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<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***</div>
<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester
Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher</h1>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<hr class="full" />
<p> </p>
<div id="cover" class="img">
<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="WESTERN BIRD GUIDE: Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific" width="500" height="288" />
</div>
<div class="img">
<img src="images/p002.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="298" />
</div>
<div class="box">
<h1>WESTERN BIRD GUIDE
<br /><span class="smaller"><i>Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific</i></span></h1>
<p class="center"><span class="small">ILLUSTRATIONS BY</span>
<br />CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER</p>
<div class="img">
<img src="images/p003.jpg" alt="" width="208" height="224" />
</div>
<p class="center"><span class="sc">Garden City</span> <span class="sc">New York</span>
<br />DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
<br /><span class="small">1917</span></p>
</div>
<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1913, by</span>
<br />CHAS. K. REED, WORCESTER, MASS.</span></p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_6">[6]</div>
<p class="tb">The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American
Ornithologists’ Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The
lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and may
be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.</p>
<p>On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species often
cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the original; they can best
be identified by the locality in which they are found.</p>
<p>The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a bird.
We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross against the name of
each bird that you see in your locality, and also that you write at the top of the
page the date of the arrival and departure of each bird as you note it; these dates
vary so much in different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As
many will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a leather-covered
copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_7">[7]</div>
<div class="img">
<img src="images/p007.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="257" />
</div>
<div class="pb" id="Page_8">[8]</div>
<h1 title="">BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC</h1>
<div class="pb" id="Page_9">[9]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig1">
<img src="images/p009.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">DIVING BIRDS—Order Pygopodes.
<br />GREBES—Family Colymbidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bWesternGrebe">WESTERN GREBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">1. </span><span class="sci">Æchmophorus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">25 to 29 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back
of the neck is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached
to the upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid,
usually much nest stained (2.40 × 1.55). Breeding in colonies.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, from the Dakotas and
Manitoba to the Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bHolboellGrebe">HOLBOELL GREBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">2. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus Holboelli. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is next to the <a href="#bWesternGrebe">Western Grebe</a> in size, both being larger
than any of the others. In summer, they are very handsomely
marked, as shown in the illustration, but in winter have the
usual dress of gray and white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 ×
1.25).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska,
in the interior of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually
on the coasts.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_10">[10]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig2">
<img src="images/p010.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHornedGrebe">HORNED GREBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">3. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus auritus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray
and white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of
the most attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white
ear tufts, the front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their
food consists almost wholly of small fish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the
bog and water holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7
in number, are brownish yellow (1.70 × 1.15).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters
to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bEaredGrebe">EARED GREBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">4. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus nigricollis californicus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi
River. In summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color
of the former. It can always be distinguished from the <a href="#bHornedGrebe">Horned</a>
by the upper mandible being straight on the top.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8
eggs, which are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from
Texas to British Columbia.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_11">[11]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig3">
<img src="images/p011.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPiedBilledGrebe">PIED-BILLED GREBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">6. </span><span class="sci">Podilymbus podiceps. </span><span class="siz">13½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the
grebes in any plumage, because of its stout compressed bill
and brown eyes, all the others having red eyes. In summer the
bill is nearly white, with a black band encircling it; the throat
is black; breast and sides brownish-gray; the eye encircled with
a white ring.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating
in shallow ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes.
Five to 8 brownish white eggs are laid (1.70 × 1.18).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.</p>
<h3 id="bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">7. </span><span class="sci">Gavia immer. </span><span class="siz">31 to 35 inches.</span></div>
<p>In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the
<a href="#bWesternGrebe">grebes</a>, except in size, being much larger. The common loon
is the most beautiful of them all, having a velvety black iridescent
head with slashes of white on the throat and neck and
spots of white on the wings and back.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes
on the edge of some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs
are a yellowish brown, with black spots (3.50 × 2.25).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_12">[12]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig4">
<img src="images/p012.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPacificLoon">PACIFIC LOON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">10. </span><span class="sci">Gavia pacifica. </span><span class="siz">30 to 32 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species differs from the <a href="#bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">Loon</a> in having the crown gray,
and white streaks down the back of the neck, and in the
color reflections of the black on the head. It is a trifle smaller
also.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish
brown, with the black spots mostly on the larger end
(3.10 × 2).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia;
winters along the Pacific coast to Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bRedThroatedLoon">RED-THROATED LOON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">11. </span><span class="sci">Gavia stellata. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
<p>The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are
gray, there is a large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under
parts white. Owing to the straight top to the upper mandible
the bill has a slightly up-turned appearance.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few
feet of the water. The eggs are an olive brown with more
markings usually than the others, and mostly on the larger
end (2.90 × 1.75).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Along the western coast of North America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_13">[13]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig5">
<img src="images/p013.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS—Family Alcidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">12. </span><span class="sci">Lunda cirrhata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds,
with short legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly
colored with red and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are
white. They stand erect upon their feet and walk with ease.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific
coast, laying their single white egg in burrows or crevices of
the rocks. In some sections two or three broods are raised
in a season (2.80 × 1.90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bHornedPuffin">HORNED PUFFIN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">14. </span><span class="sci">Fratercula corniculata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east,
excepting that the blackish band across the throat extends
upwards in a point to the bill.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The same as the above, the single egg averaging
smaller (2.65 × 1.80).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_14">[14]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig6">
<img src="images/p014.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRhinocerosAuklet">RHINOCEROS AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">15. </span><span class="sci">Cerorhinca monocerata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds have a much smaller bill than the <a href="#bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">Puffins</a>; in
the summer plumage there is a small horn at the base of the
bill from which it is given its name. These birds do not
stand upright as do the Puffins; but sit upon their tarsus.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices
of the rocks, usually without any attempt at nest making
(2.70 × 1.80).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds
from Oregon to northern Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bCassinAuklet">CASSIN AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">16. </span><span class="sci">Ptychoramphus aleuticus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly
white with blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white
spot over the eye. This Auklet is fairly abundant on the
Farallones and islands off the Lower California coast.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being
a pale green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows
or tunnels under the rocks, at times three or four feet long
(1.80 × 1.30).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_15">[15]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig7">
<img src="images/p015.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bParoquetAuklet">PAROQUET AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">17. </span><span class="sci">Phaleris psittacula. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is much like <a href="#bCassinAuklet">Cassin Auklet</a>, but lacking the white
spot over the eye and having a white breast. The bill is very
peculiar, being quite deep and rounded and having an upward
tendency. It is orange red in color.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter.
Nesting in the Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid
(2.25 × 1.40).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiskeredAuklet">WHISKERED AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">19. </span><span class="sci">Æthia pygmæa. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands.
The single white egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks
(2.00 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bCrestedAuklet">CRESTED AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">18. </span><span class="sci">Æthia cristatella. </span><span class="siz">8 to 9 inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar in form and plumage to the <a href="#bParoquetAuklet">Paroquet Auklet</a>, except
the whole under parts are gray.</p>
<p><b>Nest and Range.</b>—On the islands and main land of the Alaskan
coast, laying only one chalky white egg in crevices or
burrows under the rocks.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_16">[16]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig8">
<img src="images/p016.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLeastAuklet">LEAST AUKLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">20. </span><span class="sci">Æthia pusilla. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the
same as others of the same family. They are one of the most
abundant of the water birds of the extreme Northwest.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks
or in crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 × 1.10).</p>
<h3 id="bAncientMurrelet">ANCIENT MURRELET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">21. </span><span class="sci">Synthliboramphus antiquus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more
slender than the <a href="#bRhinocerosAuklet">Auklets</a> and are not highly colored.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices
of the rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light
brown.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska,
breeding north of the United States.</p>
<h3 id="bMarbledMurrelet">MARBLED MURRELET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">23. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus marmoratus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the <a href="#bAncientMurrelet">Ancient Murrelet</a>
(2.20 × 1.40) and range is same as above, possibly breeding
a little farther south.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_17">[17]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig9">
<img src="images/p017.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bXanthusMurrelet">XANTHUS MURRELET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">25. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus hypoleucus.</span></div>
<p>This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below,
including the sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface
of the wing is also white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under
the rocks in dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is
a pale buffy white, and thickly but finely dotted with brown
over the entire surface, heaviest on the larger end (2.05 ×
1.40).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Resident along the coast of southern and Lower
California, where it breeds on many of the islands.</p>
<h3 id="bPigeonGuillemot">PIGEON GUILLEMOT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">29. </span><span class="sci">Cepphus columba. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that
the under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight
and slender bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils.
Feet and inside of mouth bright red.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark
places under the rocks, are pale blue or green in color with
black or brown markings and paler spots of lilac.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast of North America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_18">[18]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig10">
<img src="images/p018.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaMurre">CALIFORNIA MURRE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">30. </span><span class="sci">Uria troille californica. </span><span class="siz">15 to 16 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones.
Large numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the
San Francisco and other market places and disposed of as a
food product, and as yet the birds do not seem to diminish to
any great extent.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges.
They vary greatly in color, from nearly white without markings
to a deep greenish blue with an endless variety of patterns
in light and dark brown (3.40 × 2.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to
Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bPomarineJaeger">POMARINE JAEGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">36. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius pomarinus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but
are the real pirates of bird life, especially among the terns
and gulls. This species has two color phases regardless of
sex or age. In the light plumage the top of the head is black,
rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by the lengthened
central tail-feathers.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 × 1.70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_19">[19]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig11">
<img src="images/p019.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
</div>
<h3 id="bParasiticJaeger">PARASITIC JAEGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">37. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius parasiticus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last.
The two central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting
about four inches beyond the others. All of the
Jaegers have grayish blue legs with black feet, and brown
eyes.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the
two brownish eggs are laid (2.15 × 1.65).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern part of North America, south in winter
to southern California, breeding in the Arctic regions.</p>
<h3 id="bLongTailedJaeger">LONG-TAILED JAEGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">38. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius longicaudus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight.
Similar to the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers
extend eight or ten inches beyond the others. It is more
often found in the lighter phase.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in
a slight depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 × 1.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arctic America; south in winter to South America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_20">[20]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig12">
<img src="images/p020.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="506" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">GULLS AND TERNS—Family Laridæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bIvoryGull">IVORY GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">39. </span><span class="sci">Pagophila alba. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding
season is entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and
there is a red ring about the eye.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic
regions. Three grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown
and black (2.30 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to
British Columbia.</p>
<h3 id="bPacificKittiwake">PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">40a. </span><span class="sci">Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands
in the Bering Sea.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss
and seaweed, making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two
or three eggs, which are buffy brown or grayish, spotted with
darker shades of brown (2.20 × 4.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south
as Lower California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_21">[21]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig13">
<img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedLeggedKittiwake">RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">41. </span><span class="sci">Rissa brevirostris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting
that the legs are bright red, the mantle is darker and the
bill shorter. They usually nest in separate colonies from the
former, and can be readily identified when in flight by the
red legs.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They have been found abundantly on the islands of
the Bering Sea, nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The
color of the eggs is buffy or brownish, blotched and spotted
with lilac and shades of brown.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.</p>
<h3 id="bGlaucousGull">GLAUCOUS GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">42. </span><span class="sci">Larus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray;
it is distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white
to the tips. It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller
Gulls, eating both the eggs and young.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number,
in shades of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and
black.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_22">[22]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig14">
<img src="images/p022.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGlaucousWingedGull">GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">44. </span><span class="sci">Larus glaucescens. </span><span class="siz">25 to 27 inches.</span></div>
<p>The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this
gull except that the primaries are tipped with white. They
breed in large numbers both on the rocky cliffs and on the
low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the cliffs large nests
of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands no attempt
is made at nest building.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a
greenish brown ground color with various shades of brown
spots, most thickly covered on the larger end (2.75 × 2.05).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia
northwards, and wintering to southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bSlatyBackedGull">SLATY-BACKED GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">48. </span><span class="sci">Larus schistisagus. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
<p>This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck
and slaty colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often
nest in colonies with other gulls, building their small mounds
of seaweed on the higher parts of the islands.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored
eggs, spotted with dark brown and lavender (2.90 × 2.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_23">[23]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig15">
<img src="images/p023.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternGull">WESTERN GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">49. </span><span class="sci">Larus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the
large Gulls, and can be seen about the harbors of California
at all seasons of the year. They are great thieves, robbing
the Murres and Terns wherever eggs are left unprotected, and
are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to contend with.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the
full set contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark
brown, showing the usual variation found in color in the Gulls’
eggs (2.75 × 1.90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to
British Columbia.</p>
<h3 id="bHerringGull">HERRING GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">51. </span><span class="sci">Larus argentatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually
on the ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite
a distance from the water. A few pair nest on the islands
of some of the inland lakes and it is not uncommon to see
nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet from the ground.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted
with black and brown.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_24">[24]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig16">
<img src="images/p024.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRingBilledGull">RING-BILLED GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">54. </span><span class="sci">Larus delawarensis. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with
white tips and always to be identified in the breeding season
by the black band around the middle of the greenish yellow
bill. They nest in large colonies on the islands in the interior
of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds at high
altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the
lakes of the Dakotas and northward.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight
hollow on the ground generally on the grassy portion of some
island (2.80 × 1.75).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower
California to British Columbia.</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaGull">CALIFORNIA GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">53. </span><span class="sci">Larus californicus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. <a href="#bHerringGull">Herring Gull</a>
and the primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow,
with red spot near end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their
nests generally upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs
constitute a set, and they are the usual color of the Gulls’.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_25">[25]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig17">
<img src="images/p025.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bShortBilledGull">SHORT-BILLED GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">55. </span><span class="sci">Larus brachyrhynchus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the
European variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly
gray; rest of white; outer primary nearly black with a white
spot at the end. Bill, feet and legs greenish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The
nest is generally made of moss, grass and weeds and placed
on the ground.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to
Alaska. Winters in the south to Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bHeermannGull">HEERMANN GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">57. </span><span class="sci">Larus heermanni. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull.
In summer the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a
red bill and legs. The body color shades abruptly from the
neck into slaty, both the upper and under parts. The primaries
and tail are black.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs
greenish drab in color marked with brown, black and lilac
(2.45 × 1.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast of North America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_26">[26]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig18">
<img src="images/p026.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBonaparteGull">BONAPARTE GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">60. </span><span class="sci">Larus philadelphia. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner
web and shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck
are gray; while in winter the head is white with gray spots
back of the eyes. Young birds have the back mixed with
brownish and the tail with a band of black near the tip. They
are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the
northwest. The nests of sticks and grass are placed on the
higher parts of the marshes and the usual complement of three
eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to greenish brown, marked
with dark brown spots (1.90 × 1.30).</p>
<h3 id="bSabineGull">SABINE GULL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">62. </span><span class="sci">Xema sabini. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with
a black ring; the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail
slightly forked. In winter the head and throat white with
the back of the neck dusky.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern
Alaska and Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish
brown in color and marked with dark brown (1.75 × 1.25).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_27">[27]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig19">
<img src="images/p027.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaspianTern">CASPIAN TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">64. </span><span class="sci">Sterna caspia. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill
is large, heavy and bright red. The crest with which this
species is adorned is black. The mantle is pearl color and
the breast is white. Winter birds have the crown mixed with
white, and the young are blotched with blackish in the wings
and tail.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again
only a few pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from
gray to greenish buff, marked with brown and lilac. The
two eggs usually being laid in a hollow in the sand.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and
Lower California to the Arctic regions.</p>
<h3 id="bElegantTern">ELEGANT TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">66. </span><span class="sci">Sterna elegans. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are
tinged with rosy, which probably first gave the birds their
name.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in
the sand, creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 × 1.40).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Central and South America, in summer to California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_28">[28]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig20">
<img src="images/p028.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
</div>
<h3 id="bForstersTern">FORSTERS TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">69. </span><span class="sci">Sterna forsteri. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>These beautiful birds are often known as “Sea Swallows,”
because of their similarity in flight to those well-known land
birds. They are the picture of grace as they dart about high
in the air, bill pointed downward, alert and ready to dart
down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with
grass, in which are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying
in color from almost white to brownish, thickly spotted with
brown and lavender (1.80 × 1.30).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba
to the Gulf Coast.</p>
<h3 id="bCommonTern">COMMON TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">70. </span><span class="sci">Sterna hirundo. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being
more blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly
gray in place of white, tail not quite as much forked, and
shorter; edge of outer primaries and outer tail-feathers
blackish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic
coast. Their eggs are more rounded (1.75 × 1.40).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_29">[29]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig21">
<img src="images/p029.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bArcticTern">ARCTIC TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">71. </span><span class="sci">Sterna paradisæ. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution;
and the pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and
below. Bill quite red and feet much smaller and bright red.
When their nesting colonies are approached they will rise in
clouds, circling about high in the air, uttering at times their
peculiar cry.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt
at nest building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the
bare sand or gravel just above the water line. There is no
difference in the color or markings of the eggs from the others
(1.75 × 1.40).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic
Regions and wintering from California to the Gulf States.</p>
<h3 id="bAleutianTern">ALEUTIAN TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">73. </span><span class="sci">Sterna aleutica. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the
<a href="#bCommonTern">Common Tern</a>, but has a darker mantle, and the forehead is
white, with a black line extending from the bill to the eye.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is much the same as the <a href="#bArcticTern">Arctic</a>, but the eggs are
somewhat smaller and narrower (1.70 × 1.15).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_30">[30]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig22">
<img src="images/p030.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLeastTern">LEAST TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">74. </span><span class="sci">Sterna antillarum. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a
swallow and in flight are much the same, darting through the air,
taking insects the same as swallows, or dipping into the water
for small minnows that are showing themselves near the surface.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above
the water line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully
marked with different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 × .95).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Throughout the United States to northern South
America, breeding abundantly on the coast of southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackTern">BLACK TERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">77. </span><span class="sci">Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either
white or pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults
in summer having the head, neck and under parts black, with
the back, wings and tail gray.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color.
Nests are of weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies.
Two to four eggs are a dark greenish brown with black spots
(1.35 × .95).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_31">[31]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig23">
<img src="images/p031.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">ALBATROSSES—Family Diomedeidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bBlackFootedAlbatross">BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">81. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea nigripes. </span><span class="siz">32 to 36 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into
whitish at the base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted
for its extended flights, following vessels day after day without
any apparent period of rest.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 ×
2.40).</p>
<h3 id="bShortTailedAlbatross">SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea albatrus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following
a vessel will keep a long distance behind in its search
for food. With the exception of the primaries, which are
black, as are also the shoulders and tail, the entire plumage
is white, tinged with yellow on the back of the head.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the
coast of Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare
ground or rocks.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California
to Alaska; most common in northern part of the range.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_32">[32]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig24">
<img src="images/p032.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLaysanAlbatross">LAYSAN ALBATROSS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82.1. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea immutabilis. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are white with the exception of the back,
wings and tail, which are black; bill and feet yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or
rocks (4.00 × 2.35).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—This species breeds in large numbers on the island
from which it takes its name—Layson Island, of the Hawaiian
Group—appearing rarely off the coast of California.</p>
<h3 id="bYellowNosedAlbatross">YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">83. </span><span class="sci">Thalassogeron culminatus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian
oceans and is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An
egg in the collection of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass.,
was taken on Gough Island Sept. 1st, 1888. The nest was
a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The single
white egg measured 3.75 × 2.25.</p>
<h3 id="bSootyAlbatross">SOOTY ALBATROSS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">84. </span><span class="sci">Phœbetria palpebrata. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim
around the eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 × 2.75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_33">[33]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig25">
<img src="images/p033.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.
<br />Family Procellariidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bPacificFulmar">PACIFIC FULMAR.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">86b. </span><span class="sci">Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is
shorter and stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the
nostrils opening out of a single tube, prominently located on
top of the bill. Their flight is graceful like that of the Gulls.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern
Pacific they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the
rocks having its tenant. They lay but a single white egg on
the bare rocks (2.90 × 2.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bSlenderBilledFulmar">SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">87. </span><span class="sci">Priocella glacialoides. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species has a paler mantle than others of the family,
and the primaries are black.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the
United States in the summer. They probably breed in the far
south during our winter, although we have no definite record
relative to their nesting habits.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_34">[34]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig26">
<img src="images/p034.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPinkFootedShearwater">PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">91. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus creatopus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper
parts and under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color,
darkest on the wings; top of head dark, with throat and breast
white, with yellowish bill and pink colored feet.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Monterey, California, to South America.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackVentedShearwater">BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus opisthomelas. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter
in color. Quite common in southern California and much more
so in Lower California.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From northern United States to Lower California.
A single white egg is laid (2.00 × 1.30).</p>
<h3 id="bTownsendShearwater">TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93.1. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus auricularis. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower
California coast and islands.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_35">[35]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig27">
<img src="images/p035.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bDarkBodiedShearwater">DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">95. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus griseus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands
in the far south during our winter months, comes north and
appears off the Pacific coast of the United States during our
summer months, as far north as Alaska. They are a dark
sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which are whitish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Habits are the same as the others of the family. The
single white egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices
under rocks (2.40 × 1.65).</p>
<h3 id="bSlenderBilledShearwater">SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">96. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus tenuirostris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling
it in color and markings, being a little lighter under the
throat, and the bill more slender in proportion to the size of
the bird. Bill and feet nearly black, as is also the one above.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as
the <a href="#bDarkBodiedShearwater">Dark-bodied Shearwater</a>; it is not found on the N. A.
coast as commonly as the other.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_36">[36]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig28">
<img src="images/p036.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFisherPetrel">FISHER PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">100. </span><span class="sci">Æstrelata fisheri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen
taken off Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.</p>
<h3 id="bLeastPetrel">LEAST PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">103. </span><span class="sci">Halocyptena microsoma. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely
dark sooty.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They have been found breeding on the islands of
Lower California, and they probably do on others farther
south. The single egg of this bird is white with a wreath
of tiny brown specks about the larger end.</p>
<h3 id="bForkTailedPetrel">FORK-TAILED PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma furcata. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being
darker and the under parts lightest.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the
ground. Egg white with a fine wreath of purplish black specks
about the larger end. Found breeding on the islands of
Alaska.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_37">[37]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig29">
<img src="images/p037.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKaedingPetrel">KAEDING PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105.2. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma kaedingi. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and
the tail less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California
to Mexico, breeding in the southern part of its range.</p>
<h3 id="bLeachPetrel">LEACH PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma leucorhoa. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are quite common on both the eastern and western
coasts, breeding from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians.
They are of a sooty brown color, upper tail-coverts and
side of under-coverts white. They burrow in the ground for
two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building; placing
their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow.
These birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one
remaining at sea during the day and returning at night. They
are rarely seen in the vicinity of their nests during the day.</p>
<h3 id="bGuadalupePetrel">GUADALUPE PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106.1. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma macrodactyla.</span></div>
<p>Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail
and somewhat longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Same as above with one white egg, usually much
nest stained.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_38">[38]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig30">
<img src="images/p038.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackPetrel">BLACK PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">107. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma melania. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump
of the two or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very
offensive musky odor, which is always noticeable about an
island inhabited by them. The skins and eggs of the birds
always retain this odor.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes
containing a small amount of nesting material; grass and
roots.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern California southward to Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bAshyPetrel">ASHY PETREL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">108. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma homochroa. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands,
sooty gray in color, their plumage matching their surroundings
so closely that, unless one is looking for them, they will
easily be overlooked.</p>
<p>They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves
to be removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they.
They build in burrows or in any crevice of the rocks, laying
their single white egg on the ground or rock without much,
if any, lining to the nest.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_39">[39]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig31">
<img src="images/p039.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">CORMORANTS—Family Phalacrocoracidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bFaralloneCormorant">FARALLONE CORMORANT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">120c. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty.
These birds breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing
their nests well up on the higher ridges and also in the trees
on some of the inland islands, or near large ponds or lakes.
They build large nests of sticks and roots, lined with grass,
seaweed and moss.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid
(2.40 × 1.50).</p>
<h3 id="bBrandtCormorant">BRANDT CORMORANT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">122. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax penicillatus. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender
and nearly straight. The young are hatched without feathers
or down and the skin is nearly black. The young for two or
three months are the food supply for the larger Gulls. Like
the other Cormorants breeding on these islands, they stay
closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are
always on the watch for either the eggs or young.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of
the United States.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_40">[40]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig32">
<img src="images/p040.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBairdCormorants">BAIRD CORMORANTS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">123b. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
<p>This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from
Washington south to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as
the former species and not inclined to breed in colonies with
the others, but is more secluded.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks
and cliffs on which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom
building in trees. Their eggs are much smaller, averaging
2.20 × 1.40.</p>
<h3 id="bRedFacedCormorant">RED-FACED CORMORANT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">124. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax urile. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
<p>The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly
in having the forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the
same as other members of the family. That the Cormorants
are expert fishermen may be seen from the fact that
the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a
ring about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The nesting places of these as well as other members
of this family are very filthy, being covered with excrement
and the remains of fish that are strewn about their
nests (2.50 × 1.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_41">[41]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig33">
<img src="images/p041.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">PELICANS.—Family Pelecanidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bWhitePelican">WHITE PELICAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">125. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. </span><span class="siz">60 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white;
bill and feet yellow, the former in the breeding season having
a thin upright knob about midway on the top of the upper
mandible. They get their food by approaching a school of
small fish and suddenly dipping their head beneath the surface,
sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;
they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the
sides of the mouth, and then swallow the fish.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally
only a lining about the outer edge; the eggs being placed
upon the ground. Two or three eggs are laid, pure chalky
white (3.45 × 2.30).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaBrownPelican">CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">127. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus californicus. </span><span class="siz">55 inches.</span></div>
<p>Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back
of neck rich velvety brown; head and throat white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks
and weeds. Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 × 1.95).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_42">[42]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig34">
<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">MAN-O’-WAR BIRDS—Family Fregatidæ.</h3>
<h3 id="bFrigateBird">FRIGATE BIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">128. </span><span class="sci">Fregata aquila. </span><span class="siz">40 inches.</span></div>
<p>In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest
expanse of wing of any known bird. Weighing only about
four pounds they have an extent of from seven to eight feet.
The length of the bird is about 40 inches, of which the tail
comprises about 18, more than half of this being forked. They
can walk only with difficulty and are very poor swimmers,
owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete
masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights.
Their food of small fish is secured by plunging, or preying
upon other sea birds.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or
low trees. A single white egg (2.80 × 1.90).</p>
<h3 id="bAmericanMerganserOrderAnseres">AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">129. </span><span class="sci">Mergus americanus. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with
sharp teeth to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great
extent.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on
the ground; 6 to 9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 × 1.75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_43">[43]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig35">
<img src="images/p043.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedBreastedMerganser">RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">130. </span><span class="sci">Mergus serrator. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is
found commonly on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more
than on the coast. The male has the head, neck, and crest
iridescent greenish black, breast brownish with black spots.
The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut
color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the
black found on the males.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff
color, making their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or
in tufts of grass or in crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest
with feathers (2.50 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Whole of North America, breeding from central
United States to British America.</p>
<h3 id="bHoodedMerganser">HOODED MERGANSER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">131. </span><span class="sci">Lophodytes cucullatus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest
with which both sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this
from the others. The male having the crest black with a
large white patch, and that of the female plain brown.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 × 1.70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_44">[44]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig36">
<img src="images/p044.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGadwall">GADWALL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">135. </span><span class="sci">Chaulelasmus streperus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the
female is similar but the back and wings are brownish-gray.
As is usual with many of the ducks these do most of their
feeding early in the morning or after dusk, and spend the
greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the most
noisy and active of the ducks.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes
or in the long grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to
12 eggs of a creamy buff color (2.10 × 1.60).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Includes the whole of North America, breeds from
British Columbia to southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bMallard">MALLARD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">132. </span><span class="sci">Anas platyrhynchos. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They
feed on mollusks and marine insects which they generally
reach by tipping in shallow water.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their
nests in the tall grasses of which it is made and lined with
feathers. Breed from Alaska to southern California (2.25 ×
1.25).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_45">[45]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig37">
<img src="images/p045.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBaldpateAmericanWidgeon">BALDPATE—AMERICAN WIDGEON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">137. </span><span class="sci">Mareca Americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are common and well-known birds throughout North
America, where they are called by a great variety of names,
most of which refer to the bald appearance of the top of the
head, owing to the white feathers. They can usually be identified
at a distance by the absence of any dark markings, and
when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers,
on the ground or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are
laid (2.15 × 1.20).</p>
<h3 id="bGreenWingedTeal">GREEN-WINGED TEAL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">139. </span><span class="sci">Nettion carolinense. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly
sought for by sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence
of their flesh. The male may be easily identified by
the reddish brown head and neck, with the large green patch
behind each ear.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it
is made of weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9
buffy eggs are laid (1.85 × 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California
and Oregon.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_46">[46]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig38">
<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlueWingedTeal">BLUE-WINGED TEAL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">140. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula discors. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front
of the eye; under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black;
wing coverts bright blue. Female similar to female <a href="#bGreenWingedTeal">Green-wing</a>,
but has the blue wing coverts. In flight can be easily
separated from the Green-wing by its darker under parts.
Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines.
This is more common east of the Rockies than the other.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed
in the reeds bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs
are laid.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding more abundantly than the
former farther north in its range.</p>
<h3 id="bCinnamonTeal">CINNAMON TEAL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">141. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula cyanoptera. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the
Rockies. It is on the male a bright cinnamon color on the
under parts; also the head and neck, being darkest near the
bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts blue; speculum
green, divided by a line of white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 × 1.35).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_47">[47]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig39">
<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bShoveller">SHOVELLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">142. </span><span class="sci">Spatula clypeata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill,
which is out of all proportion to the size of the bird. Head,
neck and speculum dark green, under parts reddish brown,
breast and back white, wing coverts blue. If it were not for
the large ungainly bill, this duck would be classed as one of
our most beautiful during the breeding season.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of
grass, weeds and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10
grayish white eggs (2.10 × 1.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America; breeding most abundant on the
western coast from southern California to northwest Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bPintail">PINTAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">143. </span><span class="sci">Dafila acuta. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
<p>A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with
head and stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and
sides barred with white and black wavy lines.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with
feathers generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12
eggs of a dull olive color (2.20 × 1.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_48">[48]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig40">
<img src="images/p048.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWoodDuck">WOOD DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">144. </span><span class="sci">Aix sponsa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of
any of the duck family. Both the male and female have a
long crest; that of the male of the most beautiful shades of
blue and iridescent green colors, with stripes of white, the
throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut with white
arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line
markings.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The
birds are said to carry the young from the nest to the water
in their bills. 6 to 10 eggs, buffy in color (2.25 × 1.60).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to
the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bRedhead">REDHEAD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">146. </span><span class="sci">Marila americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered
as the best table birds of the duck family.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in
number, buffy white in color (2.40 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_49">[49]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig41">
<img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCanvasBack">CANVAS-BACK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">147. </span><span class="sci">Marila valisineria. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>Differs from the <a href="#bRedhead">Redhead</a> in the shape of its black bill, its
blackish forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the
Redhead having yellow eyes. Like the last species, these
birds are excellent swimmers and divers, and secure their
food from deeper water than many of the ducks. Their food
consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell
fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market
price, and are much sought after by gunners.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with
grass and feathers. 6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America; breeding from central British
Columbia south to Oregon and Minnesota.</p>
<h3 id="bScaupDuckOrBlueBill">SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">148. </span><span class="sci">Marila marila. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing
to the slaty blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast
are black; speculum and under parts white, and eyes yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior
of British Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray
(2.50 × 1.70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_50">[50]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig42">
<img src="images/p050.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLesserScaupDuck">LESSER SCAUP DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">149. </span><span class="sci">Marila affinis. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the
male glossed purple instead of green on the black. They are
one of the most abundant migrants, and are one of the most
active of the family, diving at the flash of a gun. The immense
flocks generally keep out in the open waters of the lakes
or rivers; where they feed by diving.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with
feathers from the breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale
gray color (2.25 × 1.55).</p>
<h3 id="bRingNeckedDuck">RING-NECKED DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">150. </span><span class="sci">Marila collaris. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>In appearance and general habits this duck is much the
same as the two preceding. Male with head, neck and breast
black with purple shades, having a ring of chestnut about the
neck, which at a little distance is not noticeable. Bill blackish,
with a bluish band near the end; eye yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Same in every way as above, and general distribution
the same, breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_51">[51]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig43">
<img src="images/p051.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAmericanGoldenEye">AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">151. </span><span class="sci">Clangula clangula americana. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are handsome ducks, known as “Whistlers,” from the
noise of their wings when flying, and also “Great-heads,” because
of the puffy crest. The head is greenish black with
a large round white spot in front of and a little below the
eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining
the cavity with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining
the nest with feathers, in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs
of a grayish color (2.30 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding from Alaska south to
the most northern of United States. Winters to southern
California and the Gulf Coast.</p>
<h3 id="bBarrowGoldenEye">BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">152. </span><span class="sci">Clangula islandica. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white
spot between the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is
the preceding.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The range and nesting habits are the same as above,
possibly breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_52">[52]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig44">
<img src="images/p052.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBuffleHead">BUFFLE-HEAD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">153. </span><span class="sci">Charitonetta albeola. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>This handsome little duck is also known as “Butter-ball”
and “Dipper-duck,” the latter name given to them on account
of the ease with which they can disappear under the water.
They are always on the alert and will dive at the flash of a
gun. Head iridescent blue, green and purple, and with a
large white patch extending from eye to eye, across the back
of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can
take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the
sides of rivers, 8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color
(2.00 × 1.40).</p>
<h3 id="bOldSquawLongTailedDuck">OLD-SQUAW—LONG-TAILED DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">154. </span><span class="sci">Harelda hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in
summer and winter. Both sexes are marked similarly, but the
female is somewhat duller and lacks the long tail feathers of
the male. They are excellent swimmers and dive to great
depths in search of their food.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Generally concealed in the long grass near the water,
made of grass and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 × 1.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_53">[53]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig45">
<img src="images/p053.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHarlequinDuck">HARLEQUIN DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">155. </span><span class="sci">Histrionicus histrionicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the
illustration. It is not the colors alone that make them so
attractive, but the way the colors are placed. The white
being in long stripes, crescents or large spots, with black, gray
and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among the
swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on
the coasts.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with
down placed on the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes
in the hollow of a tree. 5 to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 × 1.60).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to
the central part of California among the mountain streams.</p>
<h3 id="bPacificEider">PACIFIC EIDER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">161. </span><span class="sci">Somateria v-nigra. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it
has a black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly
on the Aleutian Islands, but in great numbers farther north.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly
lining same with down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs
(3.00 × 2.00).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_54">[54]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig46">
<img src="images/p054.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
</div>
<h3 id="bStellerEider">STELLER EIDER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">157. </span><span class="sci">Polysticta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish
on the forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and
crissum, black; under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the
long scapulars black and white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It
breeds on the rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six
to nine eggs are pale olive green in color (2.25 × 1.60).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian
Islands and northwest coast of Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bSpectacledEider">SPECTACLED EIDER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">158. </span><span class="sci">Arctonetta fischeri. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is black on the under parts and mostly white
above. The head is largely washed with sea green, leaving
a large patch of white, narrowly bordered with black around
each eye, thus resembling a pair of spectacles and giving it
the name it has.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from
their breast; they are placed upon the ground under overhanging
stones or clumps of grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 × 1.85).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_55">[55]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig47">
<img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKingEider">KING EIDER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">162. </span><span class="sci">Somateria spectabilis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is very different from any of the preceding, the
crown being of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in
place of the white of the others. It also has a broad V-shaped
mark on the throat and a black crescent between the eye and
bill. Like all of the other Eiders the females are mottled
brown and black, the different species being very difficult to
separate.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are usually a depression in the ground lined
with the down from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10
eggs of a greenish color (3.00 × 2.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern North America, breeding along the coast
of Siberia, Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.</p>
<h3 id="bScoter">SCOTER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">163. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>Scoters or “Coots,” as they are generally called, are Sea
Ducks whose plumage is almost wholly black; base of the
bill is yellow and orange. This species nest similar to the
Eiders, concealing it under overhanging rocks or in tufts of
grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 × 1.70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_56">[56]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig48">
<img src="images/p056.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhiteWingedScoter">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">165. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia deglandi. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished
from the others by the white speculum on the wing
and a white comet extending from the eye backwards. It
also has a yellow eye.</p>
<p>This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of
the family.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or
under low bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes
twigs, lined with feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 ×
1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding in British Columbia and
Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bSurfScoter">SURF SCOTER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">166. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia perspicillata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white
spot on top of the head and another on the nape; eye white;
bill red, white and yellow with a large black spot near the
base. The female is a grayish brown, lighter below; also
with a spot of dull white in front of the eye and the same
in back.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_57">[57]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig49">
<img src="images/p057.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRuddyDuck">RUDDY DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">167. </span><span class="sci">Erismatura jamaicensis. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown
upper parts; blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and
under parts silvery white with grayish wash next to the ruddy.
Bill is very stout and broad at the end, and the tail feathers
are very stiff and pointed. Females have back, crown and
sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.
These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or
in flight.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally
lined with down in which are placed their eggs to the
number of from 8 to 12 of a grayish white color (2.40 × 1.75)
unusually large for the size of the bird.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The whole of North America, breeding from Central
British Columbia southward as far as Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bSnowGoose">SNOW GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">169. </span><span class="sci">Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black.
This is the smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern
variety being some ten inches longer, found in N. A., west of
the Mississippi River.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_58">[58]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig50">
<img src="images/p058.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRossGoose">ROSS GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">170. </span><span class="sci">Chen rossi. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters
in California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and
is the smallest of the family.</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteFrontedGoose">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">171a. </span><span class="sci">Anser albifrons gambeli. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage,
dark head and white forehead; bill and feet orange. They
are the most common on the western coast and large numbers
of them are sold in the markets.</p>
<p>Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails,
and insects.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression
and made of dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs
are from four to nine in number, of a dull buff color (3.00 ×
2.05).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western and central North America, breeds on the
Arctic coast south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from
British Columbia to southern California. During the spring
flight immense flocks of these birds pass through Oregon and
follow down the west coast.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_59">[59]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig51">
<img src="images/p059.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCanadaGoose">CANADA GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis canadensis. </span><span class="siz">38 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is the most widely known of the family, and
is the most numerous. Its familiar “honk” has long been
the signal of the coming spring, and the V-shaped formation
in which the flocks migrate is always an object of interest
to every one; large birds, with long necks outstretched, wings
beating the air in unison, and all following the leadership of
one bird in their journey over their invisible path.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on
the ground in marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine
eggs of a buff or drab color are laid (3.50 × 2.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The whole of North America, breeding from northern
United States northward, and wintering in the southern
part of U. S. to Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bCacklingGoose">CACKLING GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172c. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis minima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference
being only in the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the
Arctic coast and migrates in winter along the western coast
south to southern California. Eggs are buff color; 4 to 9
(2.90 × 1.95).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_60">[60]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig52">
<img src="images/p060.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackBrant">BLACK BRANT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">174. </span><span class="sci">Branta nigricans. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar
nearly encircling the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts
mostly white. They are very inquisitive and easily
come to decoys, and consequently large numbers of them are
shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird especially
when in large flocks. They get most of their food
by tipping up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon
the tender water plants and roots gathered from the bottom.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A depression in the ground lined with grass and
feathers and the down from their breasts; four to eight eggs
are laid of a grayish color (2.80 × 1.75).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, breeding abundantly in
northern Alaska and wintering on the Pacific coast from British
Columbia to Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bEmperorGoose">EMPEROR GOOSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">176. </span><span class="sci">Philacte canagica. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
<p>This handsome species may be known by the mottled or
scaly appearance of the feathers; the head is white with a
black chin and throat. Their 3 to 7 eggs are a dull buff color
(3.10 × 2.15).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_61">[61]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig53">
<img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackBelliedTreeDuck">BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">177. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are
very common in southern Texas and along the Rio Grande.
They are not timid and are frequently caught and domesticated.
They can walk and run gracefully, and feed in grain
fields at considerable distance from the water. They usually
raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten
to as many as twenty.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at
a great distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few
feathers and down. The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 × 1.50).</p>
<h3 id="bFulvousTreeDuck">FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">178. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna bicolor. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more
of a rufous all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It
has no white markings. It is fully as abundant as the preceding
and is found farther north and west to the Pacific
coast in southern California.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them
are identical with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been
found in one nest, but these were probably laid by two birds.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_62">[62]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig54">
<img src="images/p062.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhistlingSwan">WHISTLING SWAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">180. </span><span class="sci">Olor columbianus. </span><span class="siz">58 inches.</span></div>
<p>These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their
bill and feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer
the end of the bill than it is to the eye. It is distinguished
from the next by the small yellow spot on either side of the
bill near its base.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss,
grass, feathers and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy
places near ponds or lakes. Three to six greenish or brownish
buff eggs are laid (4.00 × 2.75).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, more common in the east, breeding
in Alaska and the Arctic islands, wintering from British
Columbia to the central part of California.</p>
<h3 id="bTrumpeterSwan">TRUMPETER SWAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">181. </span><span class="sci">Olor buccinator. </span><span class="siz">65 inches.</span></div>
<p>This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a
spread of wing nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior
than on the coast. Its plumage is the same as above, except
that the bill is entirely black and the nostril is located nearer
the eye. Their nesting habits are the same as above, the eggs
averaging a trifle larger.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_63">[63]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig55">
<img src="images/p063.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGlossyIbisFamilyIbididae">GLOSSY IBIS—Family Ibididæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">186. </span><span class="sci">Plegadis autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
<p>The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut
color, glossy with purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy
greenish black; bill, legs and feet carmine red, bill much
curved downward.</p>
<p>This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis
which is occasionally found in southern California, with the
exception that the latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering
the bill, white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached
to living stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep
greenish blue color (1.95 × 1.35).</p>
<h3 id="bWoodIbisFamilyCiconiae">WOOD IBIS—Family Ciconiæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">188. </span><span class="sci">Mycteria americana. </span><span class="siz">45 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which
are pale bluish in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely
white except for the primaries and tail, which are
glossy purplish black. This is the only true Stork which occurs
in North America, and is found only in the southern
part of California and the most southern states near the
Gulf of Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 × 1.75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_64">[64]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig56">
<img src="images/p064.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLeastBittern">LEAST BITTERN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">191. </span><span class="sci">Ixobrychus exilis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern
portions of the United States. They are very quiet and sly
birds, and their presence is often unsuspected when they are
really quite abundant. Their nests are made of rushes woven
about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white (1.20 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bBitternFamilyHerodii">BITTERN—Family Herodii.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">190. </span><span class="sci">Botaurus lentiginosus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep
concealed so closely that one may pass within a few feet of
them and they not take flight. They are known by a variety
of names, nearly all of which have reference to their “booming”
sound while in the bogs. The most common name given
them being “Stake Driver” and again “Thunder Pumper.”
They are much variegated with brown and yellowish brown;
adults with a long, broad black stripe on either side of the
white throat; eye is yellow; bill and legs, greenish yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their
nest usually in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by
water. They lay from three to five brownish colored eggs
(1.95 × 1.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_65">[65]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig57">
<img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGreatBlueHeron">GREAT BLUE HERON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">194. </span><span class="sci">Ardea herodias herodias. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>
<p>This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is
bluish gray, relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and
patches on the sides and a white crown. Young birds are
much duller colored and lack the crest of the old birds. It
takes several years for them to obtain their perfect plumage.
In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company
with many other species.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in
the trees near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many
as 40 nests have been found in a single tree. Three to five
eggs of a greenish blue color (2.50 × 1.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America except the extreme northern part,
breeds from British Columbia to southern Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bGreenHeron">GREEN HERON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">201. </span><span class="sci">Butorides virescens virescens. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over
the country. In most sections of the country they will be found
nesting, one of two pairs together, along the border of some
swamp or stream; 3 to 5 pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 × 1.10).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_66">[66]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig58">
<img src="images/p066.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bEgret">EGRET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">196. </span><span class="sci">Herodias egretta. </span><span class="siz">41 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has
persistently been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery
purposes. They usually breed in colonies with several others of
the Heron family.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes
over the water in which they lay three or four light bluish
green colored eggs (2.25 × 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.</p>
<h3 id="bSnowyEgret">SNOWY EGRET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">197. </span><span class="sci">Egretta candidissima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved
plumes growing from the middle of the back; long crest of
plumes on back of the head, and on the breast. Bill black,
greenish at the base; legs black and feet yellow. With the protection
which has been placed on these birds and the large
breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government
reservations we hope to see these become more abundant
within a few years. Their nesting habits are the same as
above, only the eggs are smaller (1.80 × 1.25).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_67">[67]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig59">
<img src="images/p067.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackCrownedNightHeron">BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">202. </span><span class="sci">Nycticorax nycticorax nævius. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>A well-known bird often called “quawk” from the note
which it makes during its evening flights. They are usually
found nesting in large colonies, while in some places a few secluded
pairs nest; a favorite place being among pine trees on
the edge of muddy ponds.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the
higher limbs of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more
in each tree. Eggs are pale greenish color (2.00 × 1.40).</p>
<h3 id="bYellowCrownedNightHeron">YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">203. </span><span class="sci">Nyctanassa violacea. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded
white plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but
are nested together so that they appear to be as one. On the
back they also have long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a
comet shaped patch under the eye of a yellowish white. As
dusk approaches, these birds start out from their roosting
places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to their
feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting
of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_68">[68]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig60">
<img src="images/p068.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhoopingCraneFamilyGruidae">WHOOPING CRANE—Family Gruidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">204. </span><span class="sci">Grus americana. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of
the adults is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts
of the head and face are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet
black. These great birds are not uncommon on the prairies of
the interior of America.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the
bogs, the nest being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two
or three feet in diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish
buff color blotched with shades of brown and gray (3.75 × 2.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic
regions and wintering to the Gulf states and southward.</p>
<h3 id="bLittleBrownCrane">LITTLE BROWN CRANE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">205. </span><span class="sci">Grus canadensis. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
<p>This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane,
but more brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this
family always carry the neck fully extended, while the Herons
draw the neck back between the wings. Unlike herons the
young birds are born covered with down, and can run about as
soon as they appear.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—In northern Canada, where it breeds.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_69">[69]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig61">
<img src="images/p069.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.—Family Rallidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210.1. </span><span class="sci">Rallus levipes. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed
if any danger is lurking about the locality where they are.
They are very quick to get away in the tall grass if startled,
and rarely take to the wing for protection. This species is
found about the marshes in southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaClapperRail">CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210. </span><span class="sci">Rallus obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings;
cinnamon colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly
all of the marshes along the coast. They are excellent runners,
and are very difficult to start from the marsh grass in which
they are concealed. Its nest is built on the ground on the
higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively dry, building
it of grass and strips of rushes.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color,
spotted and blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 × 1.25). The
young of this family are born covered with a shining black
down, and remain in the nest but a few hours.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_70">[70]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig62">
<img src="images/p070.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bVirginiaRail">VIRGINIA RAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">212. </span><span class="sci">Rallus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray;
wing coverts grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown,
brightest on the breast. Sides sharply barred with black and
white; chin and line over the eye white, side of head slaty
color. Like others of this species, it is found in either the
fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs
of a creamy white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac;
six to ten are the number laid (1.25 × .90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding from British Columbia to
southern California and the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bSoraRail">SORA RAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">214. </span><span class="sci">Porzana carolina. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on
the head. Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the
day in quiet and do most of their feeding after dusk, when
their clucking notes may be heard all over the marshes.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs,
buff colored with reddish-brown specks (1.25 × .90).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_71">[71]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig63">
<img src="images/p071.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bYellowRail">YELLOW RAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">215. </span><span class="sci">Coturnicops noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy
brown, yellowish buff; black and white barred side feathers.
The back is blackish with the feathers edged with white. These
small Rails are like field mice, hard to locate or obtain sight of
when in the marsh grass. They object to flying unless forced
to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility to get
through rushes to avoid being seen.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and
twisted together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color,
specked with reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end
(1.10 × .80).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Locally distributed in temperate America from
southern California to British Columbia.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackRail">BLACK RAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">216. </span><span class="sci">Creciscus coturniculus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird,
with back a dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray
feathers on the sides and flank spotted and barred with white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely
cupped to hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve;
creamy white, specked all over with reddish brown (1.03 × .75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_72">[72]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig64">
<img src="images/p072.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFloridaGallinule">FLORIDA GALLINULE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">219. </span><span class="sci">Gallinula galeata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back
a brownish color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former
being tipped with yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about
the top. The grayish side feathers tipped with white at the
wing and lower ones with black. They have an almost endless
variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build in colonies in the marshes, making their
nests of rushes and grasses woven together and attached to
stalks of rushes quite often over the water. They lay from
six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color (1.60 × 1.15).</p>
<h3 id="bAmericanCoot">AMERICAN COOT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">221. </span><span class="sci">Fulica americana. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the
whole bird. Toes lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill
white with a blackish band near the tip; shield narrow and
brownish, ending in a point.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is placed in the same localities as are the
<a href="#bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">Rails</a>,
and they have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of
a grayish color finely specked all over with black or brown
(1.80 × 1.30).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_73">[73]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig65">
<img src="images/p073.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedPhalaropeFamilyPhalaropodidae">RED PHALAROPE.—Family Phalaropodidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">222. </span><span class="sci">Phalaropus fulicarius. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their
breeding plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have
changed to their winter dress, and they retain this until after
they leave us in the spring. In summer the under parts and
neck a reddish brown; sides of the head white; top of head
blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white band. The
female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses.
Three or four eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched
with brown or black (1.20 × .80).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and
in winter migrating to middle portions of United States on both
coasts.</p>
<h3 id="bNorthernPhalarope">NORTHERN PHALAROPE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">223. </span><span class="sci">Lobipes lobatus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and
appears on the coasts a short time during migration. Like the
last they are expert swimmers, and pass most of their time
when not breeding upon the surface of the water. They feed
upon minute insects secured from beds of floating kelp. Nest
and eggs similar to above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_74">[74]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig66">
<img src="images/p074.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWilsonPhalarope">WILSON PHALAROPE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">224. </span><span class="sci">Steganopus tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a
very graceful form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad
black stripe through the eye and down the side of the neck,
where it changes gradually into a rich chestnut color. Bill is
long and slender. It is a bird of the interior, and is only rarely
met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in large flocks,
as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the water,
although a good swimmer.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a
tuft of grass near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or
four greenish-buff eggs with black markings (1.30 × .90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to
southern California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.</p>
<h3 id="bWilsonSnipe">WILSON SNIPE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">230. </span><span class="sci">Gallinago delicata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy
meadows with its winding brooks. They procure their food by
boring in the muddy banks of the meadows, the tip of the bill
being flexible.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 × 1.10).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_75">[75]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig67">
<img src="images/p075.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAvocetFamilyRecurvirostridae">AVOCET—Family Recurvirostridæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">225. </span><span class="sci">Recurvirostra americana. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young
birds and winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers
on the under part white and very thick and, duck-like, being
impervious to water. Bill slender and recurved; feet
webbed. Large patches of white on the wings, making them
very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if
not molested, they become very tame.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in
the ground. They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or
brownish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown and black
(1.90 × 1.30).</p>
<h3 id="bBlackNeckedStilt">BLACK-NECKED STILT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">226. </span><span class="sci">Himantopus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately
long and slender. Male black and white as shown; female
and young with back brownish. They are strong and swift
upon the wing.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass.
Three or four eggs, greenish buff, with numerous markings of
brown and black about the larger end.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_76">[76]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig68">
<img src="images/p076.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bDowitcher">DOWITCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">231. </span><span class="sci">Macrorhamphus griseus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>Bill very long like that of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a>. In summer these birds
are reddish brown below; more or less specked with black on
the breast and barred with black on the sides; above mottled
with brown and black, lighter or even white on the rump,
crossed with wavy lines of black.</p>
<p>In winter they are gray above and white below. By the
gunners known as “Red-breasted Snipe” in the spring and
summer and as “Graybacks” in the winter months.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with
grass and leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color
boldly marked with brown most heavily about the larger end
(1.75 × 1.15).</p>
<h3 id="bStiltSandpiper">STILT SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">233. </span><span class="sci">Micropalama himantopus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore
birds, single individuals being found in flocks of other species
rather than in flocks by themselves. Bill slender and only
moderately long. In summer the entire under parts are a rusty
white, closely barred with blackish. In winter they are gray
above and white below.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_77">[77]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig69">
<img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKnot">KNOT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">234. </span><span class="sci">Tringa canutus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches,
following out each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking
the small insects from the sand, and hurrying back to get clear
from the next wave. Bill moderately long and quite stout; form
more robust than most of the shore birds. Adults in summer
mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish uniform
brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but
no eggs are known as yet in any collections.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through
the United States to South America.</p>
<h3 id="bPribilofSandpiper">PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">235b. </span><span class="sci">Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with
rusty and the under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of
black on the breast. Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color,
spotted and blotched with brown, laid on the ground in a depression
with a light lining of grass (1.50 × 1.05).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_78">[78]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig70">
<img src="images/p078.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSharpTailedSandpiper">SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">238. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia aurita. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged
with reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is
reddish brown. Fairly common in summer on the coast of
Alaska; in winter supposed to migrate south wholly on the
Asiatic side of the Pacific.</p>
<h3 id="bPectoralSandpiper">PECTORAL SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">239. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia maculata. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season
of inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the
habits of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a> than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting
grassy meadows or marshes, and feeding along the muddy
flats in place of the sandy beaches. They are very dark brown
above, with much lighter brown edging the feathers, and are
white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish. These
are well-known birds, and are called by gunners “Grass
Snipe” or “Jack Snipe” as a more common name.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or
four grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 × 1.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions
and wintering south of the United States.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_79">[79]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig71">
<img src="images/p079.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhiteRumpedSandpiper">WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">240. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia fuscicollis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black,
below white, but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries
black; upper tail coverts white. Nesting habits the same
as those of the majority of the family, breeding from Labrador
northward, and wintering to Central America. Eggs 1.30 × .90.</p>
<h3 id="bBairdSandpiper">BAIRD SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">241. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump,
being of a blackish color instead.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than
near the seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground
lined with grasses and usually concealed in a bunch of grass.
Three to four eggs of a grayish white marked with shades of
brown and lilac (1.30 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bLeastSandpiper">LEAST SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">242. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia minutilla. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are
the same in color and markings as the preceding. Found more
on the seashore. Nesting habits and eggs are the same as the
two above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_80">[80]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig72">
<img src="images/p080.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedBackedSandpiper">RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">243a. </span><span class="sci">Pelidna alpina sakhalina. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer,
with the upper parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with
black; belly black; head, throat, breast and sides strongly
streaked with black.</p>
<p>In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with
the breast washed with grayish and slightly streaked with
dusky. These small birds are found in large flocks both on
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during migrations, but rarely in
the interior. Their flight is very rapid and performed in compact
flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the
earth being lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or
four eggs with a greenish or brownish buff color, heavily
spotted and blotched with shades of brown and chestnut (1.40
× 1.00).</p>
<h3 id="bSpoonbillSandpiper">SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">245. </span><span class="sci">Eurynorhynchus pygmeus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is
a very peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and
flattened into a sort of spoon shape.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_81">[81]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig73">
<img src="images/p081.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSanderling">SANDERLING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">248. </span><span class="sci">Calidris leucophæa. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are a handsome and abundant species, found during
migrations by thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest
of the shore birds, feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often
under the combing crest of the incoming waves, retreating just
as the wave breaks and is dashed to foam on the beach. They
are usually very shy, and will not allow a close approach. Toes
are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer, variegated
above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain
grayish above and white below.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and
blotched with brown, are laid in nests that differ but little
from others of this family (1.45 × .90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Found in all parts of North America, breeding
within the Arctic Circle, and wintering to southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bWesternSandpiper">WESTERN SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">247. </span><span class="sci">Ereunetes mauri. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Their appearance is very similar to the <a href="#bLeastSandpiper">Least Sandpiper</a>, but
they are slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed.
Their nesting habits are the same, and eggs are very much
alike.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_82">[82]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig74">
<img src="images/p082.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMarbledGodwit">MARBLED GODWIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">249. </span><span class="sci">Limosa fedoa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both
in the interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like
large <a href="#bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">Plovers</a>, with long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings
and tail rufous barred with black; rump white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there
is no lining to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted
about the depression. Three or four eggs with a ground color
of grayish buff, sometimes quite dark, are blotched with dark
brown (2.25 × 1.60).</p>
<h3 id="bGreaterYellowLegs">GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">254. </span><span class="sci">Totanus melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray
margined with white; rump white; tail barred black and white;
primaries black; bill long and rather slender; legs long and
yellow.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with
very little attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish
white, heavily blotched with shades of brown and lilac
(1.65 × 1.25).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding in the British Provinces.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_83">[83]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig75">
<img src="images/p083.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternSolitarySandpiper">WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">256a. </span><span class="sci">Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and
white below. These are almost always met with in pairs or
singly, and are very rarely seen even in small flocks. They
prefer small ponds or streams in wet woods or open meadows,
rather than marshes, which are frequented by other species.
As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near
some small piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with
very little lining of grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored,
spotted with dark shades of brown (1.30 × 1.00).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternWillet">WESTERN WILLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">258a. </span><span class="sci">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon
and northern California, and are quite abundant in many
localities. Upper parts a brownish gray, specked with black;
under parts lighter gray, with lighter streaks of darker gray.
Primaries white at the base and black on the outer end.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass
just barely out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs;
buff blotched with umber (2.00 × 1.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_84">[84]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig76">
<img src="images/p084.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWanderingTattler">WANDERING TATTLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">259. </span><span class="sci">Heteractitis incanus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white
below, closely barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming
broken on the throat, forming spots. In winter the
under parts and throat are white. During the breeding season
it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building its
nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.</p>
<h3 id="bUplandPloverBartramianSandpiper">UPLAND PLOVER—BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">261. </span><span class="sci">Bartramia longicauda. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being
found near the water, their food consisting more of insects
and worms than is usual with others of the Plover or Sandpiper
families. They are quite shy, and are one of the birds
much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black, with
feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.
Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked
with black; under parts white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows
of the ground, lined with grass. They are frequently made and
eggs deposited in good mowing fields just about the time for
cutting the grass, and many nests are destroyed at this time.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_85">[85]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig77">
<img src="images/p085.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="502" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBuffBreastedSandpiper">BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">262. </span><span class="sci">Tryngites subruficollis. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts
buff, as are also the neck and head; blackish spots on
the sides extending up the back of the neck and top of the
head; primaries black.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest
scantily lined with grass, in which three or four eggs, having
a grayish white ground color, spotted with rich brown and
chestnut, are placed.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson
Bay region to the Arctic coast. During migration, casual
on the Pacific coast, and abundant in the interior, to South
America.</p>
<h3 id="bSpottedSandpiper">SPOTTED SANDPIPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">263. </span><span class="sci">Actitis macularia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds,
covering the whole United States. Its note, “peet-weet,” is
a familiar sound to every bird observer. It has a peculiar
habit of continually moving its tail up and down when at rest
or when running along the shore, which has given it the
name of “Teeter-tail” or “Tip-up.”</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_86">[86]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig78">
<img src="images/p086.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLongBilledCurlew">LONG-BILLED CURLEW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">264. </span><span class="sci">Numenius americanus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds, “Sickle-bills” as they are often called, are one
of the largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous
when in flight, or walking on the marshes or sandbars, their
size appearing gigantic when in company with a flock of
smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed both on the
marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of insects
and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their
holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in
compact flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel
and circle in perfect unison.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows
or on the prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish
buff color, covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 ×
1.80).</p>
<h3 id="bHudsonianCurlew">HUDSONIAN CURLEW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">265. </span><span class="sci">Numenius hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a
white stripe along the top of the head; is fairly common,
winters in California. Three or four eggs, same color as
above, only smaller (2.25 × 1.60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_87">[87]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig79">
<img src="images/p087.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER—Family Charadriidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">270. </span><span class="sci">Squatarola squatarola. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress.
The upper parts are largely white, with black spots and bars
on the back, wings and tail; the sides of head, throat, breast
and fore under parts are black. This species has a small hind
toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat mottled
above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to
sportsmen, and is known better by the name of “Beetle-head”
or “Bull-head.” They are very numerous in the fall.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining
and placed in a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff
in color and boldly marked with black (2.00 × 1.40).</p>
<h3 id="bGoldenPlover">GOLDEN PLOVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">272. </span><span class="sci">Charadrius dominicus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts,
and the upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow
and white. These are often found in large flocks with the
above, especially in the fall, during migration. The habits are
also the same.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the
mainland and also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 × 1.30).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_88">[88]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig80">
<img src="images/p088.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKilldeer">KILLDEER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">273. </span><span class="sci">Oxyechus vociferus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most
commonly known of the shore birds throughout the United
States. They are very noisy, continually uttering their note
of “Kil-deer—kil-deer,” from which they take their name.
Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line
across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black
to the end, the others white at the end. Breast crossed by
two bands of black; a white forehead, and white streak back
of the eye.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of
grass for lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with
dark brown spots are usually placed in the nest with the
small ends in the center (1.50 × 1.10).</p>
<h3 id="bSemipalmatedPlover">SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">274. </span><span class="sci">Ægialitis semipalmata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>The “ringed” plover is smaller than the above but one
black band across the breast; black line from base of bill to
eye and up over the top of the head. Forehead white. Abundant
along the shores.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_89">[89]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig81">
<img src="images/p089.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWilsonPlover">WILSON PLOVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">280. </span><span class="sci">Ochthodromus wilsonius. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from
the preceding by the much heavier bill; it has no black on
top of the head and white on the forehead extends back behind
the eye; the black band across the breast is heavier and
does not extend around the back of the neck.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually placed on pebbly “shingle” or back in the
marsh grass on the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched
all over with markings of brown and gray (1.40 × 1.05).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and
southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bMountainPlover">MOUNTAIN PLOVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">281. </span><span class="sci">Podasocys montanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the
western prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is
more quiet, and seems to be less aquatic than any of the
Plovers, and is rarely found in the vicinity of the water.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are
four eggs, brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades
of brown (1.50 × 1.10).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_90">[90]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig82">
<img src="images/p090.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSnowyPlover">SNOWY PLOVER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">278. </span><span class="sci">Ægialitis nivosa. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest.
A small black crescent-shaped patch on either side of the
breast; a black spot under and back of the eye, and one
also on top of the head. They are about the color of the
dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and
running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown
about on the beach.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high
water, lined with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about
the color of the sand and it is almost impossible to see them a
few feet away. Four eggs, clay colored; very lightly marked
with fine dots (1.20 × .90).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States.
Winters from California to South America.</p>
<h3 id="bSurfBirdFamilyAphrizinae">SURF-BIRD—Family Aphrizinæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">282. </span><span class="sci">Aphriza virgata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from
Alaska to South America, seems to be the connecting link
between the Plovers and <a href="#bBlackTurnstone">Turnstones</a>, having the habits of
the latter combined with the bill of the former.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_91">[91]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig83">
<img src="images/p091.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackTurnstone">BLACK TURNSTONE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">284. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and
throat black; a white spot in front of eye and on forehead;
under parts white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more
northern islands, laying their sets of four eggs in hollows
with a few grasses for lining; the eggs are light gray, marked
with various shades of brown and lilac (1.60 × 1.10).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower
California.</p>
<h3 id="bRuddyTurnstone">RUDDY TURNSTONE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">283a. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria interpres morinella. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish
brown, black and white; the under parts are pure white with
a wide black band across the breast, as in illustration. It
has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill, which is used, as the
name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones in their
search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as
“Calico-bird,” “Checkered Snipe,” etc.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow
in the ground near water. Four eggs (1.65 × 1.10).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_92">[92]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig84">
<img src="images/p092.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackOysterCatcherFamilyHaematopodidae">BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER—Family Hæmatopodidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">287. </span><span class="sci">Hæmatopus bachmani. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish
wash on the upper parts, and brownish black below. They
are found upon the rocky coasts and islands more frequently
than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs are laid upon the
rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest building;
three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and
blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 × 1.55). Found
on the Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California
to Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bFrazarOysterCatcher">FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">286.1. </span><span class="sci">Hæmatopus frazari. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly
having the colors a little darker on the back. Bill very
long, heavy, compressed, and thin and chisel-like at the tip.
Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color; under parts white, and a
white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking birds, and
are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower
California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_93">[93]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig85">
<img src="images/p093.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">Order GALLINÆ.</h3>
<h3 id="bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">BOB-WHITE—Family Odontophoridæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">289. </span><span class="sci">Colinus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most celebrated of the “Game Birds,”
or best known. Throughout New England it has been so
persistently hunted that it is getting to be a rare bird; it
gets to be more common as we go south as far as Florida,
and through the middle west. It has been introduced in many
places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts
of California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely
upon insects and grain, and about the grain fields is where they
are mostly found.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are built along the roadsides or beside stone
walls or any dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed
in the tall grass or weeds, and arched over with grass.
They lay from ten to twenty pure white eggs. Often two
broods are reared in a season (1.20 × .95).</p>
<h3 id="bMaskedBobWhite">MASKED BOB-WHITE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">291. </span><span class="sci">Colinus ridgwayi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This handsome species is marked similar to the
“<a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>”
on the upper parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the
under parts are of a reddish brown.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_94">[94]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig86">
<img src="images/p094.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMountainQuail">MOUNTAIN QUAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">292. </span><span class="sci">Oreortyx picta. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich
coloring. Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a
rich gray. Throat and sides a beautiful shade of chestnut,
with wide bands of black and white on the sides; breast a
clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but not as
brightly marked and with a shorter crest.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region
of northern California, and in Oregon, and gradually
increasing more northerly. The nest is placed on the ground
under bush or grass for protection. Eight to fifteen eggs of a
pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 × 1.05).</p>
<h3 id="bScaledQuail">SCALED QUAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">293. </span><span class="sci">Callipepla squamata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The
feathers on the neck and under parts have narrow dark borders,
which give the appearance of scales, from which the
bird is given its name. They have a small tuft of whitish
or buffy feathers on the top of the head.</p>
<p>It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its
range, being found often many miles from water.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_95">[95]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig87">
<img src="images/p095.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaQuail">CALIFORNIA QUAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">294. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx californica. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown
and curving forward so that the broadened ends hang directly
over the bill, this is one of the most beautiful of the
family. Upper parts a grayish brown, with buff stripes along
the sides of the back; throat black, bordered with white;
under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making
a shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center;
breast gray.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass;
ten to twenty eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground
color, handsomely blotched with brown of varying shades
(1.20 × .93).</p>
<h3 id="bGambelQuail">GAMBEL QUAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">295. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx gambeli. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers;
normally these are carried as one feather, so closely do they
nest together, but when excited or during the mating season,
they may separate the feathers, or sometimes curve them
forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and sides chestnut,
the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly black.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_96">[96]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig88">
<img src="images/p096.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMearnsQuailOrMassenaPartridge">MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">296. </span><span class="sci">Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>These strange birds are very local in their distribution in
the southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in
others. They are so confiding in their disposition, that this,
in connection with their clownish plumage, has given them
the name of “Fool Quail.” The bill is very stout and compressed;
crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry deserts,
valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs,
which are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty
from the <a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>,
possibly average a little longer (1.25 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bDuskyGrouseFamilyTetraonidae">DUSKY GROUSE—Family Tetraonidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">297. </span><span class="sci">Dendragapus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and
tail, which is margined with a light gray. Female smaller,
browner and more barred above. Like the Ruffed Grouse,
during the mating season, the males of this species strut with
tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown back until
it nearly touches the tail.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build their nests under fallen trees or at the
base of standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a
buff color, spotted and blotched with shades of brown
(2.00 × 1.40).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_97">[97]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig89">
<img src="images/p097.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFranklinGrouse">FRANKLIN GROUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">299. </span><span class="sci">Canachites franklini. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower
bands of lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip,
with the upper tail coverts strongly barred with white; tail
having sixteen feathers. Like the preceding these birds are
at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is very similar to
the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same local
name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of “Fool-hen.”</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching
fir trees, and from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are
brownish buff in color, spotted and blotched with rich brown
(1.75 × 1.30).</p>
<h3 id="bCanadianRuffedGrouse">CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">300a. </span><span class="sci">Bonasa umbellus togata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being
more heavily marked with brown. Found in the northern
United States and southern British Provinces, from Maine and
Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British Columbia. Eight to
fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 × 1.15).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_98">[98]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig90">
<img src="images/p098.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWillowPtarmigan">WILLOW PTARMIGAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">301. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus lagopus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they
have many changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure
white and in summer largely reddish brown, mottled and
barred with black. This bird has a black tail and bill, the
latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they have a bright
red bare spot over the eye.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled
with moss, lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes
a few feathers. They lay from six to sixteen eggs, which
have a ground color of buff, heavily speckled, blotched and
marbled with blackish brown (1.75 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bRockPtarmigan">ROCK PTARMIGAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">302. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus rupestris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill,
and in summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its
nesting habits are the same as the others; eggs slightly smaller
(1.70 × 1.20).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_99">[99]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig91">
<img src="images/p099.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPrairieHen">PRAIRIE HEN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">305. </span><span class="sci">Tympanuchus americanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish
above and white or buff below, with broad black bands on
the back and finer black lines on the under parts. In place of
the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of rounded or square
ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright orange
in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the
size of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes
its familiar “booming” noise. They are one of the best
“table birds,” being of good size and excellent flavor.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of
grass; they lay from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy
ground color, finely sprinkled with brown spots (1.70 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteTailedPtarmigan">WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">304. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from
Colorado north to Alaska. This species differs from any of
the preceding in having at all seasons of the year a white
tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the <a href="#bRockPtarmigan">Rock Ptarmigan</a>.
From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and blotched
with chestnut brown (1.70 × 1.15).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_100">[100]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig92">
<img src="images/p100.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bColumbianSharpTailedGrouse">COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">308a. </span><span class="sci">Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head
is a little more crested than that of the <a href="#bPrairieHen">Prairie Hen</a>. The tail
has the central feathers nearly two inches longer than the
others, which are also graduated so that the outside ones are
much the shortest, and are lighter in color than the central
ones. It is not barred like the former, but the black markings
on the back and under parts are more in the form of crescents.
It is also much lighter in general color.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of
grass and contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color,
finely dotted all over with dark brown (1.70 × 1.25).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northwestern United States and British Columbia
to central Alaska.</p>
<h3 id="bRingNeckedPheasant">RING-NECKED PHEASANT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">*** </span><span class="sci">Phasianus torquatus. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
<p>The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length
according to the development of the tail, it sometimes being
36 inches long. These birds have been introduced in Oregon
and Washington, as well as in many places in the East, and are
becoming very abundant.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_101">[101]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig93">
<img src="images/p101.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSageGrouse">SAGE GROUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">309. </span><span class="sci">Centrocercus urophasianus. </span><span class="siz">29 inches.</span></div>
<p>The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from
the male only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They
are found in abundance on the dry sagebrush covered plains
about the Rocky Mountains and to the westward. In fall and
winter their food consists almost entirely of the leaves of
the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.
In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the
grouse family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the
sides of the neck which they inflate so that the whole neck
is a small orange colored balloon, at the same time spreading
their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest extent, and
strutting about after the manner of the turkey.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally,
a sagebush or some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve
eggs of a greenish drab color, spotted with brown (2.15 × 1.50).</p>
<h3 id="bMerriamTurkey">MERRIAM TURKEY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">310. </span><span class="sci">Meleagris gallopavo merriami. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>
<p>Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage
is a coppery bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a
dusty color with no white edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted
with brownish (2.55 × 1.90).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_102">[102]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig94">
<img src="images/p102.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBandTailedPigeonFamilyColumbidae">BAND-TAILED PIGEON—Family Columbidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">312. </span><span class="sci">Columba fasciata. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>This large species may be recognized by the white crescent
on the back of the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered
with black at the end of tail. Back, near the neck, brownish
shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head and neck of iridescent
colors, very changeable in different positions. They are
very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense
flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are
found mostly in the oak and pine woods.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely
keep in place the single white egg (rarely two) which they
lay (1.55 × 1.10).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific,
from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bMourningDove">MOURNING DOVE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">316. </span><span class="sci">Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this
is the only one to be found nearly all over the United States,
and is common in the southern, central and western parts.
Nests are placed at low elevations in the trees. Two white
eggs (1.15 × .80).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_103">[103]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig95">
<img src="images/p103.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMexicanGroundDove">MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">320a. </span><span class="sci">Chæmepelia passerina pallescens. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of
head and under parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers
tipped with black, giving a scaly appearance; back brownish
gray, faintly barred; several black spots on wing coverts.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail
structure either in bushes or on the ground, in which are
placed the two white eggs (.85 × .65).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Border of the United States, from Texas and southern
California southward.</p>
<h3 id="bIncaDove">INCA DOVE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">321. </span><span class="sci">Scardafella inca. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the
outer feathers are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole
body of a pinkish gray; scaled as is the former. These are
very tame, and are to be met with in the roads, barnyards,
and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits, even
feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets
and weeds, and placed near the ground in low bushes; only
two white eggs are laid (.85 × .65). Not as common as the previous.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_104">[104]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig96">
<img src="images/p104.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaVultureFamilyCathartidae">CALIFORNIA VULTURE—Family Cathartidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">324. </span><span class="sci">Gymnogyps californianus. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>
<p>The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten
feet, and weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is
blackish, with lengthened lanceolate feathers about the neck.
Head and neck without feathers and of an orange color. Wing
coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds. The birds
are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more
so each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed.
While the eggs are but rarely found, and obtained at great
risk, they are not as unobtainable as many suppose.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in
caves or recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds
of feet from the ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 × 2.55).</p>
<h3 id="bTurkeyVulture">TURKEY VULTURE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">325. </span><span class="sci">Cathartes aura septentrionalis. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
<p>The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head
being red. It is very common in the southern and central
portion of its range, where it may be seen about the streets
and dooryards picking up any refuse that may be edible.
It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be
identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_105">[105]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig97">
<img src="images/p105.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhiteTailedKite">WHITE-TAILED KITE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">328. </span><span class="sci">Elanus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray
mantle, black shoulders and white tail. It is a very active
and graceful bird, feeding upon insects and reptiles, and
small birds and mammals.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed
well up in oaks or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs
are creamy white, profusely blotched and spotted with reddish
brown (1.65 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bSwallowTailKite">SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">327. </span><span class="sci">Elanoides forficatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any
other; its whole head, neck and under parts are snowy white,
while the back, wings and tail are a glossy blue black, the tail
being long and deeply forked; feet short, but stout; bill black,
with cere and feet bluish gray.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or
pines, and is made of twigs which it picks from the ground
while in flight, lining the nest with rootlets and moss; two,
or rarely three eggs, bluish white, spotted with brown (1.80 ×
1.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_106">[106]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig98">
<img src="images/p106.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternGoshawk">WESTERN GOSHAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">334a. </span><span class="sci">Astur atricapillus striatulus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious
of the American hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and
poultry, the latter often in the presence of the owner. It is
a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and as graceful in flight
as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray, darkest on the
crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked
with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very
long.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests,
and is made of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass;
three or four eggs, bluish white, usually unmarked (2.30 × 1.70).</p>
<h3 id="bMarshHawk">MARSH HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">331. </span><span class="sci">Circus hudsonius. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish
gray above and white beneath. Young birds of the first two
years are brown, much lighter on the under parts. In both the
old and young they have a large white patch at the base of
the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four to
seven eggs; white (1.80 × 1.40).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_107">[107]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig99">
<img src="images/p107.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSharpShinnedHawk">SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">332. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter velox. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and
from this fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is
often seen in woods, orchards or even in large cities, in which
latter place it does good service in catching English sparrows.
They also eat a great many mice and meadow moles.
It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the
small hawks.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and
leaves placed in the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen
feet from the ground, sometimes higher. Three white eggs,
blotched with brown.</p>
<h3 id="bCooperHawk">COOPER HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">333. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter cooperi. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding
and its larger size is the only difference. Also like the last
this is a very destructive species to the small birds and
chickens. Their nests are placed in taller trees at higher
elevation from the ground than the former, and built in the
same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or faintly
specked with brown (1.90 × 1.45).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_108">[108]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig100">
<img src="images/p108.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHarrisHawk">HARRIS HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">335. </span><span class="sci">Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts;
lighter on the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts
reddish brown; tail coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare
space in front of eye, except for stiff hair like bristles, yellow,
as is also the cere.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually
in low trees. The three or four eggs are a dull white in
color, faintly specked with a few spots of brownish (2.10 ×
1.65).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bWesternRedTail">WESTERN RED-TAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">337b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo borealis calurus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same
as the eastern form to a sooty color above and below, with the
dark red tail crossed by several bands, where the eastern
bird has only one broad band.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from
the ground varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs,
white, usually spotted and blotched with different shades of
brown (2.35 × 1.80).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_109">[109]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig101">
<img src="images/p109.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedBelliedHawk">RED-BELLIED HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">339b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo lineatus elegans. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered
Hawk of the East, and in their habits very much resemble
the <a href="#bWesternRedTail">Red-tail</a>; for food they prefer the large variety of small
rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds. The under parts
are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be found
covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast
west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower
California.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and
feathers. They lay from two to four eggs of a white color
spotted and blotched all over with a light shade of brown
and lilac (2.15 × 1.75).</p>
<h3 id="bZoneTailedHawk">ZONE-TAILED HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">340. </span><span class="sci">Buteo abbreviatus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
<p>This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail,
which has three wide bands of white and the ends of the tail
feathers tipped with white. Like others of the Buteo family
they feed almost entirely on the small rodents, which they
find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the low
brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light
chestnut (2.15 × 1.75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_110">[110]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig102">
<img src="images/p110.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSwainsonHawk">SWAINSON HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">342. </span><span class="sci">Buteo swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations
from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray
above, and white below, with breast a rich chestnut color.
Their habits are nearly as variable as their plumage. In
some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others upon the
ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the
low open lands covered with sage bush, where their food
consists almost wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice
and grasshoppers, the latter being eaten in large numbers.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made similar to others of the family, laying two
to four white eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades
of brown, usually more about the larger end (2.20 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, from the Mississippi to
the Pacific Ocean, and Hudson Bay to southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bMexicanGoshawk">MEXICAN GOSHAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">346. </span><span class="sci">Asturina plagiata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the southern borders of the United States and
Mexico. These are graceful and active birds, feeding largely
on small rodents.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_111">[111]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig103">
<img src="images/p111.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRoughLeggedHawk">ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">347a. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized
by the completely feathered legs to the feet; in
the normal plumage has a whitish head, neck, breast and tail,
the former being streaked and the latter barred with blackish;
remainder of upper and under parts, blackish brown. Eyes
brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or
less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the
light plumage.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with
leaves and moss, placed in trees or more often on ledges.
They lay three or four bluish white eggs, boldly blotched with
different shades of brown, oftener about the larger end (2.25 ×
1.75).</p>
<h3 id="bFerruginousRoughLeggedHawk">FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">348. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo ferrugineus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are very much more of a reddish brown color than
the last, on the back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer
markings. Legs the same, feathered to the feet. It is much
more abundant than the last and is a western bird wholly,
breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_112">[112]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig104">
<img src="images/p112.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGoldenEagle">GOLDEN EAGLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">349. </span><span class="sci">Aquila chrysætos. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>
<p>These may be distinguished from the <a href="#bBaldEagle">Bald Eagle</a> in all plumages
by the completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish
brown, adults having the lanceolate feathers on the neck of a
golden brown color, and the tail more or less mixed with
white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller
ones and moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair.
Their two or three eggs are very handsome, being white,
speckled and spotted with shades of brown, and clouded with
gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their markings (2.90 ×
2.50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in
the Rockies and along the Pacific coast ranges.</p>
<h3 id="bBaldEagle">BALD EAGLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">352. </span><span class="sci">Haliætus leucocephalus. </span><span class="siz">34 inches.</span></div>
<p>In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always
identify them, but in the first and second year they are a
brownish black, the second year showing traces of the white
on head and tail. They are found throughout the United
States. Their food consists largely of fish.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_113">[113]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig105">
<img src="images/p113.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGrayGyrfalcon">GRAY GYRFALCON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">354. </span><span class="sci">Falco rusticolus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken
in the United States even in winter.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three
or four eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and
blotches of shades of brown.</p>
<h3 id="bPrairieFalcon">PRAIRIE FALCON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">355. </span><span class="sci">Falco mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like
the <a href="#bDuckHawk">Duck Hawk</a> in many ways is one of the most graceful,
fearless and swiftest of the Falcons. A blackish patch on the
sides of the throat; upper parts brownish with darker markings;
under parts white, streaked with brown, much heavier
on the flanks. Throat, clear white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes
in trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds
and grass; three or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly
blotched and sprinkled all over with reddish brown (2.05 × 1.60).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and
Washington south to Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents
secured on the prairies.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_114">[114]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig106">
<img src="images/p114.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bDuckHawk">DUCK HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">356a. </span><span class="sci">Falco peregrinus anatum. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache,
on side of the throat from the bill; head and upper
parts bluish gray with darker markings; under parts white,
tinged with huffy on the lower part, and lightly barred with
black, with the throat pure white. Their food consists mostly
of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It breeds
abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota
on the rocky ledges.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They are not home builders as a general thing, but
lay their three or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks
of ledges or cliffs. The eggs are a reddish buff color, completely
blotched and dotted with reddish brown. These are
the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the Falcon
eggs (2.05 × 1.55).</p>
<h3 id="bPigeonHawk">PIGEON HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">357. </span><span class="sci">Falco columbarius. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>A small Falcon, similar to the <a href="#bSharpShinnedHawk">Sharp-shinned Hawk</a>, but a
much darker and stouter built bird. It is a daring little
fellow, and will attack birds much larger than itself. It feeds
on small birds and mice.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_115">[115]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig107">
<img src="images/p115.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAplomadoFalcon">APLOMADO FALCON.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">359. </span><span class="sci">Falco fusco-cœrulescens. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona,
New Mexico and Central America. In habits it is very much
the same as the following, getting its supply of food, consisting
of small birds and insects, on the plains covered with
the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest of twigs,
lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four
eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown
(1.75 × 1.30).</p>
<h3 id="bDesertSparrowHawk">DESERT SPARROW HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">360a. </span><span class="sci">Falco sparverius phalæna. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern
form being a trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for
any other species, because of their bright color and markings
as illustrated. Their flight will almost of a certainty identify
them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats, then a
short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers,
mice and an occasional small bird.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the
woods or open field. The eggs are placed on the decayed
wood without any lining.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_116">[116]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig108">
<img src="images/p116.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAudubonCaracara">AUDUBON CARACARA.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">362. </span><span class="sci">Polyborus cheriway. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts
with neck pure white, excepting on the lower part, with
many short bar-like markings. Upper part of head black, with
feathers elongated, making a slight crest.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and
grass, piled into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes
or low trees. Two or three eggs; brownish buff, with spots
and patches of shades of brown nearly covering the under
color. They vary very much in the coloration and markings
from light to dark.</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern borders of the United States.</p>
<h3 id="bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">364. </span><span class="sci">Pandion haliætus carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
<p>Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known
as is this bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the
coast to watch a number of these great birds as they soar
at an elevation above the water, watching for a fish to come
near the surface, when, with folded wings, the bird speeds
downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his prey.
Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of
different shades (2.40 × 1.80).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_117">[117]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig109">
<img src="images/p117.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBarnOwlFamilyAluconidae">BARN OWL—Family Aluconidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">365. </span><span class="sci">Aluco pratincola. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a
long peculiarly hooded face, from which it gets the name
of “Monkey-faced Owl.” Its plumage is yellowish buff, with
black spots over the breast and under parts.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows
in old trees, or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from
four to six white eggs (1.70 × 1.30).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, but most common in the Gulf States
and on the western coast.</p>
<h3 id="bLongEaredOwlFamilyStrigidae">LONG-EARED OWL—Family Strigidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">366. </span><span class="sci">Asio wilsonianus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is
given its name; the face is brown, the under parts white and
buff, with streaks and bars of brownish black; back is brown,
with almost black markings; wings and tail brown; barred
with black.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Usually in trees, frequently using a crow’s nest instead
of building for themselves. They are in great disfavor
with the crows. They lay from four to seven pure white
eggs (1.55 × 1.35).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_118">[118]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig110">
<img src="images/p118.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bShortEaredOwl">SHORT-EARED OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">367. </span><span class="sci">Asio flammeus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified
from it by the short ear tufts and rounded head, and
also lighter color. It is streaked on under parts and not barred.
Tail is barred. Their flight is perfectly silent, which aids them
in securing their prey of field mice and moles, which they usually
get without stopping in their flight, just swooping down,
and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little sharp
claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried
to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places,
sometimes of grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under
some log or stump. Four to seven pure white eggs
(1.55 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bSpottedOwl">SPOTTED OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">369. </span><span class="sci">Strix occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and
Southern States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of
the head and neck, and much more extensively barred on the
under parts.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_119">[119]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig111">
<img src="images/p119.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGreatGrayOwl">GREAT GRAY OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">370. </span><span class="sci">Scotiaptex nebulosa. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
<p>This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it
is mostly in feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They
do not weigh nearly as much as either the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned</a> or
<a href="#bSnowyOwl">Snowy Owls</a>. The plumage is dark gray above, mottled with white,
and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The facial
disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while
in the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much
smaller, the eyes are larger and are bluish black in color.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and
moss. Two to four eggs; pure white (2.15 × 1.70).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota
and North Dakota, and occasionally in northern California
and Oregon.</p>
<h3 id="bRichardsonOwl">RICHARDSON OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">371. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts.
Back and wings brownish, spotted with white; facial disc
very light, with faint gray lines, and under parts light gray
with brown streaks.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_120">[120]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig112">
<img src="images/p120.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSawWhetOwl">SAW-WHET OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">372. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux acadica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and
more of a brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They
are very quiet little birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot
see well in the strong light, a fact that has allowed them
to be captured by hand from their roosting places in the trees.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker,
in which to lay their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid
and the young are hatched and out of the nests before the
breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the same home may
be occupied later by another family (1.20 × 1.00).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding in the northern part of
the United States and British Columbia, and wintering to
southern California.</p>
<h3 id="bScreechOwl">SCREECH OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">373. </span><span class="sci">Otus asio asio. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray
with black and white markings. It is frequently called the
“Little Horned Owl,” because of its ear tufts. They are
easily tamed and become great pets, and about a barn are
as good as a cat for catching mice.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_121">[121]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig113">
<img src="images/p121.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFlamulatedScreechOwl">FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">374. </span><span class="sci">Otus flammeolus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter
ear tufts, and the plumage is much streaked and edged with
rusty. The toes are unfeathered to the base. The number
of eggs and nesting habits are practically the same as the
preceding, as are also the five or six sub-species between this
and the last, all of which occur in the southwestern part of
the United States.</p>
<h3 id="bWesternHornedOwl">WESTERN HORNED OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">375a. </span><span class="sci">Bubo virginianus pallescens. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the
family. They are powerfully built, and their size and strength
allow them to attack and secure some of the larger animals,
such as skunks, woodchucks, rabbits, grouse and poultry. They
seem to be especially fond of skunks, and more than half
of them that are killed will have unmistakable evidence of
their recent and close association with this animal.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow
cavities of large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round
(2.20 × 1.85).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_122">[122]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig114">
<img src="images/p122.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSnowyOwl">SNOWY OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">376. </span><span class="sci">Nyctea nyctea. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
<p>Like the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned Owls</a> they are strong, fearless and rapacious
birds, feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as
well as Grouse, Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds.
They are locally abundant in the far north, preferring low
marshy land to the more heavily timbered districts.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the
dry portions of marshes, made of moss with a few feathers.
Three to eight eggs, pure white, and the shell very smooth
(2.25 × 1.75).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter
casually as far south as California.</p>
<h3 id="bHawkOwl">HAWK OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">377a. </span><span class="sci">Surnia ulula caparoch. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
<p>This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily
be taken for a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance,
and long rounded tail. They are very active birds especially in
the day time, and they do most of their hunting in daylight
rather than at night. Their food consists of small rodents
and many small birds.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight
white eggs (1.50 × 1.20).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_123">[123]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig115">
<img src="images/p123.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBurrowingOwl">BURROWING OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">378. </span><span class="sci">Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits
from any other American Owls. Easily identified by their long,
slender and scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above,
spotted with white, and under parts are white spotted with
brown. Tail dark brown, with five white bars across it. They
are an abundant and useful species west of the Mississippi.
They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,
and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by
force, for they are more than a match for these curious animals.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Generally in quite large communities in burrows in
the ground, usually lining them with grass and feathers. They
may often be seen sitting at the opening of their burrows during
the day time. Six to ten white eggs are laid (1.25 × 1.00).</p>
<h3 id="bPygmyOwl">PYGMY OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">379. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium gnoma. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky
Mountains, westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed
in the day time upon insects, mice and occasionally small birds.
They are to be seen in the wooded districts. Nest in holes of
trees. Four eggs (1.00 × .90).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_124">[124]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig116">
<img src="images/p124.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFerruginousPygmyOwl">FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">380. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium phalænoides. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more
rufous on the upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut
color crossed by several bands of black. They live largely
on the small rodents and birds which they secure during the
daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of trees, from ten to
forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white eggs
(1.10 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bElfOwl">ELF OWL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">381. </span><span class="sci">Micropallas whitneyi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in
America. In plumage it may be described as being very like
a small <a href="#bScreechOwl">Screech Owl</a>, without the ear tufts, only with the
pattern of the markings much finer. They are quite abundant
in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where they build
their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more frequently
in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in
being a bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed
almost exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field
mouse. They lay from three to five white eggs, having a
slight gloss (1.02 × .90).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_125">[125]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig117">
<img src="images/p125.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bThickBilledParrotFamilyPsittacidae">THICK-BILLED PARROT—Family Psittacidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">382.1. </span><span class="sci">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
<p>A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders
of the United States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and
the plumage is entirely green, except for the deep red forehead
and wings at the shoulder; under-coverts of wings yellowish.
Their eggs are white and laid in natural cavities of
trees in the deep forests.</p>
<h3 class="genus">Order—COCCYGES.</h3>
<h3 id="bRoadrunner">ROADRUNNER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">385. </span><span class="sci">Geococcyx californicus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
<p>This curious species is known as the “Chaparral Cock,”
“Ground Cuckoo,” “Snake Killer,” etc. Its upper parts are
a glossy greenish brown, each feather being edged or fringed
with white. The tail is very long, broad and graduated, the
central feathers being much the longest; the feathers being
tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of
foot, getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided
by their outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as
aeroplanes. Their legs are long, and they have two toes in
front and two back. Their food consists of caterpillars, lizards
and small snakes.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_126">[126]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig118">
<img src="images/p126.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaCuckoo">CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">387a. </span><span class="sci">Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being
a little larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished
by its blackish, long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow
under-bill. Reddish brown patch on the wings.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with
grass, or shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally
very shabbily built and so nearly flat on top that the eggs
will frequently roll out. They are located near the ground
in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs are deposited at
intervals of several days, and frequently young birds and eggs
are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this
bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time,
and as many as twelve have been taken from the same nest
by this means. Eggs are a pale greenish blue (1.20 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bCopperyTailedTroganFamilyTrogonidae">COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN—Family Trogonidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">389. </span><span class="sci">Trogon ambiguus. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds
that reaches our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually
in Woodpecker holes. Three or four white eggs (1.10 × .85).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_127">[127]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig119">
<img src="images/p127.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBeltedKingfisherFamilyAlcedinidae">BELTED KINGFISHER—Family Alcedinidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle alcyon. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost
all localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where
small fish are common, throughout North America. Their food
consists almost entirely of small fish, which they catch by
plunging upon from high in the air, where they will hover
over the water similar to the <a href="#bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">Osprey</a>, or they will spend their
time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is
seen, drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to
the limb to be eaten.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out
of the sand banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes
extending back from six to eight feet, usually with a
little rise in the tunnel for the purpose of keeping it dry. They
lay from five to eight glossy white eggs (1.35 × 1.05).</p>
<h3 id="bRingedKingfisher">RINGED KINGFISHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390.1. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle torquata. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on
the most southern borders of the United States. Eggs white
(1.45 × 1.10).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_128">[128]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig120">
<img src="images/p128.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">Order PICI—WOODPECKERS.</h3>
<h3 id="bHarrisWoodpeckerFamilyPicidae">HARRIS WOODPECKER—Family Picidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393c. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives
and for coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this
and the sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified
as being different. Four pure white eggs are placed at
the bottom of some cavity, in tall trees usually (.95 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bCabanisWoodpecker">CABANIS WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393d. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bRockyMountainHairyWoodpecker">ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393e. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus monticola. </span><span class="siz">10½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bGairdnerWoodpecker">GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">394a. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates pubescens gairdneri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring,
as illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about
the dwellings in country places, and even in the larger cities
about the parks.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_129">[129]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig121">
<img src="images/p129.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bTexasWoodpecker">TEXAS WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">396. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates scalaris bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is brownish white below, has the back barred
with black and white, on account of which it is often known
as the “Ladder-back Woodpecker.” The male has the whole
crown red, shading into mixed black and whitish on the forehead.
Its habits and eggs are the same as the previous species.</p>
<h3 id="bNuttallWoodpecker">NUTTALL WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">397. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a
crown of black and a small red patch on the back of nape.
Outer tail feathers nearly all white, while in the former they
are barred with black and white. They are pugnacious little
birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers from
their locality.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing
trees at no great elevation from the ground. Four pure white
eggs are laid at the bottom of the cavity, on the decayed
wood (.85 × .65). Their food is gathered from under the bark,
consisting of larvæ, ants and small insects.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_130">[130]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig122">
<img src="images/p130.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bArizonaWoodpecker">ARIZONA WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">398. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates arizonæ. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the
others of the Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish
above and a grayish white below, with black spots. The male
having a crescent shaped patch of red on the back of the
head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common at the
higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned,
nesting in holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteHeadedWoodpecker">WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">399. </span><span class="sci">Xenopicus albolarvatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the
white head and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also
has on the male a small red spot on the back of the neck. They
are said to be more silent than other members of the Woodpecker
family, and rarely make the familiar tapping and never
the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling the
bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole.
They nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer
near the ground (20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They
lay from four to six glossy white eggs (.95 × .70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_131">[131]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig123">
<img src="images/p131.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
</div>
<h3 id="bArcticThreeToedWoodpecker">ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">400. </span><span class="sci">Picoides arcticus. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>As implied by the name, members of this genus have but
three toes, two in front and one behind. The plumage of
this species is entirely black above, and whitish below, with
the flanks barred with blackish. The male has a yellow patch
on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous forests
in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four
or five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 × .70). They
do more boring for their insect food, and, during mating season,
are very persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.</p>
<h3 id="bAmericanThreeToedWoodpecker">AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>The greatest difference between this bird and the last is
on the back, it having several narrow bars of white near the
neck or a patch of white in place of the bars. Breeding habits
are the same.</p>
<h3 id="bAlaskaThreeToedWoodpecker">ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401a. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus fasciatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of
white on the back possibly a little larger. Habits just the
same (not illustrated).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_132">[132]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig124">
<img src="images/p132.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
</div>
<h3 id="bYellowBelliedSapsucker">YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">402. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus varius. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family;
they may be identified easily by the red crown and throat
(female having white on the throat), each bordered by black,
forming a wide breast band, with a band of white, black and
white back of it. The under parts yellow. This species and
the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that
is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While
they without doubt will take some of the sap from trees,
their food consists more of insect life, ants in particular.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to
seven glossy white eggs (.85 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bRedBreastedSapsucker">RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">403. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus ruber. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The
entire head, neck and breast of this species is red, of varying
shades in different individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet.
The remainder of their plumage is similar to the above.
Nesting habits the same.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_133">[133]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig125">
<img src="images/p133.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWilliamsonSapsucker">WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">404. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus thyroideus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked
bird is found. The male is mostly black on the back and
breast, with a white rump, and with only a narrow patch
of red on the throat; the under parts are bright yellow. The
female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the
black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back
is barred with black and white.</p>
<p>Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family
previously mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 × .67).</p>
<h3 id="bNorthernPileatedWoodpecker">NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">405a. </span><span class="sci">Phlœotomus pileatus albieticola. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers;
they are a sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the
crest is long and bright red, and the male has a red line back
of the eye; sides of the neck pure white, and patch of white
on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black color than
the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many
localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually
driven farther north or into the mountain regions, where
they can find the heavy timber in which they make their homes.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_134">[134]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig126">
<img src="images/p134.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedHeadedWoodpecker">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">406. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes erythrocephalus. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers.
It has a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy
blue-black on the back and tail, white rump, under parts and
secondaries. It is more abundant in the east and middle
United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and
Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph
poles or will even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or
house in some localities. They are the most pugnacious of the
woodpeckers, and often are seen chasing one another or driving
away some other bird. They feed also upon ants, larvæ of insects,
and small fruits and berries.</p>
<p>They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 × .75).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaWoodpecker">CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">407a. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California
and Oregon. With its red cap and white forehead, and back
or upper parts black tinged with green, a solid black band
across the breast, white under parts and rump, and, above all,
their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs, food,
same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great
numbers.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_135">[135]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig127">
<img src="images/p135.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLewisWoodpecker">LEWIS WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">408. </span><span class="sci">Asyndesmus lewisi. </span><span class="siz">10½ inches.</span></div>
<p>An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under
parts streaked with crimson and white, a gray breast, and
upper parts a glossy greenish black. They are more common
in the mountain ranges among the tall pines from the eastern
Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in the
trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns,
which they gather and store away for future use. Four to
eight eggs are pure white (1.05 × .80).</p>
<h3 id="bRedBelliedWoodpeckers">RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">409. </span><span class="sci">Centurus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to
central Texas. It is an attractive bird, frequently called the
“Zebra Woodpecker,” on account of the black and white
markings on the back, wings and tail. Nests in live trees;
three to five white eggs (1.00 × .75). Not illustrated.</p>
<h3 id="bGilaWoodpecker">GILA WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">411. </span><span class="sci">Centurus uropygialis. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is also one of the “Zebra Woodpeckers” to be found in
Arizona and the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference
for nesting site is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_136">[136]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig128">
<img src="images/p136.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedShaftedWoodpecker">RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">413. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes cafer collaris. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are not inclined to search for their food among
the trees as are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be
found on the ground on the edges of the woods or in open
fields, where they secure ants as their principal article of food.
The top of the head is brownish instead of gray, and the under
parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish orange
and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has
a bright red streak from the bill extending back and below
the eye, the female does not have this. The throat is a gray,
with a black crescent on the breast, under parts light gray with
numerous black spots, rump is white and tail is mostly black
above.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any
locality where they make or find a suitable hole.</p>
<p>Four to eight white eggs (1.10 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bGildedFlicker">GILDED FLICKER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">414. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes chrysoides. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and
tail yellow. Found only in southern California and Arizona
southward.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_137">[137]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig129">
<img src="images/p137.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="489" />
</div>
<h3 id="bStephensWhipPoorWillFamilyCaprimulgidae">STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL—Family Caprimulgidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">417a. </span><span class="sci">Antrostomus vociferus macromystax. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen,
and in their habits they are very secluded, keeping in the
dark woods the greater part of the time, rarely leaving its
place of concealment before dark. In pursuit of insects, they
are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage giving forth no
sound, as their wings cleave the air.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense
woods. Their two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very
faintly marbled or marked with pale brown and gray. These
birds are only found in southern Arizona, Texas and New
Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bPoorWill">POOR-WILL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">418. </span><span class="sci">Phalænoptilus nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage
mottled black, white and gray, beautifully blended together.
To be found west of the Mississippi from British
Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a pure white (1.00 ×
.75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_138">[138]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig130">
<img src="images/p138.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternNighthawk">WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420a. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus henryi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills
by its forked tail in place of the rounded tail of the
“Poor-wills.” It also has a white band near the end of the
tail, and across the primaries, the latter making a very conspicuous
mark when in flight.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge
with no attempt at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish
white color, marbled, blotched and spotted with darker shades
of gray and brown (1.20 × .95). Found from the plains to the
Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bSennettNighthawk">SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420c. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits
the same.</p>
<h3 id="bTexasNighthawk">TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">421. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled
with a reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very
abundant in Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in
southern California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_139">[139]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig131">
<img src="images/p139.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="490" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackSwiftFamilyMicropodidae">BLACK SWIFT.—Family Micropodidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">422. </span><span class="sci">Cypseloides niger borealis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat
lighter on the under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does
not have the spines which are usual with this family. Although
the general habits of this species are well known, but
little is known of their nesting; they are seen during the breeding
season about the higher ranges of their United States range,
and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high altitudes.</p>
<h3 id="bVauxSwift">VAUX SWIFT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">424. </span><span class="sci">Chætura vauxi. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is
much paler in color and white on the under parts and throat.
Their habits are much like the last, only that they make use of
hollow trees in which to place their nests, which are made of
twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous saliva of the birds,
forming a very shallow platform in which they deposit three or
four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the time
during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at
play in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk
returning to their nesting places.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_140">[140]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig132">
<img src="images/p140.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWhiteThroatedSwift">WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">425. </span><span class="sci">Aeronautes melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of
this family. Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in
thousands about the tops of inaccessible cliffs, where in small
burrows in the earth or under the sods, or in crevices they
build their nests, which are generally made of roots and
grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs
are laid (.85 × .50).</p>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains,
and in California ranges north to Canada borders.</p>
<h3 id="bRivoliHummingbirdFamilyTrochilidae">RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.—Family Trochilidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">426. </span><span class="sci">Eugenes fulgens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the
crown a violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant
green. Upper parts a bronze green, the under parts almost
a black. Female lacks all the brilliant colors of the male.
Upper parts dull green, under parts greenish gray, top of head
brownish with a small white spot back of the eye. This species
saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its favorite
tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty
to thirty feet from the ground.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_141">[141]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig133">
<img src="images/p141.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlueThroatedHummingbird">BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">427. </span><span class="sci">Cyanolæmus clemenciae. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the
name implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a
streak of white extending from the bill to back of the eye, the
upper parts of a uniform greenish color, under parts are a
greenish gray. Tail dark with outer tail feathers broadly
tipped with white.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations,
at times very near the ground. They are to be found
only in Arizona and the southern borders of the United States.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackChinnedHummingbird">BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">429. </span><span class="sci">Archilochus alexandri. </span><span class="siz">3½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is similar in size and appearance to the “Ruby-Throat,”
but has the chin and upper throat black, the rest of
the throat being violet or amethyst, as seen in different lights.
It is a very common bird in the southern part of its range. It
nests low, rarely above ten feet from the ground. Nest made
of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles a small
piece of sponge.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_142">[142]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig134">
<img src="images/p142.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCostaHummingbird">COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">430. </span><span class="sci">Calypte costæ. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
<p>A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the
lengthened feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most
brilliant violet or amethyst, back and rump of a greenish
bronze color, under parts whitish with a green cast on the
sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the male on the head
and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the
ground, seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant
down, with shreds of weeds, bark and lichens worked into the
outside portion, and lined with a few soft feathers. Two pure
white eggs (.48 × .32).</p>
<h3 id="bAnnaHummingbird">ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">431. </span><span class="sci">Calypte anna. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying
greatly in the colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of
the neck are a beautiful iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts
are the usual metallic green, under parts light gray, with sides
greenish. Tail is more forked and has no brown or white like
the former. They are very abundant in their restricted range,
and frequently raise two broods in a season.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_143">[143]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig135">
<img src="images/p143.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBroadTailedHummingbird">BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">432. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus platycercus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p>The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic
green. They do not have the elongated feathers on the throat
and no ruff. Under parts dull white, shading into light green
on the sides, the throat is a bright lilac. They are very abundant
in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest much as does
the “Ruby-Throat” in the east.</p>
<h3 id="bRufousHummingbird">RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">433. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus rufus. </span><span class="siz">3½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown
and with a throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened
into a ruff on the sides of the neck. Their nests are made of
vegetable fibers covered with lichens and cobwebs, and placed
near the ground on vines or low-hanging bushes. Two white
eggs.</p>
<h3 id="bAllensHummingbird">ALLEN’S HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">434. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus alleni. </span><span class="siz">3¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish
and the tail being a reddish brown. They are found on the
Pacific Coast from British Columbia southward, breeding most
abundantly in southern California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_144">[144]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig136">
<img src="images/p144.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCalliopeHummingbird">CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">436. </span><span class="sci">Stellula calliope. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers.
It is greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward
the tail, the end of which is a light brown. The throat is a
rich violet, showing white at the base of the feathers. They
are found from British Columbia southward and from the
Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California
and Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations,
from high up in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in
low bushes. They are made of plant down and shreds of bark
and lichens, breeding high up on the mountains.</p>
<h3 id="bLuciferHummingbird">LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">437. </span><span class="sci">Calothorax lucifer. </span><span class="siz">3½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but
is quite common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple,
with feathers elongated on the sides.</p>
<h3 id="bRiefferHummingbird">RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">438. </span><span class="sci">Amizilis tzacatl. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts
a dark bluish green, tail and rump light brown.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_145">[145]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig137">
<img src="images/p145.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBuffBelliedHummingbird">BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">439. </span><span class="sci">Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts
are of a pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts
metallic green. Breeds in low bushes near the ground.</p>
<h3 id="bXantusHummingbird">XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna xantusi. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very
much as does the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteEaredHummingbird">WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440.1. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna leucotis. </span><span class="siz">3¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on
the breast, the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent
blue, and a white line extends back from the eye.
Found in the southern parts of Arizona and Texas into Central
America. Nesting habits same as above.</p>
<h3 id="bBroadBilledHummingbird">BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">441. </span><span class="sci">Cyanthus latirostris. </span><span class="siz">3½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being
brighter on the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in
the southern borders of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in
the lower lands and near the ground. Nests similar to above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_146">[146]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig138">
<img src="images/p146.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKingbirdFamilyTyrannidae">KINGBIRD.—Family Tyrannidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">444. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus tyrannus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence
about farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy
birds, ready for a quarrel at any time and usually come off
victorious in whatever they undertake. They seem to delight
in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to alight
on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only
on the eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they
are very common.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or
woods. Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding.
Their nests are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber
from vines and lined with the down from catkins and horsehair.
Three to five creamy white eggs, mottled and streaked
with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bArkansasKingbird">ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">447. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus verticalis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright
yellow breast and under parts. Its habits are much the same
as the above in its home building or in trying to find a neighbor
to quarrel with. The eggs are the same in size and color.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_147">[147]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig139">
<img src="images/p147.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCassinKingbird">CASSIN KINGBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">448. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus vociferans. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are very much like the last, except that the
throat and breast are darker.</p>
<h3 id="bDerbyFlycatcher">DERBY FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">449. </span><span class="sci">Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus. </span><span class="siz">10½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family.
With its bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border
and this by white and another band of black, with the under
parts a bright yellow makes him one of the most attractive.
They are found, though, only on the southern borders of Texas
into Central America. (Not illustrated.)</p>
<h3 id="bSulphurBelliedFlycatcher">SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">451. </span><span class="sci">Myiodynastes luteiventris. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the
mountains of Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish
streaked with black, the tail a dull reddish brown, and the under
parts yellow, streaked on the sides with dusky; a white
throat patch, bordered with black; the crown with a concealed
yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white stripe over
the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree, and
lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched
with brown and lavender (1.05 × .75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_148">[148]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig140">
<img src="images/p148.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCrestedFlycatcher">CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">452. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus crinitus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down
through Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it
being made of twigs, weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of
snake skin. They lay from four to six eggs of a buff color
scratched and spotted with rich shades of brown and lavender
(.85 × .65). (Not illustrated.)</p>
<h3 id="bArizonaCrestedFlycatcher">ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">453. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus magister magister. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and
the under parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the
same as above even to including the piece of snakeskin, or in
place of it part of a lizard skin will answer their purpose.</p>
<h3 id="bAshThroatedFlycatcher">ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">454. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus cinerascens. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as
well as in actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the
under parts, breast and throat are almost white. They build their
nests in the giant cactus or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity
with roots and grass or bits of rubbish of almost any kind, and
generally include the piece of snake skin as do the ones above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_149">[149]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig141">
<img src="images/p149.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSayPhoebe">SAY PHŒBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">457. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis sayus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the
heavy beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the
timbers are falling down, and place its nest in some dark
corner, building it of mud, moss and grasses lined with feathers,
or in some localities the nests may be placed in the crevice
of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or five white eggs,
rarely dotted with brown.</p>
<p>It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under
parts showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding
from the Arctic to Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackPhoebe">BLACK PHŒBE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">458. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis nigricans. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost
black on the head and back with white under parts. Their habits
are very much the same as above, frequenting old buildings
in villages where a stream is near by, or in localities where insect
life abounds. Their nest is made the same as above, and
eggs are the same.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_150">[150]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig142">
<img src="images/p150.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />
</div>
<h3 id="bOliveSidedFlycatcher">OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">459. </span><span class="sci">Nuttallornis borealis. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the
country, especially in the central portions, they are very
rare. In the western range, they may be found from Alaska
to southern California; for breeding places they seem to
prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,
mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well
up in the trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together,
and lined with small roots and moss. The three or four creamy
white eggs are spotted with brown and lilac, forming about
the larger end (.85 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternWoodPewee">WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">462. </span><span class="sci">Myiochanes richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits.
To be found breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their
nests are placed on horizontal branches, made of plant down,
grass and fibers; very compact, and much resembling a knot
on the branch. Three or four white eggs with small spots
about the larger end (.80 × .55).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_151">[151]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig143">
<img src="images/p151.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="486" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternFlycatcher">WESTERN FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">464. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax difficilis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow
cast on the under parts; it may be found breeding from
Alaska to southern California. Its favorite nesting place
is along some stream, bordered with willows or alders, and
the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground;
it is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four
white eggs, spotted with brown (.80 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bTraillFlycatcher">TRAILL FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">466. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax trailli. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head;
under parts white, and also a white ring about the eye; two
wing-bars a pale buff color, and the breast a light gray. They
seem to prefer much the same localities for their nesting site
as do the “Western.”</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering
brooks or ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined
with the down, and sometimes horsehair; three or four creamy
white eggs are marked with blotches of brown about the
larger end (.70 × .54).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_152">[152]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig144">
<img src="images/p152.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHammondFlycatcher">HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">468. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax hammondi. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A western form of the “Least Flycatcher” of the east,
differing but very little in appearance or habits from its
eastern relative. Upper parts an olive gray color, with the
breast the same, but a little lighter. Their nesting place is
usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some horizontal
branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact
structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs.
Three to five pale creamy white eggs (.65 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bWrightFlycatcher">WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax wrighti. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much
more abundant than the last, and are found from Oregon to
Mexico, where they breed more in open woods and thickets.
Their nests and eggs are practically the same in every way.</p>
<h3 id="bGrayFlycatcher">GRAY FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469.1. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax griseus. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and
lighter below. It is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern
California. No record of its nesting habits or eggs can
be given.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_153">[153]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig145">
<img src="images/p153.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBuffBreastedFlycatcher">BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">470a. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This small variety is not at all common in any locality,
but is found in Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to
southern California. It is brownish gray above and of a buff
color below. The nests are placed similar to the preceding,
but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the same, being
a trifle larger.</p>
<h3 id="bVermilionFlycatcher">VERMILION FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">471. </span><span class="sci">Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher
family, as shown in the illustration. The female is almost
of an entirely light gray color, barely tinged with pink on
the under parts. They are very common in southern Texas,
Arizona and New Mexico.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally
of twigs and plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers,
and frequently covered with lichens, held in place by a winding
of cobwebs; three or four buff eggs, boldly blotched with
brown and lavender (.70 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bBeardlessFlycatcher">BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">472. </span><span class="sci">Camptostoma imberbe. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central
America.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_154">[154]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig146">
<img src="images/p154.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPallidHornedLarkFamilyAlaudidae">PALLID HORNED LARK—Family Alaudidæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474a. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris arcticola. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white,
with no trace of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and
curve upwards. Found in Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bDesertHornedLark">DESERT HORNED LARK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474c. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris leucolæma. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern
California, Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our
handsome winter birds, with horn-like tufts of black on either
side of the head; forehead, patch under the eye and band
on the breast black; yellow throat, and white under parts;
upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four
eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in
their nest of grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually
concealed under a tuft of grass (.92 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaHornedLark">CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474e. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris actia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.</p>
<h3 id="bRuddyHornedLark">RUDDY HORNED LARK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474f. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris rubea. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_155">[155]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig147">
<img src="images/p155.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">Family CORVIDÆ—CROWS, JAYS</h3>
<h3 id="bAmericanMagpie">AMERICAN MAGPIE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">475. </span><span class="sci">Pica pica hudsonia. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
<p>Like the “Blue Jays,” the Magpies are great talkers, and
are usually found in colonies where they can carry on conversation
in their own way with each other. They are a large
handsome bird, with pure white under parts and wing coverts,
and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a bronzy black,
with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated. They
are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their
food consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life,
and the eggs and young of small birds.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation,
composed of sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the
side; the inside of the nest is lined with finer materials,
grass and plant fiber. Four to eight grayish white eggs,
spotted with brown and drab (1.25 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bStellerJay">STELLER JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">478. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocitta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Alaska south to central California. Nests are
quite bulky; three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades
of brown (1.25 × .90).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_156">[156]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig148">
<img src="images/p156.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWoodhouseJay">WOODHOUSE JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">480. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma woodhousei. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the
Rockies and the Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees
or bushes at low elevations and usually near some stream.
They have the crown and forehead bluish, and the under parts
are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast. Their
food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged,
with smaller twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs,
of a pale green, faintly spotted with shades of brown (1.20 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaJay">CALIFORNIA JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">481. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma californica. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific
coast of California, Oregon and Washington. They are more
tame or fearless than most of the family, and frequent the
trees about houses, and are given the bad name of robbing
the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color
these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish
below, and gray above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_157">[157]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig149">
<img src="images/p157.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />
</div>
<h3 id="bArizonaJay">ARIZONA JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">482. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma sieberi arizonæ. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
<p>A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The
upper parts are a bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray
on the head; under parts are a pale gray. They are a very
sociable bird during the breeding season, and often several
pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing
their nests at low elevations.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs
are more of a bluish color, without markings (1.20 × .85).</p>
<h3 id="bRockyMountainJay">ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">484a. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the
east, with the exception of having more white on the head,
and only a small space on the back of the neck. He is the
same “old coon” as the eastern bird about camps, and is
rightfully called “Camp Robber.” Their nesting habits are
the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and
blotched with brown, of varying shades (1.15 × .80).</p>
<h3 id="bOregonJay">OREGON JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">485. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head,
forehead white.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_158">[158]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig150">
<img src="images/p158.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="499" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAmericanRaven">AMERICAN RAVEN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">486. </span><span class="sci">Corvus corax sinuatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the
Rockies from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a
bluish black, with lengthened and stiffened feathers on the
neck. Their general habits are much the same as the Crow.
Their food consists principally of carrion, fish, and eggs and
young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs in almost
inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which
they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and
blotched with shades of brown and drab (1.95 × 1.25).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteNeckedRaven">WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">487. </span><span class="sci">Corvus cryptoleucus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
<p>A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the
neck feathers white. It is a more southern variety, and is
found in Arizona and on the Mexican borders. They build at
low elevations, making their nests of sticks and twigs. Four
pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 × 1.20).</p>
<h3 id="bNorthwesternCrow">NORTHWESTERN CROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">489. </span><span class="sci">Corvus caurinus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts
of Oregon to Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_159">[159]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig151">
<img src="images/p159.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
</div>
<h3 id="bClarkeNutcracker">CLARKE NUTCRACKER,</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">491. </span><span class="sci">Nucifraga columbiana. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the mountains of western North America, from
Mexico to Alaska. In habits they much resemble the Crow
or some of the Jays. Their food consisting largely of seeds
from the pine cones, insects of many varieties, larvæ and
berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher mountain
ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of
food. Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where
they build their nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds,
strips of bark and plant fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest
in which they lay from three to five greenish gray eggs,
spotted over the whole surface with brown and lavender
(1.30 × .90).</p>
<h3 id="bPinonJay">PINON JAY.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">492. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p>To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west,
and from British Columbia to southern California. They are
very sociable birds, keeping in colonies, and always have much
to talk about among themselves; after the breeding season they
may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish gray eggs, are
spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 × .85).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_160">[160]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig152">
<img src="images/p160.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBobolinkFamilyIcteridae">BOBOLINK—Family Icteridæ.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">494. </span><span class="sci">Dolichonyx oryzivorus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is found over most of North America from the
southern parts of Canada south, and has been gradually extending
westward as far as California. During mating season
it is hard to find any other bird so completely filled with
music as are these birds. They are also quite sociable birds,
and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the same
piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet,
wild music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the
ground; it is lined with grass and frequently so covered as to
be almost arched over to conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs
of a grayish white, thickly blotched and spotted with brown
of different shades and lilac, generally covered with ground
color on the larger end (.84 × .62).</p>
<h3 id="bCowbird">COWBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">495. </span><span class="sci">Molothrus ater. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>It is to be found throughout the United States and the
southern portion of Canada. They are the only birds which
we have that neither make a nest of their own nor care for
their young. They will deposit a single egg (sometimes two) in
the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller variety.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_161">[161]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig153">
<img src="images/p161.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBronzedCowbird">BRONZED COWBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496a. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius æneus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found
in Arizona and Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bRedEyedCowbird">RED-EYED COWBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius æneus involucratus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy
reflections. They are abundant in southern Texas, and in
Mexico (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bYellowHeadedBlackbird">YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">497. </span><span class="sci">Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and
breast; body black, with a white patch on the wing. They
are a western bird, being found from the central United
States to California. They breed abundantly in suitable
marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of
strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes
only a few inches above the water. The four to six grayish
white eggs are spotted with shades of brown and gray
(1.00 × .70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_162">[162]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig154">
<img src="images/p162.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedWingedBlackbird">RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius phœniceus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part
of the Rockies. Very common in many parts of the east,
where it builds much the same as does the previous, laying
four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted, blotched and scratched
with shades of brown (1.00 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bSonoraRedWingBlackbird">SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498a. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius phœniceus sonoriensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white
on the wing. In southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBicoloredRedWing">BICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">499. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius gubernator californicus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The male of this species do not have the light margins to
the red on the shoulders, as do the others. They are found
on the Pacific coast from Washington to southern California.
Eggs and nests the same.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_163">[163]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig155">
<img src="images/p163.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
</div>
<h3 id="bTricoloredRedWing">TRICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">500. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the
buff color on the preceding is white on this bird. They are
restricted to a small range, the Pacific coast of California
and Oregon, and are not nearly as common as the eastern
variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the eggs are
indistinguishable.</p>
<h3 id="bWesternMeadowlark">WESTERN MEADOWLARK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">501.1. </span><span class="sci">Sturnella neglecta. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In
habits it is the same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated
from the eastern. There seems to be one great distinguishing
quality between the two, and that is in their song or notes.
The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing was in
Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink,
but on seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was
a new song, sung by our eastern Meadowlark in appearance.
They feed on insect life, beetles, etc. They lay from four
to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10 × .80).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_164">[164]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig156">
<img src="images/p164.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
</div>
<h3 id="bScottOriole">SCOTT ORIOLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">504. </span><span class="sci">Icterus parisorum. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is not a common species in any part of its range, from
southern California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely
marked bird, with its clear black and yellow. They
build a hanging nest, usually suspended from the under sides
of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small branches
of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and
blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bSennettOriole">SENNETT ORIOLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and
tail being black, the wings with two white bars. Found in
Texas and south into Mexico. Nests are made of hanging
moss (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bArizonaHoodedOriole">ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505a. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus nelsoni. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found
common in Arizona, New Mexico and southern California.
Its favorite nesting place seems to be a bunch of Spanish
moss, looping up the ends and weaving it closely together,
and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried
grasses and yucca fibers.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_165">[165]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig157">
<img src="images/p165.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBullockOriole">BULLOCK ORIOLE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">508. </span><span class="sci">Icterus bullocki. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the
Baltimore Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the
eastern slope of the Rockies. They build a hanging nest,
and in the southern part of their range use the Spanish
moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest, lining the
opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four
white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 ×
.62). These birds are of great benefit to the small fruit
growers in eating the many injurious insects.</p>
<h3 id="bRustyBlackbird">RUSTY BLACKBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">509. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern
slope of the Rockies, and straying into southern California to
the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds along the northern borders of the
United States, northwest to Alaska. The female is very much
lighter than the male, and of a brownish drab color. They
build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass, lined
with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes
or trees only a few feet from the ground. Three to five
eggs, pale bluish green, blotched and spotted with brown
(.96 × .71).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_166">[166]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig158">
<img src="images/p166.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBrewerBlackbird">BREWER BLACKBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">510. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found throughout western North America, breeding from
Alaska to southern California. They differ from the preceding
in having a purplish reflection on the head and upper
parts, and greenish black body. They nest abundantly throughout
their range, either in bushes or trees at low elevations,
or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots
and grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are
laid, which are very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted
and blotched all over thickly with brown of different
shades (1.00 × .75).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternEveningGrosbeak">WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">514a. </span><span class="sci">Hesperiphona vespertina montana. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia
to central California. They build in the evergreen trees
upon the mountain side or along some stream in the willows;
they are always frail structures made up of a few loosely
put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale greenish
eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement
(.90 × .65).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_167">[167]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig159">
<img src="images/p167.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaPineGrosbeak">CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">515b. </span><span class="sci">Pinicola enucleator californica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have,
and can be approached to within a few feet. The male is
a bright red above and an ashy gray below, having much
less of the red than his eastern relative. The female is a
dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head
and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and
are found about the snow lines on the mountain, where they
feed largely upon the seeds of the coniferous trees, in which
they place their nests, making them of fine twigs and rootlets,
and lining with grass and moss. They lay three or four
eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and fainter
markings of lilac (1.00 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaPurpleFinch">CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">517a. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus purpureus californicus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is found from British Columbia to southern California.
It breeds well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens.
Three or four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with brown
(.85 × .65).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_168">[168]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig160">
<img src="images/p168.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCassinPurpleFinch">CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">518. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus cassini. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British
Columbia south to New Mexico, well up in the mountain
regions, as far as the timber line extends. The back, wings
and tail of this are darker than the preceding species; the
purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made
of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat;
they lay three or four eggs not to be recognized from the
last.</p>
<h3 id="bHouseFinch">HOUSE FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">519. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast.
With his bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate,
and the habit they have of keeping close to civilization,
building their nests in the vines about the porches of the
houses, both in the country and even in the cities, they are
great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant
song is kept up continually during the day, and where two
or three pairs are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird
music. Their nests are made of fine rootlets and grass placed
in almost any bush, tree or vine, if near some dwelling.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_169">[169]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig161">
<img src="images/p169.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCrossbill">CROSSBILL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">521. </span><span class="sci">Loxia curvirostra minor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found throughout the greater part of North America, and
breeds in suitable locations on the mountain sides among the
coniferous trees. On the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska
to southern California. In abundance they vary each year
greatly, according to the food supply of cones in the evergreen
trees from which they secure their seed supply; their
twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the
small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses,
and three or four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined
with shades of brown, are laid (.75 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteWingedCrossbill">WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">522. </span><span class="sci">Loxia leucoptera. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding,
and also have a large white patch on the wings. The
female is marked the same, with grayish and buff in place of
the red on the males. Nesting habits and locations are the
same as above. The eggs average a little larger and heavier
marked (.80 × .55).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_170">[170]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig162">
<img src="images/p170.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAleutianRosyFinch">ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">523. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte griseonucha. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds,
with dark chestnut back and breast, and with the rump,
wings and tail with a rosy tint. These are birds of the mountains
and high altitudes, above or near the snow line. They
are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and in the
western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or
under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their
four or five eggs are pure white (.97 × .67).</p>
<h3 id="bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found
on the eastern slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding
in the Sierra Nevadas, in crevices of the rocks, after the
same manner as the above. The eggs cannot be distinguished
from the above.</p>
<h3 id="bHepburnRosyFinch">HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524a. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise
the same as preceding in habits and nesting.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_171">[171]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig163">
<img src="images/p171.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackRosyFinch">BLACK ROSY FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">525. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte atrata. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is the same in markings as the <a href="#bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">Gray-crowned</a>,
excepting that the brown is replaced with almost black on the
back and breast. The females of this family are much the
same as the males, only not as bright in markings, and the
young are the same as the females. Found in the northern
Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.
They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop
in one place, but flitting from one locality to another. After
the breeding season, they congregate in large flocks and keep
together about the snow line, getting their supply of seed and
insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs are the
same as the Gray-crowned.</p>
<h3 id="bBrownCappedRosyFinch">BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">526. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte australis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains
than any of the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering
in New Mexico. Their nesting habits and eggs are
the same. Most of this family keep above the timber line
during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as
the heavy snow comes.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_172">[172]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig164">
<img src="images/p172.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHoaryRedpoll">HOARY REDPOLL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">527a. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson
and rosy breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding
in the Arctic regions, and wintering to the northern parts
of the United States.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks
and grass, and lined with fine grass and feathers, which are
placed usually within a foot or two of the ground in scrub
bushes. Their three to five eggs are a light bluish green,
with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end (.65 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bRedpoll">REDPOLL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">528. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis linaria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding
in Alaska, and wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or
into California on the western coast, in the mountain regions
above the timber line. In Colorado, they have been seen at
10,000 feet, and with the temperature far below zero. Their
nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs are the
same.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_173">[173]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig165">
<img src="images/p173.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPaleGoldfinch">PALE GOLDFINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus tristis pallidus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado
(not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bWillowGoldfinch">WILLOW GOLDFINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529b. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus t. salicamara. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the
five inches in length, and of a paler color, both the black
and the yellow. It is common on the Pacific coast, from
Washington to southern California, breeding in willows and
low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly
built, usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish
white (.60 × .45).</p>
<h3 id="bArkansasGoldfinch">ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus psaltria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bGreenBackedGoldfinch">GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus p. hesperophilus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>In southwestern United States from Central California to
Mexico.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_174">[174]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig166">
<img src="images/p174.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLawrenceGoldfinch">LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">531. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus lawrencei. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird differs from the others of this family in being
mostly gray in place of the yellow, having the head and
throat black. They are found quite commonly on the Pacific
coast of California, and south to Mexico. Their nests are
nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which
they deposit four white eggs.</p>
<h3 id="bPineSiskin">PINE SISKIN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">533. </span><span class="sci">Spinus pinus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the
Canadian zone, and in the Rockies and higher mountains
to the west. They feed largely upon weed seeds and seeds
from the different coniferous trees, the latter of which they
most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of twigs
and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of
a horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white
color, spotted finely with reddish brown (.65 × .45). They
have a habit, while feeding, of clinging to the under side
of a branch or cone, similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and, if disturbed
when on some favorite tree, will make a short flight and
circle back to the same tree.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_175">[175]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig167">
<img src="images/p175.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">534. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax nivalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere,
breeding within the Arctic Circle and wintering south to the
central portions of the United States. They are one of the
birds that change their dress completely from winter to summer,
in color. In winter they are a clear black and white, while
in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or
brownish. They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides
and in fields where the weeds are showing through,
feeding upon the small seeds, and at this time they are as
restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from which it
is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses
and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs
are a dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown,
mostly on the larger end (.90 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bMckaySnowBunting">McKAY SNOW BUNTING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">535. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is still more white than the preceding, having
only a few specks of black on the tips of the primaries,
and the central tail feather. They build, in crevices of the
rocks on the ground, a nest of grass, lined with moss and
feathers.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_176">[176]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig168">
<img src="images/p176.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAlaskanLongspur">ALASKAN LONGSPUR.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">536a. </span><span class="sci">Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska
in summer, and in winter coming as far south as Oregon
and Colorado, when they may be frequently found in with
flocks of <a href="#bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">Snow Buntings</a>,
and, like the Snowflakes, they breed
on the ground in a depression in the moss or under some
boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.
Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots
and blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternVesperSparrow">WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">540a. </span><span class="sci">Poœcetes gramineus confinis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish
this from any others of the sparrows, and the sides
are more of a gray color than the eastern variety. Its
habit of singing later in the evening gave it the name of
“Vesper.” Found on the Pacific coast, from British Columbia
to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression
on the ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown
(.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_177">[177]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig169">
<img src="images/p177.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternSavannahSparrow">WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542b. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. alaudinus. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very
common in the fields and meadows, from northern Alaska
to Mexico. They are birds but very little seen, keeping in
the grass the greater part of the time. Their nests are hollows
in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed by
tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,
blotched heavily with brown (.75 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bBryantSparrow">BRYANT SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. bryanti. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California.
It is a darker and brighter bird than the preceding
(not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBeldingSparrow">BELDING SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">543. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus beldingi. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California.
Is darker and more streaked below. Nesting habits the same;
eggs darker.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_178">[178]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig170">
<img src="images/p178.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLargeBilledSparrow">LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus rostratus. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish
brown color, will distinguish this from any of the preceding.
They are fairly common in the salt marshes of southern
and Lower California. Their nesting habits and eggs are
practically the same as those mentioned previously.</p>
<h3 id="bSanBenitoSparrow">SAN BENITO SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus r. sanctorum. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower
California. Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBairdSparrow">BAIRD SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">545. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas
on the plains, and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona
to New Mexico. The tail-feathers of this species are
much more pointed than on any of the preceding.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass,
and is made of fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid
of a dull white, blotched and spotted with shades of brown
and lilac (.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_179">[179]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig171">
<img src="images/p179.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternGrasshopperSparrow">WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">546a. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus s. bimaculatus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where
their faint lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest
is usually a deep structure in a hollow in some dry field,
and usually placed near some rock or suitable place where
they can watch the locality for danger. Four eggs are laid;
white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bLeconteSparrow">LECONTE SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">548. </span><span class="sci">Passerherbulus lecontei. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above
the line and winters through eastern Colorado to southern
Texas. Nesting habits and eggs similar to above (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternLarkSparrow">WESTERN LARK SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">552a. </span><span class="sci">Chondestes grammacus strigatus. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the most common, as well as the most handsome
of the sparrow family on the western coast; with its bright
chestnut on the sides of the head, and black and white on
the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on the ground in a
clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown
markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_180">[180]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig172">
<img src="images/p180.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGambelSparrow">GAMBEL SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">554a. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest,
has been rightly called the “Northern Nightingale.” Their
sweet song may be heard all during the day about dwellings
or remote from them, or even in the night they have a habit
of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In habits
they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among
the dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and
is made of fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish
blue color, spotted and splashed with shades of brown (.90 ×
.65).</p>
<h3 id="bGoldenCrownedSparrow">GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">557. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia coronata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden
color. These are common birds about the cities of California
during the winter months. Habits the same as above, and
also their eggs.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_181">[181]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig173">
<img src="images/p181.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternTreeSparrow">WESTERN TREE SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">559a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella monticola ochracea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Somewhat resembling the “<a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chippy Sparrow</a>,” but is larger
and has a dark spot on the breast as an identification mark.
It breeds in the far north, above the northern borders of
the United States, and in winter is common through Oregon,
California, into Arizona and Texas.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on
the ground made of grasses and lined with feathers. They
lay three to five greenish white eggs, spotted with different
shades of brown (.80 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternChippingSparrow">WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">560a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella passerina arizonæ. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living
upon insects injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the
garden weeds. They will nest in trees and shrubs, or vines
about the house, making a small compact nest, mostly of
rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to five greenish
blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger
end (.70 × .52).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_182">[182]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig174">
<img src="images/p182.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />
</div>
<h3 id="bClayColoredSparrow">CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">561. </span><span class="sci">Spizella pallida. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are much like the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a> in every way,
with the exception of color, the brown being replaced by the
clay-color. Breeds in the Northern United States and into
Canada; winters south to Texas and Mexico, rarely in eastern
Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the ground, but may
be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are the
usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of
brown about the larger end (.65 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bBrewerSparrow">BREWER SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">562. </span><span class="sci">Spizella breweri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is very similar to above, but much more streaked
with dark above. It is to be found from British Columbia
south to Mexico, especially in sections where the sage brush
is found, and in southern California near the coast. Its nesting
habits are much the same as the above, and the eggs are
indistinguishable.</p>
<h3 id="bWorthenSparrow">WORTHEN SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">564. </span><span class="sci">Spizella wortheni. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is a southern form of the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>, and is
found in New Mexico and Mexico.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_183">[183]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig175">
<img src="images/p183.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackChinnedSparrow">BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">565. </span><span class="sci">Spizella atrogularis. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead.
It is quite common in parts of southern California,
and south into Arizona and New Mexico. The habits are
similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their eggs differing
in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bWhiteWingedJunco">WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">566. </span><span class="sci">Junco aikeni. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is slightly larger than the common “Black and White
Snowbird” (Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings
are crossed by two white bars. It is found in the central
Rocky Mountain regions, where it breeds in the northern part,
and winters to eastern Colorado.</p>
<h3 id="bSlateColoredJunco">SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>This is common “Black and White Snowbird” of the east,
and is the same as above, but darker and does not have
any white wing bars. They breed mostly north of the United
States, nesting on the ground, often under some boulder, making
their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four greenish
white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not
illustrated).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_184">[184]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig176">
<img src="images/p184.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bOregonJunco">OREGON JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567a. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis oreganus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>There are several of the sub-species of
“<a href="#bSlateColoredJunco">Hyemalis</a>,” all
of which are very much alike in habits; varying in color
and location. The Oregon Junco is found from British Columbia
to southern California, breeding on the mountains of
Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the
preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish
color. The nesting habits and eggs are very much the same
as the preceding.</p>
<h3 id="bPinkSidedJunco">PINK-SIDED JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567g. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana,
Wyoming and Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bThurberJunco">THURBER JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567c. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis thurberi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon
to southern California. The difference in coloring is shown in
the illustrations of this and the two preceding.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_185">[185]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig177">
<img src="images/p185.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGrayHeadedJunco">GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">570b. </span><span class="sci">Junco phœonotus caniceps. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having
the back a reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are
placed on the ground, and the markings of their eggs vary but
little.</p>
<h3 id="bBairdJunco">BAIRD JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">571. </span><span class="sci">Junco </span><span class="siz">bairdi. 6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California.
This is a gray-headed variety with brown on the back and
sides.</p>
<h3 id="bGuadalupeJunco">GUADALUPE JUNCO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">572. </span><span class="sci">Junco insularis. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only
on the Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where
they nest commonly in the pine groves, among the needles
on the ground, or frequently protected by some overhanging
stone. Their nest and eggs are the same as the others. Eggs
bluish white, with fine dots of brown about the larger end
(.77 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_186">[186]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig178">
<img src="images/p186.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bDesertSparrow">DESERT SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">573a. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza bilineata deserticola. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern
United States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern
California. It is found in the hot desert plains, where it
builds its nest in low bushes, of the sagebrush or cactus,
within two or three feet of the ground. It is made up of
twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.
They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bBellSparrow">BELL SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza belli. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of
California and in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California,
these grayish, black and white sparrows are found
abundantly in localities where the sagebrush is common.
They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put together,
and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair,
in the low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite
often placed on the ground under the cover of one of these
bushes. They lay three or four pale greenish eggs, heavily
blotched and spotted with shades of brown (.75 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_187">[187]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig179">
<img src="images/p187.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSageSparrow">SAGE SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza nevadensis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except
at their breeding season, and to be found commonly
throughout the sage deserts of the Great Basin, from Oregon
and Montana to Lower California and New Mexico. They
nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making
their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it
with feathers and hair. They lay from three to four grayish
eggs, with heavy markings of shades of brown about the
larger end (.75 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaSageSparrow">CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1b. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza n. canescens. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California
east to Nevada (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBotteriSparrow">BOTTERI SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">576. </span><span class="sci">Peucæa botterii. </span><span class="siz">6¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots.
A southern bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not
illustrated).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_188">[188]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig180">
<img src="images/p188.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCassinSparrow">CASSIN SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">578. </span><span class="sci">Peucæa cassini. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where
it breeds much the same as does the Sage Sparrow.</p>
<h3 id="bRufousWingedSparrow">RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">579. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila carpalis. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of
Mexico and north to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is
similar to the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>,
and the two are frequently
found in the same locality. They nest in low bushes, making
them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair, in which
they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bRufousCrownedSparrow">RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">580. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila ruficeps. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of
a brown streaked with darker, and still more of a reddish
brown on the crown. It is found throughout California along
the coast to Lower California. They build on the ground, concealing
their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush. They
lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs
(.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_189">[189]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig181">
<img src="images/p189.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bSongSparrow">SONG SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza melodia. </span><span class="siz">6¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can
be heard in every state of the Union and in Canada. This
is the most subdivided of any of the bird family; more
than twenty sub-species are listed, all having about the
same song and general appearance. In some localities they
will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they
are very light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish
one from another even when in the hand. Their eggs also
have the same variation, and cannot be positively identified
one from another. They all build either in low bushes or
upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white, blotched
and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bHeermannSongSparrow">HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581c. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. heermanni. </span><span class="siz">6¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the central valleys of California, casually to
Nevada.</p>
<h3 id="bRustySongSparrow">RUSTY SONG SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581e. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. morphna. </span><span class="siz">6¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_190">[190]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig182">
<img src="images/p190.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLincolnSparrow">LINCOLN SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">583. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza lincolni. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>To be found most commonly in the central and western parts
of North America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance
they are very much like the Song Sparrow, but in their
habits are more retiring, and keep more closely in the grass,
and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass within a few
inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the ground.
The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are
similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish
white, heavily marked with brown (.80 × .58).</p>
<h3 id="bShumaginFoxSparrow">SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585a. </span><span class="sci">Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with
spots of darker brown on the back and under parts. They
are to be found from Alaska to southern California.</p>
<p><b>Nest.</b>—In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish
eggs, marked with brown (.94 × .68).</p>
<h3 id="bThickBilledFoxSparrow">THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585b. </span><span class="sci">Passerella i. megarhyncha. </span><span class="siz">7¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much
thicker bill, and is to be found throughout California in the
mountains.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_191">[191]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig183">
<img src="images/p191.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bOregonTowhee">OREGON TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588b. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus oregonus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>This family are all ground birds, and are usually found
scratching among the leaves for their food supply of seeds
and insects. This is a much darker bird than his eastern
relative. The females are marked much the same as the
males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their
nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a
finer lining of grass, and usually it is well concealed in
bunches of grass or under some brush pile. They lay four
or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much spotted with
brown (.95 × .75).</p>
<h3 id="bSanDiegoTowhee">SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588d. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus megolonyx. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>Darker and with few white markings. Southern California
(not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bCanonTowhee">CANON TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees
and not so much on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly
marked. They range from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_192">[192]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig184">
<img src="images/p192.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaTowhee">CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591.1. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo crissalis. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white
if any. It is found in California, from Shasta County to the
southern part of the state. They are not as shy as the
Towhee family generally are, and frequently come about habitations,
where they will scratch about barnyards like chickens.
They nest within a few feet of the ground, building much
the same as other members of this family. The eggs are
also very similar to the others.</p>
<h3 id="bAbertTowhee">ABERT TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo aberti. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico
and southern California, where it breeds on the coast range.</p>
<h3 id="bGreenTailedTowhee">GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592.1. </span><span class="sci">Oreospiza chlorura. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>This member of the family has characteristics of his own
entirely different from any of the others. They are birds
of the brush, and rarely appear above the shrubbery in which
they nest.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_193">[193]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig185">
<img src="images/p193.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bArizonaCardinal">ARIZONA CARDINAL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">593a. </span><span class="sci">Cardinalis c. superbus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p>These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where,
with their beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition,
they make themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill
is very large and stout, but the general makeup of the bird,
with its long crest, is much to be admired. They build their
nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put together, which
is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or four
eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots
of shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 × .70).
Found in Arizona and into Mexico.</p>
<h3 id="bArizonaPyrrhuloxia">ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">594. </span><span class="sci">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like
the parrots. Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals,
they have the habit of raising and lowering often, changing
the whole appearance of the bird. Their nesting habits and
eggs are similar to the last.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_194">[194]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig186">
<img src="images/p194.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackHeadedGrosbeak">BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">596. </span><span class="sci">Zamelodia melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak
of the eastern sections (which is sometimes found west to
Colorado), does not have the bright colors of his eastern
brother. In habits they appear to be much the same, their
song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet
birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them
before leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks,
loosely laid on the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush
or low tree, so frail that frequently their eggs can be seen
from beneath. They lay four eggs of a bluish green, spotted
and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternBlueGrosbeak">WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">597a. </span><span class="sci">Guiraca cærulea lazula. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along
the roadside in the small brush. It seems out of place to have
three members of the same family with such a difference
of plumage. One with rose, white and black; the next with
black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.
Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same
as above, the eggs being a little smaller (.85 × .62).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_195">[195]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig187">
<img src="images/p195.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bIndigoBunting">INDIGO BUNTING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">598. </span><span class="sci">Passerina cyanea. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading
to lighter on the under parts and towards the rump. It is
found as far west as Colorado and into Texas (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bLazuliBunting">LAZULI BUNTING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">599. </span><span class="sci">Passerina amœna. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts
and breast are brownish. The wings are barred with two
bands of white. It is found from British Columbia to Lower
California and from the western coast to eastern Colorado.
The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical. They
build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet
from the ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white,
unmarked (.75 × .58).</p>
<h3 id="bBeautifulBunting">BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">600a. </span><span class="sci">Passerina versicolor pulchra. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are the most varied in color markings of any of our
North American birds, having bright colors. Found in southern
and Lower California, Arizona and into Mexico. Like
the above they are to be found in thickets and hedges, where
they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_196">[196]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig188">
<img src="images/p196.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
</div>
<h3 id="bDickcissel">DICKCISSEL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">604. </span><span class="sci">Spiza americana. </span><span class="siz">6¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line
over the eye, on the side of the throat, edge of wing and
front under parts; black patch on the breast, white throat and
a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It is found rarely in
Colorado and into southern California (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bLarkBunting">LARK BUNTING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">605. </span><span class="sci">Calamospiza melanocorys. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in
summer is a dull black all over, with the exception of white
wing-coverts. Their habits are similar to the above. They
have a fine song, which they often give while on the wing,
after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a sparrow-like
looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds
of the plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California
and Colorado. Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs
(.85 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternTanager">WESTERN TANAGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">607. </span><span class="sci">Piranga ludoviciana. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding
in mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with
brown (.95 × .75).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_197">[197]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig189">
<img src="images/p197.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHepaticTanager">HEPATIC TANAGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">609. </span><span class="sci">Piranga hepatica. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager
of the east, lacking also the black wings of its eastern
brother. The female is a pale yellow on the under parts and
an olive above. Their range is throughout Arizona and into
Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of trees
at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs,
grass and hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay
four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown
(.92 × .64).</p>
<h3 id="bCooperTanager">COOPER TANAGER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">610a. </span><span class="sci">Piranga rubra cooperi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p>Western United States, breeding from Central California to
Texas and the borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits
are the same and the eggs are not distinguishable from the
others, all of them varying in the markings, but practically
of the same size and general color.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_198">[198]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig190">
<img src="images/p198.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternMartin">WESTERN MARTIN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">611a. </span><span class="sci">Progne subis hesperia. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern
Purple Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead
is the only difference. They nest in cavities of trees
or in boxes provided for them in the cities and towns, both
in the east and west, as they are to be found breeding
throughout the United States and into British Columbia. They
make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with
feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bCliffSwallow">CLIFF SWALLOW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">612. </span><span class="sci">Petrochelidon lunifrons. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Their range is throughout the whole of North America;
they can easily be recognized by their brownish throat and
breast, white forehead and black cap. Their nests or homes
are built of mud, securely cemented to the face of cliffs, or
under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or
gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining
the inside with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs,
creamy white, spotted with shades of brown (.80 × .55).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_199">[199]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig191">
<img src="images/p199.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBarnSwallow">BARN SWALLOW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">613. </span><span class="sci">Hirundo erythrogastra. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally
from Alaska to southern California, and over the eastern
part of the United States. They nest in barns, sheds or in
any buildings where they are not likely to be disturbed,
building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near
the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird
in all parts of the country, and one of the most graceful
while on the wing, skimming over the ponds and meadows
in search of the insect life which constitutes their food.
Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow, creamy white, spotted
with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bTreeSwallow">TREE SWALLOW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">614. </span><span class="sci">Iridoprocne bicolor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied
Swallow, and it is found in the whole of temperate North
America, breeding from the middle United States northward.
They nest in holes of trees and stumps naturally, but accept
the bird houses that are put up for them in suitable locations
near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same
as above, both in number and markings.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_200">[200]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig192">
<img src="images/p200.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bNorthernVioletGreenSwallow">NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">615. </span><span class="sci">Tachycineta thalassina lepida. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and
west to the Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most
beautiful species with its blue, green and purple back and
white under parts. They are abundant in favorable localities
in California, building their nests in holes of trees, at
times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the
largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at
times placing their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their
nests are made of grass and fine roots, and nicely lined with
feathers. Their four to six eggs are pure white (.72 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bBankSwallow">BANK SWALLOW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">616. </span><span class="sci">Riparia riparia. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and
south to the Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion
of the United States northward. These birds build their nests
in sand banks in almost all sections of the country, digging a
small tunnel from one to three feet in length, enlarged and
lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to six pure
white eggs (.70 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_201">[201]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig193">
<img src="images/p201.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRoughWingedSparrow">ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">617. </span><span class="sci">Stelgidopteryx serripennis. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is about the same size as the last, and similar,
but with the throat and breast grayish in place of the white.
The outer webs of the outer primaries are recurved, forming
a series of hooks. It nests in holes of embankments or in the
crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of bridges and buildings.
Their eggs are four in number and are pure white
(.75 × .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of
the United States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.</p>
<h3 id="bBohemianWaxwing">BOHEMIAN WAXWING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">618. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla garrula. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters
to California and the northern states of the United
States. It may be identified from the following by the
markings on the wings of white and yellow, and the larger
band of yellow at the end of the tail. The wax-like appendages
on the wings and tail may be found on both species.</p>
<p>Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed
in bushes or trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually
four eggs are laid, of a grayish color, sharply spotted with
brown (.95 × .70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_202">[202]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig194">
<img src="images/p202.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCedarWaxwing">CEDAR WAXWING.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">619. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla cedrorum. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are a North American bird, and great travelers in
large flocks all over the country, separating at breeding time,
and mating up, with a pair or two selecting some orchard
or suitable locality to remain during nesting time. They
breed throughout the northern United States and north into
Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on
horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in
which they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted
with dark brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bPhainopepla">PHAINOPEPLA.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">620. </span><span class="sci">Phainopepla nitens. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are found from central California to Texas and into
Mexico. In habits they are very much like the preceding, and
the female is quite similar in looks, while the male is a rich
shining blue black, with a long pointed crest, and a white
patch on the wings. Their food consists of insects and small
berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with a more
compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs
of a light gray, spotted with brown (.88 × .65).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_203">[203]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig195">
<img src="images/p203.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bNorthernShrike">NORTHERN SHRIKE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">621. </span><span class="sci">Lanius borealis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the largest of the family in the United States, the
breast being barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler
gray, with the wings and tail having much white, showing
especially in flight. They are bold birds; carnivorous in their
habits, living upon other small birds, insects and small rodents.
In winter they have been known frequently to live about
cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city
streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill,
which is shaped similar to that of a hawk’s, while their feet
are small and weak, not at all resembling the hawk’s feet.
Their nests are placed in thickets or thorny bushes, and are
made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down. Four to six
grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched
with shades of brown (1.05 × .75).</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaShrike">CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">622b. </span><span class="sci">Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p>In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits
and general appearance much the same, being somewhat darker,
more on the under parts and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_204">[204]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig196">
<img src="images/p204.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedEyedVireo">RED-EYED VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">624. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva olivacea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p>One of the most common of the family throughout its
range, from the eastern slope of the Rockies over the United
States. Wherever they may be found, their song is heard
continuously during the day, from early morning until late in
the evening, it consisting only of two or three notes, first
a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and
over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed
within a few feet of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended
from a fork, and made of strips of bark, plant fiber
and often with pieces of string and paper included in its
construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked sparingly
with brown (.85 × .55). This is one of the favorite nests in
which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.</p>
<h3 id="bWarblingVireo">WARBLING VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">627. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva gilva. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not
as well known, as they keep well up in the tops of the taller
trees, where they also build their nests, very much the same
as the <a href="#bRedEyedVireo">Red-eye</a>. Their song is much more pleasant. Four
eggs, like above (.72 × .52).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_205">[205]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig197">
<img src="images/p205.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCassinVireo">CASSIN VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">629a. </span><span class="sci">Lanivireo solitarius cassini. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p>To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia
south to Lower California and Mexico. In southern California,
it is found breeding much more commonly than the
<a href="#bWarblingVireo">Western Warbling Vireo</a>,
placing its nest high in the oaks and coniferous
trees. It belongs to the same musical family, keeping
up its song from morning until night. The nest is made
of similar material to the previous, and the eggs are the
same, except in size (.75 × .58).</p>
<h3 id="bBlackCappedVireo">BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">630. </span><span class="sci">Vireo atricapillus. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p>A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap.
Breeds in Texas, north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not
illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bHuttonVireo">HUTTON VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central
and southern California. Nesting habits similar to others of
the family. Eggs white with a few spots of brown about
the larger end (.70 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_206">[206]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig198">
<img src="images/p206.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="533" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAnthonyVireo">ANTHONY VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632c. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni obscurus. </span><span class="siz">4¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found
from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in
Oregon (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bLeastVireo">LEAST VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">633a. </span><span class="sci">Vireo belli pusillus. </span><span class="siz">4¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California,
Texas and Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact,
cup-shaped structure, made of shreds of vines and fine roots,
and lined with fine grass. The four eggs are white, spotted
finely with brown about the larger end (.70 × .80).</p>
<h3 id="bGrayVireo">GRAY VIREO.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">634. </span><span class="sci">Vireo vicinior. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas,
and southern California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon
birds in the mountains of Arizona, where they nest in low
bushes or trees, building their nest similar to the Red-eyed
vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging limb, within
a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which
are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 × .53).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_207">[207]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig199">
<img src="images/p207.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 class="genus">Family MNIOTILTIDÆ—WOOD WARBLERS.</h3>
<h3 id="bBlackAndWhiteWarbler">BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">636. </span><span class="sci">Mniotilta varia. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is
found in southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in
California and Washington (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bLucyWarbler">LUCY WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">643. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora luciæ. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds
quite commonly in Arizona, where it builds in almost any
situation, in the loose bark on tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker
holes, in the cactus or in small bushes near the ground.
The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and feathers, in which
they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with
brown about the larger end (.60 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bVirginiaWarbler">VIRGINIA WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">644. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora virginiæ. </span><span class="siz">4¼ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and
winters in Mexico. They are much like the last, but have a
patch of yellow on the rump and breast. Their nest on the
ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of shreds of vines
and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed
with brown (.62 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_208">[208]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig200">
<img src="images/p208.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCalaverasWarbler">CALAVERAS WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">645a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p>Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central
California north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico.
In Oregon and California, these birds are quite common
in favorable localities on the mountain sides. They build
their nest on the ground in a slight depression, making it
of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed with overhanging
grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white,
with fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about
the larger end (.60 × .45).</p>
<h3 id="bOrangeCrownedWarbler">ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Central North America, breeding in the Rockies
locally, from Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull
orange patch. Nesting habits and eggs same as above (not
illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bLutescentWarbler">LUTESCENT WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata lutescens. </span><span class="siz">4¼ inches.</span></div>
<p>This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific
coast to southern California. Nest placed in similar locations,
and the eggs are the same as above (.60 × .45).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_209">[209]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig201">
<img src="images/p209.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />
</div>
<h3 id="bOliveWarbler">OLIVE WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">651. </span><span class="sci">Peucedramus olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico,
southward. They may be easily identified by their orange-brown
head and neck, with a broad black band through the
eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in coniferous
trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact
nest, saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a
resemblance to a knot; it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and
lined with fine rootlets and down from plants. Their four
eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with spots of dark
brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 × .48).</p>
<h3 id="bYellowWarbler">YELLOW WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">652. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica æstiva. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The whole of North America, breeding throughout
its range. They are active little bunches of yellow, as they
gather in their many insects for food, all the while singing
their happy song. They place their nests in almost any
kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near
some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their
nest is a compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and
grasses, lined with plant down or cotton.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_210">[210]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig202">
<img src="images/p210.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMyrtleWarbler">MYRTLE WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">655. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica coronata. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it
is found from central Oregon to southern California. It is
quite commonly known as the Yellow-rumped Warbler, both
in the east and west. They differ from the following, mostly
in the throat markings, this one having a white throat and
much more black on the head and breast, while on the following
the throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of
coniferous trees, making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in
which they lay usually four eggs, white, spotted with shades
of brown and lilac, more heavily about the larger end (.70 ×
.50).</p>
<h3 id="bAudubonWarbler">AUDUBON WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">656. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica auduboni. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p>This species is found in the western United States from
British Columbia to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies.
They are more of a dull-colored bird than the preceding.
Their nesting habits and eggs are identical with the last
(.68 × .52).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_211">[211]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig203">
<img src="images/p211.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMagnoliaWarbler">MAGNOLIA WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">657. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica magnolia. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies
and accidental in California. The white over the eye, white
wing patch, and the band of white across the tail will identify
this species (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBlackPollWarbler">BLACK-POLL WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">661. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica striata. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but
found in the Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest
on the lower branches of coniferous trees, made of roots and
strips of vine, and lined with feathers and lichens. Four
dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bGraceWarbler">GRACE WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">664. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica graciæ. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower
California and Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops
of the trees, made of roots, fibers and lined with plant down.
Eggs white, with light spots of brown (.65 × .45).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_212">[212]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig204">
<img src="images/p212.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGrayWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">665. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica nigrescens. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower
California. A small bird, with a black throat and breast,
forming a circle about the neck, and black on top of the
head. They are found mostly in the woodlands, bordered
with thickets, in which they will place their nests, within
a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the
Yellow Bird, being compact and made of the same materials.
Three or four eggs are creamy white, spotted with brown,
forming a wreath about the larger end (.65 × .52).</p>
<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGreenWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">667. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica virens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but
occasionally in the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona.
Black throat and breast, with bright yellow cheeks and olive
head and back (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bTownsendWarbler">TOWNSEND WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">668. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica townsendi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western United States. A similar bird to the
above, with black on top of the head in place of the olive.
Nesting habits are practically the same, as are also the eggs.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_213">[213]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig205">
<img src="images/p213.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bHermitWarbler">HERMIT WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">669. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, from British Columbia
to southern California, Texas and Arizona. These are to
be found in the high, mountainous regions among the coniferous
trees, where they build their nests on the outer limbs of
tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their nests are made
of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of
a nest as compared with some of this same family. They
lay four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with shades of
brown (.68 × .52).</p>
<h3 id="bGrinnellWaterThrush">GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">675a. </span><span class="sci">Seiurus noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern
portions. They are a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting
in stumps near the ground or among roots of fallen trees.
Four white eggs, spotted and blotched with brown and lilac
(.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_214">[214]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig206">
<img src="images/p214.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bMacgillivrayWarbler">MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">680. </span><span class="sci">Oporornis tolmiei. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, from British Columbia
to southern California, breeding throughout its range. They
are common warblers of the Pacific coast, to be found on or
near the ground in thick shrubbery, where they build their
nests within a few feet of the ground. This is made of
grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and
hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily
marked with shades of brown (.72 × .52).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternYellowThroat">WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681a. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, from British Columbia
south to Arizona, but not near the Pacific coast. It is one
of the seven or eight forms of the Maryland Yellow-throat,
the greatest difference in them being in the locality in which
they are found. They place their nest in a clump of grass,
well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots
of brown (.70 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bPacificYellowThroat">PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681c. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas arizela. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as
above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_215">[215]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig207">
<img src="images/p215.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="535" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLongTailedChat">LONG-TAILED CHAT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">683a. </span><span class="sci">Icteria virens longicauda. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western United States, breeding from British
Columbia to Mexico. They are an attractive bird both in
looks and habits. They are great singers, but nature seemed
to give them no special song of their own, and they make
good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,
and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered
hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the
bird. They build their nests in the thickest of such places
a few feet from the ground, made up of shreds of vines,
leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four white eggs, spotted
with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bPileolatedWarbler">PILEOLATED WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">685a. </span><span class="sci">Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington
and California to Mexican borders. These little birds,
with their deep yellow under parts and breast, and little cap
of jet black, are quite common about many of the orchards
and gardens when the trees are in full blossom, taking insects
that abound at that time. They nest in moist grounds
in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and
grass.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_216">[216]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig208">
<img src="images/p216.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedstart">REDSTART</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">687. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga ruticilla. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, found more commonly east of the
Rockies, but less common in Oregon, California and to Arizona.
These birds are always the most conspicuous when in
flight, at that time showing off to the best advantage their
bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the males,
and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,
cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed
in the crotch of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs,
spotted with different shades of chestnut and black (.65 × .50).
They are very active, and constantly flying from place to
place, taking insects while on the wing, which constitute their
food.</p>
<h3 id="bPaintedRedstart">PAINTED REDSTART.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">688. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga picta. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the
same habits as the above, except that they build their homes
in cavities of rocks or on the ground in swampy places.</p>
<h3 id="bRedFacedWarbler">RED-FACED WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">690. </span><span class="sci">Cardellina rubrifrons. </span><span class="siz">5¼ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona and New Mexico.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_217">[217]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig209">
<img src="images/p217.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAlaskanYellowTail">ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">696. </span><span class="sci">Budytes flavus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are
fairly common on the islands and coast. They nest on the
ground, under or beside stones and in bunches of grass;
it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss and animal
fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered
with spots of brown (.75 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bPipitOrTitlark">PIPIT, OR TITLARK.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">697. </span><span class="sci">Anthus rubescens. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California,
Alaska, north to the Arctic Zone. During migration
they may be found over most of the United States in quite
large flocks. Their nests are placed on the ground in tufts
of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with
feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily
blotched with brown (.75 × .55).</p>
<h3 id="bSpraguePipit">SPRAGUE PIPIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">700. </span><span class="sci">Anthus spraguei. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and
west to the Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to
preceding.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_218">[218]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig210">
<img src="images/p218.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
</div>
<h3 id="bFamilyMimidaeSageThrasher">Family MIMIDÆ.—SAGE THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">702. </span><span class="sci">Oreoscoptes montanus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to
Montana. This is an abundant bird in the sage regions of the
plains throughout its range, and are frequently called the
Mockingbird, on account of the varied song which they give
from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in which they
nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 × .55).</p>
<h3 class="genus">Family CINCLIDÆ.</h3>
<h3 id="bDipperOrWaterOuzel">DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">701. </span><span class="sci">Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Mountains of western North America from Alaska
to Mexico. Among the rapid streams that are falling down
the mountain side, these gray birds are to be found. They
are strange members of bird life; they do not have webbed
feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their
wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of
teetering similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not
to be forgotten if once heard. They nest on the rocks of
these rapid streams, making their nest of moss, a bulky affair
with an opening in the side, in which they deposit their
four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 × .70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_219">[219]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig211">
<img src="images/p219.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternMockingbird">WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">703a. </span><span class="sci">Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly
from central California southward. These birds not
only have a song of their own which puts them in the opera
class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic or mock
nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They
are not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and
evening, but will keep their song in full play all day, without
hardly seeming to take time to hunt up a few worms or
insects, as if eating was not to be considered when he could
sing.</p>
<p>They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and
construct a bulky nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to
five eggs are of a greenish color, spotted and blotched all
over in many patterns with shades of brown (.95 × .72).</p>
<h3 id="bCatbird">CATBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">704. </span><span class="sci">Dumetella carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Mostly eastern North America, but extends over
the Rockies, occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine
songster and almost as much of a mimic as the <a href="#bWesternMockingbird">Mockingbird</a>.
Breeding habits are much the same, but eggs are bluish green
(.95 × .70).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_220">[220]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig212">
<img src="images/p220.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPalmerThrasher">PALMER THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">707a. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the
desert regions of Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be
found. They all seem to belong to the happy family of songsters,
and there is no lack of bird music in localities where
these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually placed
in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of
twigs, dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish
green, spotted with brown very finely all over (1.00 × .80).</p>
<h3 id="bBendireThrasher">BENDIRE THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">708. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma bendirei. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It
breeds in Arizona and southern California. General habits
are the same as above. While it may not be as common as
the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are the
same, spots larger (1.00 × .72)</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaThrasher">CALIFORNIA THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">710. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma redivivum. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—California, from Shasta county to Lower California.
The habits and song, as are also the nest and eggs, much
like the above (1.12 × .82).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_221">[221]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig213">
<img src="images/p221.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bLeconteThrasher">LECONTE THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">711. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma lecontei. </span><span class="siz">10½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This
is the lightest in color of any of the family, and has taken
on the color of the sand of the low hot deserts in which
it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even the cactus
and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground
is covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines
like needles. In such a place one cannot imagine that a
bird would be as full of song as in a shaded piece of woodland,
yet this bird has the same qualifications, and morning
and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song
as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs,
weeds and lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed
in low mesquite trees or cactus. The eggs are lighter in
color than above, and with fewer and finer spots of brown
(1.10 × .75).</p>
<h3 id="bCrissalThrasher">CRISSAL THRASHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">712. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma crissale. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower
California and Texas. This species is somewhat darker, and
more rufous on the under tail coverts than the above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_222">[222]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig214">
<img src="images/p222.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCactusWren">CACTUS WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">713. </span><span class="sci">Heleodytes brunneicapillus. </span><span class="siz">8½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern part of California, to Texas, and north
to Nevada and Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens,
and look the least like that family of any of them. They are
a common bird in the desert lands, where the cactus abounds,
but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller members
of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,
made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers.
There is an opening on the side for an entrance, and it is
usually placed in a thorn bush or cactus. Their four to seven
eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly with chestnut (.95 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bRockWren">ROCK WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">715. </span><span class="sci">Salpinctes obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western coasts from British America to Mexico.
These bird are equally at home on the mountain sides or in the
deep canyons, building their nests in the crevices of rocks
or stumps, where they lay from five to eight white eggs, with
fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_223">[223]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig215">
<img src="images/p223.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
</div>
<h3 id="bCanonWren">CAÑON WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">717a. </span><span class="sci">Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico,
breeding throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply
of food among the huge boulders and in the large rocky
canyons, where he makes his home, you will, at short intervals,
hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts to shame
that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their
nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is
placed in the crevice of some rock, either down near some
swiftly running mountain stream or high up in the cliffs
above. Their three to five eggs are white, with spots of brown
and lilac well covering the under color (.72 × .52).</p>
<h3 id="bVigorWren">VIGOR WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">719a. </span><span class="sci">Thryomanes </span><span class="siz">bewicki spilurus. 5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Coast regions of California. These are active and
restless little birds. Eating and singing, and singing and
eating is all this life holds for them. Nesting in bird boxes,
holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any locality in which to
place their six eggs (.65 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_224">[224]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig216">
<img src="images/p224.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="542" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternHouseWren">WESTERN HOUSE WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">721a. </span><span class="sci">Troglodytes aedon parkmani. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to
Lower California. These happy little songsters are to be met
with more about civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated
lands to the wild. They build in bird houses or holes
of trees, and no matter how large the tenement may be they
will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only space enough for
their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a pinkish
color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end
(.65 × .52).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternWinterWren">WESTERN WINTER WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">722a. </span><span class="sci">Nannus hiemalis pacificus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America.
This is the smallest of the family, and is also one of
the most quiet in song. They are active little fellows, just
a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of a tail up over
their backs when observed, and getting about the brush heaps
and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or
crevices of rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass
and feathers, in which usually six or seven eggs, creamy
white, finely specked with brown, are laid (.60 × .48).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_225">[225]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig217">
<img src="images/p225.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAlaskaWren">ALASKA WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723. </span><span class="sci">Nannus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat
larger variety of the preceding, and is found only in the far
north. Its breeding habits are the same, as are also the eggs,
which average a little larger (.65 × .51).</p>
<h3 id="bAleutianWren">ALEUTIAN WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723.1. </span><span class="sci">Nannus meliger. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar
to the above, both in song and general habits. They nest
in the crevices of rocks or between boulders, making their
nests of rootlets and grass, lining it with hair and feathers.
Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few specks of brown
(.58 × .46).</p>
<h3 id="bTuleWren">TULE WREN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">725a. </span><span class="sci">Telmatodytes p. paludicola. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern
California. This is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh
Wren, found more east of the Rockies. They build a globular-shaped
nest of grass and rushes, attached to upright
rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale
chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 × .45).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_226">[226]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig218">
<img src="images/p226.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRockyMountainCreeper">ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">726b. </span><span class="sci">Certhia familiaris montana. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern
California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A
quiet, small, brown colored bird of the deep woods, where
its lisping note may be heard, if the air is very quiet, and
one is looking for bird life. When found, it will generally
be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the
crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it
feeds; when near the top, a downward flight to the base of
another tree. Always flying down, and climbing up. Their
nest is placed in the loose bark, and is made of fiber, moss
and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs, spotted
with chestnut (.58 × .48).</p>
<h3 id="bSlenderBilledNuthatch">SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">727a. </span><span class="sci">Sitta carolinensis aculeata. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to
southern California. These are similar to the White-breasted
bird of the east. Unlike the above, although these are tree
climbers, they are as often found coming down the tree
as climbing up. They build in cavities of various kinds of
trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily marked with
brown and lilac (.80 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_227">[227]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig219">
<img src="images/p227.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="538" />
</div>
<h3 id="bRedBreastedNuthatch">RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">728. </span><span class="sci">Sitta canadensis. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding in the northern part
of the United States and northward. Like the former, these
are great acrobats, looking into every crevice of the bark
in search of their supply of food, caring little whether they
are going up or down in their search. After the breeding season
these birds are often found in flocks about the coniferous
trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous
“yank, yank,” among themselves. They have no
other song.</p>
<p>Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at
quite an elevation from the ground, being lined with strips
of bark and feathers. They lay from four to six white eggs,
thickly spotted with shades of brown (.60 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bPygmyNuthatch">PYGMY NUTHATCH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">730. </span><span class="sci">Sitta pygmæa. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to
southern California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range.
These are the smallest of the family, and their habits and
nest and eggs are the same as the preceding. Their eggs
being slightly smaller.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_228">[228]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig220">
<img src="images/p228.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
</div>
<h3 id="bPlainTitmouse">PLAIN TITMOUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">733. </span><span class="sci">Bæolophus inornatus. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas.
These are quite common throughout their range; they are
quite a little bird, with only a few “quit, quit” like notes,
and in color they are as quiet as in habits. They build
in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined with
grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are
white, rarely with a few specks of brown (.70 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bBlackCrestedTitmouse">BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">732. </span><span class="sci">Bæolophus astricristatus. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but
darker and with the crest black and forehead white. Nesting
habits same as the above (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bBridledTitmouse">BRIDLED TITMOUSE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">734. </span><span class="sci">Bæolophus wollweberi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored
“tit,” with the only markings about the head, black crest
and breast, with white above and below the eyes, is common
in parts of Arizona, where it builds within a few feet of
the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same
as the <a href="#bPlainTitmouse">Plain Titmouse</a> (.70 × .50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_229">[229]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig221">
<img src="images/p229.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bOregonChickadee">OREGON CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">735b. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon.
These lively little birds are willing to make friends with
almost anyone, and will get so tame that they will take pieces
of suet from the hand. Their well known call of “dee, dee,
dee” often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but their other note
of “phoe-be,” or, as it seems to me they say “great-way,”
is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have
a “great-way” yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually
near the ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant
down, in which they deposit from five to eight white eggs,
spotted with brown (.60 × .45).</p>
<h3 id="bMexicanChickadee">MEXICAN CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">737. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes sclateri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the
throat. Habits and their nest and eggs are much the same.</p>
<h3 id="bMountainChickadee">MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">738. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes gambeli. </span><span class="siz">5½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western North America, Rocky Mountains west.
Habits same as the preceding.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_230">[230]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig222">
<img src="images/p230.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAlaskaChickadee">ALASKA CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">739. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes cinctus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally
think that these little animated bunches of feathers would
freeze in the far north where they make their homes.
But they are the same sprightly little “chick-a-dee-dee-dee”
that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind the
severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are
so near alike that it is impossible to identify them.</p>
<h3 id="bHudsonianChickadee">HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">740. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western half of British America. Habits the same
as above.</p>
<h3 id="bChestnutBackedChickadee">CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes rufescens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally
to central California. Habits the same as preceding.</p>
<h3 id="bCaliforniaChickadee">CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741a. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes r. neglectus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Middle section of California, near the coast (not
illustrated).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_231">[231]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig223">
<img src="images/p231.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
</div>
<h3 id="bBushTit">BUSH-TIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">743. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus minimus. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington.
In habits all of these birds are similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadees</a>.
They are full of life, and in searching for insects are
as much at home when upside down on the outer end of a
bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest building
they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures
of fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined
with feathers and wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation
or woven into some thick brush; they have a small opening
near the top for the doorway. They lay from four to nine
pure white eggs (.54 × .40).</p>
<h3 id="bLeadColoredBushTit">LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">744. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus plumbeus. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas.
The habits are identical with above. Nests are made the
same, and from eight to twelve inches long.</p>
<h3 id="bLloydBushTit">LLOYD BUSH-TIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">745. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same
as above.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_232">[232]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig224">
<img src="images/p232.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bVerdin">VERDIN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">746. </span><span class="sci">Auriparus flaviceps. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This
bird is simply nothing more than a <a href="#bBushTit">Bush-tit</a> with his Sunday
clothes on, or not a full suit, but a bright yellow head and
neck dress. They are abundant and active little fellows in
the thick chaparral brush, where they build a nest more bulky
than the “tit” but not as artistic or compact. They are
placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the
ground, made of twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and
feathers. Their eggs, four to six, are white. For amusement,
they construct one or two additional nests, in which they
remain at night.</p>
<h3 id="bWrenTit">WREN-TIT.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">742. </span><span class="sci">Chamæa fasciata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From southern California north to Oregon along the
coast. These are much like the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a> in habits, only much
more secluded, frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain
sides, where they build their nests of twigs, fibers of vines,
grasses and feathers, in bushes near the ground. Four or
five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their complement (.70 ×
.50).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_233">[233]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig225">
<img src="images/p233.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
</div>
<h3 id="bKennicottWarbler">KENNICOTT WARBLER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">747. </span><span class="sci">Acanthopneuste borealis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern
part of Asia. Their nest and eggs have not been found
on this continent as far as we know at present. They build
on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying from three to
five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 × .50).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternGoldenCrownedKinglet">WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">748a. </span><span class="sci">Regulus satrapa olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast.
These little birds are found commonly in company with small
flocks of the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and like them may be seen hanging on
the under side of the outer ends of the coniferous trees in
search of their insect food. They nest in the northern part of
their range, building large, comfortable-looking structures of
needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely lined
with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with
brown and lilac (.55 × .42).</p>
<h3 id="bRubyCrownedKinglet">RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">749. </span><span class="sci">Regulus calendula. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding mostly north of the
United States or in the Rocky Mountain regions farther
south.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_234">[234]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig226">
<img src="images/p234.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternGnatcatcher">WESTERN GNATCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">751a. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila cærulea obscura. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado
and California. These birds in their actions somewhat
resemble the <a href="#bRedstart">Redstart</a>, with their long tail, and quick flights
into the air for insects and back again to the same twig,
possibly near where their nest is placed. They build one of
the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on
the top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet
from the ground. Making the nest from plant down and
moss, completely covered with lichens, so that it resembles
a large knot on the limb, much like the nest of the Ruby-throated
Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs, spotted
with brown (.58 × .45).</p>
<h3 id="bPlumbeousGnatcatcher">PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">752. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila plumbea. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds
like the above quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a
little smaller.</p>
<h3 id="bBlackTailedGnatcatcher">BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">753. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila californica. </span><span class="siz">4½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific
coast.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_235">[235]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig227">
<img src="images/p235.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bTownsendSolitaire">TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">754. </span><span class="sci">Myadestes townsendi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From British Columbia to southern California,
through the western United States. They nest at high altitudes
among the mountain tops, placing their nest upon the
ground, among the rocks along the mountain streams. They
build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,
lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their
four or five white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more
about the larger end (.96 × .70).</p>
<h3 id="bWillowThrush">WILLOW THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">756a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Western United States from British Columbia to
southern California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the
foothills and canyons of the mountain ranges. It is a western
form of the common eastern “Veery,” and its breeding
habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on or near the
ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite
bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 × .65).
Their song is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the
Thrush family.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_236">[236]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig228">
<img src="images/p236.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />
</div>
<h3 id="bGrayCheekedThrush">GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">757. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla alicæ. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From British Columbia northward, and winters
south to Mexico. Their nests are placed on or near the ground
in a stump or tussock, usually in very moist places, and are
composed largely of leaves and mosses. Their three or four
eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched with reddish
brown (.88 × .64).</p>
<h3 id="bRussetBackedThrush">RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla ustulata. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the
northern part, in Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made
and placed usually the same as the above, the eggs being of
the same size, but of a lighter color. The Thrushes feed
on small insect life and many of the small fruits and
berries.</p>
<h3 id="bOlivedBackedThrush">OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla u. swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—North America, breeding on the western coast in
Alaska, Oregon, California and Colorado. Their nesting habits,
eggs and song are the same as the <a href="#bRussetBackedThrush">Russet-backed</a>
(not illustrated).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_237">[237]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig229">
<img src="images/p237.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
</div>
<h3 id="bAlaskaHermitThrush">ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla guttata. </span><span class="siz">6½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern
range. These birds are noted for their sweet and musical
song, which may be heard from the swamps and thickets
in which they make their home. They nest either on or near
the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and grasses.
Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 × .65).</p>
<h3 id="bAudubonHermitThrush">AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla g. auduboni. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to
Arizona. Tail is much lighter than above, and bird larger.
Their habits in home life are the same, this bird having
the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bWesternRobin">WESTERN ROBIN.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">761a. </span><span class="sci">Planesticus migratorius propinquus. </span><span class="siz">10½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to
Mexico. This is not the familiar bird that is found in the
east, but is very secluded, and its song is seldom heard.
Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs, plastered with mud.
Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 × .80).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_238">[238]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig230">
<img src="images/p238.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
</div>
<h3 id="bVariedThrush">VARIED THRUSH.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">763. </span><span class="sci">Ixoreus nævius. </span><span class="siz">9½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in
Oregon, Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly
in the northern ranges in California and north to
Alaska. Their nest is placed in small trees and bushes,
usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds and
grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number,
are greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of
dark brown (1.12 × .80). They have a pleasing song, which is
rarely heard in their southern range.</p>
<h3 id="bWheatear">WHEATEAR.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">765. </span><span class="sci">Saxicola ænanthe. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in
Asia. They nest in crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building
a rude nest of sticks and weeds, lined with hair and
feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale greenish blue
(.90 × .60).</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_239">[239]</div>
<div class="imgr" id="fig231">
<img src="images/p239.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
</div>
<h3 id="bWesternBluebird">WESTERN BLUEBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—British Columbia to Lower California, along the
Pacific coast. These familiar birds build in cavities in trees,
or in bird houses, and make themselves at home near dwellings,
especially if in the vicinity of orchards of any kind.
The note of the western bird has the same familiar warble
as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and
caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs
are a pale bluish white (.80 × .60).</p>
<h3 id="bChestnutBackedBluebird">CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767a. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not
illustrated).</p>
<h3 id="bMountainBluebird">MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.</h3>
<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">768. </span><span class="sci">Sialia currucoides. </span><span class="siz">7½ inches.</span></div>
<p><b>Range.</b>—Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico.
Their habits are just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.</p>
<div class="pb" id="Page_240">[240]</div>
<h2 id="c1">INDEX</h2>
<p class="center"><b>[<a href="#index_A">A</a>] [<a href="#index_B">B</a>] [<a href="#index_C">C</a>] [<a href="#index_D">D</a>] [<a href="#index_E">E</a>] [<a href="#index_F">F</a>] [<a href="#index_G">G</a>] [<a href="#index_H">H</a>] [<a href="#index_I">I</a>] [<a href="#index_J">J</a>] [<a href="#index_K">K</a>] [<a href="#index_L">L</a>] [<a href="#index_M">M</a>] [<a href="#index_N">N</a>] [<a href="#index_O">O</a>] [<a href="#index_P">P</a>] [<a href="#index_Q">Q</a>] [<a href="#index_R">R</a>] [<a href="#index_S">S</a>] [<a href="#index_T">T</a>] U [<a href="#index_V">V</a>] [<a href="#index_W">W</a>] X [<a href="#index_Y">Y</a>] Z</b></p>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt>
<dt>Albatross, Blackfoot, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
<dt>Albatross, Layson, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
<dt>Albatross, Short-tail, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
<dt>Albatross, Sooty, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
<dt>Albatross, Yellow-nose, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Cassin, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Crested, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Least, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Paroquet, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
<dt>Auklet, Whiskered, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
<dt>Avocet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt>
<dt>Bittern, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
<dt>Bittern, Least, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Bicolored, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Brewer, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Redwing, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Rusty, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Sonora, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Tricolored, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
<dt>Blackbird, Yellow-headed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
<dt>Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
<dt>Bluebird, Mountain, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
<dt>Bluebird, Western, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
<dt>Bobolink, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, Beautiful, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, Indigo, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, Lark, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, Lazuli, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, McKay, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
<dt>Bunting, Snow, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
<dt>Bush Tit, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
<dt>Bush Tit, Lead-colored, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
<dt>Bush Tit, Lloyd, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt>
<dt>Caracara, Audubon, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_241">[241]</dt>
<dt>Cardinal, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
<dt>Catbird, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>
<dt>Chat, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Alaska, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, California, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Mexican, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Mountain, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
<dt>Chickadee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
<dt>Coot, American, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
<dt>Cormorant, Baird, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
<dt>Cormorant, Brandt, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
<dt>Cormorant, Farallone, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
<dt>Cormorant, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
<dt>Cowbird, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
<dt>Cowbird, Bronzed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
<dt>Cowbird, Dwarf, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
<dt>Crane, Little Brown, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
<dt>Crane, Whooping, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
<dt>Creeper, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>
<dt>Crossbill, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
<dt>Crossbill, Mexican, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
<dt>Crossbill, White-winged, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
<dt>Crow, Northwestern, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
<dt>Cuckoo, California, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>
<dt>Curlew, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
<dt>Curlew, Long-billed, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt>
<dt>Dickcissel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
<dt>Dipper, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
<dt>Dove, Inca, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
<dt>Dove, Mexican Ground, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
<dt>Dove, Mourning, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
<dt>Dowitcher, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, American Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, American Widgeon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Baldpate, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Black-bellied Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Blue-bill, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Buffle-head, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Canvas-back, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Fulvous Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Gadwall, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_242">[242]</dt>
<dt>Duck, Harlequin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, King Eider, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Lesser Scaup, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Mallard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Old Squaw, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Pacific Eider, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Pintail, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Red-head, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Scaup, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Scoter, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Shoveller, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Spectacled Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Stellar Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Surf Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, White-winged Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
<dt>Duck, Wood, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt>
<dt>Eagle, Bald, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
<dt>Eagle, Golden, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
<dt>Egret, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
<dt>Egret, Snowy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt>
<dt>Falcon, Aplomado, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
<dt>Falcon, Prairie, 113</dt>
<dt>Finch, Aleutian Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, Black Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, California Purple, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, Cassin Purple, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, Hepburn Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
<dt>Finch, House, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
<dt>Flicker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Ash-throated, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Beardless, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Derby, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Gray, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Hammond, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Olive-sided, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_243">[243]</dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Traill, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Vermilion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
<dt>Flycatcher, Wright, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
<dt>Frigate Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
<dt>Fulmar, Pacific, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
<dt>Fulmar, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt>
<dt>Gallinule, Florida, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
<dt>Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
<dt>Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
<dt>Gnatcatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Marbled, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Green-backed, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Pale, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
<dt>Godwit, Willow, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Black Brant, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Cackling, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Canada, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Emperor, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Ross, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, Snow, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
<dt>Goose, White-fronted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
<dt>Goshawk, Mexican, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
<dt>Goshawk, Western, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
<dt>Grackle, Bronze, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
<dt>Grebe, Eared, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
<dt>Grebe, Holboell, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
<dt>Grebe, Horned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
<dt>Grebe, Pied-bill, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
<dt>Grebe, Western, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
<dt>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>
<dt>Grosbeak, California Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
<dt>Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
<dt>Grosbeak, Western Blue, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>
<dt>Grosbeak, Western Evening, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
<dt>Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
<dt>Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
<dt>Grouse, Dusky, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
<dt>Grouse, Franklin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
<dt>Grouse, Sage, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
<dt>Guillemot, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Bonaparte, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_244">[244]</dt>
<dt>Gull, California, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Glaucous, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Glaucous-winged, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Heermann, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Herring, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Ivory, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Red-legged, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Ring-billed, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Sabine, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Short-billed, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Slaty-backed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
<dt>Gull, Western, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
<dt>Gyrfalcon, Gray, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Cooper, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Desert Sparrow, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Duck, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Fish, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Harris, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Marsh, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Sharp-shinned, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Swainson, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
<dt>Hawk, Western Red-tail, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
<dt>Heron, Black-crowned Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
<dt>Heron, Great Blue, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
<dt>Heron, Green, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
<dt>Heron, Yellow-crown Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Allen, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Anna, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Blue-throated, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-billed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Calliope, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Costa, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Lucifer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Rieffer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Rivoli, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Rufous, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_245">[245]</dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, White-eared, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
<dt>Hummingbird, Xantus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt>
<dt>Ibis, Glossy, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
<dt>Ibis, Wood, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt>
<dt>Jaeger, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
<dt>Jaeger, Parasitic, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
<dt>Jaeger, Pomerine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Arizona, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, California, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Oregon, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Pinon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Stellar, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
<dt>Jay, Woodhouse, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Baird, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Gray-headed, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Oregon, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Pink-sided, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Slate-colored, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, Thurber, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
<dt>Junco, White-winged, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt>
<dt>Kingbird, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
<dt>Kingbird, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
<dt>Kingbird, Cassin, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
<dt>Kingfisher, Belted, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>
<dt>Kingfisher, Ringed, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>
<dt>Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
<dt>Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
<dt>Kite, Swallow-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
<dt>Kite, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt>
<dt>Lark, California Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
<dt>Lark, Desert Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
<dt>Lark, Pallid Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
<dt>Lark, Ruddy Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
<dt>Longspur, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
<dt>Loon, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
<dt>Loon, Great Northern Diver, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
<dt>Loon, Pacific, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
<dt>Loon, Red-throated, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt>
<dt>Magpie, American, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
<dt>Magpie, Yellow-billed, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
<dt>Man-o’-War Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_246">[246]</dt>
<dt>Martin, Western, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>
<dt>Meadowlark, Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
<dt>Meadowlark, Western, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
<dt>Merganser, American, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
<dt>Merganser, Hooded, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
<dt>Merganser, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
<dt>Mockingbird, Western, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>
<dt>Murre, California, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
<dt>Murrelet, Ancient, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
<dt>Murrelet, Marbled, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
<dt>Murrelet, Xantus, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt>
<dt>Nighthawk, Western, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
<dt>Nighthawk, Sennett, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
<dt>Nighthawk, Texas, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
<dt>Nutcracker, Clarke, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
<dt>Nuthatch, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>
<dt>Nuthatch, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>
<dt>Nuthatch, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt>
<dt>Oriole, Arizona Hooded, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
<dt>Oriole, Bullock, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
<dt>Oriole, Scott, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
<dt>Oriole, Sennett, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
<dt>Osprey, American, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
<dt>Ouzel, Water, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Barn, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Burrowing, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Elf, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Flammulated Screech, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Great Gray, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Hawk, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Long-eared, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Richardson, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Saw-whet, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Screech, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Short-eared, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Snowy, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Spotted, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
<dt>Owl, Western Horned, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
<dt>Oyster-catcher, Black, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
<dt>Oyster-catcher, Frazar, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt>
<dt>Parrot, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>
<dt>Pelican, California Brown, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_247">[247]</dt>
<dt>Pelican, White, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Ashy, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Black, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Fisher, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Fork-tailed, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Kaeding, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Leach, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
<dt>Petrel, Least, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
<dt>Pewee, Western Wood, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
<dt>Phainopepla, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>
<dt>Phalarope, Northern, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
<dt>Phalarope, Red, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
<dt>Phalarope, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
<dt>Pheasant, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
<dt>Phoebe, Black, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
<dt>Phoebe, Say, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
<dt>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
<dt>Pipit, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
<dt>Pipit, Sprague, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Black-bellied, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Golden, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Killdeer, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Mountain, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Snowy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Surf Bird, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Semipalmated, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Upland, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
<dt>Plover, Wilson, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
<dt>Poor-will, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
<dt>Poor-will, Dusky, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
<dt>Prairie Hen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
<dt>Ptarmigan, Rock, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
<dt>Ptarmigan, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
<dt>Ptarmigan, Willow, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
<dt>Puffin, Horned, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
<dt>Puffin, Tufted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
<dt>Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_Q"><b>Q</b></dt>
<dt>Quail, Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, California, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, Gambel, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, Masked Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, Massena, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, Mearns, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_248">[248]</dt>
<dt>Quail, Mountain, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
<dt>Quail, Scaled, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt>
<dt>Rail, Black, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
<dt>Rail, California Clapper, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
<dt>Rail, Light-footed, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
<dt>Rail, Sora, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
<dt>Rail, Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
<dt>Rail, Yellow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
<dt>Raven, American, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
<dt>Raven, White-necked, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
<dt>Red-poll, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
<dt>Red-poll, Hoary, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
<dt>Redstart, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
<dt>Redstart, Painted, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
<dt>Roadrunner, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>
<dt>Robin, Western, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Baird, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Bartramian, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Knot, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Least, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Pectoral, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Probilof, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Redbacked, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Sanderling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Spoonbill, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Spotted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Stilt, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Western, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, Western Solitary, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
<dt>Sandpiper, White-rumped, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
<dt>Sapsucker, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>
<dt>Sapsucker, Williamson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>
<dt>Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>
<dt>Sea Parrot, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
<dt>Shearwater, Black-vented, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
<dt>Shearwater, Dark-bodied, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
<dt>Shearwater, Pink-footed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
<dt>Shearwater, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
<dt>Shearwater, Townsend, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
<dt>Shrike, California, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
<dt>Shrike, Northern, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
<dt>Siskin, Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_249">[249]</dt>
<dt>Snipe, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
<dt>Snowflake, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
<dt>Solitaire, Townsend, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Baird, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Belding, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Bell, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Botteri, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Brewer, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Bryant, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, California Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Cassin, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Clay-colored, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Desert, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Gambel, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Heermann Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Large-billed, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Leconte, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Lincoln, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-winged, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Rusty Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, San Benito, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Chippy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Lark, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Tree, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Western Vesper, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, White-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
<dt>Sparrow, Worthen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
<dt>Stilt, Black-necked, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
<dt>Swallow, Bank, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>
<dt>Swallow, Barn, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>
<dt>Swallow, Cliff, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>
<dt>Swallow, Northern Violet Green, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>
<dt>Swallow, Rough-winged, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_250">[250]</dt>
<dt>Swallow, Tree, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>
<dt>Swan, Trumpeter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
<dt>Swan, Whistling, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
<dt>Swift, Black, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
<dt>Swift, White-throated, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
<dt>Swift, Vaux, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt>
<dt>Tanager, Cooper, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>
<dt>Tanager, Hepatic, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>
<dt>Tanager, Western, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
<dt>Tattler, Wandering, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
<dt>Teal, Blue-wing, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
<dt>Teal, Cinnamon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
<dt>Teal, Green-winged, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Arctic, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Black, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Caspian, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Common, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Elegant, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Forster, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
<dt>Tern, Least, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, Bendire, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, California, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, Crissal, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, Leconte, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, Palmer, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
<dt>Thrasher, Sage, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Alaska Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Audubon Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Gray-cheeked, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Olive-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Russet-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Varied, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>
<dt>Thrush, Willow, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>
<dt>Titlark, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
<dt>Titmouse, Black-crested, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
<dt>Titmouse, Bridled, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
<dt>Titmouse, Plain, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, Abert, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, California, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, Canon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, Green-tailed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
<dt>Towhee, San Diego, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_251">[251]</dt>
<dt>Trogan, Coppery-tailed, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>
<dt>Turkey, Merriam, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
<dt>Turnstone, Black, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
<dt>Turnstone, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_V"><b>V</b></dt>
<dt>Verdin, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Anthony, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Black-capped, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Cassin, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Gray, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Hutton, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Least, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Red-eyed, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>
<dt>Vireo, Warbling, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>
<dt>Vulture, California, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
<dt>Vulture, Turkey, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt>
<dt>Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Audubon, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Black and White, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Black-poll, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Green, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Calaveras, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Grace, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Hermit, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Kennicott, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Lucy, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Lutescent, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Macgillivray, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Magnolia, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Myrtle, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Olive, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Orange-crowned, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Pacific Yellow, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Pileolated, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Townsend, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Virginia, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
<dt>Warbler, Yellow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>
<dt>Water Thrush, Grinnell, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>
<dt>Waxwing, Bohemian, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>
<dt>Waxwing, Cedar, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>
<dt>Wheatear, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>
<dt>Whip-poor-will, Stevens, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
<dt class="pb" id="Page_252">[252]</dt>
<dt>Willet, Western, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, American Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Arizona, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Cabanis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, California, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Gairdner, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Gila, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Harris, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Lewis, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Nuttall, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Red-headed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Red-shafted, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, Texas, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
<dt>Woodpecker, White-headed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Cactus, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Cañon, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Rock, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Tule, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Vigor, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Western House, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>
<dt>Wren, Western Winter, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>
<dt>Wren-Tit, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt>
<dt>Yellow-legs, Greater, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
</dl>
<div class="pb" id="Page_253">[253]</div>
<div class="img">
<img src="images/p253.jpg" alt="" width="199" height="199" />
</div>
<p class="tbcenter">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
<br />GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<hr />
<h2 class="eee">Transcriber’s Note</h2>
<ul>
<li>Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.</li>
<li>Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., “Redwing
Blackbird” vs. “Red-winged Black-bird”.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***</div>
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