path: root/46108-0.txt

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 46108 ***

                         THE PLAYWORK BOOK




                                THE
                           PLAYWORK BOOK

                                BY
                            ANN MACBETH

                         WITH 114 DIAGRAMS

                          [Illustration]

                             NEW YORK
                    ROBERT M. MCBRIDE & COMPANY
                               1918




             _Printed in the United States of America_

                      Published October, 1918




CONTENTS


                                         PAGE

  INTRODUCTION                              1

  A WOOLEN BALL                            25

  ANOTHER WOOLEN BALL                      27

  A SPRIG OF FLOWERS                       30

  A SKIPPING ROPE                          33

  A SUCKER                                 37

  GOLLIWOGS                                38

  THE MEAL SACK                            40

  AN EMERY CUSHION                         42

  RAT-TAIL KNITTING                        44

  A PEEP-SHOW PICTURE                      46

  CUP AND BALL                             48

  STORKS                                   50

  A CORK DOLL                              52

  A RABBIT                                 52

  A CORK HORSE                             54

  AN ENGINE AND TENDER                     55

  A CHEST OF DRAWERS                       56

  A CRADLE                                 57

  A DOLL'S TABLE                           58

  A DOLL'S BED                             58

  A DOLL'S CHAIR                           59

  ANOTHER DOLL'S CHAIR                     60

  NECKLACES                                61

  A HAT BAND                               64

  A FAN                                    65

  A PIN-WHEEL OR WHIRLIGIG                 65

  A TIN WHEEL OR BUZZER                    67

  A WOODEN MILL                            68

  A FEATHER WHEEL                          70

  AN AIR PROPELLER                         72

  A REVERSING PROPELLER                    73

  A WATERWHEEL AND SHUTE                   74

  A POP-GUN                                76

  A WHISTLE                                78

  A LONG WHISTLE                           79

  A SQUEAKER                               80

  A BUZZER                                 80

  A CLAPPER                                81

  A TELEPHONE                              82

  A DRUM                                   83

  A MEGAPHONE                              84

  RUSH FURNITURE                           85

  RUSH WHIP                                86

  RUSH RATTLE                              87

  PAPER BEADS                              88

  FISH BONE TEA-SET                        89

  A RUSH OR RAFFIA BAG                     90

  THE HARVEST PLAIT                        91

  DOLL'S FURNITURE                         92

  A WHEELBARROW                            94

  A FERN BASKET                            95

  A DOLL'S STOOL                           96

  A DOLL'S STOOL OF FEATHERS               97

  A PORTER'S HAND BARROW                   98

  A CRANE                                  99

  A TOP                                   101

  A TEETOTUM                              102

  BOW AND ARROW                           103

  A DART                                  105

  A CROSSBOW                              106

  A CATAPULT                              108

  A TARGET                                109

  A RAFT                                  110

  A CANOE                                  111

  A SHIP                                  114

  A PROPELLER                             118

  A DOLL                                  119

  A BROWNIE                               122

  KITES                                   124

  A MONKEY ON A STICK                     131

  A DANCING LADY                          134

  A MODEL AEROPLANE                       136

  A FARMYARD                              138

  A DOLL'S HOUSE                          140




THE PLAYWORK BOOK


Far enough below the surface, in every one of us there lives, very
often almost forgotten, the child, who, like Peter Pan, "never
grows up." It is this everlasting child in us that keeps the keys
which open for each his Kingdom of Heaven, and sad it is for
those of us who have lost sight of the keeper of the keys. The
sweetest and loveliest things in our lives are the simplest things.
They do not abide in the excitable enjoyment of luxuries and
entertainments to be bought with money; they lie in the living and
eternal interest of the homeliest things of daily life, wherever
people are simple, and sincere of heart, and full of loving, kindly
thought and care for the concerns of others; where people do things
themselves instead of paying for them to be done; where wealth
is counted in love, in thoughtfulness, and in interest in other
people, and not in many possessions. These things are the heritage
of all children, and we are happy if we can carry our heritage with
us through our life; for this indeed is to be of the Kingdom of
Heaven.

A child who is unspoiled by the false and ignorant estimates of
others with regard to the rank and standing of those among whom
he lives, is perhaps our truest socialist. He comes into the
world possessing nothing, so far as he is aware, save his own
identity; he knows no distinction of class; his ideas of rank are
based solely on the beauty, charm, and kindness which are in due
proportion the characters of those he lives with. He makes his own
little kingdom if he is encouraged to work it out, or play it out,
for himself; and happy is the child and happy is the parent of that
child who learns to play independently, and to gather together
his kingdom, without a continual cry for assistance from others.
Here is one of the first great landmarks in education, and a child
who is unspoiled by too many possessions in the way of toys will
be one well provided, for his mind should at once move to create
these possessions for himself. This power to create, this moving
of the spirit to make something out of chaos, is in all healthy
human beings, and it is the happiest faculty we have. It is, in
fact, one of the most vital sides of religion in us, and perhaps
the most important to us. It brings us into direct kinship with
the Great Creator of all things. This moving of the Holy Spirit
over the chaos of the world, in our businesses, in our workshops,
in our shipyards, in our buildings, in all craftsman's work in
our factories, is probably never realized by the churchmen among
us, and only vaguely apprehended by the educational authorities.
Yet does not this very power of creative thought amongst even the
humblest of us constitute religion of the most living vitality?
This Holy Spirit moving, and living, and creating anew in every
trade and craft, and in every place where men are busy, should
be better realized by us, and more respected; we should then be
better men and women. The inventive minds among us are indeed our
prophets, answering to the call of those whose labor is too long
and heavy, and producing what will lessen the burden. Answering
again the call for more light, more beauty, more music in the
world, and producing our arts and our playgrounds, our games, our
schools and colleges. Answering again the call for freedom from
pain, and we have our hospitals, and our great doctors, and all who
work for the betterment of the world. Here is the real and living
church of God on earth. They say we are leaving the churches behind
us. Say rather that the church is more with us, and all are its
ministers who are working for the world's welfare.

We rebuke far too often that habit of children of asking questions.
We say, "Be quiet," and "You will see some other day"! Yet it is by
questions that the child shows most his interest in life, and his
inclinations and desires and tendencies.

We instruct a child for years in the writings, doings, sayings,
and contrivings of others who have gone before us. How rarely
do we realize that in these little ones there may be as great,
or greater, light within, only needing care and encouragement to
develop and flame up, and show its creative strength? It is sad to
think how often these little lights are snuffed out in their first
flickerings by the thoughtless things we say, by the foolish way
we tease them at the slightest sign of independent thought, by our
ignorant habit of commending and praising those who give up their
independence, and conform to the commonplace habits and customs we
have adopted as convenient.

Many very young children show astonishingly developed faculties
in certain directions even before they can express themselves in
speech. I know a little boy who, in his second year, showed such
an interest in machinery that his elder relatives had to learn
the parts of a locomotive engine in order not to betray their own
ignorance; and over and over again we see the faculties of the
creative mind so strong in young children that it is difficult to
persuade ourselves that they have not some previous experience
to draw upon. Especially is this the case in music and the arts,
for here there is perhaps less dependence on tools and previous
technical training required, than in other constructive work.
But it is sad to see, and very common also, that these bright
beginnings too often flicker out, not because the spirit is
lacking, but because these children are only too often driven to
hide their lights, because they feel conspicuous, are teased, and
rebuked, and chidden for their non-conformity, and are made to feel
themselves outcasts if they pursue the way their spirit tends to
lead them; and they lose their light, these finer little spirits,
and subside into the twilight of mediocre minds.

It is indeed difficult, in these times of over-crowded schools and
over-worked teachers, to foster and develop the personalities of
these little ones, but we all look to a time when education may be
a stronger force among us, more respected and more desired, when
those who teach in our elementary schools may be the finest men
and women we have, those of the greatest hearts, and the widest
understanding (for into their hands we place the most precious
thing we have); a time, when, realizing that the laborer is worthy
of his hire, we must also be brought to realize that the hire must
be worthy of the laborer.

We become more and more socialistic in our community life in these
days, and a child is now so little left to the charge of his mother
that his life, almost from babyhood upwards, is just a passing on
from one trained hand to another till he is able to support himself
independently, and often long after that. His years of school
grow longer and busier, and now even his playtime is to be more
closely guarded and supervised. Yet it is to be hoped that here the
guarding and supervising will be specially directed to preserving
his independence and his choice of leisure occupation.

Games are good for all, yet playtime should emphatically not be
all games: this is where our public schools have failed us; they
have given too much importance to games, and almost none to private
enterprise in constructive play. In the little contrivances of
children lie the germs of vast mechanical and artistic enterprises.
The marvelous crafts passed on to us from ancient days in every
land were never the result of training in schools, they partook
more of the qualities of what I would call "constructive play,"
passed on from parent to child, each new thing a little different
from any other, changing and varying in every age, yet all through
a pleasure and a joy to their makers. Our trades and our crafts
have all their beginnings in the immature constructions we make as
children. We build houses, we furnish them, we make instruments of
music (and un-music), we make ships, we fashion vessels of clay,
and wood, and metal; we weave and we paint; we dimly foresaw the
days when men should fly like birds, and we made kites. All this
went on for countless generations, and then we laid captive the
steam and the electric current, and lo! a change; all things are
possible. Yet we have had a set back; we have forgotten awhile
that the spirit in all of us is greater than the machine. We
have allowed our machines to make our toys, and instead of being
toy-makers our children have to some extent become toy breakers,
not because they are really trying to destroy, but because they
have the right and natural desire to see how a thing is made. It
is not enough, however, to know this; it is very essential that a
child should make for himself, and the probability is that if the
thing is easily bought he will not take the trouble to make it. He
will be inclined to take it for granted that just because it is a
"commercial" article, a thing to be bought in a shop, he cannot
make it. Toys imported from abroad have been so plentiful and so
cheap of late years that the children of to-day rarely attempt
to make them for themselves, and they are immensely the poorer,
intellectually speaking, for the lack of this necessity to make
them. It is for this reason that I have gathered together a small
collection of the contrivances of past generations, and the present
generation too, not in order that they serve as mere subjects for
copy, but because in making such things children develop ideas for
improving upon them, and for making new things.

This little collection of works and enterprises is brought together
as a suggestion for what Scottish folk so aptly call "ploys,"
which the children may undertake without much help or instruction.
Later on it may be possible to collect a more mature series of
suggestions for recreative work in evening schools and continuation
classes. There are people everywhere whose work during the day is
so taxing that they cannot continue to strain mind and hand at the
usual subjects given in evening schools, and yet they can learn
to employ their leisure time very profitably by work which does
not demand either mental strain, nor highly developed skill, nor
any elaborate outfit, nor noisy methods of construction. It must
be truly "leisure" work, and be planned to give refreshment and
stimulation and "play" to weary brain and body.

Such gentle fireside crafts as the decoration of pottery, and
coarse and effective needlework are delightful to practice of
an evening, and need give no trouble to the tidy and anxious
Marthas of the household. No evenings are more pleasant than those
I have spent with friends all busy at quiet crafts round the
hearth, chatting a little, or listening to a reader, or singing
simple songs in parts, and with no accompaniment of instruments.
Constructive design for either of these two crafts is a delightful
thing for either men or women of any age. We are never too old to
learn to design patterns so long as our hands are able to guide a
pen. For what is writing but pattern. Each of us writes his or her
name to an individual design, easily recognized so soon as our hand
has learned to control our instrument. Patterns for these simple
crafts should therefore emanate from the minds of the workers
themselves, and should never be copied if it is possible to avoid
it.

This spirit of creativeness and invention should find a special
period for its development in the day's time-table, and it would
be immensely helpful and interesting if teachers would make
collections of "outstanding" productions from the children, and if
little loan collections of these might travel round from place
to place. The children themselves are always intensely interested
in seeing such things--and sometimes the older folk who have not
forgotten to be children are even more so. I have always urged that
craft-work from our various educational centers should go "on tour"
in this way, and I keep a large quantity of needlework which shows
individuality, from all sorts of schools, going round the country.
This usually is shown to teachers only, which limits its sphere,
for the children themselves show a most enthusiastic interest in
it, and whenever I have shown such work to children in elementary
schools, the chorus of excited little voices usually repeats,
"Oh, I could do that," which is exactly what is needed for a good
beginning. How charming it would be if municipalities would have in
every museum a section of "modern craft work," independent of the
collections of antiquities we store up. For we also have beautiful
things being created amongst us, no less beautiful because they
result from the demands of modern needs and usages.

New habits of life produce new demands, and children quickly catch
new ideas and adapt themselves to the use of hitherto unknown
materials. This is especially the case in cities, and the suggested
constructions for the playwork subjects in this book are almost
all made out of the waste materials the children may readily find
at hand, and they are put together as far as possible, without
any particular need for skill, and with the fewest and simplest
of tools. In the country there is always an immense wealth of
superfluous material to play with, and the country child has a far
greater treasury from which to supply the need of hand and mind
than his neighbor of the city. Imagination can find an immensity
of outlet and opportunity, even in the neighborhood of cities.
I remember well my village of cave dwellings which I carefully
hollowed out beneath the spreading roots of trees--very dirty
trees--in a suburban wood in a Lancashire town. The caves were
furnished with stones and twigs, and populated with earwigs or any
creeping thing to be found and housed there. Later I owned an
island in a Westmorland Lake, and had a beautiful house of woven
branches of the growing rowan trees, with a garden planted with
ferns and wild flowers among mossy bordered paths. And again, my
sisters and brothers and I made fine wigwams of the branches of
young oak and hazel trees found in those lakeland woods; they were
tied together at the top with the fibrous stems of honeysuckle,
spread tentwise at the base, and heaped outside with a covering of
dead bracken and dry leafy twigs. In town too, for wet days there
was always the house under the table, walled in with table cover
and blankets: delightful dwellings all, and happy little "homes"
to live in, for any place is a "home" to us when we look back to
it with happy memory. And the garlands we made of daisies and red
clover, thick as a man's arm and plaited strongly together, with
which we decked the clothes-props on the drying green, and made
them into Maypoles! We remember the joy these things gave, chiefly
because we made them; we remember them far better than the games
we played, or the entertainments we went to.

At school again, my best personal experience, and one that I have
found valuable above all the other education I got, was not the
lessons I learned from books; I have forgotten almost all I got
from them. It was the great days when we had plays in school, and
I was allowed to devise, and practically direct the whole making
of the stage properties. A great time that. We made armor, and
weapons, and crowns, and garments, and wings, and scenery. We had
no assistance from teachers for this, and I know it taught me more
than any of my teachers did. During school days I did not learn to
draw because I had a drawing lesson once a week, and painfully and
carefully drew perspectives of chairs and schoolrooms and other
dull things. I learned to draw because I loved to scribble in my
lesson books princes and princesses, and fairies, and because I had
few playthings, and was always making and decorating little gifts
for other people.

This practise of decorating the things we make is really far the
best way to teach drawing to either children or others. We make our
education in drawing a far too limited affair by directing it to
a pictorial issue alone, and drawing is a far wider subject than
concerns picture-making solely. If we go into our museums, we see
from the ancient handicrafts left to us by primitive peoples, that
in the beginning all art was purely applied to useful things. The
clay jar modelled in the hands alone, with its lines and curves
just emphasized with a few scratches or impressions made with a
stick or a bone, what is this but just play? and yet it is art
also and the art adds immensely to the value of that jar. So also
to-day, if any child takes a piece of clay and makes a vessel by
hand, the very same thing is produced. I have seen little pots made
in schools which it is difficult to distinguish from some of those
of ancient Egypt or Peru in our museums. They are not one whit less
artistic, and yet the art is quite unconscious, the child was only
"playing" with the clay.

We would be much the richer, commercially speaking, if schools
would only take up this different side of art teaching--making
patterns, instead of pictures. I am not condemning the drawing of
pictures, but I am urging that pattern-making--constructive design
in actual material, not on paper--should come first. Pattern is the
mathematics of art, and it can develop the mathematical faculties
far more widely than mere mental calculations can. It must be
learned by wise gradations, and the learner must never be allowed
to get out of hand or run riot with over-elaboration. If we can
teach the children in their drawing lessons to decorate the useful
articles they need for the home, we shall give a great impetus to
the commercial arts. For example, if a child has one lesson at
decorating a piece of pottery with a brush dipped in glaze paint
and decorates it with nothing but a line of dots or strokes, he can
have this fired and fixed and use it, and he also at once looks at
every china shop with a sharply discriminating eye. In a very short
time he will be able to choose between good decoration and bad, he
will understand economy in production, he will very soon demand
from the trade a higher class of design, and he will be willing to
pay for better design because he understands the working of it.

The fashion for amateurs to practice photography did not do harm to
the professional photographer, as was feared at first; it raised
the standard of professional work, and brought more custom, and not
less, to the professional worker. And this holds good in all work,
the more widely and thoroughly it is "understanded of the people,"
the more desirable do the people find it.

There is a great education before art teachers, and they must
realize that they must come into touch with science and mathematics
and general constructive work. They must watch the changing needs
and fashions of the day, and realize that not only in classic
times was the art of the people a beautiful and desirable thing.
They must realize, too, that in this Twentieth Century our hands
are extending their powers, and that by the use of machines
we are reaching a far larger public than unaided hands could
do. The artist has spent two or three generations bewailing the
machine; he forgot that no machine can, of its own powers, be
artistic or inartistic. He left the machine alone, and therefore
the machine-work has fallen into discredit. The artist craftsman
is too often too conscious of his art, and does not subordinate
himself sufficiently to modern ways and conditions. It is not
the fault of the machine that much of our manufactured output is
inartistic, it is the fault of the artist that he has not managed
to control the machine. First and foremost, however, we must have
some change in the training of artists, and must direct their
attention to utility, rather than pictorial work. It is difficult
to count the outlets possible to the decorative craftsman, provided
he understands modern machinery and commercial demands. This
training in handicraft begins, very rightly and naturally in the
kindergarten schools, but there, unfortunately, it stops short.
Now what we want to do is to plan out for our growing children
such crafts as will develop intelligence and skill of hand, without
demanding too great physical strength or technical training, and
without undue expenditure of money upon materials and outfit.

For the younger children the easiest media to work in are clay and
needlework. The clay-work should be directed to the most permanent
and useful things that can be produced; pottery and tiles can be
very easily made, and are very permanent if they are glazed and
fired and decorated, and this can be done at very little expense.
Needlework must be taught so that the worker develops intelligence
and independence, and is no longer made to sew the multitudes of
fine stitches which were once considered necessary, and which made
the girls mere unthinking machines. There are endless new ways
to be followed out in the sewing and embroidery and construction
of garments and household textiles. Even the rather mechanical
knitting is probably only in its infancy as yet, and we may see it
do great things, and play a more beautiful part in our textile
arts. To reform and renew the vitality of all these things we must
realize that they have all their beginnings in the playwork of
the little child, and that simply because the little child has no
traditions to unlearn, and is therefore independent enough to think
out new devices in his play, so must we all keep before us the fact
that we have that light within us which is above, and independent
of, traditions.

If we can see any way in which any work can be improved or altered,
or beautified by some change in its treatment, we must be bold to
try it, for only by courage and bravery of thought does the work of
the world keep itself fresh and ever renewed and changing towards
better things. Never be afraid that because you have not tried to
do a thing you will be unable to do it. If the thought of doing
it has come to you, it is a sign that some power is there, at any
rate, and the impulse to improve and change a thing for the better
is just that creative impulse stirring within, which I have pleaded
for. Whose is that impulse? Not our own entirely. Then surely if
it is good, we do right at least to try to carry it out. It is the
Mind that changes matter, but it is not your mind nor mine, though
it is in our charge. And happy is he who has faith to listen and
give it force and visible expression.

There are in this little book things that many of the wiser folk
shake their heads over--catapults for instance. Yet I have put
them in; for surely if we older folk had not enjoyed our catapults
we should probably have been sadder folk, as well as wiser. All
children may some day or other handle instruments of offense and
destruction, and it is part of their legitimate education to
learn to do no harm with them, so I have put in the catapult. I
enjoyed playing with mine, and I do not think I ever broke anything
with it, I do not even remember hitting anything I aimed at, and
probably this is the average experience. I have not attempted to
enter into any lengthy suggestions as regards making boats, or
other toys requiring much patience and skill and knowledge of
tools. Boat-making is a most interesting thing for both boys and
girls, and can be carried to great perfection by them, if they
have perseverance. I see no reason why the making of model boats
and mechanical toys should not be the special work of boys' manual
classes, nor is there any reason why a great quantity of the
craft-work and needlework in day and evening schools should not be
commercialized, and disposed of by the educational authorities,
both to the advantage of the teachers and the pupils. One field
alone--that of providing souvenirs for sale to tourists--is a
large one, and is at present open to the schools. Tourists do
not come here with any desire to buy souvenirs made abroad; they
would greatly prefer things with a local flavor, and preferably
small and portable. I know from personal experience how immensely
such a market encourages students to work at their classes in the
evenings. We could keep the evening schools packed with students
if they realized that their work, done in leisure hours, had some
prospect of bringing in a return instead of involving outlay
alone. This also is playwork; and though this small book deals only
with such playwork in its infancy, yet it must be emphatically
urged that it develops into great things, things that the nation
needs, and which can only come to their full development because
the nation's children have learned to play.

My thanks are due to my grandfather, grandmother, and my father and
mother, and to my nurses whose names I have forgotten, but from
whom I learned to make many things. Also to Mrs. Grisedale, Mrs.
Wear, Mrs. Fry, Mrs. Fellows, Miss Allright, Miss Worsdell, Miss
Douglas, Miss Arthur, Mr. J. T. Ewen, H.M.I., Mr. Forrester Wilson,
and to Norman Guild, for many suggestions, and for their very
practical help.




A WOOLLEN BALL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A small strip of thick cardboard, a small piece of string, wool,
 scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 1 AND 2.]

This is the easiest of all the things one can make in wool. Take a
narrow piece of stiff cardboard, or a flat stick about five inches
long and about one inch wide, and make a slit at each end: between
these two slits stretch a piece of thin string and then, about the
middle of the strip of cardboard, wind the wool over and over till
it is like a ball. Do not allow the wool to spread too far along
the cardboard. When the ball of wool is two, or two and a half
inches in diameter, loosen the string from the slits, and slip out
the cardboard carefully from the ball; you will not have a bundle
of wool with a string running through all the loops. Tie the string
up tightly and knot it well, then take your scissors and cut the
loops as in Figure 2. After all the loops are cut you will have to
clip all the loose ends, till they are about even in length, and
the bundle will now be a nice regular shape. This is a somewhat
wasteful way of making a ball, and should only be used by very
little children with waste wool or cotton yarn. It teaches them,
however, a very useful thing--to wind wool evenly, and to cut and
trim it.




ANOTHER WOOLLEN BALL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Two used postcards or pieces of thin cardboard, a strong darning
 needle, odd pieces of bright-colored wools, scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 3 AND 4.]

A very much better way to make a woollen ball, but more difficult,
is shown in Figures 3 and 4. Here you must first have a piece of
fairly stiff cardboard and on it lay a teacup or tumbler with the
rim on the cardboard. Draw with a pencil, or scratch with the
scissors round the rim so that you have a circle about three and
a half or four inches across on it, and cut these circles out.
Then take some smaller circular thing, a quarter, or something
about that size, and place it carefully in the center of each of
your larger circles, and cut out the smaller circle like a hole
in the middle of the bigger one. Now take some wool--you can have
it of many bright colors, and if you have any old woollen knitted
things which you do not need you can unravel them. Slip one end
of your wool through the hole of both pieces of cardboard when
they are laid together, tie it in a knot, and with your fingers
at first, and later with a darning needle, keep winding the wool
through the hole and over and over the cardboard until it is all
covered. Go on winding it through the hole, until the hole is so
full that even your needle will not push through. Then you must
take sharp scissors and carefully cut the wool at the outer edge
of this round cushion you have wound, till the scissors cut into
the cardboard, so that you can slip one point between the two cards
and cut right round the circle. You must be careful not to let the
wool be pulled out of the hole through which you have threaded it.
Now take a piece of thin strong string, slip it round between
the two cardboard circles, wind it two or three times, and tie it
very tightly. Next, carefully tear away your two cardboard rounds
and you will have a fine firm ball, which only needs cutting
and trimming with the scissors into an even shape. You can make
this ball look very pretty by arranging your wool as you wind
it into different layers of varying color or make a quarter of
your circle of one color and the next quarter of another, and so
on. Small balls made like this make pretty pompoms for shoes and
hats, and tassels on bags, or they can be fixed on drawstrings in
underclothing, to prevent them coming out.




A SPRIG OF FLOWERS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A little thin cardboard, wools of various bright colors,
 milliner's wire, a small darning needle, scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 5 TO 9.]

This can be made very much as the second woollen ball is made. You
take a circle of cardboard again, but rather a smaller one about
two inches across (a small ink bottle or an egg-cup would give
about the right size); and cut in it a round hole about as big as
a dime. Wind bright-colored wool through the hole and over the
cardboard very evenly, using a darning needle because it is such a
small hole. Wind on wool until all the cardboard is covered evenly.
Then take a piece of wire about six inches long, or a hairpin will
do if straightened out. You can do this by holding the ends tightly
in each hand and rubbing the pin backwards and forwards against
the edge of a table. At one end of the wire bend it, so that it
makes a little loop, the smaller the better. Now begin with green
wool to wrap round the wire, covering in the loop first, and when
you have covered in the whole loop wind the wool over the end of
the bent piece again, and bind it tightly to the other portion,
and go on down the wire for some distance. With another hairpin
(not straightened out this time, but bent as much to a point as
possible) or another piece of wire bent like a V, tie the green
wool at the bend, and wind in and out from one side of the wire
to the other, first letting the sides go wide from each other and
then gradually tightening them together, till you have them closed
again and they become a leaf shape. Bind this leaf into the first
wire stem, and add more leaves if you wish. Now wind over the
first two fingers of your left hand some yellow or dark-colored
wool about a dozen times, and take the end of the wool and tie it
through when you withdraw your fingers, as in making the first
woollen ball. Hold these loops tight from this knotted part, and
wind the end of the wool round till it is like Figure 6, a little
tassel; take your darning needle and sew this tassel into the hole
in the circle of cardboard so that it makes a center for your
flower, and sew the cardboard flower to the loop at the end of the
wire. You can make two or three small tassels for this center if
you like, and bind them first around the loop so that they fill up
the hole in the cardboard quite tightly. More tassels can be made
and tied to wires and bound into the main wire stem like little
buds. These sprigs look very pretty when worn in hats, and they
will not spoil with the rain: you can also put a large spray in a
vase when you cannot get real flowers.




A SKIPPING ROPE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Some cheap thin string or cotton waste, some small twigs, a pencil
 or penholder, a strong hook fixed in a wall.

[Illustration: FIGS. 10 TO 12.]

Take three or four lengths of thin string--a very cheap quality
will do--about three yards long, and tie them into a knot close to
each end. Be sure that every separate piece is of the same length.
Then take one knotted end and slip the knot round a hook in the
wall, not too high up; a curtain hook will do very well, or any
other knob or projecting thing which will allow a very small loop
to slip off and on, and which will hold firmly. Into the other
end, at the knot, slip a pencil or penholder, and hold the strand
of strings or threads with the left thumb and forefinger loosely,
just beyond the place the pencil is slipped into it, as in Figure
10. With the right hand first finger hit the pencil round and round
away from you, _downwards_, keeping it whirling so that the long
strand becomes twisted. Do not hold too tight with the left hand,
but be sure to keep the strands taut from the hook where they are
fastened. Keep on whirling until the strand is twisted so tightly
that it begins to go into kinks. Then get somebody to catch the
strand about the middle, and keeping it carefully taut all the time
walk round until you bring the pencil end up to the hook, and slip
the strand from the pencil on to the hook. Then take the pencil to
where the strand is being held in the middle and slip it into the
doubled end, and holding it as tightly as possible from the hook,
as before, whirl the pencil in the opposite direction, towards you,
_upwards_, as in Figure 11. This will make a beautiful cord. The
pencil can be slipped out now, and the ends on the hook must be
knotted together so that the cord will not unravel. This is called
a "twofold cord," and it can be made in two colors if you divide
the length before the first twisting into two equal lengths of
differently colored threads. A "threefold cord," can be made in the
same way, but it must be folded into three different lengths before
the second twisting, and three different colors may be introduced.
A threefold cord is much fuller and firmer than a twofold one.
Cords can be made of wool or silk or any kind of thread, and must
be made of few or many strands according to the thickness required,
and according to the thickness of the strands used. Thin woollen
cords are very nice to run into woolen garments as drawstrings,
or into bags; thick ones made of knitting yarn are splendid for
dressing-gowns, and the ends can be finished off with tassels.

If you make a skipping rope in this way you will want a firm handle
at each end, and you can make it by getting three or four small
sticks or twigs, and laying them close to each end round your
cord. Then bind these round, at both ends of your skipping rope,
with firm twine. Next take the end of the rope which projects
beyond the twigs, and double the strands back along the twigs
for a short distance, and bind them down again and cut away any
superfluous length, and knot your binding string firmly. This will
make a very pretty little handle, especially if you can get pretty
greenish twigs with the bark on them and tie with colored threads
or twine. Figure 12.




A SUCKER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A small piece of thick leather, strong string, scissors or
 penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.]

This is a very interesting toy to play with. It is very simple to
make: all it needs is a round piece of fairly thick leather about
four inches across. Cut this into a perfect circle with a knife,
if the leather is too thick to cut with scissors, and in the very
middle bore a small hole and put through this a piece of strong
string, about a yard long, and tie a knot in this so that it will
not slip through the hole. Now soak your leather in water till it
is very soft and damp, and keep it in this condition whenever you
use it. By dropping the round of damp leather quickly on to the
surface of a smooth stone you will be able to lift and carry quite
large stones. You must be sure to drop the sucker on to the smooth
surfaces, because if there are any little crevices under the sucker
the air in them will prevent suction.




GOLLIWOGS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Colored wools, a little string, cotton, or silk, and a tiny piece
 of tape; a large-eyed needle, scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 14 TO 18.]

These golliwogs are made of tassels of wool. First wind your tassel
over your fingers much as you wound it for the first woollen ball
on the cardboard. Then cut the loops, and tie very tightly with
several turns of strong cotton or silk close to the end, and again
about half an inch lower. This forms the head, and the ends at the
top can be trimmed into a top knot. Below the head, divide off a
small portion on each side for the arms, and tie each of these
again about half way down, and cut off just below the tied portion,
where the dotted line is in Figure 14. Tie also for the waist at
the double dotted line, and then, if legs are required, divide the
remaining part of the tassel into two, and tie at the feet. Take a
needle with thread or wool of a different color from that you have
used for the golliwog, and stitch in eyes and nose. Figure 15 makes
a very good Zulu chief, if he is made in black wool. Figure 16 is
a Red Cross nurse. She can be made in light blue or gray wool, and
her cap and apron are made of a small piece of tape, each sewn with
a red cross. Her cap must be folded and stitched up the back like
Figure 17, and her neck, wrists, and belt must be wound with white
thread. The little turban golliwog, Figure 18, has his headdress
made of a short bundle of wool of another color pushed through the
folded loop of wool which forms his head. His arms also can be a
separate bundle of strands pushed through the body portion.




THE MEAL SACK


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A tiny piece of calico, white cotton, cotton wool, scent powder
 or lavender flowers, several apple pips, needle and thread, and
 scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 19 TO 21.]

This makes a very pretty scent bag or pincushion.

Take a small piece of calico or any cotton scrap, about three
inches wide and six inches long, and fold it across the middle.
Take a needle and cotton and tack it up the sides, and down again,
if you cannot make small stitches, keeping both rows of stitches
very close together. Now fray out the threads at the ends of your
strip, and turn the bag inside out. You can fill it with lavender
if you like, or stuff it with cotton wool and some powdered scent;
or you can stuff it quite tight with bran instead, and make a
pincushion of it. Tie the opening up tightly with strong thread,
Figure 20. Now take one or two pips from an apple or an orange, to
make a mouse: if it is an apple pip take a penknife and scratch
out eyes and ears, as in Figure 21. If you use an orange pip you
can ink in the eye and the ear. Now stitch your little mouse on to
your meal sack, and it will be a very dainty little gift to put by
for Christmas. You can also make pretty sets of scent bags out of
bits of ribbon or silk patterns from the dressmaker's, or cut off
any old scraps of thin materials you find. Make six little bags
of different colors and stuff with cotton wool and scent, and tie
round the neck of each the end of a piece of narrow baby ribbon;
tie the first bag with a piece nine inches long, and each of the
other bags should have a ribbon a little longer than the last. Then
tie all the loose ends of the six ribbons together with a bow of
ribbon, and you will have a charming cluster of sachets to hang in
a wardrobe.




AN EMERY CUSHION


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A tiny piece of red ribbon or silk, a tiny piece of calico or
 cotton material, strong red cotton thread, yellow or silk thread,
 green wool, a little emery powder, a tiny piece of hard soap or
 wax candle, scissors, and crewel needle.

[Illustration: FIGS. 22 TO 24.]

To make this you must get a little bright red material about three
inches square and a little thin cotton material the same size. Lay
both together and fold them diagonally across from corner to corner
with the red material inside, and with fine thread and needle and
very small stitches sew it from the two loose corners up to the
point where it is folded, so that it forms a triangular bag. Now
the bag should be folded over so that you can measure off on the
diagonal fold the same length as the stitched seam, and cut away
the extra material as in Figure 22. Now take some hard soap, or a
piece of wax candle, and rub it hard all over the cotton material
in order to prevent your emery stuffing getting out, trim off any
extra thickness of material at the point, and turn the bag red side
out and run it very finely round the opening with strong needle and
thread. Draw the thread up a little, as in Figure 23, and now take
your emery powder and fill up tight with that. If you cannot get
emery get some fine dry sand, or you can even pound up some cinders
out of the fire, and fill your little bag very tight with the
powder you make, and draw up the thread and stitch it very close.
Next you must take your green wool or silk, and make long loop
stitches all round the top until all the opening and the gathered
up portion is neatly covered with these stitches, like sepals on
a flower. Stitch on a little cord or loop of ribbon, and with a
yellow thread make even stitches all over your little bag, till it
looks just like a strawberry--Figure 24.




RAT-TAIL KNITTING


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A large cork, large reel, or a small piece of a narrow cardboard
 roller, strong pins, preferably those known as "laundry pins," a
 small crochet hook, colored wools.

[Illustration: FIG. 25.]

This is known as rat-tail knitting, or cork or bobbin work. It can
be made either by boring a hole in a large flat cork and setting
seven or eight pins in round this hole, or by setting the pins into
a reel with a large hole, but I have found the best thing is to
get a small tube of cardboard such as paper is rolled on (out of a
toilet roll, for instance), and to stick the pins firmly into the
cardboard, as in Figure 25. Five or six pins will do. Take colored
wool and loop it once round each pin, then wrap it very loosely
once round the whole circle of pins, and, with another large pin
or a small crochet hook, lift each loop up and over the last wrap
of the thread, and over the head of the pin. Do this right round
the circle of pins, so that you have now a second series of loops
made from the thread which was wrapped round above the first ones,
while the first loops have begun to descend into the tube. Work
round and round till the end of your knitted rat-tail appears out
of the tube at the lower end. You can knot on lengths of wool of
other colors and make very pretty reins with them. You can, if
you like, work with two differently colored threads, all the time
using one color for the loops you lift, over a wrap thread of
another color, alternating as you work round and round your circle.
This is really just the way a knitting-machine works, very much
simplified. You can do the same on a larger scale with a wooden
ring into which pegs of wood are inserted, and this will make quite
a large woollen muffler.




A PEEP-SHOW PICTURE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A small piece of glass from an old photograph-frame, some firm
 brown or colored paper, any tiny flowers, leaves, etc., a piece of
 stamp paper.

[Illustration: FIG. 26.]

Collect a tiny bunch of the smallest flowers you can find, daisies,
buttercups, violets, even little weeds like chickweed, and small
grasses, clover leaves, or sprays of moss; tie them very loosely
in a little bunch. Now lay your piece of glass down on your paper
(the paper may be any color, but the blue sugar-bag paper looks
very pretty.) Take your little bunch of flowers and arrange it flat
on the glass, with the faces of the flowers pressed against the
glass, and the leaves and moss pressed flat on top of them. Put
the prettiest side of them next the glass. When all the surface of
the glass is fairly well covered fold the paper over the flowers
so that it makes a neat parcel, and fasten down the corners of the
parcel with stamp paper. Then turn your parcel over, and round
three sides, about half an inch from the edge, cut a neat line, so
that the paper will now lift like a flap and show your very pretty
picture. Seaweeds can be used instead of flowers--and if so, they
should be arranged on the glass in a dish of water and floated into
place.




CUP AND BALL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A piece of thin cardboard about eight inches square, scraps of
 tissue paper, string, odd scraps of veiling, net, or thin silk or
 muslin, paste or mucilage, scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 27.]

This is a very good toy to play with, and can be easily made. Get
a piece of cardboard about six inches square and draw a line from
corner to corner and cut it across. Then roll this triangle of
cardboard into a long cone shape, about two and a half inches wide
at the open end, and with a strip of thin gummed paper across the
overlapping edge fix it down tight, so that it will not open out
again. With the scissors trim the open end to an even round. Next
take a large piece of tissue or any other thin soft paper, and
roll it into a neat round ball, which must loosely fit the opening
of the cone. Wind a thread of wool over it in one direction, and
another so that it keeps its shape. Now, if you can get a piece of
a black veil, or some very thin soft net or muslin, cover over the
ball so that it looks quite neat and round and even, and stitch a
thin string about eighteen inches long to it. You can now cover the
cup also with the veiling if you wish to, and if so, leave about
three inches over at the open end, which must be drawn together,
and the draw thread then pushed down inside the cone and fastened
off at the closed end. It can have a little cork put in to fill it
up. Put the end of the string through a hole near the opening of
the cone and your cup and ball is finished.




STORKS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Large flat corks, ordinary bottle corks, large and small.
 Hairpins, burnt matches, small feathers, penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 28.]

First, for the body of the big stork get a good large cork, and
with a penknife cut it into a longish egg shape; then another small
cork must be cut almost round for the head. For the base the stork
stands on one of the large corks out of pickle jars does best, but
if you cannot get one take several pieces of thick cardboard and
paste them together, or take the lid of a small cardboard box and
make holes for the ends of the legs in it, and after pushing the
ends of the hairpins through, run them into small pieces of cork,
so that they will keep in place when standing. Now get a burnt
match and sharpen it at either end, and push one end of it into the
head, and the other into the body, and set the legs into place in
the body also. Use hairpins that have no waves or angles in them,
so that the bend of the pin makes the right bend for the leg. Make
the beak of two matches, trimmed to a sharp point, and you can use
a tiny black bead for the eyes, or draw them with ink. The feathers
for the crest and wings and tail must be stuck into holes, after
having a little mucilage put on the end of the quill.




A RABBIT


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Large cork, tiny piece of brown paper, a fragment of cotton wool,
 needle, strong thread, penknife, scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 29 AND 30.]

This also is of cork, shaped out to rather a point at the head and
cut flat underneath. Cut little nicks on each side to define the
feet. The ears are of brown paper cut like Figure 30, with corners
folded over and glued or put on with a stitch of strong linen
thread, small dot of ink or a small bead makes the eye.




A CORK DOLL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Flat cork, two bottle corks, burnt matches, a tiny piece of thin
 cotton material, the same of white paper and of colored ribbon, a
 large; pin, a little black or brown wool, needle, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIGS. 31 AND 32.]

The body is a nice smooth cork and the pinafore is a piece of
white paper tied on with the piece of ribbon The arms and legs are
matches sharpened and well pressed in; it is best to have their
points glued. The head is a small cork covered with a piece of
white cotton material cut in a circle and tied tightly at the neck.
Draw in the eyes, nose, and mouth with a soft black pencil, or
paint them with rather dry water-color paint. Take dark wool and
make large loose stitches for the hair, and then run through, from
crown to neck, a large strong pin to fix the head to the body. The
frill of material below the place the head is tied on makes a neat
tucker when it is arranged nicely. For each foot lay a little piece
of match on the base of cork, where the leg is stuck into it, and
glue it down.




A CORK HORSE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A flat cork, and one large and one small bottle cork, burnt
 matches, black wool, a little black tape, a tiny piece of colored
 paper, needle, scissors, penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 33.]

Use a nice smooth cork for the body, and cut out a little saddle in
colored paper, and glue it into place, bind it round with a piece
of tape or ribbon for the girth, and you can make little stirrups
out of wire or silver paper and hang them on from this. The head is
a small cork out of a medicine bottle, with brown paper ears, cut
just like the rabbit's but much smaller and with only one fold. The
mane is of loops of black wool sewed on to tape, and bound firmly
down to the match that makes the neck. The tail is also of black
wool, and the stand or base can be either a cork or box lid; if it
is the latter the legs must be glued into holes carefully cut to
fit them.




AN ENGINE AND TENDER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 One large bottle cork and several small ones, one matchbox, large
 strong pins, preferably "laundry" pins.

[Illustration: FIG. 34.]

Use a large cork for the engine and a portion of a small cork for
the funnel. The dome can be made of the remaining piece of the
latter and must be rounded at one end. Pin both onto the boiler
portion. The wheels are slices of cork set into place with pins.
The tender is a matchbox with the sides cut down at one place to
make the entrance, and another matchbox makes the windscreen. To
make the wheels of the tender hold steady, cut long slices of
cork the width of the matchbox, and run the pins into these after
piercing the sides of the box, as seen in the top view of the
engine.




A CHEST OF DRAWERS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A number of empty matchboxes, a number of shoe buttons, colored or
 brown paper, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIG. 35.]

This is a very neat chest of drawers, or writing-desk, made of
matchboxes; it also makes very good furniture for a toy grocer's
shop. Have all your matchboxes of one size and color, and fix them
all together in their outer cases with mucilage. Next get a piece
of pretty colored paper (pieces of flowered wall-paper look very
nice, or blue paper of a sugar bag), and glue this round the ends
and top of your chest of drawers. Now in the end of each box cut a
small hole and push through it the shank of a shoe button, and peg
this through with a tiny slip of wood or a roll of paper, so that
it holds quite firm. Glue on to the bottom of your chest of drawers
some buttons without shanks, or wooden button moulds, to form the
feet.




A CRADLE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 An empty matchbox, a cork, needle and thread, scissors, mucilage,
 penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 36.]

Use an empty matchbox, and on the bottom glue two halves of a
slice of cork for rockers. For the hood take the outer case of
the matchbox and unfasten it where it is joined, and cut off a
lengthwise strip about three-quarters of an inch wide, using one of
the corners of this for the peak of the hood. Take a needle with
strong thread, and with two large firm stitches fasten this strip
to each side of the box, taking care to make the hood a nice even
shape. Now you can take a little muslin and lace and sew it on for
little curtains and frills, to trim the cradle with, and roll some
scraps of material up to make a neat mattress and pillow.




A DOLL'S TABLE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A small box lid of cardboard, large reel, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIG. 37.]

This table is made of a round box lid fixed with mucilage on to a
spool. A square lid will do equally well.




A DOLL'S BED


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Small cardboard box and lid, needle and thread, lace or ribbon,
 small piece of wadding and muslin, or a piece of thin material,
 scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 38.]

First cover the bottom of the cardboard box with a layer of soft
material or wadding, with thin cotton over it, and take large
tacking stitches to fasten this down. Next fix on your canopy by
setting the lid upright on to the end of the box, and glue or fix
it into place with stationers' paper clips or large stitches. Trim
the canopy round the top with a little frill of lace or muslin, and
put the same, as a valance, round the bed portion. You can also add
curtains at each side of the canopy, and, if you want a footboard,
that also can be fixed across the bottom with big stitches or paper
clips before the valance frill is sewed on. You can make quite
large beds in this way, and if you have not a very pretty box you
can trim it up with pieces of wall-paper pasted inside the canopy.




A DOLL'S CHAIR


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Slice of cork or a chestnut, large strong pins, colored wool.

[Illustration: FIG. 39.]

The seat is a slice of cork or a chestnut, and the legs and back
are made of pins, the large ones called "laundry" pins are the
best. Wind pretty wool in and out between the pins to make the back
look like a nice cushion. You can cover the cork seat with a piece
of colored material if you wish.




ANOTHER DOLL'S CHAIR


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Small piece of thin cardboard or post card, small piece of pretty
 material, a spool, needle and thread, scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 40.]

This chair is harder to make than the last one. First cut a piece
of cardboard or two pieces of old post cards to the shape marked A.
It must be large enough to allow it to reach halfway round the top
of a reel at its widest part, where the corners are. Now tack on to
this a piece of velveteen or any other pretty material, so that the
edges turn over to the wrong side of the cardboard. On the second
piece of card take the material only down just a little below the
two corners of the cardboard, and you need not turn it in on the
straight edge between these corners. Tack both cards together with
the material outside, and overseam or topsew them as shown in
Figure 40 A. Next take your reel and bind tightly over each end
of it a round piece of material, and then take a narrow strip of
material or ribbon, and turn in the edges and wrap it round the
reel as in 40 B, and tack the strip into place very tight. Now fix
on the back as in 40 C with neat little stitches, and your chair is
finished.




NECKLACES


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Needles, strong thread of linen or silk, seeds, beads, acorn cups,
 daisies.

[Illustration: FIGS. 41 TO 43.]

These are some of the necklaces you can make of things you find in
the country, or of seeds you come across.

Figure 41 is made of rose hips threaded together. If you want to
make the cross or pendant, you can use a few small beads so that
your radiating hips will hold more steadily. These will hold better
into place if you put a strong surrounding line of stitches into
them.

Figure 42 is of melon seeds or sunflower seeds, either will do.

Figure 43, of the same, but threaded twice through each seed, with
a tiny bead between and a pendant loop of seeds and beads below.

Figure 44 is a snake made of acorn cups. Begin at the head (with
is a large acorn with the shell cut to make eyes and mouth), and
thread through the mouth, then thread on your biggest acorn cups,
gradually choosing smaller and smaller ones till you get to the
tail, where it should be finished with a tassel.

[Illustration: FIG. 44.]

Figure 45 is the prettiest daisy chain. The stems are nipped off
and the daisies threaded through the center. This makes a very
beautiful wreath.

[Illustration: FIGS. 45 TO 47.]




A HATBAND


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Small autumn leaves, broad tape or carpet binding, needle and
 thread.

Pick up the prettiest leaves which are nearly the same in size.
Use a thread of brown mending yarn and carefully sew the leaves
down on to a piece of broad tape or carpet binding. After you have
finished the sewing press the hatband for some days under a pile of
newspapers or heavy books, so that the leaves will dry flat.




A FAN


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Large leaves of Spanish chestnut, smaller leaves, thin cardboard,
 needle and brown silk or wool.

This fan is made of the large leaves of the Spanish chestnut; you
can pick these up already beautifully dry and flat in the woods in
autumn. Get about twenty of the same size, and cut a semicircle of
firm cardboard and sew them on to it, so that the fan holds very
firm, then over your stitches sew on smaller leaves of varying
colors. You will find this makes a most beautiful ornament for your
mantelpiece.

       *       *       *       *       *

Figures 48 to 55 are _windmills_, some very easy and some more
difficult, but all very interesting toys.




A PIN-WHEEL OR WHIRLIGIG


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A square of stiff writing paper, an old penholder, skewer, or a
 straight twig, a strong pin or a slim upholstery nail with a large
 head, scissors.

[Illustration: FIGS. 48 TO 50.]

This pinwheel is made of a piece of firm writing paper. Cut the
paper into a perfect square, and fold it diagonally from corner to
corner and smooth out again, then cut along your folds to within
an inch of the center. Now cut a tiny round of strong paper or a
piece of a postcard about half an inch across and take a strong
short pin and put it through the middle. Then push your pin through
each right-hand corner of your square of writing paper, and lastly
through the center of the square, and take a piece of stick or a
penholder and push the point of the pin in till it is halfway in.
You will find your windmill will turn as you run, if you hold it
out straight in front of you. If you can get two good sticks you
can use a long one as the upper part of a weather vane. Rut a nail
through, rather nearer your pinwheel than the middle of the stick.
At the other end make a long slit and put in a paper tail, so that
the pinwheel will keep its head to the wind. Fix your nail into the
end of the other stick, and set the stick upright in the ground as
in Figure 50.




A TIN WHEEL OR BUZZER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A circle of thin tin or a tin lid, a stick of soft wood, an
 upholsterer's nail, tin cutters.

[Illustration: FIG. 51.]

This windmill is made of tin; this is rather difficult to cut
unless your hands are strong, but sometimes you can get very thin
tin or brass from kindergarten stores, and it is quite easy to make
it of this. Draw a circle about four inches across on the tin,
round a jam pot or some such thing to give you a good even circle,
and cut this out with the scissors. Now take a ruler and scratch
lines across your circle, at right angles first, so that you have
your circle divided into quarters; now divide these quarters again
into three or four divisions, and draw a smaller circle on your
tin about three quarters of an inch, or less, from the outer edge.
Now make a clean cut with the scissors from the edge to the inner
circle along each line. The tin will always bend in one way as you
do this, and you must leave the little divisions bent very evenly.
Make a hole in the center of your wheel and fix it strongly with a
nail into a stick. You will find you can hardly hold your windmill
if you stand with it facing a steady wind. This windmill is a grand
one to go.




A WOODEN MILL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Two narrow strips of thin, soft wood, a stick for a holder, a
 screw, penknife, gimlet.

[Illustration: FIGS. 52 AND 53.]

This is a wooden mill and it requires some care and skill to make
it. It can easily be made with a penknife out of two pieces of
thin, soft wood. First you must cut a neat socket across each piece
of wood in the center, halfway through its thickness. The socket
must be exactly the same width as your piece of wood, so that when
you set each piece socket to socket they fit exactly. Now with an
awl or pricker make a neat hole in the center of the two pieces
when they are fitted together. Next you must shave away with your
penknife the right-hand edge of each of the "arms" or "sails" of
your windmill, graduating the shaving evenly from the left-hand
edge, where it is thick, to a fine blade at the right-hand edge.
Now fit together the two halves and put a nail through the hole and
fasten it into the end of a stick. If the nail is apt to split the
stick you can put a reel on to the end of it and fix the nail into
the stick through the hole of the reel. It is a very good thing to
put your nail through a large glass bead between the windmill and
the stick.




A FEATHER WHEEL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Four large quills, a piece of firm cardboard, a cork, a box for a
 gas mantle, a straight stick or old penholder, paper, mucilage,
 needle and strong thread.

[Illustration: FIG. 54.]

This windmill is made of goose quills, or any other large strong
quill; these must be chosen with the wider webbing of the feather
all on the same side, and must be the same size. Cut a circle of
firm cardboard and lay each quill with its point in the middle of
this circle and stitch them firmly down at right angles to each
other. Glue the wrong side of the cardboard on to a reel or a piece
of cork, and fix this on the end of a small stick or penholder. Now
take a small cylindrical cardboard box--those used for gas mantles
are excellent--and bore holes through opposite sides of this,
about halfway down. Push the stick through and fix into a slit at
the end of it a "tail" of paper or cardboard. Take another piece of
cardboard and shape it into a cone, exactly as in Figure 27 for the
cup and ball. Cut a hole in the bottom of your box and fit it on to
the end of the cone, which must be cut down to allow the stick to
pass clear of the end of the cone.


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A narrow strip of soft wood, a cork, four luggage labels or post
 cards, a penholder, strong glue, a penknife, an upholsterer's
 nail, a gimlet.

[Illustration: FIG. 55.]

This is made of two pieces of wood socketed as in Figure 53, and
with slits made in each end into which a luggage label is inserted.
Use glue to hold these firm, and also to stick on to the center of
the cross of wood a slice of cork, pierce a hole through the cork
and the cross of wood, and through it run a nail with a fairly
large head. Now make a hole at each outer left-hand corner of each
label and, loop through this with a needle and a firm thread. Tie
the thread round the nail and run the nail into your stick.




AN AIR PROPELLER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A piece of soft wood three-quarters of an inch thick and about
 six or seven inches long, a gimlet, a soft wood skewer, penknife,
 sandpaper.

[Illustration: FIG. 56.]

This is a little air propeller which is rapidly whirled between
both hands and released: if properly done it should return to the
hands. The propeller is cut out of wood on the same principle as
in Figure 52, but it may be of thicker wood with a greater amount
of angle to the blades. The stick must be carefully fitted to
the hole in the blades and must be thicker at the other end. Both
blades and stick should be well smoothed with sandpaper.




A REVERSING PROPELLER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Two pieces of wood as above, also two larger round sticks, such as
 are used to roll paper upon, a cork, two long nails, a piece of
 thin tin or cardboard for the tail.

[Illustration: FIG. 57.]

This windmill is made of two propellers cut like Figure 56, but
with the bevelling of the blades of one reversed so that it will
turn in the opposite direction. A piece of wood or cork or a
bead may be put between each propeller. The tail may be made of
cardboard or tin.




A WATERWHEEL AND SHUTE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Smooth straight twigs about half an inch thick, a thin wooden
 sweet-box or other light wooden box, two small pieces of white
 soft wood, about one-third of an inch thick and five inches long
 and one inch broad, a piece of thick wire, small tacks, pliers, a
 gimlet, small staples, strong thin string.

[Illustration: FIG. 58.]

This is a waterwheel with a watershute, and it turns a crank and
has a little man attached. The waterwheel has flat blades with no
bevelling, and a thick wire is inserted through its axis. This wire
should be bent with pliers to form the cranks. Set up crosswise
into the ground some strong twigs tied firmly into position with
strong twine. If there is a handy little stream it should be
diverted to run a channel into your watershute, which should be
of two flat pieces of wood nailed together at right angles; this
can also be supported on trestles. Set the shute so that the end
is above the blade of the waterwheel and allows the water to fall
on it with sufficient force to turn it round. The man may be cut
with a fret-saw in three ply wood, and small staples should be run
loosely through the holes at the ankles into a thicker piece of
wood which acts as a base, so that with the movement of the crank
he will appear to be turning the wheel. Fasten arms and legs to the
body with a thick wire which works loosely in the holes, or with a
thin nail which may be bent over at the point.




A POP-GUN


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A large goose quill, a small twig, a slice of raw potato, a
 penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 59.]

This is a most simple little toy and very easy to make. Get a large
quill feather with as wide and strong a quill as you can, and
cut it off where the quill is thickest. Then get a little stick
or branch, preferably a little bent at the thicker end, and peel
and smooth it, so that it will fit nicely into the quill with the
thicker bent end projecting. This makes the ramrod, but it must
be fitted into the quill so that it reaches only within half an
inch of the pointed or smaller end. Now take a slice of raw potato
about half an inch thick or a little more, and into it push the
wider end of the quill so that it takes out a neat round piece of
the potato. With the ramrod gently push this first "bullet" to the
smaller end of the quill and take out another slice from the potato
with the wide end. Now quickly and smartly push in your ramrod and
you will find your first bullet shoots off splendidly, leaving your
second one at the point of the quill ready for the next shot. Large
popguns can be made with a piece of tin tubing, or even cardboard
rollers and corks used as bullets. The ramrod must be padded with
cotton wrapping in order to fit the tube closely.




A WHISTLE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A short piece of smooth sycamore, willow, cherry, or holly branch,
 a pea, a penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 60.]

This can be made of sycamore cherry, holly, or willow branches,
where there is a fairly thick coating of sappy bark outside the
firm woody fiber. Choose a piece about four inches long without
knots and as smooth as possible. Now by tapping patiently and
wetting the wood occasionally loosen the bark from the hard wood
so that it will at last slip off like a tube; this requires care
and gentle handling. Now take the hard wooden core and cut into it,
from the middle to within half an inch of one end, a deep curving
cavity, and from this to the other end cut off a shallow horizontal
slice. This core can now be slipped into the tube of bark again
and a neat semicircular hole cut in the latter above the cavity in
the core, and you will find this an excellent whistle. Scottish
children put a small pea into the cavity before replacing it into
the tube of bark to make it "birl" when blown--this is a great
improvement.




A LONG WHISTLE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A piece of hollow bamboo about eight inches long, a cork, a
 penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 61.]

This is another whistle made of a short length of bamboo cane,
which is hollow, cut just below one of the "knots" or divisions
where the hollow tube is blocked by a solid wall of the wood. If
you cannot get this, block one open end of your hollow tube of
wood with a cork, and for the other cut a piece of cork or wood
to fit, with a slice off to leave an opening into the tube. Now
cut semicircular holes in your tube at intervals. These will
each produce a different note if the others are stopped with the
fingers, and with care a regular sequence of the notes of a scale
can be planned. This sequence will depend on the size of the
tube--its length, and the distance between the holes.




A SQUEAKER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A large goose quill, a penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 62.]

This squeaker is made from a piece of a quill. Make a neat cut
close to the small end of the quill about three quarters of an inch
long. When this is held well inside the mouth it will make a most
alarming squeak when blown into.




A BUZZER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A large button or small round of leather or thin tin, a piece of
 strong thin string, strong scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 63.]

This can be simply made by threading a large button on a string,
so that when the ends are knotted together it makes a loop about
twelve to fifteen inches long. Keeping the button in the middle of
the doubled length of string insert the first and second fingers of
each hand into the looped ends, and rapidly whirl the button round
till the string gets a considerable twist on it. Now by alternately
slacking and tightening the string the button will whizz round
with a slight humming noise. If a piece of tin with notched edges
(as in Figure 51 of a windmill) is used, it will hum very loud. A
piece of heavy lead foil, or a piece of firm leather cut into a
round and notched at the edge can be used.




A CLAPPER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A fowl's merrythought or wishbone, a small slip of thin wood, a
 piece of strong string, penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 64.]

This is made of a fowl's wishbone or merrythought. Tie across from
end to end of the bone a loop of string, and into this insert
the end of a thin piece of wood about four inches long and three
quarters of an inch wide. Slip this in till the string is about the
middle, then turn it round several times till the string is twisted
fairly tight without bending the ends of the bone too much. Now
slip the wooden strip along till the string is about an inch from
the end of it and let it go. The twisting of the string will bring
the wood down against the angle of the bone with a smart clap.




A TELEPHONE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Two gas mantle boxes, a piece of thin bladder or greaseproof
 paper, many yards of thin twine.

[Illustration: FIG. 65.]

This can be made of two of the boxes used for incandescent gas
mantles; the box for the larger inverted mantles is best. Remove
the lids from each end and cut off the rims carefully, so that you
have two neat rings of cardboard. Slip one of these on to one end
of each box and over each rim tightly tie a circle of greaseproof
paper--such as is used for covering jam pots or parcelling butter.
Better still, use a piece of bladder from the butcher's. Fasten
this down very tight and firm, and through the middle of each paper
or bladder insert and knot the end of a fine piece of string which
can be ten or more yards in length. If this is held taut without
touching anything between the two boxes, you can whisper from end
to end and the voice will be heard quite distinctly.




A DRUM


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A gas mantle box, strong greaseproof paper or a piece of bladder,
 thin colored string.

[Illustration: FIG. 66.]

A little drum can be made of these gas mantle boxes in the same
way. Stretch the bladder or paper of oiled silk tightly across each
end, and lace strong threads from edge to edge of each piece of
bladder or paper or silk, so that each lies evenly, then bind the
edges down with twine above the stitches; the rims of the lids can
now be slipped on to make it look neat. For a drumstick, wind a
ball of cotton wool or tissue paper on the end of a stick and cover
with a round of silk or bladder also, and bind it tightly on to the
stick.




A MEGAPHONE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A piece of thin cardboard fifteen or eighteen inches square,
 gummed paper or thin tape, paste or mucilage, scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 67.]

This is made of a piece of cardboard about fifteen inches square.
Insert a pair of compasses at one corner, and from the one corner
to that diagonally opposite describe a part of a circle and cut
along the line marked. Now bend the cardboard over into a conical
trumpet shape, and overlap the sides where they join, about an
inch. Lay over this join a broad strip of cloth or paper pasted or
glued firmly; you can put pins through the cardboard till this is
set into place and dried. Now at the pointed end of the cone cut a
mouthpiece wide enough to speak easily into; this will need a hole
about three inches wide. When you speak into this megaphone your
voice will carry a long distance--a quarter of a mile on a quiet
evening--and it will give great fun to watch the effect on people
who are walking at some distance in the country. For convenience
in holding you can paste on to the outside a loop or handle of
tape, but do not push this through the cardboard as it is important
that there should be nothing projecting inside the trumpet of the
megaphone.




RUSH FURNITURE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Green rushes, green wool or thick cotton thread.

[Illustration: FIGS. 68 AND 69.]

This chair and table are made of the green rushes from the marshes,
and are very pretty things to make. For the little chair, first
take the bundle of rushes which forms the curved back, and curve
it into place and tie it round here and there with a little wool
to keep it firm while the seat is being made. This will be better
described by the diagram than by words. Each rush composing the
seat must be added successively from the back towards the front,
and when arranged, and the ends turned back or forwards to form
front and back legs, stays can be made of single rushes and all
carefully bound in neatly with wool; wool holds much more firmly
than cotton thread. The table, Figure 69, is made in the same way.




RUSH WHIP


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Green rushes.

[Illustration: FIG. 70.]

[Illustration: FIG. 71.]

The whip is the easiest thing you can make of rushes. It is bound
at intervals with wrapping of the rushes themselves.




RUSH RATTLE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Green rushes, small round pillbox.

This is made on the same lines as the whip, but the bundle or sheaf
of rushes is opened out and made to surround a small cardboard box
with a pebble or a pea in it, and another rush laced round to keep
it in place. The diagram will show how to complete it; very tight
firm binding is needed: it is better to do it with wool rather than
with rushes.




PAPER BEADS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Colored paper, wall-paper or magazine covers, a knitting needle,
 scissors, a ruler, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIG. 72.]

This shows how to make beads of various shapes out of paper; it
can be of any color. To make the long pointed beads marked A, take
a ruler and rule on your paper lines as in B, and if the paper is
thin they should be strips about twelve inches long, and the wider
end of the wedge can be one inch or one and a half inches. The
strip must taper to a point at the other end. Now take the wide end
of your strip and roll it very tightly and evenly round a steel
knitting needle with the colored side out, and fix down the point
neatly with mucilage as in the darkened portion in the diagram.
Smaller beads of various shapes can be made, but all on the same
method. Leave the beads on the knitting needle till the mucilage is
quite dry, and give them a coat of clear varnish. Such beads look
well also with blobs of paint or gilt on them.




FISH BONE TEA SET


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Large and small vertebrae of codfish, a little gilt and water
 color paint.

[Illustration: FIG. 73.]

This little tea set is very dainty and is made of the separate
vertebrae or backbones of large flat fish. When the bones are soft
after boiling, they can be easily bent or cut into the required
shapes, and the different sizes of bones used for cups or tea pot
can be decorated with little patterns in gilt paint or water-colors.




A RUSH OR RAFFIA BAG


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Green rushes or raffia, fine string, a small piece of cardboard, a
 tape needle.

[Illustration: FIG. 74.]

This is a little bag made of raffia or rushes, woven on to a warp
of string. The string should first of all be wound very loosely on
to cardboard, and if necessary slits or notches can be cut in it
to hold the string firm. Now take your rush or raffia and darn up
one side of the card and down the other and back again, leaving one
long side of the card free. You can weave one thread up and one
down, or one thread up and two down as you please. When the weaving
is finished draw out the cardboard and decorate your bag with
little tassels, and add plaited handles.




THE HARVEST PLAIT


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Two long stems of straws, or stalks of oats, barley or wheat, with
 ears left on, a little thread.

[Illustration: FIG. 75.]

This is made by Scottish children to wear in their hats at harvest
time. Take two long firm straws with the ears on them and tie them
together firmly just below the ears. Now flatten out each straw and
bend one across the other, and the first across that again, making
each fit close and fold evenly at the bend. You will find this
holds quite firmly, when tied at the end, and makes a very pretty
ornament. The same plait can also be done with strips of paper an
inch wide, and used as a decoration at Christmas.




DOLLS' FURNITURE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Some branches of willow, freshly cut, some laundry pins, a
 penknife, a little broad tape or carpet binding, needle and thread.

[Illustration: FIG. 76.]

[Illustration: FIG. 77.]

These little chairs and stools can be very neatly made of willow
or privet branches, or any twigs where there is a small core of
soft pith which will allow a strong pin to fit in exactly. All
the lengths for the various legs and spars of each article must
be measured and cut very accurately before beginning to put them
together; use a very sharp penknife to do the cutting. The pins
used should be fairly strong ones. In the diagrams a broad piece
of tape or ribbon has been stretched tightly round the spars back
and front, and its end stitched together underneath, but this is
not necessary. Two or more spars can be set across to form the
seat, only if too many pins are pushed through one spar there is a
tendency for it to split.




A WHEELBARROW


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A piece of cork or a button mould, an empty matchbox, matches,
 needle and strong thread, a tiny piece of wire.

[Illustration: FIG. 78.]

A little wheelbarrow can be nicely made out of a match or cardboard
box. The legs and handles are of matches, and may be fixed on with
mucilage and held steady with large strong stitches. The support
for the wheel is made of a strip taken from the lid of the matchbox
and narrowed at one end where it supports the wheel. The wheel may
be made of a slice of cork or a button mould fixed on with a piece
of wire bent into a knot at each end to prevent it being pulled
through the support.




A FERN BASKET


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Fresh-cut willow twigs, laundry pins, four large beads.

[Illustration: FIG. 79.]

This is made of fairly thick twigs cut carefully in the same way
as Figure 84, and pinned firmly together. Beads or small buttons
can be fixed on for feet. The basket should be entirely lined
with pretty moss, and then the earth put in and ferns planted in
it. It must be kept very moist, and can be hung from the roof if
preferred.




A DOLL'S STOOL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 The fireproof base of a gas mantle, a tiny piece of cardboard, a
 little wadding and a tiny piece of silk or velvet, mucilage or
 needle and thread.

[Illustration: FIG. 80.]

This is made from the earthenware support for a gas mantle. Take a
piece of cardboard and draw round the circle of the mantle support
on it, and cut it out. Then with a padding of tissue paper or
wadding and a piece of pretty material make a neat cushion, using
the cut-out circle of cardboard as a foundation; stitch or glue
this neatly on the under side and fix it on to the support.




A DOLL'S STOOL OF FEATHERS


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Four or five quills from a chicken's wing, some very fine pins, a
 little thread, scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 81.]

This is made of small quill feathers and is very pretty. Use
feathers which are large enough to hold a pin inside their hollow
tubes. Cut off a thick piece of quill for each of the four legs
and entirely strip them of webbing. Cut and strip rather thinner
ones for the spars to support these, and fix as in Fig. 76, using
very slender pins. If the quills used for legs are strong enough,
the feathers for the sea may be pinned on also, but if they are
inclined to split, those for the seat must be lashed on, and
therefore must be cut so that they project at the ends beyond the
legs. Cut each of these like A in the diagram, so that the webbing
is cut straight across at the end furthest from the point of the
quill. Fix each of these four quills into place with the webbing
overlapping the sloping end of the quill in front of it.




A PORTER'S HANDBARROW


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A wooden sweet box, a fret saw and sharp penknife, a reel, small
 tacks, upholsterer's nails.

[Illustration: FIG. 82.]

This can be made of nice pieces of soft wood such as are used for
grocers' sweet-boxes or fruit boxes. Cut the two long sides with a
saw and bevel them off in a curve to form the handles--they should
be six to eight inches long. The crosspiece at the end should be
about three inches, and also the two crossbars. Fasten the sides to
the end about the middle of the latter, so that a piece projects
below the sides wide enough to support the wheels--these should
be made of a reel cut in half and fastened on with a large-headed
nail. Smooth all down with coarse sandpaper.




A CRANE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A wooden sweet box, three large reels, one small one, tacks,
 upholstery nails, string, mucilage, a fret saw, a large coat hook.

[Illustration: FIG. 83.]

This should also be made of a box of soft wood from the grocer. The
semicircular sides should be about four inches long, where they
are fastened to the base; they may either be glued or nailed on to
this. The base should be about seven inches long and three inches
wide. Before fastening on the side-pieces bore a hole at the end of
each to insert the thick wire which turns the large reel used to
wind the cord, and also set in the tacks which support the crane at
each side. The sides of the crane should be about three quarters of
an inch wide at the lower end, and should taper to about half an
inch at the other end; they should be about seven inches long. Near
the lower end use another smaller reel or a block of wood as a
stay to hold the sides of the crane; it should be of such a size as
to hold the ends of the crane firmly between the nails in the sides
of the base. At the other end set in a very small reel, with a
long slim nail, so that it will easily turn on it. Now take a good
strong dressmaker's hook, such as is used for coats or mantles,
fasten it to a length of strong string, and wind one end round the
large reel, setting the hook end over the end of the crane.




A TOP


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A large reel, a skewer or penholder, a fret saw, a penknife.

[Illustration: FIG. 84.]

This is made of a large reel cut in half and the roller portion
cut away into a point with a penknife. The pin is made of a wooden
skewer or penholder with the point projecting slightly beyond the
cut portion of the reel. These are very good tops and spin very
steadily.




A TEETOTUM


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A small block of soft wood, an old penholder, a sharp penknife, a
 gimlet.

[Illustration: FIG. 85.]

This is made from a square block of wood cut sharply to a point
with a peg sunk well into a close-fitting hole. Each flat side of
the top has on it a letter or a number, and the game is to spin it
round, and according to which letter or number falls upward each
player takes or makes so many counters to the pool. The letters
generally used are--

P==pay one, N==nothing, T==take one, W==win all. Beans or counters
are usually played for.




BOW AND ARROW


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A branch of pliable smooth wood, strong twine, a penknife, two
 goose quills.

[Illustration: FIGS. 86 AND 87.]

Take a smooth even branch of willow, cane, or other pliable wood
about three quarters of an inch thick and about two feet or two and
a half feet long, and round the smaller end cut a shallow groove
about one and a half inches wide, and about half an inch from
the end. About one inch from the thicker end cut a notch sloping
inwards towards the middle of the stick just deep enough to hold
firm a piece of strong string. Next bind round about four inches at
the middle of the stick with string, laying the end of the string
along the stick, so that the binding will cover it all but three
inches. Bind the four inches very closely, and tie the end of the
binding to the spare end of the string and knot it and cut away
the ends. Now bind over in the same way, round the groove at the
end of the stick, and knot the free end of the string to the spare
end under the binding, and stretch the free end of the string very
taut, so that the stick bends a little. Make a loop in the end of
the string which can be easily slipped in and out of the notch at
the other end of the bow. When not in use keep the looped end loose
from the notch.

The arrows must be of very straight light sticks or thin bamboo,
and must be scraped or sandpapered perfectly smooth. At the point
cut a long slit, and into it slip a long and very slender nail, and
bind it round across the notch with strong linen thread. You can
file off the head of the nail. At the other end make a similar but
longer notch, and into it slip a portion of a quill feather with
one side of the webbing practically cut away. Arrange both pieces
of the quills so that they project the same distance at each side
from the wooden shaft. Bind round the arrow with linen thread both
above and below the quills, and at the extreme end deepen the
mouth of the notch so that it makes a groove into which you can fit
the string of the bow.




A DART


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A six-inch stick of soft wood, a long nail, pincers, a file, a
 piece of stiff writing paper, a penknife or fret saw.

[Illustration: FIG. 88.]

This dart is made of a piece of soft wood about six inches long,
and into the sharpened end a slim long nail is driven; the head may
be nipped or filed off so that the point will stick into the ground
or into a target. Across the other end cut or saw two notches at
right angles, for about one inch down, and fit into these a square
of paper folded neatly into "diagonals and diameters"--this makes
the "feathering" of the dart. Smooth the dart with sandpaper.




A CROSSBOW


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A bow-stick of pliable wood, strong string, a smooth lath of thin
 wood, a fret saw, an awl, a penknife, a long nail.

[Illustration: FIGS. 89 AND 90.]

This bow is made somewhat more elaborately than in Figure 86, and
shoots off pebbles or bullets. The bow itself must be tapered
evenly towards either end, and in the middle it must be bevelled
flat for about two and a half inches at one side, and a slight
groove run right round the stick at either end of the bevelled
portion. Next take a thin lath or flat thin piece of wood, a
quarter of an inch thick and rather less than the length of the
bow. Taper it from two and a half inches wide at one end to one
and a half at the other, and lay the broad end across the flattened
portion of the bow with about one inch projecting. Mark on the
crosspiece the width of the bow-stick and cut into each side of
the crosspiece a deep sharp nick, leaving about one inch between
each opposite set of nicks. Now draw your bow to the full extent of
its curve without running the risk of breaking it, and mark on the
crosspiece where the bowstring crosses it when the bow is drawn,
and here cut a narrow slot right through the crosspiece. Into this
insert a trigger as in Figure 90. The trigger must be of wood and
should curve at one or both ends, and should be pinned through
into its slot with a long thin nail, in such a position that the
curved end will broad end across the flattened portion of full,
and will lie well into the slot when the string is released. Now
bind the crosspiece on to the side of the bow by strings fitting
tightly into the four nicks and running round the grooves round the
bow-stick. This will leave the crosspiece free of any bindings
which might interfere with the bullet or "quarrel" as it leaves the
bow.




A CATAPULT


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A forked branch, strong round elastic, a scrap of leather, fine
 string, penknife, scissors.

[Illustration: FIG. 91.]

Take a firm forked branch about three quarters of an inch thick,
or a little less, and trim the two forks evenly, and run a groove
about three quarters of an inch wide round each, near the end. Into
these bind very tightly two pieces of very strong round elastic
about five inches long. Next take a firm piece of leather about
one inch wide and two inches long, trim it away at the corners,
and make a hole at each end into which insert the free ends of the
elastic, turning them back on themselves and binding firmly. It may
be well to mention that there are very strict police regulations
about shooting with bows and catapults, and those who use them must
only do so away from houses or traffic.




A TARGET


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A bandbox, thin paper, string, scissors, ink, and paintbrush.

[Illustration: FIG. 92.]

A very simple target may be made by using a round bandbox and
stretching over its open mouth a piece of newspaper, which may be
kept in place by slipping over it the rim taken off the lid. Mark
roughly on this the "Bull's Eye" in ink, and hang up the box by
means of loops of string through the side. The newspaper can be
renewed as often as is necessary. A square box will do just as well.




A RAFT


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A quantity of reeds or thin straight twigs, a piece of cork,
 strong string.

[Illustration: FIG. 93.]

This is made of dry reeds or any other light straight
sticks--bamboo is good. It may be made of any size and may even be
made large enough to carry one or more persons, if the size and
strength of the branches and lashings is duly proportioned, but for
a toy reeds will do nicely. Lay down first the crossbar beneath the
raft and then space out the raft itself to fit it, leaving a little
space between each reed. Take a strong thin string and fasten it
with a tight loop over the end of the first reed, turn it down and
round the lower cross-spar, and then up and around the upper one,
and lay in the next reed, and so on. When the first row of lashings
is done lay on the second pair of crossbars, and if there is any
difficulty about lashing the string a large darning-needle may help
you, but if the lashing is done in the right direction this is not
needful. If a mast is wanted, a reel, or a cork with a hole in it,
may be lashed down to the raft as in the diagram, and the mast can
be set firmly into this.




A CANOE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Some cheap cloth or shelving, some "basketry cane," soft string or
 fine tape, scissors, penknife, a large strong needle.

[Illustration: FIG. 94.]

The best material for this is thin shelving cloth and it must be
made at least twelve inches long. Double your shelving cloth, and
outline on it the pattern of the side of the canoe, which should
be cut in brown paper; this must be quite straight at the upper
sides, not curving as it appears in the drawing. Lay the paper
pattern with the line of the bottom of the canoe at the fold of
the oilcloth. Now take two long pieces of cane, such as is used
for basket-work, and with a large needle, and very thick thread,
lash each length of cane along the outsides of the boat from end
to end, keeping the shiny side of the cloth outwards. A short
thick tapestry needle is best, and the lashing must be steady and
even, but if it is difficult to stitch through the cloth an awl or
pricker can be used to make the holes before beginning to stitch.
Now take another piece of cane and bend about one inch at one end
and lash this bent portion to the side of the boat about one-third
of the way along the "gunwale" where it is already lashed, and lash
it over firmly to this on the inside of the boat. Bend the cane now
across to the opposite side of the canoe and meantime tie tightly
together the ends of the cane that is lashed from end to end of the
boat, and set in this crosspiece so that it keeps the two sides
of the boat apart at the right angle. Fix in the second crosspiece
likewise, and then lash the open ends of the boat firmly together.
The canoe should be rather wide and shallow, or it will be inclined
to lie on its side unless ballast is added by weighting it at the
bottom. If weight is needed the best thing for this sort of boat
is one or two of the heavy lead buttons to be had at a tailor's
for weighting garments; they can be lashed on with strong thread
through the holes. Quite large canoes can be made in this way,
and if a tight "decking" of thin waterproof material be stretched
across at both ends from the crosspiece it makes a vessel almost
identical with the Eskimo "kayak" which used to be used round the
coasts not so very long ago.




A SHIP


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A block of soft wood ten or twelve inches long, about three inches
 wide and two inches deep, nine post cards, three skewers or old
 wooden knitting-pins, a cork, a piece of heavy wire, dressmakers'
 eyelets, some small staples, fine string, a gimlet, a sharp
 penknife, small tacks, scissors, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIG. 95.]

This is the simplest sort of a ship to model in wood; all wooden
boats require carefulness in their modelling and balance. This can
be made from six to twelve inches long, and in soft wood. Let your
block of wood be about four times its width, roughly speaking. Rule
a line up to center of your block to mark the keel and cut away
from this with a very sharp knife to the curving outlines of the
deck which must be drawn on the top side of the block. It would be
impossible, in the space allowed for diagrams, to give details for
modelling the body of the boat, but any boy can shape it if he is
careful and observes, from pictures or actual boats or models, how
to do it. When the body of the vessel is shaped and smoothed down
with a file and sandpaper, take a piece of heavy thick wire, and
bend it at either end and sharpen the ends into points with a file
and hammer it into the keel; or, if preferred, a deep groove may be
cut with a gouge and a strip of lead inserted. The rudder suggested
here can be made either of wood, or of a double piece of tin with a
piece of thick wire hammered in at the fold and left with one end
projecting, so that it fits through a hole in the stem and forms a
tiller. The rudder must have a hole pierced at the lower corner,
and into this fix a small staple which must work loosely in its
hole, and after the rudder is fixed in position this staple must be
hammered into the stern of the boat. Figure 95 A shows the stern
end with rudder fixed into place. Next cut a bowsprit of wood and
with two staples fix it firmly on to the deck. Take three pieces of
cork or three half reels, and glue or nail them to the deck--this
will make a good hold for the masts. Then along each side of the
boat at intervals fasten on a strong dressmaker's "eye" (for a
hook) with its two small loops bent so that they overlap; the
nail can be set through this. These eyelets are meant to hold the
"stays" which keep the masts steady. Now take nine postcards, and
about half an inch from the edge in the middle of each long side
cut neatly a hole big enough to slip your masts through, with a
strong needle, a piece of strong thin string or stout linen thread,
knotting it with a large knot at the end. Lay the post cards flat
so that they just touch and set the mast through the holes--a long
wooden knitting-pin makes a capital mast--and the knob can be left
on to finish it at the top. About one inch or more above the top
sails make a slight groove round the mast, and round this bind
tightly the threads laced through the cards, tightened so that each
card bends a little; carry down these threads or stays now to the
eyelets and fasten them firmly. Take another stay to the bowsprit
and lash it down and carry it on to meet the front of the keel, and
fasten it in with a tiny tack or a pin. Gum on small paper flags to
the masts. This makes quite a good little sailing ship and it is
not difficult to make.




A PROPELLER


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A slip of thin wood, a small strip of tin, strong round elastic,
 strong tin cutters, a penknife or fret saw, an awl.

[Illustration: FIG. 96.]

This is a little propeller which with certain alterations can be
fixed to any boat.

Take a piece of tin, as in Figure A, and pierce it with two holes
and file them quite smooth, and slightly bend either end left and
right from the holes. Now take a piece of thin wood cut as in the
diagram, with a long wide slot, so that it forms a sort of fork,
and with screws or tacks hammer this on to the stern of your vessel
at the two holes, so that it projects with the whole fork clear
of the vessel. Now thread strong elastic through the holes in the
tin blades of the propeller with the ends knotted firmly, making
a double loop, each end looping over the respective forks. Twist
this tightly round on the same principle as in the making of the
wishbone clapper, and when the twist is released it will propel
your boat a considerable distance either backwards or forwards
according to the direction the thread is twisted.




A DOLL


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 An old knitted stocking or pair of cotton gloves, two
 shoe-buttons, strong thread, some brown or black mending yarn,
 tissue paper, wadding, scissors, darning-needle.

[Illustration: FIG. 97.]

This doll is made of old stockings or old knitted or woven gloves.
If only black stockings can be got it can be a nigger doll, or it
can have its face alone made of light-colored glove. The stuffing
must be of tissue paper roughly shaped to the right size and
wrapped round with some yarn to keep it shapely, or this may be
again wrapped round with a layer of cotton wadding. Shape the arms
and legs separately, and fasten over the knitted covering very
neatly with big, but firm, stitches. Stitch a line right through at
the wrists and flatten out the hands, and make lines of stitching
to mark the fingers and the line of the toes: make a sort of "dart"
where the leg bends at the ankle.

For the head--put an extra wad of soft padding under the face
portion so that it is very soft and bulgy, and stitch firmly into
this two shoe-buttons for eyes. Take a large darning-needle and
take your stitches right through the head to the back; use very
strong doubled linen thread. The knitted covering used for the head
may be all gathered into the back and simply flattened roughly into
place with big stitches, as you will cover it with "hair" later on.
Now take your needle through again and make the two tiny stitches
for the nostrils, and pull these stitches back very tight also.
Two more stitches form the mouth with a wee one below to make a
hollow below the lips. Now firmly stitch the head into place, and
with brown or black knitting or mending yarn carefully make large
stitches radiating from the crown of the head to the forehead: do
not pull these tight, and use double wool if you like. Make long
loose loops of wool all round the back of the head and above them
stitch as before into the crown. This makes a really very good doll
if it is carefully made, and not too hurriedly done.




A BROWNIE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 A pair of old kid or leather gloves, tissue paper, flat milliner's
 wire, strong thread of the color of the gloves, stamp-paper, ink
 or water color paint, scissors, strong needle.

[Illustration: FIG. 98.]

This is a very jolly little fellow, and he is made of old kid
gloves. His head and body are stuffed with tissue paper. The head
is just wrapped with a square piece cut from the wrist of the
glove neatly gathered in at each side and tightly tied. The loose
ends must then have each one corner trimmed off in a sloping line
towards the neck; this forms his flappy pointed ears. Now get two
tiny rounds of gummed stamp-paper and ink on each an eyeball, only
partially covering the paper, and gum these on for the eyes, and
with pen or paintbrush put in his mouth and nose. You can give him
a very woeful expression if you make his mouth turn down. Cover his
body with the back of the gloves, so that the three "points" or
rows of stitching make a trimming for his jacket. The legs and arms
are made of slips of the kid stitched carefully over the flat wire
used by milliners. The ends of the strips are left free and cut to
a pointed flap to form feet and hands. Stitch limbs and head very
firmly into place and bend at elbows and knees. This Brownie can
be made to sit down and take many different positions; he is a very
lifelike little doll. You can also make him a wee nightcap out of a
knitted glove and put a feather in it, and dress him with a little
cloak.




KITES


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Thin straight sticks of canes, strong paper or thin cotton
 material, strong thin string, strong paste, large-eyed needle.

[Illustration: FIGS. 99 TO 101.]

These are several of the commoner and easier kites to make. They
are usually made of paper pasted over the frame, but it is in
all cases better if children will take the trouble to make their
kites of thin cotton material and tack or baste it into place with
large neat stitches; this really takes very little more time than
pasting. The frames in every case should be of the lightest and
straightest sticks possible to find. You can sometimes get very
good ones which are used in strengthening cardboard boxes, or if
you do not mind spending a few cents the narrow slips of wood used
in making picture-frames are the very thing and any picture-framer
can supply them.

Perhaps the most usual kite is that shown in Figure 99. The two
cross-sticks are first firmly lashed in position and the ends
notched and tightly fixed in place with tight "stays" of string.
Now cut your paper or cloth at least two inches wider all round
than the outline of your framework, cutting away the angles at the
corners, so that you have a neat flap to turn over all round. Never
use gum or mucilage for a kite, good strong paste is best, if it is
to be made of paper. Now at the three points where your "balances"
are to be attached to the kite, paste on a little square patch of
cloth so that the string or "balance" as it is called does not
tear the fabric or paper, and fasten the ends of your two strings
through the two upper patches and knot it firmly round your wooden
framework. The loose ends of your balances must now be run through
the third patch and fastened to the vertical spar of the frame. The
string of the kite is fastened round these balances by a slipknot.
Next add the tail, which needs careful adjustment to the weight of
the kite; it can be weighted with rolls of paper at intervals, or
little bundles of fresh grass. Scottish boys often weight it at the
end with a "divot" which is a little piece of actual turf, both
grass and root, all together.

Figures 100 and 104 are another form of kite most commonly used
in Scotland. This needs only one straight spar of wood, and the
curved "bow" at the top can be made of light cane, such as is used
for basket-making; or what is very good, if enough can be got, is
a length of flat steel such as is used in lady's corsets. Fasten
the "bow" to the spar by lashing it into a notch or groove at the
top and bend it evenly and fasten it firmly by stays of string as
in Figure 104, both across and to the end of the spar. Now lay on
to your paper or cotton material and cut it out as before in Figure
100, with a good turnover to paste or stitch down, and add the
patches where the balances are attached. These kites look very gay
if a tassel of colored paper or wool is added at each end of the
bow.

Figure 101 is a very good kite to make if a really large one is
wanted. The two long cross-spars of wood must be notched to fit
each other about one-third of their length from the top of the
kite, and stays of string must be so arranged that they spread
about twice as wide at the bottom as they do at the top. This
kite must have four patches to insert its balances through and
the slipknot of the kite-string is fixed around both. Another
"balance" should be fixed from the lower corners of the kite from
which the tail is hung. This is a very steady kite.

Figure 102--a box kite.

This is a comparatively modern form of kite and looks very
complicated. It is really less so than it looks. Take two long
narrow strips of thin cotton material about eight inches wide and
four and a half feet long (this is for a kite about thirty inches
long). Have four straight thin spars of wood about thirty inches
long, and after joining the two ends of your strips of cloth
together make at intervals a narrow "casing" into which insert
the ends of your spars. You can either place the casings at equal
distances on your material, or you can arrange it so that the open
ends of your kite form oblongs. Now have four flat spars of thin
wood measured to make diagonals at each "box" end of your kite, and
bore a tiny hole in the middle of each to insert a pin when the
kite is stretched. At the ends of these diagonals cut a rectangular
notch to hold the spars apart, tie the kite-string considerably
nearer one end of the kite than the other, or you can attach a
balance and fix on the kite-string by a slipknot. This kite needs
no tail, and can be folded and rolled away by slipping out the
diagonal spars.

Figure 103--a round box kite.

[Illustration: FIGS. 102 AND 103.]

This can be made of very strong brown paper pasted so as to form
a wide tube, like a large paper bag with the bottom cut out. Only
two spars are needed. Inside the paper tubes arrange near each edge
a circle of cane, as is used in basket-work or for stretching out
the crown of a cap. Set this into place and lace through the paper
a strong string and lash the cane through to the spar. This should
hold quite steady if it is well done, but it can, of course, have
a third straight spar if necessary. Attach the string as in the
other box kite.

[Illustration: FIGS. 104 TO 107.]

Figures 105, 106, 107--a plane kite.

This is a most beautiful and graceful kite and combines the box
kite and the older varieties. The box portion is made with casings
run into the cotton material at equal intervals so as to form a
three-sided box. Fix in your three spars, all equal in size, and
along each side fix a plane, or wing, of thin cotton material; it
can be of another color and looks very gay if this is done. Make
a little bag or pocket at the outer corner of each wing, and into
this insert the ends of the fourth spar, so that the latter may be
slipped out and the kite folded up. The string should be attached
near the "nose" of the kite. It needs no tail.




A MONKEY ON A STICK


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Some thin three-ply wood, two long knitting-pins, two small reels,
 a piece of hat wire, some small staples, pliers, an awl, a fret
 saw, water color paints and brushes, mending wool.

[Illustration: FIG. 108.]

Draw your monkey carefully on the three-ply wood, the body and
limbs all separate, and a thin stump on to which the tail must be
fastened. With the awl pierce tiny holes through arms, body, and
legs, where they are attached, and insert a piece of wire, and with
the pliers turn a small close knot in it on each side to prevent it
coming out. Small wire paper clips will do instead if they can be
got. Now saw off the rims of your two reels--they must be the same
size--and into one of your reels fasten two staples over the pin
and into the reel, so that they hold the pin very tightly, catching
the pin just at one end. With another staple through each hand
fasten the arms of your monkey to this reel, and slip the other
reel round the same knitting-pin and extend your monkey to its
fullest length, and now fix the other knitting-pin to the second
reel so that its point projects a little way through the first
reel. Keeping the monkey stretched to its fullest length fasten his
feet with staples to the second reel, and be sure that the limbs
work quite loosely in these staples. Now with mending yarn make a
tassel and fasten it to the end of your hat wire, and wrap the wire
all the way up with it almost to the end. Then proceed to lash the
wire to the stump of the tail and bend the tail in a nice curve;
this will vibrate when your monkey is worked up and down.




A DANCING LADY


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Strong heavy white cardboard or thin wood, sharp knife or fret
 saw, crinkled paper, water color paints, a tiny portion of a
 quill, a tiny roll of tin or lead foil, small fine pins or wire,
 a small piece of narrow ribbon, a little writing paper, mucilage,
 string, scissors, pliers.

[Illustration: FIG. 109.]

This dainty little figure can be made to dance along a double
string and can be very pretty. Cut out the body and legs and arms
all separately; they may be drawn on white paper, or cut out
and pasted on to the cardboard. If you find it difficult to make
a pretty face, a suitable one may be cut from some picture post
card and pasted on. The arms and legs must be fastened on to the
body with a little wire which should be run through a tiny bead
and twisted so that it does not come out. Roll the lead foil into
a little long weight and stitch one down to the lower portion of
the body both at the back and front. The crinkled paper skirt must
be gathered on a draw-thread with a needle and tied evenly and
tightly round the waist and fastened neatly with a little ribbon
sash. Through the stomach of the little figure insert a tiny length
of the quill of a feather and glue it into place; let it project
towards the back more than the front. Through this quill run your
string doubled so that there is a long loop both back and front and
be sure that the string works easily through the quill. A portion
of a tiny reel will do instead of a quill if it is glued on to the
back. The object of the quill or reel is to form a tube, so that
the figure will slip along this when the string is slackened,
but that it will hold firm whenever the string is tightened. The
weights must be heavy enough to make the figure balance and run
downwards as the string is sloped. A pair of butterfly wings can
be cut out of writing paper and painted and fastened to the back.
A little garland of everlasting flowers or moss or beads can be
fastened to the hands if you wish to do so.




A MODEL AEROPLANE


MATERIALS REQUIRED:--

 Soft white wood, laundry pins, thin cardboard, a tiny piece of
 mica, mucilage.

[Illustration: FIG. 110.]

This model was made by a boy of eleven and is most beautifully
proportioned and put together. The body and wings and floats and
little boats are all made of the white wood, well smoothed with
sandpaper; the steering-gear is of cardboard. The propeller is
made of mahogany and the tiny wind-screens of semicircles of mica.
All is put together with "laundry" pins. The ailerons on the upper
planes are held by strips of narrow tape.




A FARMYARD


Such toys as this can only be suggested very briefly, but children
with any common sense and imagination can make most elaborate and
delightful collections.

[Illustration: FIG. 111.]

The box used for the byre or stable is only one of many more
elaborate buildings that can be made. The dwelling house of larger
boxes, the barns, the haystacks, the pigsty, the chicken coop,
troughs, and such things can all be made of larger or smaller
boxes. Buildings can be thatched with straw, rushes, hay; or
corrugated paper may be put on the roof. The palings here are made
of matches set into posts of wooden pegs, much like those used by
gardeners to label plants. Trees and flowering plants can be made
by getting small bushy bare twigs and wrapping their branches with
moss, or fastening on everlasting flowers of gay dyed colors. Old
sponges may be dyed green and cut up and fixed in the branches. A
reel sawed in two makes a good plant pot for these.

The sheep illustrated here is made of a cork, with legs of matches.
Its head is a tiny bean fixed to the cork with a pin, both neck and
body are wrapped in cotton wool, and it is neatly fastened on with
white mending yarn. The lamb is made of a large bean and a small
one, with legs of pins; the beans must be soaked before setting in
the pins. Noah's ark animals can be used to increase the live stock
of the farm. Fields can be made of green crinkled paper, and a
piece of glass or a tiny mirror can be used to make a pond. Carts,
barrows, and farm implements can be made of all sorts of things,
and clever children can really make wonderful farms. Windmills and
other simple machines can be introduced also.




A DOLL'S HOUSE


These can be made of bandboxes or orange-boxes and can be either
very simple or as elaborate as you please. If cardboard boxes are
used, Figure 113 shows how it can most easily be arranged to give
the pitch of the roof. One story may be piled on another so that
the house can be enlarged at will. Doors and windows are easily
cut in the cardboard boxes. The windows can also be glazed if you
get a few rolls of cinematograph film and fit and paste it on,
but children must be warned that this is very inflammable and it
is dangerous to bring it near the fire or gas. The inside of the
rooms may be papered, and on the walls little pictures may be
pasted. The illustrated catalogues from furniture shops can often
be cut up, and the diagrams of doors, etc., cut out and pasted on
the doors of your house. Figure 112 shows a sitting-room and a
little shop or kitchen. In the latter the counter and dresser are
made of matchboxes. The shelves are of strips of cardboard with
uprights of cane, wire, or knitting-needles. The fireplace in the
sitting-room can be made of a lid of a cardboard box stitched to
the wall, and in it another box (a matchbox, for instance) can be
set to make the grate. A good table can be made as in Figure 114,
which is made by using a lid of a small box, and to the inside of
its corners glueing the legs, and then the larger top of thick
cardboard can be fixed on with mucilage. The little shields for
the corks of bottles, made of pleated lead foil, make very pretty
pots and kitchen vessels in such little houses. Rugs can be woven
of wool and string, and cushions, etc., to furnish the place. But
there is no end to the things a child can make for a doll's house
if imagination is encouraged to work the hands.

[Illustration: FIGS. 112 TO 114.]

Other "Community Toys" can be made--railway stations, signals,
and signal-boxes are very popular; a market place with its little
tented stalls is charming. The houses we see in pictures of foreign
lands give great interest, and many are so easy to make that it
is quite possible to illustrate the history of home building by
means of a series of toy houses. The darker side of life has even
invaded our nurseries, and they too have shown the games of the
trench and the guns: and it will be good to plan in our playwork
now for the rebuilding of the world in the ways of peace, for it
is these children of ours who must lead the world back or forward,
for better or for worse. All the world is in their hands, though
the hands may not yet be strong for more than the making of toys.
We older children do but play other games with more serious intent,
yet all the same the difference between the game and the business
is but a difference of degree.


THE END




                        TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

-Plain print and punctuation errors fixed.






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