the comfort of the traveling public, + viz., that a daily change of linen is made in the berths of this new + carriage, thereby keeping them constantly clean and comfortable, and + rendering the car much more attractive than are similar carriages + where this is neglected. As we are informed by Mr. Pullman that + these cars will hereafter be run on the St. Louis and Chicago line, + we would especially direct the attention of travelers to the fact, + and recommend them to investigate the matter of our notice for + themselves. + +Exactly how "upwards of a hundred passengers" could have been +accommodated is hardly clear, but the enthusiasm of the reporter, +fired perhaps by the luxury of clean linen for each berth each day, +may account for this apparent exaggeration. In the _Illinois Journal_, +another Springfield paper, of May 30, the reporter reduces the estimate +of the capacity to fifty-two and comments with perhaps more detail on +the decorative features of the car. + + We are reminded by a prophecy which we heard some three years + since--that the time was not far distant when a radical change + would be introduced in the manner of constructing railroad cars; the + public would travel upon them with as much ease as though sitting in + their parlors, and sleep and eat on board of them with more ease and + comfort than it would be possible to do on a first-class steamer. We + believed the words of the seer at the time, but did not think they + were so near fulfillment until Friday last, when we were invited + to the Chicago & Alton depot in this city to examine an improved + sleeping-car, manufactured by Messrs. Field & Pullman, patentees, + after a design by George M. Pullman, Esq., Chicago. + +The writer describes his impressions of the interior. The absence of +"mattresses or dingy curtains" by day, the beauty of the window curtains +"looped in heavy folds," the "French plate mirrors suspended from the +walls," as well as the "several beautiful chandeliers, with exquisitely +ground shades" hanging from a ceiling "painted with chaste and elaborate +design upon a delicately tinted azure ground," while the black walnut +woodwork and "richest Brussels carpeting" make the picture complete. It +is small wonder that the Pullman car excited admiration, and that its +first appearance in the Illinois towns was probably recorded by similar +editorial appreciation. + +[Illustration: George M. Pullman explaining details of car construction] + +But perhaps one of the most interesting insights into the condition +which the new Pullman cars were so quick to remedy, is found in the +_Chicago Tribune_, June 20, 1865. After a veritable eulogy on the +elegance and comfort of the Pullman car, the writer draws the following +enviable contrast. + + It leaves to others to ticket the actual transit, so many miles for + so much money, and comes in with its cars as the Ticket Agent of + Comfort, sells you coupons to rest and ease by the way. So you wish + to go through to New York or Baltimore, yourself, Belinda, Biddy + and the baby, baskets, bundles, etc? You think of changes of cars + by night, and rushes for seats for your party by day, of seats foul + with the scrapings of dirty boots, of floors flowing with saliva, + of coarse faces and coarse conversation, of seats you cannot recline + in, of the ordinary discomforts of a long journey by rail! + +It is small wonder that the new Pullman cars found an appreciative +welcome! + +In 1866 five Pullman sleeping cars were put in operation on the Chicago, +Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and late in May an excursion for several +hundred invited guests was given from Chicago to Aurora, Illinois, and +return. The new cars were named, "Atlantic," "Pacific," "Aurora," "City +of Chicago," and "Omaha." Occasioned by the comforts which this new +equipment disclosed a current newspaper remarked: + + Pullman is a benefactor to his kind. The dreaded journey to New York + becomes a mere holiday excursion in his delightful coaches, and, by + the way, he will soon have a through line from Chicago to New York, + in which a man need never leave his place from one city to the + other. + +The year 1867 marks the incorporation of Pullman's Palace Car Company, +for the purpose of the manufacture and operation of sleeping cars. At +the time of incorporation George M. Pullman owned all of the sleeping +cars on the Michigan Central Railroad, Great Western [Canada] Railroad, +and the New York Central Railroad lines, a grand total of forty-eight +cars. In the operation of these cars he was ably assisted by his +brother, A. B. Pullman, who held the office of general superintendent. + +In forming the Pullman Company, the founder aspired to establish an +organized system by which the traveling public might be enabled to +travel in luxurious cars of uniform construction, adapted to both night +and day requirements, without change between distant points, and over +various distinct lines of railroads. In addition, such a service would +provide the heretofore unknown asset of responsible employees to whose +care might be entrusted women, children, and invalids. It was a service +that was sorely needed, and indication pointed to its prompt acceptance +by the railroads and the public. + +In the same year a remarkable achievement in railroad travel was +accomplished. Due to the different gauge tracks in use by the several +railroads connecting Chicago and New York, the continuous passage of +a car from one city to the other was impossible. But in 1867 the +standardization of the gauge was effected by the completion of a third +rail on the Great Western [Canada] Railroad, and to mark this opening +of through communication, an excursion was arranged from Chicago to New +York on the "Western World," the newest Pullman "hotel" sleeping car. + +At this point it is interesting to note that the first "hotel car," the +"President," was put in service by the Pullman Company in 1867 on the +Great Western Railroad of Canada. The hotel car was a combination car, +in reality a sleeping car with a kitchen built in at one end. The meals +were served at tables placed in the sections. To the Pullman Company, +accordingly, must be accorded the credit of first supplying to the +public the service of meals on board a train. The success of the +"President" led to the immediate construction of the "Western World" and +its sister car "Kalamazoo." These cars, however, must not be confused +with the dining car which was later developed from the "hotel car" by +the Pullman Company, and to which the "hotel cars" rapidly gave place. + +The _Detroit Commercial Advertiser_ of June 1, 1867, comments: + + But the crowning glory of Mr. Pullman's invention is evinced in his + success in supplying the car with a cuisine department containing + a range where every variety of meats, vegetables and pastry may be + cooked on the car, according to the best style of culinary art. + +The following bill of fare illustrates the variety of edibles provided +on this celebrated excursion. + + + MENU + + + OYSTERS + + Raw 50 + Fried and Roast 60 + + COLD + + Beef Tongue, Sugar-cured Ham, + Pressed Corned Beef, Sardines 40 + Chicken Salad, Lobster Salad 50 + + BROILED + + Beefsteak, with Potatoes 60 + Mutton Chops, with Potatoes 60 + Ham, with Potatoes 50 + + EGGS + + Boiled, Fried, Scrambled, Omelette + Plain 40 + Omelette with Rum 50 + + + _Chow-Chow, Pickles_ + + + Welsh Rarebit 50 + French Coffee 25 + Tea 25 + +The excursion party left Chicago on April 8, 1867, and comfortably +established in the "Western World" arrived in Detroit the following day. +At Detroit the river was crossed on the "great iron ferry boat," the +first company of passengers that ever passed from Chicago to Canada +without change of cars. On the new third rail of the Great Western, a +speed of forty miles was often maintained for considerable periods. "The +cars were decorated with American and British flags, symbolizing the +union which is destined to take place between the United States and +Canada. A train has just rolled by, the engine and passenger cars on +the broad gauge, and freight cars from the East on the narrow gauge." So +goes the journal of one of the passengers. + +Large crowds visited the train at Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica, and +at Albany, Erastus Corning telegraphed Commodore Vanderbilt that the car +must be taken to New York, if possible, and the gauge of the Harlem road +be taken for that purpose. The party arrived in New York on April 14. +One of the purposes of sending the "Western World" to New York was that +it might transport on its return trip, Dr. J. C. Durant, vice president +of the Union Pacific Road, and a committee of directors, to examine a +portion of their new transcontinental line which the contractors were +ready to turn over. A member of the party describes the call on Dr. +Durant in his office on Nassau Street and refers to the office as +"probably the finest in New York, beautiful with paintings and statuary, +and enlivened with the singing of birds." + +[Illustration: One of the first Pullman cars in which meals were served] + +Following the "Western World," the "hotel cars" were promptly put in +service and regular through service was established between Chicago +and eastern points. The new "City of Boston" and "City of New York" +surpassed even the "Western World" in magnificence and were popularly +reported to have exceeded $30,000 each in cost. These cars were known as +"hotel cars" for the reason that each contained all the requirements +for a protracted journey. The main body of the car was occupied by +the berths and seats and at one end a kitchen and pantry provided +the culinary service. The dining car, devoted entirely to restaurant +purposes, was a second step which soon followed. The first dining car +personally designed by Mr. Pullman was named the "Delmonico," and was +operated on the Chicago & Alton in 1868. + +But it was in 1869 that the Pullman car made perhaps its greatest +advance in the interest and confidence of the public for in that year +the Union Pacific, building westward from the Missouri River at Omaha, +met the Central Pacific, which built from San Francisco eastward. +By their union a line was established between the two coasts of the +continent, a slender thread of track which stretched for 1,848 miles +through a practically uninhabited country. Almost simultaneously with +the completion of the road there was put upon the rails one of the +most superb trains ever turned out of the Pullman shops. Its journey to +California and its reception there were in the nature of a progressive +ovation. From that time forth the great population of the Pacific coast +knew no train for long distance travel save a Pullman train, and would +hear of no other. When people from California reached Chicago on their +way eastward, the road over which Pullman cars ran got their patronage, +and roads over which other cars were operated did not. Newspapers and +magazines were awakened to studies of the Pullman cars and the Pullman +system, and scores of printed pages were filled with the marvels of a +journey to the Pacific Ocean which was nothing more than a six days' +sojourn in a luxurious hotel, past the windows of which there constantly +flowed a great panorama of the American continent, thousands of miles in +length and as wide as the eye could reach. Illustrated magazine articles +which appeared telling the story of a trip to California had as many +pictures of Pullman interiors as they had of the big trees or the +Yosemite Valley. The effect of all this was far reaching. The great +Pennsylvania line abandoned its own service and adopted the Pullman, and +many other lines made application for inclusion in the Pullman system. + +In May, 1870, the first through train from the Atlantic to the Pacific +crossed the continent, engaged for a special excursion by the Boston +Board of Trade, many distinguished Bostonians being numbered among +the passengers. During the trip a daily newspaper entitled the +_Trans-Continental_ was published. In the issue of May 31, published on +the sixth day out, as the train was crossing the summit of the Sierra +Nevadas, an account is given of a meeting of the passengers in the +smoking car, and resolutions passed by them were printed. The Hon. Alex +H. Rice presided at the meeting, and the resolutions were offered by +Frank H. Peabody, a Boston banker, and seconded by Robert B. Forbes, +another Bostonian. + + _Resolved_, That we, the passengers of the Boston Board of Trade + Pullman excursion train, the first through train from the Atlantic + to the Pacific, having now been a week _en route_ for San Francisco, + and having had, during this period, ample opportunity to test + the character and quality of the accommodations supplied for + our journey, hereby express our entire satisfaction with the + arrangements made by Mr. George M. Pullman, and our admiration + of the skill and energy which have resulted in the construction, + equipment and general management of this beautiful and commodious + moving hotel. + + _Resolved_, That we return our cordial thanks to Mr. Pullman for the + very great pains taken by him beforehand to make the present journey + safe and pleasurable; that we recognize the complete success which + has followed all his efforts, and that we extend to him our sincere + wishes for such a degree of prosperity to attend all his operations + as will be proportionate to his merits as one of the most + public-spirited, sagacious, and liberal railroad men of the present + day. + + _Resolved_, That we take pleasure in witnessing, as we journey from + point to point, through all the Western States, the many evidences + of Mr. Pullman's enterprise and the extent of his operations in the + cars which we meet belonging to the Pullman Company, attached to the + regular trains for the use of the public, or appropriated especially + to private excursion parties, and we earnestly hope that there will + be no delay in placing the elegant and homelike carriages upon the + principal routes in the New England States, and we will do all in + our power to accomplish this end. + +The list of passengers on this notable excursion included: + + Hon. Alex. H. Rice + Maj. Geo. P. Denny + Hon. J. M. S. Williams + James W. Bliss + Edward W. Kingsley + Frederick Allen and wife + H. S. Berry + Miss Josie W. Bliss + Hon. John B. Brown and wife + E. W. Burr and son + John L. Bremer + Geo. D. Baldwin and wife + Miss L. E. Billings + Chas. W. Brooks + M. S. Bolles + Alvah Crocker and wife + Mrs. F. Cunningham + Thomas Dana, Mrs. Thomas Dana, 2nd, Miss M. E. Dana + Mrs. Geo. P. Denny + Arthur B. Denny + Cyrus Dupee and wife + John H. Eastburn and wife + Robert B. Forbes and wife + Joshua Reed + J. S. Fogg + Mrs. E. E. Poole + Misses Farnsworth + Robert O. Fuller + J. Warren Faxon + N. W. Farwell and wife + Miss Mary E. Farwell + Miss Evelyn A. Farwell + Curtis Guild and wife + C. L. Harding and wife + Miss N. Harding + Edgar Harding + J. F. Hunnewell + J. F. Heustis + W. S. Houghton and wife + D. C. Holder and wife + Miss C. Harrington + A. L. Haskell and wife + Miss Alice J. Haley + J. M. Haskell and wife + H. O. Houghton and wife + John Humphrey + Hamilton A. Hill and wife + Benjamin James + C. F. Kittredge + Mrs. C. A. Kinglsey + Miss Addie P. Kinglsey + Miss Mary L. Kinglsey + Chas. S. Kendall + Miss M. C. Lovejoy + John Lewis + Jas. Longley and wife + Geo. Myrick and wife + Col. L. B. Marsh and wife + C. F. McClure and wife + Joseph McIntyre + Sterne Morse + Fulton Paul + F. H. Peabody, wife and servant + Miss F. Peabody + Miss L. Peabody + Master F. E. Peabody + Rev. E. G. Porter + Miss M. F. Prentiss + James W. Roberts and wife + Wm. Roberts + S. B. Rindge and wife + Master F. H. Rindge + J. M. B. Reynolds and wife + John H. Rice + Hon. Stephen Salisbury + M. S. Stetson and wife + D. R. Sortwell and wife + Alvin Sortwell + F. H. Shapleigh + T. Albert Taylor and wife + E. B. Towne + Lawson Valentine and wife + Miss Valentine + Rev. R. C. Waterston and wife + A. Williams + Dr. H. W. Williams and wife + N. D. Whitney and wife + Judge G. W. Warren + Geo. A. Wadley and wife + Henry T. Woods + Mrs. J. M. S. Williams + Miss E. M. Williams + Miss C. T. Williams + J. Bert Williams + +In the next few years the Pullman Palace Car Company established +manufacturing shops in Detroit, and in 1875 a new "reclining-chair car," +the first parlor car to be operated in the United States, was presented +by Mr. Pullman to the public. For several years parlor cars of Pullman +design and construction had been in satisfactory use on the Midland +Railway, between London and Liverpool, England. The success of these +cars promptly resulted in the construction of the "Maritana" for use in +the United States. The chairs in this new car were heavily and richly +upholstered and revolved on a swivel, on the same principle as the +chairs in the parlor car of the present day. + +[Illustration: The first parlor car, 1875] + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE PULLMAN CAR IN EUROPE + + +A modest paragraph in many American newspapers in February, 1873, +announced the momentous news that England was soon to enjoy the novelty +of Pullman transportation--"The Midland Railway Company has entered +into a contract with the Pullman Palace Car Company for the equipment of +their road with American drawing room and sleeping coaches." The Midland +was the longest and most important of three great railroads which +started from London and extended to Liverpool and Scotland, transversing +the rich central counties of England where so few years before the coach +horn had sounded through the hills. The adoption of Pullman equipment by +this prominent railroad was singularly conspicuous. + +On February 15, 1873, at a "half-yearly meeting of the shareholders of +the Midland Railway," Mr. Pullman personally addressed the officers of +the company. It appears that Mr. Allport, the general manager of the +Midland Railway, on a recent visit to the United States and Canada, +had been greatly impressed by the accommodations afforded the traveling +public, and had made a particular study of the Pullman cars. Acting on +his advice the directors invited Mr. Pullman to England to appear +before the meeting. Mr. Pullman proposed that the Midland Company should +authorize the speedy construction of carriages particularly adapted +to their requirements, and a motion was carried to authorize the +construction of such cars on the basic Pullman principles. It was +accordingly agreed that eighteen new cars should be constructed in +America and shipped to England in August and that Mr. Pullman should +return to England at that time to superintend their installation. + +By the contract the Pullman Company agreed to furnish as many +dining-room, drawing-room, and sleeping cars as the demands of the +traveling public required, without charge to the road, its compensation +being in the extra fare paid for use of the cars. The road, on the other +hand, received its compensation in the free use of the cars, in return +for which it guaranteed to the Pullman Company the exclusive right +to furnish such cars for fifteen years. As in America, the porters, +conductors, cooks, waiters and other attendants were hired by the +Pullman Company. Two night trains and two day trains of American cars +only, were to be put on at the start. The contract was not exclusive, +and other English railroads watched with interest the working out of the +American innovation. + +The popularity of the Pullman car at home and abroad quite naturally +inspired a host of imitators. Among the first was Colonel W. D. Mann, +the proprietor of the _Mobile Register_, who designed a sleeping +car embodying certain characteristic Pullman features, but divided +transversely into compartments or "boudoirs," each entered directly from +the sides, and connected by a private door permitting the passage of +the attendant to and through the several compartments. Each compartment +contained seats for four persons, which by night could be made up into +beds. The design was ingenious but failed in many vital respects to +compete with the greater comfort and roominess of the Pullman car. + +As the Pullman car was the first sleeping car to be installed for +regular service in England, so credit should be given to Colonel Mann +for affording the first sleeping car for public service ever operated +on the Continent. Mann's "Boudoir Cars" were installed on the Vienna +and Munich line in 1873, and their favorable reception and popularity +unquestionably went far to better the trying conditions of European +travel. + +[Illustration: Interior of a Pullman car used about 1880. Here a +tendency to ornamentation begins to show. Note the low-backed seats] + +Designed in America and introduced on the continent, the Mann boudoir +cars enjoyed an almost unoccupied field in Europe, with the exception +of England, where the railway managers had adopted the Pullman cars as +their standard. The Mann car was developed to suit European railroads +and European wants. A Belgian company was organized to introduce +sleeping cars by contracts with railroad companies, somewhat like those +of the Pullman Company in America. The Mann cars which were put in +service in the United States between Boston and New York in 1883 were +divided into eight compartments, some accommodating two persons, some +four. The seats were arranged transversely instead of longitudinally. +Due to their smaller passenger capacity a higher rate was necessarily +charged than for Pullman accommodations. + +But exclusive possession of the Continental field was not left +to Colonel Mann undisputed, for during the year 1875 Mr. Pullman +established a shop at Turin, Italy, and under the direction of a Mr. +A. Rapp, who was sent on from the Detroit works, a number of cars were +constructed for use on through trains on the principal Italian lines. +The following testimonial presented to Mr. Rapp at the conclusion of the +work by the men who had been employed expresses, although in none too +polished English, their appreciation of the work that had been provided +them. + + TO + PULLMAN ESQUIRE, THE GREAT INVENTOR + OF THE + SALOON COMFORTABLE CARRIAGES + AND + MASTER RAPP THE CIVIL ENGINEER, DIRECTOR + OF THE MANUFACTURE OF THE SAME + THE + ITALIAN WORKMEN + BEG TO UMILIATE. + + Welcome, Welcome Master Pullman + The great inventor of the Saloon Carriages, + Italy will be thankful to the man + For now and ever, for ages and ages. + + To Master Rapp we men are thankful. + Cause of his kindness and adviser sages, + Our hearts of true gladness is full: + And we shall remember him for ages. + + Should Master Pullman ever succeed + To continue is work in Italy + What we wish to him indeed, + We hope to be chosen + To finish the work and work as a man, + To show our gratitude to Master Pullman. + + FINO AND HIS FRIENDS. + + _Turin_, 10 January 1876. + +The appearance of the new Pullman cars in England created immediate and +favorable comment, for not only were the cars radical in the service +which they afforded, but their construction, following the advanced +principles of American car building, offered sharp contrast to the less +modern cars of English construction. From the most gorgeous first-class +carriage down to the dumpiest begrimed coal car, all British railway +conveyances rested on four iron wheels, placed in the position where +Artemus Ward located the legs of the horse--one at each corner. Until +the Pullman sleepers were introduced into Britain, the sight of a car +resting on eight wheels was unprecedented, as no one thought of doubting +the entire security from danger of a carriage with only four points of +support. Indeed, the conservative Briton saw no more real necessity for +a railway carriage having eight wheels than for a horse to have more +than four legs. + +Under arrangements with the Great Northern Railway, Pullman "dining +room" carriages were put in service on November 1, 1879, between Leeds +and King's Cross Station, London. Luncheon and dinner were served and +the menu included "soups, fish, entrees, roast joints, puddings and +fruits for dessert," a truly English bill of fare. The reception of this +innovation is described by the _London Telegraph_, which concluded a +comment on the dining car with this friendly suggestion: + + If the British public can be brought to give this new + refreshment-car system, just inaugurated by the Great Northern + Railway, a fair trial, there will be another traveling infliction, + besides Dyspepsia and Discontent, which will be speedily laid in the + Red Sea. I mean the ghost of Ennui. Luncheon or dinner on board a + Pullman palace-car will surely banish Boredom from railway journeys. + +By the year 1879 Pullman sleeping and drawing room cars were in +operation on three English and three Scotch lines, and at the invitation +of the Italian Government, cordially responded to by the Pullman Palace +Car Company, sleeping cars, similar to those in use in England on the +Midland and Great Northern railways were put in weekly service between +Brindisi and Bologna, in connection with the steamers of the Peninsula +and Oriental Company. At Bologna the service was taken up by the Belgian +"Societe Anonyme des Wagons Lits"--an interesting recognition by a +foreign government of the superiority of the American railway carriages. + +[Illustration: The rococo period. Extravagance of florid ornamentation +and design] + +[Illustration] + +In 1888 "The Pullman Limited Express" began regular service on the +London, Brighton, & South Coast Line, between Victoria Station and +Brighton. Single cars of the American pattern had been running on this +line for five or six years, but in this train for the first time the +English public was offered a "solid Pullman" equipment. Four cars +comprised the train--a parlor car, a drawing room car with ladies' +boudoir and dining room, a restaurant car, and a smoking car, while a +compartment at each end of the train next to the luggage compartment +was provided for servants. On this train electric lighting was first +employed by the Pullman Company for illuminating railroad cars--a +particular feature that received wide advertisement. + +The London, Brighton, & South Coast Railway opened the New Year of +1889 with the first "vestibule" train that had ever greeted the eyes of +foreign travelers. Three Pullman cars, "Princess," "Prince," and "Albert +Victor," were regularly attached to a train of three first-class cars. +The Pullman cars were built at the Pullman plant at Detroit, Michigan, +and were shipped in sections to England. By this innovation Yankee +genius again demonstrated its leadership, and the travelers of a distant +nation profited by the genius and energy of an American inventor. + +The Pullman Company, Limited, of England, existed as a property of +the American company until the year 1906, when, due to the enormous +development of the system in the United States, it was deemed wise for +economic reasons to separate the two companies. But today the British +company still proudly bears the name of Pullman, a tribute to the +inventive genius, untiring energy, and wide vision of a country boy of +the new world. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST + + +One of the most interesting elements in the history of the Pullman car +and the Pullman Company is the story of imitation and competition which +for a period after the foundation of the parent company thrived and +later disappeared. The success of the Pullman car necessarily brought +competition. It was wholesome that such competition should arise. If +a car more convenient than the car of Mr. Pullman's invention could +be devised, it was right that it should be given the test of public +opinion. That no car constructed along different basic lines survived, +established the right of the Pullman car to its preeminence. That +certain cars patterned after Mr. Pullman's basic ideas, and in +most cases directly infringing on his patents, received a degree of +popularity again reflects creditably to the Pullman car. + +Distinct from the innovations afforded by Pullman car construction, the +universal service of the Company afforded the public a new service of +equal value. Where formerly it was necessary for the traveler to change +from car to car whenever and wherever one railroad connected with +another line, the uniform service of the Pullman Company created a new +and infinitely more desirable situation, for it was now possible to +travel without inconvenience or interruption between practically any two +points in the country regardless of the number of different railroads +over whose tracks the traveler's ticket required passage. By +competition, the value of such a service was tested; tested alike by the +individual railroads and their patrons. That each and every competing +company ultimately retired from the field, and that practically every +railroad in the United States has today contracted with the Pullman +Company for its standardized service, is tacit recognition to the worth +of the service rendered. + +[Illustration: More ornate interiors. (1) early Pullman parlor car; (2) +old type Pullman sleeping car] + +[Illustration] + +There are still other reasons why the control of sleeping and parlor +service should be delegated to a single company. Due to the vast area +embraced by the boundaries of the United States and the wide range of +climate which these boundaries contain, there are many railroads which +require during certain months of the year a larger number of cars to +transport their through passengers than in others. Other roads require +an equally great number of sleeping and parlor cars during other months, +as for instance those roads which carry the winter tourists to the South +and Southwest in winter as opposed to the roads which feel the peak +of passenger travel in summer when the vacationists are headed for the +Atlantic coast resorts or the northwestern mountains. Again, there are +special occasions, like great conventions, when the railroads touching +the convention city must have hundreds of sleeping cars above their +normal needs. + +Few railroads could afford to tie up capital in the cars required for +such brief periods of demand; it would be an economic fallacy to pass +the expense of the maintenance and constant replacement of such an +equipment on to the public. To meet this situation is the mission of the +Pullman Company. + +Of the numerous sleeping car companies the Gates Sleeping Car Company +was perhaps the earliest. This car was named after Mr. G. B. Gates, +General Manager of the Lake Shore Road, and with the consolidation of +the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central in 1869, these cars, +previously only operated on the Lake Shore, were put in the New York, +Buffalo, Chicago service. + +[Illustration: The latest Pullman parlor car, showing simplicity of +modern car decoration, combining quiet elegance with good taste and +comfort] + +Among the various competitors of the Pullman Company, the Wagner Palace +Car Company, which succeeded, in 1865, the New York Central Sleeping Car +Company, and absorbed in 1869 the Gates Sleeping Car Company, developed +by far the widest and most formidable competition and continued its +service over the longest period. The underlying reasons for the strength +of this competition lay primarily in the fact that the Wagner cars +followed more closely the Pullman characteristics, and in fact the +infringement of certain basic Pullman patents by the Wagner Company +was a cause of frequent litigation over a period of many years. Webster +Wagner, the founder of the Wagner Palace Car Company, began his career +as a wagon maker. The first cars which he constructed had a single tier +of berths, and the bedding was packed away by day in a closet at the end +of the car. Commodore Vanderbilt backed Wagner and became interested in +his company, a connection which gave Wagner invaluable assistance and +a hold on the sleeping-car business of the lines controlled by the +Vanderbilt interests, a connection which enabled him for many years to +be a keen competitor of the Pullman Company. + +Early in June, 1881, suit was brought by the Pullman Palace Car Company +against the New York Central Sleeping Car Company and Webster Wagner, +claiming $1,000,000 damages for infringement and use of patents in the +construction and use of Wagner sleeping coaches. The bill stated that +in 1870 the Wagner Company began building sleeping cars, and for several +years its coaches ran only on the New York Central Railroad and +its various branches. The company finding it impossible to build +satisfactory cars without using the Pullman patents, contracted with +the Pullman Company to use certain of its patented improvements. This +arrangement was made with the distinct understanding that the Wagner +Company was to run its cars only over the New York Central Railroad. For +five years this arrangement was satisfactorily carried out. But in +1875 the Pullman Company's contract with the Michigan Central Railroad +expired and the Wagner Company secured the contract to run the cars +between Detroit and Chicago, thus making a through connection for the +Vanderbilt lines between New York and Chicago. + +By this new routing of the Wagner cars direct from New York to Chicago +and the elimination of the Pullman cars from the Chicago and Detroit +service, an opportunity offered for some other road to avail itself of +the Pullman service and effect a through Pullman service between New +York and Chicago. + +The Erie was the road that grasped the opportunity. By arrangements +with the Baltimore & Ohio and several other roads, through Erie trains +between New York and Chicago, comprising Pullman hotel coaches, sleeping +cars and drawing room cars were put in service on November 1, 1875. A +circular published in Chicago announcing the new arrangement said: + + From the first of November, the Pullman hotel and drawing room + coaches, for many years so popular on the Michigan Central line, + will be withdrawn from that route, and with new and increased + improvements will thereafter run exclusively on the Erie and Chicago + line, forming the first and only Pullman hotel coach line between + Chicago and New York. + +The success of the new Erie Pullman coaches was immediately assured. The +hotel cars especially were a great attraction. These were divided into +two compartments, in one of which the kitchen was located, the other +compartment being utilized as a sleeping car. First-class meals, +including all manner of game and seasonable delicacies, were served on +movable tables placed in the sections. In fact, the _New York Tribune_, +in commenting on the new Pullman equipment, asked: "Should the Erie have +a monopoly of such comforts? Why does not Wagner imitate or improve upon +Pullman?" + +These cars were nicknamed "French Flats." + + All the modern conveniences of a first-class house are condensed + into one of these hotels on wheels. The beds at night are put away + to make room for spacious seats by day, between which a table is + placed, covered with damask cloths and napkins folded in quaint + devices, at which four may sit with ease. The whole car--a + Pullman--is luxuriously fitted up, and one end is partitioned into + a storeroom and kitchen; there is a smoking-room for lovers of the + weed, and a separate toilet room for ladies. As the porter of the + car blackens the boots, and there is a telegraph office at each + stopping place, the waggish question of "Where is the barber shop?" + is often made. But this may come, too, as last summer an excursion + party of ladies and gentlemen took a hair-dresser with them over the + Erie to Niagara Falls, and two or three ladies actually _had their + hair crimped_ while traveling thirty or forty miles an hour! At this + time, while game is plenty in the West, the Pullmans, with their + facilities, and two fast trains each way per day, are able to make a + bill of fare and serve it in a style which would cause Delmonico + to wring his hands in anguish. The service is on the European plan; + that is, you pay for what you order, and we give the prices of the + principal articles, to show at what a reasonable rate one can take + a superior meal of fifty or a hundred miles long: Prairie chicken, + pheasant, and woodcock, whole, $1; snipe, quail, golden plover and + blue-winged teal, each 75 cents; venison, 60 cents; chicken, whole, + 75 cents; cold tongue, ham, and corned beef, 30 cents; sardines, + lobster, and broiled ham or bacon, 40 cents; mutton and lamb chops, + veal cutlets, or half a chicken, 50 cents; sirloin steak, 50 cents, + &c. Every traveler who has missed his dinner to catch a train will + rejoice in knowing that a warm meal awaits him at the cars, and that + he can wake up in the morning and choose his time for breakfast, + instead of bolting it down at the twenty minutes' convenience of the + railroad company.[2] + +[2]: _New York Commercial Advertiser_, Nov. 30, 1875. + +Some time prior to 1861 sleeping cars were being operated over the +Camden & Amboy and Baltimore & Ohio railroads. These cars were known as +"Knight" cars, after their designer, E. C. Knight. The "Knights" were +built at a cost of about $7,000, and were regarded as the handsomest +things on wheels. As in the bunk cars, all of which found their model in +the sleeping arrangements of the canal boat, the berths were only on +one side of the car and consisted of a triple tier of two double and one +single berth; an arrangement later changed to one double and two single +berths. + +The Woodruff sleeping car also was designed about this time by T. T. +Woodruff, Master Car Builder of the Terre Haute & Alton Railroad. In +this car both sides of the car were utilized as in the Pullman car, and +the sleeping accommodations consisted of twelve sections, six on a +side. A company was formed to operate the Woodruff cars in 1871, with a +capital of $100,000. + +The Flower Sleeping Car Company was another characteristic competitor. +This short-lived company was organized in 1882 in Bangor, Maine, with a +capital of $500,000. The seats in this new car were placed in the middle +instead of on the sides of the cars, thus leaving an aisle on each side +instead of one in the center. Claims were made that a freer circulation +of air would result, and a news item of the _Times_ further recommended +this unique construction as more convenient to families, the berths +being so arranged, side by side, that two could be made up into a double +bed. + +Mann's Boudoir Car Company was incorporated in 1883, with a capital of +$1,000,000, and experienced considerable popularity due to their unique +arrangement, which has been described in a previous chapter. + +In 1883 the Erie Railroad realized the long entertained ambition of +entering Chicago on its own rails. To accomplish this, the Erie had +leased the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad and built the Chicago +& Atlantic. Through connection was actually made May 15, on which date +freight traffic was begun. + +The train by which the Erie inaugurated the passenger business over the +new trunk line was probably the most complete and elegant train ever to +that time constructed. All of the cars were of Pullman manufacture +and consisted of a baggage car, second-class coach, a smoking car, and +first-class coaches and sleepers that were "models of perfection and +beauty, as might be expected where the Pullman Company had _carte +blanche_ to produce the best possible." Each coach was lighted with the +new Pintsch lights. The smoking car deserves more than passing mention, +for it was the first one ever constructed of Pullman standard. The car +was equipped with upholstered easy chairs, and a "refreshment buffet" +moistened the throats of the smokers. + +Early in 1889 the Pullman Company acquired the control of the Mann +Boudoir Car Company and the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, including +the entire car equipment and plants. By this acquisition a long step +was taken for the unification of sleeping car service, and the further +development of a uniform and widely extended scope of operations. +For years the success of the Pullman Company's service had been too +generally acknowledged to escape the notice of enterprising railroad +men, and these two companies were fair examples of the numerous +competing companies that were organized. But the success of the +Pullman service was based on an idea of too wide conception ever to +be successfully imitated. The success of the company engendered +competition; its success resulted only in a comparison of service +injurious to the imitators. Behind all this lay the fundamental reason +for Pullman supremacy. Created to give a standardized service everywhere +for the convenience of travelers, it was quickly apparent that +competition was but a reversal to the old order--the more companies, the +less uniform service. + +About a month previous, the Mann Boudoir Company and the Woodruff +Sleeping Car Company had joined hands and formed the Union Palace Car +Company. By the purchase of this combine the Pullman Company added about +15,000 miles of road to that already operated, and by that many miles +extended its through car service. The only remaining sleeping car +companies of any importance outside of the Pullman Company were the +Wagner Company, belonging to the Vanderbilts, and operated over the +Vanderbilt lines, and the Monarch Sleeping Car Company, which operated +entirely in the New England States with the exception of one Ohio line. +A newspaper of the time commented on the merger, and closed with the +verdict: "While this will add to the volume of the Pullman business, it +will also render the service upon the absorbed lines far more efficient +and satisfactory for the traveling public." + +[Illustration: The first step in the building of the car. The center +construction in position, and the framework assembled] + +In 1888, Mr. Pullman had put in operation his vestibule trains, which +immediately met with extraordinary favor and patronage. In a very few +days the Wagner Company also advertised a vestibule train and were +promptly met with an injunction holding the Wagner appliances to be +an infringement of the Pullman patent. After another hearing, the +injunction was superseded, the Wagner Company giving an unlimited bond, +signed by the Vanderbilts, to pay any damages ascertained by the courts. + +After months occupied in taking the evidence of travelers, expert +mechanics, railroad officials, prominent citizens, and others, a final +hearing was had. The judges, owing to the vast interests involved and +the legal difficulties presented, took ample time for consideration, +but finally adhered to their first conclusion. The main feature of the +Pullman vestibule system was the Sessions patent, without which the +vestibule system was worthless. The court declared this invention to be +of the highest order of utility, not only as shown by the testimony in +the ease and the adoption of the patent by the principal railroads of +the country, but also by the acts of the Wagner Company in appropriating +the device, and in the tenacity with which they clung to it in the +courts under an immense bond for any damages to result, and so, in +April, 1889, the United States Circuit Court delivered its opinion in +favor of the Pullman Palace Car Company in its long and stubborn fight +with the Wagner Palace Car Company. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE TOWN OF PULLMAN + + +Like most other industries, the Pullman Palace Car Company felt the +effect of the financial depression immediately following 1873, but the +reaction followed, and on the resumption of specie payments in 1879 +dawned a new era in the Company's history and a rapid expansion of +its business. To meet this expansion and to extend the business still +farther along the line of general car building, it became necessary to +enlarge the plant. The shops already established in St. Louis, Detroit, +Elmira, and Wilmington were unable to provide the volume required by +the increasing demand for the Company's output. It was evident that new +shops must be built on a larger and more comprehensive scale than any +that had gone before. + +In 1879 the Chicago newspapers were alert to confirm the rumor that +George M. Pullman was planning to locate his new shops at Chicago. +The following year the rumor became fact and the question of the exact +location became of paramount interest. + +Chicago with its central position with reference to the railway systems +of the continent, seemed the natural site, but there were weighty +objections, touching both finance and the matter of labor, to be urged +against building within the city limits proper. Sites were visited by +representatives of the Company at Hinsdale, Illinois, and Wolf Lake, +Indiana, but in April it was definitely announced that the works +would be located on the Illinois Central Railroad on the shore of Lake +Calumet. A Chicago newspaper commented on the decision of the Company as +follows: + + A notable addition to Chicago's mercantile industry is to be the + extensive car works of the Pullman Palace Car Company, ground + for which is to be broken today. A larger establishment for + manufacturing purposes will not exist in the West, and while it will + contain all the latest and most improved mechanical appliances in + use, it will embody in its architecture grace and beauty that + is quite characteristic of the palace car. The works are to cost + $1,000,000; about 2,000 men are to be employed in them, and the + extended arrangement of machinery is to be moved by the Corliss + engine, one of the Centennial wonders, which has been purchased by + the Pullmans. + +[Illustration: Fitting the car with steam pipes and electric conduits] + +[Illustration: At work on the steel plates for inside finish panels] + +An interesting personal reminiscence of this famous real estate +operation may be found in Frederick Francis Cook's _Bygone Days in +Chicago_. + + Another "Pullman scoop" was of an extraordinary real-estate and + manufacturing interest when "negotiated"--the slang to be accepted + for once in its proper meaning. In the later seventies, besides + other duties, I had charge of the real-estate department of the + _Times_. It became known that the Pullman Company intended to build + a manufacturing town somewhere, but whether in the environs of + Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, or other western point, was for the + public an open question for many months--and, I dare say, for a time + was an unsettled proposition with the company itself, for St. Louis + offered large inducements in the way of land grants. What finally + turned the scales in favor of Chicago, according to Mr. Pullman's + declaration to me, was the more favorable climatic conditions + presented by Chicago. It was his contention that during the summer a + man could do at least ten per cent more work near Lake Michigan than + in the Mississippi Valley in the latitude of St. Louis. + + During many disturbing weeks--for the whole real-estate market in + at least three cities waited on the decision--frequent announcements + were made that the directors of the company, or its committee on + site, had inspected this locality, or that, in the vicinity of one + city or another, and so the wearisome time went on. Many places were + visited about Chicago--some to the north, some on the Desplaines, + some in the neighborhood of the Canal, but somehow none near Calumet + Lake, a fact which finally aroused my suspicions. In the meantime, + unverifiable reports of large transactions in that locality floated + about in real-estate circles. Finally, I pinned down an actual sale + of large dimensions, with Colonel "Jim" Bowen as the ostensible + purchaser. That opened my eyes, for the colonel's circumstances at + this time put such a transaction on his own account altogether out + of the question. + + Almost daily at this time Mr. Pullman was interviewed on the + situation by the real-estate newspaper phalanx--Henry D. Lloyd was + then in charge for the _Tribune_--but "nothing decided," was the + stereotyped reply. By and by I discovered that almost invariably if + I went at a certain hour, "Colonel Jim" would be largely in evidence + about the Pullman headquarters, with an air of doing a "land-office + business," and, as it turned out, he was actually doing something + very much like it. Slowly I picked up clue after clue, pieced this + to that, and one day felt in a position to say to Mr. Pullman that I + had located the site. He seemed amused, and laughingly replied that + he was pleased to hear it, as it would save the committee on site a + lot of trouble; and, as some of them were that very day looking at + a Desplaines River site near Riverside--a trip most ostentatiously + advertised in advance--he thought he would telegraph them to stop + looking, and come back to town. + + It was always a pleasure to interview Mr. Pullman, for he had a way + of making you feel at ease, and I entered heartily into the humor + of his jocularity. But, as in a bantering way, I let out link after + link of my chain of evidence, he became more and more serious, and + finally--without committing himself, however--took the ground that + even if true, in view of the importance of their plans, no paper + having the good of Chicago at heart ought by premature publication + to interfere with them. He pressed this point more and more, and + finally made frank confession that I was on the right track, by + acknowledging that they had already bought many hundreds of acres, + were negotiating for many hundreds more which would be advanced to + prohibitive prices by publication, and the whole scheme would + thus be wrecked. On the other hand, if I withheld publication, he + promised that I should have the matter exclusively--the whole vast + improvement scheme, unique plan of administration, etc. As there was + the danger in waiting that one of my rivals might get hold of the + facts, exploit them, and thus turn the tables on me, I replied that + the matter was of too great moment for me to take the responsibility + of holding the news, and that I should have to consult Mr. Storey. + It happened that Mr. Storey had invested quite extensively in South + Side boulevard property; and, as a great improvement southward + could not fail to add to the value of his holding, and there was the + further prospect of a more complete exclusive account later than was + possible with my skeleton information, he gave a ready assent. + +The town of Pullman meant far more in the mind of its founder than a +mere industrial establishment. The dreary, water-soaked prairie was +raised to high, dry land; an entire town was planned and blocked out +following Mr. Pullman's own design. Architects and landscape architects +worked together to carry out the plan to a harmonious and pleasing +fulfillment. Among the more prominent details of this vast work were +included a system by which the sewage of the town was collected and +pumped far away to the Pullman produce farm; the equipment of every +house and flat regardless of rental with the most modern appliances +of water, gas, and plumbing; the establishment of athletic fields; the +concentration of the merchandising of the town under the glass roof of +the central arcade building, and the construction of a handsome market +house, a fine schoolhouse to accommodate a thousand pupils, a +library containing over 8,000 volumes, a savings bank and a large and +artistically decorated theater. The population of Pullman in January, +1881, counted four souls. In February, 1882, there were 2,084 +inhabitants, a total which had increased to 8,203 by September, 1884. + +[Illustration: Preparing the steel frame for the upper section of a +Pullman sleeping car] + +[Illustration: Sand blasting the brass trimmings of the car before +applying the finish] + +A contemporary writer closes an enthusiastic description of the town of +Pullman with the following paragraph: + + Imagine a perfectly equipped town of 12,000 inhabitants, built out + from one central thought to a beautiful and harmonious whole. A + town that is bordered with bright beds of flowers and green velvety + stretches of lawn; that is shaded with trees and dotted with parks + and pretty water vistas, and glimpses here and there of artistic + sweeps of landscape gardening; a town where the homes, even to the + most modest, are bright and wholesome and filled with pure air and + light; a town, in a word, where all that is ugly, and discordant, + and demoralizing, is eliminated, and all that inspires to + self-respect, to thrift and to cleanliness of person and of thought + is generously provided. Imagine all this, and try to picture the + empty, sodden morass out of which this beautiful vision was reared, + and you will then have some idea of the splendid work, in its + physical aspects at least, which the far-reaching plan of Mr. + Pullman has wrought.[3] + +[3]: _The Story of Pullman_, prepared for distribution at the World's +Fair, 1893. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS + + +The invention of the folding upper berth combination by Mr. Pullman was +the first of many contributions by himself, and in later years by the +Pullman Company and those associated with it, to the development of +railway travel. Sleeping cars for a number of years had given night +accommodations to travelers; there was nothing new in the idea that +a night journey required sleeping accommodations. But in the new and +radical berth construction devised by Mr. Pullman lay the difference +between impracticability and practicability--between discomfort and +luxury. + +The earliest sleeping cars were mere bunk cars in which the male +passengers might recline during the night hours. Later, bedding was +furnished, but the necessity of storing it by day in a closet at the end +of the cars created a situation in which order and cleanliness were +far from practicable. By the Pullman invention, however, all this was +changed. A type of car was developed that was not only comfortable and +convenient for day travel, but one that might be quickly transformed +into a comfortable sleeping apartment. Furthermore, the new upper berth +construction made it possible to pack away by day the entire bedding, +mattresses, curtains, and partitions necessary to convert each section +into a double sleeping apartment. + +With this simple mechanical innovation the inventor combined an idea +characterized by a breadth of vision that ranks with the great ideas +of the century. In few words, he conceived the thought that it would +be possible at one stroke to supplant the inadequate and inefficient +service of the day with a new service so complete in its comforts and +conveniences that no one might express a wish that the service might be +unable to fulfill. + +[Illustration: View of machine section. Steel Erecting Shops] + +[Illustration: Fitting up the steel car underframe. Steel Erecting +Shops] + +It is interesting, in passing, to consider the fact that up to the +development of the Pullman car, night trains were patronized exclusively +by men, for no woman would have considered subjecting herself to the +inconvenience and lack of privacy of the ordinary sleeping car. The +development of the Pullman car and Pullman service made continuous +day and night travel practical for women and children; it created +the comforts and privacies they naturally required. To be sure it +was several years before the new order of things received general +recognition, but the public quickly caught on. "Travel by Pullman" soon +became a popular diversion. + +The story of the early years of the Pullman sleeping car has been told +in the foregoing chapters. Due in large measure to the comfort and +convenience of the cars, continuous travel lengthened, and at once +arose the necessity for eating as well as sleeping accommodations on the +through long-distance trains. + +For a number of years foreign travelers in America had praised the +elaborate restaurant service afforded by certain station eating-houses. +Towns developed keen rivalry in respect to the meals provided by +their station "counters," and the station restaurants of certain towns +developed among constant travelers a reputation for unusual culinary +excellence. Our fathers will doubtless recall the glorious fame of +dining rooms at Poughkeepsie, Springfield, and Altoona, and of certain +dishes that enjoyed nation-wide reputation and might be had only at this +or that particular station restaurant. + +But, on the other hand, the uninviting, indigestible nature of the +so-called refreshment offered at some railway eating stations had +long been a byword. In most sections of the country it was practically +impossible to procure a respectable meal or lunch while traveling. +Railway officials had wrestled with the subject in vain. Recognizing +the fact that the heart of the railway traveler is most susceptible to +influences reaching it by way of his stomach, they made repeated and +continued endeavors to improve the fare offered during the "twenty +minutes for dinner" stops. With a few exceptions the results were not +encouraging, and the traveling public continued its dyspeptic round +three times a day. + +The station eating-house was on an unsound basis, and its disadvantages +were obvious. With the increase of the speed of through trains and the +demand for shorter running times between terminals it became quickly +apparent that a train could not be stopped three times a day to permit +the passengers to gorge a hasty meal at the station restaurant. Three +meals at a minimum of twenty minutes each was an hour lost, and twenty +minutes for eating was as bad for the passenger as it was for the +running time of the trains. There were still other disadvantages. +In addition to the delay of the train and the tax on the passenger's +digestion, there was the frequent discomfort of wet or wintry weather. +On a fine day it was well enough to "stretch one's legs," but in rain +or snow the tri-daily evacuation of the car was a decidedly unpopular +feature. + +The installation of "hotel-car" service by the Pullman Company sang the +knell of the station eating-counter. The "President," a car combining +sleeping and eating accommodations, was put in service in 1867 on the +Grand Trunk Railway, then the Great Western of Canada. Its instant +success necessitated the building of the "Kalamazoo" and "Western +World," and in the years immediately following many hotel cars were put +in service. + +The second step in the evolution was inevitable. At best, the hotel +car was only a sleeping car with restaurant accommodations. Eating and +sleeping have never been associated in the modern mind; there must be a +separate place for each. + +To meet the demand, or rather to anticipate a demand which his keen eyes +foresaw, Mr. Pullman set himself to the task of developing a car which +would be only a dining car, serving no other purpose, and practical for +operation in conjunction with through trains of the fastest speed. The +first real dining car which Mr. Pullman constructed was aptly named +the "Delmonico." It was a complete restaurant with a large kitchen and +pantries at one end. The main body of the car was fitted up as a dining +room in which the passengers from all the cars of the train could enter +and take their meals with entire comfort. The "Delmonico" was put in +regular service in 1868 on the Chicago & Alton, and other Pullman diners +were added the same year. At about the same time the Michigan Central +and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads also began to operate +dining cars on their trains. To the Chicago & Alton, however, belongs +the honor of having first inaugurated the dining-car system. The +Michigan Central and Burlington did not put on dining cars until 1875. +The Chicago & Alton dining cars were run between Chicago and St. Louis, +and were constructed and managed by Mr. Pullman. The price for a meal +was $1.00. Later the Alton acquired an interest in the dining cars, and +finally assumed full control of them. + +[Illustration: Making the cushions for the seats. Upholstery Department] + +[Illustration: Making the chairs for the parlor cars. Upholstery +Department] + +Although founded and developed, and for a number of years successfully +operated by the Pullman Company, the dining car is no longer under its +management. Due primarily to the vast increase in this particular share +of the business and the variety of service required by travelers in +different sections of the country, it became advisable to turn over to +the various roads the details of catering to their particular patrons. +On some of the leading railroads the highest type of dining-car service +is maintained and advertised as a particular feature. On other roads of +lesser prominence a corresponding degree of service may be found. It +is, perhaps, unfortunate from the point of view of the traveler that the +Pullman Company found it necessary to discontinue a service that it had +so auspiciously inaugurated. + +The installation of dining-car service immediately drew attention to a +serious defect in railway train construction that had previously escaped +notice, a defect which was the more apparent in comparison with the +relatively high development of other features of train construction. By +the adoption of the dining car it became necessary for the passengers to +pass from car to car across the platform while the train was in motion, +and often during a condition of rain and snow which added discomfort to +actual danger. Where the crossing of platforms while the train was in +motion had formerly been prohibited, the railroads were now forced to +encourage passengers to subject themselves to this dangerous procedure +in order that they might avail themselves of the convenience of the +dining cars. + +Attempts had been made at different times to provide a safe and covered +passageway between the cars, especially on fast express trains, but +nothing of a practical nature had resulted. In 1852 and 1855 patents +were taken out for canvas devices to connect adjoining cars and create +a passage way between them. These appliances were installed in 1857 on +a train on the Naugatuck Railroad, in Connecticut, but soon proved to be +of little practical use and were abandoned several years later. + +[Illustration: The frame end posts for Pullman standard cars are made in +this section of the shops] + +[Illustration: The assembling of the steel car partitions is shown in +this picture] + +But in 1886 Mr. Pullman, realizing the handicap of existing conditions +to the full enjoyment of the various types of cars which he had +established, set himself to the solving of the problem by devising a +perfect system for constructing continuous trains and at the same time +providing sufficient flexibility in the connecting passage ways to allow +for the motion of the train, particularly when rounding curves. The +result of his efforts combined with those of his associates was +the complete solution of the problem and the establishment of the +"vestibule" train, practically as it exists today. The vestibule patent +was granted to Mr. H. H. Sessions, of the Pullman Company, and covered +many important features, and particularly the arrangement of the springs +which kept the cars in line in a vertical plane. + +The vestibule was patented in 1887. By its application the appearance +of the train as a unit was materially increased, but of far greater +importance was the contribution which it made to safety. Not only did +the enclosed vestibule afford protection to passengers crossing the +platform from one car to another, but the entire vestibule construction +immediately gave greater safety in case of wreck by preventing one +platform from "riding" the other and producing a telescoping of the +cars. + +The vestibule as designed and patented did not extend to the full width +of the car. It consisted of elastic diaphragms on steel frames attached +to the ends of the cars, the faces of the diaphragms when the train was +made up, pressing firmly against each other by powerful spiral springs +which held them in position. A further advantage of the vestibule was +the almost entire elimination of the oscillation of the cars. + +[Illustration: _The vestibule was invented by George M. Pullman. This +illustration shows its earliest form which extended only to the width of +the doorway of the car. In 1893 it was extended to the full width of the +car._] + +The first vestibuled trains were put in service in April, 1887, on the +Pennsylvania Railroad, and in a few years were adopted by every railroad +using Pullman equipment. In 1893 the vestibule was redesigned to enclose +the entire platform by means of a drop which lowered over the stair +openings, thus increasing the roominess of the car and utilizing every +inch of possible space. + +In the _Railway Review_ of April 16, 1887, occurs an interesting +description of the first "solid-vestibuled" train. For a number of +months following, this radical innovation was widely recognized by +the press throughout the country, and Pullman vestibuled cars were +advertised by the railroads on which they were operated. We quote in +part from the article in the _Railway Review_: + + This week there was turned out of the Pullman works, at Pullman, + Ill., a train of three sleepers, one dining car, and one combination + baggage and smoker, that for perfection, in detail of manufacture + and ornament, and in completeness of comfort and luxury, is + unquestionably far ahead of any train ever before made up. This + train was on public exhibition for a few days at Chicago, and on + Friday was taken on its christening trip, over a short run on the + Illinois Central Railroad. The train is intended for "Limited" + service on the Pennsylvania system. + + The trial trip was a success in every way. The train went to Otto, a + short distance south of Kankakee, sixty miles from Chicago. There it + was reversed on a Y, and an opportunity afforded of witnessing its + operation on a sharp curve. The action of the flexible connection of + the vestibules was perfect. On the return trip the train was run + at a high rate of speed, and it was evident that the cars were held + very firmly together, by the springs at the top of the vestibules, + and that there was much less jarring and swaying than is usual even + on a very level track. + +[Illustration: Axle generator for electric lighting of the car] + +The list of business men and railroad managers who made up the party +indicates the importance of the occasion. It included: + + George M. Pullman + G. F. Brown + T. H. Wickes + C. H. Chappell + J. J. Janes + Orson Smith + O. W. Potter + W. T. Baker + H. R. Hobart + A. N. Eddy + Jesse Spalding + Frederick Broughton + W. P. Nixon + John M. Clark + A. C. Bartlett + J. W. Hambleton + E. L. Brewster + Henry S. Boutell + D. B. Fiske + Willard A. Smith + Stephen F. Gale + Edson Keith + O. S. A. Sprague + A. B. Pullman + J. T. Lester + H. J. MacFarland + S. W. Doane + Murray Nelson + A. H. Burley + C. K. Offield + E. T. Jeffery + Prof. Swing + W. K. Sullivan + W. K. Ackerman + A. C. Thomas + J. McGregor Adams + J. F. Studebaker + P. E. Studebaker + T. B. Blackstone + Rev. S. J. McPherson + C. S. Tuckerman + A. A. Sprague + P. L. Yoe + A. F. Seeberger + D. S. Wegg + F. N. Finney + +During the days in which the train was exhibited at Van Buren street, +Chicago, it was visited by approximately 20,000 people. The article +continues: + + This fact shows that the public has a deep interest in improvements + in traveling conveniences. We do not remember that any previous + invention or improvement has ever excited such general public + interest. Mr. Pullman has again struck the popular chord. + +The first vestibule train to the land of the Aztecs, the "Montezuma +Special," was naturally of Pullman construction, and began regular +tri-monthly trips from New Orleans to the City of Mexico and return, +via the Southern Pacific, Mexican International, and Mexican Central +Railway, on February 7, 1889. Four magnificent cars, electrically +lighted, comprised the train. The initial trip of 1,835 miles was made +in about seventy-one hours, and on its arrival in the City of Mexico +a banquet was given to President Diaz and his cabinet to signalize the +advent of the first international vestibule train into the capital of +Mexico. + +The lighting of railway cars shows an interesting evolution. Undoubtedly +candles were used at the earliest period, but the use of oil dates back +beyond the birthday of the Pullman car. Oil lamps, at best, were a poor +substitute for the light of day. Casting a dim, yellow light, flickering +in every draught, smelling and smoking when not properly cared for, and +vitiating the car atmosphere, it was small wonder that the public showed +prompt appreciation of the first substitute that was provided. + +The brilliant Pintsch light, which for a number of years had had wide +use in Europe, was first introduced into America by the Pullman Company +on the crack Erie train in the through New York-Chicago service in +1883. The gas used for these lights was of high candle power and was +manufactured from petroleum. As a car illuminant it has held its own +almost to the present day. + +It is impossible to exaggerate the part played by the Pullman Company +in the development of electric lighting of cars. Without its inspired +initiative and its vast resources for practical and costly experiment +it is fair to believe that electricity would not have been successfully +utilized for this purpose for many years. The _Railroad Gazette_ of +January 25, 1889, expresses this thought: + + Without extended experiments we can scarcely hope to develop a good + system of electric lighting for railroad service. Such experiments + are rather expensive, and it is only by the co-operation of + liberal-minded managers that anything like a perfect system can + be expected in a reasonable time. The Pullman Company has great + confidence in the success of electric lighting, and therefore, in + spite of the annoyance and expense of the present system, expresses + a determination to use it, expecting that something better will + result in the near future from the extended experience now being + obtained. + +Although the incandescent electric lamp was introduced by Edison in +1879, following by two years the introduction by Brush of the arc lamp, +it was on an English railway in an American Pullman car supplied with +electricity by French accumulator cells that the electric light on +October 14, 1881, barely fifty years from the first suggestion of the +iron horse by Stephenson, cast its brilliant light for the first time in +a railway carriage. + +The trial was made in a Pullman car, forming part of a special train +on the Brighton Railway. A number of officials of the road, a +representative of the Pullman Company, and Mr. F. A. Pincaffs and Mr. +Lachlan of the Faure Accumulator Company composed the party, and at 3:25 +the train pulled out of the Victoria Station for Brighton. + +Only a few months before, Mr. Faure had sent to Sir William Thomson his +little box of lead plates coated with red oxide and fully charged with +electricity. The great physicist saw at once its possibilities, and in +a relatively short time inventors were developing countless applications +of the new wonder. Its application to car lighting was an important +test. + +The Pullman car on which this first experiment was made, carried +beneath it on a shelf some thirty-two small metal boxes or cells, each +containing lead plates coated with oxide. Stored in these cells was the +power to light the car. It was nothing more than the most elementary +storage battery, a far cry from the compact batteries of today and the +massive generator swung beneath the floor of the modern car. + +[Illustration: The sewing room. Upholstery Department] + +All the previous night a steam engine had created power to charge the +cells. In the roof of the car were twelve small Edison incandescent +lights with bamboo filaments. The light was uneven; it was "garish," +but at the turn of a switch its rays filled the car. With pardonable +enthusiasm the _London Times_ stated that "the car on the return +journey in the evening was kept lighted the whole of the distance from +Brighton to Victoria." + +It is interesting to read in the _London Daily Telegraph_ of October 15, +1885, the following mention of this important event: + + Yesterday's trial was understood to have special reference, however, + to a new train, wholly composed of Pullman cars, which it is + proposed shortly to put on the service between Victoria and + Brighton, and should the experiment be deemed fully satisfactory it + is probable that the new train will from the first be fitted with + the electric light. So far as the travelers were concerned the + result was eminently successful. It would scarcely be possible to + conceive a steadier, more equable, or more agreeable light. On the + down journey the first trial was made in the Merstham tunnel, and + then in the Balcombe and Clayton tunnels. All that was needed was + to move the little switch, and instantaneously the delicate carbon + thread enclosed in the lamps was aglow with pure white light. The + return journey was made in the night, and the electric lamps were + alight during the whole distance. There had been some question + whether the supply would prove sufficient, as owing to stoppages the + special had taken a somewhat longer time than had been allowed for; + the event, however, showed that the storage had been ample. It would + be possible to generate electricity by the energy of the moving + train itself, and this has indeed been suggested to be done. By this + means enough energy could be supplied to the incandescent lamps, but + in any case the accumulator would be necessary to act as a reservoir + when the train was not in motion. It possesses, however, another + advantage equally important. Experience shows that a current of + absolutely uniform strength supplying an even and constant light + can only be derived from stored electricity. The oxide of lead which + covers the plates not only prevents leakage, but enables the supply + to be withdrawn with perfect regularity, and renders sub-division + easy. Yesterday the smoke room and lavatory of the car were lighted, + and occasionally the lights were turned off without in any way + interfering with the other lamps in the same circuit. Before + the train started on the return journey the brightly illuminated + carriage was an object of interest to many members of the Iron and + Steel Institute who visited Brighton and Newhaven yesterday. + With regard to expense, it is claimed for the accumulator and the + incandescent lamps that the expenditure would be decidedly less than + on oil, while, as to the comparative value of the two there is no + room for difference of opinion. It was the general feeling of all + who took part in the excursion that the question of the electric + lighting of trains had been solved, and that to the Brighton + Company, whatever may be the immediate results of the experiment, + would belong the honour of taking the first decisive and practical + step in the way of reform. + +Four months later a correspondent of a Sheffield, England, paper, +writing from London to the _Railway Review_ of the recent trial of +electric lights on the Pullman train of the London, Brighton & South +Coast Railway, says: + + There is no doubt whatever on the point that this, apart from the + question of cost, is a decided success. It is easily manageable, and + diffuses through the train a pleasant, equable light, scarcely less + agreeable than daylight. It is turned on and off with instantaneous + effect as the train enters and leaves a tunnel, and of course is + kept burning the whole of the time during the night journeys. The + electricity is stored in a number of lead plates, which are kept in + water in iron boxes in the guard's van. There are two lots, one at + either end of the train, and two mechanics in charge of them. This + discovery of the ability to store electricity for application to + lighting purposes seems to carry the discovery farther than anything + since it was first introduced. It gets over many difficulties which + seemed insuperable--especially the important one of the great waste + of power which is illustrated every night at the Savoy Theatre--and + would be applicable to the introduction of electricity for household + use. + + At the Savoy, when the exigencies of the play require that the + lights should be turned down in the auditorium, there is no + cessation of the enormous power required to produce the full effect. + What happens is that by a mechanical contrivance, the electricity + is carried off from the light and goes to waste. With this system of + storing, electricity can be used just like gas, as much or as little + as people chance to want. Another great advantage is the freedom + from jumping, inseparable from the action of the driving power of + the steam engine, or of the motion power of water. The lights of the + Brighton train burn just as steadily as gas, an effect not in any + way obtained where the light is maintained directly by the driving + power of steam. + + But after all, the question of gas vs. electricity will resolve + itself into one of cost, and it is here where gas will inevitably + hold its own. The fundamental principle of the electric light is + that for a given exertion of power you obtain a given proportion + of light, neither more nor less. For every hour it is burning + there will be required a certain exactly-ascertained proportion of + revolutions of the steam engine, and therefore, if the whole town is + lighted it can be done only at a strictly proportionate expense to + the lighting of a single house. As to what that expense will be, as + compared with gas, the Brighton train would, if we had an idea of + the actual figures, afford a precise means of information. I met on + the train a well-known gas engineer, attracted, like myself, by the + novelty of the experiment. What the electric light cost he was + not able to say, but when we take into account the capital sunk + in plant, involving a steam engine with the necessary buildings, + consumption of coal and necessary employment of skilled labor, it + must be something considerable. Against this is the bare fact that + the Brighton train could be lighted with gas for the double journey + at the cost of 10d. It is a physical impossibility that electricity + should ever come anywhere near this, and that probably explains + the singular phenomenon that at the time when electricity is making + conspicuous advances in public favor, the value of gas shares is not + only steadily maintained, but is actually rising in the market. + +[Illustration: The steel parts used for interior car finish are all +standardized, and are formed by powerful presses] + +[Illustration: Another large press at work on the forming of steel +shapes for the interior framing of the cars] + +The present method of heating an entire train with steam from the +locomotive was satisfactorily tested out in the winter of 1887, and +was generally adopted the following year. By this improved system the +individual heaters in each car were abolished, and a source of much +discomfort and complaint was removed. The Pullman cars were immediately +altered to benefit by the new system. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +HOW THE CARS ARE MADE + + +In former chapters has been told the story of the birth of the Pullman +car and its development through the various phases of its evolution. +Generally speaking, this evolution for the first forty years was +characterized chiefly by the addition, at one time or another, of +certain inventions and improvements, such as the electric light and the +vestibule, and by a changing style of interior decoration conforming to +contemporary fashions. But at no time is recorded a change in the +basic idea of car construction that can in any measure compare with the +revolutionizing change which was recorded in 1908 by the construction of +the first "all-steel" Pullman car. + +For a number of years steel sills and under frames had furnished a +staunch foundation for all cars manufactured by the Pullman Company for +its operation. Further strengthened by steel vestibules, it is to be +doubted if the all-steel car offered any very material increase in the +safety already afforded to the passengers. But the change which the +steel car brought in the process of manufacture was radical in the +extreme. The first Pullman cars, and in fact every car up to and through +the nineties, was of all-wood construction. Wood-making machinery filled +the great shops at Pullman; carpenters and cabinet-makers numbered a big +percentage of the pay roll. It was a wood-working industry. At one fell +stroke the old order changed to the new. The songs of the band-saw and +the planer were stilled and in their stead rose the metallic clamor of +steam hammer and turret lathe, and the endless staccato reverberation of +an army of riveters. Ponderous machines to bend, twist, or cut a bar +or sheet of steel filled the vast workrooms. An army of steel workers, +Titans of the past reborn to fulfill a modern destiny, fanned the flames +in their furnaces and released the leash of sand blast, air hose, and +gas flame. + +[Illustration: This machine is at work punching holes for screws etc. in +the steel for the inside finish] + +[Illustration: This great power press is engaged in shaping the steel +panelling for the inside finish of the car] + +But fascinating as unquestionably was the work of the patient artisans +who inlaid the beflowered Eastlake Pullman or the Moorish cars of +another day, there is equal romance in the product of the modern worker +who builds these rolling hostelries of steel. Under the high glass roof +the tumult of ponderous machines fills the air with pandemonium. At one +side of one of the main aisles a half dozen great steel girders, like +keels for giant ships, lie on the floor. These are the mighty box +girders, eighty-one feet in length and weighing over nine tons each, +which will form the backbone of future Pullmans. To each of these +girders, or sills, are riveted plates, angles, and steel castings which +extend the full length of the car and platforms, as well as floor +beams, cross bearers, bolsters, and end sills of pressed steel. On this +foundation the side sills are riveted, steel beams that run the entire +length of the car. + +When this gray mass of steel is finally riveted together with its +coverplates, tieplates, and floorplates, the underframe of the car is +completed--an almost indestructible foundation which alone weighs 27,365 +pounds. On this underframe the superstructure or frame is erected to +form the body of the car. This frame is composed of pressed steel posts +and plates forming for each side a complete girder which would by itself +alone carry the entire weight of the loaded car. + +The roof deck is separately assembled, and as soon as the superstructure +of the car is ready it is swung up by a crane and dropped into place. +Like the rest of the car, the roof is of steel, braced and riveted to +defy the greatest possible strains. The ends and vestibules are now +built on, piece by piece, until the skeleton of the car is complete. The +vestibules are particularly imposing, for on each side, framing the side +doors through which the passengers enter the car, are giant beams of +steel so built into the construction of the frame that only under most +extraordinary circumstances could the force of a collision crush the +vestibule or the car behind it. + +The trucks which carry this tremendous burden of steel are marvels of +strength and efficiency. Each of the two trucks has six steel wheels +weighing nine hundred pounds apiece. Added to this is the weight of the +three six hundred pound axles, the two steel castings which form +the framework for the trucks together with the bolsters, springs, +equalizers, and brake equipment--a total weight of 42,000 pounds for the +trucks alone, contributed to the total weight of the car. + +[Illustration: Riveting the underframe] + +[Illustration: The steel end posts in position, providing strongest +possible protection in case of collision] + +The car is now subjected to a thorough sand-blasting, a process that +removes every particle of scale, grease, or dirt and leaves the steel in +perfect condition to receive the first coat of paint and the insulation. +To the passenger, the presence of the steel construction is +apparent, but the insulation, which forms a vital factor in the car's +construction, can be seen only during the process of building. Composed +of a combination of cement, hair, and asbestos, this insulating material +is packed into every cubic inch of space between the inner and outer +shells of the roof and sides, forming a perfect non-conductor to protect +the passengers against the biting cold of winter or the heat of summer +sunshine. A similar cement preparation is next laid on the floor, +combining the quality of a non-conductor of heat and cold with sanitary +qualities invaluable as an aid in maintaining the cars in a strictly +sanitary condition. + +At this point in the construction the car is turned over to the +steamfitters, plumbers, and electricians, who perform their work with +the skill and dispatch bred of a long familiarity with the particular +requirements of car construction. To see the Pullman car at this stage +is to see a network of steam-pipes and electric conduit lacing in and +out between the gaunt steel frame of the car, and everywhere the white +plaster-like insulation packed into every cavity. As soon as these gangs +of workmen have finished, other workers fit into place the interior +panel plates, partitions, lockers, and seat frames, and the car +instantly assumes a new and almost completed aspect. Meanwhile the +painters have completed their work on the exterior of the car and begin +the finer finish of the interior. Here coat upon coat is laid, and after +each coat laborious rubbing to give the required finish. The graining, +by which various woods are so faithfully imitated, is then applied, and +last the varnishing. + +[Illustration: Type of wood-frame truck used on early cars; four wheels +only, with a big rubber block over each in place of springs] + +[Illustration: Modern cast-steel truck; six wheels with powerful springs +to take up the jars and jolts of the road] + +The car is now completed with the exception of the fittings. A gang of +men hang curtains in the doors and windows; the upholsterers contribute +the carpets, cushions, mattresses, and blankets; the various little +fixtures are added, and the car is finished. _Steel! Veritably!_ One man +can trundle in a single wheelbarrow all the wood that has gone into its +construction. + +Rich Brewster green, the new paint gleaming in the sunlight, a long line +of these seventy-ton steel mile-a-minute hostelries are waiting for the +hour when the white-jacketed porters will open their doors in welcome +to their first passengers. Above the windows the word "Pullman" in dull +gold will carry from coast to coast the name of their founder. Below the +windows is the name of the car, selected usually with local significance +in consideration of the lines over which that particular car will +operate. + + * * * * * + +In a corner of the great yards at a track end stands a little yellow +car, smaller than many of our interurban trolley cars, the paint peeling +from the boards that have seen the changing seasons of half a century. +It is old number "9," not the earliest, but one of the early Pullmans. +Perhaps there are nights, when the roar of the machines is stilled, that +the ghosts of a long-past day once again walk up and down the narrow +aisles, strangers to the age of steel. + +[Illustration: The car ready for the interior fittings. The floor is of +monolith construction] + +[Illustration: Interior work. The steel framework for seats and berths] + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE OPERATION OF THE PULLMAN CAR + + +On the magic carpet of Bagdad the fortunate travelers of a fabulous age +were transported to their destination, over valley, river, and mountain +with a certainty and dispatch that has been unparalleled in the annals +of passenger transportation. But the magic carpet, despite the +generous measure of its service, seems to have been lost to following +generations, and only its reputation, doubtless somewhat amplified by +the telling, remains to set a high standard to succeeding transportation +enterprises. + +Service is a much-used and a much-abused word. It has manifold +significance. It may be a personal thing and carry the conscientious +effort of individuals eager to do for others offices which they desire +performed; it may be purely mechanical and consist only in the provision +of the "ways and means" to secure a desired end. It may be a combination +of both; a system or organization instituted for the accomplishment of a +duty or work beneficial to a community. A great railroad affords such +a service. Greater in its scope than any railroad, the Pullman Company +provides a more vast, intricate, and complete service to the people of +the United States, a service unequaled in all the world. + +[Illustration: Pullman sleeping car, latest design, with outline drawing +showing how the car is supplied with light, water, and heat] + +A study of the scope and ramifications of the Pullman operations +deserves more than passing comment; it is of interest to everyone, for +everyone is to some degree a traveler; an actual or a potential Pullman +patron. In preceding chapters has been traced the story of passenger +transportation in America; how the first railroads offered communication +only between a few closely related cities, and how later the growth +of the railroads brought into direct communication practically every +village and metropolis throughout the land. Then came the time when +the inadequacy of such complete but disconnected service struck the +imagination of a man who saw the endless miles of track of countless +railroads bound together by a supplemental system to which all railroads +contributed and from which they profited, and by which, most of all, the +public would enjoy a service of a scope which could otherwise only +be attained by an actual combination of these railroads into a single +company. But the vision of the founder of the Pullman Company did +not stop at the idea of a unified system. He had not only seen the +discomfort and inconvenience of countless changes from one train to +another at railroad junctions and the midnight gatherings on the station +platform; he had seen in tired eyes the fatigue of sleeplessness; he had +seen in the preponderance of male passengers the lack of a protection +sufficient to permit the free travel of unescorted women; he had +realized, and his realization ranks high with the thoughts of the +world's innovators, that travel was a hardship and that it could be made +a pleasure. + +With the realization constantly before him that the most perfect service +could be given only by the most radically improved equipment and the +widest extension of this company's activities, Mr. Pullman identified +the early years of organization with a development of the passenger +car to a degree of comfort, convenience, safety, and luxury that passed +popular comprehension. Nothing was too good for the Pullman car; +too much money could not be invested in it. Hand in hand with this +development of the mechanical side of service he developed its extension +throughout the country, by means of which it might be put into the hands +of the greatest number of people for their greater convenience. Never +has history more completely justified a business that from its character +must be to a certain extent a monopoly. Never has competition more +promptly yielded to unification. + +It is natural to think of the Pullman Company as housed in some +miraculous manner in the cars which it operates, as a company which +expends its restless existence in untiring travel from state to state. +But, as a matter of fact, the vast organization which makes possible +the movement of the seventy-five hundred cars which comprise the present +equipment holds an interest secondary only to the actual operation of +the cars themselves. + +[Illustration: Front end of a dining room in a private car] + +[Illustration: Rear end of the same dining room] + +There was a day when the run from Albany to Schenectady was the longest +continuous railroad ride that a traveler might take. Today it is +possible to travel in a Pullman car without change from Washington, D. +C., to San Francisco, a distance of 3,625 miles, requiring one hundred +and eighteen hours, or approximately five days. + +But distance is not alone characteristic of Pullman service; equal +attention is given to shorter "hauls." From Greensboro to Raleigh, North +Carolina, for instance, a distance of only eighty-one miles, Pullman +sleeping cars are regularly operated. Here, as in many other instances, +arrangements exist whereby the passengers may retire early in the +evening while the car is at rest on a siding in the station, and +arise at a reasonable hour in the morning. By such service hotel +accommodations are practically afforded and it becomes possible for the +travelers to have a whole day for pleasure or business at one place, +spend a night in which a hundred or five hundred miles are traversed, +and arrive without fatigue at another place the following morning. + +The hotel desk corresponds to the ticket office of the Pullman Company. +Imagine a hotel with 260,000 beds and 2,950 office desks, and a total +registration of 26,000,000 people each year. This is what the Pullman +Company does, however, and incidentally it does it often at a mile a +minute and in every state in the Union. The 2,950 offices where Pullman +berths, seats, drawing rooms or compartments may be purchased include +Quebec, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Vancouver on the north; San Diego, El +Paso, New Orleans, Key West, and Havana on the south; San Francisco +on the west, and the seaboard towns of Maine on the east. Under normal +conditions the southern limit is still further extended to fifty-six +additional offices in the Republic of Mexico, as far south as Salina +Cruz on the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and approximately two hundred miles +from the boundary between Mexico and Guatemala, Central America. + +The longest distance which it is possible to travel with a single +Pullman ticket is from Portland, Maine, to San Francisco, by the way +of Washington, D. C., New Orleans and Los Angeles. This cannot be +done, however, in one sleeper, and changes must be made at New York +and Washington. But a brief consideration of the perfect organization +necessary to provide such continuous passage with berths reserved at +each point of change by the mere purchase of a ticket at the starting +point, grants to the Pullman Company a measure of credit due. In actual +mileage the distance covered by this trip is 4,199. + +[Illustration: ROBERT T. LINCOLN + +President of the Pullman Company from 1897 to 1911] + +As a rule the berths in sleeping cars and seats in parlor cars are on +sale at the terminals of the different lines, but to provide facilities +at intermediate points where the demand is sufficient to justify it, a +limited number of sections are assigned for sale at such stations and +tickets may be purchased from them on application. At stations of less +importance and where the demand is not sufficient to assign any definite +space, an arrangement exists whereby the vacant accommodations are +telegraphed by ticket agents or conductors from point to point in order +to accommodate passengers taking the trains at such stations. It is also +possible and a very common practice to purchase a single sleeping car +ticket between stations a great distance apart--for instance, between +Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, to Los Angeles, San +Francisco, Portland, and Seattle, via any of the ordinary routes of +travel, by sufficient notice to the ticket agent to enable his reserving +the accommodations, and it is also possible to purchase under similar +conditions a sleeping car ticket in Havana, Cuba, for a berth, section, +or drawing room from Key West, Florida, to Seattle, Washington, a +distance of 3,923 miles, taking one hundred and thirty-three hours; +not, however, without change, but in connecting cars, giving continuous +sleeping car service over various routes. + +During the year 1916, 16,398,450 tickets of various forms were printed +in Chicago and distributed to the various ticket offices, and in +addition, 8,150,000 cash-fare tickets or checks were issued by +conductors to travelers purchasing on the train. + +In addition to offices where tickets may be purchased, arrangements +exist in many thousands of smaller points whereby the public may secure +sleeping-car accommodations by application to the station agent or other +representative of the railroad company, who will arrange by telephone, +telegraph, or letter the desired space to be called for, with a +reasonable time at a designated point. + +In order to extend to the public every courtesy consistent with lawful +requirements and good business principles, the Pullman Company endeavors +to provide prompt and careful attention to all requests for refund of +fares where service paid for is not furnished, whether through the acts +of its agents or employees or the passenger, or due to interruption of +traffic. + +Applications of this nature are usually made to the company's general +offices in Chicago, but when this is not convenient, a report made to +the company's representative in any of the important cities throughout +the country is forwarded to the central offices and receives the most +careful consideration. + +It would seem of interest in this connection to state that during the +year 1916, 53,743 applications, amounting to $152,446.00, were received +for refund of fares, an average of one hundred and seventy-nine for +each working day. Of the total number received 48,025 were considered +favorably and paid, indicating the liberal policy of the company in +such matters. Regardless of the amount involved, great or small, it is +necessary that each case be considered on its individual merits, and the +result determined with due regard to fairness to the passenger and the +company, and not conflicting with legal necessities. + +Probably seventy-five per cent of these requests for refunds are +occasioned by passengers changing their plans or missing their train. +Most frequent is the reason given that the wife has packed the tickets +in the trunk, that the cab or taxi broke down, or that the last act of +the theater caused unrealized delay. Often the tickets are lost, and not +infrequently they are turned in by others for refund. + +[Illustration: Bedroom and observation section of a costly private car. +This car represents the apotheosis of railroad travel] + +[Illustration] + +But one of the most convenient features of the Pullman service is the +ease with which the traveler may reserve in advance accommodations on +the train which he intends to take. In the ordinary railway coach it +is a rule of "first come, first served" and the late arrival is often +obliged to take a seat with a stranger. By the Pullman system, however, +a call over the telephone or a stop at the local ticket office is all +that is necessary to make as definite reservation of space as for a +theater, and the traveler is wroth indeed when in rare instances a slip +occurs and he finds his seat or berth has not been held for him and has +been sold to another. + +Naturally so general a convenience has led to rank abuses from which the +passengers invariably suffer. Chief among them is the practice of hotel +clerks and porters, especially in large cities and at summer and +winter resorts, to reserve far in advance all the desirable Pullman +accommodations on popular trains in the names of supposititious +travelers whom they claim to represent, and later sell these tickets to +the hotel guests at a premium or for the tip which invariably follows. + +By such practice the distribution of space is placed in the hands of +outside parties, out of the control of the railroads or the Pullman +Company, and the traveler is obliged to look to these irresponsible +individuals for his accommodations. In addition, the tip or extra fee +increases the cost of the ticket, errors in "duplicate sales" are made +more frequent, and a critical and unfriendly feeling is created in the +mind of the passenger who has been unable to secure a "lower" on early +application at the ticket office, but was able perhaps to secure one at +train time from the unused tickets turned in by hotel porters. Naturally +the feeling is created that the railroad or Pullman agents are holding +back space for a tip or a favorite, and "playing favorites" is never +popular with the public. + +There are several good stories told of the action of the Pullman Company +in cases where they "had the goods" on the offending hotel porters. As +the company is in no sense required by law to make refund, but does so +only for a convenience to its patrons, it is possible to refuse to make +a refund if the case justifies the action. At a popular watering place +an enterprising hotel employee figured out that on the day following +Easter a large number of guests would leave on a certain popular train. +Accordingly, like the theater "scalper," he purchased outright a large +block of tickets on this train, in fact, every lower on the two Pullman +sleepers. Fortunately the local agent of the company sensed that there +was something "rotten in the state of Denmark" and made provision for +two additional sleepers beyond the usual two which travel warranted. +Being able to secure satisfactory accommodations direct from the agent +the passengers failed to patronize the hotel porter's be-tipped and +premiumed wares, and he, "stuck with the goods," tried a few days later +to throw them back for refund on the Pullman Company. Their refusal cost +him an even hundred dollars and broke up a peculiarly bad condition in +that particular locality. + +Many, indeed, are the difficulties attending the operation of a +system of such magnitude, and it is only by a consideration of these +difficulties that the true wonder of a service so nearly perfect can be +appreciated. + +The operation of a system of such magnitude as the Pullman Company +necessitates an operating organization letter perfect in its detail. +Such an organization cannot be built to order; it must be a development, +the result of years of wearying experience and costly experiment. In +the introduction to the official book of instruction provided to car +employees of the company, occurs, above the signature of the general +superintendent, this sentence: "The most important feature to be +observed at all times is to satisfy and please passengers." It is an +apparently simple commission, a natural expression of desire, but +a brief investigation of the requirements necessary "to satisfy and +please" twenty-six million passengers, traveling rapidly from place +to place, from north to south and from coast to coast, regardless of +climate or locality, discloses a service and machinery for the carrying +out of that service complete beyond the realization of the most +discerning traveler. + +To comprehend more clearly the details of this nation-wide service it +must be considered in its two aspects--the material equipment which the +operation of the cars requires, and the personal service afforded by the +employees of the company. To give this service 7,500 cars of the Pullman +Company are operated over one hundred and thirty-seven railroads, or a +total of 223,489 miles of track, reaching practically every point in +the country from which or to which a person might desire to travel. +To operate these cars an army of over ten thousand car employees are +required, while seven thousand more are employed to keep the cars in +repair, and maintain them in a clean and sanitary condition. + +The Pullman Company maintains, in addition to the great plant at +Pullman, six repair shops situated at various convenient points +throughout the country where cars are repaired and maintained in good +condition. In 1916, a total of 5,115 cars were repaired at these +various shops at a cost of over five million dollars. Only by such rigid +maintenance can the cars be kept in the almost invariably excellent +condition in which they are found by the public. + +[Illustration: Modern Pullman steel sleeping car, ready to be made up +for the night] + +[Illustration: Modern Pullman steel sleeping car during the day] + +Years ago the wearied traveler wrapped his great coat about him for his +midnight journey. Later a few "sleeping" cars of primitive construction +provided sheets and blankets which were stored in a cupboard in the end +of the car. As these were washed only at irregular intervals, it was +a lucky passenger who found clean linen for his bed, and if he did not +make up the bed himself, it was the brakeman who provided this domestic +service. Naturally no one thought of undressing for the night, and when +the Pullman car was first introduced it was necessary to print on the +back of the tickets and in the employees' rules book the warning that +passengers must not retire with their boots on. + +Today the Pullman Company to provide clean linen nightly for each +passenger, keeps on hand 1,858,178 sheets, which are valued at +$980,553.00, and 1,403,354 pillow slips worth $186,475.00. In the twelve +months ending April 27, 1916, over two hundred thousand sheets, valued +at over one hundred thousand dollars, and nearly two hundred thousand +pillow cases, valued at over twenty thousand dollars, were condemned. +And during the same period 108,492,359 pieces of linen, including +both sheets and pillow cases were washed and ironed. In the matter of +condemnation, it is interesting to learn that the slightest tear or +stain is considered sufficient cause. These figures are staggering in +their immensity, but even more amazing is the system by which these +articles are provided, changed, washed, returned in traveling hotels, at +times hundreds of miles removed from the nearest supply station. + +In the oldtime washroom a roller towel gave satisfaction to travelers +less particular than those of the present day. But now how things have +changed. Two million seven hundred thousand towels are needed to supply +an ever increasing demand. Three hundred and twenty-five thousand +dollars was their cost and each year seventy million towels is the +laundry order. When Brown has shaved in the men's washroom in good +American style, he will probably wipe his razor on a towel. It is not +his custom at home, but the traveler seems to have scant respect for +property. That one little cut will destroy the towel for future service. +Pullman towels rarely have a chance to wear out. Over a hundred thousand +a year are condemned chiefly because of such usage, and, sad to relate, +each year over half a million are "lost." A Pullman towel is a handy +wrapping for a pair of shoes, but the annual lost charge amounts to +nearly seventy thousand dollars. It is a charge that must be accepted by +the company. It will not do to question a passenger's integrity. + +All told, the investment by the Pullman Company in car linen amounts to +$1,856,708.00, representing 6,597,714 separate pieces. And this is only +for sleeping and parlor cars and a relatively small number of buffet and +private cars, for the company no longer operates the diners. To provide +new linen to replace the lost and condemned costs an annual sum of over +four hundred thousand dollars. + +But the quantities and the cost of other articles which the company +provides are even more impressive. These, for the most part, are +expressions of Pullman service over and above the service itself, but +it is unquestionably true that by such "over and above" service is the +whole service most truly judged. Who would think, for instance, that +in one year 5,819,656 women's hats were protected against dust by paper +bags provided by the porters. And yet these paper bags represented +a total cost of $14,549.00. Smokers in the same period consumed two +million boxes of matches, and over forty-two million drinking cups +costing nearly eighty thousand dollars gave the modern touch of +sanitation to the water coolers. Soap would naturally be considered an +essential part of the service, but a soap bill for one year of sixty +thousand dollars is a large order for cleanliness. So, too, is the sum +of $20,000 for hair brushes and a third of that amount for combs. + +Back in the dark ages of blissful ignorance of germs, railroad coaches +were hallowed breeding places for sickness. But times have changed, and +today it is a pretty safe remark to make that the Pullman car is more +healthful than almost any place where people frequently congregate. +It does not take many gray hairs to remember the days of sleeping +cars furnished with heavy carpets tacked to wooden floors, of stuffy +hangings, and plush upholstery, of fancy woodwork rife with cracks and +crannies, and of washrooms and toilets that no amount of cleaning could +ever maintain entirely innocuous. + +It is difficult to enumerate the countless little details that are +constantly incorporated into Pullman car construction. The berth light +has been frequently changed to embody some new idea to improve its +convenience and efficiency. The coat hanger, and the mirror in the upper +berth are minor details, but their convenience is attested by their +constant use by passengers. In the washrooms the design of the wash +basins has been frequently altered to afford a more convenient resting +place for the toilet articles unpacked from the traveler's bag. Even the +location of a coat hook receives a consideration that would perhaps seem +exaggerated to the casual outsider. Double curtains are now provided +on the newer cars, one set for the lower and another set for the upper +berth. + +Once a month a Committee on Standards, composed of the higher officials +of the company, meets at the big plant at Pullman. On a track near the +main entrance, stands a car in which every practical suggestion has +been incorporated for the inspection of the committee. Some of these +suggestions are quickly eliminated by their experienced verdict; others, +possessing apparent worthiness, are passed and are later incorporated +in the construction of the next cars manufactured, when the public will +become the final judge. Many of these improvements are of a technical +character, and primarily affect the construction of the cars; others are +of a more directly personal nature and contribute more to the comfort +and convenience of the traveler. All that are passed by the committee +serve to place still higher the standard that for fifty years has been +constantly uplifted by the company. + +[Illustration: At the end of its journey the Pullman car is thoroughly +cleaned and disinfected. The first picture on this page shows the +bedding being given a sun bath. The next, the appearance of the car +when ready for fumigation, and the two illustrations at the bottom, the +vacuum machine at work.] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +As a car-building material wood has had its day, and the concrete floor +of the Pullman car is tacit tribute to the sanitary properties of a +widely used material. On the floor of concrete the familiar green carpet +is lightly stretched to be easily removed at the journey's end, and +after the floor has been thoroughly scrubbed, returned after a complete +cleansing with vacuum cleaners. Instead of insanitary woodwork, the +smooth surfaces of steel which form the interior of the car offer no +lurking place for germs, and soap and water at frequent and regular +intervals maintain a high degree of cleanliness. Of course, the porter +with his portable vacuum cleaners and his dustcloth, can keep the car +tidy en route, but the real cleaning comes when the trip is over and +a gang of professional workers with every appliance to serve this end +attacks the cars. Then not only are the carpets renovated but the prying +nozzles of powerful vacuum cleaners suck up every particle of dust from +seats, berths and cushions. Each mattress is given similar treatment, +and mattresses and pillows are hung in the open air for the action of +that greatest of all purifiers, the sun. Blankets are given a similar +treatment. Water coolers are cleaned and sterilized with steam. In fact, +nothing that could harbor a speck of dust is neglected. + +The slight, acrid odor sometimes noticeable in a Pullman car at the +beginning of a run is caused by the disinfectants which are liberally +employed. A jug of disinfectant solution is a part of the equipment of +every car and this is used for all car washing and particularly on the +floors and in the toilet and washrooms. + +To protect still further the health of the passengers, the cars are +regularly fumigated with a gas which kills all disease-producing +bacteria. Whenever a car has carried a sick person it is fumigated as +soon as it is vacated, in addition to the regular monthly, weekly, or +other schedule of fumigation for various lines and terminals. In order +that the district offices may be promptly informed as to the necessity +of this extra fumigation, the conductor is required to note on his +inspection report the fact that a sick passenger has been carried, and +the car is immediately taken out of service and thoroughly cleaned and +fumigated. Moreover, if space occupied by a sick passenger is vacated en +route, it must not be resold until the car has reached its terminal and +has been fumigated. + +To provide the necessary facilities for car cleaning, the company +maintains a cleaning force in two hundred and twenty-five principal +yards, and, in addition, at one hundred and fifty-eight outlying points. +These yards require the service of over four thousand cleaners. + +Stationed throughout the United States, in nearly every city +of prominence, are six superintendents, thirty-nine district +superintendents and thirty agents. These men each week make personal +inspection of cars in operation with the sole purpose of keeping the +service up to the highest standard. In addition, a corps of electrical +and mechanical inspectors constantly inspect and test the cars and +their devices, at various places, and another corps of local inspectors +carefully examine every departing and every incoming train with +particular attention to the appearance and deportment of the car +employees and the apparatus for heating, lighting and water. + +The Pullman Company is today the greatest single employer of colored +labor in the world. Trained as a race by years of personal service in +various capacities, and by nature adapted faithfully to perform their +duties under circumstances which necessitate unfailing good nature, +solicitude, and faithfulness, the Pullman porters occupy a unique place +in the great fields of employment. There are porters who for over +forty years have been employed by the company, and of all the porters +employed, an army of nearly eight thousand, twenty-five per cent have +been for over ten years in continuous service. The reputation of any +company depends in a large measure on the character of its employees, +and particularly in those concerns which render a personal service to +the general public is it necessary that the standards of the employees +be exceptionally high. Such standards of personal service cannot be +quickly developed; they can be achieved only through years of experience +and the close personal study of the wide range of requirements of those +who are to be served. + +To inspire in the car employees, conductors as well as porters, the +ambition to satisfy and please the passenger, rewards of extra pay are +made for unblemished records of courtesy; pensions are provided for the +years that follow their retirement from active service; provision is +made for sick relief, and at regular intervals increases in pay +are awarded with respect to the number of years of continuous and +satisfactory employment. + +One characteristic of the Pullman business that is peculiarly +significant is the average length of service of the employees. In a +general way it may truly be said that from the car porter to the highest +official every man who enters the business enters it as a life work. In +most lines of business there is a variety of concerns operating along +similar lines, and it is a natural step for a man to pass up from one +company to another. But the unique position held by the Pullman Company +has eliminated such a situation, and a man entering its employ looks +forward to a personal development in this one concern. + +[Illustration: JOHN S. RUNNELLS + +President of the Pullman Company] + +During the half-century which has seen the sure and perfect development +of this vast and complicated organization it is but natural to expect +among the names of those who have guided its destiny many that must rank +high in the business history of the country. A glance at the list of +past and present Directors of the company confirms the expectation. Here +are the names of men who have found high places in a variety of business +activities not only in Chicago but in other great cities. The list +includes: + + George M. Pullman + John Crerar + Norman Williams + Robert Harris + Thomas A. Scott + Amos T. Hall + C. G. Hammond + J. P. Morgan + Marshall Field + J. W. Doane + H. C. Hulbert + O. S. A. Sprague + Henry R. Reed + Norman B. Ream + William K. Vanderbilt + John S. Runnells + Frederick W. Vanderbilt + W. Seward Webb + Robert T. Lincoln + Frank O. Lowden + John J. Mitchell + Chauncey Keep + George F. Baker + John A. Spoor + +In this same period but three men have occupied the office of president: +George M. Pullman, the founder of the company, who held office from +1867, the year of incorporation, until his death in 1897, and Robert T. +Lincoln until 1911, when John S. Runnells, the present president, was +elected. + +Pullman service has revolutionized the method of travel. Night has been +abolished, the sense of distance has been annihilated; fatigue has been +reduced to a minimum. In the oldest districts of the east, along the +valleys of western rivers, on the wide-spread plains, among the remote +peaks of the Rockies, in the deserts of the great southwest, the Pullman +car, served by the same trained employees, furnishes the same comforts, +and gives the same nights' repose. Improved each year in its mechanical +construction, amplified in its service, better served by its attendants, +it has set a high standard to the world in the development of railway +travel, and in the fifty years of its development it has contributed +more to the safety, comfort, convenience, and luxury of travelers than +any other similar contribution that has been given to mankind. + + + + +INDEX + + + Berth construction, Mr. Pullman's new and radical, 99, 100 + + Boudoir cars, the Mann, introduced in Europe, 64, 81 + + _Bygone Days in Chicago_, its story of the locating of the Pullman + shops, 91 + + + _Chicago Tribune_, the, eulogy of the first Pullman cars, 46 + + Cleaning the cars, 152-154 + + Colebrookdale Iron Works, cast the first rails, 4 + + Construction of Pullman cars, 123-129 + + + _Detroit Commercial Advertiser_, the, comments of, on the hotel car, + 49 + + Dining car, the first designed by Mr. Pullman, 52; + he constructs "The Delmonico," 104; + railroads adopt the, 104; + its operation given up by the Pullman Company, 105 + + + Electric lighting of cars, 112-119; + in England, 113-118 + + England, introduction of Pullman cars in, 61-63; + reception of cars in, 66; + "The Pullman Limited Express," 68, 69; + electric lighting of Pullman cars in, 113-118 + + Erie railroad, gets the through Pullman service, 78, 79, 82 + + Europe, the Pullman car in, 61-69 + + + Flower Sleeping Car Company, 81 + + + Gates Sleeping Car Company, competitor of the Pullman Company, 75 + + Gauge, railway, standardized, 48 + + + Heating, early, 22, 31; + by locomotive steam, 119 + + Hotel cars, the first in service, 49, 50, 52, 103; + give way to the diner, 104 + + + _Illinois Journal_, the, comments on the first Pullman cars, 45 + + _Illinois State Register_, the, describes the new type of car, 43, 44 + + + Knight car, used on eastern roads, 80 + + + Lighting, 31, 112; + the Pintsch light, 82, 112; + electric, 112-119 + + Linen, requirements to supply the cars, 147-149 + + Locomotive, the beginnings of the, 5-9; + the American, 11, 12 + + _London Telegraph_, the, comments on the dining car, 67; + on the introduction of electric lighting in Pullman cars, 115, 116 + + + Mann Boudoir Car Company, incorporated, 81; + acquired by the Pullman Company, 83 + + Mann, Colonel, designs a sleeping car, 63; + his "boudoir cars" installed in Europe, 64; + his Company acquired by the Pullman Company, 83 + + Monarch Sleeping Car Company, competitor of the Pullman Company, 84 + + + Napoleon's field carriage, 2, 3 + + + Operation of the Pullman car, the, 133-158 + + + Parlor car, or reclining chair car, the first, 58 + + Porter, the, of the Pullman car, 155, 156 + + Presidents and directors of the Pullman Company, 157 + + Pullman, A. B., assistant of his brother, George M., 47 + + Pullman car, the first actual, 32-34; + rise of the great industry, 39-58; + first trip of, to the Pacific coast, 53, 54; + first through train from Atlantic to Pacific, 54-57; + in Europe, 61-69; + shop for making, established in Turin, 65; + reception of in England, 66-69; + imitation of, and competition from others, 73-85; + acquires the Mann and Woodruff companies, 83; + wins suits against the Wagner Company, 85; + rapid expansion of business, 89; + locates new shops at Chicago, 89-93; + berth construction for, 99, 100; + vestibuled trains of, 106-111; + electric lighting in, 112-119; + heating of, by locomotive steam, 119; + how the cars are made, 123-129; + the first all-steel, 123ff.; + trucks for, 126; + fittings, 128; + operation of the, 133-158; + travel distances possible for, 136-139, 146; + tickets sold yearly, 140; + linen required for, 147-149; + other furnishings for, 149-151; + cleaning, 152-154; + the working force, 154; + the porters, 155 + + Pullman, George M., birth and early years, 24, 25; + first activities in Chicago, 26, 27; + first sleeping-car work, 28-32; + his first Pullman car, 32-34; + the second car, 40; + incorporates the Pullman Palace Car Company, 47; + his purpose, 48; + introduces the hotel car, 49; + the first dining car, 52; + visits England, 61; + installs his cars there, 62, 66-69; + establishes shop at Turin, 65; + puts vestibule trains in operation, 84; + locates new shops at Chicago, 89-93; + builds town of Pullman, 93-95; + his radical changes in berth construction, 99, 100; + introduces the dining car, 103-105; + invents the vestibule for trains, 106-110; + his vision and achievement, 135, 158; + president of the company till his death, 157 + + Pullman Palace Car Company, incorporated, 47; + establishes shops in Detroit, 57; + its business, 137, 140, 141; + list of directors and presidents, 157 + + _Pullman, The Story of_, quoted, 94, 95 + + Pullman, the town of, 89-95 + + + _Railroad Gazette_, the, on electric lighting of trains, 113 + + Railroad restaurants, the oldtime service, 101-103 + + Railroad transportation, birth of, 1-15 + + Rails, the first iron, 4 + + _Railway Review_, the, describes vestibuled trains, 109, 110; + on trial of electric lighting in English trains, 116-118 + + Railways, the first in England, 4-7; + in America, 7-15; + change gauge to suit Pullman cars, 48 + + Reclining chair car, or parlor car, the first, 58 + + Repairs and repair shops, 146 + + + Sleeping car, the evolution of the, 19-35; + the early, 22, 23, 99; + Mr. Pullman's first, 28-32; + rise of the industry, 39-58 + + Stagecoach, the English, 2-4, 6 + + Steel, the first all-, Pullman cars, 123ff. + + Stephenson, George and Robert, and the first steam engines, 5, 7, 9 + + + _Trans-Continental_, the paper published by Pullman car tourists in + 1870, 54 + + Transportation, birth of railroad, 1-15 + + Trevithick, Richard, experiments with steam locomotive, 5 + + Trucks, the, used for Pullman cars, 126 + + "Twenty minutes for dinner," failure of the system of, 102, 103 + + + Vanderbilts, back the Wagner car, 76, 77, 84, 85 + + Vestibule invented, 106, 107; + vestibuled trains in service, 109; + trial trip, 110; + welcomed in Mexico, 111 + + + Wagner Palace Car Company, competitor of the Pullman Company, 76-79, + 84; + loses to the Pullman Company, 85 + + Wagner, Webster, founder of the Wagner Palace Car Company, 76 + + Woodruff sleeping car, 81; + acquired by the Pullman Company, 83 + + + + +[Transcriber's Notes + + +All words printed in small capitals have been converted to uppercase +characters. + +Duplicate chapter headings have been removed. + +The following modifications have been made, + + Page 129: + "carrry" changed to "carry" + (will carry from coast to coast)] + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Story of the Pullman Car, by Joseph Husband + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE PULLMAN CAR *** + +***** This file should be named 46122-8.txt or 46122-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/6/1/2/46122/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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