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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester

-Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher

-

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

-

-

-

-

-

-Title: Western Bird Guide

-       Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-

-Author: Chester A. (Chester Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I.

-Brasher

-

-

-

-Release Date: June 10, 2014  [eBook #45918]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: UTF-8

-

-

-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

-

-

-E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Chris Curnow, and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)

-

-

-

-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this

-      file which includes the original illustrations.

-      See 45918-h.htm or 45918-h.zip:

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h/45918-h.htm)

-      or

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h.zip)

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-WESTERN BIRD GUIDE

-

-Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-Illustrations by

-

-CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-Garden City      New York

-Doubleday, Page & Company

-1917

-

-Copyright, 1913, by

-Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.

-

-

-

-

-The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American

-Ornithologists’ Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The

-lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and

-may be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.

-

-On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species

-often cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the

-original; they can best be identified by the locality in which they are

-found.

-

-The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a

-bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross

-against the name of each bird that you see in your locality, and also

-that you write at the top of the page the date of the arrival and

-departure of each bird as you note it; these dates vary so much in

-different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As many

-will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a

-leather-covered copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-

-

-              BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     DIVING BIRDS—Order Pygopodes.

-                        GREBES—Family Colymbidæ.

-

-

-                             WESTERN GREBE.

-         1.     Æchmophorus occidentalis.     25 to 29 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back of the neck

-is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.

-

-Nest.—A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to the

-upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid, usually much nest

-stained (2.40 × 1.55). Breeding in colonies.

-

-Range.—Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the

-Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.

-

-

-                            HOLBOELL GREBE.

-               2.     Colymbus Holboelli.     19 inches.

-

-This is next to the Western Grebe in size, both being larger than any of

-the others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked, as shown in the

-illustration, but in winter have the usual dress of gray and white.

-

-Nest.—Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 × 1.25).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska, in the interior

-of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually on the coasts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HORNED GREBE.

-                3.     Colymbus auritus.     14 inches.

-

-In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray and

-white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of the most

-attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white ear tufts, the

-front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their food consists almost

-wholly of small fish.

-

-Nest.—Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the bog and water

-holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7 in number, are brownish

-yellow (1.70 × 1.15).

-

-Range.—Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                              EARED GREBE.

-        4.     Colymbus nigricollis californicus.     13 inches.

-

-This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi River. In

-summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color of the former. It

-can always be distinguished from the Horned by the upper mandible being

-straight on the top.

-

-Nest.—In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8 eggs, which

-are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.

-

-Range.—From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from Texas to British

-Columbia.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PIED-BILLED GREBE.

-              6.     Podilymbus podiceps.     13½ inches.

-

-This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the grebes in any

-plumage, because of its stout compressed bill and brown eyes, all the

-others having red eyes. In summer the bill is nearly white, with a black

-band encircling it; the throat is black; breast and sides brownish-gray;

-the eye encircled with a white ring.

-

-Nest.—Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating in shallow

-ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes. Five to 8 brownish white

-eggs are laid (1.70 × 1.18).

-

-Range.—Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.

-

-

-                      LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

-                7.     Gavia immer.     31 to 35 inches.

-

-In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the grebes, except in

-size, being much larger. The common loon is the most beautiful of them

-all, having a velvety black iridescent head with slashes of white on the

-throat and neck and spots of white on the wings and back.

-

-Nest.—Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes on the edge of

-some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs are a yellowish brown,

-with black spots (3.50 × 2.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             PACIFIC LOON.

-              10.     Gavia pacifica.     30 to 32 inches.

-

-This species differs from the Loon in having the crown gray, and white

-streaks down the back of the neck, and in the color reflections of the

-black on the head. It is a trifle smaller also.

-

-Nest.—Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish brown,

-with the black spots mostly on the larger end (3.10 × 2).

-

-Range.—Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia; winters

-along the Pacific coast to Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-THROATED LOON.

-                 11.     Gavia stellata.     25 inches.

-

-The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are gray, there is a

-large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under parts white. Owing to the

-straight top to the upper mandible the bill has a slightly up-turned

-appearance.

-

-Nest.—Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few feet of the water.

-The eggs are an olive brown with more markings usually than the others,

-and mostly on the larger end (2.90 × 1.75).

-

-Range.—Along the western coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS—Family Alcidæ.

-

-

-                       TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.

-                 12.     Lunda cirrhata.     13 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds, with short

-legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly colored with red

-and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are white. They stand erect

-upon their feet and walk with ease.

-

-Nest.—They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific coast, laying

-their single white egg in burrows or crevices of the rocks. In some

-sections two or three broods are raised in a season (2.80 × 1.90).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.

-

-

-                             HORNED PUFFIN.

-             14.     Fratercula corniculata.     11 inches.

-

-This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east, excepting that

-the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the

-bill.

-

-Nest.—The same as the above, the single egg averaging smaller (2.65 ×

-1.80).

-

-Range.—Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RHINOCEROS AUKLET.

-             15.     Cerorhinca monocerata.     11 inches.

-

-These birds have a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer

-plumage there is a small horn at the base of the bill from which it is

-given its name. These birds do not stand upright as do the Puffins; but

-sit upon their tarsus.

-

-Nest.—A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices of the rocks,

-usually without any attempt at nest making (2.70 × 1.80).

-

-Range.—Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds from Oregon to

-northern Alaska.

-

-

-                             CASSIN AUKLET.

-             16.     Ptychoramphus aleuticus.     9 inches.

-

-A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly white with

-blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white spot over the eye.

-This Auklet is fairly abundant on the Farallones and islands off the

-Lower California coast.

-

-Nest.—A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being a pale

-green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows or tunnels under

-the rocks, at times three or four feet long (1.80 × 1.30).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PAROQUET AUKLET.

-              17.     Phaleris psittacula.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is much like Cassin Auklet, but lacking the white spot over the

-eye and having a white breast. The bill is very peculiar, being quite

-deep and rounded and having an upward tendency. It is orange red in

-color.

-

-Range.—The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter. Nesting in the

-Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid (2.25 × 1.40).

-

-

-                           WHISKERED AUKLET.

-                  19.     Æthia pygmæa.     7½ inches.

-

-Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands. The single white

-egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks (2.00 × 1.25).

-

-

-                            CRESTED AUKLET.

-             18.     Æthia cristatella.     8 to 9 inches.

-

-Similar in form and plumage to the Paroquet Auklet, except the whole

-under parts are gray.

-

-Nest and Range.—On the islands and main land of the Alaskan coast, laying

-only one chalky white egg in crevices or burrows under the rocks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST AUKLET.

-                 20.     Æthia pusilla.     6½ inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the same as others

-of the same family. They are one of the most abundant of the water birds

-of the extreme Northwest.

-

-Nest.—Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks or in

-crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 × 1.10).

-

-

-                           ANCIENT MURRELET.

-           21.     Synthliboramphus antiquus.     11 inches.

-

-The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more slender

-than the Auklets and are not highly colored.

-

-Nest.—One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices of the

-rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light brown.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska, breeding north

-of the United States.

-

-

-                           MARBLED MURRELET.

-            23.     Brachyramphus marmoratus.     10 inches.

-

-Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the Ancient Murrelet (2.20 × 1.40)

-and range is same as above, possibly breeding a little farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           XANTHUS MURRELET.

-                   25.     Brachyramphus hypoleucus.

-

-This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below, including the

-sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface of the wing is also

-white.

-

-Nest.—The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under the rocks in

-dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is a pale buffy white, and

-thickly but finely dotted with brown over the entire surface, heaviest on

-the larger end (2.05 × 1.40).

-

-Range.—Resident along the coast of southern and Lower California, where

-it breeds on many of the islands.

-

-

-                           PIGEON GUILLEMOT.

-                29.     Cepphus columba.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that the

-under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight and slender

-bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils. Feet and inside

-of mouth bright red.

-

-Nest.—Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark places under the

-rocks, are pale blue or green in color with black or brown markings and

-paler spots of lilac.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA MURRE.

-         30.     Uria troille californica.     15 to 16 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones. Large

-numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the San Francisco and other

-market places and disposed of as a food product, and as yet the birds do

-not seem to diminish to any great extent.

-

-Nest.—But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges. They vary

-greatly in color, from nearly white without markings to a deep greenish

-blue with an endless variety of patterns in light and dark brown (3.40 ×

-2.00).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to Alaska.

-

-

-                            POMARINE JAEGER.

-             36.     Stercorarius pomarinus.     21 inches.

-

-These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but are the real

-pirates of bird life, especially among the terns and gulls. This species

-has two color phases regardless of sex or age. In the light plumage the

-top of the head is black, rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by

-the lengthened central tail-feathers.

-

-Nest.—Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 × 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PARASITIC JAEGER.

-            37.     Stercorarius parasiticus.     17 inches.

-

-This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last. The two

-central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting about four

-inches beyond the others. All of the Jaegers have grayish blue legs with

-black feet, and brown eyes.

-

-Nest.—A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the two brownish eggs

-are laid (2.15 × 1.65).

-

-Range.—Northern part of North America, south in winter to southern

-California, breeding in the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                          LONG-TAILED JAEGER.

-            38.     Stercorarius longicaudus.     20 inches.

-

-This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight. Similar to

-the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers extend eight or

-ten inches beyond the others. It is more often found in the lighter

-phase.

-

-Nest.—Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in a slight

-depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 × 1.50).

-

-Range.—Arctic America; south in winter to South America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     GULLS AND TERNS—Family Laridæ.

-

-

-                              IVORY GULL.

-                 39.     Pagophila alba.     17 inches.

-

-The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding season is

-entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and there is a red ring

-about the eye.

-

-Nest.—Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic regions. Three

-grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown and black (2.30 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to British Columbia.

-

-

-                           PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.

-          40a.     Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.     16 inches.

-

-These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands in the

-Bering Sea.

-

-Nest.—On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss and seaweed,

-making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two or three eggs, which are

-buffy brown or grayish, spotted with darker shades of brown (2.20 ×

-4.70).

-

-Range.—Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south as Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.

-               41.     Rissa brevirostris.     16 inches.

-

-This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting that the legs are

-bright red, the mantle is darker and the bill shorter. They usually nest

-in separate colonies from the former, and can be readily identified when

-in flight by the red legs.

-

-Nest.—They have been found abundantly on the islands of the Bering Sea,

-nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The color of the eggs is buffy

-or brownish, blotched and spotted with lilac and shades of brown.

-

-Range.—Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.

-

-

-                             GLAUCOUS GULL.

-               42.     Larus hyperboreus.     28 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray; it is

-distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white to the tips.

-It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller Gulls, eating both the

-eggs and young.

-

-Nest.—Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number, in shades

-of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and black.

-

-Range.—Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.

-            44.     Larus glaucescens.     25 to 27 inches.

-

-The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this gull except that

-the primaries are tipped with white. They breed in large numbers both on

-the rocky cliffs and on the low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the

-cliffs large nests of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands

-no attempt is made at nest building.

-

-Nest.—Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a greenish brown

-ground color with various shades of brown spots, most thickly covered on

-the larger end (2.75 × 2.05).

-

-Range.—North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards,

-and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           SLATY-BACKED GULL.

-               48.     Larus schistisagus.     27 inches.

-

-This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck and slaty

-colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often nest in colonies with

-other gulls, building their small mounds of seaweed on the higher parts

-of the islands.

-

-Nest.—Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored eggs, spotted

-with dark brown and lavender (2.90 × 2.00).

-

-Range.—Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WESTERN GULL.

-               49.     Larus occidentalis.     26 inches.

-

-This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the large Gulls,

-and can be seen about the harbors of California at all seasons of the

-year. They are great thieves, robbing the Murres and Terns wherever eggs

-are left unprotected, and are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to

-contend with.

-

-Nest.—Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the full set

-contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark brown, showing the

-usual variation found in color in the Gulls’ eggs (2.75 × 1.90).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to British

-Columbia.

-

-

-                             HERRING GULL.

-                51.     Larus argentatus.     24 inches.

-

-These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually on the

-ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite a distance from

-the water. A few pair nest on the islands of some of the inland lakes and

-it is not uncommon to see nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet

-from the ground.

-

-Nest.—They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted with black and

-brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RING-BILLED GULL.

-               54.     Larus delawarensis.     18 inches.

-

-A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips and

-always to be identified in the breeding season by the black band around

-the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in large colonies on

-the islands in the interior of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds

-at high altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the lakes of

-the Dakotas and northward.

-

-Nest.—Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight hollow on the

-ground generally on the grassy portion of some island (2.80 × 1.75).

-

-Range.—North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower California to

-British Columbia.

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA GULL.

-               53.     Larus californicus.     23 inches.

-

-This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. Herring Gull and the

-primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow, with red spot near

-end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.—Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally

-upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and they are

-the usual color of the Gulls’.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           SHORT-BILLED GULL.

-              55.     Larus brachyrhynchus.     17 inches.

-

-The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the European

-variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly gray; rest of white;

-outer primary nearly black with a white spot at the end. Bill, feet and

-legs greenish.

-

-Nest.—On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The nest is generally

-made of moss, grass and weeds and placed on the ground.

-

-Range.—Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to Alaska. Winters in

-the south to Lower California.

-

-

-                             HEERMANN GULL.

-                57.     Larus heermanni.     17 inches.

-

-A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull. In summer

-the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a red bill and legs. The

-body color shades abruptly from the neck into slaty, both the upper and

-under parts. The primaries and tail are black.

-

-Nest.—Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs greenish drab

-in color marked with brown, black and lilac (2.45 × 1.50).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BONAPARTE GULL.

-               60.     Larus philadelphia.     14 inches.

-

-In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner web and

-shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck are gray; while in

-winter the head is white with gray spots back of the eyes. Young birds

-have the back mixed with brownish and the tail with a band of black near

-the tip. They are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.

-

-Nest.—They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the northwest. The

-nests of sticks and grass are placed on the higher parts of the marshes

-and the usual complement of three eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to

-greenish brown, marked with dark brown spots (1.90 × 1.30).

-

-

-                              SABINE GULL.

-                  62.     Xema sabini.     13 inches.

-

-A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring;

-the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail slightly forked. In

-winter the head and throat white with the back of the neck dusky.

-

-Nest.—They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and

-Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish brown in color and marked

-with dark brown (1.75 × 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASPIAN TERN.

-                 64.     Sterna caspia.     21 inches.

-

-The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill is large,

-heavy and bright red. The crest with which this species is adorned is

-black. The mantle is pearl color and the breast is white. Winter birds

-have the crown mixed with white, and the young are blotched with blackish

-in the wings and tail.

-

-Nest.—They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again only a few

-pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from gray to greenish buff,

-marked with brown and lilac. The two eggs usually being laid in a hollow

-in the sand.

-

-Range.—North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and Lower California

-to the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                             ELEGANT TERN.

-                 66.     Sterna elegans.     17 inches.

-

-In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are tinged with

-rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name.

-

-Nest.—They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in the sand,

-creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 × 1.40).

-

-Range.—Central and South America, in summer to California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FORSTERS TERN.

-                69.     Sterna forsteri.     15 inches.

-

-These beautiful birds are often known as “Sea Swallows,� because of their

-similarity in flight to those well-known land birds. They are the picture

-of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert

-and ready to dart down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.

-

-Nest.—A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with grass, in which

-are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying in color from almost white

-to brownish, thickly spotted with brown and lavender (1.80 × 1.30).

-

-Range.—Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba to the Gulf

-Coast.

-

-

-                              COMMON TERN.

-                 70.     Sterna hirundo.     15 inches.

-

-This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being more

-blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly gray in place of

-white, tail not quite as much forked, and shorter; edge of outer

-primaries and outer tail-feathers blackish.

-

-Nest.—These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic coast. Their eggs

-are more rounded (1.75 × 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARCTIC TERN.

-                71.     Sterna paradisæ.     15 inches.

-

-A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution; and the

-pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and below. Bill quite red

-and feet much smaller and bright red. When their nesting colonies are

-approached they will rise in clouds, circling about high in the air,

-uttering at times their peculiar cry.

-

-Nest.—Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt at nest

-building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the bare sand or

-gravel just above the water line. There is no difference in the color or

-markings of the eggs from the others (1.75 × 1.40).

-

-Range.—More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic Regions and

-wintering from California to the Gulf States.

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN TERN.

-                73.     Sterna aleutica.     15 inches.

-

-This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the Common Tern, but

-has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, with a black line

-extending from the bill to the eye.

-

-Nest.—Is much the same as the Arctic, but the eggs are somewhat smaller

-and narrower (1.70 × 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              LEAST TERN.

-                74.     Sterna antillarum.     9 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a swallow and in

-flight are much the same, darting through the air, taking insects the

-same as swallows, or dipping into the water for small minnows that are

-showing themselves near the surface.

-

-Nest.—Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above the water

-line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully marked with

-different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 × .95).

-

-Range.—Throughout the United States to northern South America, breeding

-abundantly on the coast of southern California.

-

-

-                              BLACK TERN.

-        77.     Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.     10 inches.

-

-We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either white or

-pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults in summer having the

-head, neck and under parts black, with the back, wings and tail gray.

-

-Nest.—Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color. Nests are of

-weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies. Two to four eggs are a

-dark greenish brown with black spots (1.35 × .95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     ALBATROSSES—Family Diomedeidæ.

-

-

-                        BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.

-            81.     Diomedea nigripes.     32 to 36 inches.

-

-This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into whitish at the

-base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted for its extended flights,

-following vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest.

-

-Nest.—They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 × 2.40).

-

-

-                        SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

-               82.     Diomedea albatrus.     36 inches.

-

-This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following a vessel

-will keep a long distance behind in its search for food. With the

-exception of the primaries, which are black, as are also the shoulders

-and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with yellow on the back of

-the head.

-

-Nest.—They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the coast of

-Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare ground or rocks.

-

-Range.—Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California to Alaska;

-most common in northern part of the range.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LAYSAN ALBATROSS.

-             82.1.     Diomedea immutabilis.     32 inches.

-

-These birds are white with the exception of the back, wings and tail,

-which are black; bill and feet yellow.

-

-Nest.—Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or rocks (4.00 ×

-2.35).

-

-Range.—This species breeds in large numbers on the island from which it

-takes its name—Layson Island, of the Hawaiian Group—appearing rarely off

-the coast of California.

-

-

-                        YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.

-            83.     Thalassogeron culminatus.     36 inches.

-

-This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian oceans and

-is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An egg in the collection

-of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., was taken on Gough Island Sept.

-1st, 1888. The nest was a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The

-single white egg measured 3.75 × 2.25.

-

-

-                            SOOTY ALBATROSS.

-              84.     Phœbetria palpebrata.     36 inches.

-

-This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim around the

-eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 × 2.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

-                         Family Procellariidæ.

-

-

-                            PACIFIC FULMAR.

-         86b.     Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.     18 inches.

-

-In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is shorter and

-stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the nostrils opening out of

-a single tube, prominently located on top of the bill. Their flight is

-graceful like that of the Gulls.

-

-Nest.—On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern Pacific

-they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the rocks having its

-tenant. They lay but a single white egg on the bare rocks (2.90 × 2.00).

-

-Range.—Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.

-

-

-                         SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.

-             87.     Priocella glacialoides.     18 inches.

-

-This species has a paler mantle than others of the family, and the

-primaries are black.

-

-Range.—Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the United States

-in the summer. They probably breed in the far south during our winter,

-although we have no definite record relative to their nesting habits.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.

-               91.     Puffinus creatopus.     19 inches.

-

-Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper parts and

-under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color, darkest on the wings; top

-of head dark, with throat and breast white, with yellowish bill and pink

-colored feet.

-

-Range.—From Monterey, California, to South America.

-

-

-                        BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.

-             93.     Puffinus opisthomelas.     14 inches.

-

-Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter in color.

-Quite common in southern California and much more so in Lower California.

-

-Range.—From northern United States to Lower California. A single white

-egg is laid (2.00 × 1.30).

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.

-             93.1.     Puffinus auricularis.     14 inches.

-

-A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower California

-coast and islands.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.

-                95.     Puffinus griseus.     17 inches.

-

-This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands in the far

-south during our winter months, comes north and appears off the Pacific

-coast of the United States during our summer months, as far north as

-Alaska. They are a dark sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which

-are whitish.

-

-Nest.—Habits are the same as the others of the family. The single white

-egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices under rocks (2.40 ×

-1.65).

-

-

-                       SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.

-             96.     Puffinus tenuirostris.     14 inches.

-

-This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling it in color

-and markings, being a little lighter under the throat, and the bill more

-slender in proportion to the size of the bird. Bill and feet nearly

-black, as is also the one above.

-

-Nest.—Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as the

-Dark-bodied Shearwater; it is not found on the N. A. coast as commonly as

-the other.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FISHER PETREL.

-               100.     Æstrelata fisheri.     7 inches.

-

-This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off

-Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.

-

-

-                             LEAST PETREL.

-             103.     Halocyptena microsoma.     5½ inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely dark sooty.

-

-Nest.—They have been found breeding on the islands of Lower California,

-and they probably do on others farther south. The single egg of this bird

-is white with a wreath of tiny brown specks about the larger end.

-

-

-                          FORK-TAILED PETREL.

-              105.     Oceanodroma furcata.     8 inches.

-

-These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being darker and the

-under parts lightest.

-

-Nest.—Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the ground. Egg white

-with a fine wreath of purplish black specks about the larger end. Found

-breeding on the islands of Alaska.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            KAEDING PETREL.

-            105.2.     Oceanodroma kaedingi.     7½ inches.

-

-This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and the tail

-less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California to Mexico,

-breeding in the southern part of its range.

-

-

-                             LEACH PETREL.

-             106.     Oceanodroma leucorhoa.     8 inches.

-

-These are quite common on both the eastern and western coasts, breeding

-from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians. They are of a sooty brown

-color, upper tail-coverts and side of under-coverts white. They burrow in

-the ground for two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building;

-placing their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow. These

-birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one remaining at

-sea during the day and returning at night. They are rarely seen in the

-vicinity of their nests during the day.

-

-

-                           GUADALUPE PETREL.

-                  106.1.     Oceanodroma macrodactyla.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail and somewhat

-longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.

-

-Nest.—Same as above with one white egg, usually much nest stained.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BLACK PETREL.

-              107.     Oceanodroma melania.     7½ inches.

-

-These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump of the two

-or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very offensive musky odor,

-which is always noticeable about an island inhabited by them. The skins

-and eggs of the birds always retain this odor.

-

-Nest.—Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes containing a

-small amount of nesting material; grass and roots.

-

-Range.—Southern California southward to Mexico.

-

-

-                              ASHY PETREL.

-             108.     Oceanodroma homochroa.     7 inches.

-

-This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands, sooty gray

-in color, their plumage matching their surroundings so closely that,

-unless one is looking for them, they will easily be overlooked.

-

-They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves to be

-removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they. They build in burrows or

-in any crevice of the rocks, laying their single white egg on the ground

-or rock without much, if any, lining to the nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  CORMORANTS—Family Phalacrocoracidæ.

-

-

-                          FARALLONE CORMORANT.

-      120c.     Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus.     30 inches.

-

-Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty. These birds

-breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing their nests well up on

-the higher ridges and also in the trees on some of the inland islands, or

-near large ponds or lakes. They build large nests of sticks and roots,

-lined with grass, seaweed and moss.

-

-Nest.—Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid (2.40 × 1.50).

-

-

-                           BRANDT CORMORANT.

-          122.     Phalacrocorax penicillatus.     35 inches.

-

-Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender and nearly

-straight. The young are hatched without feathers or down and the skin is

-nearly black. The young for two or three months are the food supply for

-the larger Gulls. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands,

-they stay closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are

-always on the watch for either the eggs or young.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of the United

-States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BAIRD CORMORANTS.

-     123b.     Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.     28 inches.

-

-This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from Washington south

-to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as the former species and not

-inclined to breed in colonies with the others, but is more secluded.

-

-Nest.—Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks and cliffs on

-which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom building in trees.

-Their eggs are much smaller, averaging 2.20 × 1.40.

-

-

-                          RED-FACED CORMORANT.

-              124.     Phalacrocorax urile.     32 inches.

-

-The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly in having the

-forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the same as other members of the

-family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the

-fact that the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a ring

-about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.

-

-Nest.—The nesting places of these as well as other members of this family

-are very filthy, being covered with excrement and the remains of fish

-that are strewn about their nests (2.50 × 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      PELICANS.—Family Pelecanidæ.

-

-

-                             WHITE PELICAN.

-           125.     Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.     60 inches.

-

-Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white; bill and feet

-yellow, the former in the breeding season having a thin upright knob

-about midway on the top of the upper mandible. They get their food by

-approaching a school of small fish and suddenly dipping their head

-beneath the surface, sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;

-they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the sides of

-the mouth, and then swallow the fish.

-

-Nest.—On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally only a lining

-about the outer edge; the eggs being placed upon the ground. Two or three

-eggs are laid, pure chalky white (3.45 × 2.30).

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.

-            127.     Pelecanus californicus.     55 inches.

-

-Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back of neck rich

-velvety brown; head and throat white.

-

-Nest.—On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks and weeds.

-Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 × 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   MAN-O’-WAR BIRDS—Family Fregatidæ.

-

-

-                             FRIGATE BIRD.

-                128.     Fregata aquila.     40 inches.

-

-In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest expanse of

-wing of any known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they have an

-extent of from seven to eight feet. The length of the bird is about 40

-inches, of which the tail comprises about 18, more than half of this

-being forked. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor

-swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete

-masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of

-small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.

-

-Nest.—A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. A

-single white egg (2.80 × 1.90).

-

-

-                   AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.

-               129.     Mergus americanus.     25 inches.

-

-These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth

-to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent.

-

-Nest.—In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on the ground; 6 to

-9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 × 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

-                130.     Mergus serrator.     22 inches.

-

-This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is found commonly

-on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more than on the coast. The male

-has the head, neck, and crest iridescent greenish black, breast brownish

-with black spots. The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut

-color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the black found on

-the males.

-

-Nest.—They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff color, making

-their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or in tufts of grass or in

-crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest with feathers (2.50 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—Whole of North America, breeding from central United States to

-British America.

-

-

-                           HOODED MERGANSER.

-             131.     Lophodytes cucullatus.     17 inches.

-

-Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest with which both

-sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this from the others. The male

-having the crest black with a large white patch, and that of the female

-plain brown.

-

-Nest.—In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 × 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                GADWALL.

-            135.     Chaulelasmus streperus.     20 inches.

-

-Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the female is similar

-but the back and wings are brownish-gray. As is usual with many of the

-ducks these do most of their feeding early in the morning or after dusk,

-and spend the greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the

-most noisy and active of the ducks.

-

-Nest.—They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes or in the long

-grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to 12 eggs of a creamy buff

-color (2.10 × 1.60).

-

-Range.—Includes the whole of North America, breeds from British Columbia

-to southern California.

-

-

-                                MALLARD.

-              132.     Anas platyrhynchos.     23 inches.

-

-These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They feed on mollusks

-and marine insects which they generally reach by tipping in shallow

-water.

-

-Nest.—In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their nests in the

-tall grasses of which it is made and lined with feathers. Breed from

-Alaska to southern California (2.25 × 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BALDPATE—AMERICAN WIDGEON.

-               137.     Mareca Americana.     19 inches.

-

-These are common and well-known birds throughout North America, where

-they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the

-bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. They

-can usually be identified at a distance by the absence of any dark

-markings, and when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.

-

-Nest.—Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers, on the ground

-or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are laid (2.15 × 1.20).

-

-

-                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

-              139.     Nettion carolinense.     14 inches.

-

-These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly sought for by

-sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence of their flesh. The

-male may be easily identified by the reddish brown head and neck, with

-the large green patch behind each ear.

-

-Nest.—On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it is made of

-weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9 buffy eggs are laid (1.85

-× 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California and Oregon.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

-              140.     Querquedula discors.     15 inches.

-

-Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front of the eye;

-under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black; wing coverts bright

-blue. Female similar to female Green-wing, but has the blue wing coverts.

-In flight can be easily separated from the Green-wing by its darker under

-parts. Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines. This is

-more common east of the Rockies than the other.

-

-Nest.—Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed in the reeds

-bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs are laid.

-

-Range.—North America, breeding more abundantly than the former farther

-north in its range.

-

-

-                             CINNAMON TEAL.

-            141.     Querquedula cyanoptera.     16 inches.

-

-This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the Rockies. It is

-on the male a bright cinnamon color on the under parts; also the head and

-neck, being darkest near the bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts

-blue; speculum green, divided by a line of white.

-

-Nest.—Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 × 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SHOVELLER.

-               142.     Spatula clypeata.     20 inches.

-

-Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill, which is out of

-all proportion to the size of the bird. Head, neck and speculum dark

-green, under parts reddish brown, breast and back white, wing coverts

-blue. If it were not for the large ungainly bill, this duck would be

-classed as one of our most beautiful during the breeding season.

-

-Nest.—It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of grass, weeds

-and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10 grayish white eggs (2.10 ×

-1.50).

-

-Range.—North America; breeding most abundant on the western coast from

-southern California to northwest Alaska.

-

-

-                                PINTAIL.

-                 143.     Dafila acuta.     30 inches.

-

-A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with head and

-stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and sides barred with white

-and black wavy lines.

-

-Nest.—On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with feathers

-generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12 eggs of a dull olive

-color (2.20 × 1.50).

-

-Range.—North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               WOOD DUCK.

-                  144.     Aix sponsa.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of any of the duck

-family. Both the male and female have a long crest; that of the male of

-the most beautiful shades of blue and iridescent green colors, with

-stripes of white, the throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut

-with white arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line

-markings.

-

-Nest.—In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The birds are said

-to carry the young from the nest to the water in their bills. 6 to 10

-eggs, buffy in color (2.25 × 1.60).

-

-Range.—Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                                REDHEAD.

-               146.     Marila americana.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered as the best

-table birds of the duck family.

-

-Nest.—Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in number, buffy

-white in color (2.40 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CANVAS-BACK.

-              147.     Marila valisineria.     21 inches.

-

-Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish

-forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the Redhead having yellow

-eyes. Like the last species, these birds are excellent swimmers and

-divers, and secure their food from deeper water than many of the ducks.

-Their food consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell

-fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market price, and are

-much sought after by gunners.

-

-Nest.—On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with grass and feathers.

-6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—North America; breeding from central British Columbia south to

-Oregon and Minnesota.

-

-

-                        SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.

-                 148.     Marila marila.     18 inches.

-

-This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing to the slaty

-blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast are black; speculum and

-under parts white, and eyes yellow.

-

-Nest.—In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior of British

-Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray (2.50 × 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LESSER SCAUP DUCK.

-                149.     Marila affinis.     17 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed

-purple instead of green on the black. They are one of the most abundant

-migrants, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the

-flash of a gun. The immense flocks generally keep out in the open waters

-of the lakes or rivers; where they feed by diving.

-

-Nest.—Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with feathers from the

-breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale gray color (2.25 × 1.55).

-

-

-                           RING-NECKED DUCK.

-                150.     Marila collaris.     17 inches.

-

-In appearance and general habits this duck is much the same as the two

-preceding. Male with head, neck and breast black with purple shades,

-having a ring of chestnut about the neck, which at a little distance is

-not noticeable. Bill blackish, with a bluish band near the end; eye

-yellow.

-

-Nest.—Same in every way as above, and general distribution the same,

-breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.

-          151.     Clangula clangula americana.     20 inches.

-

-These are handsome ducks, known as “Whistlers,� from the noise of their

-wings when flying, and also “Great-heads,� because of the puffy crest.

-The head is greenish black with a large round white spot in front of and

-a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.

-

-Nest.—Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining the cavity

-with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining the nest with feathers,

-in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs of a grayish color (2.30 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding from Alaska south to the most northern of

-United States. Winters to southern California and the Gulf Coast.

-

-

-                           BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.

-              152.     Clangula islandica.     20 inches.

-

-Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white spot between

-the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is the preceding.

-

-Nest.—The range and nesting habits are the same as above, possibly

-breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BUFFLE-HEAD.

-             153.     Charitonetta albeola.     14 inches.

-

-This handsome little duck is also known as “Butter-ball� and

-“Dipper-duck,� the latter name given to them on account of the ease with

-which they can disappear under the water. They are always on the alert

-and will dive at the flash of a gun. Head iridescent blue, green and

-purple, and with a large white patch extending from eye to eye, across

-the back of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can

-take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.

-

-Nest.—In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the sides of rivers,

-8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color (2.00 × 1.40).

-

-

-                      OLD-SQUAW—LONG-TAILED DUCK.

-               154.     Harelda hyemalis.     21 inches.

-

-One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in summer and winter.

-Both sexes are marked similarly, but the female is somewhat duller and

-lacks the long tail feathers of the male. They are excellent swimmers and

-dive to great depths in search of their food.

-

-Nest.—Generally concealed in the long grass near the water, made of grass

-and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 × 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HARLEQUIN DUCK.

-           155.     Histrionicus histrionicus.     17 inches.

-

-A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the illustration. It is

-not the colors alone that make them so attractive, but the way the colors

-are placed. The white being in long stripes, crescents or large spots,

-with black, gray and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among

-the swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on the

-coasts.

-

-Nest.—Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with down placed on

-the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes in the hollow of a tree. 5

-to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 × 1.60).

-

-Range.—Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to the central part

-of California among the mountain streams.

-

-

-                             PACIFIC EIDER.

-               161.     Somateria v-nigra.     23 inches.

-

-This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it has a

-black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly on the Aleutian

-Islands, but in great numbers farther north.

-

-Nest.—They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly lining same with

-down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs (3.00 × 2.00).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             STELLER EIDER.

-              157.     Polysticta stelleri.     18 inches.

-

-A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish on the

-forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and crissum, black;

-under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the long scapulars black and

-white.

-

-Nest.—Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It breeds on the

-rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six to nine eggs are pale

-olive green in color (2.25 × 1.60).

-

-Range.—Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian Islands and

-northwest coast of Alaska.

-

-

-                           SPECTACLED EIDER.

-              158.     Arctonetta fischeri.     21 inches.

-

-This species is black on the under parts and mostly white above. The head

-is largely washed with sea green, leaving a large patch of white,

-narrowly bordered with black around each eye, thus resembling a pair of

-spectacles and giving it the name it has.

-

-Nest.—Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from their breast;

-they are placed upon the ground under overhanging stones or clumps of

-grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 × 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              KING EIDER.

-             162.     Somateria spectabilis.     23 inches.

-

-This species is very different from any of the preceding, the crown being

-of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in place of the white of

-the others. It also has a broad V-shaped mark on the throat and a black

-crescent between the eye and bill. Like all of the other Eiders the

-females are mottled brown and black, the different species being very

-difficult to separate.

-

-Nest.—These are usually a depression in the ground lined with the down

-from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10 eggs of a greenish color (3.00

-× 2.00).

-

-Range.—Northern North America, breeding along the coast of Siberia,

-Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.

-

-

-                                SCOTER.

-               163.     Oidemia americana.     19 inches.

-

-Scoters or “Coots,� as they are generally called, are Sea Ducks whose

-plumage is almost wholly black; base of the bill is yellow and orange.

-This species nest similar to the Eiders, concealing it under overhanging

-rocks or in tufts of grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 ×

-1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.

-               165.     Oidemia deglandi.     22 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished from

-the others by the white speculum on the wing and a white comet extending

-from the eye backwards. It also has a yellow eye.

-

-This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of the family.

-

-Nest.—They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or under low

-bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes twigs, lined with

-feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding in British Columbia and Alaska.

-

-

-                              SURF SCOTER.

-             166.     Oidemia perspicillata.     20 inches.

-

-The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white spot on top

-of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and

-yellow with a large black spot near the base. The female is a grayish

-brown, lighter below; also with a spot of dull white in front of the eye

-and the same in back.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              RUDDY DUCK.

-            167.     Erismatura jamaicensis.     15 inches.

-

-This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown upper parts;

-blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and under parts silvery white

-with grayish wash next to the ruddy. Bill is very stout and broad at the

-end, and the tail feathers are very stiff and pointed. Females have back,

-crown and sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.

-These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or in flight.

-

-Nest.—They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally lined with

-down in which are placed their eggs to the number of from 8 to 12 of a

-grayish white color (2.40 × 1.75) unusually large for the size of the

-bird.

-

-Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from Central British Columbia

-southward as far as Lower California.

-

-

-                              SNOW GOOSE.

-         169.     Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus.     26 inches.

-

-Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black. This is the

-smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern variety being some ten

-inches longer, found in N. A., west of the Mississippi River.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ROSS GOOSE.

-                  170.     Chen rossi.     23 inches.

-

-This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters in

-California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and is the smallest of

-the family.

-

-

-                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

-           171a.     Anser albifrons gambeli.     27 inches.

-

-These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage, dark head and

-white forehead; bill and feet orange. They are the most common on the

-western coast and large numbers of them are sold in the markets.

-

-Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails, and

-insects.

-

-Nest.—These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression and made of

-dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs are from four to nine in number,

-of a dull buff color (3.00 × 2.05).

-

-Range.—Western and central North America, breeds on the Arctic coast

-south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from British Columbia to

-southern California. During the spring flight immense flocks of these

-birds pass through Oregon and follow down the west coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CANADA GOOSE.

-         172.     Branta canadensis canadensis.     38 inches.

-

-This species is the most widely known of the family, and is the most

-numerous. Its familiar “honk� has long been the signal of the coming

-spring, and the V-shaped formation in which the flocks migrate is always

-an object of interest to every one; large birds, with long necks

-outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the

-leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.

-

-Nest.—Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on the ground in

-marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color

-are laid (3.50 × 2.50).

-

-Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from northern United States

-northward, and wintering in the southern part of U. S. to Lower

-California.

-

-

-                            CACKLING GOOSE.

-           172c.     Branta canadensis minima.     24 inches.

-

-This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference being only in

-the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and migrates in

-winter along the western coast south to southern California. Eggs are

-buff color; 4 to 9 (2.90 × 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BLACK BRANT.

-               174.     Branta nigricans.     26 inches.

-

-Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar nearly encircling

-the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts mostly white. They are

-very inquisitive and easily come to decoys, and consequently large

-numbers of them are shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird

-especially when in large flocks. They get most of their food by tipping

-up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon the tender water plants

-and roots gathered from the bottom.

-

-Nest.—A depression in the ground lined with grass and feathers and the

-down from their breasts; four to eight eggs are laid of a grayish color

-(2.80 × 1.75).

-

-Range.—Western North America, breeding abundantly in northern Alaska and

-wintering on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower California.

-

-

-                             EMPEROR GOOSE.

-               176.     Philacte canagica.     26 inches.

-

-This handsome species may be known by the mottled or scaly appearance of

-the feathers; the head is white with a black chin and throat. Their 3 to

-7 eggs are a dull buff color (3.10 × 2.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.

-            177.     Dendrocygna autumnalis.     22 inches.

-

-These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are very common in

-southern Texas and along the Rio Grande. They are not timid and are

-frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, and

-feed in grain fields at considerable distance from the water. They

-usually raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten to as

-many as twenty.

-

-Nest.—They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at a great

-distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few feathers and down.

-The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 × 1.50).

-

-

-                           FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.

-              178.     Dendrocygna bicolor.     22 inches.

-

-In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more of a rufous

-all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It has no white markings. It

-is fully as abundant as the preceding and is found farther north and west

-to the Pacific coast in southern California.

-

-Nest.—Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them are identical

-with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been found in one nest, but

-these were probably laid by two birds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WHISTLING SWAN.

-               180.     Olor columbianus.     58 inches.

-

-These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their bill and

-feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer the end of the bill

-than it is to the eye. It is distinguished from the next by the small

-yellow spot on either side of the bill near its base.

-

-Nest.—Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss, grass, feathers

-and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy places near ponds or lakes.

-Three to six greenish or brownish buff eggs are laid (4.00 × 2.75).

-

-Range.—North America, more common in the east, breeding in Alaska and the

-Arctic islands, wintering from British Columbia to the central part of

-California.

-

-

-                            TRUMPETER SWAN.

-                181.     Olor buccinator.     65 inches.

-

-This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a spread of wing

-nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior than on the coast. Its

-plumage is the same as above, except that the bill is entirely black and

-the nostril is located nearer the eye. Their nesting habits are the same

-as above, the eggs averaging a trifle larger.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      GLOSSY IBIS—Family Ibididæ.

-              186.     Plegadis autumnalis.     25 inches.

-

-The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut color, glossy with

-purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy greenish black; bill, legs

-and feet carmine red, bill much curved downward.

-

-This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis which is

-occasionally found in southern California, with the exception that the

-latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering the bill, white.

-

-Nest.—Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living

-stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep greenish blue color (1.95 ×

-1.35).

-

-

-                       WOOD IBIS—Family Ciconiæ.

-              188.     Mycteria americana.     45 inches.

-

-Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which are pale bluish

-in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely white except for the

-primaries and tail, which are glossy purplish black. This is the only

-true Stork which occurs in North America, and is found only in the

-southern part of California and the most southern states near the Gulf of

-Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 × 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST BITTERN.

-               191.     Ixobrychus exilis.     13 inches.

-

-This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern portions of

-the United States. They are very quiet and sly birds, and their presence

-is often unsuspected when they are really quite abundant. Their nests are

-made of rushes woven about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white

-(1.20 × .90).

-

-

-                        BITTERN—Family Herodii.

-             190.     Botaurus lentiginosus.     28 inches.

-

-These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep concealed so

-closely that one may pass within a few feet of them and they not take

-flight. They are known by a variety of names, nearly all of which have

-reference to their “booming� sound while in the bogs. The most common

-name given them being “Stake Driver� and again “Thunder Pumper.� They are

-much variegated with brown and yellowish brown; adults with a long, broad

-black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye is yellow; bill and

-legs, greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.—They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their nest usually

-in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by water. They lay from

-three to five brownish colored eggs (1.95 × 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GREAT BLUE HERON.

-            194.     Ardea herodias herodias.     48 inches.

-

-This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is bluish gray,

-relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and patches on the sides

-and a white crown. Young birds are much duller colored and lack the crest

-of the old birds. It takes several years for them to obtain their perfect

-plumage. In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company with

-many other species.

-

-Nest.—Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in the trees

-near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many as 40 nests have

-been found in a single tree. Three to five eggs of a greenish blue color

-(2.50 × 1.50).

-

-Range.—North America except the extreme northern part, breeds from

-British Columbia to southern Lower California.

-

-

-                              GREEN HERON.

-         201.     Butorides virescens virescens.     17 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the

-country. In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one

-of two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream; 3 to 5

-pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 × 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 EGRET.

-               196.     Herodias egretta.     41 inches.

-

-This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has persistently

-been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery purposes. They usually

-breed in colonies with several others of the Heron family.

-

-Nest.—Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes over the

-water in which they lay three or four light bluish green colored eggs

-(2.25 × 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.

-

-

-                              SNOWY EGRET.

-             197.     Egretta candidissima.     24 inches.

-

-Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved plumes growing

-from the middle of the back; long crest of plumes on back of the head,

-and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base; legs black and feet

-yellow. With the protection which has been placed on these birds and the

-large breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government

-reservations we hope to see these become more abundant within a few

-years. Their nesting habits are the same as above, only the eggs are

-smaller (1.80 × 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-         202.     Nycticorax nycticorax nævius.     24 inches.

-

-A well-known bird often called “quawk� from the note which it makes

-during its evening flights. They are usually found nesting in large

-colonies, while in some places a few secluded pairs nest; a favorite

-place being among pine trees on the edge of muddy ponds.

-

-Nest.—Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the higher limbs

-of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more in each tree. Eggs are

-pale greenish color (2.00 × 1.40).

-

-

-                      YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-              203.     Nyctanassa violacea.     23 inches.

-

-The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded white

-plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested

-together so that they appear to be as one. On the back they also have

-long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a comet shaped patch under the eye

-of a yellowish white. As dusk approaches, these birds start out from

-their roosting places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to

-their feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting

-of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     WHOOPING CRANE—Family Gruidæ.

-                204.     Grus americana.     50 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of the adults

-is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts of the head and face

-are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet black. These great birds are not

-uncommon on the prairies of the interior of America.

-

-Nest.—Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the bogs, the nest

-being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two or three feet in

-diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish buff color blotched with shades

-of brown and gray (3.75 × 2.50).

-

-Range.—Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic regions and

-wintering to the Gulf states and southward.

-

-

-                          LITTLE BROWN CRANE.

-                205.     Grus canadensis.     36 inches.

-

-This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane, but more

-brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this family always carry

-the neck fully extended, while the Herons draw the neck back between the

-wings. Unlike herons the young birds are born covered with down, and can

-run about as soon as they appear.

-

-Range.—In northern Canada, where it breeds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.—Family Rallidæ.

-               210.1.     Rallus levipes.     10 inches.

-

-They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed if any danger

-is lurking about the locality where they are. They are very quick to get

-away in the tall grass if startled, and rarely take to the wing for

-protection. This species is found about the marshes in southern

-California.

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.

-               210.     Rallus obsoletus.     15 inches.

-

-Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; cinnamon

-colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly all of the marshes

-along the coast. They are excellent runners, and are very difficult to

-start from the marsh grass in which they are concealed. Its nest is built

-on the ground on the higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively

-dry, building it of grass and strips of rushes.

-

-Nest.—They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color, spotted and

-blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 × 1.25). The young of this family are

-born covered with a shining black down, and remain in the nest but a few

-hours.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VIRGINIA RAIL.

-              212.     Rallus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts

-grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown, brightest on the breast.

-Sides sharply barred with black and white; chin and line over the eye

-white, side of head slaty color. Like others of this species, it is found

-in either the fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.

-

-Nest.—Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs of a creamy

-white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac; six to ten are the

-number laid (1.25 × .90).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding from British Columbia to southern

-California and the Gulf of Mexico.

-

-

-                               SORA RAIL.

-                214.     Porzana carolina.     9 inches.

-

-Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on the head.

-Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the day in quiet and do

-most of their feeding after dusk, when their clucking notes may be heard

-all over the marshes.

-

-Nest.—A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs, buff colored

-with reddish-brown specks (1.25 × .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              YELLOW RAIL.

-           215.     Coturnicops noveboracensis.     7 inches.

-

-This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy brown, yellowish

-buff; black and white barred side feathers. The back is blackish with the

-feathers edged with white. These small Rails are like field mice, hard to

-locate or obtain sight of when in the marsh grass. They object to flying

-unless forced to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility

-to get through rushes to avoid being seen.

-

-Nest.—Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and twisted

-together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color, specked with

-reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end (1.10 × .80).

-

-Range.—Locally distributed in temperate America from southern California

-to British Columbia.

-

-

-                              BLACK RAIL.

-             216.     Creciscus coturniculus.     5 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird, with back a

-dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray feathers on the sides and

-flank spotted and barred with white.

-

-Nest.—These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely cupped to

-hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve; creamy white, specked all

-over with reddish brown (1.03 × .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           FLORIDA GALLINULE.

-               219.     Gallinula galeata.     13 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back a brownish

-color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former being tipped with

-yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about the top. The grayish side

-feathers tipped with white at the wing and lower ones with black. They

-have an almost endless variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.

-

-Nest.—They build in colonies in the marshes, making their nests of rushes

-and grasses woven together and attached to stalks of rushes quite often

-over the water. They lay from six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color

-(1.60 × 1.15).

-

-

-                             AMERICAN COOT.

-               221.     Fulica americana.     15 inches.

-

-Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the whole bird. Toes

-lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill white with a blackish band near

-the tip; shield narrow and brownish, ending in a point.

-

-Nest.—This is placed in the same localities as are the Rails, and they

-have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of a grayish color

-finely specked all over with black or brown (1.80 × 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  RED PHALAROPE.—Family Phalaropodidæ.

-             222.     Phalaropus fulicarius.     8 inches.

-

-These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their breeding

-plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have changed to their

-winter dress, and they retain this until after they leave us in the

-spring. In summer the under parts and neck a reddish brown; sides of the

-head white; top of head blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white

-band. The female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.

-

-Nest.—A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses. Three or four

-eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown or black (1.20

-× .80).

-

-Range.—Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and in winter

-migrating to middle portions of United States on both coasts.

-

-

-                          NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

-                223.     Lobipes lobatus.     8 inches.

-

-This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on

-the coasts a short time during migration. Like the last they are expert

-swimmers, and pass most of their time when not breeding upon the surface

-of the water. They feed upon minute insects secured from beds of floating

-kelp. Nest and eggs similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILSON PHALAROPE.

-              224.     Steganopus tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a very graceful

-form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad black stripe through the

-eye and down the side of the neck, where it changes gradually into a rich

-chestnut color. Bill is long and slender. It is a bird of the interior,

-and is only rarely met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in

-large flocks, as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the

-water, although a good swimmer.

-

-Nest.—Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of grass

-near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or four greenish-buff eggs with

-black markings (1.30 × .90).

-

-Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to southern

-California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.

-

-

-                             WILSON SNIPE.

-              230.     Gallinago delicata.     11 inches.

-

-This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy meadows with its

-winding brooks. They procure their food by boring in the muddy banks of

-the meadows, the tip of the bill being flexible.

-

-Nest.—On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 × 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     AVOCET—Family Recurvirostridæ.

-            225.     Recurvirostra americana.     17 inches.

-

-In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and

-winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers on the under part

-white and very thick and, duck-like, being impervious to water. Bill

-slender and recurved; feet webbed. Large patches of white on the wings,

-making them very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if

-not molested, they become very tame.

-

-Nest.—Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in the ground.

-They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color,

-spotted and blotched with brown and black (1.90 × 1.30).

-

-

-                          BLACK-NECKED STILT.

-             226.     Himantopus mexicanus.     15 inches.

-

-Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and

-slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with back

-brownish. They are strong and swift upon the wing.

-

-Nest.—On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass. Three or four eggs,

-greenish buff, with numerous markings of brown and black about the larger

-end.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DOWITCHER.

-             231.     Macrorhamphus griseus.     11 inches.

-

-Bill very long like that of the Snipe. In summer these birds are reddish

-brown below; more or less specked with black on the breast and barred

-with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter or

-even white on the rump, crossed with wavy lines of black.

-

-In winter they are gray above and white below. By the gunners known as

-“Red-breasted Snipe� in the spring and summer and as “Graybacks� in the

-winter months.

-

-Nest.—Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with grass and

-leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color boldly marked with

-brown most heavily about the larger end (1.75 × 1.15).

-

-

-                            STILT SANDPIPER.

-             233.     Micropalama himantopus.     9 inches.

-

-These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single

-individuals being found in flocks of other species rather than in flocks

-by themselves. Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer the

-entire under parts are a rusty white, closely barred with blackish. In

-winter they are gray above and white below.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 KNOT.

-                234.     Tringa canutus.     11 inches.

-

-This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches, following out

-each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking the small insects from the

-sand, and hurrying back to get clear from the next wave. Bill moderately

-long and quite stout; form more robust than most of the shore birds.

-Adults in summer mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish

-uniform brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.

-

-Nest.—They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but no eggs are known

-as yet in any collections.

-

-Range.—Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through the United

-States to South America.

-

-

-                          PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.

-        235b.     Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis.     9 inches.

-

-This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with rusty and the

-under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of black on the breast.

-Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with

-brown, laid on the ground in a depression with a light lining of grass

-(1.50 × 1.05).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.

-                 238.     Pisobia aurita.     9 inches.

-

-This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged with

-reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is reddish brown.

-Fairly common in summer on the coast of Alaska; in winter supposed to

-migrate south wholly on the Asiatic side of the Pacific.

-

-

-                          PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

-                239.     Pisobia maculata.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season of

-inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the habits of the

-Snipe than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting grassy meadows or

-marshes, and feeding along the muddy flats in place of the sandy beaches.

-They are very dark brown above, with much lighter brown edging the

-feathers, and are white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish.

-These are well-known birds, and are called by gunners “Grass Snipe� or

-“Jack Snipe� as a more common name.

-

-Nest.—Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or four

-grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 × 1.00).

-

-Range.—Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and

-wintering south of the United States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

-              240.     Pisobia fuscicollis.     7 inches.

-

-Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black, below white,

-but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries black; upper tail

-coverts white. Nesting habits the same as those of the majority of the

-family, breeding from Labrador northward, and wintering to Central

-America. Eggs 1.30 × .90.

-

-

-                            BAIRD SANDPIPER.

-                241.     Pisobia bairdi.     7½ inches.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump, being of a

-blackish color instead.

-

-Nest.—In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than near the

-seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground lined with grasses

-and usually concealed in a bunch of grass. Three to four eggs of a

-grayish white marked with shades of brown and lilac (1.30 × .90).

-

-

-                            LEAST SANDPIPER.

-               242.     Pisobia minutilla.     6 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are the same in

-color and markings as the preceding. Found more on the seashore. Nesting

-habits and eggs are the same as the two above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.

-           243a.     Pelidna alpina sakhalina.     8 inches.

-

-Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer, with the upper

-parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with black; belly black; head,

-throat, breast and sides strongly streaked with black.

-

-In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with the breast

-washed with grayish and slightly streaked with dusky. These small birds

-are found in large flocks both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during

-migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight is very rapid and

-performed in compact flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.

-

-Nest.—Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the earth being

-lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or four eggs with a

-greenish or brownish buff color, heavily spotted and blotched with shades

-of brown and chestnut (1.40 × 1.00).

-

-

-                          SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.

-             245.     Eurynorhynchus pygmeus.     7 inches.

-

-A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is a very

-peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and flattened into a

-sort of spoon shape.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SANDERLING.

-               248.     Calidris leucophæa.     8 inches.

-

-These are a handsome and abundant species, found during migrations by

-thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest of the shore birds,

-feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often under the combing crest of

-the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to

-foam on the beach. They are usually very shy, and will not allow a close

-approach. Toes are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer,

-variegated above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain

-grayish above and white below.

-

-Nest.—The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and blotched with

-brown, are laid in nests that differ but little from others of this

-family (1.45 × .90).

-

-Range.—Found in all parts of North America, breeding within the Arctic

-Circle, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           WESTERN SANDPIPER.

-                247.     Ereunetes mauri.     6½ inches.

-

-Their appearance is very similar to the Least Sandpiper, but they are

-slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed. Their nesting habits

-are the same, and eggs are very much alike.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MARBLED GODWIT.

-                 249.     Limosa fedoa.     19 inches.

-

-These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the

-interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like large Plovers, with

-long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings and tail rufous barred with

-black; rump white.

-

-Nest.—Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there is no lining

-to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted about the depression.

-Three or four eggs with a ground color of grayish buff, sometimes quite

-dark, are blotched with dark brown (2.25 × 1.60).

-

-

-                          GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

-             254.     Totanus melanoleucus.     14 inches.

-

-Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray margined with

-white; rump white; tail barred black and white; primaries black; bill

-long and rather slender; legs long and yellow.

-

-Nest.—The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with very little

-attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish white, heavily

-blotched with shades of brown and lilac (1.65 × 1.25).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding in the British Provinces.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

-       256a.     Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus.     9 inches.

-

-A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and white below.

-These are almost always met with in pairs or singly, and are very rarely

-seen even in small flocks. They prefer small ponds or streams in wet

-woods or open meadows, rather than marshes, which are frequented by other

-species. As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.

-

-Nest.—Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near some small

-piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with very little lining of

-grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored, spotted with dark shades of

-brown (1.30 × 1.00).

-

-

-                            WESTERN WILLET.

-     258a.     Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus.     16 inches.

-

-These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon and

-northern California, and are quite abundant in many localities. Upper

-parts a brownish gray, specked with black; under parts lighter gray, with

-lighter streaks of darker gray. Primaries white at the base and black on

-the outer end.

-

-Nest.—Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass just barely

-out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs; buff blotched with umber

-(2.00 × 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WANDERING TATTLER.

-             259.     Heteractitis incanus.     11 inches.

-

-This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white below, closely

-barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming broken on the throat,

-forming spots. In winter the under parts and throat are white. During the

-breeding season it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building

-its nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.

-

-

-                  UPLAND PLOVER—BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

-             261.     Bartramia longicauda.     12 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being found near the

-water, their food consisting more of insects and worms than is usual with

-others of the Plover or Sandpiper families. They are quite shy, and are

-one of the birds much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black,

-with feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.

-Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked with black; under

-parts white.

-

-Nest.—Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows of the ground,

-lined with grass. They are frequently made and eggs deposited in good

-mowing fields just about the time for cutting the grass, and many nests

-are destroyed at this time.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

-            262.     Tryngites subruficollis.     8 inches.

-

-Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts buff, as

-are also the neck and head; blackish spots on the sides extending up the

-back of the neck and top of the head; primaries black.

-

-Nest.—Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest scantily lined

-with grass, in which three or four eggs, having a grayish white ground

-color, spotted with rich brown and chestnut, are placed.

-

-Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson Bay region to

-the Arctic coast. During migration, casual on the Pacific coast, and

-abundant in the interior, to South America.

-

-

-                           SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

-               263.     Actitis macularia.     8 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds, covering the

-whole United States. Its note, “peet-weet,� is a familiar sound to every

-bird observer. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tail up

-and down when at rest or when running along the shore, which has given it

-the name of “Teeter-tail� or “Tip-up.�

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

-              264.     Numenius americanus.     23 inches.

-

-These birds, “Sickle-bills� as they are often called, are one of the

-largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous when in flight, or

-walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when in

-company with a flock of smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed

-both on the marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of

-insects and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their

-holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in compact

-flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel and circle in perfect

-unison.

-

-Nest.—Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows or on the

-prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish buff color,

-covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 × 1.80).

-

-

-                           HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

-              265.     Numenius hudsonicus.     17 inches.

-

-This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a white stripe

-along the top of the head; is fairly common, winters in California. Three

-or four eggs, same color as above, only smaller (2.25 × 1.60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER—Family Charadriidæ.

-             270.     Squatarola squatarola.     12 inches.

-

-A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress. The upper parts

-are largely white, with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tail;

-the sides of head, throat, breast and fore under parts are black. This

-species has a small hind toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat

-mottled above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to

-sportsmen, and is known better by the name of “Beetle-head� or

-“Bull-head.� They are very numerous in the fall.

-

-Nest.—Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining and placed in

-a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff in color and boldly

-marked with black (2.00 × 1.40).

-

-

-                             GOLDEN PLOVER.

-             272.     Charadrius dominicus.     10 inches.

-

-The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts, and the

-upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow and white. These are

-often found in large flocks with the above, especially in the fall,

-during migration. The habits are also the same.

-

-Nest.—Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the mainland and

-also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 × 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               KILLDEER.

-              273.     Oxyechus vociferus.     11 inches.

-

-Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most commonly known of

-the shore birds throughout the United States. They are very noisy,

-continually uttering their note of “Kil-deer—kil-deer,� from which they

-take their name. Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line

-across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black to the end,

-the others white at the end. Breast crossed by two bands of black; a

-white forehead, and white streak back of the eye.

-

-Nest.—Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of grass for

-lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with dark brown spots are

-usually placed in the nest with the small ends in the center (1.50 ×

-1.10).

-

-

-                          SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.

-             274.     Ægialitis semipalmata.     7 inches.

-

-The “ringed� plover is smaller than the above but one black band across

-the breast; black line from base of bill to eye and up over the top of

-the head. Forehead white. Abundant along the shores.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WILSON PLOVER.

-            280.     Ochthodromus wilsonius.     7½ inches.

-

-A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from the preceding by

-the much heavier bill; it has no black on top of the head and white on

-the forehead extends back behind the eye; the black band across the

-breast is heavier and does not extend around the back of the neck.

-

-Nest.—Is usually placed on pebbly “shingle� or back in the marsh grass on

-the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched all over with markings of

-brown and gray (1.40 × 1.05).

-

-Range.—Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and southern California.

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

-               281.     Podasocys montanus.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the western

-prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is more quiet, and seems

-to be less aquatic than any of the Plovers, and is rarely found in the

-vicinity of the water.

-

-Nest.—Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are four eggs,

-brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades of brown (1.50 × 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SNOWY PLOVER.

-               278.     Ægialitis nivosa.     6½ inches.

-

-This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest. A small black

-crescent-shaped patch on either side of the breast; a black spot under

-and back of the eye, and one also on top of the head. They are about the

-color of the dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and

-running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown about on the

-beach.

-

-Nest.—A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high water, lined

-with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about the color of the sand

-and it is almost impossible to see them a few feet away. Four eggs, clay

-colored; very lightly marked with fine dots (1.20 × .90).

-

-Range.—Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. Winters from

-California to South America.

-

-

-                      SURF-BIRD—Family Aphrizinæ.

-                282.     Aphriza virgata.     10 inches.

-

-This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from Alaska to South

-America, seems to be the connecting link between the Plovers and

-Turnstones, having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the

-former.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BLACK TURNSTONE.

-             284.     Arenaria melanocephala.     9 inches.

-

-Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and throat black;

-a white spot in front of eye and on forehead; under parts white.

-

-Nest.—In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more northern islands,

-laying their sets of four eggs in hollows with a few grasses for lining;

-the eggs are light gray, marked with various shades of brown and lilac

-(1.60 × 1.10).

-

-Range.—Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower California.

-

-

-                            RUDDY TURNSTONE.

-         283a.     Arenaria interpres morinella.     10 inches.

-

-This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish brown, black and

-white; the under parts are pure white with a wide black band across the

-breast, as in illustration. It has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill,

-which is used, as the name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones

-in their search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as

-“Calico-bird,� “Checkered Snipe,� etc.

-

-Nest.—About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow in the ground

-near water. Four eggs (1.65 × 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-               BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER—Family Hæmatopodidæ.

-              287.     Hæmatopus bachmani.     17 inches.

-

-The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish wash on the

-upper parts, and brownish black below. They are found upon the rocky

-coasts and islands more frequently than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs

-are laid upon the rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest

-building; three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and

-blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 × 1.55). Found on the

-Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California to Alaska.

-

-

-                         FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.

-              286.1.     Hæmatopus frazari.     18 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly having the

-colors a little darker on the back. Bill very long, heavy, compressed,

-and thin and chisel-like at the tip. Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color;

-under parts white, and a white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking

-birds, and are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             Order GALLINÆ.

-

-

-                    BOB-WHITE—Family Odontophoridæ.

-              289.     Colinus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-This is one of the most celebrated of the “Game Birds,� or best known.

-Throughout New England it has been so persistently hunted that it is

-getting to be a rare bird; it gets to be more common as we go south as

-far as Florida, and through the middle west. It has been introduced in

-many places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts of

-California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely upon insects and

-grain, and about the grain fields is where they are mostly found.

-

-Nest.—These are built along the roadsides or beside stone walls or any

-dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed in the tall grass or

-weeds, and arched over with grass. They lay from ten to twenty pure white

-eggs. Often two broods are reared in a season (1.20 × .95).

-

-

-                           MASKED BOB-WHITE.

-               291.     Colinus ridgwayi.     10 inches.

-

-This handsome species is marked similar to the “Bob-white� on the upper

-parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the under parts are of a

-reddish brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN QUAIL.

-                292.     Oreortyx picta.     11 inches.

-

-This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich coloring.

-Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a rich gray. Throat and

-sides a beautiful shade of chestnut, with wide bands of black and white

-on the sides; breast a clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but

-not as brightly marked and with a shorter crest.

-

-Nest.—These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region of northern

-California, and in Oregon, and gradually increasing more northerly. The

-nest is placed on the ground under bush or grass for protection. Eight to

-fifteen eggs of a pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 × 1.05).

-

-

-                             SCALED QUAIL.

-              293.     Callipepla squamata.     10 inches.

-

-This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The feathers on the

-neck and under parts have narrow dark borders, which give the appearance

-of scales, from which the bird is given its name. They have a small tuft

-of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head.

-

-It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being

-found often many miles from water.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA QUAIL.

-             294.     Lophortyx californica.     10 inches.

-

-With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown and curving

-forward so that the broadened ends hang directly over the bill, this is

-one of the most beautiful of the family. Upper parts a grayish brown,

-with buff stripes along the sides of the back; throat black, bordered

-with white; under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making a

-shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center; breast gray.

-

-Nest.—Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass; ten to twenty

-eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground color, handsomely blotched with

-brown of varying shades (1.20 × .93).

-

-

-                             GAMBEL QUAIL.

-               295.     Lophortyx gambeli.     10 inches.

-

-Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally

-these are carried as one feather, so closely do they nest together, but

-when excited or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers,

-or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and

-sides chestnut, the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly

-black.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.

-           296.     Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi.     9 inches.

-

-These strange birds are very local in their distribution in the

-southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in others. They are

-so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their

-clownish plumage, has given them the name of “Fool Quail.� The bill is

-very stout and compressed; crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry

-deserts, valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs, which

-are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty from the

-Bob-white, possibly average a little longer (1.25 × .90).

-

-

-                    DUSKY GROUSE—Family Tetraonidæ.

-             297.     Dendragapus obscurus.     20 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and tail, which is

-margined with a light gray. Female smaller, browner and more barred

-above. Like the Ruffed Grouse, during the mating season, the males of

-this species strut with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown

-back until it nearly touches the tail.

-

-Nest.—They build their nests under fallen trees or at the base of

-standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a buff color, spotted and

-blotched with shades of brown (2.00 × 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            FRANKLIN GROUSE.

-             299.     Canachites franklini.     16 inches.

-

-Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower bands of

-lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip, with the upper tail coverts

-strongly barred with white; tail having sixteen feathers. Like the

-preceding these birds are at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is

-very similar to the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same

-local name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of “Fool-hen.�

-

-Nest.—Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching fir trees, and

-from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are brownish buff in color,

-spotted and blotched with rich brown (1.75 × 1.30).

-

-

-                        CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.

-            300a.     Bonasa umbellus togata.     17 inches.

-

-A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being more heavily

-marked with brown. Found in the northern United States and southern

-British Provinces, from Maine and Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British

-Columbia. Eight to fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 × 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILLOW PTARMIGAN.

-                301.     Lagopus lagopus.     15 inches.

-

-These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they have many

-changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure white and in summer

-largely reddish brown, mottled and barred with black. This bird has a

-black tail and bill, the latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they

-have a bright red bare spot over the eye.

-

-Nest.—They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled with moss,

-lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes a few feathers. They

-lay from six to sixteen eggs, which have a ground color of buff, heavily

-speckled, blotched and marbled with blackish brown (1.75 × 1.25).

-

-

-                            ROCK PTARMIGAN.

-               302.     Lagopus rupestris.     14 inches.

-

-This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill, and in

-summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its nesting habits are the

-same as the others; eggs slightly smaller (1.70 × 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              PRAIRIE HEN.

-            305.     Tympanuchus americanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish above and white

-or buff below, with broad black bands on the back and finer black lines

-on the under parts. In place of the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of

-rounded or square ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright

-orange in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the size

-of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes its familiar

-“booming� noise. They are one of the best “table birds,� being of good

-size and excellent flavor.

-

-Nest.—In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of grass; they lay

-from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy ground color, finely sprinkled

-with brown spots (1.70 × 1.25).

-

-

-                        WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.

-               304.     Lagopus leucurus.     13 inches.

-

-Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to

-Alaska. This species differs from any of the preceding in having at all

-seasons of the year a white tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the

-Rock Ptarmigan. From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and

-blotched with chestnut brown (1.70 × 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

-     308a.     Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus.     18 inches.

-

-These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is a little

-more crested than that of the Prairie Hen. The tail has the central

-feathers nearly two inches longer than the others, which are also

-graduated so that the outside ones are much the shortest, and are lighter

-in color than the central ones. It is not barred like the former, but the

-black markings on the back and under parts are more in the form of

-crescents. It is also much lighter in general color.

-

-Nest.—They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of grass and

-contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color, finely dotted all over

-with dark brown (1.70 × 1.25).

-

-Range.—Northwestern United States and British Columbia to central Alaska.

-

-

-                         RING-NECKED PHEASANT.

-              ***     Phasianus torquatus.     32 inches.

-

-The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length according to

-the development of the tail, it sometimes being 36 inches long. These

-birds have been introduced in Oregon and Washington, as well as in many

-places in the East, and are becoming very abundant.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SAGE GROUSE.

-           309.     Centrocercus urophasianus.     29 inches.

-

-The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from the male

-only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They are found in abundance

-on the dry sagebrush covered plains about the Rocky Mountains and to the

-westward. In fall and winter their food consists almost entirely of the

-leaves of the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.

-In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the grouse

-family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the sides of the neck which

-they inflate so that the whole neck is a small orange colored balloon, at

-the same time spreading their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest

-extent, and strutting about after the manner of the turkey.

-

-Nest.—Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally, a sagebush or

-some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab

-color, spotted with brown (2.15 × 1.50).

-

-

-                            MERRIAM TURKEY.

-         310.     Meleagris gallopavo merriami.     48 inches.

-

-Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage is a coppery

-bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a dusty color with no white

-edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted with brownish (2.55 × 1.90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  BAND-TAILED PIGEON—Family Columbidæ.

-               312.     Columba fasciata.     16 inches.

-

-This large species may be recognized by the white crescent on the back of

-the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered with black at the end of tail.

-Back, near the neck, brownish shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head

-and neck of iridescent colors, very changeable in different positions.

-They are very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense

-flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are found mostly

-in the oak and pine woods.

-

-Nest.—Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely keep in place

-the single white egg (rarely two) which they lay (1.55 × 1.10).

-

-Range.—The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific, from British

-Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                             MOURNING DOVE.

-        316.     Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.     12 inches.

-

-Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this is the only one to

-be found nearly all over the United States, and is common in the

-southern, central and western parts. Nests are placed at low elevations

-in the trees. Two white eggs (1.15 × .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.

-        320a.     Chæmepelia passerina pallescens.     7 inches.

-

-Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of head and under

-parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers tipped with black, giving

-a scaly appearance; back brownish gray, faintly barred; several black

-spots on wing coverts.

-

-Nest.—Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail structure

-either in bushes or on the ground, in which are placed the two white eggs

-(.85 × .65).

-

-Range.—Border of the United States, from Texas and southern California

-southward.

-

-

-                               INCA DOVE.

-                321.     Scardafella inca.     8 inches.

-

-Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the outer feathers

-are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole body of a pinkish gray;

-scaled as is the former. These are very tame, and are to be met with in

-the roads, barnyards, and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits,

-even feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.

-

-Nest.—These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets and weeds,

-and placed near the ground in low bushes; only two white eggs are laid

-(.85 × .65). Not as common as the previous.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 CALIFORNIA VULTURE—Family Cathartidæ.

-            324.     Gymnogyps californianus.     50 inches.

-

-The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten feet, and

-weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is blackish, with lengthened

-lanceolate feathers about the neck. Head and neck without feathers and of

-an orange color. Wing coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds.

-The birds are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more so

-each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed. While the eggs

-are but rarely found, and obtained at great risk, they are not as

-unobtainable as many suppose.

-

-Nest.—They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in caves or

-recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds of feet from the

-ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 × 2.55).

-

-

-                            TURKEY VULTURE.

-        325.     Cathartes aura septentrionalis.     30 inches.

-

-The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head being red. It

-is very common in the southern and central portion of its range, where it

-may be seen about the streets and dooryards picking up any refuse that

-may be edible. It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be

-identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WHITE-TAILED KITE.

-                328.     Elanus leucurus.     16 inches.

-

-This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray mantle, black

-shoulders and white tail. It is a very active and graceful bird, feeding

-upon insects and reptiles, and small birds and mammals.

-

-Nest.—Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed well up in oaks

-or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs are creamy white, profusely

-blotched and spotted with reddish brown (1.65 × 1.25).

-

-

-                           SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.

-             327.     Elanoides forficatus.     24 inches.

-

-This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any other; its whole

-head, neck and under parts are snowy white, while the back, wings and

-tail are a glossy blue black, the tail being long and deeply forked; feet

-short, but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish gray.

-

-Nest.—As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or pines, and

-is made of twigs which it picks from the ground while in flight, lining

-the nest with rootlets and moss; two, or rarely three eggs, bluish white,

-spotted with brown (1.80 × 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN GOSHAWK.

-        334a.     Astur atricapillus striatulus.     22 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious of the American

-hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and poultry, the latter often in

-the presence of the owner. It is a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and

-as graceful in flight as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray,

-darkest on the crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked

-with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very long.

-

-Nest.—Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests, and is made

-of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass; three or four eggs, bluish

-white, usually unmarked (2.30 × 1.70).

-

-

-                              MARSH HAWK.

-               331.     Circus hudsonius.     19 inches.

-

-The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish gray above and

-white beneath. Young birds of the first two years are brown, much lighter

-on the under parts. In both the old and young they have a large white

-patch at the base of the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four

-to seven eggs; white (1.80 × 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

-                332.     Accipiter velox.     12 inches.

-

-This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and from this

-fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is often seen in woods,

-orchards or even in large cities, in which latter place it does good

-service in catching English sparrows. They also eat a great many mice and

-meadow moles. It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the

-small hawks.

-

-Nest.—It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and leaves placed in

-the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen feet from the ground,

-sometimes higher. Three white eggs, blotched with brown.

-

-

-                              COOPER HAWK.

-               333.     Accipiter cooperi.     16 inches.

-

-The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding and its larger

-size is the only difference. Also like the last this is a very

-destructive species to the small birds and chickens. Their nests are

-placed in taller trees at higher elevation from the ground than the

-former, and built in the same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or

-faintly specked with brown (1.90 × 1.45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              HARRIS HAWK.

-         335.     Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi.     20 inches.

-

-This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts; lighter on

-the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts reddish brown; tail

-coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare space in front of eye, except

-for stiff hair like bristles, yellow, as is also the cere.

-

-Nest.—Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually in low trees. The

-three or four eggs are a dull white in color, faintly specked with a few

-spots of brownish (2.10 × 1.65).

-

-Range.—Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                           WESTERN RED-TAIL.

-            337b.     Buteo borealis calurus.     21 inches.

-

-This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same as the eastern

-form to a sooty color above and below, with the dark red tail crossed by

-several bands, where the eastern bird has only one broad band.

-

-Nest.—Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from the ground

-varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs, white, usually spotted and

-blotched with different shades of brown (2.35 × 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RED-BELLIED HAWK.

-            339b.     Buteo lineatus elegans.     19 inches.

-

-These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered Hawk of the East,

-and in their habits very much resemble the Red-tail; for food they prefer

-the large variety of small rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds.

-The under parts are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be

-found covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast

-west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower California.

-

-Nest.—Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and feathers. They

-lay from two to four eggs of a white color spotted and blotched all over

-with a light shade of brown and lilac (2.15 × 1.75).

-

-

-                           ZONE-TAILED HAWK.

-               340.     Buteo abbreviatus.     19 inches.

-

-This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail, which has three

-wide bands of white and the ends of the tail feathers tipped with white.

-Like others of the Buteo family they feed almost entirely on the small

-rodents, which they find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the

-low brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light chestnut

-(2.15 × 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SWAINSON HAWK.

-                342.     Buteo swainsoni.     20 inches.

-

-Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations

-from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray above, and white below,

-with breast a rich chestnut color. Their habits are nearly as variable as

-their plumage. In some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others

-upon the ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the low

-open lands covered with sage bush, where their food consists almost

-wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice and grasshoppers, the latter

-being eaten in large numbers.

-

-Nest.—Is made similar to others of the family, laying two to four white

-eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades of brown, usually more

-about the larger end (2.20 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—Western North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean,

-and Hudson Bay to southern California.

-

-

-                            MEXICAN GOSHAWK.

-               346.     Asturina plagiata.     17 inches.

-

-Found in the southern borders of the United States and Mexico. These are

-graceful and active birds, feeding largely on small rodents.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-     347a.     Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.     21  inches.

-

-These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized by

-the completely feathered legs to the feet; in the normal plumage has a

-whitish head, neck, breast and tail, the former being streaked and the

-latter barred with blackish; remainder of upper and under parts, blackish

-brown. Eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or

-less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the light

-plumage.

-

-Nest.—Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with leaves and moss,

-placed in trees or more often on ledges. They lay three or four bluish

-white eggs, boldly blotched with different shades of brown, oftener about

-the larger end (2.25 × 1.75).

-

-

-                     FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-            348.     Archibuteo ferrugineus.     23 inches.

-

-These are very much more of a reddish brown color than the last, on the

-back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer markings. Legs the same,

-feathered to the feet. It is much more abundant than the last and is a

-western bird wholly, breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             GOLDEN EAGLE.

-               349.     Aquila chrysætos.     35 inches.

-

-These may be distinguished from the Bald Eagle in all plumages by the

-completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish brown, adults having the

-lanceolate feathers on the neck of a golden brown color, and the tail

-more or less mixed with white.

-

-Nest.—These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller ones and

-moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair. Their two or three

-eggs are very handsome, being white, speckled and spotted with shades of

-brown, and clouded with gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their

-markings (2.90 × 2.50).

-

-Range.—West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in the Rockies and

-along the Pacific coast ranges.

-

-

-                              BALD EAGLE.

-            352.     Haliætus leucocephalus.     34 inches.

-

-In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always identify them,

-but in the first and second year they are a brownish black, the second

-year showing traces of the white on head and tail. They are found

-throughout the United States. Their food consists largely of fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GRAY GYRFALCON.

-               354.     Falco rusticolus.     23 inches.

-

-These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken in the United

-States even in winter.

-

-Nest.—They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four

-eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and blotches of shades of

-brown.

-

-

-                            PRAIRIE FALCON.

-                355.     Falco mexicanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like the Duck

-Hawk in many ways is one of the most graceful, fearless and swiftest of

-the Falcons. A blackish patch on the sides of the throat; upper parts

-brownish with darker markings; under parts white, streaked with brown,

-much heavier on the flanks. Throat, clear white.

-

-Nest.—Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes in

-trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds and grass; three

-or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly blotched and sprinkled all

-over with reddish brown (2.05 × 1.60).

-

-Range.—West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and Washington south to

-Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents secured on the prairies.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DUCK HAWK.

-           356a.     Falco peregrinus anatum.     17 inches.

-

-A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache, on side of

-the throat from the bill; head and upper parts bluish gray with darker

-markings; under parts white, tinged with huffy on the lower part, and

-lightly barred with black, with the throat pure white. Their food

-consists mostly of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It

-breeds abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota on the

-rocky ledges.

-

-Nest.—They are not home builders as a general thing, but lay their three

-or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks of ledges or cliffs. The eggs

-are a reddish buff color, completely blotched and dotted with reddish

-brown. These are the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the

-Falcon eggs (2.05 × 1.55).

-

-

-                              PIGEON HAWK.

-               357.     Falco columbarius.     12 inches.

-

-A small Falcon, similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk, but a much darker and

-stouter built bird. It is a daring little fellow, and will attack birds

-much larger than itself. It feeds on small birds and mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            APLOMADO FALCON.

-            359.     Falco fusco-cœrulescens.     14 inches.

-

-Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico

-and Central America. In habits it is very much the same as the following,

-getting its supply of food, consisting of small birds and insects, on the

-plains covered with the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest

-of twigs, lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four

-eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown (1.75 × 1.30).

-

-

-                          DESERT SPARROW HAWK.

-           360a.     Falco sparverius phalæna.     11 inches.

-

-This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern form being a

-trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for any other species, because of

-their bright color and markings as illustrated. Their flight will almost

-of a certainty identify them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats,

-then a short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers, mice

-and an occasional small bird.

-

-Nest.—Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the woods or open

-field. The eggs are placed on the decayed wood without any lining.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           AUDUBON CARACARA.

-              362.     Polyborus cheriway.     22 inches.

-

-A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts with neck pure

-white, excepting on the lower part, with many short bar-like markings.

-Upper part of head black, with feathers elongated, making a slight crest.

-

-Nest.—Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and grass, piled

-into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes or low trees. Two or

-three eggs; brownish buff, with spots and patches of shades of brown

-nearly covering the under color. They vary very much in the coloration

-and markings from light to dark.

-

-Range.—Southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                      AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.

-         364.     Pandion haliætus carolinensis.     23 inches.

-

-Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known as is this

-bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a

-number of these great birds as they soar at an elevation above the water,

-watching for a fish to come near the surface, when, with folded wings,

-the bird speeds downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his

-prey. Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of different

-shades (2.40 × 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BARN OWL—Family Aluconidæ.

-               365.     Aluco pratincola.     18 inches.

-

-This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a long peculiarly

-hooded face, from which it gets the name of “Monkey-faced Owl.� Its

-plumage is yellowish buff, with black spots over the breast and under

-parts.

-

-Nest.—In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows in old trees,

-or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from four to six white

-eggs (1.70 × 1.30).

-

-Range.—North America, but most common in the Gulf States and on the

-western coast.

-

-

-                    LONG-EARED OWL—Family Strigidæ.

-               366.     Asio wilsonianus.     15 inches.

-

-This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is given its

-name; the face is brown, the under parts white and buff, with streaks and

-bars of brownish black; back is brown, with almost black markings; wings

-and tail brown; barred with black.

-

-Nest.—Usually in trees, frequently using a crow’s nest instead of

-building for themselves. They are in great disfavor with the crows. They

-lay from four to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            SHORT-EARED OWL.

-                 367.     Asio flammeus.     16 inches.

-

-About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified from it by

-the short ear tufts and rounded head, and also lighter color. It is

-streaked on under parts and not barred. Tail is barred. Their flight is

-perfectly silent, which aids them in securing their prey of field mice

-and moles, which they usually get without stopping in their flight, just

-swooping down, and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little

-sharp claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried

-to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.

-

-Nest.—Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes of

-grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under some log or stump. Four

-to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.25).

-

-

-                              SPOTTED OWL.

-              369.     Strix occidentalis.     20 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and Southern

-States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of the head and neck,

-and much more extensively barred on the under parts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GREAT GRAY OWL.

-              370.     Scotiaptex nebulosa.     27 inches.

-

-This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it is mostly in

-feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They do not weigh nearly as

-much as either the Horned or Snowy Owls. The plumage is dark gray above,

-mottled with white, and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The

-facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while in

-the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much smaller, the eyes

-are larger and are bluish black in color.

-

-Nest.—Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and moss. Two to

-four eggs; pure white (2.15 × 1.70).

-

-Range.—In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota and North

-Dakota, and occasionally in northern California and Oregon.

-

-

-                            RICHARDSON OWL.

-        371.     Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts. Back and wings

-brownish, spotted with white; facial disc very light, with faint gray

-lines, and under parts light gray with brown streaks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAW-WHET OWL.

-              372.     Cryptoglaux acadica.     8 inches.

-

-This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and more of a

-brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They are very quiet little

-birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot see well in the strong

-light, a fact that has allowed them to be captured by hand from their

-roosting places in the trees.

-

-Nest.—They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker, in which to lay

-their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid and the young are hatched and

-out of the nests before the breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the

-same home may be occupied later by another family (1.20 × 1.00).

-

-Range.—North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and British Columbia, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                              SCREECH OWL.

-                373.     Otus asio asio.     10 inches.

-

-These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray with black and

-white markings. It is frequently called the “Little Horned Owl,� because

-of its ear tufts. They are easily tamed and become great pets, and about

-a barn are as good as a cat for catching mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.

-                374.     Otus flammeolus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter ear tufts,

-and the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty. The toes are

-unfeathered to the base. The number of eggs and nesting habits are

-practically the same as the preceding, as are also the five or six

-sub-species between this and the last, all of which occur in the

-southwestern part of the United States.

-

-

-                          WESTERN HORNED OWL.

-         375a.     Bubo virginianus pallescens.     22 inches.

-

-These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the family. They

-are powerfully built, and their size and strength allow them to attack

-and secure some of the larger animals, such as skunks, woodchucks,

-rabbits, grouse and poultry. They seem to be especially fond of skunks,

-and more than half of them that are killed will have unmistakable

-evidence of their recent and close association with this animal.

-

-Nest.—Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow cavities of

-large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round (2.20 × 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SNOWY OWL.

-                 376.     Nyctea nyctea.     25 inches.

-

-Like the Horned Owls they are strong, fearless and rapacious birds,

-feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse,

-Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds. They are locally abundant in the

-far north, preferring low marshy land to the more heavily timbered

-districts.

-

-Nest.—Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the dry portions of

-marshes, made of moss with a few feathers. Three to eight eggs, pure

-white, and the shell very smooth (2.25 × 1.75).

-

-Range.—Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter casually as far

-south as California.

-

-

-                               HAWK OWL.

-            377a.     Surnia ulula caparoch.     15 inches.

-

-This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily be taken for

-a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance, and long rounded tail. They

-are very active birds especially in the day time, and they do most of

-their hunting in daylight rather than at night. Their food consists of

-small rodents and many small birds.

-

-Nest.—In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight white eggs (1.50

-× 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BURROWING OWL.

-         378.     Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa.     10 inches.

-

-These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any

-other American Owls. Easily identified by their long, slender and

-scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above, spotted with white, and

-under parts are white spotted with brown. Tail dark brown, with five

-white bars across it. They are an abundant and useful species west of the

-Mississippi. They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,

-and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by force, for

-they are more than a match for these curious animals.

-

-Nest.—Generally in quite large communities in burrows in the ground,

-usually lining them with grass and feathers. They may often be seen

-sitting at the opening of their burrows during the day time. Six to ten

-white eggs are laid (1.25 × 1.00).

-

-

-                               PYGMY OWL.

-                379.     Glaucidium gnoma.     7 inches.

-

-These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky Mountains,

-westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed in the day time upon

-insects, mice and occasionally small birds. They are to be seen in the

-wooded districts. Nest in holes of trees. Four eggs (1.00 × .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.

-             380.     Glaucidium phalænoides.     7 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more rufous on the

-upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut color crossed by

-several bands of black. They live largely on the small rodents and birds

-which they secure during the daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of

-trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white

-eggs (1.10 × .90).

-

-

-                                ELF OWL.

-              381.     Micropallas whitneyi.     6 inches.

-

-This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in America. In

-plumage it may be described as being very like a small Screech Owl,

-without the ear tufts, only with the pattern of the markings much finer.

-They are quite abundant in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where

-they build their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more

-frequently in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in being a

-bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed almost

-exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field mouse. They lay from

-three to five white eggs, having a slight gloss (1.02 × .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 THICK-BILLED PARROT—Family Psittacidæ.

-         382.1.     Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.     16 inches.

-

-A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders of the United

-States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and the plumage is entirely

-green, except for the deep red forehead and wings at the shoulder;

-under-coverts of wings yellowish. Their eggs are white and laid in

-natural cavities of trees in the deep forests.

-

-

-                            Order—COCCYGES.

-

-

-                              ROADRUNNER.

-            385.     Geococcyx californicus.     22 inches.

-

-This curious species is known as the “Chaparral Cock,� “Ground Cuckoo,�

-“Snake Killer,� etc. Its upper parts are a glossy greenish brown, each

-feather being edged or fringed with white. The tail is very long, broad

-and graduated, the central feathers being much the longest; the feathers

-being tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of foot,

-getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided by their

-outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as aeroplanes. Their legs

-are long, and they have two toes in front and two back. Their food

-consists of caterpillars, lizards and small snakes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

-       387a.     Coccyzus americanus occidentalis.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being a little

-larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished by its blackish,

-long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow under-bill. Reddish brown

-patch on the wings.

-

-Nest.—Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with grass, or

-shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally very shabbily built

-and so nearly flat on top that the eggs will frequently roll out. They

-are located near the ground in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs

-are deposited at intervals of several days, and frequently young birds

-and eggs are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this

-bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time, and as many as

-twelve have been taken from the same nest by this means. Eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (1.20 × .90).

-

-

-                COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN—Family Trogonidæ.

-                389.     Trogon ambiguus.     12 inches.

-

-This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds that reaches

-our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually in Woodpecker holes.

-Three or four white eggs (1.10 × .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  BELTED KINGFISHER—Family Alcedinidæ.

-                 390.     Ceryle alcyon.     13 inches.

-

-The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost all

-localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where small fish are

-common, throughout North America. Their food consists almost entirely of

-small fish, which they catch by plunging upon from high in the air, where

-they will hover over the water similar to the Osprey, or they will spend

-their time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is seen,

-drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to the limb to be

-eaten.

-

-Nest.—Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out of the sand

-banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes extending back from

-six to eight feet, usually with a little rise in the tunnel for the

-purpose of keeping it dry. They lay from five to eight glossy white eggs

-(1.35 × 1.05).

-

-

-                           RINGED KINGFISHER.

-               390.1.     Ceryle torquata.     8½ inches.

-

-This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on the most

-southern borders of the United States. Eggs white (1.45 × 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        Order PICI—WOODPECKERS.

-

-

-                    HARRIS WOODPECKER—Family Picidæ.

-          393c.     Dryobates villosus harrisi.     10 inches.

-

-This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives and for

-coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this and the

-sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified as being

-different. Four pure white eggs are placed at the bottom of some cavity,

-in tall trees usually (.95 × .70).

-

-

-                          CABANIS WOODPECKER.

-        393d.     Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.     10 inches.

-

-Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                    ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

-        393e.     Dryobates villosus monticola.     10½ inches.

-

-A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

-         394a.     Dryobates pubescens gairdneri.     7 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring, as

-illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about the dwellings

-in country places, and even in the larger cities about the parks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           TEXAS WOODPECKER.

-           396.     Dryobates scalaris bairdi.     7½ inches.

-

-This species is brownish white below, has the back barred with black and

-white, on account of which it is often known as the “Ladder-back

-Woodpecker.� The male has the whole crown red, shading into mixed black

-and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and eggs are the same as the

-previous species.

-

-

-                          NUTTALL WOODPECKER.

-               397.     Dryobates nuttalli.     7 inches.

-

-Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a crown of black and a

-small red patch on the back of nape. Outer tail feathers nearly all

-white, while in the former they are barred with black and white. They are

-pugnacious little birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers

-from their locality.

-

-Nest.—In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing trees at no

-great elevation from the ground. Four pure white eggs are laid at the

-bottom of the cavity, on the decayed wood (.85 × .65). Their food is

-gathered from under the bark, consisting of larvæ, ants and small

-insects.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ARIZONA WOODPECKER.

-               398.     Dryobates arizonæ.     8 inches.

-

-This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the others of the

-Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish above and a grayish white

-below, with black spots. The male having a crescent shaped patch of red

-on the back of the head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common

-at the higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.

-

-Nest.—Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned, nesting in

-holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 × .60).

-

-

-                        WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-             399.     Xenopicus albolarvatus.     9 inches.

-

-This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the white head

-and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also has on the male a

-small red spot on the back of the neck. They are said to be more silent

-than other members of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar

-tapping and never the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling

-the bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole. They

-nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer near the ground

-(20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They lay from four to six glossy

-white eggs (.95 × .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-               400.     Picoides arcticus.     9½ inches.

-

-As implied by the name, members of this genus have but three toes, two in

-front and one behind. The plumage of this species is entirely black

-above, and whitish below, with the flanks barred with blackish. The male

-has a yellow patch on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous

-forests in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four or

-five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 × .70). They do more

-boring for their insect food, and, during mating season, are very

-persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.

-

-

-                    AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-              401.     Picoides americanus.     9 inches.

-

-The greatest difference between this bird and the last is on the back, it

-having several narrow bars of white near the neck or a patch of white in

-place of the bars. Breeding habits are the same.

-

-

-                     ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-         401a.     Picoides americanus fasciatus.     9 inches.

-

-In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of white on the

-back possibly a little larger. Habits just the same (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.

-              402.     Sphyrapicus varius.     8½ inches.

-

-This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they may be

-identified easily by the red crown and throat (female having white on the

-throat), each bordered by black, forming a wide breast band, with a band

-of white, black and white back of it. The under parts yellow. This

-species and the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that

-is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While they without

-doubt will take some of the sap from trees, their food consists more of

-insect life, ants in particular.

-

-Nest.—Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to seven glossy white

-eggs (.85 × .60).

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

-               403.     Sphyrapicus ruber.     8½ inches.

-

-A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The entire head,

-neck and breast of this species is red, of varying shades in different

-individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet. The remainder of their

-plumage is similar to the above. Nesting habits the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.

-             404.     Sphyrapicus thyroideus.     9 inches.

-

-A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked bird is found. The

-male is mostly black on the back and breast, with a white rump, and with

-only a narrow patch of red on the throat; the under parts are bright

-yellow. The female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the

-black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back is barred

-with black and white.

-

-Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family previously

-mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 × .67).

-

-

-                     NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

-       405a.     Phlœotomus pileatus albieticola.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers; they are a

-sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the crest is long and bright

-red, and the male has a red line back of the eye; sides of the neck pure

-white, and patch of white on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black

-color than the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many

-localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually driven

-farther north or into the mountain regions, where they can find the heavy

-timber in which they make their homes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-          406.     Melanerpes erythrocephalus.     9½ inches.

-

-In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers. It has

-a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy blue-black on the back and

-tail, white rump, under parts and secondaries. It is more abundant in the

-east and middle United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and

-Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph poles or will

-even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or house in some

-localities. They are the most pugnacious of the woodpeckers, and often

-are seen chasing one another or driving away some other bird. They feed

-also upon ants, larvæ of insects, and small fruits and berries.

-

-They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 × .75).

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.

-        407a.     Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.     9½ inches.

-

-A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California and Oregon. With

-its red cap and white forehead, and back or upper parts black tinged with

-green, a solid black band across the breast, white under parts and rump,

-and, above all, their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs,

-food, same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great

-numbers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LEWIS WOODPECKER.

-              408.     Asyndesmus lewisi.     10½ inches.

-

-An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under parts streaked

-with crimson and white, a gray breast, and upper parts a glossy greenish

-black. They are more common in the mountain ranges among the tall pines

-from the eastern Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in

-the trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns, which

-they gather and store away for future use. Four to eight eggs are pure

-white (1.05 × .80).

-

-

-                        RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.

-              409.     Centurus carolinus.     9½ inches.

-

-Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to central Texas. It

-is an attractive bird, frequently called the “Zebra Woodpecker,� on

-account of the black and white markings on the back, wings and tail.

-Nests in live trees; three to five white eggs (1.00 × .75). Not

-illustrated.

-

-

-                            GILA WOODPECKER.

-             411.     Centurus uropygialis.     9½ inches.

-

-This is also one of the “Zebra Woodpeckers� to be found in Arizona and

-the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference for nesting site

-is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.

-            413.     Colaptes cafer collaris.     13 inches.

-

-These birds are not inclined to search for their food among the trees as

-are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be found on the ground on the

-edges of the woods or in open fields, where they secure ants as their

-principal article of food. The top of the head is brownish instead of

-gray, and the under parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish

-orange and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has a bright

-red streak from the bill extending back and below the eye, the female

-does not have this. The throat is a gray, with a black crescent on the

-breast, under parts light gray with numerous black spots, rump is white

-and tail is mostly black above.

-

-Nest.—Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any locality where

-they make or find a suitable hole.

-

-Four to eight white eggs (1.10 × .90).

-

-

-                            GILDED FLICKER.

-              414.     Colaptes chrysoides.     13 inches.

-

-Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and tail yellow.

-Found only in southern California and Arizona southward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-              STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL—Family Caprimulgidæ.

-      417a.     Antrostomus vociferus macromystax.     10 inches.

-

-One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen, and in their

-habits they are very secluded, keeping in the dark woods the greater part

-of the time, rarely leaving its place of concealment before dark. In

-pursuit of insects, they are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage

-giving forth no sound, as their wings cleave the air.

-

-Nest.—Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense woods. Their

-two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very faintly marbled or marked

-with pale brown and gray. These birds are only found in southern Arizona,

-Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                               POOR-WILL.

-             418.     Phalænoptilus nuttalli.     8 inches.

-

-The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage mottled

-black, white and gray, beautifully blended together. To be found west of

-the Mississippi from British Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a

-pure white (1.00 × .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

-        420a.     Chordeiles virginianus henryi.     10 inches.

-

-The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills by its forked

-tail in place of the rounded tail of the “Poor-wills.� It also has a

-white band near the end of the tail, and across the primaries, the latter

-making a very conspicuous mark when in flight.

-

-Nest.—They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge with no attempt

-at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish white color, marbled,

-blotched and spotted with darker shades of gray and brown (1.20 × .95).

-Found from the plains to the Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                           SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.

-       420c.     Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.     10 inches.

-

-A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits the same.

-

-

-                            TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.

-        421.     Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.     10 inches.

-

-The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled with a

-reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very abundant in

-Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    BLACK SWIFT.—Family Micropodidæ.

-           422.     Cypseloides niger borealis.     7 inches.

-

-The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat lighter on the

-under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does not have the spines

-which are usual with this family. Although the general habits of this

-species are well known, but little is known of their nesting; they are

-seen during the breeding season about the higher ranges of their United

-States range, and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high

-altitudes.

-

-

-                              VAUX SWIFT.

-                 424.     Chætura vauxi.     4½ inches.

-

-This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is much paler

-in color and white on the under parts and throat. Their habits are much

-like the last, only that they make use of hollow trees in which to place

-their nests, which are made of twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous

-saliva of the birds, forming a very shallow platform in which they

-deposit three or four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the

-time during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at play

-in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk returning to

-their nesting places.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

-            425.     Aeronautes melanoleucus.     6½ inches.

-

-A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of this family.

-Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in thousands about the tops

-of inaccessible cliffs, where in small burrows in the earth or under the

-sods, or in crevices they build their nests, which are generally made of

-roots and grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs

-are laid (.85 × .50).

-

-Range.—Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains, and in

-California ranges north to Canada borders.

-

-

-                 RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.—Family Trochilidæ.

-                426.     Eugenes fulgens.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the crown a

-violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant green. Upper

-parts a bronze green, the under parts almost a black. Female lacks all

-the brilliant colors of the male. Upper parts dull green, under parts

-greenish gray, top of head brownish with a small white spot back of the

-eye. This species saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its

-favorite tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty

-to thirty feet from the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

-             427.     Cyanolæmus clemenciae.     5 inches.

-

-This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the name

-implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a streak of white

-extending from the bill to back of the eye, the upper parts of a uniform

-greenish color, under parts are a greenish gray. Tail dark with outer

-tail feathers broadly tipped with white.

-

-Nest.—Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations, at times

-very near the ground. They are to be found only in Arizona and the

-southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                       BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.

-             429.     Archilochus alexandri.     3½ inches.

-

-This is similar in size and appearance to the “Ruby-Throat,� but has the

-chin and upper throat black, the rest of the throat being violet or

-amethyst, as seen in different lights. It is a very common bird in the

-southern part of its range. It nests low, rarely above ten feet from the

-ground. Nest made of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles

-a small piece of sponge.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                 430.     Calypte costæ.     3 inches.

-

-A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the lengthened

-feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most brilliant violet or

-amethyst, back and rump of a greenish bronze color, under parts whitish

-with a green cast on the sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the

-male on the head and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.

-

-Nest.—Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the ground,

-seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant down, with shreds of

-weeds, bark and lichens worked into the outside portion, and lined with a

-few soft feathers. Two pure white eggs (.48 × .32).

-

-

-                           ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                  431.     Calypte anna.     3 inches.

-

-This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying greatly in the

-colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of the neck are a beautiful

-iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts are the usual metallic green, under

-parts light gray, with sides greenish. Tail is more forked and has no

-brown or white like the former. They are very abundant in their

-restricted range, and frequently raise two broods in a season.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

-            432.     Selasphorus platycercus.     4 inches.

-

-The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic green. They do

-not have the elongated feathers on the throat and no ruff. Under parts

-dull white, shading into light green on the sides, the throat is a bright

-lilac. They are very abundant in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest

-much as does the “Ruby-Throat� in the east.

-

-

-                          RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-               433.     Selasphorus rufus.     3½ inches.

-

-A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown and with a

-throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened into a ruff on the

-sides of the neck. Their nests are made of vegetable fibers covered with

-lichens and cobwebs, and placed near the ground on vines or low-hanging

-bushes. Two white eggs.

-

-

-                          ALLEN’S HUMMINGBIRD.

-              434.     Selasphorus alleni.     3¼ inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish and the tail

-being a reddish brown. They are found on the Pacific Coast from British

-Columbia southward, breeding most abundantly in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

-               436.     Stellula calliope.     3 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers. It is

-greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward the tail, the end of

-which is a light brown. The throat is a rich violet, showing white at the

-base of the feathers. They are found from British Columbia southward and

-from the Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California and

-Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations, from high up

-in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in low bushes. They are made

-of plant down and shreds of bark and lichens, breeding high up on the

-mountains.

-

-

-                          LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-              437.     Calothorax lucifer.     3½ inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but is quite

-common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple, with feathers

-elongated on the sides.

-

-

-                          RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-                438.     Amizilis tzacatl.     4 inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts a dark bluish

-green, tail and rump light brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

-       439.     Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota.     4 inches.

-

-These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts are of a

-pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts metallic green.

-Breeds in low bushes near the ground.

-

-

-                          XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-               440.     Basilinna xantusi.     4 inches.

-

-Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very much as does

-the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                        WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.

-             440.1.     Basilinna leucotis.     3¼ inches.

-

-These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on the breast,

-the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent blue, and a

-white line extends back from the eye. Found in the southern parts of

-Arizona and Texas into Central America. Nesting habits same as above.

-

-

-                        BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

-             441.     Cyanthus latirostris.     3½ inches.

-

-Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being brighter on

-the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in the southern borders

-of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in the lower lands and near the

-ground. Nests similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      KINGBIRD.—Family Tyrannidæ.

-               444.     Tyrannus tyrannus.     8½ inches.

-

-From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence about

-farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy birds, ready for a quarrel at

-any time and usually come off victorious in whatever they undertake. They

-seem to delight in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to

-alight on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only on the

-eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they are very common.

-

-Nest.—Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or woods.

-Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding. Their nests

-are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber from vines and lined with

-the down from catkins and horsehair. Three to five creamy white eggs,

-mottled and streaked with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 × .70).

-

-

-                           ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

-              447.     Tyrannus verticalis.     9 inches.

-

-A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright yellow breast

-and under parts. Its habits are much the same as the above in its home

-building or in trying to find a neighbor to quarrel with. The eggs are

-the same in size and color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN KINGBIRD.

-              448.     Tyrannus vociferans.     9 inches.

-

-These birds are very much like the last, except that the throat and

-breast are darker.

-

-

-                           DERBY FLYCATCHER.

-        449.     Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus.     10½ inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family. With its

-bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border and this by white and

-another band of black, with the under parts a bright yellow makes him one

-of the most attractive. They are found, though, only on the southern

-borders of Texas into Central America. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

-           451.     Myiodynastes luteiventris.     8 inches.

-

-Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the mountains of

-Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish streaked with black, the

-tail a dull reddish brown, and the under parts yellow, streaked on the

-sides with dusky; a white throat patch, bordered with black; the crown

-with a concealed yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white

-stripe over the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree,

-and lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched with

-brown and lavender (1.05 × .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-               452.     Myiarchus crinitus.     9 inches.

-

-This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down through

-Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it being made of twigs,

-weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of snake skin. They lay from four

-to six eggs of a buff color scratched and spotted with rich shades of

-brown and lavender (.85 × .65). (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-          453.     Myiarchus magister magister.     9½ inches.

-

-The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and the under

-parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the same as above even to

-including the piece of snakeskin, or in place of it part of a lizard skin

-will answer their purpose.

-

-

-                        ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

-             454.     Myiarchus cinerascens.     8½ inches.

-

-A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as well as in

-actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the under parts, breast

-and throat are almost white. They build their nests in the giant cactus

-or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity with roots and grass or bits of

-rubbish of almost any kind, and generally include the piece of snake skin

-as do the ones above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SAY PHÅ’BE.

-                 457.     Sayornis sayus.     8 inches.

-

-The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the heavy

-beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the timbers are

-falling down, and place its nest in some dark corner, building it of mud,

-moss and grasses lined with feathers, or in some localities the nests may

-be placed in the crevice of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or

-five white eggs, rarely dotted with brown.

-

-It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under parts

-showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding from the Arctic

-to Lower California.

-

-

-                              BLACK PHÅ’BE.

-               458.     Sayornis nigricans.     7 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost black on the

-head and back with white under parts. Their habits are very much the same

-as above, frequenting old buildings in villages where a stream is near

-by, or in localities where insect life abounds. Their nest is made the

-same as above, and eggs are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

-             459.     Nuttallornis borealis.     7½ inches.

-

-These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the country, especially

-in the central portions, they are very rare. In the western range, they

-may be found from Alaska to southern California; for breeding places they

-seem to prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,

-mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well up in the

-trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together, and lined with small

-roots and moss. The three or four creamy white eggs are spotted with

-brown and lilac, forming about the larger end (.85 × .65).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

-            462.     Myiochanes richardsoni.     6½ inches.

-

-Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits. To be found

-breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their nests are placed on

-horizontal branches, made of plant down, grass and fibers; very compact,

-and much resembling a knot on the branch. Three or four white eggs with

-small spots about the larger end (.80 × .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

-              464.     Empidonax difficilis.     6 inches.

-

-Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow cast on the under

-parts; it may be found breeding from Alaska to southern California. Its

-favorite nesting place is along some stream, bordered with willows or

-alders, and the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground; it

-is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.80 × .55).

-

-

-                           TRAILL FLYCATCHER.

-               466.     Empidonax trailli.     6 inches.

-

-Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head; under parts

-white, and also a white ring about the eye; two wing-bars a pale buff

-color, and the breast a light gray. They seem to prefer much the same

-localities for their nesting site as do the “Western.�

-

-Nest.—Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering brooks or

-ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined with the down, and sometimes

-horsehair; three or four creamy white eggs are marked with blotches of

-brown about the larger end (.70 × .54).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.

-              468.     Empidonax hammondi.     5½ inches.

-

-A western form of the “Least Flycatcher� of the east, differing but very

-little in appearance or habits from its eastern relative. Upper parts an

-olive gray color, with the breast the same, but a little lighter. Their

-nesting place is usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some

-horizontal branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact

-structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs. Three to five

-pale creamy white eggs (.65 × .50).

-

-

-                           WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.

-               469.     Empidonax wrighti.     6 inches.

-

-Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much more abundant

-than the last, and are found from Oregon to Mexico, where they breed more

-in open woods and thickets. Their nests and eggs are practically the same

-in every way.

-

-

-                            GRAY FLYCATCHER.

-              469.1.     Empidonax griseus.     6½ inches.

-

-This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and lighter below. It

-is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern California. No record of

-its nesting habits or eggs can be given.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

-         470a.     Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus.     5 inches.

-

-This small variety is not at all common in any locality, but is found in

-Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to southern California. It is

-brownish gray above and of a buff color below. The nests are placed

-similar to the preceding, but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the

-same, being a trifle larger.

-

-

-                         VERMILION FLYCATCHER.

-         471.     Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher family, as

-shown in the illustration. The female is almost of an entirely light gray

-color, barely tinged with pink on the under parts. They are very common

-in southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-Nest.—This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally of twigs and

-plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers, and frequently covered

-with lichens, held in place by a winding of cobwebs; three or four buff

-eggs, boldly blotched with brown and lavender (.70 × .50).

-

-

-                         BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.

-              472.     Camptostoma imberbe.     5 inches.

-

-A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  PALLID HORNED LARK—Family Alaudidæ.

-         474a.     Otocoris alpestris arcticola.     8½ inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white, with no trace

-of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and curve upwards. Found in

-Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          DESERT HORNED LARK.

-         474c.     Otocoris alpestris leucolæma.     8 inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern California,

-Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our handsome winter birds, with

-horn-like tufts of black on either side of the head; forehead, patch

-under the eye and band on the breast black; yellow throat, and white

-under parts; upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four

-eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in their nest of

-grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually concealed under a tuft of

-grass (.92 × .65).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.

-           474e.     Otocoris alpestris actia.     8 inches.

-

-Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.

-

-

-                           RUDDY HORNED LARK.

-           474f.     Otocoris alpestris rubea.     8 inches.

-

-The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       Family CORVIDÆ—CROWS, JAYS

-

-

-                            AMERICAN MAGPIE.

-              475.     Pica pica hudsonia.     20 inches.

-

-Like the “Blue Jays,� the Magpies are great talkers, and are usually

-found in colonies where they can carry on conversation in their own way

-with each other. They are a large handsome bird, with pure white under

-parts and wing coverts, and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a

-bronzy black, with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated.

-They are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their food

-consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life, and the eggs

-and young of small birds.

-

-Nest.—Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation, composed of

-sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the side; the inside of the

-nest is lined with finer materials, grass and plant fiber. Four to eight

-grayish white eggs, spotted with brown and drab (1.25 × .90).

-

-

-                              STELLER JAY.

-              478.     Cyanocitta stelleri.     13 inches.

-

-Range.—From Alaska south to central California. Nests are quite bulky;

-three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.25 × .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WOODHOUSE JAY.

-             480.     Aphelocoma woodhousei.     12 inches.

-

-These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the Rockies and the

-Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees or bushes at low elevations and

-usually near some stream. They have the crown and forehead bluish, and

-the under parts are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast.

-Their food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.

-

-Nest.—This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged, with smaller

-twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs, of a pale green, faintly

-spotted with shades of brown (1.20 × .90).

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA JAY.

-            481.     Aphelocoma californica.     12 inches.

-

-These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific coast of California,

-Oregon and Washington. They are more tame or fearless than most of the

-family, and frequent the trees about houses, and are given the bad name

-of robbing the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color

-these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish below, and

-gray above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARIZONA JAY.

-          482.     Aphelocoma sieberi arizonæ.     13 inches.

-

-A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The upper parts are a

-bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray on the head; under parts are a

-pale gray. They are a very sociable bird during the breeding season, and

-often several pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing

-their nests at low elevations.

-

-Nest.—Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs are more of a

-bluish color, without markings (1.20 × .85).

-

-

-                          ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.

-       484a.     Perisoreus canadensis capitalis.     12 inches.

-

-This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the east, with the

-exception of having more white on the head, and only a small space on the

-back of the neck. He is the same “old coon� as the eastern bird about

-camps, and is rightfully called “Camp Robber.� Their nesting habits are

-the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and blotched with

-brown, of varying shades (1.15 × .80).

-

-

-                              OREGON JAY.

-              485.     Perisoreus obscurus.     11 inches.

-

-Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head, forehead white.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            AMERICAN RAVEN.

-             486.     Corvus corax sinuatus.     24 inches.

-

-This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the Rockies

-from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a bluish black, with

-lengthened and stiffened feathers on the neck. Their general habits are

-much the same as the Crow. Their food consists principally of carrion,

-fish, and eggs and young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs

-in almost inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which

-they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown and drab (1.95 × 1.25).

-

-

-                          WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.

-              487.     Corvus cryptoleucus.     21 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the neck feathers

-white. It is a more southern variety, and is found in Arizona and on the

-Mexican borders. They build at low elevations, making their nests of

-sticks and twigs. Four pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 ×

-1.20).

-

-

-                           NORTHWESTERN CROW.

-                489.     Corvus caurinus.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts of Oregon to

-Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CLARKE NUTCRACKER,

-             491.     Nucifraga columbiana.     12 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of western North America, from Mexico to Alaska.

-In habits they much resemble the Crow or some of the Jays. Their food

-consisting largely of seeds from the pine cones, insects of many

-varieties, larvæ and berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher

-mountain ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of food.

-Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where they build their

-nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds, strips of bark and plant

-fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest in which they lay from three to

-five greenish gray eggs, spotted over the whole surface with brown and

-lavender (1.30 × .90).

-

-

-                               PINON JAY.

-          492.     Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus.     11 inches.

-

-To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west, and from British

-Columbia to southern California. They are very sociable birds, keeping in

-colonies, and always have much to talk about among themselves; after the

-breeding season they may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish

-gray eggs, are spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 × .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BOBOLINK—Family Icteridæ.

-             494.     Dolichonyx oryzivorus.     7 inches.

-

-This bird is found over most of North America from the southern parts of

-Canada south, and has been gradually extending westward as far as

-California. During mating season it is hard to find any other bird so

-completely filled with music as are these birds. They are also quite

-sociable birds, and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the

-same piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet, wild

-music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the ground; it is

-lined with grass and frequently so covered as to be almost arched over to

-conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs of a grayish white, thickly blotched

-and spotted with brown of different shades and lilac, generally covered

-with ground color on the larger end (.84 × .62).

-

-

-                                COWBIRD.

-                495.     Molothrus ater.     7½ inches.

-

-It is to be found throughout the United States and the southern portion

-of Canada. They are the only birds which we have that neither make a nest

-of their own nor care for their young. They will deposit a single egg

-(sometimes two) in the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller

-variety.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BRONZED COWBIRD.

-                496a.     Tangavius æneus.     7 inches.

-

-The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found in Arizona and

-Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-EYED COWBIRD.

-         496.     Tangavius æneus involucratus.     8½ inches.

-

-Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy reflections. They

-are abundant in southern Texas, and in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

-         497.     Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and breast; body

-black, with a white patch on the wing. They are a western bird, being

-found from the central United States to California. They breed abundantly

-in suitable marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of

-strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes only a

-few inches above the water. The four to six grayish white eggs are

-spotted with shades of brown and gray (1.00 × .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

-               498.     Agelaius phœniceus.     9 inches.

-

-An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part of the Rockies.

-Very common in many parts of the east, where it builds much the same as

-does the previous, laying four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted,

-blotched and scratched with shades of brown (1.00 × .70).

-

-

-                       SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.

-        498a.     Agelaius phœniceus sonoriensis.     9 inches.

-

-Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white on the wing. In

-southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BICOLORED RED-WING.

-       499.     Agelaius gubernator californicus.     8½ inches.

-

-The male of this species do not have the light margins to the red on the

-shoulders, as do the others. They are found on the Pacific coast from

-Washington to southern California. Eggs and nests the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TRICOLORED RED-WING.

-               500.     Agelaius tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the buff color on

-the preceding is white on this bird. They are restricted to a small

-range, the Pacific coast of California and Oregon, and are not nearly as

-common as the eastern variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                          WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

-              501.1.     Sturnella neglecta.     9 inches.

-

-This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In habits it is the

-same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated from the eastern. There

-seems to be one great distinguishing quality between the two, and that is

-in their song or notes. The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing

-was in Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink, but on

-seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was a new song, sung by

-our eastern Meadowlark in appearance. They feed on insect life, beetles,

-etc. They lay from four to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10

-× .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SCOTT ORIOLE.

-               504.     Icterus parisorum.     8 inches.

-

-This is not a common species in any part of its range, from southern

-California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely marked bird, with

-its clear black and yellow. They build a hanging nest, usually suspended

-from the under sides of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small

-branches of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and

-blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 × .65).

-

-

-                            SENNETT ORIOLE.

-          505.     Icterus cucullatus sennetti.     7½ inches.

-

-This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and tail being

-black, the wings with two white bars. Found in Texas and south into

-Mexico. Nests are made of hanging moss (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.

-          505a.     Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.     7½ inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found common in

-Arizona, New Mexico and southern California. Its favorite nesting place

-seems to be a bunch of Spanish moss, looping up the ends and weaving it

-closely together, and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried

-grasses and yucca fibers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BULLOCK ORIOLE.

-               508.     Icterus bullocki.     7½ inches.

-

-This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the Baltimore

-Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies. They build a hanging nest, and in the southern part of their

-range use the Spanish moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest,

-lining the opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four

-white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 × .62). These

-birds are of great benefit to the small fruit growers in eating the many

-injurious insects.

-

-

-                            RUSTY BLACKBIRD.

-               509.     Euphagus carolinus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies, and straying into southern California to the Gulf of Mexico.

-Breeds along the northern borders of the United States, northwest to

-Alaska. The female is very much lighter than the male, and of a brownish

-drab color. They build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass,

-lined with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes or trees

-only a few feet from the ground. Three to five eggs, pale bluish green,

-blotched and spotted with brown (.96 × .71).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BREWER BLACKBIRD.

-            510.     Euphagus cyanocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-Found throughout western North America, breeding from Alaska to southern

-California. They differ from the preceding in having a purplish

-reflection on the head and upper parts, and greenish black body. They

-nest abundantly throughout their range, either in bushes or trees at low

-elevations, or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots and

-grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are laid, which are

-very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted and blotched all over

-thickly with brown of different shades (1.00 × .75).

-

-

-                       WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.

-        514a.     Hesperiphona vespertina montana.     8 inches.

-

-Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia to central

-California. They build in the evergreen trees upon the mountain side or

-along some stream in the willows; they are always frail structures made

-up of a few loosely put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale

-greenish eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement

-(.90 × .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.

-        515b.     Pinicola enucleator californica.     8 inches.

-

-These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have, and can be

-approached to within a few feet. The male is a bright red above and an

-ashy gray below, having much less of the red than his eastern relative.

-The female is a dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head

-and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and are found

-about the snow lines on the mountain, where they feed largely upon the

-seeds of the coniferous trees, in which they place their nests, making

-them of fine twigs and rootlets, and lining with grass and moss. They lay

-three or four eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and

-fainter markings of lilac (1.00 × .70).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

-       517a.     Carpodacus purpureus californicus.     6 inches.

-

-This is found from British Columbia to southern California. It breeds

-well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens. Three or four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with brown (.85 × .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.

-               518.     Carpodacus cassini.     6 inches.

-

-It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British Columbia south to

-New Mexico, well up in the mountain regions, as far as the timber line

-extends. The back, wings and tail of this are darker than the preceding

-species; the purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made

-of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat; they lay

-three or four eggs not to be recognized from the last.

-

-

-                              HOUSE FINCH.

-         519.     Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast. With his

-bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate, and the habit they

-have of keeping close to civilization, building their nests in the vines

-about the porches of the houses, both in the country and even in the

-cities, they are great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant

-song is kept up continually during the day, and where two or three pairs

-are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird music. Their nests are made

-of fine rootlets and grass placed in almost any bush, tree or vine, if

-near some dwelling.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               CROSSBILL.

-            521.     Loxia curvirostra minor.     6 inches.

-

-Found throughout the greater part of North America, and breeds in

-suitable locations on the mountain sides among the coniferous trees. On

-the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska to southern California. In

-abundance they vary each year greatly, according to the food supply of

-cones in the evergreen trees from which they secure their seed supply;

-their twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the

-small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses, and three or

-four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined with shades of brown, are

-laid (.75 × .55).

-

-

-                        WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

-               522.     Loxia leucoptera.     6½ inches.

-

-These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding, and also

-have a large white patch on the wings. The female is marked the same,

-with grayish and buff in place of the red on the males. Nesting habits

-and locations are the same as above. The eggs average a little larger and

-heavier marked (.80 × .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.

-            523.     Leucosticte griseonucha.     6½ inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds, with dark

-chestnut back and breast, and with the rump, wings and tail with a rosy

-tint. These are birds of the mountains and high altitudes, above or near

-the snow line. They are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and

-in the western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or

-under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their four or five

-eggs are pure white (.97 × .67).

-

-

-                        GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.

-            524.     Leucosticte tephrocotis.     6½ inches.

-

-This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found on the eastern

-slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding in the Sierra Nevadas,

-in crevices of the rocks, after the same manner as the above. The eggs

-cannot be distinguished from the above.

-

-

-                          HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.

-      524a.     Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis.     6½ inches.

-

-These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise the same as

-preceding in habits and nesting.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLACK ROSY FINCH.

-              525.     Leucosticte atrata.     6½ inches.

-

-This species is the same in markings as the Gray-crowned, excepting that

-the brown is replaced with almost black on the back and breast. The

-females of this family are much the same as the males, only not as bright

-in markings, and the young are the same as the females. Found in the

-northern Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.

-They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop in one place, but

-flitting from one locality to another. After the breeding season, they

-congregate in large flocks and keep together about the snow line, getting

-their supply of seed and insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs

-are the same as the Gray-crowned.

-

-

-                        BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.

-             526.     Leucosticte australis.     6½ inches.

-

-These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains than any of

-the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering in New Mexico. Their

-nesting habits and eggs are the same. Most of this family keep above the

-timber line during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as the

-heavy snow comes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HOARY REDPOLL.

-         527a.     Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.     5 inches.

-

-These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson and rosy

-breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding in the Arctic

-regions, and wintering to the northern parts of the United States.

-

-Nest.—They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks and grass, and

-lined with fine grass and feathers, which are placed usually within a

-foot or two of the ground in scrub bushes. Their three to five eggs are a

-light bluish green, with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end

-(.65 × .50).

-

-

-                                REDPOLL.

-                528.     Acanthis linaria.     5 inches.

-

-Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding in Alaska, and

-wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or into California on the

-western coast, in the mountain regions above the timber line. In

-Colorado, they have been seen at 10,000 feet, and with the temperature

-far below zero. Their nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs

-are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALE GOLDFINCH.

-         529a.     Astragalinus tristis pallidus.     5 inches.

-

-A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           WILLOW GOLDFINCH.

-          529b.     Astragalinus t. salicamara.     5 inches.

-

-A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the five inches in

-length, and of a paler color, both the black and the yellow. It is common

-on the Pacific coast, from Washington to southern California, breeding in

-willows and low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly built,

-usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish white (.60 × .45).

-

-

-                          ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.

-             530.     Astragalinus psaltria.     5 inches.

-

-Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.

-         530a.     Astragalinus p. hesperophilus.     5 inches.

-

-In southwestern United States from Central California to Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.

-            531.     Astragalinus lawrencei.     4½ inches.

-

-This bird differs from the others of this family in being mostly gray in

-place of the yellow, having the head and throat black. They are found

-quite commonly on the Pacific coast of California, and south to Mexico.

-Their nests are nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which

-they deposit four white eggs.

-

-

-                              PINE SISKIN.

-                  533.     Spinus pinus.     5 inches.

-

-These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the Canadian zone, and

-in the Rockies and higher mountains to the west. They feed largely upon

-weed seeds and seeds from the different coniferous trees, the latter of

-which they most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of

-twigs and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of a

-horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white color, spotted

-finely with reddish brown (.65 × .45). They have a habit, while feeding,

-of clinging to the under side of a branch or cone, similar to the

-Chickadee, and, if disturbed when on some favorite tree, will make a

-short flight and circle back to the same tree.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.

-             534.     Plectrophenax nivalis.     7 inches.

-

-To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere, breeding within the

-Arctic Circle and wintering south to the central portions of the United

-States. They are one of the birds that change their dress completely from

-winter to summer, in color. In winter they are a clear black and white,

-while in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or brownish.

-They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides and in fields where

-the weeds are showing through, feeding upon the small seeds, and at this

-time they are as restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from

-which it is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses

-and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs are a

-dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown, mostly on the

-larger end (.90 × .65).

-

-

-                          McKAY SNOW BUNTING.

-           535.     Plectrophenax hyperboreus.     7 inches.

-

-This species is still more white than the preceding, having only a few

-specks of black on the tips of the primaries, and the central tail

-feather. They build, in crevices of the rocks on the ground, a nest of

-grass, lined with moss and feathers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKAN LONGSPUR.

-       536a.     Calcarius lapponicus alascensis.     6½ inches.

-

-Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska in summer, and

-in winter coming as far south as Oregon and Colorado, when they may be

-frequently found in with flocks of Snow Buntings, and, like the

-Snowflakes, they breed on the ground in a depression in the moss or under

-some boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.

-Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots and

-blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 × .60).

-

-

-                        WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

-          540a.     Poœcetes gramineus confinis.     6 inches.

-

-The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish this

-from any others of the sparrows, and the sides are more of a gray color

-than the eastern variety. Its habit of singing later in the evening gave

-it the name of “Vesper.� Found on the Pacific coast, from British

-Columbia to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression on the

-ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.

-           542b.     Passerculus s. alaudinus.     5½ inches.

-

-This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very common in the

-fields and meadows, from northern Alaska to Mexico. They are birds but

-very little seen, keeping in the grass the greater part of the time.

-Their nests are hollows in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed

-by tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,

-blotched heavily with brown (.75 × .55).

-

-

-                            BRYANT SPARROW.

-            542c.     Passerculus s. bryanti.     5½ inches.

-

-Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California. It is a

-darker and brighter bird than the preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BELDING SPARROW.

-             543.     Passerculus beldingi.     5½ inches.

-

-Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California. Is darker and more

-streaked below. Nesting habits the same; eggs darker.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.

-             544.     Passerculus rostratus.     5½ inches.

-

-The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish brown color,

-will distinguish this from any of the preceding. They are fairly common

-in the salt marshes of southern and Lower California. Their nesting

-habits and eggs are practically the same as those mentioned previously.

-

-

-                          SAN BENITO SPARROW.

-           544c.     Passerculus r. sanctorum.     5½ inches.

-

-Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower California.

-Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             BAIRD SPARROW.

-               545.     Ammodramus bairdi.     5¼ inches.

-

-These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas on the plains,

-and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona to New Mexico. The

-tail-feathers of this species are much more pointed than on any of the

-preceding.

-

-Nest.—This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass, and is made of

-fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid of a dull white, blotched

-and spotted with shades of brown and lilac (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.

-           546a.     Ammodramus s. bimaculatus.     5 inches.

-

-These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where their faint

-lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest is usually a deep

-structure in a hollow in some dry field, and usually placed near some

-rock or suitable place where they can watch the locality for danger. Four

-eggs are laid; white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 × .55).

-

-

-                            LECONTE SPARROW.

-            548.     Passerherbulus lecontei.     5 inches.

-

-More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above the line and

-winters through eastern Colorado to southern Texas. Nesting habits and

-eggs similar to above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

-        552a.     Chondestes grammacus strigatus.     6½ inches.

-

-One of the most common, as well as the most handsome of the sparrow

-family on the western coast; with its bright chestnut on the sides of the

-head, and black and white on the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on

-the ground in a clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown

-markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GAMBEL SPARROW.

-        554a.     Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt.     6½ inches.

-

-This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest, has been rightly

-called the “Northern Nightingale.� Their sweet song may be heard all

-during the day about dwellings or remote from them, or even in the night

-they have a habit of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In

-habits they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among the

-dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.

-

-Nest.—This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and is made of

-fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish blue color, spotted and

-splashed with shades of brown (.90 × .65).

-

-

-                        GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.

-              557.     Zonotrichia coronata.     7 inches.

-

-The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden color. These

-are common birds about the cities of California during the winter months.

-Habits the same as above, and also their eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WESTERN TREE SPARROW.

-          559a.     Spizella monticola ochracea.     6 inches.

-

-Somewhat resembling the “Chippy Sparrow,� but is larger and has a dark

-spot on the breast as an identification mark. It breeds in the far north,

-above the northern borders of the United States, and in winter is common

-through Oregon, California, into Arizona and Texas.

-

-Nest.—This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on the ground made

-of grasses and lined with feathers. They lay three to five greenish white

-eggs, spotted with different shades of brown (.80 × .55).

-

-

-                       WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

-          560a.     Spizella passerina arizonæ.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living upon insects

-injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the garden weeds. They will

-nest in trees and shrubs, or vines about the house, making a small

-compact nest, mostly of rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to

-five greenish blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger

-end (.70 × .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.

-               561.     Spizella pallida.     5¼ inches.

-

-These are much like the Chipping Sparrow in every way, with the exception

-of color, the brown being replaced by the clay-color. Breeds in the

-Northern United States and into Canada; winters south to Texas and

-Mexico, rarely in eastern Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the

-ground, but may be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are

-the usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of brown about

-the larger end (.65 × .50).

-

-

-                            BREWER SPARROW.

-                562.     Spizella breweri.     5 inches.

-

-This is very similar to above, but much more streaked with dark above. It

-is to be found from British Columbia south to Mexico, especially in

-sections where the sage brush is found, and in southern California near

-the coast. Its nesting habits are much the same as the above, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                            WORTHEN SPARROW.

-               564.     Spizella wortheni.     5 inches.

-

-This is a southern form of the Chipping Sparrow, and is found in New

-Mexico and Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.

-             565.     Spizella atrogularis.     5½ inches.

-

-This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead. It is

-quite common in parts of southern California, and south into Arizona and

-New Mexico. The habits are similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their

-eggs differing in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 × .50).

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.

-                 566.     Junco aikeni.     6½ inches.

-

-This is slightly larger than the common “Black and White Snowbird�

-(Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings are crossed by two

-white bars. It is found in the central Rocky Mountain regions, where it

-breeds in the northern part, and winters to eastern Colorado.

-

-

-                          SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.

-                 567.     Junco hyemalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is common “Black and White Snowbird� of the east, and is the same as

-above, but darker and does not have any white wing bars. They breed

-mostly north of the United States, nesting on the ground, often under

-some boulder, making their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four

-greenish white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not

-illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON JUNCO.

-            567a.     Junco hyemalis oreganus.     6 inches.

-

-There are several of the sub-species of “Hyemalis,� all of which are very

-much alike in habits; varying in color and location. The Oregon Junco is

-found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding on the

-mountains of Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the

-preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish color. The nesting

-habits and eggs are very much the same as the preceding.

-

-

-                           PINK-SIDED JUNCO.

-            567g.     Junco hyemalis mearnsi.     6 inches.

-

-These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana, Wyoming and

-Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.

-

-

-                             THURBER JUNCO.

-            567c.     Junco hyemalis thurberi.     6 inches.

-

-Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon to southern

-California. The difference in coloring is shown in the illustrations of

-this and the two preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.

-           570b.     Junco phœonotus caniceps.     6 inches.

-

-The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having the back a

-reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are placed on the ground, and

-the markings of their eggs vary but little.

-

-

-                              BAIRD JUNCO.

-                 571.     Junco     bairdi.   6 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California. This is a

-gray-headed variety with brown on the back and sides.

-

-

-                            GUADALUPE JUNCO.

-                572.     Junco insularis.     5½ inches.

-

-One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only on the

-Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where they nest

-commonly in the pine groves, among the needles on the ground, or

-frequently protected by some overhanging stone. Their nest and eggs are

-the same as the others. Eggs bluish white, with fine dots of brown about

-the larger end (.77 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            DESERT SPARROW.

-       573a.     Amphispiza bilineata deserticola.     5¼ inches.

-

-This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern United

-States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern California. It is found in the

-hot desert plains, where it builds its nest in low bushes, of the

-sagebrush or cactus, within two or three feet of the ground. It is made

-up of twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.

-They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 × .55).

-

-

-                             BELL SPARROW.

-               574.     Amphispiza belli.     5¼ inches.

-

-In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of California and

-in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California, these grayish, black

-and white sparrows are found abundantly in localities where the sagebrush

-is common. They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put

-together, and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair, in the

-low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite often placed on the

-ground under the cover of one of these bushes. They lay three or four

-pale greenish eggs, heavily blotched and spotted with shades of brown

-(.75 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAGE SPARROW.

-            574.1.     Amphispiza nevadensis.     6 inches.

-

-These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except at their

-breeding season, and to be found commonly throughout the sage deserts of

-the Great Basin, from Oregon and Montana to Lower California and New

-Mexico. They nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making

-their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it with feathers

-and hair. They lay from three to four grayish eggs, with heavy markings

-of shades of brown about the larger end (.75 × .60).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.

-          574.1b.     Amphispiza n. canescens.     5½ inches.

-

-Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California east to

-Nevada (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BOTTERI SPARROW.

-                576.     Peucæa botterii.     6¼ inches.

-

-A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots. A southern

-bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN SPARROW.

-                578.     Peucæa cassini.     5½ inches.

-

-Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where it breeds much the

-same as does the Sage Sparrow.

-

-

-                         RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.

-              579.     Aimophila carpalis.     5¼ inches.

-

-This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of Mexico and north

-to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is similar to the Chipping

-Sparrow, and the two are frequently found in the same locality. They nest

-in low bushes, making them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair,

-in which they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 × .60).

-

-

-                        RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.

-              580.     Aimophila ruficeps.     5½ inches.

-

-Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of a brown streaked

-with darker, and still more of a reddish brown on the crown. It is found

-throughout California along the coast to Lower California. They build on

-the ground, concealing their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush.

-They lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SONG SPARROW.

-               581.     Melospiza melodia.     6¼ inches.

-

-A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can be heard in

-every state of the Union and in Canada. This is the most subdivided of

-any of the bird family; more than twenty sub-species are listed, all

-having about the same song and general appearance. In some localities

-they will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they are very

-light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish one from another

-even when in the hand. Their eggs also have the same variation, and

-cannot be positively identified one from another. They all build either

-in low bushes or upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white,

-blotched and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 × .60).

-

-

-                         HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.

-            581c.     Melospiza m. heermanni.     6¼ inches.

-

-Found in the central valleys of California, casually to Nevada.

-

-

-                          RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

-             581e.     Melospiza m. morphna.     6¼ inches.

-

-In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            LINCOLN SPARROW.

-              583.     Melospiza lincolni.     5½ inches.

-

-To be found most commonly in the central and western parts of North

-America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance they are very much like

-the Song Sparrow, but in their habits are more retiring, and keep more

-closely in the grass, and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass

-within a few inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the

-ground. The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are

-similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish white,

-heavily marked with brown (.80 × .58).

-

-

-                         SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.

-       585a.     Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis.     6½ inches.

-

-These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with spots of

-darker brown on the back and under parts. They are to be found from

-Alaska to southern California.

-

-Nest.—In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish eggs, marked with

-brown (.94 × .68).

-

-

-                       THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.

-          585b.     Passerella i. megarhyncha.     7¼ inches.

-

-This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much thicker bill,

-and is to be found throughout California in the mountains.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON TOWHEE.

-           588b.     Pipilo maculatus oregonus.     8 inches.

-

-This family are all ground birds, and are usually found scratching among

-the leaves for their food supply of seeds and insects. This is a much

-darker bird than his eastern relative. The females are marked much the

-same as the males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their

-nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a finer lining of

-grass, and usually it is well concealed in bunches of grass or under some

-brush pile. They lay four or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much

-spotted with brown (.95 × .75).

-

-

-                           SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.

-          588d.     Pipilo maculatus megolonyx.     8 inches.

-

-Darker and with few white markings. Southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             CANON TOWHEE.

-           591.     Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.     8½ inches.

-

-These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees and not so much

-on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly marked. They range from

-Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.

-              591.1.     Pipilo crissalis.     9½ inches.

-

-A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white if any. It

-is found in California, from Shasta County to the southern part of the

-state. They are not as shy as the Towhee family generally are, and

-frequently come about habitations, where they will scratch about

-barnyards like chickens. They nest within a few feet of the ground,

-building much the same as other members of this family. The eggs are also

-very similar to the others.

-

-

-                             ABERT TOWHEE.

-                 592.     Pipilo aberti.     9 inches.

-

-More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico and southern

-California, where it breeds on the coast range.

-

-

-                          GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

-              592.1.     Oreospiza chlorura.     7 inches.

-

-This member of the family has characteristics of his own entirely

-different from any of the others. They are birds of the brush, and rarely

-appear above the shrubbery in which they nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ARIZONA CARDINAL.

-            593a.     Cardinalis c. superbus.     9 inches.

-

-These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where, with their

-beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition, they make

-themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill is very large and stout,

-but the general makeup of the bird, with its long crest, is much to be

-admired. They build their nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put

-together, which is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or

-four eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots of

-shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 × .70). Found in

-Arizona and into Mexico.

-

-

-                          ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.

-              594.     Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.     8½ inches.

-

-The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like the parrots.

-Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals, they have the habit

-of raising and lowering often, changing the whole appearance of the bird.

-Their nesting habits and eggs are similar to the last.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

-            596.     Zamelodia melanocephala.     7½ inches.

-

-This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak of the eastern

-sections (which is sometimes found west to Colorado), does not have the

-bright colors of his eastern brother. In habits they appear to be much

-the same, their song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet

-birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them before

-leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks, loosely laid on

-the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush or low tree, so frail that

-frequently their eggs can be seen from beneath. They lay four eggs of a

-bluish green, spotted and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 ×

-.70).

-

-

-                         WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.

-            597a.     Guiraca cærulea lazula.     7 inches.

-

-Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along the roadside in

-the small brush. It seems out of place to have three members of the same

-family with such a difference of plumage. One with rose, white and black;

-the next with black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.

-Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same as above, the

-eggs being a little smaller (.85 × .62).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            INDIGO BUNTING.

-                598.     Passerina cyanea.     5 inches.

-

-An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading to lighter on the

-under parts and towards the rump. It is found as far west as Colorado and

-into Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            LAZULI BUNTING.

-                599.     Passerina amœna.     5½ inches.

-

-Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts and breast are

-brownish. The wings are barred with two bands of white. It is found from

-British Columbia to Lower California and from the western coast to

-eastern Colorado. The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical.

-They build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet from the

-ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white, unmarked (.75 × .58).

-

-

-                           BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.

-         600a.     Passerina versicolor pulchra.     5½ inches.

-

-These are the most varied in color markings of any of our North American

-birds, having bright colors. Found in southern and Lower California,

-Arizona and into Mexico. Like the above they are to be found in thickets

-and hedges, where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              DICKCISSEL.

-                604.     Spiza americana.     6¼ inches.

-

-The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line over the eye, on

-the side of the throat, edge of wing and front under parts; black patch

-on the breast, white throat and a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It

-is found rarely in Colorado and into southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             LARK BUNTING.

-            605.     Calamospiza melanocorys.     7 inches.

-

-Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in summer is a dull

-black all over, with the exception of white wing-coverts. Their habits

-are similar to the above. They have a fine song, which they often give

-while on the wing, after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a

-sparrow-like looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds of the

-plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California and Colorado.

-Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs (.85 × .65).

-

-

-                            WESTERN TANAGER.

-              607.     Piranga ludoviciana.     6½ inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in

-mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with brown (.95 ×

-.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HEPATIC TANAGER.

-               609.     Piranga hepatica.     7½ inches.

-

-A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager of the east,

-lacking also the black wings of its eastern brother. The female is a pale

-yellow on the under parts and an olive above. Their range is throughout

-Arizona and into Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of

-trees at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs, grass and

-hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown (.92 × .64).

-

-

-                            COOPER TANAGER.

-             610a.     Piranga rubra cooperi.     7 inches.

-

-Western United States, breeding from Central California to Texas and the

-borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits are the same and the eggs are

-not distinguishable from the others, all of them varying in the markings,

-but practically of the same size and general color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN MARTIN.

-            611a.     Progne subis hesperia.     8½ inches.

-

-The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern Purple

-Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead is the only

-difference. They nest in cavities of trees or in boxes provided for them

-in the cities and towns, both in the east and west, as they are to be

-found breeding throughout the United States and into British Columbia.

-They make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with

-feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 × .65).

-

-

-                             CLIFF SWALLOW.

-            612.     Petrochelidon lunifrons.     5½ inches.

-

-Their range is throughout the whole of North America; they can easily be

-recognized by their brownish throat and breast, white forehead and black

-cap. Their nests or homes are built of mud, securely cemented to the face

-of cliffs, or under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or

-gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining the inside

-with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs, creamy white, spotted with

-shades of brown (.80 × .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BARN SWALLOW.

-             613.     Hirundo erythrogastra.     7½ inches.

-

-Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally from Alaska

-to southern California, and over the eastern part of the United States.

-They nest in barns, sheds or in any buildings where they are not likely

-to be disturbed, building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near

-the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird in all

-parts of the country, and one of the most graceful while on the wing,

-skimming over the ponds and meadows in search of the insect life which

-constitutes their food. Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow,

-creamy white, spotted with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 × .55).

-

-

-                             TREE SWALLOW.

-              614.     Iridoprocne bicolor.     6 inches.

-

-Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied Swallow, and it

-is found in the whole of temperate North America, breeding from the

-middle United States northward. They nest in holes of trees and stumps

-naturally, but accept the bird houses that are put up for them in

-suitable locations near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same as

-above, both in number and markings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

-         615.     Tachycineta thalassina lepida.     5¼ inches.

-

-In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and west to the

-Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most beautiful species with its

-blue, green and purple back and white under parts. They are abundant in

-favorable localities in California, building their nests in holes of

-trees, at times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the

-largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at times placing

-their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their nests are made of grass and

-fine roots, and nicely lined with feathers. Their four to six eggs are

-pure white (.72 × .50).

-

-

-                             BANK SWALLOW.

-                616.     Riparia riparia.     5½ inches.

-

-The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and south to the

-Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion of the United States

-northward. These birds build their nests in sand banks in almost all

-sections of the country, digging a small tunnel from one to three feet in

-length, enlarged and lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to

-six pure white eggs (.70 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.

-          617.     Stelgidopteryx serripennis.     5½ inches.

-

-This species is about the same size as the last, and similar, but with

-the throat and breast grayish in place of the white. The outer webs of

-the outer primaries are recurved, forming a series of hooks. It nests in

-holes of embankments or in the crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of

-bridges and buildings. Their eggs are four in number and are pure white

-(.75 × .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of the United

-States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.

-

-

-                           BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

-              618.     Bombycilla garrula.     8½ inches.

-

-A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters to

-California and the northern states of the United States. It may be

-identified from the following by the markings on the wings of white and

-yellow, and the larger band of yellow at the end of the tail. The

-wax-like appendages on the wings and tail may be found on both species.

-

-Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed in bushes or

-trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually four eggs are laid, of a

-grayish color, sharply spotted with brown (.95 × .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CEDAR WAXWING.

-              619.     Bombycilla cedrorum.     7½ inches.

-

-These are a North American bird, and great travelers in large flocks all

-over the country, separating at breeding time, and mating up, with a pair

-or two selecting some orchard or suitable locality to remain during

-nesting time. They breed throughout the northern United States and north

-into Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on

-horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in which

-they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted with dark

-brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 × .60).

-

-

-                              PHAINOPEPLA.

-              620.     Phainopepla nitens.     7½ inches.

-

-These are found from central California to Texas and into Mexico. In

-habits they are very much like the preceding, and the female is quite

-similar in looks, while the male is a rich shining blue black, with a

-long pointed crest, and a white patch on the wings. Their food consists

-of insects and small berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with

-a more compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs of a

-light gray, spotted with brown (.88 × .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            NORTHERN SHRIKE.

-                621.     Lanius borealis.     10 inches.

-

-One of the largest of the family in the United States, the breast being

-barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler gray, with the wings and

-tail having much white, showing especially in flight. They are bold

-birds; carnivorous in their habits, living upon other small birds,

-insects and small rodents. In winter they have been known frequently to

-live about cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city

-streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill, which is shaped

-similar to that of a hawk’s, while their feet are small and weak, not at

-all resembling the hawk’s feet. Their nests are placed in thickets or

-thorny bushes, and are made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down.

-Four to six grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown (1.05 × .75).

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.

-          622b.     Lanius ludovicianus gambeli.     8 inches.

-

-In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits and general

-appearance much the same, being somewhat darker, more on the under parts

-and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            RED-EYED VIREO.

-              624.     Vireosylva olivacea.     6 inches.

-

-One of the most common of the family throughout its range, from the

-eastern slope of the Rockies over the United States. Wherever they may be

-found, their song is heard continuously during the day, from early

-morning until late in the evening, it consisting only of two or three

-notes, first a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and

-over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed within a few feet

-of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended from a fork, and made of

-strips of bark, plant fiber and often with pieces of string and paper

-included in its construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked

-sparingly with brown (.85 × .55). This is one of the favorite nests in

-which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.

-

-

-                            WARBLING VIREO.

-               627.     Vireosylva gilva.     5½ inches.

-

-These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not as well known,

-as they keep well up in the tops of the taller trees, where they also

-build their nests, very much the same as the Red-eye. Their song is much

-more pleasant. Four eggs, like above (.72 × .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASSIN VIREO.

-         629a.     Lanivireo solitarius cassini.     5 inches.

-

-To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower

-California and Mexico. In southern California, it is found breeding much

-more commonly than the Western Warbling Vireo, placing its nest high in

-the oaks and coniferous trees. It belongs to the same musical family,

-keeping up its song from morning until night. The nest is made of similar

-material to the previous, and the eggs are the same, except in size (.75

-× .58).

-

-

-                          BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.

-              630.     Vireo atricapillus.     4½ inches.

-

-A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap. Breeds in Texas,

-north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             HUTTON VIREO.

-                 632.     Vireo huttoni.     4½ inches.

-

-Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central and southern

-California. Nesting habits similar to others of the family. Eggs white

-with a few spots of brown about the larger end (.70 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             ANTHONY VIREO.

-            632c.     Vireo huttoni obscurus.     4¼ inches.

-

-Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found from British Columbia

-to southern California, breeding in Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                              LEAST VIREO.

-             633a.     Vireo belli pusillus.     4¼ inches.

-

-Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California, Texas and

-Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, made of

-shreds of vines and fine roots, and lined with fine grass. The four eggs

-are white, spotted finely with brown about the larger end (.70 × .80).

-

-

-                              GRAY VIREO.

-                634.     Vireo vicinior.     5½ inches.

-

-Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas, and southern

-California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon birds in the mountains of

-Arizona, where they nest in low bushes or trees, building their nest

-similar to the Red-eyed vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging

-limb, within a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which

-are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 × .53).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   Family MNIOTILTIDÆ—WOOD WARBLERS.

-

-

-                        BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.

-                636.     Mniotilta varia.     5¼ inches.

-

-This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is found in

-southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in California and Washington

-(not illustrated).

-

-

-                             LUCY WARBLER.

-                643.     Vermivora luciæ.     4 inches.

-

-Range.—Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds quite commonly in

-Arizona, where it builds in almost any situation, in the loose bark on

-tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker holes, in the cactus or in small

-bushes near the ground. The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and

-feathers, in which they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed

-with brown about the larger end (.60 × .50).

-

-

-                           VIRGINIA WARBLER.

-              644.     Vermivora virginiæ.     4¼ inches.

-

-Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and winters in Mexico.

-They are much like the last, but have a patch of yellow on the rump and

-breast. Their nest on the ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of

-shreds of vines and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed

-with brown (.62 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALAVERAS WARBLER.

-      645a.     Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis.     4½ inches.

-

-Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central California

-north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico. In Oregon and

-California, these birds are quite common in favorable localities on the

-mountain sides. They build their nest on the ground in a slight

-depression, making it of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed

-with overhanging grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white, with

-fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about the larger end

-(.60 × .45).

-

-

-                        ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

-               646.     Vermivora celata.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Central North America, breeding in the Rockies locally, from

-Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull orange patch. Nesting

-habits and eggs same as above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           LUTESCENT WARBLER.

-          646a.     Vermivora celata lutescens.     4¼ inches.

-

-This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific coast to

-southern California. Nest placed in similar locations, and the eggs are

-the same as above (.60 × .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OLIVE WARBLER.

-             651.     Peucedramus olivaceus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, southward. They may be

-easily identified by their orange-brown head and neck, with a broad black

-band through the eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in

-coniferous trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact nest,

-saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a resemblance to a knot;

-it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and lined with fine rootlets and down

-from plants. Their four eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with

-spots of dark brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 × .48).

-

-

-                            YELLOW WARBLER.

-                652.     Dendroica æstiva.     4 inches.

-

-Range.—The whole of North America, breeding throughout its range. They

-are active little bunches of yellow, as they gather in their many insects

-for food, all the while singing their happy song. They place their nests

-in almost any kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near

-some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their nest is a

-compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and grasses, lined with

-plant down or cotton.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MYRTLE WARBLER.

-              655.     Dendroica coronata.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it is found from

-central Oregon to southern California. It is quite commonly known as the

-Yellow-rumped Warbler, both in the east and west. They differ from the

-following, mostly in the throat markings, this one having a white throat

-and much more black on the head and breast, while on the following the

-throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of coniferous trees,

-making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in which they lay usually four

-eggs, white, spotted with shades of brown and lilac, more heavily about

-the larger end (.70 × .50).

-

-

-                            AUDUBON WARBLER.

-              656.     Dendroica auduboni.     5½ inches.

-

-This species is found in the western United States from British Columbia

-to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies. They are more of a

-dull-colored bird than the preceding. Their nesting habits and eggs are

-identical with the last (.68 × .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           MAGNOLIA WARBLER.

-               657.     Dendroica magnolia.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies and accidental

-in California. The white over the eye, white wing patch, and the band of

-white across the tail will identify this species (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BLACK-POLL WARBLER.

-              661.     Dendroica striata.     5½  inches.

-

-Range.—North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but found in the

-Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest on the lower branches of

-coniferous trees, made of roots and strips of vine, and lined with

-feathers and lichens. Four dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 ×

-.50).

-

-

-                             GRACE WARBLER.

-               664.     Dendroica graciæ.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California and

-Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops of the trees, made of roots,

-fibers and lined with plant down. Eggs white, with light spots of brown

-(.65 × .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

-             665.     Dendroica nigrescens.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California. A

-small bird, with a black throat and breast, forming a circle about the

-neck, and black on top of the head. They are found mostly in the

-woodlands, bordered with thickets, in which they will place their nests,

-within a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the Yellow

-Bird, being compact and made of the same materials. Three or four eggs

-are creamy white, spotted with brown, forming a wreath about the larger

-end (.65 × .52).

-

-

-                     BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.

-                667.     Dendroica virens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but occasionally in

-the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona. Black throat and breast, with

-bright yellow cheeks and olive head and back (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           TOWNSEND WARBLER.

-              668.     Dendroica townsendi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Western United States. A similar bird to the above, with black on

-top of the head in place of the olive. Nesting habits are practically the

-same, as are also the eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HERMIT WARBLER.

-             669.     Dendroica occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, Texas and Arizona. These are to be found in the high,

-mountainous regions among the coniferous trees, where they build their

-nests on the outer limbs of tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their

-nests are made of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of a

-nest as compared with some of this same family. They lay four white eggs,

-spotted and wreathed with shades of brown (.68 × .52).

-

-

-                         GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.

-            675a.     Seiurus noveboracensis.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern portions. They are

-a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting in stumps near the ground or

-among roots of fallen trees. Four white eggs, spotted and blotched with

-brown and lilac (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.

-               680.     Oporornis tolmiei.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, breeding throughout its range. They are common warblers of

-the Pacific coast, to be found on or near the ground in thick shrubbery,

-where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground. This is

-made of grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and

-hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily marked with

-shades of brown (.72 × .52).

-

-

-                         WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.

-       681a.     Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.     5¼ inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia south to Arizona, but

-not near the Pacific coast. It is one of the seven or eight forms of the

-Maryland Yellow-throat, the greatest difference in them being in the

-locality in which they are found. They place their nest in a clump of

-grass, well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots of

-brown (.70 × .50).

-

-

-                         PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.

-          681c.     Geothlypis trichas arizela.     5¼ inches.

-

-Range.—The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LONG-TAILED CHAT.

-          683a.     Icteria virens longicauda.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western United States, breeding from British Columbia to Mexico.

-They are an attractive bird both in looks and habits. They are great

-singers, but nature seemed to give them no special song of their own, and

-they make good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,

-and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered

-hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the bird. They build

-their nests in the thickest of such places a few feet from the ground,

-made up of shreds of vines, leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four

-white eggs, spotted with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 × .70).

-

-

-                          PILEOLATED WARBLER.

-          685a.     Wilsonia pusilla pileolata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington and

-California to Mexican borders. These little birds, with their deep yellow

-under parts and breast, and little cap of jet black, are quite common

-about many of the orchards and gardens when the trees are in full

-blossom, taking insects that abound at that time. They nest in moist

-grounds in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and

-grass.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                REDSTART

-              687.     Setophaga ruticilla.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—North America, found more commonly east of the Rockies, but less

-common in Oregon, California and to Arizona. These birds are always the

-most conspicuous when in flight, at that time showing off to the best

-advantage their bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the

-males, and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,

-cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed in the crotch

-of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs, spotted with different

-shades of chestnut and black (.65 × .50). They are very active, and

-constantly flying from place to place, taking insects while on the wing,

-which constitute their food.

-

-

-                           PAINTED REDSTART.

-                688.     Setophaga picta.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the same habits as the

-above, except that they build their homes in cavities of rocks or on the

-ground in swampy places.

-

-

-                           RED-FACED WARBLER.

-             690.     Cardellina rubrifrons.     5¼ inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.

-           696.     Budytes flavus alascensis.     6½ inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are fairly common on

-the islands and coast. They nest on the ground, under or beside stones

-and in bunches of grass; it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss

-and animal fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered

-with spots of brown (.75 × .55).

-

-

-                           PIPIT, OR TITLARK.

-               697.     Anthus rubescens.     6½ inches.

-

-Range.—It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California, Alaska,

-north to the Arctic Zone. During migration they may be found over most of

-the United States in quite large flocks. Their nests are placed on the

-ground in tufts of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with

-feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily blotched with

-brown (.75 × .55).

-

-

-                             SPRAGUE PIPIT.

-                700.     Anthus spraguei.     6½ inches.

-

-Range.—Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and west to the

-Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     Family MIMIDÆ.—SAGE THRASHER.

-             702.     Oreoscoptes montanus.     8½ inches.

-

-Range.—From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to Montana. This is

-an abundant bird in the sage regions of the plains throughout its range,

-and are frequently called the Mockingbird, on account of the varied song

-which they give from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in which they

-nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 × .55).

-

-

-                            Family CINCLIDÆ.

-

-

-                        DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.

-           701.     Cinclus mexicanus unicolor.     8 inches.

-

-Range.—Mountains of western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Among

-the rapid streams that are falling down the mountain side, these gray

-birds are to be found. They are strange members of bird life; they do not

-have webbed feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their

-wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of teetering

-similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not to be forgotten if once

-heard. They nest on the rocks of these rapid streams, making their nest

-of moss, a bulky affair with an opening in the side, in which they

-deposit their four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 × .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD

-        703a.     Mimus polyglottos leucopterus.     10 inches.

-

-Range.—Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly from central

-California southward. These birds not only have a song of their own which

-puts them in the opera class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic

-or mock nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They are

-not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and evening, but will

-keep their song in full play all day, without hardly seeming to take time

-to hunt up a few worms or insects, as if eating was not to be considered

-when he could sing.

-

-They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and construct a bulky

-nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to five eggs are of a greenish

-color, spotted and blotched all over in many patterns with shades of

-brown (.95 × .72).

-

-

-                                CATBIRD.

-             704.     Dumetella carolinensis.     9 inches.

-

-Range.—Mostly eastern North America, but extends over the Rockies,

-occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine songster and almost as

-much of a mimic as the Mockingbird. Breeding habits are much the same,

-but eggs are bluish green (.95 × .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALMER THRASHER.

-        707a.     Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri.     11 inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the desert regions of

-Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be found. They all seem to belong

-to the happy family of songsters, and there is no lack of bird music in

-localities where these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually

-placed in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of twigs,

-dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish green, spotted

-with brown very finely all over (1.00 × .80).

-

-

-                           BENDIRE THRASHER.

-              708.     Toxostoma bendirei.     10 inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It breeds in Arizona and

-southern California. General habits are the same as above. While it may

-not be as common as the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are

-the same, spots larger (1.00 × .72)

-

-

-                          CALIFORNIA THRASHER.

-              710.     Toxostoma redivivum.     12 inches.

-

-Range.—California, from Shasta county to Lower California. The habits and

-song, as are also the nest and eggs, much like the above (1.12 × .82).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LECONTE THRASHER.

-              711.     Toxostoma lecontei.     10½ inches.

-

-Range.—Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This is the lightest in

-color of any of the family, and has taken on the color of the sand of the

-low hot deserts in which it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even

-the cactus and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground is

-covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines like needles. In

-such a place one cannot imagine that a bird would be as full of song as

-in a shaded piece of woodland, yet this bird has the same qualifications,

-and morning and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song

-as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs, weeds and

-lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed in low mesquite trees

-or cactus. The eggs are lighter in color than above, and with fewer and

-finer spots of brown (1.10 × .75).

-

-

-                           CRISSAL THRASHER.

-              712.     Toxostoma crissale.     11 inches.

-

-Range.—From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower California and Texas.

-This species is somewhat darker, and more rufous on the under tail

-coverts than the above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CACTUS WREN.

-          713.     Heleodytes brunneicapillus.     8½ inches.

-

-Range.—Southern part of California, to Texas, and north to Nevada and

-Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens, and look the least like that

-family of any of them. They are a common bird in the desert lands, where

-the cactus abounds, but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller

-members of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,

-made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers. There is an

-opening on the side for an entrance, and it is usually placed in a thorn

-bush or cactus. Their four to seven eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly

-with chestnut (.95 × .65).

-

-

-                               ROCK WREN.

-              715.     Salpinctes obsoletus.     6 inches.

-

-Range.—Western coasts from British America to Mexico. These bird are

-equally at home on the mountain sides or in the deep canyons, building

-their nests in the crevices of rocks or stumps, where they lay from five

-to eight white eggs, with fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 ×

-.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CAÑON WREN.

-        717a.     Catherpes mexicanus conspersus.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico, breeding

-throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply of food among the

-huge boulders and in the large rocky canyons, where he makes his home,

-you will, at short intervals, hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts

-to shame that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their

-nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is placed in the

-crevice of some rock, either down near some swiftly running mountain

-stream or high up in the cliffs above. Their three to five eggs are

-white, with spots of brown and lilac well covering the under color (.72 ×

-.52).

-

-

-                              VIGOR WREN.

-         719a.     Thryomanes     bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.

-

-Range.—Coast regions of California. These are active and restless little

-birds. Eating and singing, and singing and eating is all this life holds

-for them. Nesting in bird boxes, holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any

-locality in which to place their six eggs (.65 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

-          721a.     Troglodytes aedon parkmani.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to Lower

-California. These happy little songsters are to be met with more about

-civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated lands to the wild. They

-build in bird houses or holes of trees, and no matter how large the

-tenement may be they will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only

-space enough for their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a

-pinkish color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end (.65 ×

-.52).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WINTER WREN.

-           722a.     Nannus hiemalis pacificus.     4 inches.

-

-Range.—From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America. This is the

-smallest of the family, and is also one of the most quiet in song. They

-are active little fellows, just a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of

-a tail up over their backs when observed, and getting about the brush

-heaps and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or crevices of

-rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass and feathers, in

-which usually six or seven eggs, creamy white, finely specked with brown,

-are laid (.60 × .48).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ALASKA WREN.

-               723.     Nannus alascensis.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat larger variety of

-the preceding, and is found only in the far north. Its breeding habits

-are the same, as are also the eggs, which average a little larger (.65 ×

-.51).

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN WREN.

-               723.1.     Nannus meliger.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar to the above,

-both in song and general habits. They nest in the crevices of rocks or

-between boulders, making their nests of rootlets and grass, lining it

-with hair and feathers. Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few

-specks of brown (.58 × .46).

-

-

-                               TULE WREN.

-          725a.     Telmatodytes p. paludicola.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern California. This

-is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh Wren, found more east of the

-Rockies. They build a globular-shaped nest of grass and rushes, attached

-to upright rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale

-chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 × .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.

-          726b.     Certhia familiaris montana.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern California and

-Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A quiet, small, brown colored bird

-of the deep woods, where its lisping note may be heard, if the air is

-very quiet, and one is looking for bird life. When found, it will

-generally be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the

-crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it feeds; when

-near the top, a downward flight to the base of another tree. Always

-flying down, and climbing up. Their nest is placed in the loose bark, and

-is made of fiber, moss and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs,

-spotted with chestnut (.58 × .48).

-

-

-                        SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

-          727a.     Sitta carolinensis aculeata.     6 inches.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to southern

-California. These are similar to the White-breasted bird of the east.

-Unlike the above, although these are tree climbers, they are as often

-found coming down the tree as climbing up. They build in cavities of

-various kinds of trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily

-marked with brown and lilac (.80 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

-               728.     Sitta canadensis.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and northward. Like the former, these are great acrobats, looking into

-every crevice of the bark in search of their supply of food, caring

-little whether they are going up or down in their search. After the

-breeding season these birds are often found in flocks about the

-coniferous trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous

-“yank, yank,� among themselves. They have no other song.

-

-Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at quite an

-elevation from the ground, being lined with strips of bark and feathers.

-They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly spotted with shades of

-brown (.60 × .50).

-

-

-                            PYGMY NUTHATCH.

-                  730.     Sitta pygmæa.     4 inches.

-

-Range.—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to southern California

-and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. These are the smallest of the

-family, and their habits and nest and eggs are the same as the preceding.

-Their eggs being slightly smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PLAIN TITMOUSE.

-              733.     Bæolophus inornatus.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas. These are quite

-common throughout their range; they are quite a little bird, with only a

-few “quit, quit� like notes, and in color they are as quiet as in habits.

-They build in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined with

-grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are white, rarely

-with a few specks of brown (.70 × .50).

-

-

-                        BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.

-           732.     Bæolophus astricristatus.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but darker and with

-the crest black and forehead white. Nesting habits same as the above (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                           BRIDLED TITMOUSE.

-              734.     Bæolophus wollweberi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored “tit,� with the

-only markings about the head, black crest and breast, with white above

-and below the eyes, is common in parts of Arizona, where it builds within

-a few feet of the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same as

-the Plain Titmouse (.70 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           OREGON CHICKADEE.

-     735b.     Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon. These lively

-little birds are willing to make friends with almost anyone, and will get

-so tame that they will take pieces of suet from the hand. Their well

-known call of “dee, dee, dee� often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but

-their other note of “phoe-be,� or, as it seems to me they say

-“great-way,� is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have

-a “great-way� yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually near the

-ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant down, in which they

-deposit from five to eight white eggs, spotted with brown (.60 × .45).

-

-

-                           MEXICAN CHICKADEE.

-              737.     Penthestes sclateri.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the throat. Habits and

-their nest and eggs are much the same.

-

-

-                          MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

-              738.     Penthestes gambeli.     5½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western North America, Rocky Mountains west. Habits same as the

-preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKA CHICKADEE.

-         739.     Penthestes cinctus alascensis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally think that these

-little animated bunches of feathers would freeze in the far north where

-they make their homes. But they are the same sprightly little

-“chick-a-dee-dee-dee� that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind

-the severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are so near

-alike that it is impossible to identify them.

-

-

-                          HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.

-             740.     Penthestes hudsonicus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Western half of British America. Habits the same as above.

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.

-              741.     Penthestes rufescens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally to central

-California. Habits the same as preceding.

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.

-            741a.     Penthestes r. neglectus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Middle section of California, near the coast (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               BUSH-TIT.

-             743.     Psaltriparus minimus.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington. In habits all

-of these birds are similar to the Chickadees. They are full of life, and

-in searching for insects are as much at home when upside down on the

-outer end of a bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest

-building they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures of

-fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined with feathers and

-wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation or woven into some thick

-brush; they have a small opening near the top for the doorway. They lay

-from four to nine pure white eggs (.54 × .40).

-

-

-                         LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.

-             744.     Psaltriparus plumbeus.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas. The habits are

-identical with above. Nests are made the same, and from eight to twelve

-inches long.

-

-

-                            LLOYD BUSH-TIT.

-         745.     Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                VERDIN.

-              746.     Auriparus flaviceps.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This bird is simply

-nothing more than a Bush-tit with his Sunday clothes on, or not a full

-suit, but a bright yellow head and neck dress. They are abundant and

-active little fellows in the thick chaparral brush, where they build a

-nest more bulky than the “tit� but not as artistic or compact. They are

-placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the ground, made of

-twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and feathers. Their eggs, four to

-six, are white. For amusement, they construct one or two additional

-nests, in which they remain at night.

-

-

-                               WREN-TIT.

-                742.     Chamæa fasciata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—From southern California north to Oregon along the coast. These

-are much like the Chickadee in habits, only much more secluded,

-frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain sides, where they build

-their nests of twigs, fibers of vines, grasses and feathers, in bushes

-near the ground. Four or five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their

-complement (.70 × .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           KENNICOTT WARBLER.

-            747.     Acanthopneuste borealis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern part of Asia.

-Their nest and eggs have not been found on this continent as far as we

-know at present. They build on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying

-from three to five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 × .50).

-

-

-                    WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

-          748a.     Regulus satrapa olivaceus.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast. These little

-birds are found commonly in company with small flocks of the Chickadee,

-and like them may be seen hanging on the under side of the outer ends of

-the coniferous trees in search of their insect food. They nest in the

-northern part of their range, building large, comfortable-looking

-structures of needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely

-lined with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with brown

-and lilac (.55 × .42).

-

-

-                         RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

-               749.     Regulus calendula.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—North America, breeding mostly north of the United States or in

-the Rocky Mountain regions farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN GNATCATCHER.

-          751a.     Polioptila cærulea obscura.     5 inches.

-

-Range.—Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado and

-California. These birds in their actions somewhat resemble the Redstart,

-with their long tail, and quick flights into the air for insects and back

-again to the same twig, possibly near where their nest is placed. They

-build one of the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on the

-top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet from the ground.

-Making the nest from plant down and moss, completely covered with

-lichens, so that it resembles a large knot on the limb, much like the

-nest of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.58 × .45).

-

-

-                         PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.

-              752.     Polioptila plumbea.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds like the above

-quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a little smaller.

-

-

-                       BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.

-            753.     Polioptila californica.     4½ inches.

-

-Range.—Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

-              754.     Myadestes townsendi.     9 inches.

-

-Range.—From British Columbia to southern California, through the western

-United States. They nest at high altitudes among the mountain tops,

-placing their nest upon the ground, among the rocks along the mountain

-streams. They build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,

-lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their four or five

-white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more about the larger end (.96 ×

-.70).

-

-

-                             WILLOW THRUSH.

-       756a.     Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—Western United States from British Columbia to southern

-California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the foothills and canyons

-of the mountain ranges. It is a western form of the common eastern

-“Veery,� and its breeding habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on

-or near the ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite

-bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 × .65). Their song

-is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the Thrush family.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.

-               757.     Hylocichla alicæ.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—From British Columbia northward, and winters south to Mexico.

-Their nests are placed on or near the ground in a stump or tussock,

-usually in very moist places, and are composed largely of leaves and

-mosses. Their three or four eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched

-with reddish brown (.88 × .64).

-

-

-                         RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

-              758.     Hylocichla ustulata.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the northern part, in

-Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made and placed usually the same as

-the above, the eggs being of the same size, but of a lighter color. The

-Thrushes feed on small insect life and many of the small fruits and

-berries.

-

-

-                         OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.

-           758a.     Hylocichla u. swainsoni.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—North America, breeding on the western coast in Alaska, Oregon,

-California and Colorado. Their nesting habits, eggs and song are the same

-as the Russet-backed (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.

-              759.     Hylocichla guttata.     6½ inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern range. These

-birds are noted for their sweet and musical song, which may be heard from

-the swamps and thickets in which they make their home. They nest either

-on or near the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and

-grasses. Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 × .65).

-

-

-                         AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.

-            759a.     Hylocichla g. auduboni.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to Arizona. Tail is

-much lighter than above, and bird larger. Their habits in home life are

-the same, this bird having the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             WESTERN ROBIN.

-     761a.     Planesticus migratorius propinquus.     10½ inches.

-

-Range.—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to Mexico. This is not

-the familiar bird that is found in the east, but is very secluded, and

-its song is seldom heard. Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs,

-plastered with mud. Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 × .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VARIED THRUSH.

-                763.     Ixoreus nævius.     9½ inches.

-

-Range.—Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in Oregon,

-Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly in the northern

-ranges in California and north to Alaska. Their nest is placed in small

-trees and bushes, usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds

-and grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number, are

-greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of dark brown (1.12 × .80).

-They have a pleasing song, which is rarely heard in their southern range.

-

-

-                               WHEATEAR.

-                765.     Saxicola ænanthe.     6 inches.

-

-Range.—Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in Asia. They nest in

-crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building a rude nest of sticks and

-weeds, lined with hair and feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (.90 × .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

-          767.     Sialia mexicana occidentalis.     7 inches.

-

-Range.—British Columbia to Lower California, along the Pacific coast.

-These familiar birds build in cavities in trees, or in bird houses, and

-make themselves at home near dwellings, especially if in the vicinity of

-orchards of any kind. The note of the western bird has the same familiar

-warble as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and

-caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs are a pale

-bluish white (.80 × .60).

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.

-            767a.     Sialia mexicana bairdi.     7 inches.

-

-Range.—Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

-              768.     Sialia currucoides.     7½ inches.

-

-Range.—Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico. Their habits are

-just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.

-

-

-

-

-                                 INDEX

-

-

-                                   A

-  Albatross, Blackfoot, 31

-  Albatross, Layson, 32

-  Albatross, Short-tail, 31

-  Albatross, Sooty, 32

-  Albatross, Yellow-nose, 32

-  Auklet, Cassin, 14

-  Auklet, Crested, 15

-  Auklet, Least, 16

-  Auklet, Paroquet, 15

-  Auklet, Rhinoceros, 14

-  Auklet, Whiskered, 15

-  Avocet, 75

-

-

-                                   B

-  Bittern, 64

-  Bittern,  Least, 64

-  Blackbird, Bicolored, 162

-  Blackbird, Brewer, 166

-  Blackbird, Redwing, 162

-  Blackbird, Rusty, 165

-  Blackbird, Sonora, 162

-  Blackbird, Thick-billed, 162

-  Blackbird, Tricolored, 163

-  Blackbird, Yellow-headed, 161

-  Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, 239

-  Bluebird, Mountain, 239

-  Bluebird, Western, 239

-  Bobolink, 160

-  Bunting, Beautiful, 195

-  Bunting, Indigo, 195

-  Bunting, Lark, 196

-  Bunting, Lazuli, 195

-  Bunting, McKay, 175

-  Bunting, Snow, 175

-  Bush Tit, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lead-colored, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lloyd, 231

-

-

-                                   C

-  Caracara, Audubon, 116

-  Cardinal, Arizona, 193

-  Catbird, 219

-  Chat, Long-tailed, 215

-  Chickadee, Alaska, 230

-  Chickadee, California, 230

-  Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, 230

-  Chickadee, Hudsonian, 230

-  Chickadee, Mexican, 229

-  Chickadee, Mountain, 229

-  Chickadee, Oregon, 229

-  Coot, American, 72

-  Cormorant, Baird, 40

-  Cormorant, Brandt, 39

-  Cormorant, Farallone, 39

-  Cormorant, Red-faced, 40

-  Cowbird, 160

-  Cowbird, Bronzed, 161

-  Cowbird, Dwarf, 161

-  Crane, Little Brown, 68

-  Crane, Whooping, 68

-  Creeper, Rocky Mountain, 226

-  Crossbill, 169

-  Crossbill, Mexican, 169

-  Crossbill, White-winged, 169

-  Crow, Northwestern, 158

-  Cuckoo, California, 126

-  Curlew, Hudsonian, 86

-  Curlew, Long-billed, 86

-

-

-                                   D

-  Dickcissel, 196

-  Dipper, 218

-  Dove, Inca, 103

-  Dove, Mexican Ground, 103

-  Dove, Mourning, 102

-  Dowitcher, 76

-  Duck, American Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, American Widgeon, 45

-  Duck, Baldpate, 45

-  Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 61

-  Duck, Blue-bill, 49

-  Duck, Buffle-head, 52

-  Duck, Canvas-back, 49

-  Duck, Fulvous Tree, 61

-  Duck, Gadwall, 44

-  Duck, Harlequin, 53

-  Duck, King Eider, 55

-  Duck, Lesser Scaup, 50

-  Duck, Long-tailed, 52

-  Duck, Mallard, 44

-  Duck, Old Squaw, 52

-  Duck, Pacific Eider, 53

-  Duck, Pintail, 47

-  Duck, Red-head, 48

-  Duck, Ring-necked, 50

-  Duck, Ruddy, 57

-  Duck, Scaup, 49

-  Duck, Scoter, 55

-  Duck, Shoveller, 47

-  Duck, Spectacled Eider, 54

-  Duck, Stellar Eider, 54

-  Duck, Surf Scoter, 56

-  Duck, White-winged Scoter, 56

-  Duck, Wood, 48

-

-

-                                   E

-  Eagle, Bald, 112

-  Eagle, Golden, 112

-  Egret, 65

-  Egret, Snowy, 65

-

-

-                                   F

-  Falcon, Aplomado, 115

-  Falcon, Prairie,  113

-  Finch, Aleutian Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Black Rosy, 171

-  Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, 171

-  Finch, California Purple, 167

-  Finch, Cassin Purple, 168

-  Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Hepburn Rosy, 170

-  Finch, House, 168

-  Flicker, Gilded, 138

-  Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 148

-  Flycatcher, Beardless, 153

-  Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, 153

-  Flycatcher, Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Derby, 147

-  Flycatcher, Gray, 152

-  Flycatcher, Hammond, 152

-  Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 150

-  Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, 147

-  Flycatcher, Traill, 151

-  Flycatcher, Vermilion, 153

-  Flycatcher, Western, 151

-  Flycatcher, Wright, 152

-  Frigate Bird, 42

-  Fulmar, Pacific, 33

-  Fulmar, Slender-billed, 33

-

-

-                                   G

-  Gallinule, Florida, 72

-  Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Western, 234

-  Godwit, Marbled, 82

-  Godwit, Arkansas, 173

-  Godwit, Green-backed, 173

-  Godwit, Lawrence, 174

-  Godwit, Pale, 173

-  Godwit, Willow, 173

-  Goose, Black Brant, 60

-  Goose, Cackling, 59

-  Goose, Canada, 59

-  Goose, Emperor, 60

-  Goose, Ross, 58

-  Goose, Snow, 57

-  Goose, White-fronted, 58

-  Goshawk, Mexican, 110

-  Goshawk, Western, 106

-  Grackle, Bronze, 166

-  Grebe, Eared, 10

-  Grebe, Holboell, 9

-  Grebe, Horned, 10

-  Grebe, Pied-bill, 11

-  Grebe, Western, 9

-  Grosbeak, Black-headed, 194

-  Grosbeak, California Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Western Blue, 194

-  Grosbeak, Western Evening, 166

-  Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 97

-  Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, 100

-  Grouse, Dusky, 96

-  Grouse, Franklin, 97

-  Grouse, Sage, 101

-  Guillemot, Pigeon, 17

-  Gull, Bonaparte, 26

-  Gull, California, 24

-  Gull, Glaucous, 21

-  Gull, Glaucous-winged, 22

-  Gull, Heermann, 25

-  Gull, Herring, 23

-  Gull, Ivory, 20

-  Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, 20

-  Gull, Red-legged, 21

-  Gull, Ring-billed, 24

-  Gull, Sabine, 26

-  Gull, Short-billed, 25

-  Gull, Slaty-backed, 22

-  Gull, Western, 23

-  Gyrfalcon, Gray, 113

-

-

-                                   H

-  Hawk, Cooper, 107

-  Hawk, Desert Sparrow, 115

-  Hawk, Duck, 114

-  Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Fish, 116

-  Hawk, Harris, 108

-  Hawk, Marsh, 106

-  Hawk, Pigeon, 114

-  Hawk, Red-bellied, 109

-  Hawk, Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Sharp-shinned, 107

-  Hawk, Swainson, 110

-  Hawk, Western Red-tail, 108

-  Heron, Black-crowned Night, 67

-  Heron, Great Blue, 66

-  Heron, Green, 66

-  Heron, Yellow-crown Night, 67

-  Hummingbird, Allen, 143

-  Hummingbird, Anna, 142

-  Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 141

-  Hummingbird, Blue-throated, 141

-  Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 145

-  Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, 143

-  Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, 145

-  Hummingbird, Calliope, 144

-  Hummingbird, Costa, 142

-  Hummingbird, Lucifer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rieffer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rivoli, 140

-  Hummingbird, Rufous, 143

-  Hummingbird, White-eared, 145

-  Hummingbird, Xantus, 145

-

-

-                                   I

-  Ibis, Glossy, 63

-  Ibis, Wood, 63

-

-

-                                   J

-  Jaeger, Long-tailed, 19

-  Jaeger, Parasitic, 19

-  Jaeger, Pomerine, 18

-  Jay, Arizona, 157

-  Jay, California, 156

-  Jay, Oregon, 157

-  Jay, Pinon, 159

-  Jay, Rocky Mountain, 157

-  Jay, Stellar, 155

-  Jay, Woodhouse, 156

-  Junco, 185

-  Junco, Baird, 185

-  Junco, Gray-headed, 185

-  Junco, Guadalupe, 185

-  Junco, Oregon, 184

-  Junco, Pink-sided, 184

-  Junco, Slate-colored, 183

-  Junco, Thurber, 184

-  Junco, White-winged, 183

-

-

-                                   K

-  Kingbird, 146

-  Kingbird, Arkansas, 146

-  Kingbird, Cassin, 147

-  Kingfisher, Belted, 127

-  Kingfisher, Ringed, 127

-  Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 233

-  Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, 233

-  Kite, Swallow-tailed, 105

-  Kite, White-tailed, 105

-

-

-                                   L

-  Lark, California Horned, 154

-  Lark, Desert Horned, 154

-  Lark, Pallid Horned, 154

-  Lark, Ruddy Horned, 154

-  Longspur, Alaskan, 176

-  Loon, 11

-  Loon, Great Northern Diver, 11

-  Loon, Pacific, 12

-  Loon, Red-throated, 12

-

-

-                                   M

-  Magpie, American, 155

-  Magpie, Yellow-billed, 155

-  Man-o’-War Bird, 42

-  Martin, Western, 198

-  Meadowlark, Rio Grande, 163

-  Meadowlark, Western, 163

-  Merganser, American, 42

-  Merganser, Hooded, 43

-  Merganser, Red-breasted, 43

-  Mockingbird, Western, 219

-  Murre, California, 18

-  Murrelet, Ancient, 16

-  Murrelet, Marbled, 16

-  Murrelet, Xantus, 17

-

-

-                                   N

-  Nighthawk, Western, 138

-  Nighthawk, Sennett, 138

-  Nighthawk, Texas, 138

-  Nutcracker, Clarke, 159

-  Nuthatch, Pygmy, 227

-  Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 227

-  Nuthatch, Slender-billed, 226

-

-

-                                   O

-  Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 164

-  Oriole, Bullock, 165

-  Oriole, Scott, 164

-  Oriole, Sennett, 164

-  Osprey, American, 116

-  Ouzel, Water, 218

-  Owl, Barn, 117

-  Owl, Burrowing, 123

-  Owl, Elf, 124

-  Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, 124

-  Owl, Flammulated Screech, 121

-  Owl, Great Gray, 119

-  Owl, Hawk, 122

-  Owl, Long-eared, 117

-  Owl, Pygmy, 123

-  Owl, Richardson, 119

-  Owl, Saw-whet, 120

-  Owl, Screech, 120

-  Owl, Short-eared, 118

-  Owl, Snowy, 122

-  Owl, Spotted, 118

-  Owl, Western Horned, 121

-  Oyster-catcher, Black, 92

-  Oyster-catcher, Frazar, 92

-

-

-                                   P

-  Parrot, Thick-billed, 125

-  Pelican, California Brown, 41

-  Pelican, White, 41

-  Petrel, Ashy, 38

-  Petrel, Black, 38

-  Petrel, Fisher, 36

-  Petrel, Fork-tailed, 36

-  Petrel, Guadalupe, 37

-  Petrel, Kaeding, 37

-  Petrel, Leach, 37

-  Petrel, Least, 36

-  Pewee, Western Wood, 150

-  Phainopepla, 202

-  Phalarope, Northern, 73

-  Phalarope, Red, 73

-  Phalarope, Wilson, 74

-  Pheasant, Ring-necked, 100

-  Phoebe, Black, 149

-  Phoebe, Say, 149

-  Pigeon, Band-tailed, 102

-  Pipit, 217

-  Pipit, Sprague, 217

-  Plover, Black-bellied, 87

-  Plover, Golden, 87

-  Plover, Killdeer, 88

-  Plover, Mountain, 89

-  Plover, Snowy, 90

-  Plover, Surf Bird, 90

-  Plover, Semipalmated, 88

-  Plover, Upland, 84

-  Plover, Wilson, 89

-  Poor-will, 137

-  Poor-will, Dusky, 137

-  Prairie Hen, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Rock, 98

-  Ptarmigan, White-tailed, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Willow, 98

-  Puffin, Horned, 13

-  Puffin, Tufted, 13

-  Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 193

-

-

-                                   Q

-  Quail, Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, California, 95

-  Quail, Gambel, 95

-  Quail, Masked Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, Massena, 96

-  Quail, Mearns, 96

-  Quail, Mountain, 94

-  Quail, Scaled, 94

-

-

-                                   R

-  Rail, Black, 71

-  Rail, California Clapper, 69

-  Rail, Light-footed, 69

-  Rail, Sora, 70

-  Rail, Virginia, 70

-  Rail, Yellow, 71

-  Raven, American, 158

-  Raven, White-necked, 158

-  Red-poll, 172

-  Red-poll, Hoary, 172

-  Redstart, 216

-  Redstart, Painted, 216

-  Roadrunner, 125

-  Robin, Western, 237

-

-

-                                   S

-  Sandpiper, Baird, 79

-  Sandpiper, Bartramian, 84

-  Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Knot, 77

-  Sandpiper, Least, 79

-  Sandpiper, Pectoral, 78

-  Sandpiper, Probilof, 77

-  Sandpiper, Redbacked, 80

-  Sandpiper, Sanderling, 81

-  Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, 78

-  Sandpiper, Spoonbill, 80

-  Sandpiper, Spotted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Stilt, 76

-  Sandpiper, Western, 81

-  Sandpiper, Western Solitary, 83

-  Sandpiper, White-rumped, 79

-  Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 132

-  Sapsucker, Williamson, 133

-  Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 132

-  Sea Parrot, 13

-  Shearwater, Black-vented, 34

-  Shearwater, Dark-bodied, 35

-  Shearwater, Pink-footed, 34

-  Shearwater, Slender-billed, 35

-  Shearwater, Townsend, 34

-  Shrike, California, 203

-  Shrike, Northern, 203

-  Siskin, Pine, 174

-  Snipe, Wilson, 74

-  Snowflake, 175

-  Solitaire, Townsend, 235

-  Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Baird, 178

-  Sparrow, Belding, 177

-  Sparrow, Bell, 186

-  Sparrow, Black-chinned, 183

-  Sparrow, Botteri, 187

-  Sparrow, Brewer, 182

-  Sparrow, Bryant, 177

-  Sparrow, California Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, Cassin, 187

-  Sparrow, Clay-colored, 182

-  Sparrow, Desert, 186

-  Sparrow, Gambel, 180

-  Sparrow, Golden-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Heermann Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Large-billed, 178

-  Sparrow, Leconte, 179

-  Sparrow, Lincoln, 190

-  Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, 177

-  Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, 188

-  Sparrow, Rufous-winged, 188

-  Sparrow, Rusty Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, San Benito, 178

-  Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Western Chippy, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Lark, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Western Tree, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Vesper, 176

-  Sparrow, White-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Worthen, 182

-  Stilt, Black-necked, 75

-  Swallow, Bank, 200

-  Swallow, Barn, 199

-  Swallow, Cliff, 198

-  Swallow, Northern Violet Green, 200

-  Swallow, Rough-winged, 201

-  Swallow, Tree, 199

-  Swan, Trumpeter, 62

-  Swan, Whistling, 62

-  Swift, Black, 139

-  Swift, White-throated, 139

-  Swift, Vaux, 140

-

-

-                                   T

-  Tanager, Cooper, 197

-  Tanager, Hepatic, 197

-  Tanager, Western, 196

-  Tattler, Wandering, 84

-  Teal, Blue-wing, 46

-  Teal, Cinnamon, 46

-  Teal, Green-winged, 45

-  Tern, Aleutian, 29

-  Tern, Arctic, 29

-  Tern, Black, 30

-  Tern, Caspian, 27

-  Tern, Common, 28

-  Tern, Elegant, 27

-  Tern, Forster, 28

-  Tern, Least, 30

-  Thrasher, Bendire, 220

-  Thrasher, California, 220

-  Thrasher, Crissal, 221

-  Thrasher, Leconte, 221

-  Thrasher, Palmer, 220

-  Thrasher, Sage, 218

-  Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Audubon Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 236

-  Thrush, Olive-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Russet-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Varied, 238

-  Thrush, Willow, 235

-  Titlark, 217

-  Titmouse, Black-crested, 228

-  Titmouse, Bridled, 228

-  Titmouse, Plain, 228

-  Towhee, Abert, 192

-  Towhee, California, 192

-  Towhee, Canon, 191

-  Towhee, Green-tailed, 192

-  Towhee, Oregon, 191

-  Towhee, San Diego, 191

-  Trogan, Coppery-tailed, 126

-  Turkey, Merriam, 101

-  Turnstone, Black, 91

-  Turnstone, Ruddy, 91

-

-

-                                   V

-  Verdin, 232

-  Vireo, Anthony, 206

-  Vireo, Black-capped, 205

-  Vireo, Cassin, 205

-  Vireo, Gray, 206

-  Vireo, Hutton, 205

-  Vireo, Least, 206

-  Vireo, Red-eyed, 204

-  Vireo, Warbling, 204

-  Vulture, California, 104

-  Vulture, Turkey, 104

-

-

-                                   W

-  Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, 217

-  Warbler, Audubon, 210

-  Warbler, Black and White, 207

-  Warbler, Black-poll, 211

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, 212

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Green, 212

-  Warbler, Calaveras, 208

-  Warbler, Grace, 211

-  Warbler, Hermit, 213

-  Warbler, Kennicott, 233

-  Warbler, Lucy, 207

-  Warbler, Lutescent, 208

-  Warbler, Macgillivray, 214

-  Warbler, Magnolia, 211

-  Warbler, Myrtle, 210

-  Warbler, Olive, 209

-  Warbler, Orange-crowned, 208

-  Warbler, Pacific Yellow, 214

-  Warbler, Pileolated, 215

-  Warbler, Red-faced, 216

-  Warbler, Townsend, 212

-  Warbler, Virginia, 207

-  Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, 214

-  Warbler, Yellow, 209

-  Water Thrush, Grinnell, 213

-  Waxwing, Bohemian, 201

-  Waxwing, Cedar, 202

-  Wheatear, 238

-  Whip-poor-will, Stevens, 137

-  Willet, Western, 83

-  Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arizona, 130

-  Woodpecker, Cabanis, 128

-  Woodpecker, California, 134

-  Woodpecker, Gairdner, 128

-  Woodpecker, Gila, 135

-  Woodpecker, Gilded, 136

-  Woodpecker, Harris, 128

-  Woodpecker, Lewis, 135

-  Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, 133

-  Woodpecker, Nuttall, 129

-  Woodpecker, Red-bellied, 135

-  Woodpecker, Red-headed, 134

-  Woodpecker, Red-shafted, 136

-  Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, 128

-  Woodpecker, Texas, 129

-  Woodpecker, White-headed, 130

-  Wren, Alaskan, 225

-  Wren, Aleutian, 225

-  Wren, Cactus, 222

-  Wren, Cañon, 223

-  Wren, Rock, 222

-  Wren, Tule, 225

-  Wren, Vigor, 223

-  Wren, Western House, 224

-  Wren, Western Winter, 224

-  Wren-Tit, 232

-

-

-                                   Y

-  Yellow-legs, Greater, 82

-

-  [Illustration: ]

-

-

-THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS

-GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

-

-

-

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.

-

-Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., “Redwing

-Blackbird� vs. “Red-winged Black-bird�.

-

-

-

-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 45918-h.htm or 45918-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h/45918-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+WESTERN BIRD GUIDE
+
+Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific
+
+Illustrations by
+
+CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+Garden City      New York
+Doubleday, Page & Company
+1917
+
+Copyright, 1913, by
+Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American
+Ornithologists’ Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The
+lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and
+may be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.
+
+On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species
+often cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the
+original; they can best be identified by the locality in which they are
+found.
+
+The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a
+bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross
+against the name of each bird that you see in your locality, and also
+that you write at the top of the page the date of the arrival and
+departure of each bird as you note it; these dates vary so much in
+different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As many
+will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a
+leather-covered copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+
+
+              BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC
+
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     DIVING BIRDS—Order Pygopodes.
+                        GREBES—Family Colymbidæ.
+
+
+                             WESTERN GREBE.
+         1.     Æchmophorus occidentalis.     25 to 29 inches.
+
+This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back of the neck
+is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.
+
+Nest.—A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to the
+upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid, usually much nest
+stained (2.40 × 1.55). Breeding in colonies.
+
+Range.—Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the
+Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.
+
+
+                            HOLBOELL GREBE.
+               2.     Colymbus Holboelli.     19 inches.
+
+This is next to the Western Grebe in size, both being larger than any of
+the others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked, as shown in the
+illustration, but in winter have the usual dress of gray and white.
+
+Nest.—Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 × 1.25).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska, in the interior
+of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually on the coasts.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             HORNED GREBE.
+                3.     Colymbus auritus.     14 inches.
+
+In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray and
+white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of the most
+attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white ear tufts, the
+front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their food consists almost
+wholly of small fish.
+
+Nest.—Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the bog and water
+holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7 in number, are brownish
+yellow (1.70 × 1.15).
+
+Range.—Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters to the Gulf of
+Mexico.
+
+
+                              EARED GREBE.
+        4.     Colymbus nigricollis californicus.     13 inches.
+
+This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi River. In
+summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color of the former. It
+can always be distinguished from the Horned by the upper mandible being
+straight on the top.
+
+Nest.—In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8 eggs, which
+are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.
+
+Range.—From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from Texas to British
+Columbia.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           PIED-BILLED GREBE.
+              6.     Podilymbus podiceps.     13½ inches.
+
+This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the grebes in any
+plumage, because of its stout compressed bill and brown eyes, all the
+others having red eyes. In summer the bill is nearly white, with a black
+band encircling it; the throat is black; breast and sides brownish-gray;
+the eye encircled with a white ring.
+
+Nest.—Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating in shallow
+ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes. Five to 8 brownish white
+eggs are laid (1.70 × 1.18).
+
+Range.—Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.
+
+
+                      LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
+                7.     Gavia immer.     31 to 35 inches.
+
+In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the grebes, except in
+size, being much larger. The common loon is the most beautiful of them
+all, having a velvety black iridescent head with slashes of white on the
+throat and neck and spots of white on the wings and back.
+
+Nest.—Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes on the edge of
+some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs are a yellowish brown,
+with black spots (3.50 × 2.25).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             PACIFIC LOON.
+              10.     Gavia pacifica.     30 to 32 inches.
+
+This species differs from the Loon in having the crown gray, and white
+streaks down the back of the neck, and in the color reflections of the
+black on the head. It is a trifle smaller also.
+
+Nest.—Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish brown,
+with the black spots mostly on the larger end (3.10 × 2).
+
+Range.—Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia; winters
+along the Pacific coast to Mexico.
+
+
+                           RED-THROATED LOON.
+                 11.     Gavia stellata.     25 inches.
+
+The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are gray, there is a
+large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under parts white. Owing to the
+straight top to the upper mandible the bill has a slightly up-turned
+appearance.
+
+Nest.—Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few feet of the water.
+The eggs are an olive brown with more markings usually than the others,
+and mostly on the larger end (2.90 × 1.75).
+
+Range.—Along the western coast of North America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS—Family Alcidæ.
+
+
+                       TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.
+                 12.     Lunda cirrhata.     13 inches.
+
+This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds, with short
+legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly colored with red
+and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are white. They stand erect
+upon their feet and walk with ease.
+
+Nest.—They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific coast, laying
+their single white egg in burrows or crevices of the rocks. In some
+sections two or three broods are raised in a season (2.80 × 1.90).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.
+
+
+                             HORNED PUFFIN.
+             14.     Fratercula corniculata.     11 inches.
+
+This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east, excepting that
+the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the
+bill.
+
+Nest.—The same as the above, the single egg averaging smaller (2.65 ×
+1.80).
+
+Range.—Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           RHINOCEROS AUKLET.
+             15.     Cerorhinca monocerata.     11 inches.
+
+These birds have a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer
+plumage there is a small horn at the base of the bill from which it is
+given its name. These birds do not stand upright as do the Puffins; but
+sit upon their tarsus.
+
+Nest.—A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices of the rocks,
+usually without any attempt at nest making (2.70 × 1.80).
+
+Range.—Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds from Oregon to
+northern Alaska.
+
+
+                             CASSIN AUKLET.
+             16.     Ptychoramphus aleuticus.     9 inches.
+
+A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly white with
+blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white spot over the eye.
+This Auklet is fairly abundant on the Farallones and islands off the
+Lower California coast.
+
+Nest.—A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being a pale
+green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows or tunnels under
+the rocks, at times three or four feet long (1.80 × 1.30).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            PAROQUET AUKLET.
+              17.     Phaleris psittacula.     10 inches.
+
+This bird is much like Cassin Auklet, but lacking the white spot over the
+eye and having a white breast. The bill is very peculiar, being quite
+deep and rounded and having an upward tendency. It is orange red in
+color.
+
+Range.—The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter. Nesting in the
+Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid (2.25 × 1.40).
+
+
+                           WHISKERED AUKLET.
+                  19.     Æthia pygmæa.     7½ inches.
+
+Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands. The single white
+egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks (2.00 × 1.25).
+
+
+                            CRESTED AUKLET.
+             18.     Æthia cristatella.     8 to 9 inches.
+
+Similar in form and plumage to the Paroquet Auklet, except the whole
+under parts are gray.
+
+Nest and Range.—On the islands and main land of the Alaskan coast, laying
+only one chalky white egg in crevices or burrows under the rocks.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             LEAST AUKLET.
+                 20.     Æthia pusilla.     6½ inches.
+
+This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the same as others
+of the same family. They are one of the most abundant of the water birds
+of the extreme Northwest.
+
+Nest.—Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks or in
+crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 × 1.10).
+
+
+                           ANCIENT MURRELET.
+           21.     Synthliboramphus antiquus.     11 inches.
+
+The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more slender
+than the Auklets and are not highly colored.
+
+Nest.—One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices of the
+rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light brown.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska, breeding north
+of the United States.
+
+
+                           MARBLED MURRELET.
+            23.     Brachyramphus marmoratus.     10 inches.
+
+Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the Ancient Murrelet (2.20 × 1.40)
+and range is same as above, possibly breeding a little farther south.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           XANTHUS MURRELET.
+                   25.     Brachyramphus hypoleucus.
+
+This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below, including the
+sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface of the wing is also
+white.
+
+Nest.—The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under the rocks in
+dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is a pale buffy white, and
+thickly but finely dotted with brown over the entire surface, heaviest on
+the larger end (2.05 × 1.40).
+
+Range.—Resident along the coast of southern and Lower California, where
+it breeds on many of the islands.
+
+
+                           PIGEON GUILLEMOT.
+                29.     Cepphus columba.     13 inches.
+
+This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that the
+under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight and slender
+bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils. Feet and inside
+of mouth bright red.
+
+Nest.—Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark places under the
+rocks, are pale blue or green in color with black or brown markings and
+paler spots of lilac.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast of North America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA MURRE.
+         30.     Uria troille californica.     15 to 16 inches.
+
+This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones. Large
+numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the San Francisco and other
+market places and disposed of as a food product, and as yet the birds do
+not seem to diminish to any great extent.
+
+Nest.—But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges. They vary
+greatly in color, from nearly white without markings to a deep greenish
+blue with an endless variety of patterns in light and dark brown (3.40 ×
+2.00).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to Alaska.
+
+
+                            POMARINE JAEGER.
+             36.     Stercorarius pomarinus.     21 inches.
+
+These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but are the real
+pirates of bird life, especially among the terns and gulls. This species
+has two color phases regardless of sex or age. In the light plumage the
+top of the head is black, rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by
+the lengthened central tail-feathers.
+
+Nest.—Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 × 1.70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           PARASITIC JAEGER.
+            37.     Stercorarius parasiticus.     17 inches.
+
+This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last. The two
+central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting about four
+inches beyond the others. All of the Jaegers have grayish blue legs with
+black feet, and brown eyes.
+
+Nest.—A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the two brownish eggs
+are laid (2.15 × 1.65).
+
+Range.—Northern part of North America, south in winter to southern
+California, breeding in the Arctic regions.
+
+
+                          LONG-TAILED JAEGER.
+            38.     Stercorarius longicaudus.     20 inches.
+
+This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight. Similar to
+the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers extend eight or
+ten inches beyond the others. It is more often found in the lighter
+phase.
+
+Nest.—Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in a slight
+depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 × 1.50).
+
+Range.—Arctic America; south in winter to South America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     GULLS AND TERNS—Family Laridæ.
+
+
+                              IVORY GULL.
+                 39.     Pagophila alba.     17 inches.
+
+The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding season is
+entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and there is a red ring
+about the eye.
+
+Nest.—Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic regions. Three
+grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown and black (2.30 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to British Columbia.
+
+
+                           PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.
+          40a.     Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.     16 inches.
+
+These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands in the
+Bering Sea.
+
+Nest.—On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss and seaweed,
+making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two or three eggs, which are
+buffy brown or grayish, spotted with darker shades of brown (2.20 ×
+4.70).
+
+Range.—Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south as Lower
+California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.
+               41.     Rissa brevirostris.     16 inches.
+
+This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting that the legs are
+bright red, the mantle is darker and the bill shorter. They usually nest
+in separate colonies from the former, and can be readily identified when
+in flight by the red legs.
+
+Nest.—They have been found abundantly on the islands of the Bering Sea,
+nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The color of the eggs is buffy
+or brownish, blotched and spotted with lilac and shades of brown.
+
+Range.—Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.
+
+
+                             GLAUCOUS GULL.
+               42.     Larus hyperboreus.     28 inches.
+
+This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray; it is
+distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white to the tips.
+It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller Gulls, eating both the
+eggs and young.
+
+Nest.—Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number, in shades
+of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and black.
+
+Range.—Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.
+            44.     Larus glaucescens.     25 to 27 inches.
+
+The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this gull except that
+the primaries are tipped with white. They breed in large numbers both on
+the rocky cliffs and on the low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the
+cliffs large nests of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands
+no attempt is made at nest building.
+
+Nest.—Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a greenish brown
+ground color with various shades of brown spots, most thickly covered on
+the larger end (2.75 × 2.05).
+
+Range.—North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards,
+and wintering to southern California.
+
+
+                           SLATY-BACKED GULL.
+               48.     Larus schistisagus.     27 inches.
+
+This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck and slaty
+colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often nest in colonies with
+other gulls, building their small mounds of seaweed on the higher parts
+of the islands.
+
+Nest.—Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored eggs, spotted
+with dark brown and lavender (2.90 × 2.00).
+
+Range.—Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             WESTERN GULL.
+               49.     Larus occidentalis.     26 inches.
+
+This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the large Gulls,
+and can be seen about the harbors of California at all seasons of the
+year. They are great thieves, robbing the Murres and Terns wherever eggs
+are left unprotected, and are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to
+contend with.
+
+Nest.—Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the full set
+contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark brown, showing the
+usual variation found in color in the Gulls’ eggs (2.75 × 1.90).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to British
+Columbia.
+
+
+                             HERRING GULL.
+                51.     Larus argentatus.     24 inches.
+
+These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually on the
+ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite a distance from
+the water. A few pair nest on the islands of some of the inland lakes and
+it is not uncommon to see nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet
+from the ground.
+
+Nest.—They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted with black and
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           RING-BILLED GULL.
+               54.     Larus delawarensis.     18 inches.
+
+A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips and
+always to be identified in the breeding season by the black band around
+the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in large colonies on
+the islands in the interior of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds
+at high altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the lakes of
+the Dakotas and northward.
+
+Nest.—Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight hollow on the
+ground generally on the grassy portion of some island (2.80 × 1.75).
+
+Range.—North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower California to
+British Columbia.
+
+
+                            CALIFORNIA GULL.
+               53.     Larus californicus.     23 inches.
+
+This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. Herring Gull and the
+primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow, with red spot near
+end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.
+
+Nest.—Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally
+upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and they are
+the usual color of the Gulls’.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           SHORT-BILLED GULL.
+              55.     Larus brachyrhynchus.     17 inches.
+
+The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the European
+variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly gray; rest of white;
+outer primary nearly black with a white spot at the end. Bill, feet and
+legs greenish.
+
+Nest.—On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The nest is generally
+made of moss, grass and weeds and placed on the ground.
+
+Range.—Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to Alaska. Winters in
+the south to Lower California.
+
+
+                             HEERMANN GULL.
+                57.     Larus heermanni.     17 inches.
+
+A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull. In summer
+the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a red bill and legs. The
+body color shades abruptly from the neck into slaty, both the upper and
+under parts. The primaries and tail are black.
+
+Nest.—Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs greenish drab
+in color marked with brown, black and lilac (2.45 × 1.50).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast of North America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            BONAPARTE GULL.
+               60.     Larus philadelphia.     14 inches.
+
+In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner web and
+shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck are gray; while in
+winter the head is white with gray spots back of the eyes. Young birds
+have the back mixed with brownish and the tail with a band of black near
+the tip. They are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.
+
+Nest.—They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the northwest. The
+nests of sticks and grass are placed on the higher parts of the marshes
+and the usual complement of three eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to
+greenish brown, marked with dark brown spots (1.90 × 1.30).
+
+
+                              SABINE GULL.
+                  62.     Xema sabini.     13 inches.
+
+A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring;
+the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail slightly forked. In
+winter the head and throat white with the back of the neck dusky.
+
+Nest.—They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and
+Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish brown in color and marked
+with dark brown (1.75 × 1.25).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             CASPIAN TERN.
+                 64.     Sterna caspia.     21 inches.
+
+The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill is large,
+heavy and bright red. The crest with which this species is adorned is
+black. The mantle is pearl color and the breast is white. Winter birds
+have the crown mixed with white, and the young are blotched with blackish
+in the wings and tail.
+
+Nest.—They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again only a few
+pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from gray to greenish buff,
+marked with brown and lilac. The two eggs usually being laid in a hollow
+in the sand.
+
+Range.—North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and Lower California
+to the Arctic regions.
+
+
+                             ELEGANT TERN.
+                 66.     Sterna elegans.     17 inches.
+
+In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are tinged with
+rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name.
+
+Nest.—They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in the sand,
+creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 × 1.40).
+
+Range.—Central and South America, in summer to California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             FORSTERS TERN.
+                69.     Sterna forsteri.     15 inches.
+
+These beautiful birds are often known as “Sea Swallows,� because of their
+similarity in flight to those well-known land birds. They are the picture
+of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert
+and ready to dart down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.
+
+Nest.—A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with grass, in which
+are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying in color from almost white
+to brownish, thickly spotted with brown and lavender (1.80 × 1.30).
+
+Range.—Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba to the Gulf
+Coast.
+
+
+                              COMMON TERN.
+                 70.     Sterna hirundo.     15 inches.
+
+This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being more
+blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly gray in place of
+white, tail not quite as much forked, and shorter; edge of outer
+primaries and outer tail-feathers blackish.
+
+Nest.—These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic coast. Their eggs
+are more rounded (1.75 × 1.40).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              ARCTIC TERN.
+                71.     Sterna paradisæ.     15 inches.
+
+A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution; and the
+pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and below. Bill quite red
+and feet much smaller and bright red. When their nesting colonies are
+approached they will rise in clouds, circling about high in the air,
+uttering at times their peculiar cry.
+
+Nest.—Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt at nest
+building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the bare sand or
+gravel just above the water line. There is no difference in the color or
+markings of the eggs from the others (1.75 × 1.40).
+
+Range.—More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic Regions and
+wintering from California to the Gulf States.
+
+
+                             ALEUTIAN TERN.
+                73.     Sterna aleutica.     15 inches.
+
+This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the Common Tern, but
+has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, with a black line
+extending from the bill to the eye.
+
+Nest.—Is much the same as the Arctic, but the eggs are somewhat smaller
+and narrower (1.70 × 1.15).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              LEAST TERN.
+                74.     Sterna antillarum.     9 inches.
+
+This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a swallow and in
+flight are much the same, darting through the air, taking insects the
+same as swallows, or dipping into the water for small minnows that are
+showing themselves near the surface.
+
+Nest.—Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above the water
+line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully marked with
+different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 × .95).
+
+Range.—Throughout the United States to northern South America, breeding
+abundantly on the coast of southern California.
+
+
+                              BLACK TERN.
+        77.     Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.     10 inches.
+
+We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either white or
+pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults in summer having the
+head, neck and under parts black, with the back, wings and tail gray.
+
+Nest.—Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color. Nests are of
+weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies. Two to four eggs are a
+dark greenish brown with black spots (1.35 × .95).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     ALBATROSSES—Family Diomedeidæ.
+
+
+                        BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.
+            81.     Diomedea nigripes.     32 to 36 inches.
+
+This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into whitish at the
+base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted for its extended flights,
+following vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest.
+
+Nest.—They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 × 2.40).
+
+
+                        SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.
+               82.     Diomedea albatrus.     36 inches.
+
+This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following a vessel
+will keep a long distance behind in its search for food. With the
+exception of the primaries, which are black, as are also the shoulders
+and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with yellow on the back of
+the head.
+
+Nest.—They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the coast of
+Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare ground or rocks.
+
+Range.—Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California to Alaska;
+most common in northern part of the range.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           LAYSAN ALBATROSS.
+             82.1.     Diomedea immutabilis.     32 inches.
+
+These birds are white with the exception of the back, wings and tail,
+which are black; bill and feet yellow.
+
+Nest.—Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or rocks (4.00 ×
+2.35).
+
+Range.—This species breeds in large numbers on the island from which it
+takes its name—Layson Island, of the Hawaiian Group—appearing rarely off
+the coast of California.
+
+
+                        YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.
+            83.     Thalassogeron culminatus.     36 inches.
+
+This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian oceans and
+is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An egg in the collection
+of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., was taken on Gough Island Sept.
+1st, 1888. The nest was a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The
+single white egg measured 3.75 × 2.25.
+
+
+                            SOOTY ALBATROSS.
+              84.     Phœbetria palpebrata.     36 inches.
+
+This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim around the
+eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 × 2.75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.
+                         Family Procellariidæ.
+
+
+                            PACIFIC FULMAR.
+         86b.     Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.     18 inches.
+
+In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is shorter and
+stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the nostrils opening out of
+a single tube, prominently located on top of the bill. Their flight is
+graceful like that of the Gulls.
+
+Nest.—On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern Pacific
+they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the rocks having its
+tenant. They lay but a single white egg on the bare rocks (2.90 × 2.00).
+
+Range.—Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.
+
+
+                         SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.
+             87.     Priocella glacialoides.     18 inches.
+
+This species has a paler mantle than others of the family, and the
+primaries are black.
+
+Range.—Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the United States
+in the summer. They probably breed in the far south during our winter,
+although we have no definite record relative to their nesting habits.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.
+               91.     Puffinus creatopus.     19 inches.
+
+Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper parts and
+under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color, darkest on the wings; top
+of head dark, with throat and breast white, with yellowish bill and pink
+colored feet.
+
+Range.—From Monterey, California, to South America.
+
+
+                        BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.
+             93.     Puffinus opisthomelas.     14 inches.
+
+Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter in color.
+Quite common in southern California and much more so in Lower California.
+
+Range.—From northern United States to Lower California. A single white
+egg is laid (2.00 × 1.30).
+
+
+                          TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.
+             93.1.     Puffinus auricularis.     14 inches.
+
+A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower California
+coast and islands.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.
+                95.     Puffinus griseus.     17 inches.
+
+This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands in the far
+south during our winter months, comes north and appears off the Pacific
+coast of the United States during our summer months, as far north as
+Alaska. They are a dark sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which
+are whitish.
+
+Nest.—Habits are the same as the others of the family. The single white
+egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices under rocks (2.40 ×
+1.65).
+
+
+                       SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.
+             96.     Puffinus tenuirostris.     14 inches.
+
+This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling it in color
+and markings, being a little lighter under the throat, and the bill more
+slender in proportion to the size of the bird. Bill and feet nearly
+black, as is also the one above.
+
+Nest.—Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as the
+Dark-bodied Shearwater; it is not found on the N. A. coast as commonly as
+the other.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             FISHER PETREL.
+               100.     Æstrelata fisheri.     7 inches.
+
+This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off
+Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.
+
+
+                             LEAST PETREL.
+             103.     Halocyptena microsoma.     5½ inches.
+
+This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely dark sooty.
+
+Nest.—They have been found breeding on the islands of Lower California,
+and they probably do on others farther south. The single egg of this bird
+is white with a wreath of tiny brown specks about the larger end.
+
+
+                          FORK-TAILED PETREL.
+              105.     Oceanodroma furcata.     8 inches.
+
+These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being darker and the
+under parts lightest.
+
+Nest.—Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the ground. Egg white
+with a fine wreath of purplish black specks about the larger end. Found
+breeding on the islands of Alaska.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            KAEDING PETREL.
+            105.2.     Oceanodroma kaedingi.     7½ inches.
+
+This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and the tail
+less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California to Mexico,
+breeding in the southern part of its range.
+
+
+                             LEACH PETREL.
+             106.     Oceanodroma leucorhoa.     8 inches.
+
+These are quite common on both the eastern and western coasts, breeding
+from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians. They are of a sooty brown
+color, upper tail-coverts and side of under-coverts white. They burrow in
+the ground for two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building;
+placing their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow. These
+birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one remaining at
+sea during the day and returning at night. They are rarely seen in the
+vicinity of their nests during the day.
+
+
+                           GUADALUPE PETREL.
+                  106.1.     Oceanodroma macrodactyla.
+
+Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail and somewhat
+longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.
+
+Nest.—Same as above with one white egg, usually much nest stained.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             BLACK PETREL.
+              107.     Oceanodroma melania.     7½ inches.
+
+These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump of the two
+or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very offensive musky odor,
+which is always noticeable about an island inhabited by them. The skins
+and eggs of the birds always retain this odor.
+
+Nest.—Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes containing a
+small amount of nesting material; grass and roots.
+
+Range.—Southern California southward to Mexico.
+
+
+                              ASHY PETREL.
+             108.     Oceanodroma homochroa.     7 inches.
+
+This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands, sooty gray
+in color, their plumage matching their surroundings so closely that,
+unless one is looking for them, they will easily be overlooked.
+
+They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves to be
+removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they. They build in burrows or
+in any crevice of the rocks, laying their single white egg on the ground
+or rock without much, if any, lining to the nest.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                  CORMORANTS—Family Phalacrocoracidæ.
+
+
+                          FARALLONE CORMORANT.
+      120c.     Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus.     30 inches.
+
+Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty. These birds
+breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing their nests well up on
+the higher ridges and also in the trees on some of the inland islands, or
+near large ponds or lakes. They build large nests of sticks and roots,
+lined with grass, seaweed and moss.
+
+Nest.—Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid (2.40 × 1.50).
+
+
+                           BRANDT CORMORANT.
+          122.     Phalacrocorax penicillatus.     35 inches.
+
+Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender and nearly
+straight. The young are hatched without feathers or down and the skin is
+nearly black. The young for two or three months are the food supply for
+the larger Gulls. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands,
+they stay closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are
+always on the watch for either the eggs or young.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of the United
+States.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           BAIRD CORMORANTS.
+     123b.     Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.     28 inches.
+
+This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from Washington south
+to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as the former species and not
+inclined to breed in colonies with the others, but is more secluded.
+
+Nest.—Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks and cliffs on
+which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom building in trees.
+Their eggs are much smaller, averaging 2.20 × 1.40.
+
+
+                          RED-FACED CORMORANT.
+              124.     Phalacrocorax urile.     32 inches.
+
+The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly in having the
+forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the same as other members of the
+family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the
+fact that the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a ring
+about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.
+
+Nest.—The nesting places of these as well as other members of this family
+are very filthy, being covered with excrement and the remains of fish
+that are strewn about their nests (2.50 × 1.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      PELICANS.—Family Pelecanidæ.
+
+
+                             WHITE PELICAN.
+           125.     Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.     60 inches.
+
+Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white; bill and feet
+yellow, the former in the breeding season having a thin upright knob
+about midway on the top of the upper mandible. They get their food by
+approaching a school of small fish and suddenly dipping their head
+beneath the surface, sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;
+they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the sides of
+the mouth, and then swallow the fish.
+
+Nest.—On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally only a lining
+about the outer edge; the eggs being placed upon the ground. Two or three
+eggs are laid, pure chalky white (3.45 × 2.30).
+
+
+                       CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.
+            127.     Pelecanus californicus.     55 inches.
+
+Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back of neck rich
+velvety brown; head and throat white.
+
+Nest.—On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks and weeds.
+Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 × 1.95).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                   MAN-O’-WAR BIRDS—Family Fregatidæ.
+
+
+                             FRIGATE BIRD.
+                128.     Fregata aquila.     40 inches.
+
+In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest expanse of
+wing of any known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they have an
+extent of from seven to eight feet. The length of the bird is about 40
+inches, of which the tail comprises about 18, more than half of this
+being forked. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor
+swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete
+masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of
+small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.
+
+Nest.—A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. A
+single white egg (2.80 × 1.90).
+
+
+                   AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.
+               129.     Mergus americanus.     25 inches.
+
+These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth
+to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent.
+
+Nest.—In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on the ground; 6 to
+9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 × 1.75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
+                130.     Mergus serrator.     22 inches.
+
+This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is found commonly
+on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more than on the coast. The male
+has the head, neck, and crest iridescent greenish black, breast brownish
+with black spots. The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut
+color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the black found on
+the males.
+
+Nest.—They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff color, making
+their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or in tufts of grass or in
+crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest with feathers (2.50 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—Whole of North America, breeding from central United States to
+British America.
+
+
+                           HOODED MERGANSER.
+             131.     Lophodytes cucullatus.     17 inches.
+
+Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest with which both
+sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this from the others. The male
+having the crest black with a large white patch, and that of the female
+plain brown.
+
+Nest.—In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 × 1.70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                                GADWALL.
+            135.     Chaulelasmus streperus.     20 inches.
+
+Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the female is similar
+but the back and wings are brownish-gray. As is usual with many of the
+ducks these do most of their feeding early in the morning or after dusk,
+and spend the greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the
+most noisy and active of the ducks.
+
+Nest.—They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes or in the long
+grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to 12 eggs of a creamy buff
+color (2.10 × 1.60).
+
+Range.—Includes the whole of North America, breeds from British Columbia
+to southern California.
+
+
+                                MALLARD.
+              132.     Anas platyrhynchos.     23 inches.
+
+These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They feed on mollusks
+and marine insects which they generally reach by tipping in shallow
+water.
+
+Nest.—In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their nests in the
+tall grasses of which it is made and lined with feathers. Breed from
+Alaska to southern California (2.25 × 1.25).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BALDPATE—AMERICAN WIDGEON.
+               137.     Mareca Americana.     19 inches.
+
+These are common and well-known birds throughout North America, where
+they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the
+bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. They
+can usually be identified at a distance by the absence of any dark
+markings, and when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.
+
+Nest.—Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers, on the ground
+or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are laid (2.15 × 1.20).
+
+
+                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
+              139.     Nettion carolinense.     14 inches.
+
+These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly sought for by
+sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence of their flesh. The
+male may be easily identified by the reddish brown head and neck, with
+the large green patch behind each ear.
+
+Nest.—On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it is made of
+weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9 buffy eggs are laid (1.85
+× 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California and Oregon.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
+              140.     Querquedula discors.     15 inches.
+
+Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front of the eye;
+under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black; wing coverts bright
+blue. Female similar to female Green-wing, but has the blue wing coverts.
+In flight can be easily separated from the Green-wing by its darker under
+parts. Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines. This is
+more common east of the Rockies than the other.
+
+Nest.—Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed in the reeds
+bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs are laid.
+
+Range.—North America, breeding more abundantly than the former farther
+north in its range.
+
+
+                             CINNAMON TEAL.
+            141.     Querquedula cyanoptera.     16 inches.
+
+This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the Rockies. It is
+on the male a bright cinnamon color on the under parts; also the head and
+neck, being darkest near the bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts
+blue; speculum green, divided by a line of white.
+
+Nest.—Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 × 1.35).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               SHOVELLER.
+               142.     Spatula clypeata.     20 inches.
+
+Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill, which is out of
+all proportion to the size of the bird. Head, neck and speculum dark
+green, under parts reddish brown, breast and back white, wing coverts
+blue. If it were not for the large ungainly bill, this duck would be
+classed as one of our most beautiful during the breeding season.
+
+Nest.—It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of grass, weeds
+and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10 grayish white eggs (2.10 ×
+1.50).
+
+Range.—North America; breeding most abundant on the western coast from
+southern California to northwest Alaska.
+
+
+                                PINTAIL.
+                 143.     Dafila acuta.     30 inches.
+
+A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with head and
+stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and sides barred with white
+and black wavy lines.
+
+Nest.—On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with feathers
+generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12 eggs of a dull olive
+color (2.20 × 1.50).
+
+Range.—North America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               WOOD DUCK.
+                  144.     Aix sponsa.     19 inches.
+
+This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of any of the duck
+family. Both the male and female have a long crest; that of the male of
+the most beautiful shades of blue and iridescent green colors, with
+stripes of white, the throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut
+with white arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line
+markings.
+
+Nest.—In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The birds are said
+to carry the young from the nest to the water in their bills. 6 to 10
+eggs, buffy in color (2.25 × 1.60).
+
+Range.—Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to the Gulf of
+Mexico.
+
+
+                                REDHEAD.
+               146.     Marila americana.     19 inches.
+
+This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered as the best
+table birds of the duck family.
+
+Nest.—Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in number, buffy
+white in color (2.40 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              CANVAS-BACK.
+              147.     Marila valisineria.     21 inches.
+
+Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish
+forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the Redhead having yellow
+eyes. Like the last species, these birds are excellent swimmers and
+divers, and secure their food from deeper water than many of the ducks.
+Their food consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell
+fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market price, and are
+much sought after by gunners.
+
+Nest.—On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with grass and feathers.
+6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—North America; breeding from central British Columbia south to
+Oregon and Minnesota.
+
+
+                        SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.
+                 148.     Marila marila.     18 inches.
+
+This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing to the slaty
+blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast are black; speculum and
+under parts white, and eyes yellow.
+
+Nest.—In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior of British
+Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray (2.50 × 1.70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           LESSER SCAUP DUCK.
+                149.     Marila affinis.     17 inches.
+
+Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed
+purple instead of green on the black. They are one of the most abundant
+migrants, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the
+flash of a gun. The immense flocks generally keep out in the open waters
+of the lakes or rivers; where they feed by diving.
+
+Nest.—Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with feathers from the
+breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale gray color (2.25 × 1.55).
+
+
+                           RING-NECKED DUCK.
+                150.     Marila collaris.     17 inches.
+
+In appearance and general habits this duck is much the same as the two
+preceding. Male with head, neck and breast black with purple shades,
+having a ring of chestnut about the neck, which at a little distance is
+not noticeable. Bill blackish, with a bluish band near the end; eye
+yellow.
+
+Nest.—Same in every way as above, and general distribution the same,
+breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.
+          151.     Clangula clangula americana.     20 inches.
+
+These are handsome ducks, known as “Whistlers,� from the noise of their
+wings when flying, and also “Great-heads,� because of the puffy crest.
+The head is greenish black with a large round white spot in front of and
+a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.
+
+Nest.—Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining the cavity
+with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining the nest with feathers,
+in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs of a grayish color (2.30 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding from Alaska south to the most northern of
+United States. Winters to southern California and the Gulf Coast.
+
+
+                           BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.
+              152.     Clangula islandica.     20 inches.
+
+Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white spot between
+the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is the preceding.
+
+Nest.—The range and nesting habits are the same as above, possibly
+breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              BUFFLE-HEAD.
+             153.     Charitonetta albeola.     14 inches.
+
+This handsome little duck is also known as “Butter-ball� and
+“Dipper-duck,� the latter name given to them on account of the ease with
+which they can disappear under the water. They are always on the alert
+and will dive at the flash of a gun. Head iridescent blue, green and
+purple, and with a large white patch extending from eye to eye, across
+the back of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can
+take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.
+
+Nest.—In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the sides of rivers,
+8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color (2.00 × 1.40).
+
+
+                      OLD-SQUAW—LONG-TAILED DUCK.
+               154.     Harelda hyemalis.     21 inches.
+
+One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in summer and winter.
+Both sexes are marked similarly, but the female is somewhat duller and
+lacks the long tail feathers of the male. They are excellent swimmers and
+dive to great depths in search of their food.
+
+Nest.—Generally concealed in the long grass near the water, made of grass
+and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 × 1.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            HARLEQUIN DUCK.
+           155.     Histrionicus histrionicus.     17 inches.
+
+A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the illustration. It is
+not the colors alone that make them so attractive, but the way the colors
+are placed. The white being in long stripes, crescents or large spots,
+with black, gray and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among
+the swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on the
+coasts.
+
+Nest.—Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with down placed on
+the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes in the hollow of a tree. 5
+to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 × 1.60).
+
+Range.—Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to the central part
+of California among the mountain streams.
+
+
+                             PACIFIC EIDER.
+               161.     Somateria v-nigra.     23 inches.
+
+This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it has a
+black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly on the Aleutian
+Islands, but in great numbers farther north.
+
+Nest.—They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly lining same with
+down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs (3.00 × 2.00).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             STELLER EIDER.
+              157.     Polysticta stelleri.     18 inches.
+
+A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish on the
+forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and crissum, black;
+under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the long scapulars black and
+white.
+
+Nest.—Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It breeds on the
+rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six to nine eggs are pale
+olive green in color (2.25 × 1.60).
+
+Range.—Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian Islands and
+northwest coast of Alaska.
+
+
+                           SPECTACLED EIDER.
+              158.     Arctonetta fischeri.     21 inches.
+
+This species is black on the under parts and mostly white above. The head
+is largely washed with sea green, leaving a large patch of white,
+narrowly bordered with black around each eye, thus resembling a pair of
+spectacles and giving it the name it has.
+
+Nest.—Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from their breast;
+they are placed upon the ground under overhanging stones or clumps of
+grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 × 1.85).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              KING EIDER.
+             162.     Somateria spectabilis.     23 inches.
+
+This species is very different from any of the preceding, the crown being
+of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in place of the white of
+the others. It also has a broad V-shaped mark on the throat and a black
+crescent between the eye and bill. Like all of the other Eiders the
+females are mottled brown and black, the different species being very
+difficult to separate.
+
+Nest.—These are usually a depression in the ground lined with the down
+from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10 eggs of a greenish color (3.00
+× 2.00).
+
+Range.—Northern North America, breeding along the coast of Siberia,
+Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.
+
+
+                                SCOTER.
+               163.     Oidemia americana.     19 inches.
+
+Scoters or “Coots,� as they are generally called, are Sea Ducks whose
+plumage is almost wholly black; base of the bill is yellow and orange.
+This species nest similar to the Eiders, concealing it under overhanging
+rocks or in tufts of grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 ×
+1.70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.
+               165.     Oidemia deglandi.     22 inches.
+
+This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished from
+the others by the white speculum on the wing and a white comet extending
+from the eye backwards. It also has a yellow eye.
+
+This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of the family.
+
+Nest.—They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or under low
+bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes twigs, lined with
+feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding in British Columbia and Alaska.
+
+
+                              SURF SCOTER.
+             166.     Oidemia perspicillata.     20 inches.
+
+The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white spot on top
+of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and
+yellow with a large black spot near the base. The female is a grayish
+brown, lighter below; also with a spot of dull white in front of the eye
+and the same in back.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              RUDDY DUCK.
+            167.     Erismatura jamaicensis.     15 inches.
+
+This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown upper parts;
+blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and under parts silvery white
+with grayish wash next to the ruddy. Bill is very stout and broad at the
+end, and the tail feathers are very stiff and pointed. Females have back,
+crown and sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.
+These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or in flight.
+
+Nest.—They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally lined with
+down in which are placed their eggs to the number of from 8 to 12 of a
+grayish white color (2.40 × 1.75) unusually large for the size of the
+bird.
+
+Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from Central British Columbia
+southward as far as Lower California.
+
+
+                              SNOW GOOSE.
+         169.     Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus.     26 inches.
+
+Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black. This is the
+smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern variety being some ten
+inches longer, found in N. A., west of the Mississippi River.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              ROSS GOOSE.
+                  170.     Chen rossi.     23 inches.
+
+This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters in
+California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and is the smallest of
+the family.
+
+
+                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.
+           171a.     Anser albifrons gambeli.     27 inches.
+
+These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage, dark head and
+white forehead; bill and feet orange. They are the most common on the
+western coast and large numbers of them are sold in the markets.
+
+Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails, and
+insects.
+
+Nest.—These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression and made of
+dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs are from four to nine in number,
+of a dull buff color (3.00 × 2.05).
+
+Range.—Western and central North America, breeds on the Arctic coast
+south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from British Columbia to
+southern California. During the spring flight immense flocks of these
+birds pass through Oregon and follow down the west coast.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             CANADA GOOSE.
+         172.     Branta canadensis canadensis.     38 inches.
+
+This species is the most widely known of the family, and is the most
+numerous. Its familiar “honk� has long been the signal of the coming
+spring, and the V-shaped formation in which the flocks migrate is always
+an object of interest to every one; large birds, with long necks
+outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the
+leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.
+
+Nest.—Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on the ground in
+marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color
+are laid (3.50 × 2.50).
+
+Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from northern United States
+northward, and wintering in the southern part of U. S. to Lower
+California.
+
+
+                            CACKLING GOOSE.
+           172c.     Branta canadensis minima.     24 inches.
+
+This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference being only in
+the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and migrates in
+winter along the western coast south to southern California. Eggs are
+buff color; 4 to 9 (2.90 × 1.95).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              BLACK BRANT.
+               174.     Branta nigricans.     26 inches.
+
+Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar nearly encircling
+the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts mostly white. They are
+very inquisitive and easily come to decoys, and consequently large
+numbers of them are shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird
+especially when in large flocks. They get most of their food by tipping
+up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon the tender water plants
+and roots gathered from the bottom.
+
+Nest.—A depression in the ground lined with grass and feathers and the
+down from their breasts; four to eight eggs are laid of a grayish color
+(2.80 × 1.75).
+
+Range.—Western North America, breeding abundantly in northern Alaska and
+wintering on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower California.
+
+
+                             EMPEROR GOOSE.
+               176.     Philacte canagica.     26 inches.
+
+This handsome species may be known by the mottled or scaly appearance of
+the feathers; the head is white with a black chin and throat. Their 3 to
+7 eggs are a dull buff color (3.10 × 2.15).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.
+            177.     Dendrocygna autumnalis.     22 inches.
+
+These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are very common in
+southern Texas and along the Rio Grande. They are not timid and are
+frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, and
+feed in grain fields at considerable distance from the water. They
+usually raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten to as
+many as twenty.
+
+Nest.—They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at a great
+distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few feathers and down.
+The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 × 1.50).
+
+
+                           FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.
+              178.     Dendrocygna bicolor.     22 inches.
+
+In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more of a rufous
+all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It has no white markings. It
+is fully as abundant as the preceding and is found farther north and west
+to the Pacific coast in southern California.
+
+Nest.—Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them are identical
+with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been found in one nest, but
+these were probably laid by two birds.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            WHISTLING SWAN.
+               180.     Olor columbianus.     58 inches.
+
+These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their bill and
+feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer the end of the bill
+than it is to the eye. It is distinguished from the next by the small
+yellow spot on either side of the bill near its base.
+
+Nest.—Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss, grass, feathers
+and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy places near ponds or lakes.
+Three to six greenish or brownish buff eggs are laid (4.00 × 2.75).
+
+Range.—North America, more common in the east, breeding in Alaska and the
+Arctic islands, wintering from British Columbia to the central part of
+California.
+
+
+                            TRUMPETER SWAN.
+                181.     Olor buccinator.     65 inches.
+
+This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a spread of wing
+nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior than on the coast. Its
+plumage is the same as above, except that the bill is entirely black and
+the nostril is located nearer the eye. Their nesting habits are the same
+as above, the eggs averaging a trifle larger.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      GLOSSY IBIS—Family Ibididæ.
+              186.     Plegadis autumnalis.     25 inches.
+
+The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut color, glossy with
+purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy greenish black; bill, legs
+and feet carmine red, bill much curved downward.
+
+This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis which is
+occasionally found in southern California, with the exception that the
+latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering the bill, white.
+
+Nest.—Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living
+stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep greenish blue color (1.95 ×
+1.35).
+
+
+                       WOOD IBIS—Family Ciconiæ.
+              188.     Mycteria americana.     45 inches.
+
+Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which are pale bluish
+in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely white except for the
+primaries and tail, which are glossy purplish black. This is the only
+true Stork which occurs in North America, and is found only in the
+southern part of California and the most southern states near the Gulf of
+Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 × 1.75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             LEAST BITTERN.
+               191.     Ixobrychus exilis.     13 inches.
+
+This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern portions of
+the United States. They are very quiet and sly birds, and their presence
+is often unsuspected when they are really quite abundant. Their nests are
+made of rushes woven about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white
+(1.20 × .90).
+
+
+                        BITTERN—Family Herodii.
+             190.     Botaurus lentiginosus.     28 inches.
+
+These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep concealed so
+closely that one may pass within a few feet of them and they not take
+flight. They are known by a variety of names, nearly all of which have
+reference to their “booming� sound while in the bogs. The most common
+name given them being “Stake Driver� and again “Thunder Pumper.� They are
+much variegated with brown and yellowish brown; adults with a long, broad
+black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye is yellow; bill and
+legs, greenish yellow.
+
+Nest.—They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their nest usually
+in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by water. They lay from
+three to five brownish colored eggs (1.95 × 1.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           GREAT BLUE HERON.
+            194.     Ardea herodias herodias.     48 inches.
+
+This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is bluish gray,
+relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and patches on the sides
+and a white crown. Young birds are much duller colored and lack the crest
+of the old birds. It takes several years for them to obtain their perfect
+plumage. In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company with
+many other species.
+
+Nest.—Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in the trees
+near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many as 40 nests have
+been found in a single tree. Three to five eggs of a greenish blue color
+(2.50 × 1.50).
+
+Range.—North America except the extreme northern part, breeds from
+British Columbia to southern Lower California.
+
+
+                              GREEN HERON.
+         201.     Butorides virescens virescens.     17 inches.
+
+This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the
+country. In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one
+of two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream; 3 to 5
+pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 × 1.10).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                                 EGRET.
+               196.     Herodias egretta.     41 inches.
+
+This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has persistently
+been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery purposes. They usually
+breed in colonies with several others of the Heron family.
+
+Nest.—Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes over the
+water in which they lay three or four light bluish green colored eggs
+(2.25 × 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.
+
+
+                              SNOWY EGRET.
+             197.     Egretta candidissima.     24 inches.
+
+Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved plumes growing
+from the middle of the back; long crest of plumes on back of the head,
+and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base; legs black and feet
+yellow. With the protection which has been placed on these birds and the
+large breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government
+reservations we hope to see these become more abundant within a few
+years. Their nesting habits are the same as above, only the eggs are
+smaller (1.80 × 1.25).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
+         202.     Nycticorax nycticorax nævius.     24 inches.
+
+A well-known bird often called “quawk� from the note which it makes
+during its evening flights. They are usually found nesting in large
+colonies, while in some places a few secluded pairs nest; a favorite
+place being among pine trees on the edge of muddy ponds.
+
+Nest.—Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the higher limbs
+of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more in each tree. Eggs are
+pale greenish color (2.00 × 1.40).
+
+
+                      YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
+              203.     Nyctanassa violacea.     23 inches.
+
+The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded white
+plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested
+together so that they appear to be as one. On the back they also have
+long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a comet shaped patch under the eye
+of a yellowish white. As dusk approaches, these birds start out from
+their roosting places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to
+their feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting
+of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     WHOOPING CRANE—Family Gruidæ.
+                204.     Grus americana.     50 inches.
+
+This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of the adults
+is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts of the head and face
+are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet black. These great birds are not
+uncommon on the prairies of the interior of America.
+
+Nest.—Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the bogs, the nest
+being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two or three feet in
+diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish buff color blotched with shades
+of brown and gray (3.75 × 2.50).
+
+Range.—Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic regions and
+wintering to the Gulf states and southward.
+
+
+                          LITTLE BROWN CRANE.
+                205.     Grus canadensis.     36 inches.
+
+This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane, but more
+brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this family always carry
+the neck fully extended, while the Herons draw the neck back between the
+wings. Unlike herons the young birds are born covered with down, and can
+run about as soon as they appear.
+
+Range.—In northern Canada, where it breeds.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                   LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.—Family Rallidæ.
+               210.1.     Rallus levipes.     10 inches.
+
+They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed if any danger
+is lurking about the locality where they are. They are very quick to get
+away in the tall grass if startled, and rarely take to the wing for
+protection. This species is found about the marshes in southern
+California.
+
+
+                        CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.
+               210.     Rallus obsoletus.     15 inches.
+
+Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; cinnamon
+colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly all of the marshes
+along the coast. They are excellent runners, and are very difficult to
+start from the marsh grass in which they are concealed. Its nest is built
+on the ground on the higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively
+dry, building it of grass and strips of rushes.
+
+Nest.—They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color, spotted and
+blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 × 1.25). The young of this family are
+born covered with a shining black down, and remain in the nest but a few
+hours.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             VIRGINIA RAIL.
+              212.     Rallus virginianus.     10 inches.
+
+Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts
+grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown, brightest on the breast.
+Sides sharply barred with black and white; chin and line over the eye
+white, side of head slaty color. Like others of this species, it is found
+in either the fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.
+
+Nest.—Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs of a creamy
+white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac; six to ten are the
+number laid (1.25 × .90).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding from British Columbia to southern
+California and the Gulf of Mexico.
+
+
+                               SORA RAIL.
+                214.     Porzana carolina.     9 inches.
+
+Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on the head.
+Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the day in quiet and do
+most of their feeding after dusk, when their clucking notes may be heard
+all over the marshes.
+
+Nest.—A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs, buff colored
+with reddish-brown specks (1.25 × .90).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              YELLOW RAIL.
+           215.     Coturnicops noveboracensis.     7 inches.
+
+This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy brown, yellowish
+buff; black and white barred side feathers. The back is blackish with the
+feathers edged with white. These small Rails are like field mice, hard to
+locate or obtain sight of when in the marsh grass. They object to flying
+unless forced to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility
+to get through rushes to avoid being seen.
+
+Nest.—Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and twisted
+together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color, specked with
+reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end (1.10 × .80).
+
+Range.—Locally distributed in temperate America from southern California
+to British Columbia.
+
+
+                              BLACK RAIL.
+             216.     Creciscus coturniculus.     5 inches.
+
+This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird, with back a
+dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray feathers on the sides and
+flank spotted and barred with white.
+
+Nest.—These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely cupped to
+hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve; creamy white, specked all
+over with reddish brown (1.03 × .75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           FLORIDA GALLINULE.
+               219.     Gallinula galeata.     13 inches.
+
+Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back a brownish
+color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former being tipped with
+yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about the top. The grayish side
+feathers tipped with white at the wing and lower ones with black. They
+have an almost endless variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.
+
+Nest.—They build in colonies in the marshes, making their nests of rushes
+and grasses woven together and attached to stalks of rushes quite often
+over the water. They lay from six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color
+(1.60 × 1.15).
+
+
+                             AMERICAN COOT.
+               221.     Fulica americana.     15 inches.
+
+Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the whole bird. Toes
+lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill white with a blackish band near
+the tip; shield narrow and brownish, ending in a point.
+
+Nest.—This is placed in the same localities as are the Rails, and they
+have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of a grayish color
+finely specked all over with black or brown (1.80 × 1.30).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                  RED PHALAROPE.—Family Phalaropodidæ.
+             222.     Phalaropus fulicarius.     8 inches.
+
+These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their breeding
+plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have changed to their
+winter dress, and they retain this until after they leave us in the
+spring. In summer the under parts and neck a reddish brown; sides of the
+head white; top of head blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white
+band. The female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.
+
+Nest.—A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses. Three or four
+eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown or black (1.20
+× .80).
+
+Range.—Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and in winter
+migrating to middle portions of United States on both coasts.
+
+
+                          NORTHERN PHALAROPE.
+                223.     Lobipes lobatus.     8 inches.
+
+This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on
+the coasts a short time during migration. Like the last they are expert
+swimmers, and pass most of their time when not breeding upon the surface
+of the water. They feed upon minute insects secured from beds of floating
+kelp. Nest and eggs similar to above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WILSON PHALAROPE.
+              224.     Steganopus tricolor.     9 inches.
+
+This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a very graceful
+form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad black stripe through the
+eye and down the side of the neck, where it changes gradually into a rich
+chestnut color. Bill is long and slender. It is a bird of the interior,
+and is only rarely met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in
+large flocks, as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the
+water, although a good swimmer.
+
+Nest.—Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of grass
+near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or four greenish-buff eggs with
+black markings (1.30 × .90).
+
+Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to southern
+California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.
+
+
+                             WILSON SNIPE.
+              230.     Gallinago delicata.     11 inches.
+
+This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy meadows with its
+winding brooks. They procure their food by boring in the muddy banks of
+the meadows, the tip of the bill being flexible.
+
+Nest.—On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 × 1.10).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     AVOCET—Family Recurvirostridæ.
+            225.     Recurvirostra americana.     17 inches.
+
+In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and
+winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers on the under part
+white and very thick and, duck-like, being impervious to water. Bill
+slender and recurved; feet webbed. Large patches of white on the wings,
+making them very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if
+not molested, they become very tame.
+
+Nest.—Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in the ground.
+They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color,
+spotted and blotched with brown and black (1.90 × 1.30).
+
+
+                          BLACK-NECKED STILT.
+             226.     Himantopus mexicanus.     15 inches.
+
+Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and
+slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with back
+brownish. They are strong and swift upon the wing.
+
+Nest.—On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass. Three or four eggs,
+greenish buff, with numerous markings of brown and black about the larger
+end.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               DOWITCHER.
+             231.     Macrorhamphus griseus.     11 inches.
+
+Bill very long like that of the Snipe. In summer these birds are reddish
+brown below; more or less specked with black on the breast and barred
+with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter or
+even white on the rump, crossed with wavy lines of black.
+
+In winter they are gray above and white below. By the gunners known as
+“Red-breasted Snipe� in the spring and summer and as “Graybacks� in the
+winter months.
+
+Nest.—Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with grass and
+leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color boldly marked with
+brown most heavily about the larger end (1.75 × 1.15).
+
+
+                            STILT SANDPIPER.
+             233.     Micropalama himantopus.     9 inches.
+
+These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single
+individuals being found in flocks of other species rather than in flocks
+by themselves. Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer the
+entire under parts are a rusty white, closely barred with blackish. In
+winter they are gray above and white below.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                                 KNOT.
+                234.     Tringa canutus.     11 inches.
+
+This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches, following out
+each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking the small insects from the
+sand, and hurrying back to get clear from the next wave. Bill moderately
+long and quite stout; form more robust than most of the shore birds.
+Adults in summer mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish
+uniform brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.
+
+Nest.—They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but no eggs are known
+as yet in any collections.
+
+Range.—Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through the United
+States to South America.
+
+
+                          PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.
+        235b.     Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis.     9 inches.
+
+This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with rusty and the
+under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of black on the breast.
+Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with
+brown, laid on the ground in a depression with a light lining of grass
+(1.50 × 1.05).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.
+                 238.     Pisobia aurita.     9 inches.
+
+This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged with
+reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is reddish brown.
+Fairly common in summer on the coast of Alaska; in winter supposed to
+migrate south wholly on the Asiatic side of the Pacific.
+
+
+                          PECTORAL SANDPIPER.
+                239.     Pisobia maculata.     9 inches.
+
+A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season of
+inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the habits of the
+Snipe than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting grassy meadows or
+marshes, and feeding along the muddy flats in place of the sandy beaches.
+They are very dark brown above, with much lighter brown edging the
+feathers, and are white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish.
+These are well-known birds, and are called by gunners “Grass Snipe� or
+“Jack Snipe� as a more common name.
+
+Nest.—Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or four
+grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 × 1.00).
+
+Range.—Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and
+wintering south of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.
+              240.     Pisobia fuscicollis.     7 inches.
+
+Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black, below white,
+but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries black; upper tail
+coverts white. Nesting habits the same as those of the majority of the
+family, breeding from Labrador northward, and wintering to Central
+America. Eggs 1.30 × .90.
+
+
+                            BAIRD SANDPIPER.
+                241.     Pisobia bairdi.     7½ inches.
+
+Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump, being of a
+blackish color instead.
+
+Nest.—In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than near the
+seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground lined with grasses
+and usually concealed in a bunch of grass. Three to four eggs of a
+grayish white marked with shades of brown and lilac (1.30 × .90).
+
+
+                            LEAST SANDPIPER.
+               242.     Pisobia minutilla.     6 inches.
+
+This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are the same in
+color and markings as the preceding. Found more on the seashore. Nesting
+habits and eggs are the same as the two above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.
+           243a.     Pelidna alpina sakhalina.     8 inches.
+
+Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer, with the upper
+parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with black; belly black; head,
+throat, breast and sides strongly streaked with black.
+
+In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with the breast
+washed with grayish and slightly streaked with dusky. These small birds
+are found in large flocks both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during
+migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight is very rapid and
+performed in compact flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.
+
+Nest.—Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the earth being
+lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or four eggs with a
+greenish or brownish buff color, heavily spotted and blotched with shades
+of brown and chestnut (1.40 × 1.00).
+
+
+                          SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.
+             245.     Eurynorhynchus pygmeus.     7 inches.
+
+A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is a very
+peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and flattened into a
+sort of spoon shape.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              SANDERLING.
+               248.     Calidris leucophæa.     8 inches.
+
+These are a handsome and abundant species, found during migrations by
+thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest of the shore birds,
+feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often under the combing crest of
+the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to
+foam on the beach. They are usually very shy, and will not allow a close
+approach. Toes are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer,
+variegated above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain
+grayish above and white below.
+
+Nest.—The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and blotched with
+brown, are laid in nests that differ but little from others of this
+family (1.45 × .90).
+
+Range.—Found in all parts of North America, breeding within the Arctic
+Circle, and wintering to southern California.
+
+
+                           WESTERN SANDPIPER.
+                247.     Ereunetes mauri.     6½ inches.
+
+Their appearance is very similar to the Least Sandpiper, but they are
+slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed. Their nesting habits
+are the same, and eggs are very much alike.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            MARBLED GODWIT.
+                 249.     Limosa fedoa.     19 inches.
+
+These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the
+interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like large Plovers, with
+long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings and tail rufous barred with
+black; rump white.
+
+Nest.—Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there is no lining
+to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted about the depression.
+Three or four eggs with a ground color of grayish buff, sometimes quite
+dark, are blotched with dark brown (2.25 × 1.60).
+
+
+                          GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.
+             254.     Totanus melanoleucus.     14 inches.
+
+Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray margined with
+white; rump white; tail barred black and white; primaries black; bill
+long and rather slender; legs long and yellow.
+
+Nest.—The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with very little
+attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish white, heavily
+blotched with shades of brown and lilac (1.65 × 1.25).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding in the British Provinces.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.
+       256a.     Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus.     9 inches.
+
+A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and white below.
+These are almost always met with in pairs or singly, and are very rarely
+seen even in small flocks. They prefer small ponds or streams in wet
+woods or open meadows, rather than marshes, which are frequented by other
+species. As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.
+
+Nest.—Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near some small
+piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with very little lining of
+grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored, spotted with dark shades of
+brown (1.30 × 1.00).
+
+
+                            WESTERN WILLET.
+     258a.     Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus.     16 inches.
+
+These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon and
+northern California, and are quite abundant in many localities. Upper
+parts a brownish gray, specked with black; under parts lighter gray, with
+lighter streaks of darker gray. Primaries white at the base and black on
+the outer end.
+
+Nest.—Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass just barely
+out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs; buff blotched with umber
+(2.00 × 1.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WANDERING TATTLER.
+             259.     Heteractitis incanus.     11 inches.
+
+This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white below, closely
+barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming broken on the throat,
+forming spots. In winter the under parts and throat are white. During the
+breeding season it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building
+its nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.
+
+
+                  UPLAND PLOVER—BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.
+             261.     Bartramia longicauda.     12 inches.
+
+This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being found near the
+water, their food consisting more of insects and worms than is usual with
+others of the Plover or Sandpiper families. They are quite shy, and are
+one of the birds much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black,
+with feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.
+Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked with black; under
+parts white.
+
+Nest.—Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows of the ground,
+lined with grass. They are frequently made and eggs deposited in good
+mowing fields just about the time for cutting the grass, and many nests
+are destroyed at this time.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.
+            262.     Tryngites subruficollis.     8 inches.
+
+Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts buff, as
+are also the neck and head; blackish spots on the sides extending up the
+back of the neck and top of the head; primaries black.
+
+Nest.—Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest scantily lined
+with grass, in which three or four eggs, having a grayish white ground
+color, spotted with rich brown and chestnut, are placed.
+
+Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson Bay region to
+the Arctic coast. During migration, casual on the Pacific coast, and
+abundant in the interior, to South America.
+
+
+                           SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
+               263.     Actitis macularia.     8 inches.
+
+This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds, covering the
+whole United States. Its note, “peet-weet,� is a familiar sound to every
+bird observer. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tail up
+and down when at rest or when running along the shore, which has given it
+the name of “Teeter-tail� or “Tip-up.�
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          LONG-BILLED CURLEW.
+              264.     Numenius americanus.     23 inches.
+
+These birds, “Sickle-bills� as they are often called, are one of the
+largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous when in flight, or
+walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when in
+company with a flock of smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed
+both on the marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of
+insects and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their
+holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in compact
+flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel and circle in perfect
+unison.
+
+Nest.—Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows or on the
+prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish buff color,
+covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 × 1.80).
+
+
+                           HUDSONIAN CURLEW.
+              265.     Numenius hudsonicus.     17 inches.
+
+This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a white stripe
+along the top of the head; is fairly common, winters in California. Three
+or four eggs, same color as above, only smaller (2.25 × 1.60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER—Family Charadriidæ.
+             270.     Squatarola squatarola.     12 inches.
+
+A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress. The upper parts
+are largely white, with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tail;
+the sides of head, throat, breast and fore under parts are black. This
+species has a small hind toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat
+mottled above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to
+sportsmen, and is known better by the name of “Beetle-head� or
+“Bull-head.� They are very numerous in the fall.
+
+Nest.—Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining and placed in
+a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff in color and boldly
+marked with black (2.00 × 1.40).
+
+
+                             GOLDEN PLOVER.
+             272.     Charadrius dominicus.     10 inches.
+
+The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts, and the
+upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow and white. These are
+often found in large flocks with the above, especially in the fall,
+during migration. The habits are also the same.
+
+Nest.—Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the mainland and
+also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 × 1.30).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               KILLDEER.
+              273.     Oxyechus vociferus.     11 inches.
+
+Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most commonly known of
+the shore birds throughout the United States. They are very noisy,
+continually uttering their note of “Kil-deer—kil-deer,� from which they
+take their name. Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line
+across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black to the end,
+the others white at the end. Breast crossed by two bands of black; a
+white forehead, and white streak back of the eye.
+
+Nest.—Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of grass for
+lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with dark brown spots are
+usually placed in the nest with the small ends in the center (1.50 ×
+1.10).
+
+
+                          SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.
+             274.     Ægialitis semipalmata.     7 inches.
+
+The “ringed� plover is smaller than the above but one black band across
+the breast; black line from base of bill to eye and up over the top of
+the head. Forehead white. Abundant along the shores.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             WILSON PLOVER.
+            280.     Ochthodromus wilsonius.     7½ inches.
+
+A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from the preceding by
+the much heavier bill; it has no black on top of the head and white on
+the forehead extends back behind the eye; the black band across the
+breast is heavier and does not extend around the back of the neck.
+
+Nest.—Is usually placed on pebbly “shingle� or back in the marsh grass on
+the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched all over with markings of
+brown and gray (1.40 × 1.05).
+
+Range.—Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and southern California.
+
+
+                            MOUNTAIN PLOVER.
+               281.     Podasocys montanus.     9 inches.
+
+A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the western
+prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is more quiet, and seems
+to be less aquatic than any of the Plovers, and is rarely found in the
+vicinity of the water.
+
+Nest.—Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are four eggs,
+brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades of brown (1.50 × 1.10).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SNOWY PLOVER.
+               278.     Ægialitis nivosa.     6½ inches.
+
+This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest. A small black
+crescent-shaped patch on either side of the breast; a black spot under
+and back of the eye, and one also on top of the head. They are about the
+color of the dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and
+running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown about on the
+beach.
+
+Nest.—A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high water, lined
+with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about the color of the sand
+and it is almost impossible to see them a few feet away. Four eggs, clay
+colored; very lightly marked with fine dots (1.20 × .90).
+
+Range.—Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. Winters from
+California to South America.
+
+
+                      SURF-BIRD—Family Aphrizinæ.
+                282.     Aphriza virgata.     10 inches.
+
+This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from Alaska to South
+America, seems to be the connecting link between the Plovers and
+Turnstones, having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the
+former.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            BLACK TURNSTONE.
+             284.     Arenaria melanocephala.     9 inches.
+
+Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and throat black;
+a white spot in front of eye and on forehead; under parts white.
+
+Nest.—In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more northern islands,
+laying their sets of four eggs in hollows with a few grasses for lining;
+the eggs are light gray, marked with various shades of brown and lilac
+(1.60 × 1.10).
+
+Range.—Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower California.
+
+
+                            RUDDY TURNSTONE.
+         283a.     Arenaria interpres morinella.     10 inches.
+
+This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish brown, black and
+white; the under parts are pure white with a wide black band across the
+breast, as in illustration. It has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill,
+which is used, as the name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones
+in their search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as
+“Calico-bird,� “Checkered Snipe,� etc.
+
+Nest.—About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow in the ground
+near water. Four eggs (1.65 × 1.10).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+               BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER—Family Hæmatopodidæ.
+              287.     Hæmatopus bachmani.     17 inches.
+
+The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish wash on the
+upper parts, and brownish black below. They are found upon the rocky
+coasts and islands more frequently than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs
+are laid upon the rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest
+building; three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and
+blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 × 1.55). Found on the
+Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California to Alaska.
+
+
+                         FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.
+              286.1.     Hæmatopus frazari.     18 inches.
+
+This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly having the
+colors a little darker on the back. Bill very long, heavy, compressed,
+and thin and chisel-like at the tip. Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color;
+under parts white, and a white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking
+birds, and are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower
+California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             Order GALLINÆ.
+
+
+                    BOB-WHITE—Family Odontophoridæ.
+              289.     Colinus virginianus.     10 inches.
+
+This is one of the most celebrated of the “Game Birds,� or best known.
+Throughout New England it has been so persistently hunted that it is
+getting to be a rare bird; it gets to be more common as we go south as
+far as Florida, and through the middle west. It has been introduced in
+many places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts of
+California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely upon insects and
+grain, and about the grain fields is where they are mostly found.
+
+Nest.—These are built along the roadsides or beside stone walls or any
+dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed in the tall grass or
+weeds, and arched over with grass. They lay from ten to twenty pure white
+eggs. Often two broods are reared in a season (1.20 × .95).
+
+
+                           MASKED BOB-WHITE.
+               291.     Colinus ridgwayi.     10 inches.
+
+This handsome species is marked similar to the “Bob-white� on the upper
+parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the under parts are of a
+reddish brown.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            MOUNTAIN QUAIL.
+                292.     Oreortyx picta.     11 inches.
+
+This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich coloring.
+Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a rich gray. Throat and
+sides a beautiful shade of chestnut, with wide bands of black and white
+on the sides; breast a clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but
+not as brightly marked and with a shorter crest.
+
+Nest.—These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region of northern
+California, and in Oregon, and gradually increasing more northerly. The
+nest is placed on the ground under bush or grass for protection. Eight to
+fifteen eggs of a pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 × 1.05).
+
+
+                             SCALED QUAIL.
+              293.     Callipepla squamata.     10 inches.
+
+This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The feathers on the
+neck and under parts have narrow dark borders, which give the appearance
+of scales, from which the bird is given its name. They have a small tuft
+of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head.
+
+It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being
+found often many miles from water.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA QUAIL.
+             294.     Lophortyx californica.     10 inches.
+
+With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown and curving
+forward so that the broadened ends hang directly over the bill, this is
+one of the most beautiful of the family. Upper parts a grayish brown,
+with buff stripes along the sides of the back; throat black, bordered
+with white; under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making a
+shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center; breast gray.
+
+Nest.—Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass; ten to twenty
+eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground color, handsomely blotched with
+brown of varying shades (1.20 × .93).
+
+
+                             GAMBEL QUAIL.
+               295.     Lophortyx gambeli.     10 inches.
+
+Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally
+these are carried as one feather, so closely do they nest together, but
+when excited or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers,
+or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and
+sides chestnut, the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly
+black.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                   MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.
+           296.     Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi.     9 inches.
+
+These strange birds are very local in their distribution in the
+southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in others. They are
+so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their
+clownish plumage, has given them the name of “Fool Quail.� The bill is
+very stout and compressed; crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry
+deserts, valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs, which
+are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty from the
+Bob-white, possibly average a little longer (1.25 × .90).
+
+
+                    DUSKY GROUSE—Family Tetraonidæ.
+             297.     Dendragapus obscurus.     20 inches.
+
+Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and tail, which is
+margined with a light gray. Female smaller, browner and more barred
+above. Like the Ruffed Grouse, during the mating season, the males of
+this species strut with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown
+back until it nearly touches the tail.
+
+Nest.—They build their nests under fallen trees or at the base of
+standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a buff color, spotted and
+blotched with shades of brown (2.00 × 1.40).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            FRANKLIN GROUSE.
+             299.     Canachites franklini.     16 inches.
+
+Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower bands of
+lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip, with the upper tail coverts
+strongly barred with white; tail having sixteen feathers. Like the
+preceding these birds are at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is
+very similar to the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same
+local name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of “Fool-hen.�
+
+Nest.—Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching fir trees, and
+from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are brownish buff in color,
+spotted and blotched with rich brown (1.75 × 1.30).
+
+
+                        CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.
+            300a.     Bonasa umbellus togata.     17 inches.
+
+A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being more heavily
+marked with brown. Found in the northern United States and southern
+British Provinces, from Maine and Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British
+Columbia. Eight to fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 × 1.15).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WILLOW PTARMIGAN.
+                301.     Lagopus lagopus.     15 inches.
+
+These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they have many
+changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure white and in summer
+largely reddish brown, mottled and barred with black. This bird has a
+black tail and bill, the latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they
+have a bright red bare spot over the eye.
+
+Nest.—They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled with moss,
+lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes a few feathers. They
+lay from six to sixteen eggs, which have a ground color of buff, heavily
+speckled, blotched and marbled with blackish brown (1.75 × 1.25).
+
+
+                            ROCK PTARMIGAN.
+               302.     Lagopus rupestris.     14 inches.
+
+This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill, and in
+summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its nesting habits are the
+same as the others; eggs slightly smaller (1.70 × 1.20).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              PRAIRIE HEN.
+            305.     Tympanuchus americanus.     18 inches.
+
+This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish above and white
+or buff below, with broad black bands on the back and finer black lines
+on the under parts. In place of the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of
+rounded or square ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright
+orange in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the size
+of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes its familiar
+“booming� noise. They are one of the best “table birds,� being of good
+size and excellent flavor.
+
+Nest.—In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of grass; they lay
+from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy ground color, finely sprinkled
+with brown spots (1.70 × 1.25).
+
+
+                        WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.
+               304.     Lagopus leucurus.     13 inches.
+
+Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to
+Alaska. This species differs from any of the preceding in having at all
+seasons of the year a white tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the
+Rock Ptarmigan. From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and
+blotched with chestnut brown (1.70 × 1.15).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.
+     308a.     Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus.     18 inches.
+
+These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is a little
+more crested than that of the Prairie Hen. The tail has the central
+feathers nearly two inches longer than the others, which are also
+graduated so that the outside ones are much the shortest, and are lighter
+in color than the central ones. It is not barred like the former, but the
+black markings on the back and under parts are more in the form of
+crescents. It is also much lighter in general color.
+
+Nest.—They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of grass and
+contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color, finely dotted all over
+with dark brown (1.70 × 1.25).
+
+Range.—Northwestern United States and British Columbia to central Alaska.
+
+
+                         RING-NECKED PHEASANT.
+              ***     Phasianus torquatus.     32 inches.
+
+The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length according to
+the development of the tail, it sometimes being 36 inches long. These
+birds have been introduced in Oregon and Washington, as well as in many
+places in the East, and are becoming very abundant.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              SAGE GROUSE.
+           309.     Centrocercus urophasianus.     29 inches.
+
+The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from the male
+only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They are found in abundance
+on the dry sagebrush covered plains about the Rocky Mountains and to the
+westward. In fall and winter their food consists almost entirely of the
+leaves of the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.
+In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the grouse
+family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the sides of the neck which
+they inflate so that the whole neck is a small orange colored balloon, at
+the same time spreading their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest
+extent, and strutting about after the manner of the turkey.
+
+Nest.—Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally, a sagebush or
+some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab
+color, spotted with brown (2.15 × 1.50).
+
+
+                            MERRIAM TURKEY.
+         310.     Meleagris gallopavo merriami.     48 inches.
+
+Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage is a coppery
+bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a dusty color with no white
+edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted with brownish (2.55 × 1.90).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                  BAND-TAILED PIGEON—Family Columbidæ.
+               312.     Columba fasciata.     16 inches.
+
+This large species may be recognized by the white crescent on the back of
+the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered with black at the end of tail.
+Back, near the neck, brownish shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head
+and neck of iridescent colors, very changeable in different positions.
+They are very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense
+flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are found mostly
+in the oak and pine woods.
+
+Nest.—Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely keep in place
+the single white egg (rarely two) which they lay (1.55 × 1.10).
+
+Range.—The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific, from British
+Columbia to Mexico.
+
+
+                             MOURNING DOVE.
+        316.     Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.     12 inches.
+
+Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this is the only one to
+be found nearly all over the United States, and is common in the
+southern, central and western parts. Nests are placed at low elevations
+in the trees. Two white eggs (1.15 × .80).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.
+        320a.     Chæmepelia passerina pallescens.     7 inches.
+
+Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of head and under
+parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers tipped with black, giving
+a scaly appearance; back brownish gray, faintly barred; several black
+spots on wing coverts.
+
+Nest.—Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail structure
+either in bushes or on the ground, in which are placed the two white eggs
+(.85 × .65).
+
+Range.—Border of the United States, from Texas and southern California
+southward.
+
+
+                               INCA DOVE.
+                321.     Scardafella inca.     8 inches.
+
+Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the outer feathers
+are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole body of a pinkish gray;
+scaled as is the former. These are very tame, and are to be met with in
+the roads, barnyards, and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits,
+even feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.
+
+Nest.—These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets and weeds,
+and placed near the ground in low bushes; only two white eggs are laid
+(.85 × .65). Not as common as the previous.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                 CALIFORNIA VULTURE—Family Cathartidæ.
+            324.     Gymnogyps californianus.     50 inches.
+
+The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten feet, and
+weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is blackish, with lengthened
+lanceolate feathers about the neck. Head and neck without feathers and of
+an orange color. Wing coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds.
+The birds are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more so
+each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed. While the eggs
+are but rarely found, and obtained at great risk, they are not as
+unobtainable as many suppose.
+
+Nest.—They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in caves or
+recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds of feet from the
+ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 × 2.55).
+
+
+                            TURKEY VULTURE.
+        325.     Cathartes aura septentrionalis.     30 inches.
+
+The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head being red. It
+is very common in the southern and central portion of its range, where it
+may be seen about the streets and dooryards picking up any refuse that
+may be edible. It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be
+identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WHITE-TAILED KITE.
+                328.     Elanus leucurus.     16 inches.
+
+This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray mantle, black
+shoulders and white tail. It is a very active and graceful bird, feeding
+upon insects and reptiles, and small birds and mammals.
+
+Nest.—Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed well up in oaks
+or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs are creamy white, profusely
+blotched and spotted with reddish brown (1.65 × 1.25).
+
+
+                           SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.
+             327.     Elanoides forficatus.     24 inches.
+
+This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any other; its whole
+head, neck and under parts are snowy white, while the back, wings and
+tail are a glossy blue black, the tail being long and deeply forked; feet
+short, but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish gray.
+
+Nest.—As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or pines, and
+is made of twigs which it picks from the ground while in flight, lining
+the nest with rootlets and moss; two, or rarely three eggs, bluish white,
+spotted with brown (1.80 × 1.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            WESTERN GOSHAWK.
+        334a.     Astur atricapillus striatulus.     22 inches.
+
+This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious of the American
+hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and poultry, the latter often in
+the presence of the owner. It is a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and
+as graceful in flight as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray,
+darkest on the crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked
+with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very long.
+
+Nest.—Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests, and is made
+of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass; three or four eggs, bluish
+white, usually unmarked (2.30 × 1.70).
+
+
+                              MARSH HAWK.
+               331.     Circus hudsonius.     19 inches.
+
+The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish gray above and
+white beneath. Young birds of the first two years are brown, much lighter
+on the under parts. In both the old and young they have a large white
+patch at the base of the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four
+to seven eggs; white (1.80 × 1.40).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.
+                332.     Accipiter velox.     12 inches.
+
+This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and from this
+fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is often seen in woods,
+orchards or even in large cities, in which latter place it does good
+service in catching English sparrows. They also eat a great many mice and
+meadow moles. It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the
+small hawks.
+
+Nest.—It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and leaves placed in
+the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen feet from the ground,
+sometimes higher. Three white eggs, blotched with brown.
+
+
+                              COOPER HAWK.
+               333.     Accipiter cooperi.     16 inches.
+
+The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding and its larger
+size is the only difference. Also like the last this is a very
+destructive species to the small birds and chickens. Their nests are
+placed in taller trees at higher elevation from the ground than the
+former, and built in the same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or
+faintly specked with brown (1.90 × 1.45).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              HARRIS HAWK.
+         335.     Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi.     20 inches.
+
+This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts; lighter on
+the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts reddish brown; tail
+coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare space in front of eye, except
+for stiff hair like bristles, yellow, as is also the cere.
+
+Nest.—Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually in low trees. The
+three or four eggs are a dull white in color, faintly specked with a few
+spots of brownish (2.10 × 1.65).
+
+Range.—Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.
+
+
+                           WESTERN RED-TAIL.
+            337b.     Buteo borealis calurus.     21 inches.
+
+This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same as the eastern
+form to a sooty color above and below, with the dark red tail crossed by
+several bands, where the eastern bird has only one broad band.
+
+Nest.—Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from the ground
+varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs, white, usually spotted and
+blotched with different shades of brown (2.35 × 1.80).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           RED-BELLIED HAWK.
+            339b.     Buteo lineatus elegans.     19 inches.
+
+These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered Hawk of the East,
+and in their habits very much resemble the Red-tail; for food they prefer
+the large variety of small rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds.
+The under parts are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be
+found covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast
+west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower California.
+
+Nest.—Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and feathers. They
+lay from two to four eggs of a white color spotted and blotched all over
+with a light shade of brown and lilac (2.15 × 1.75).
+
+
+                           ZONE-TAILED HAWK.
+               340.     Buteo abbreviatus.     19 inches.
+
+This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail, which has three
+wide bands of white and the ends of the tail feathers tipped with white.
+Like others of the Buteo family they feed almost entirely on the small
+rodents, which they find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the
+low brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light chestnut
+(2.15 × 1.75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SWAINSON HAWK.
+                342.     Buteo swainsoni.     20 inches.
+
+Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations
+from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray above, and white below,
+with breast a rich chestnut color. Their habits are nearly as variable as
+their plumage. In some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others
+upon the ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the low
+open lands covered with sage bush, where their food consists almost
+wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice and grasshoppers, the latter
+being eaten in large numbers.
+
+Nest.—Is made similar to others of the family, laying two to four white
+eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades of brown, usually more
+about the larger end (2.20 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—Western North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean,
+and Hudson Bay to southern California.
+
+
+                            MEXICAN GOSHAWK.
+               346.     Asturina plagiata.     17 inches.
+
+Found in the southern borders of the United States and Mexico. These are
+graceful and active birds, feeding largely on small rodents.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.
+     347a.     Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.     21  inches.
+
+These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized by
+the completely feathered legs to the feet; in the normal plumage has a
+whitish head, neck, breast and tail, the former being streaked and the
+latter barred with blackish; remainder of upper and under parts, blackish
+brown. Eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or
+less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the light
+plumage.
+
+Nest.—Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with leaves and moss,
+placed in trees or more often on ledges. They lay three or four bluish
+white eggs, boldly blotched with different shades of brown, oftener about
+the larger end (2.25 × 1.75).
+
+
+                     FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.
+            348.     Archibuteo ferrugineus.     23 inches.
+
+These are very much more of a reddish brown color than the last, on the
+back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer markings. Legs the same,
+feathered to the feet. It is much more abundant than the last and is a
+western bird wholly, breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             GOLDEN EAGLE.
+               349.     Aquila chrysætos.     35 inches.
+
+These may be distinguished from the Bald Eagle in all plumages by the
+completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish brown, adults having the
+lanceolate feathers on the neck of a golden brown color, and the tail
+more or less mixed with white.
+
+Nest.—These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller ones and
+moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair. Their two or three
+eggs are very handsome, being white, speckled and spotted with shades of
+brown, and clouded with gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their
+markings (2.90 × 2.50).
+
+Range.—West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in the Rockies and
+along the Pacific coast ranges.
+
+
+                              BALD EAGLE.
+            352.     Haliætus leucocephalus.     34 inches.
+
+In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always identify them,
+but in the first and second year they are a brownish black, the second
+year showing traces of the white on head and tail. They are found
+throughout the United States. Their food consists largely of fish.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            GRAY GYRFALCON.
+               354.     Falco rusticolus.     23 inches.
+
+These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken in the United
+States even in winter.
+
+Nest.—They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four
+eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and blotches of shades of
+brown.
+
+
+                            PRAIRIE FALCON.
+                355.     Falco mexicanus.     18 inches.
+
+This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like the Duck
+Hawk in many ways is one of the most graceful, fearless and swiftest of
+the Falcons. A blackish patch on the sides of the throat; upper parts
+brownish with darker markings; under parts white, streaked with brown,
+much heavier on the flanks. Throat, clear white.
+
+Nest.—Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes in
+trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds and grass; three
+or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly blotched and sprinkled all
+over with reddish brown (2.05 × 1.60).
+
+Range.—West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and Washington south to
+Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents secured on the prairies.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               DUCK HAWK.
+           356a.     Falco peregrinus anatum.     17 inches.
+
+A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache, on side of
+the throat from the bill; head and upper parts bluish gray with darker
+markings; under parts white, tinged with huffy on the lower part, and
+lightly barred with black, with the throat pure white. Their food
+consists mostly of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It
+breeds abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota on the
+rocky ledges.
+
+Nest.—They are not home builders as a general thing, but lay their three
+or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks of ledges or cliffs. The eggs
+are a reddish buff color, completely blotched and dotted with reddish
+brown. These are the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the
+Falcon eggs (2.05 × 1.55).
+
+
+                              PIGEON HAWK.
+               357.     Falco columbarius.     12 inches.
+
+A small Falcon, similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk, but a much darker and
+stouter built bird. It is a daring little fellow, and will attack birds
+much larger than itself. It feeds on small birds and mice.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            APLOMADO FALCON.
+            359.     Falco fusco-cœrulescens.     14 inches.
+
+Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico
+and Central America. In habits it is very much the same as the following,
+getting its supply of food, consisting of small birds and insects, on the
+plains covered with the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest
+of twigs, lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four
+eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown (1.75 × 1.30).
+
+
+                          DESERT SPARROW HAWK.
+           360a.     Falco sparverius phalæna.     11 inches.
+
+This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern form being a
+trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for any other species, because of
+their bright color and markings as illustrated. Their flight will almost
+of a certainty identify them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats,
+then a short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers, mice
+and an occasional small bird.
+
+Nest.—Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the woods or open
+field. The eggs are placed on the decayed wood without any lining.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           AUDUBON CARACARA.
+              362.     Polyborus cheriway.     22 inches.
+
+A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts with neck pure
+white, excepting on the lower part, with many short bar-like markings.
+Upper part of head black, with feathers elongated, making a slight crest.
+
+Nest.—Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and grass, piled
+into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes or low trees. Two or
+three eggs; brownish buff, with spots and patches of shades of brown
+nearly covering the under color. They vary very much in the coloration
+and markings from light to dark.
+
+Range.—Southern borders of the United States.
+
+
+                      AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.
+         364.     Pandion haliætus carolinensis.     23 inches.
+
+Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known as is this
+bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a
+number of these great birds as they soar at an elevation above the water,
+watching for a fish to come near the surface, when, with folded wings,
+the bird speeds downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his
+prey. Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of different
+shades (2.40 × 1.80).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BARN OWL—Family Aluconidæ.
+               365.     Aluco pratincola.     18 inches.
+
+This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a long peculiarly
+hooded face, from which it gets the name of “Monkey-faced Owl.� Its
+plumage is yellowish buff, with black spots over the breast and under
+parts.
+
+Nest.—In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows in old trees,
+or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from four to six white
+eggs (1.70 × 1.30).
+
+Range.—North America, but most common in the Gulf States and on the
+western coast.
+
+
+                    LONG-EARED OWL—Family Strigidæ.
+               366.     Asio wilsonianus.     15 inches.
+
+This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is given its
+name; the face is brown, the under parts white and buff, with streaks and
+bars of brownish black; back is brown, with almost black markings; wings
+and tail brown; barred with black.
+
+Nest.—Usually in trees, frequently using a crow’s nest instead of
+building for themselves. They are in great disfavor with the crows. They
+lay from four to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.35).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            SHORT-EARED OWL.
+                 367.     Asio flammeus.     16 inches.
+
+About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified from it by
+the short ear tufts and rounded head, and also lighter color. It is
+streaked on under parts and not barred. Tail is barred. Their flight is
+perfectly silent, which aids them in securing their prey of field mice
+and moles, which they usually get without stopping in their flight, just
+swooping down, and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little
+sharp claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried
+to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.
+
+Nest.—Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes of
+grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under some log or stump. Four
+to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.25).
+
+
+                              SPOTTED OWL.
+              369.     Strix occidentalis.     20 inches.
+
+This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and Southern
+States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of the head and neck,
+and much more extensively barred on the under parts.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            GREAT GRAY OWL.
+              370.     Scotiaptex nebulosa.     27 inches.
+
+This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it is mostly in
+feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They do not weigh nearly as
+much as either the Horned or Snowy Owls. The plumage is dark gray above,
+mottled with white, and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The
+facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while in
+the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much smaller, the eyes
+are larger and are bluish black in color.
+
+Nest.—Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and moss. Two to
+four eggs; pure white (2.15 × 1.70).
+
+Range.—In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota and North
+Dakota, and occasionally in northern California and Oregon.
+
+
+                            RICHARDSON OWL.
+        371.     Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni.     10 inches.
+
+This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts. Back and wings
+brownish, spotted with white; facial disc very light, with faint gray
+lines, and under parts light gray with brown streaks.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SAW-WHET OWL.
+              372.     Cryptoglaux acadica.     8 inches.
+
+This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and more of a
+brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They are very quiet little
+birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot see well in the strong
+light, a fact that has allowed them to be captured by hand from their
+roosting places in the trees.
+
+Nest.—They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker, in which to lay
+their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid and the young are hatched and
+out of the nests before the breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the
+same home may be occupied later by another family (1.20 × 1.00).
+
+Range.—North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States
+and British Columbia, and wintering to southern California.
+
+
+                              SCREECH OWL.
+                373.     Otus asio asio.     10 inches.
+
+These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray with black and
+white markings. It is frequently called the “Little Horned Owl,� because
+of its ear tufts. They are easily tamed and become great pets, and about
+a barn are as good as a cat for catching mice.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.
+                374.     Otus flammeolus.     9 inches.
+
+This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter ear tufts,
+and the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty. The toes are
+unfeathered to the base. The number of eggs and nesting habits are
+practically the same as the preceding, as are also the five or six
+sub-species between this and the last, all of which occur in the
+southwestern part of the United States.
+
+
+                          WESTERN HORNED OWL.
+         375a.     Bubo virginianus pallescens.     22 inches.
+
+These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the family. They
+are powerfully built, and their size and strength allow them to attack
+and secure some of the larger animals, such as skunks, woodchucks,
+rabbits, grouse and poultry. They seem to be especially fond of skunks,
+and more than half of them that are killed will have unmistakable
+evidence of their recent and close association with this animal.
+
+Nest.—Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow cavities of
+large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round (2.20 × 1.85).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               SNOWY OWL.
+                 376.     Nyctea nyctea.     25 inches.
+
+Like the Horned Owls they are strong, fearless and rapacious birds,
+feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse,
+Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds. They are locally abundant in the
+far north, preferring low marshy land to the more heavily timbered
+districts.
+
+Nest.—Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the dry portions of
+marshes, made of moss with a few feathers. Three to eight eggs, pure
+white, and the shell very smooth (2.25 × 1.75).
+
+Range.—Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter casually as far
+south as California.
+
+
+                               HAWK OWL.
+            377a.     Surnia ulula caparoch.     15 inches.
+
+This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily be taken for
+a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance, and long rounded tail. They
+are very active birds especially in the day time, and they do most of
+their hunting in daylight rather than at night. Their food consists of
+small rodents and many small birds.
+
+Nest.—In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight white eggs (1.50
+× 1.20).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             BURROWING OWL.
+         378.     Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa.     10 inches.
+
+These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any
+other American Owls. Easily identified by their long, slender and
+scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above, spotted with white, and
+under parts are white spotted with brown. Tail dark brown, with five
+white bars across it. They are an abundant and useful species west of the
+Mississippi. They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,
+and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by force, for
+they are more than a match for these curious animals.
+
+Nest.—Generally in quite large communities in burrows in the ground,
+usually lining them with grass and feathers. They may often be seen
+sitting at the opening of their burrows during the day time. Six to ten
+white eggs are laid (1.25 × 1.00).
+
+
+                               PYGMY OWL.
+                379.     Glaucidium gnoma.     7 inches.
+
+These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky Mountains,
+westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed in the day time upon
+insects, mice and occasionally small birds. They are to be seen in the
+wooded districts. Nest in holes of trees. Four eggs (1.00 × .90).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.
+             380.     Glaucidium phalænoides.     7 inches.
+
+This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more rufous on the
+upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut color crossed by
+several bands of black. They live largely on the small rodents and birds
+which they secure during the daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of
+trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white
+eggs (1.10 × .90).
+
+
+                                ELF OWL.
+              381.     Micropallas whitneyi.     6 inches.
+
+This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in America. In
+plumage it may be described as being very like a small Screech Owl,
+without the ear tufts, only with the pattern of the markings much finer.
+They are quite abundant in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where
+they build their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more
+frequently in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in being a
+bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed almost
+exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field mouse. They lay from
+three to five white eggs, having a slight gloss (1.02 × .90).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                 THICK-BILLED PARROT—Family Psittacidæ.
+         382.1.     Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.     16 inches.
+
+A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders of the United
+States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and the plumage is entirely
+green, except for the deep red forehead and wings at the shoulder;
+under-coverts of wings yellowish. Their eggs are white and laid in
+natural cavities of trees in the deep forests.
+
+
+                            Order—COCCYGES.
+
+
+                              ROADRUNNER.
+            385.     Geococcyx californicus.     22 inches.
+
+This curious species is known as the “Chaparral Cock,� “Ground Cuckoo,�
+“Snake Killer,� etc. Its upper parts are a glossy greenish brown, each
+feather being edged or fringed with white. The tail is very long, broad
+and graduated, the central feathers being much the longest; the feathers
+being tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of foot,
+getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided by their
+outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as aeroplanes. Their legs
+are long, and they have two toes in front and two back. Their food
+consists of caterpillars, lizards and small snakes.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.
+       387a.     Coccyzus americanus occidentalis.     13 inches.
+
+This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being a little
+larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished by its blackish,
+long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow under-bill. Reddish brown
+patch on the wings.
+
+Nest.—Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with grass, or
+shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally very shabbily built
+and so nearly flat on top that the eggs will frequently roll out. They
+are located near the ground in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs
+are deposited at intervals of several days, and frequently young birds
+and eggs are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this
+bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time, and as many as
+twelve have been taken from the same nest by this means. Eggs are a pale
+greenish blue (1.20 × .90).
+
+
+                COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN—Family Trogonidæ.
+                389.     Trogon ambiguus.     12 inches.
+
+This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds that reaches
+our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually in Woodpecker holes.
+Three or four white eggs (1.10 × .85).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                  BELTED KINGFISHER—Family Alcedinidæ.
+                 390.     Ceryle alcyon.     13 inches.
+
+The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost all
+localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where small fish are
+common, throughout North America. Their food consists almost entirely of
+small fish, which they catch by plunging upon from high in the air, where
+they will hover over the water similar to the Osprey, or they will spend
+their time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is seen,
+drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to the limb to be
+eaten.
+
+Nest.—Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out of the sand
+banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes extending back from
+six to eight feet, usually with a little rise in the tunnel for the
+purpose of keeping it dry. They lay from five to eight glossy white eggs
+(1.35 × 1.05).
+
+
+                           RINGED KINGFISHER.
+               390.1.     Ceryle torquata.     8½ inches.
+
+This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on the most
+southern borders of the United States. Eggs white (1.45 × 1.10).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        Order PICI—WOODPECKERS.
+
+
+                    HARRIS WOODPECKER—Family Picidæ.
+          393c.     Dryobates villosus harrisi.     10 inches.
+
+This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives and for
+coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this and the
+sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified as being
+different. Four pure white eggs are placed at the bottom of some cavity,
+in tall trees usually (.95 × .70).
+
+
+                          CABANIS WOODPECKER.
+        393d.     Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.     10 inches.
+
+Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).
+
+
+                    ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.
+        393e.     Dryobates villosus monticola.     10½ inches.
+
+A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).
+
+
+                          GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.
+         394a.     Dryobates pubescens gairdneri.     7 inches.
+
+A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring, as
+illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about the dwellings
+in country places, and even in the larger cities about the parks.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           TEXAS WOODPECKER.
+           396.     Dryobates scalaris bairdi.     7½ inches.
+
+This species is brownish white below, has the back barred with black and
+white, on account of which it is often known as the “Ladder-back
+Woodpecker.� The male has the whole crown red, shading into mixed black
+and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and eggs are the same as the
+previous species.
+
+
+                          NUTTALL WOODPECKER.
+               397.     Dryobates nuttalli.     7 inches.
+
+Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a crown of black and a
+small red patch on the back of nape. Outer tail feathers nearly all
+white, while in the former they are barred with black and white. They are
+pugnacious little birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers
+from their locality.
+
+Nest.—In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing trees at no
+great elevation from the ground. Four pure white eggs are laid at the
+bottom of the cavity, on the decayed wood (.85 × .65). Their food is
+gathered from under the bark, consisting of larvæ, ants and small
+insects.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          ARIZONA WOODPECKER.
+               398.     Dryobates arizonæ.     8 inches.
+
+This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the others of the
+Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish above and a grayish white
+below, with black spots. The male having a crescent shaped patch of red
+on the back of the head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common
+at the higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.
+
+Nest.—Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned, nesting in
+holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 × .60).
+
+
+                        WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.
+             399.     Xenopicus albolarvatus.     9 inches.
+
+This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the white head
+and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also has on the male a
+small red spot on the back of the neck. They are said to be more silent
+than other members of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar
+tapping and never the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling
+the bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole. They
+nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer near the ground
+(20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They lay from four to six glossy
+white eggs (.95 × .70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
+               400.     Picoides arcticus.     9½ inches.
+
+As implied by the name, members of this genus have but three toes, two in
+front and one behind. The plumage of this species is entirely black
+above, and whitish below, with the flanks barred with blackish. The male
+has a yellow patch on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous
+forests in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four or
+five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 × .70). They do more
+boring for their insect food, and, during mating season, are very
+persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.
+
+
+                    AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
+              401.     Picoides americanus.     9 inches.
+
+The greatest difference between this bird and the last is on the back, it
+having several narrow bars of white near the neck or a patch of white in
+place of the bars. Breeding habits are the same.
+
+
+                     ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
+         401a.     Picoides americanus fasciatus.     9 inches.
+
+In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of white on the
+back possibly a little larger. Habits just the same (not illustrated).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.
+              402.     Sphyrapicus varius.     8½ inches.
+
+This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they may be
+identified easily by the red crown and throat (female having white on the
+throat), each bordered by black, forming a wide breast band, with a band
+of white, black and white back of it. The under parts yellow. This
+species and the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that
+is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While they without
+doubt will take some of the sap from trees, their food consists more of
+insect life, ants in particular.
+
+Nest.—Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to seven glossy white
+eggs (.85 × .60).
+
+
+                        RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.
+               403.     Sphyrapicus ruber.     8½ inches.
+
+A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The entire head,
+neck and breast of this species is red, of varying shades in different
+individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet. The remainder of their
+plumage is similar to the above. Nesting habits the same.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.
+             404.     Sphyrapicus thyroideus.     9 inches.
+
+A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked bird is found. The
+male is mostly black on the back and breast, with a white rump, and with
+only a narrow patch of red on the throat; the under parts are bright
+yellow. The female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the
+black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back is barred
+with black and white.
+
+Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family previously
+mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 × .67).
+
+
+                     NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.
+       405a.     Phlœotomus pileatus albieticola.     17 inches.
+
+This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers; they are a
+sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the crest is long and bright
+red, and the male has a red line back of the eye; sides of the neck pure
+white, and patch of white on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black
+color than the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many
+localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually driven
+farther north or into the mountain regions, where they can find the heavy
+timber in which they make their homes.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.
+          406.     Melanerpes erythrocephalus.     9½ inches.
+
+In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers. It has
+a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy blue-black on the back and
+tail, white rump, under parts and secondaries. It is more abundant in the
+east and middle United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and
+Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph poles or will
+even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or house in some
+localities. They are the most pugnacious of the woodpeckers, and often
+are seen chasing one another or driving away some other bird. They feed
+also upon ants, larvæ of insects, and small fruits and berries.
+
+They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 × .75).
+
+
+                         CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.
+        407a.     Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.     9½ inches.
+
+A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California and Oregon. With
+its red cap and white forehead, and back or upper parts black tinged with
+green, a solid black band across the breast, white under parts and rump,
+and, above all, their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs,
+food, same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great
+numbers.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           LEWIS WOODPECKER.
+              408.     Asyndesmus lewisi.     10½ inches.
+
+An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under parts streaked
+with crimson and white, a gray breast, and upper parts a glossy greenish
+black. They are more common in the mountain ranges among the tall pines
+from the eastern Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in
+the trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns, which
+they gather and store away for future use. Four to eight eggs are pure
+white (1.05 × .80).
+
+
+                        RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.
+              409.     Centurus carolinus.     9½ inches.
+
+Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to central Texas. It
+is an attractive bird, frequently called the “Zebra Woodpecker,� on
+account of the black and white markings on the back, wings and tail.
+Nests in live trees; three to five white eggs (1.00 × .75). Not
+illustrated.
+
+
+                            GILA WOODPECKER.
+             411.     Centurus uropygialis.     9½ inches.
+
+This is also one of the “Zebra Woodpeckers� to be found in Arizona and
+the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference for nesting site
+is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.
+            413.     Colaptes cafer collaris.     13 inches.
+
+These birds are not inclined to search for their food among the trees as
+are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be found on the ground on the
+edges of the woods or in open fields, where they secure ants as their
+principal article of food. The top of the head is brownish instead of
+gray, and the under parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish
+orange and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has a bright
+red streak from the bill extending back and below the eye, the female
+does not have this. The throat is a gray, with a black crescent on the
+breast, under parts light gray with numerous black spots, rump is white
+and tail is mostly black above.
+
+Nest.—Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any locality where
+they make or find a suitable hole.
+
+Four to eight white eggs (1.10 × .90).
+
+
+                            GILDED FLICKER.
+              414.     Colaptes chrysoides.     13 inches.
+
+Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and tail yellow.
+Found only in southern California and Arizona southward.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+              STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL—Family Caprimulgidæ.
+      417a.     Antrostomus vociferus macromystax.     10 inches.
+
+One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen, and in their
+habits they are very secluded, keeping in the dark woods the greater part
+of the time, rarely leaving its place of concealment before dark. In
+pursuit of insects, they are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage
+giving forth no sound, as their wings cleave the air.
+
+Nest.—Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense woods. Their
+two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very faintly marbled or marked
+with pale brown and gray. These birds are only found in southern Arizona,
+Texas and New Mexico.
+
+
+                               POOR-WILL.
+             418.     Phalænoptilus nuttalli.     8 inches.
+
+The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage mottled
+black, white and gray, beautifully blended together. To be found west of
+the Mississippi from British Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a
+pure white (1.00 × .75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.
+        420a.     Chordeiles virginianus henryi.     10 inches.
+
+The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills by its forked
+tail in place of the rounded tail of the “Poor-wills.� It also has a
+white band near the end of the tail, and across the primaries, the latter
+making a very conspicuous mark when in flight.
+
+Nest.—They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge with no attempt
+at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish white color, marbled,
+blotched and spotted with darker shades of gray and brown (1.20 × .95).
+Found from the plains to the Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.
+
+
+                           SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.
+       420c.     Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.     10 inches.
+
+A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits the same.
+
+
+                            TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.
+        421.     Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.     10 inches.
+
+The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled with a
+reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very abundant in
+Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in southern California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                    BLACK SWIFT.—Family Micropodidæ.
+           422.     Cypseloides niger borealis.     7 inches.
+
+The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat lighter on the
+under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does not have the spines
+which are usual with this family. Although the general habits of this
+species are well known, but little is known of their nesting; they are
+seen during the breeding season about the higher ranges of their United
+States range, and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high
+altitudes.
+
+
+                              VAUX SWIFT.
+                 424.     Chætura vauxi.     4½ inches.
+
+This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is much paler
+in color and white on the under parts and throat. Their habits are much
+like the last, only that they make use of hollow trees in which to place
+their nests, which are made of twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous
+saliva of the birds, forming a very shallow platform in which they
+deposit three or four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the
+time during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at play
+in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk returning to
+their nesting places.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.
+            425.     Aeronautes melanoleucus.     6½ inches.
+
+A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of this family.
+Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in thousands about the tops
+of inaccessible cliffs, where in small burrows in the earth or under the
+sods, or in crevices they build their nests, which are generally made of
+roots and grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs
+are laid (.85 × .50).
+
+Range.—Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains, and in
+California ranges north to Canada borders.
+
+
+                 RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.—Family Trochilidæ.
+                426.     Eugenes fulgens.     5 inches.
+
+This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the crown a
+violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant green. Upper
+parts a bronze green, the under parts almost a black. Female lacks all
+the brilliant colors of the male. Upper parts dull green, under parts
+greenish gray, top of head brownish with a small white spot back of the
+eye. This species saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its
+favorite tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty
+to thirty feet from the ground.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.
+             427.     Cyanolæmus clemenciae.     5 inches.
+
+This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the name
+implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a streak of white
+extending from the bill to back of the eye, the upper parts of a uniform
+greenish color, under parts are a greenish gray. Tail dark with outer
+tail feathers broadly tipped with white.
+
+Nest.—Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations, at times
+very near the ground. They are to be found only in Arizona and the
+southern borders of the United States.
+
+
+                       BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.
+             429.     Archilochus alexandri.     3½ inches.
+
+This is similar in size and appearance to the “Ruby-Throat,� but has the
+chin and upper throat black, the rest of the throat being violet or
+amethyst, as seen in different lights. It is a very common bird in the
+southern part of its range. It nests low, rarely above ten feet from the
+ground. Nest made of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles
+a small piece of sponge.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.
+                 430.     Calypte costæ.     3 inches.
+
+A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the lengthened
+feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most brilliant violet or
+amethyst, back and rump of a greenish bronze color, under parts whitish
+with a green cast on the sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the
+male on the head and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.
+
+Nest.—Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the ground,
+seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant down, with shreds of
+weeds, bark and lichens worked into the outside portion, and lined with a
+few soft feathers. Two pure white eggs (.48 × .32).
+
+
+                           ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.
+                  431.     Calypte anna.     3 inches.
+
+This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying greatly in the
+colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of the neck are a beautiful
+iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts are the usual metallic green, under
+parts light gray, with sides greenish. Tail is more forked and has no
+brown or white like the former. They are very abundant in their
+restricted range, and frequently raise two broods in a season.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.
+            432.     Selasphorus platycercus.     4 inches.
+
+The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic green. They do
+not have the elongated feathers on the throat and no ruff. Under parts
+dull white, shading into light green on the sides, the throat is a bright
+lilac. They are very abundant in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest
+much as does the “Ruby-Throat� in the east.
+
+
+                          RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.
+               433.     Selasphorus rufus.     3½ inches.
+
+A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown and with a
+throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened into a ruff on the
+sides of the neck. Their nests are made of vegetable fibers covered with
+lichens and cobwebs, and placed near the ground on vines or low-hanging
+bushes. Two white eggs.
+
+
+                          ALLEN’S HUMMINGBIRD.
+              434.     Selasphorus alleni.     3¼ inches.
+
+This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish and the tail
+being a reddish brown. They are found on the Pacific Coast from British
+Columbia southward, breeding most abundantly in southern California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.
+               436.     Stellula calliope.     3 inches.
+
+This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers. It is
+greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward the tail, the end of
+which is a light brown. The throat is a rich violet, showing white at the
+base of the feathers. They are found from British Columbia southward and
+from the Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California and
+Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations, from high up
+in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in low bushes. They are made
+of plant down and shreds of bark and lichens, breeding high up on the
+mountains.
+
+
+                          LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.
+              437.     Calothorax lucifer.     3½ inches.
+
+Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but is quite
+common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple, with feathers
+elongated on the sides.
+
+
+                          RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.
+                438.     Amizilis tzacatl.     4 inches.
+
+Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts a dark bluish
+green, tail and rump light brown.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.
+       439.     Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota.     4 inches.
+
+These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts are of a
+pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts metallic green.
+Breeds in low bushes near the ground.
+
+
+                          XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.
+               440.     Basilinna xantusi.     4 inches.
+
+Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very much as does
+the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)
+
+
+                        WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.
+             440.1.     Basilinna leucotis.     3¼ inches.
+
+These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on the breast,
+the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent blue, and a
+white line extends back from the eye. Found in the southern parts of
+Arizona and Texas into Central America. Nesting habits same as above.
+
+
+                        BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD
+             441.     Cyanthus latirostris.     3½ inches.
+
+Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being brighter on
+the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in the southern borders
+of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in the lower lands and near the
+ground. Nests similar to above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      KINGBIRD.—Family Tyrannidæ.
+               444.     Tyrannus tyrannus.     8½ inches.
+
+From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence about
+farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy birds, ready for a quarrel at
+any time and usually come off victorious in whatever they undertake. They
+seem to delight in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to
+alight on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only on the
+eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they are very common.
+
+Nest.—Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or woods.
+Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding. Their nests
+are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber from vines and lined with
+the down from catkins and horsehair. Three to five creamy white eggs,
+mottled and streaked with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 × .70).
+
+
+                           ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.
+              447.     Tyrannus verticalis.     9 inches.
+
+A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright yellow breast
+and under parts. Its habits are much the same as the above in its home
+building or in trying to find a neighbor to quarrel with. The eggs are
+the same in size and color.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            CASSIN KINGBIRD.
+              448.     Tyrannus vociferans.     9 inches.
+
+These birds are very much like the last, except that the throat and
+breast are darker.
+
+
+                           DERBY FLYCATCHER.
+        449.     Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus.     10½ inches.
+
+This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family. With its
+bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border and this by white and
+another band of black, with the under parts a bright yellow makes him one
+of the most attractive. They are found, though, only on the southern
+borders of Texas into Central America. (Not illustrated.)
+
+
+                      SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
+           451.     Myiodynastes luteiventris.     8 inches.
+
+Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the mountains of
+Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish streaked with black, the
+tail a dull reddish brown, and the under parts yellow, streaked on the
+sides with dusky; a white throat patch, bordered with black; the crown
+with a concealed yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white
+stripe over the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree,
+and lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched with
+brown and lavender (1.05 × .75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
+               452.     Myiarchus crinitus.     9 inches.
+
+This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down through
+Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it being made of twigs,
+weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of snake skin. They lay from four
+to six eggs of a buff color scratched and spotted with rich shades of
+brown and lavender (.85 × .65). (Not illustrated.)
+
+
+                      ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
+          453.     Myiarchus magister magister.     9½ inches.
+
+The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and the under
+parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the same as above even to
+including the piece of snakeskin, or in place of it part of a lizard skin
+will answer their purpose.
+
+
+                        ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
+             454.     Myiarchus cinerascens.     8½ inches.
+
+A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as well as in
+actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the under parts, breast
+and throat are almost white. They build their nests in the giant cactus
+or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity with roots and grass or bits of
+rubbish of almost any kind, and generally include the piece of snake skin
+as do the ones above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               SAY PHÅ’BE.
+                 457.     Sayornis sayus.     8 inches.
+
+The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the heavy
+beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the timbers are
+falling down, and place its nest in some dark corner, building it of mud,
+moss and grasses lined with feathers, or in some localities the nests may
+be placed in the crevice of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or
+five white eggs, rarely dotted with brown.
+
+It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under parts
+showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding from the Arctic
+to Lower California.
+
+
+                              BLACK PHÅ’BE.
+               458.     Sayornis nigricans.     7 inches.
+
+Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost black on the
+head and back with white under parts. Their habits are very much the same
+as above, frequenting old buildings in villages where a stream is near
+by, or in localities where insect life abounds. Their nest is made the
+same as above, and eggs are the same.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
+             459.     Nuttallornis borealis.     7½ inches.
+
+These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the country, especially
+in the central portions, they are very rare. In the western range, they
+may be found from Alaska to southern California; for breeding places they
+seem to prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,
+mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well up in the
+trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together, and lined with small
+roots and moss. The three or four creamy white eggs are spotted with
+brown and lilac, forming about the larger end (.85 × .65).
+
+
+                          WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.
+            462.     Myiochanes richardsoni.     6½ inches.
+
+Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits. To be found
+breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their nests are placed on
+horizontal branches, made of plant down, grass and fibers; very compact,
+and much resembling a knot on the branch. Three or four white eggs with
+small spots about the larger end (.80 × .55).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          WESTERN FLYCATCHER.
+              464.     Empidonax difficilis.     6 inches.
+
+Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow cast on the under
+parts; it may be found breeding from Alaska to southern California. Its
+favorite nesting place is along some stream, bordered with willows or
+alders, and the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground; it
+is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four white eggs,
+spotted with brown (.80 × .55).
+
+
+                           TRAILL FLYCATCHER.
+               466.     Empidonax trailli.     6 inches.
+
+Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head; under parts
+white, and also a white ring about the eye; two wing-bars a pale buff
+color, and the breast a light gray. They seem to prefer much the same
+localities for their nesting site as do the “Western.�
+
+Nest.—Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering brooks or
+ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined with the down, and sometimes
+horsehair; three or four creamy white eggs are marked with blotches of
+brown about the larger end (.70 × .54).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.
+              468.     Empidonax hammondi.     5½ inches.
+
+A western form of the “Least Flycatcher� of the east, differing but very
+little in appearance or habits from its eastern relative. Upper parts an
+olive gray color, with the breast the same, but a little lighter. Their
+nesting place is usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some
+horizontal branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact
+structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs. Three to five
+pale creamy white eggs (.65 × .50).
+
+
+                           WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.
+               469.     Empidonax wrighti.     6 inches.
+
+Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much more abundant
+than the last, and are found from Oregon to Mexico, where they breed more
+in open woods and thickets. Their nests and eggs are practically the same
+in every way.
+
+
+                            GRAY FLYCATCHER.
+              469.1.     Empidonax griseus.     6½ inches.
+
+This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and lighter below. It
+is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern California. No record of
+its nesting habits or eggs can be given.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
+         470a.     Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus.     5 inches.
+
+This small variety is not at all common in any locality, but is found in
+Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to southern California. It is
+brownish gray above and of a buff color below. The nests are placed
+similar to the preceding, but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the
+same, being a trifle larger.
+
+
+                         VERMILION FLYCATCHER.
+         471.     Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus.     6 inches.
+
+This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher family, as
+shown in the illustration. The female is almost of an entirely light gray
+color, barely tinged with pink on the under parts. They are very common
+in southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.
+
+Nest.—This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally of twigs and
+plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers, and frequently covered
+with lichens, held in place by a winding of cobwebs; three or four buff
+eggs, boldly blotched with brown and lavender (.70 × .50).
+
+
+                         BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.
+              472.     Camptostoma imberbe.     5 inches.
+
+A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central America.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                  PALLID HORNED LARK—Family Alaudidæ.
+         474a.     Otocoris alpestris arcticola.     8½ inches.
+
+This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white, with no trace
+of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and curve upwards. Found in
+Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).
+
+
+                          DESERT HORNED LARK.
+         474c.     Otocoris alpestris leucolæma.     8 inches.
+
+Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern California,
+Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our handsome winter birds, with
+horn-like tufts of black on either side of the head; forehead, patch
+under the eye and band on the breast black; yellow throat, and white
+under parts; upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four
+eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in their nest of
+grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually concealed under a tuft of
+grass (.92 × .65).
+
+
+                        CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.
+           474e.     Otocoris alpestris actia.     8 inches.
+
+Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.
+
+
+                           RUDDY HORNED LARK.
+           474f.     Otocoris alpestris rubea.     8 inches.
+
+The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       Family CORVIDÆ—CROWS, JAYS
+
+
+                            AMERICAN MAGPIE.
+              475.     Pica pica hudsonia.     20 inches.
+
+Like the “Blue Jays,� the Magpies are great talkers, and are usually
+found in colonies where they can carry on conversation in their own way
+with each other. They are a large handsome bird, with pure white under
+parts and wing coverts, and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a
+bronzy black, with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated.
+They are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their food
+consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life, and the eggs
+and young of small birds.
+
+Nest.—Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation, composed of
+sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the side; the inside of the
+nest is lined with finer materials, grass and plant fiber. Four to eight
+grayish white eggs, spotted with brown and drab (1.25 × .90).
+
+
+                              STELLER JAY.
+              478.     Cyanocitta stelleri.     13 inches.
+
+Range.—From Alaska south to central California. Nests are quite bulky;
+three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.25 × .90).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             WOODHOUSE JAY.
+             480.     Aphelocoma woodhousei.     12 inches.
+
+These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the Rockies and the
+Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees or bushes at low elevations and
+usually near some stream. They have the crown and forehead bluish, and
+the under parts are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast.
+Their food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.
+
+Nest.—This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged, with smaller
+twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs, of a pale green, faintly
+spotted with shades of brown (1.20 × .90).
+
+
+                            CALIFORNIA JAY.
+            481.     Aphelocoma californica.     12 inches.
+
+These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific coast of California,
+Oregon and Washington. They are more tame or fearless than most of the
+family, and frequent the trees about houses, and are given the bad name
+of robbing the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color
+these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish below, and
+gray above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              ARIZONA JAY.
+          482.     Aphelocoma sieberi arizonæ.     13 inches.
+
+A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The upper parts are a
+bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray on the head; under parts are a
+pale gray. They are a very sociable bird during the breeding season, and
+often several pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing
+their nests at low elevations.
+
+Nest.—Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs are more of a
+bluish color, without markings (1.20 × .85).
+
+
+                          ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.
+       484a.     Perisoreus canadensis capitalis.     12 inches.
+
+This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the east, with the
+exception of having more white on the head, and only a small space on the
+back of the neck. He is the same “old coon� as the eastern bird about
+camps, and is rightfully called “Camp Robber.� Their nesting habits are
+the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and blotched with
+brown, of varying shades (1.15 × .80).
+
+
+                              OREGON JAY.
+              485.     Perisoreus obscurus.     11 inches.
+
+Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head, forehead white.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            AMERICAN RAVEN.
+             486.     Corvus corax sinuatus.     24 inches.
+
+This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the Rockies
+from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a bluish black, with
+lengthened and stiffened feathers on the neck. Their general habits are
+much the same as the Crow. Their food consists principally of carrion,
+fish, and eggs and young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs
+in almost inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which
+they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and blotched
+with shades of brown and drab (1.95 × 1.25).
+
+
+                          WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.
+              487.     Corvus cryptoleucus.     21 inches.
+
+A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the neck feathers
+white. It is a more southern variety, and is found in Arizona and on the
+Mexican borders. They build at low elevations, making their nests of
+sticks and twigs. Four pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 ×
+1.20).
+
+
+                           NORTHWESTERN CROW.
+                489.     Corvus caurinus.     17 inches.
+
+This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts of Oregon to
+Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CLARKE NUTCRACKER,
+             491.     Nucifraga columbiana.     12 inches.
+
+Found in the mountains of western North America, from Mexico to Alaska.
+In habits they much resemble the Crow or some of the Jays. Their food
+consisting largely of seeds from the pine cones, insects of many
+varieties, larvæ and berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher
+mountain ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of food.
+Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where they build their
+nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds, strips of bark and plant
+fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest in which they lay from three to
+five greenish gray eggs, spotted over the whole surface with brown and
+lavender (1.30 × .90).
+
+
+                               PINON JAY.
+          492.     Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus.     11 inches.
+
+To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west, and from British
+Columbia to southern California. They are very sociable birds, keeping in
+colonies, and always have much to talk about among themselves; after the
+breeding season they may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish
+gray eggs, are spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 × .85).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       BOBOLINK—Family Icteridæ.
+             494.     Dolichonyx oryzivorus.     7 inches.
+
+This bird is found over most of North America from the southern parts of
+Canada south, and has been gradually extending westward as far as
+California. During mating season it is hard to find any other bird so
+completely filled with music as are these birds. They are also quite
+sociable birds, and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the
+same piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet, wild
+music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the ground; it is
+lined with grass and frequently so covered as to be almost arched over to
+conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs of a grayish white, thickly blotched
+and spotted with brown of different shades and lilac, generally covered
+with ground color on the larger end (.84 × .62).
+
+
+                                COWBIRD.
+                495.     Molothrus ater.     7½ inches.
+
+It is to be found throughout the United States and the southern portion
+of Canada. They are the only birds which we have that neither make a nest
+of their own nor care for their young. They will deposit a single egg
+(sometimes two) in the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller
+variety.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            BRONZED COWBIRD.
+                496a.     Tangavius æneus.     7 inches.
+
+The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found in Arizona and
+Mexico.
+
+
+                           RED-EYED COWBIRD.
+         496.     Tangavius æneus involucratus.     8½ inches.
+
+Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy reflections. They
+are abundant in southern Texas, and in Mexico (not illustrated).
+
+
+                        YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.
+         497.     Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.     10 inches.
+
+A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and breast; body
+black, with a white patch on the wing. They are a western bird, being
+found from the central United States to California. They breed abundantly
+in suitable marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of
+strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes only a
+few inches above the water. The four to six grayish white eggs are
+spotted with shades of brown and gray (1.00 × .70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.
+               498.     Agelaius phœniceus.     9 inches.
+
+An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part of the Rockies.
+Very common in many parts of the east, where it builds much the same as
+does the previous, laying four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted,
+blotched and scratched with shades of brown (1.00 × .70).
+
+
+                       SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.
+        498a.     Agelaius phœniceus sonoriensis.     9 inches.
+
+Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white on the wing. In
+southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).
+
+
+                          BICOLORED RED-WING.
+       499.     Agelaius gubernator californicus.     8½ inches.
+
+The male of this species do not have the light margins to the red on the
+shoulders, as do the others. They are found on the Pacific coast from
+Washington to southern California. Eggs and nests the same.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          TRICOLORED RED-WING.
+               500.     Agelaius tricolor.     9 inches.
+
+This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the buff color on
+the preceding is white on this bird. They are restricted to a small
+range, the Pacific coast of California and Oregon, and are not nearly as
+common as the eastern variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the
+eggs are indistinguishable.
+
+
+                          WESTERN MEADOWLARK.
+              501.1.     Sturnella neglecta.     9 inches.
+
+This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In habits it is the
+same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated from the eastern. There
+seems to be one great distinguishing quality between the two, and that is
+in their song or notes. The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing
+was in Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink, but on
+seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was a new song, sung by
+our eastern Meadowlark in appearance. They feed on insect life, beetles,
+etc. They lay from four to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10
+× .80).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SCOTT ORIOLE.
+               504.     Icterus parisorum.     8 inches.
+
+This is not a common species in any part of its range, from southern
+California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely marked bird, with
+its clear black and yellow. They build a hanging nest, usually suspended
+from the under sides of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small
+branches of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and
+blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 × .65).
+
+
+                            SENNETT ORIOLE.
+          505.     Icterus cucullatus sennetti.     7½ inches.
+
+This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and tail being
+black, the wings with two white bars. Found in Texas and south into
+Mexico. Nests are made of hanging moss (not illustrated).
+
+
+                         ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.
+          505a.     Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.     7½ inches.
+
+This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found common in
+Arizona, New Mexico and southern California. Its favorite nesting place
+seems to be a bunch of Spanish moss, looping up the ends and weaving it
+closely together, and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried
+grasses and yucca fibers.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            BULLOCK ORIOLE.
+               508.     Icterus bullocki.     7½ inches.
+
+This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the Baltimore
+Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the eastern slope of the
+Rockies. They build a hanging nest, and in the southern part of their
+range use the Spanish moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest,
+lining the opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four
+white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 × .62). These
+birds are of great benefit to the small fruit growers in eating the many
+injurious insects.
+
+
+                            RUSTY BLACKBIRD.
+               509.     Euphagus carolinus.     9 inches.
+
+This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern slope of the
+Rockies, and straying into southern California to the Gulf of Mexico.
+Breeds along the northern borders of the United States, northwest to
+Alaska. The female is very much lighter than the male, and of a brownish
+drab color. They build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass,
+lined with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes or trees
+only a few feet from the ground. Three to five eggs, pale bluish green,
+blotched and spotted with brown (.96 × .71).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           BREWER BLACKBIRD.
+            510.     Euphagus cyanocephalus.     10 inches.
+
+Found throughout western North America, breeding from Alaska to southern
+California. They differ from the preceding in having a purplish
+reflection on the head and upper parts, and greenish black body. They
+nest abundantly throughout their range, either in bushes or trees at low
+elevations, or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots and
+grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are laid, which are
+very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted and blotched all over
+thickly with brown of different shades (1.00 × .75).
+
+
+                       WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.
+        514a.     Hesperiphona vespertina montana.     8 inches.
+
+Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia to central
+California. They build in the evergreen trees upon the mountain side or
+along some stream in the willows; they are always frail structures made
+up of a few loosely put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale
+greenish eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement
+(.90 × .65).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.
+        515b.     Pinicola enucleator californica.     8 inches.
+
+These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have, and can be
+approached to within a few feet. The male is a bright red above and an
+ashy gray below, having much less of the red than his eastern relative.
+The female is a dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head
+and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and are found
+about the snow lines on the mountain, where they feed largely upon the
+seeds of the coniferous trees, in which they place their nests, making
+them of fine twigs and rootlets, and lining with grass and moss. They lay
+three or four eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and
+fainter markings of lilac (1.00 × .70).
+
+
+                        CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.
+       517a.     Carpodacus purpureus californicus.     6 inches.
+
+This is found from British Columbia to southern California. It breeds
+well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens. Three or four eggs of a
+greenish blue, spotted with brown (.85 × .65).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.
+               518.     Carpodacus cassini.     6 inches.
+
+It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British Columbia south to
+New Mexico, well up in the mountain regions, as far as the timber line
+extends. The back, wings and tail of this are darker than the preceding
+species; the purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made
+of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat; they lay
+three or four eggs not to be recognized from the last.
+
+
+                              HOUSE FINCH.
+         519.     Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.     6 inches.
+
+This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast. With his
+bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate, and the habit they
+have of keeping close to civilization, building their nests in the vines
+about the porches of the houses, both in the country and even in the
+cities, they are great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant
+song is kept up continually during the day, and where two or three pairs
+are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird music. Their nests are made
+of fine rootlets and grass placed in almost any bush, tree or vine, if
+near some dwelling.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               CROSSBILL.
+            521.     Loxia curvirostra minor.     6 inches.
+
+Found throughout the greater part of North America, and breeds in
+suitable locations on the mountain sides among the coniferous trees. On
+the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska to southern California. In
+abundance they vary each year greatly, according to the food supply of
+cones in the evergreen trees from which they secure their seed supply;
+their twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the
+small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses, and three or
+four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined with shades of brown, are
+laid (.75 × .55).
+
+
+                        WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
+               522.     Loxia leucoptera.     6½ inches.
+
+These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding, and also
+have a large white patch on the wings. The female is marked the same,
+with grayish and buff in place of the red on the males. Nesting habits
+and locations are the same as above. The eggs average a little larger and
+heavier marked (.80 × .55).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.
+            523.     Leucosticte griseonucha.     6½ inches.
+
+This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds, with dark
+chestnut back and breast, and with the rump, wings and tail with a rosy
+tint. These are birds of the mountains and high altitudes, above or near
+the snow line. They are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and
+in the western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or
+under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their four or five
+eggs are pure white (.97 × .67).
+
+
+                        GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.
+            524.     Leucosticte tephrocotis.     6½ inches.
+
+This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found on the eastern
+slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding in the Sierra Nevadas,
+in crevices of the rocks, after the same manner as the above. The eggs
+cannot be distinguished from the above.
+
+
+                          HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.
+      524a.     Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis.     6½ inches.
+
+These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise the same as
+preceding in habits and nesting.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           BLACK ROSY FINCH.
+              525.     Leucosticte atrata.     6½ inches.
+
+This species is the same in markings as the Gray-crowned, excepting that
+the brown is replaced with almost black on the back and breast. The
+females of this family are much the same as the males, only not as bright
+in markings, and the young are the same as the females. Found in the
+northern Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.
+They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop in one place, but
+flitting from one locality to another. After the breeding season, they
+congregate in large flocks and keep together about the snow line, getting
+their supply of seed and insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs
+are the same as the Gray-crowned.
+
+
+                        BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.
+             526.     Leucosticte australis.     6½ inches.
+
+These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains than any of
+the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering in New Mexico. Their
+nesting habits and eggs are the same. Most of this family keep above the
+timber line during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as the
+heavy snow comes.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             HOARY REDPOLL.
+         527a.     Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.     5 inches.
+
+These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson and rosy
+breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding in the Arctic
+regions, and wintering to the northern parts of the United States.
+
+Nest.—They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks and grass, and
+lined with fine grass and feathers, which are placed usually within a
+foot or two of the ground in scrub bushes. Their three to five eggs are a
+light bluish green, with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end
+(.65 × .50).
+
+
+                                REDPOLL.
+                528.     Acanthis linaria.     5 inches.
+
+Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding in Alaska, and
+wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or into California on the
+western coast, in the mountain regions above the timber line. In
+Colorado, they have been seen at 10,000 feet, and with the temperature
+far below zero. Their nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs
+are the same.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            PALE GOLDFINCH.
+         529a.     Astragalinus tristis pallidus.     5 inches.
+
+A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado (not illustrated).
+
+
+                           WILLOW GOLDFINCH.
+          529b.     Astragalinus t. salicamara.     5 inches.
+
+A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the five inches in
+length, and of a paler color, both the black and the yellow. It is common
+on the Pacific coast, from Washington to southern California, breeding in
+willows and low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly built,
+usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish white (.60 × .45).
+
+
+                          ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.
+             530.     Astragalinus psaltria.     5 inches.
+
+Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).
+
+
+                        GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.
+         530a.     Astragalinus p. hesperophilus.     5 inches.
+
+In southwestern United States from Central California to Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.
+            531.     Astragalinus lawrencei.     4½ inches.
+
+This bird differs from the others of this family in being mostly gray in
+place of the yellow, having the head and throat black. They are found
+quite commonly on the Pacific coast of California, and south to Mexico.
+Their nests are nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which
+they deposit four white eggs.
+
+
+                              PINE SISKIN.
+                  533.     Spinus pinus.     5 inches.
+
+These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the Canadian zone, and
+in the Rockies and higher mountains to the west. They feed largely upon
+weed seeds and seeds from the different coniferous trees, the latter of
+which they most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of
+twigs and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of a
+horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white color, spotted
+finely with reddish brown (.65 × .45). They have a habit, while feeding,
+of clinging to the under side of a branch or cone, similar to the
+Chickadee, and, if disturbed when on some favorite tree, will make a
+short flight and circle back to the same tree.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.
+             534.     Plectrophenax nivalis.     7 inches.
+
+To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere, breeding within the
+Arctic Circle and wintering south to the central portions of the United
+States. They are one of the birds that change their dress completely from
+winter to summer, in color. In winter they are a clear black and white,
+while in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or brownish.
+They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides and in fields where
+the weeds are showing through, feeding upon the small seeds, and at this
+time they are as restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from
+which it is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses
+and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs are a
+dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown, mostly on the
+larger end (.90 × .65).
+
+
+                          McKAY SNOW BUNTING.
+           535.     Plectrophenax hyperboreus.     7 inches.
+
+This species is still more white than the preceding, having only a few
+specks of black on the tips of the primaries, and the central tail
+feather. They build, in crevices of the rocks on the ground, a nest of
+grass, lined with moss and feathers.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           ALASKAN LONGSPUR.
+       536a.     Calcarius lapponicus alascensis.     6½ inches.
+
+Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska in summer, and
+in winter coming as far south as Oregon and Colorado, when they may be
+frequently found in with flocks of Snow Buntings, and, like the
+Snowflakes, they breed on the ground in a depression in the moss or under
+some boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.
+Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots and
+blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 × .60).
+
+
+                        WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.
+          540a.     Poœcetes gramineus confinis.     6 inches.
+
+The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish this
+from any others of the sparrows, and the sides are more of a gray color
+than the eastern variety. Its habit of singing later in the evening gave
+it the name of “Vesper.� Found on the Pacific coast, from British
+Columbia to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression on the
+ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                       WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.
+           542b.     Passerculus s. alaudinus.     5½ inches.
+
+This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very common in the
+fields and meadows, from northern Alaska to Mexico. They are birds but
+very little seen, keeping in the grass the greater part of the time.
+Their nests are hollows in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed
+by tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,
+blotched heavily with brown (.75 × .55).
+
+
+                            BRYANT SPARROW.
+            542c.     Passerculus s. bryanti.     5½ inches.
+
+Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California. It is a
+darker and brighter bird than the preceding (not illustrated).
+
+
+                            BELDING SPARROW.
+             543.     Passerculus beldingi.     5½ inches.
+
+Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California. Is darker and more
+streaked below. Nesting habits the same; eggs darker.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.
+             544.     Passerculus rostratus.     5½ inches.
+
+The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish brown color,
+will distinguish this from any of the preceding. They are fairly common
+in the salt marshes of southern and Lower California. Their nesting
+habits and eggs are practically the same as those mentioned previously.
+
+
+                          SAN BENITO SPARROW.
+           544c.     Passerculus r. sanctorum.     5½ inches.
+
+Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower California.
+Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).
+
+
+                             BAIRD SPARROW.
+               545.     Ammodramus bairdi.     5¼ inches.
+
+These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas on the plains,
+and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona to New Mexico. The
+tail-feathers of this species are much more pointed than on any of the
+preceding.
+
+Nest.—This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass, and is made of
+fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid of a dull white, blotched
+and spotted with shades of brown and lilac (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.
+           546a.     Ammodramus s. bimaculatus.     5 inches.
+
+These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where their faint
+lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest is usually a deep
+structure in a hollow in some dry field, and usually placed near some
+rock or suitable place where they can watch the locality for danger. Four
+eggs are laid; white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 × .55).
+
+
+                            LECONTE SPARROW.
+            548.     Passerherbulus lecontei.     5 inches.
+
+More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above the line and
+winters through eastern Colorado to southern Texas. Nesting habits and
+eggs similar to above (not illustrated).
+
+
+                         WESTERN LARK SPARROW.
+        552a.     Chondestes grammacus strigatus.     6½ inches.
+
+One of the most common, as well as the most handsome of the sparrow
+family on the western coast; with its bright chestnut on the sides of the
+head, and black and white on the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on
+the ground in a clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown
+markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            GAMBEL SPARROW.
+        554a.     Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt.     6½ inches.
+
+This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest, has been rightly
+called the “Northern Nightingale.� Their sweet song may be heard all
+during the day about dwellings or remote from them, or even in the night
+they have a habit of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In
+habits they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among the
+dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.
+
+Nest.—This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and is made of
+fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish blue color, spotted and
+splashed with shades of brown (.90 × .65).
+
+
+                        GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.
+              557.     Zonotrichia coronata.     7 inches.
+
+The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden color. These
+are common birds about the cities of California during the winter months.
+Habits the same as above, and also their eggs.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         WESTERN TREE SPARROW.
+          559a.     Spizella monticola ochracea.     6 inches.
+
+Somewhat resembling the “Chippy Sparrow,� but is larger and has a dark
+spot on the breast as an identification mark. It breeds in the far north,
+above the northern borders of the United States, and in winter is common
+through Oregon, California, into Arizona and Texas.
+
+Nest.—This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on the ground made
+of grasses and lined with feathers. They lay three to five greenish white
+eggs, spotted with different shades of brown (.80 × .55).
+
+
+                       WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.
+          560a.     Spizella passerina arizonæ.     5 inches.
+
+This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living upon insects
+injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the garden weeds. They will
+nest in trees and shrubs, or vines about the house, making a small
+compact nest, mostly of rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to
+five greenish blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger
+end (.70 × .52).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.
+               561.     Spizella pallida.     5¼ inches.
+
+These are much like the Chipping Sparrow in every way, with the exception
+of color, the brown being replaced by the clay-color. Breeds in the
+Northern United States and into Canada; winters south to Texas and
+Mexico, rarely in eastern Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the
+ground, but may be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are
+the usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of brown about
+the larger end (.65 × .50).
+
+
+                            BREWER SPARROW.
+                562.     Spizella breweri.     5 inches.
+
+This is very similar to above, but much more streaked with dark above. It
+is to be found from British Columbia south to Mexico, especially in
+sections where the sage brush is found, and in southern California near
+the coast. Its nesting habits are much the same as the above, and the
+eggs are indistinguishable.
+
+
+                            WORTHEN SPARROW.
+               564.     Spizella wortheni.     5 inches.
+
+This is a southern form of the Chipping Sparrow, and is found in New
+Mexico and Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.
+             565.     Spizella atrogularis.     5½ inches.
+
+This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead. It is
+quite common in parts of southern California, and south into Arizona and
+New Mexico. The habits are similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their
+eggs differing in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 × .50).
+
+
+                          WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.
+                 566.     Junco aikeni.     6½ inches.
+
+This is slightly larger than the common “Black and White Snowbird�
+(Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings are crossed by two
+white bars. It is found in the central Rocky Mountain regions, where it
+breeds in the northern part, and winters to eastern Colorado.
+
+
+                          SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.
+                 567.     Junco hyemalis.     6 inches.
+
+This is common “Black and White Snowbird� of the east, and is the same as
+above, but darker and does not have any white wing bars. They breed
+mostly north of the United States, nesting on the ground, often under
+some boulder, making their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four
+greenish white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not
+illustrated).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             OREGON JUNCO.
+            567a.     Junco hyemalis oreganus.     6 inches.
+
+There are several of the sub-species of “Hyemalis,� all of which are very
+much alike in habits; varying in color and location. The Oregon Junco is
+found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding on the
+mountains of Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the
+preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish color. The nesting
+habits and eggs are very much the same as the preceding.
+
+
+                           PINK-SIDED JUNCO.
+            567g.     Junco hyemalis mearnsi.     6 inches.
+
+These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana, Wyoming and
+Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.
+
+
+                             THURBER JUNCO.
+            567c.     Junco hyemalis thurberi.     6 inches.
+
+Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon to southern
+California. The difference in coloring is shown in the illustrations of
+this and the two preceding.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.
+           570b.     Junco phœonotus caniceps.     6 inches.
+
+The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having the back a
+reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are placed on the ground, and
+the markings of their eggs vary but little.
+
+
+                              BAIRD JUNCO.
+                 571.     Junco     bairdi.   6 inches.
+
+Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California. This is a
+gray-headed variety with brown on the back and sides.
+
+
+                            GUADALUPE JUNCO.
+                572.     Junco insularis.     5½ inches.
+
+One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only on the
+Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where they nest
+commonly in the pine groves, among the needles on the ground, or
+frequently protected by some overhanging stone. Their nest and eggs are
+the same as the others. Eggs bluish white, with fine dots of brown about
+the larger end (.77 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            DESERT SPARROW.
+       573a.     Amphispiza bilineata deserticola.     5¼ inches.
+
+This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern United
+States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern California. It is found in the
+hot desert plains, where it builds its nest in low bushes, of the
+sagebrush or cactus, within two or three feet of the ground. It is made
+up of twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.
+They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 × .55).
+
+
+                             BELL SPARROW.
+               574.     Amphispiza belli.     5¼ inches.
+
+In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of California and
+in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California, these grayish, black
+and white sparrows are found abundantly in localities where the sagebrush
+is common. They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put
+together, and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair, in the
+low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite often placed on the
+ground under the cover of one of these bushes. They lay three or four
+pale greenish eggs, heavily blotched and spotted with shades of brown
+(.75 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SAGE SPARROW.
+            574.1.     Amphispiza nevadensis.     6 inches.
+
+These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except at their
+breeding season, and to be found commonly throughout the sage deserts of
+the Great Basin, from Oregon and Montana to Lower California and New
+Mexico. They nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making
+their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it with feathers
+and hair. They lay from three to four grayish eggs, with heavy markings
+of shades of brown about the larger end (.75 × .60).
+
+
+                        CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.
+          574.1b.     Amphispiza n. canescens.     5½ inches.
+
+Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California east to
+Nevada (not illustrated).
+
+
+                            BOTTERI SPARROW.
+                576.     Peucæa botterii.     6¼ inches.
+
+A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots. A southern
+bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not illustrated).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            CASSIN SPARROW.
+                578.     Peucæa cassini.     5½ inches.
+
+Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where it breeds much the
+same as does the Sage Sparrow.
+
+
+                         RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.
+              579.     Aimophila carpalis.     5¼ inches.
+
+This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of Mexico and north
+to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is similar to the Chipping
+Sparrow, and the two are frequently found in the same locality. They nest
+in low bushes, making them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair,
+in which they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 × .60).
+
+
+                        RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.
+              580.     Aimophila ruficeps.     5½ inches.
+
+Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of a brown streaked
+with darker, and still more of a reddish brown on the crown. It is found
+throughout California along the coast to Lower California. They build on
+the ground, concealing their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush.
+They lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             SONG SPARROW.
+               581.     Melospiza melodia.     6¼ inches.
+
+A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can be heard in
+every state of the Union and in Canada. This is the most subdivided of
+any of the bird family; more than twenty sub-species are listed, all
+having about the same song and general appearance. In some localities
+they will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they are very
+light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish one from another
+even when in the hand. Their eggs also have the same variation, and
+cannot be positively identified one from another. They all build either
+in low bushes or upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white,
+blotched and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 × .60).
+
+
+                         HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.
+            581c.     Melospiza m. heermanni.     6¼ inches.
+
+Found in the central valleys of California, casually to Nevada.
+
+
+                          RUSTY SONG SPARROW.
+             581e.     Melospiza m. morphna.     6¼ inches.
+
+In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            LINCOLN SPARROW.
+              583.     Melospiza lincolni.     5½ inches.
+
+To be found most commonly in the central and western parts of North
+America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance they are very much like
+the Song Sparrow, but in their habits are more retiring, and keep more
+closely in the grass, and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass
+within a few inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the
+ground. The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are
+similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish white,
+heavily marked with brown (.80 × .58).
+
+
+                         SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.
+       585a.     Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis.     6½ inches.
+
+These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with spots of
+darker brown on the back and under parts. They are to be found from
+Alaska to southern California.
+
+Nest.—In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish eggs, marked with
+brown (.94 × .68).
+
+
+                       THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.
+          585b.     Passerella i. megarhyncha.     7¼ inches.
+
+This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much thicker bill,
+and is to be found throughout California in the mountains.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             OREGON TOWHEE.
+           588b.     Pipilo maculatus oregonus.     8 inches.
+
+This family are all ground birds, and are usually found scratching among
+the leaves for their food supply of seeds and insects. This is a much
+darker bird than his eastern relative. The females are marked much the
+same as the males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their
+nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a finer lining of
+grass, and usually it is well concealed in bunches of grass or under some
+brush pile. They lay four or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much
+spotted with brown (.95 × .75).
+
+
+                           SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.
+          588d.     Pipilo maculatus megolonyx.     8 inches.
+
+Darker and with few white markings. Southern California (not
+illustrated).
+
+
+                             CANON TOWHEE.
+           591.     Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.     8½ inches.
+
+These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees and not so much
+on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly marked. They range from
+Colorado to Texas and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.
+              591.1.     Pipilo crissalis.     9½ inches.
+
+A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white if any. It
+is found in California, from Shasta County to the southern part of the
+state. They are not as shy as the Towhee family generally are, and
+frequently come about habitations, where they will scratch about
+barnyards like chickens. They nest within a few feet of the ground,
+building much the same as other members of this family. The eggs are also
+very similar to the others.
+
+
+                             ABERT TOWHEE.
+                 592.     Pipilo aberti.     9 inches.
+
+More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico and southern
+California, where it breeds on the coast range.
+
+
+                          GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.
+              592.1.     Oreospiza chlorura.     7 inches.
+
+This member of the family has characteristics of his own entirely
+different from any of the others. They are birds of the brush, and rarely
+appear above the shrubbery in which they nest.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           ARIZONA CARDINAL.
+            593a.     Cardinalis c. superbus.     9 inches.
+
+These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where, with their
+beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition, they make
+themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill is very large and stout,
+but the general makeup of the bird, with its long crest, is much to be
+admired. They build their nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put
+together, which is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or
+four eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots of
+shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 × .70). Found in
+Arizona and into Mexico.
+
+
+                          ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.
+              594.     Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.     8½ inches.
+
+The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like the parrots.
+Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals, they have the habit
+of raising and lowering often, changing the whole appearance of the bird.
+Their nesting habits and eggs are similar to the last.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.
+            596.     Zamelodia melanocephala.     7½ inches.
+
+This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak of the eastern
+sections (which is sometimes found west to Colorado), does not have the
+bright colors of his eastern brother. In habits they appear to be much
+the same, their song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet
+birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them before
+leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks, loosely laid on
+the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush or low tree, so frail that
+frequently their eggs can be seen from beneath. They lay four eggs of a
+bluish green, spotted and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 ×
+.70).
+
+
+                         WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.
+            597a.     Guiraca cærulea lazula.     7 inches.
+
+Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along the roadside in
+the small brush. It seems out of place to have three members of the same
+family with such a difference of plumage. One with rose, white and black;
+the next with black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.
+Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same as above, the
+eggs being a little smaller (.85 × .62).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            INDIGO BUNTING.
+                598.     Passerina cyanea.     5 inches.
+
+An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading to lighter on the
+under parts and towards the rump. It is found as far west as Colorado and
+into Texas (not illustrated).
+
+
+                            LAZULI BUNTING.
+                599.     Passerina amœna.     5½ inches.
+
+Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts and breast are
+brownish. The wings are barred with two bands of white. It is found from
+British Columbia to Lower California and from the western coast to
+eastern Colorado. The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical.
+They build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet from the
+ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white, unmarked (.75 × .58).
+
+
+                           BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.
+         600a.     Passerina versicolor pulchra.     5½ inches.
+
+These are the most varied in color markings of any of our North American
+birds, having bright colors. Found in southern and Lower California,
+Arizona and into Mexico. Like the above they are to be found in thickets
+and hedges, where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              DICKCISSEL.
+                604.     Spiza americana.     6¼ inches.
+
+The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line over the eye, on
+the side of the throat, edge of wing and front under parts; black patch
+on the breast, white throat and a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It
+is found rarely in Colorado and into southern California (not
+illustrated).
+
+
+                             LARK BUNTING.
+            605.     Calamospiza melanocorys.     7 inches.
+
+Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in summer is a dull
+black all over, with the exception of white wing-coverts. Their habits
+are similar to the above. They have a fine song, which they often give
+while on the wing, after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a
+sparrow-like looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds of the
+plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California and Colorado.
+Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs (.85 × .65).
+
+
+                            WESTERN TANAGER.
+              607.     Piranga ludoviciana.     6½ inches.
+
+Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in
+mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with brown (.95 ×
+.75).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            HEPATIC TANAGER.
+               609.     Piranga hepatica.     7½ inches.
+
+A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager of the east,
+lacking also the black wings of its eastern brother. The female is a pale
+yellow on the under parts and an olive above. Their range is throughout
+Arizona and into Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of
+trees at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs, grass and
+hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay four eggs of a
+greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown (.92 × .64).
+
+
+                            COOPER TANAGER.
+             610a.     Piranga rubra cooperi.     7 inches.
+
+Western United States, breeding from Central California to Texas and the
+borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits are the same and the eggs are
+not distinguishable from the others, all of them varying in the markings,
+but practically of the same size and general color.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            WESTERN MARTIN.
+            611a.     Progne subis hesperia.     8½ inches.
+
+The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern Purple
+Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead is the only
+difference. They nest in cavities of trees or in boxes provided for them
+in the cities and towns, both in the east and west, as they are to be
+found breeding throughout the United States and into British Columbia.
+They make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with
+feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 × .65).
+
+
+                             CLIFF SWALLOW.
+            612.     Petrochelidon lunifrons.     5½ inches.
+
+Their range is throughout the whole of North America; they can easily be
+recognized by their brownish throat and breast, white forehead and black
+cap. Their nests or homes are built of mud, securely cemented to the face
+of cliffs, or under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or
+gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining the inside
+with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs, creamy white, spotted with
+shades of brown (.80 × .55).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             BARN SWALLOW.
+             613.     Hirundo erythrogastra.     7½ inches.
+
+Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally from Alaska
+to southern California, and over the eastern part of the United States.
+They nest in barns, sheds or in any buildings where they are not likely
+to be disturbed, building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near
+the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird in all
+parts of the country, and one of the most graceful while on the wing,
+skimming over the ponds and meadows in search of the insect life which
+constitutes their food. Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow,
+creamy white, spotted with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 × .55).
+
+
+                             TREE SWALLOW.
+              614.     Iridoprocne bicolor.     6 inches.
+
+Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied Swallow, and it
+is found in the whole of temperate North America, breeding from the
+middle United States northward. They nest in holes of trees and stumps
+naturally, but accept the bird houses that are put up for them in
+suitable locations near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same as
+above, both in number and markings.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.
+         615.     Tachycineta thalassina lepida.     5¼ inches.
+
+In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and west to the
+Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most beautiful species with its
+blue, green and purple back and white under parts. They are abundant in
+favorable localities in California, building their nests in holes of
+trees, at times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the
+largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at times placing
+their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their nests are made of grass and
+fine roots, and nicely lined with feathers. Their four to six eggs are
+pure white (.72 × .50).
+
+
+                             BANK SWALLOW.
+                616.     Riparia riparia.     5½ inches.
+
+The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and south to the
+Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion of the United States
+northward. These birds build their nests in sand banks in almost all
+sections of the country, digging a small tunnel from one to three feet in
+length, enlarged and lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to
+six pure white eggs (.70 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.
+          617.     Stelgidopteryx serripennis.     5½ inches.
+
+This species is about the same size as the last, and similar, but with
+the throat and breast grayish in place of the white. The outer webs of
+the outer primaries are recurved, forming a series of hooks. It nests in
+holes of embankments or in the crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of
+bridges and buildings. Their eggs are four in number and are pure white
+(.75 × .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of the United
+States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.
+
+
+                           BOHEMIAN WAXWING.
+              618.     Bombycilla garrula.     8½ inches.
+
+A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters to
+California and the northern states of the United States. It may be
+identified from the following by the markings on the wings of white and
+yellow, and the larger band of yellow at the end of the tail. The
+wax-like appendages on the wings and tail may be found on both species.
+
+Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed in bushes or
+trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually four eggs are laid, of a
+grayish color, sharply spotted with brown (.95 × .70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             CEDAR WAXWING.
+              619.     Bombycilla cedrorum.     7½ inches.
+
+These are a North American bird, and great travelers in large flocks all
+over the country, separating at breeding time, and mating up, with a pair
+or two selecting some orchard or suitable locality to remain during
+nesting time. They breed throughout the northern United States and north
+into Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on
+horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in which
+they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted with dark
+brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 × .60).
+
+
+                              PHAINOPEPLA.
+              620.     Phainopepla nitens.     7½ inches.
+
+These are found from central California to Texas and into Mexico. In
+habits they are very much like the preceding, and the female is quite
+similar in looks, while the male is a rich shining blue black, with a
+long pointed crest, and a white patch on the wings. Their food consists
+of insects and small berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with
+a more compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs of a
+light gray, spotted with brown (.88 × .65).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            NORTHERN SHRIKE.
+                621.     Lanius borealis.     10 inches.
+
+One of the largest of the family in the United States, the breast being
+barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler gray, with the wings and
+tail having much white, showing especially in flight. They are bold
+birds; carnivorous in their habits, living upon other small birds,
+insects and small rodents. In winter they have been known frequently to
+live about cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city
+streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill, which is shaped
+similar to that of a hawk’s, while their feet are small and weak, not at
+all resembling the hawk’s feet. Their nests are placed in thickets or
+thorny bushes, and are made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down.
+Four to six grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched
+with shades of brown (1.05 × .75).
+
+
+                           CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.
+          622b.     Lanius ludovicianus gambeli.     8 inches.
+
+In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits and general
+appearance much the same, being somewhat darker, more on the under parts
+and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            RED-EYED VIREO.
+              624.     Vireosylva olivacea.     6 inches.
+
+One of the most common of the family throughout its range, from the
+eastern slope of the Rockies over the United States. Wherever they may be
+found, their song is heard continuously during the day, from early
+morning until late in the evening, it consisting only of two or three
+notes, first a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and
+over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed within a few feet
+of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended from a fork, and made of
+strips of bark, plant fiber and often with pieces of string and paper
+included in its construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked
+sparingly with brown (.85 × .55). This is one of the favorite nests in
+which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.
+
+
+                            WARBLING VIREO.
+               627.     Vireosylva gilva.     5½ inches.
+
+These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not as well known,
+as they keep well up in the tops of the taller trees, where they also
+build their nests, very much the same as the Red-eye. Their song is much
+more pleasant. Four eggs, like above (.72 × .52).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             CASSIN VIREO.
+         629a.     Lanivireo solitarius cassini.     5 inches.
+
+To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower
+California and Mexico. In southern California, it is found breeding much
+more commonly than the Western Warbling Vireo, placing its nest high in
+the oaks and coniferous trees. It belongs to the same musical family,
+keeping up its song from morning until night. The nest is made of similar
+material to the previous, and the eggs are the same, except in size (.75
+× .58).
+
+
+                          BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.
+              630.     Vireo atricapillus.     4½ inches.
+
+A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap. Breeds in Texas,
+north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not illustrated).
+
+
+                             HUTTON VIREO.
+                 632.     Vireo huttoni.     4½ inches.
+
+Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central and southern
+California. Nesting habits similar to others of the family. Eggs white
+with a few spots of brown about the larger end (.70 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             ANTHONY VIREO.
+            632c.     Vireo huttoni obscurus.     4¼ inches.
+
+Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found from British Columbia
+to southern California, breeding in Oregon (not illustrated).
+
+
+                              LEAST VIREO.
+             633a.     Vireo belli pusillus.     4¼ inches.
+
+Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California, Texas and
+Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, made of
+shreds of vines and fine roots, and lined with fine grass. The four eggs
+are white, spotted finely with brown about the larger end (.70 × .80).
+
+
+                              GRAY VIREO.
+                634.     Vireo vicinior.     5½ inches.
+
+Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas, and southern
+California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon birds in the mountains of
+Arizona, where they nest in low bushes or trees, building their nest
+similar to the Red-eyed vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging
+limb, within a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which
+are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 × .53).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                   Family MNIOTILTIDÆ—WOOD WARBLERS.
+
+
+                        BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.
+                636.     Mniotilta varia.     5¼ inches.
+
+This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is found in
+southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in California and Washington
+(not illustrated).
+
+
+                             LUCY WARBLER.
+                643.     Vermivora luciæ.     4 inches.
+
+Range.—Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds quite commonly in
+Arizona, where it builds in almost any situation, in the loose bark on
+tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker holes, in the cactus or in small
+bushes near the ground. The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and
+feathers, in which they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed
+with brown about the larger end (.60 × .50).
+
+
+                           VIRGINIA WARBLER.
+              644.     Vermivora virginiæ.     4¼ inches.
+
+Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and winters in Mexico.
+They are much like the last, but have a patch of yellow on the rump and
+breast. Their nest on the ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of
+shreds of vines and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed
+with brown (.62 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           CALAVERAS WARBLER.
+      645a.     Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis.     4½ inches.
+
+Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central California
+north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico. In Oregon and
+California, these birds are quite common in favorable localities on the
+mountain sides. They build their nest on the ground in a slight
+depression, making it of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed
+with overhanging grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white, with
+fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about the larger end
+(.60 × .45).
+
+
+                        ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.
+               646.     Vermivora celata.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Central North America, breeding in the Rockies locally, from
+Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull orange patch. Nesting
+habits and eggs same as above (not illustrated).
+
+
+                           LUTESCENT WARBLER.
+          646a.     Vermivora celata lutescens.     4¼ inches.
+
+This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific coast to
+southern California. Nest placed in similar locations, and the eggs are
+the same as above (.60 × .45).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             OLIVE WARBLER.
+             651.     Peucedramus olivaceus.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, southward. They may be
+easily identified by their orange-brown head and neck, with a broad black
+band through the eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in
+coniferous trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact nest,
+saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a resemblance to a knot;
+it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and lined with fine rootlets and down
+from plants. Their four eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with
+spots of dark brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 × .48).
+
+
+                            YELLOW WARBLER.
+                652.     Dendroica æstiva.     4 inches.
+
+Range.—The whole of North America, breeding throughout its range. They
+are active little bunches of yellow, as they gather in their many insects
+for food, all the while singing their happy song. They place their nests
+in almost any kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near
+some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their nest is a
+compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and grasses, lined with
+plant down or cotton.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            MYRTLE WARBLER.
+              655.     Dendroica coronata.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it is found from
+central Oregon to southern California. It is quite commonly known as the
+Yellow-rumped Warbler, both in the east and west. They differ from the
+following, mostly in the throat markings, this one having a white throat
+and much more black on the head and breast, while on the following the
+throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of coniferous trees,
+making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in which they lay usually four
+eggs, white, spotted with shades of brown and lilac, more heavily about
+the larger end (.70 × .50).
+
+
+                            AUDUBON WARBLER.
+              656.     Dendroica auduboni.     5½ inches.
+
+This species is found in the western United States from British Columbia
+to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies. They are more of a
+dull-colored bird than the preceding. Their nesting habits and eggs are
+identical with the last (.68 × .52).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           MAGNOLIA WARBLER.
+               657.     Dendroica magnolia.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies and accidental
+in California. The white over the eye, white wing patch, and the band of
+white across the tail will identify this species (not illustrated).
+
+
+                          BLACK-POLL WARBLER.
+              661.     Dendroica striata.     5½  inches.
+
+Range.—North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but found in the
+Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest on the lower branches of
+coniferous trees, made of roots and strips of vine, and lined with
+feathers and lichens. Four dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 ×
+.50).
+
+
+                             GRACE WARBLER.
+               664.     Dendroica graciæ.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California and
+Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops of the trees, made of roots,
+fibers and lined with plant down. Eggs white, with light spots of brown
+(.65 × .45).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                      BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.
+             665.     Dendroica nigrescens.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California. A
+small bird, with a black throat and breast, forming a circle about the
+neck, and black on top of the head. They are found mostly in the
+woodlands, bordered with thickets, in which they will place their nests,
+within a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the Yellow
+Bird, being compact and made of the same materials. Three or four eggs
+are creamy white, spotted with brown, forming a wreath about the larger
+end (.65 × .52).
+
+
+                     BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
+                667.     Dendroica virens.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but occasionally in
+the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona. Black throat and breast, with
+bright yellow cheeks and olive head and back (not illustrated).
+
+
+                           TOWNSEND WARBLER.
+              668.     Dendroica townsendi.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Western United States. A similar bird to the above, with black on
+top of the head in place of the olive. Nesting habits are practically the
+same, as are also the eggs.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            HERMIT WARBLER.
+             669.     Dendroica occidentalis.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia to southern
+California, Texas and Arizona. These are to be found in the high,
+mountainous regions among the coniferous trees, where they build their
+nests on the outer limbs of tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their
+nests are made of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of a
+nest as compared with some of this same family. They lay four white eggs,
+spotted and wreathed with shades of brown (.68 × .52).
+
+
+                         GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.
+            675a.     Seiurus noveboracensis.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern portions. They are
+a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting in stumps near the ground or
+among roots of fallen trees. Four white eggs, spotted and blotched with
+brown and lilac (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.
+               680.     Oporornis tolmiei.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia to southern
+California, breeding throughout its range. They are common warblers of
+the Pacific coast, to be found on or near the ground in thick shrubbery,
+where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground. This is
+made of grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and
+hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily marked with
+shades of brown (.72 × .52).
+
+
+                         WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.
+       681a.     Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.     5¼ inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, from British Columbia south to Arizona, but
+not near the Pacific coast. It is one of the seven or eight forms of the
+Maryland Yellow-throat, the greatest difference in them being in the
+locality in which they are found. They place their nest in a clump of
+grass, well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots of
+brown (.70 × .50).
+
+
+                         PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.
+          681c.     Geothlypis trichas arizela.     5¼ inches.
+
+Range.—The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           LONG-TAILED CHAT.
+          683a.     Icteria virens longicauda.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western United States, breeding from British Columbia to Mexico.
+They are an attractive bird both in looks and habits. They are great
+singers, but nature seemed to give them no special song of their own, and
+they make good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,
+and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered
+hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the bird. They build
+their nests in the thickest of such places a few feet from the ground,
+made up of shreds of vines, leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four
+white eggs, spotted with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 × .70).
+
+
+                          PILEOLATED WARBLER.
+          685a.     Wilsonia pusilla pileolata.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington and
+California to Mexican borders. These little birds, with their deep yellow
+under parts and breast, and little cap of jet black, are quite common
+about many of the orchards and gardens when the trees are in full
+blossom, taking insects that abound at that time. They nest in moist
+grounds in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and
+grass.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                                REDSTART
+              687.     Setophaga ruticilla.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—North America, found more commonly east of the Rockies, but less
+common in Oregon, California and to Arizona. These birds are always the
+most conspicuous when in flight, at that time showing off to the best
+advantage their bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the
+males, and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,
+cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed in the crotch
+of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs, spotted with different
+shades of chestnut and black (.65 × .50). They are very active, and
+constantly flying from place to place, taking insects while on the wing,
+which constitute their food.
+
+
+                           PAINTED REDSTART.
+                688.     Setophaga picta.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the same habits as the
+above, except that they build their homes in cavities of rocks or on the
+ground in swampy places.
+
+
+                           RED-FACED WARBLER.
+             690.     Cardellina rubrifrons.     5¼ inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona and New Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.
+           696.     Budytes flavus alascensis.     6½ inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are fairly common on
+the islands and coast. They nest on the ground, under or beside stones
+and in bunches of grass; it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss
+and animal fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered
+with spots of brown (.75 × .55).
+
+
+                           PIPIT, OR TITLARK.
+               697.     Anthus rubescens.     6½ inches.
+
+Range.—It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California, Alaska,
+north to the Arctic Zone. During migration they may be found over most of
+the United States in quite large flocks. Their nests are placed on the
+ground in tufts of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with
+feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily blotched with
+brown (.75 × .55).
+
+
+                             SPRAGUE PIPIT.
+                700.     Anthus spraguei.     6½ inches.
+
+Range.—Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and west to the
+Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to preceding.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                     Family MIMIDÆ.—SAGE THRASHER.
+             702.     Oreoscoptes montanus.     8½ inches.
+
+Range.—From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to Montana. This is
+an abundant bird in the sage regions of the plains throughout its range,
+and are frequently called the Mockingbird, on account of the varied song
+which they give from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in which they
+nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 × .55).
+
+
+                            Family CINCLIDÆ.
+
+
+                        DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.
+           701.     Cinclus mexicanus unicolor.     8 inches.
+
+Range.—Mountains of western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Among
+the rapid streams that are falling down the mountain side, these gray
+birds are to be found. They are strange members of bird life; they do not
+have webbed feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their
+wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of teetering
+similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not to be forgotten if once
+heard. They nest on the rocks of these rapid streams, making their nest
+of moss, a bulky affair with an opening in the side, in which they
+deposit their four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 × .70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD
+        703a.     Mimus polyglottos leucopterus.     10 inches.
+
+Range.—Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly from central
+California southward. These birds not only have a song of their own which
+puts them in the opera class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic
+or mock nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They are
+not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and evening, but will
+keep their song in full play all day, without hardly seeming to take time
+to hunt up a few worms or insects, as if eating was not to be considered
+when he could sing.
+
+They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and construct a bulky
+nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to five eggs are of a greenish
+color, spotted and blotched all over in many patterns with shades of
+brown (.95 × .72).
+
+
+                                CATBIRD.
+             704.     Dumetella carolinensis.     9 inches.
+
+Range.—Mostly eastern North America, but extends over the Rockies,
+occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine songster and almost as
+much of a mimic as the Mockingbird. Breeding habits are much the same,
+but eggs are bluish green (.95 × .70).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            PALMER THRASHER.
+        707a.     Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri.     11 inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the desert regions of
+Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be found. They all seem to belong
+to the happy family of songsters, and there is no lack of bird music in
+localities where these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually
+placed in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of twigs,
+dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish green, spotted
+with brown very finely all over (1.00 × .80).
+
+
+                           BENDIRE THRASHER.
+              708.     Toxostoma bendirei.     10 inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It breeds in Arizona and
+southern California. General habits are the same as above. While it may
+not be as common as the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are
+the same, spots larger (1.00 × .72)
+
+
+                          CALIFORNIA THRASHER.
+              710.     Toxostoma redivivum.     12 inches.
+
+Range.—California, from Shasta county to Lower California. The habits and
+song, as are also the nest and eggs, much like the above (1.12 × .82).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           LECONTE THRASHER.
+              711.     Toxostoma lecontei.     10½ inches.
+
+Range.—Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This is the lightest in
+color of any of the family, and has taken on the color of the sand of the
+low hot deserts in which it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even
+the cactus and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground is
+covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines like needles. In
+such a place one cannot imagine that a bird would be as full of song as
+in a shaded piece of woodland, yet this bird has the same qualifications,
+and morning and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song
+as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs, weeds and
+lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed in low mesquite trees
+or cactus. The eggs are lighter in color than above, and with fewer and
+finer spots of brown (1.10 × .75).
+
+
+                           CRISSAL THRASHER.
+              712.     Toxostoma crissale.     11 inches.
+
+Range.—From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower California and Texas.
+This species is somewhat darker, and more rufous on the under tail
+coverts than the above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              CACTUS WREN.
+          713.     Heleodytes brunneicapillus.     8½ inches.
+
+Range.—Southern part of California, to Texas, and north to Nevada and
+Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens, and look the least like that
+family of any of them. They are a common bird in the desert lands, where
+the cactus abounds, but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller
+members of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,
+made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers. There is an
+opening on the side for an entrance, and it is usually placed in a thorn
+bush or cactus. Their four to seven eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly
+with chestnut (.95 × .65).
+
+
+                               ROCK WREN.
+              715.     Salpinctes obsoletus.     6 inches.
+
+Range.—Western coasts from British America to Mexico. These bird are
+equally at home on the mountain sides or in the deep canyons, building
+their nests in the crevices of rocks or stumps, where they lay from five
+to eight white eggs, with fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 ×
+.50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              CAÑON WREN.
+        717a.     Catherpes mexicanus conspersus.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico, breeding
+throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply of food among the
+huge boulders and in the large rocky canyons, where he makes his home,
+you will, at short intervals, hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts
+to shame that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their
+nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is placed in the
+crevice of some rock, either down near some swiftly running mountain
+stream or high up in the cliffs above. Their three to five eggs are
+white, with spots of brown and lilac well covering the under color (.72 ×
+.52).
+
+
+                              VIGOR WREN.
+         719a.     Thryomanes     bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.
+
+Range.—Coast regions of California. These are active and restless little
+birds. Eating and singing, and singing and eating is all this life holds
+for them. Nesting in bird boxes, holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any
+locality in which to place their six eggs (.65 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          WESTERN HOUSE WREN.
+          721a.     Troglodytes aedon parkmani.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to Lower
+California. These happy little songsters are to be met with more about
+civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated lands to the wild. They
+build in bird houses or holes of trees, and no matter how large the
+tenement may be they will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only
+space enough for their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a
+pinkish color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end (.65 ×
+.52).
+
+
+                          WESTERN WINTER WREN.
+           722a.     Nannus hiemalis pacificus.     4 inches.
+
+Range.—From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America. This is the
+smallest of the family, and is also one of the most quiet in song. They
+are active little fellows, just a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of
+a tail up over their backs when observed, and getting about the brush
+heaps and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or crevices of
+rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass and feathers, in
+which usually six or seven eggs, creamy white, finely specked with brown,
+are laid (.60 × .48).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                              ALASKA WREN.
+               723.     Nannus alascensis.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat larger variety of
+the preceding, and is found only in the far north. Its breeding habits
+are the same, as are also the eggs, which average a little larger (.65 ×
+.51).
+
+
+                             ALEUTIAN WREN.
+               723.1.     Nannus meliger.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar to the above,
+both in song and general habits. They nest in the crevices of rocks or
+between boulders, making their nests of rootlets and grass, lining it
+with hair and feathers. Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few
+specks of brown (.58 × .46).
+
+
+                               TULE WREN.
+          725a.     Telmatodytes p. paludicola.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern California. This
+is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh Wren, found more east of the
+Rockies. They build a globular-shaped nest of grass and rushes, attached
+to upright rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale
+chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 × .45).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                        ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.
+          726b.     Certhia familiaris montana.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern California and
+Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A quiet, small, brown colored bird
+of the deep woods, where its lisping note may be heard, if the air is
+very quiet, and one is looking for bird life. When found, it will
+generally be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the
+crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it feeds; when
+near the top, a downward flight to the base of another tree. Always
+flying down, and climbing up. Their nest is placed in the loose bark, and
+is made of fiber, moss and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs,
+spotted with chestnut (.58 × .48).
+
+
+                        SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.
+          727a.     Sitta carolinensis aculeata.     6 inches.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to southern
+California. These are similar to the White-breasted bird of the east.
+Unlike the above, although these are tree climbers, they are as often
+found coming down the tree as climbing up. They build in cavities of
+various kinds of trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily
+marked with brown and lilac (.80 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
+               728.     Sitta canadensis.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States
+and northward. Like the former, these are great acrobats, looking into
+every crevice of the bark in search of their supply of food, caring
+little whether they are going up or down in their search. After the
+breeding season these birds are often found in flocks about the
+coniferous trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous
+“yank, yank,� among themselves. They have no other song.
+
+Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at quite an
+elevation from the ground, being lined with strips of bark and feathers.
+They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly spotted with shades of
+brown (.60 × .50).
+
+
+                            PYGMY NUTHATCH.
+                  730.     Sitta pygmæa.     4 inches.
+
+Range.—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to southern California
+and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. These are the smallest of the
+family, and their habits and nest and eggs are the same as the preceding.
+Their eggs being slightly smaller.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                            PLAIN TITMOUSE.
+              733.     Bæolophus inornatus.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas. These are quite
+common throughout their range; they are quite a little bird, with only a
+few “quit, quit� like notes, and in color they are as quiet as in habits.
+They build in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined with
+grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are white, rarely
+with a few specks of brown (.70 × .50).
+
+
+                        BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.
+           732.     Bæolophus astricristatus.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but darker and with
+the crest black and forehead white. Nesting habits same as the above (not
+illustrated).
+
+
+                           BRIDLED TITMOUSE.
+              734.     Bæolophus wollweberi.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored “tit,� with the
+only markings about the head, black crest and breast, with white above
+and below the eyes, is common in parts of Arizona, where it builds within
+a few feet of the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same as
+the Plain Titmouse (.70 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           OREGON CHICKADEE.
+     735b.     Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon. These lively
+little birds are willing to make friends with almost anyone, and will get
+so tame that they will take pieces of suet from the hand. Their well
+known call of “dee, dee, dee� often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but
+their other note of “phoe-be,� or, as it seems to me they say
+“great-way,� is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have
+a “great-way� yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually near the
+ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant down, in which they
+deposit from five to eight white eggs, spotted with brown (.60 × .45).
+
+
+                           MEXICAN CHICKADEE.
+              737.     Penthestes sclateri.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the throat. Habits and
+their nest and eggs are much the same.
+
+
+                          MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.
+              738.     Penthestes gambeli.     5½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western North America, Rocky Mountains west. Habits same as the
+preceding.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           ALASKA CHICKADEE.
+         739.     Penthestes cinctus alascensis.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally think that these
+little animated bunches of feathers would freeze in the far north where
+they make their homes. But they are the same sprightly little
+“chick-a-dee-dee-dee� that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind
+the severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are so near
+alike that it is impossible to identify them.
+
+
+                          HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.
+             740.     Penthestes hudsonicus.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Western half of British America. Habits the same as above.
+
+
+                       CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.
+              741.     Penthestes rufescens.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally to central
+California. Habits the same as preceding.
+
+
+                         CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.
+            741a.     Penthestes r. neglectus.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Middle section of California, near the coast (not illustrated).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                               BUSH-TIT.
+             743.     Psaltriparus minimus.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington. In habits all
+of these birds are similar to the Chickadees. They are full of life, and
+in searching for insects are as much at home when upside down on the
+outer end of a bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest
+building they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures of
+fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined with feathers and
+wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation or woven into some thick
+brush; they have a small opening near the top for the doorway. They lay
+from four to nine pure white eggs (.54 × .40).
+
+
+                         LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.
+             744.     Psaltriparus plumbeus.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas. The habits are
+identical with above. Nests are made the same, and from eight to twelve
+inches long.
+
+
+                            LLOYD BUSH-TIT.
+         745.     Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same as above.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                                VERDIN.
+              746.     Auriparus flaviceps.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This bird is simply
+nothing more than a Bush-tit with his Sunday clothes on, or not a full
+suit, but a bright yellow head and neck dress. They are abundant and
+active little fellows in the thick chaparral brush, where they build a
+nest more bulky than the “tit� but not as artistic or compact. They are
+placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the ground, made of
+twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and feathers. Their eggs, four to
+six, are white. For amusement, they construct one or two additional
+nests, in which they remain at night.
+
+
+                               WREN-TIT.
+                742.     Chamæa fasciata.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—From southern California north to Oregon along the coast. These
+are much like the Chickadee in habits, only much more secluded,
+frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain sides, where they build
+their nests of twigs, fibers of vines, grasses and feathers, in bushes
+near the ground. Four or five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their
+complement (.70 × .50).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           KENNICOTT WARBLER.
+            747.     Acanthopneuste borealis.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern part of Asia.
+Their nest and eggs have not been found on this continent as far as we
+know at present. They build on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying
+from three to five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 × .50).
+
+
+                    WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
+          748a.     Regulus satrapa olivaceus.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast. These little
+birds are found commonly in company with small flocks of the Chickadee,
+and like them may be seen hanging on the under side of the outer ends of
+the coniferous trees in search of their insect food. They nest in the
+northern part of their range, building large, comfortable-looking
+structures of needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely
+lined with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with brown
+and lilac (.55 × .42).
+
+
+                         RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.
+               749.     Regulus calendula.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—North America, breeding mostly north of the United States or in
+the Rocky Mountain regions farther south.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          WESTERN GNATCATCHER.
+          751a.     Polioptila cærulea obscura.     5 inches.
+
+Range.—Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado and
+California. These birds in their actions somewhat resemble the Redstart,
+with their long tail, and quick flights into the air for insects and back
+again to the same twig, possibly near where their nest is placed. They
+build one of the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on the
+top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet from the ground.
+Making the nest from plant down and moss, completely covered with
+lichens, so that it resembles a large knot on the limb, much like the
+nest of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs,
+spotted with brown (.58 × .45).
+
+
+                         PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.
+              752.     Polioptila plumbea.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds like the above
+quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a little smaller.
+
+
+                       BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.
+            753.     Polioptila californica.     4½ inches.
+
+Range.—Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific coast.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.
+              754.     Myadestes townsendi.     9 inches.
+
+Range.—From British Columbia to southern California, through the western
+United States. They nest at high altitudes among the mountain tops,
+placing their nest upon the ground, among the rocks along the mountain
+streams. They build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,
+lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their four or five
+white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more about the larger end (.96 ×
+.70).
+
+
+                             WILLOW THRUSH.
+       756a.     Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—Western United States from British Columbia to southern
+California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the foothills and canyons
+of the mountain ranges. It is a western form of the common eastern
+“Veery,� and its breeding habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on
+or near the ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite
+bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 × .65). Their song
+is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the Thrush family.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                          GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.
+               757.     Hylocichla alicæ.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—From British Columbia northward, and winters south to Mexico.
+Their nests are placed on or near the ground in a stump or tussock,
+usually in very moist places, and are composed largely of leaves and
+mosses. Their three or four eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched
+with reddish brown (.88 × .64).
+
+
+                         RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.
+              758.     Hylocichla ustulata.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the northern part, in
+Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made and placed usually the same as
+the above, the eggs being of the same size, but of a lighter color. The
+Thrushes feed on small insect life and many of the small fruits and
+berries.
+
+
+                         OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.
+           758a.     Hylocichla u. swainsoni.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—North America, breeding on the western coast in Alaska, Oregon,
+California and Colorado. Their nesting habits, eggs and song are the same
+as the Russet-backed (not illustrated).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                         ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.
+              759.     Hylocichla guttata.     6½ inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern range. These
+birds are noted for their sweet and musical song, which may be heard from
+the swamps and thickets in which they make their home. They nest either
+on or near the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and
+grasses. Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 × .65).
+
+
+                         AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.
+            759a.     Hylocichla g. auduboni.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to Arizona. Tail is
+much lighter than above, and bird larger. Their habits in home life are
+the same, this bird having the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not
+illustrated).
+
+
+                             WESTERN ROBIN.
+     761a.     Planesticus migratorius propinquus.     10½ inches.
+
+Range.—West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to Mexico. This is not
+the familiar bird that is found in the east, but is very secluded, and
+its song is seldom heard. Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs,
+plastered with mud. Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 × .80).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                             VARIED THRUSH.
+                763.     Ixoreus nævius.     9½ inches.
+
+Range.—Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in Oregon,
+Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly in the northern
+ranges in California and north to Alaska. Their nest is placed in small
+trees and bushes, usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds
+and grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number, are
+greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of dark brown (1.12 × .80).
+They have a pleasing song, which is rarely heard in their southern range.
+
+
+                               WHEATEAR.
+                765.     Saxicola ænanthe.     6 inches.
+
+Range.—Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in Asia. They nest in
+crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building a rude nest of sticks and
+weeds, lined with hair and feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale
+greenish blue (.90 × .60).
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+
+                           WESTERN BLUEBIRD.
+          767.     Sialia mexicana occidentalis.     7 inches.
+
+Range.—British Columbia to Lower California, along the Pacific coast.
+These familiar birds build in cavities in trees, or in bird houses, and
+make themselves at home near dwellings, especially if in the vicinity of
+orchards of any kind. The note of the western bird has the same familiar
+warble as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and
+caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs are a pale
+bluish white (.80 × .60).
+
+
+                       CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.
+            767a.     Sialia mexicana bairdi.     7 inches.
+
+Range.—Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not illustrated).
+
+
+                           MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.
+              768.     Sialia currucoides.     7½ inches.
+
+Range.—Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico. Their habits are
+just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX
+
+
+                                   A
+  Albatross, Blackfoot, 31
+  Albatross, Layson, 32
+  Albatross, Short-tail, 31
+  Albatross, Sooty, 32
+  Albatross, Yellow-nose, 32
+  Auklet, Cassin, 14
+  Auklet, Crested, 15
+  Auklet, Least, 16
+  Auklet, Paroquet, 15
+  Auklet, Rhinoceros, 14
+  Auklet, Whiskered, 15
+  Avocet, 75
+
+
+                                   B
+  Bittern, 64
+  Bittern,  Least, 64
+  Blackbird, Bicolored, 162
+  Blackbird, Brewer, 166
+  Blackbird, Redwing, 162
+  Blackbird, Rusty, 165
+  Blackbird, Sonora, 162
+  Blackbird, Thick-billed, 162
+  Blackbird, Tricolored, 163
+  Blackbird, Yellow-headed, 161
+  Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, 239
+  Bluebird, Mountain, 239
+  Bluebird, Western, 239
+  Bobolink, 160
+  Bunting, Beautiful, 195
+  Bunting, Indigo, 195
+  Bunting, Lark, 196
+  Bunting, Lazuli, 195
+  Bunting, McKay, 175
+  Bunting, Snow, 175
+  Bush Tit, 231
+  Bush Tit, Lead-colored, 231
+  Bush Tit, Lloyd, 231
+
+
+                                   C
+  Caracara, Audubon, 116
+  Cardinal, Arizona, 193
+  Catbird, 219
+  Chat, Long-tailed, 215
+  Chickadee, Alaska, 230
+  Chickadee, California, 230
+  Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, 230
+  Chickadee, Hudsonian, 230
+  Chickadee, Mexican, 229
+  Chickadee, Mountain, 229
+  Chickadee, Oregon, 229
+  Coot, American, 72
+  Cormorant, Baird, 40
+  Cormorant, Brandt, 39
+  Cormorant, Farallone, 39
+  Cormorant, Red-faced, 40
+  Cowbird, 160
+  Cowbird, Bronzed, 161
+  Cowbird, Dwarf, 161
+  Crane, Little Brown, 68
+  Crane, Whooping, 68
+  Creeper, Rocky Mountain, 226
+  Crossbill, 169
+  Crossbill, Mexican, 169
+  Crossbill, White-winged, 169
+  Crow, Northwestern, 158
+  Cuckoo, California, 126
+  Curlew, Hudsonian, 86
+  Curlew, Long-billed, 86
+
+
+                                   D
+  Dickcissel, 196
+  Dipper, 218
+  Dove, Inca, 103
+  Dove, Mexican Ground, 103
+  Dove, Mourning, 102
+  Dowitcher, 76
+  Duck, American Golden-eye, 51
+  Duck, American Widgeon, 45
+  Duck, Baldpate, 45
+  Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, 51
+  Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 61
+  Duck, Blue-bill, 49
+  Duck, Buffle-head, 52
+  Duck, Canvas-back, 49
+  Duck, Fulvous Tree, 61
+  Duck, Gadwall, 44
+  Duck, Harlequin, 53
+  Duck, King Eider, 55
+  Duck, Lesser Scaup, 50
+  Duck, Long-tailed, 52
+  Duck, Mallard, 44
+  Duck, Old Squaw, 52
+  Duck, Pacific Eider, 53
+  Duck, Pintail, 47
+  Duck, Red-head, 48
+  Duck, Ring-necked, 50
+  Duck, Ruddy, 57
+  Duck, Scaup, 49
+  Duck, Scoter, 55
+  Duck, Shoveller, 47
+  Duck, Spectacled Eider, 54
+  Duck, Stellar Eider, 54
+  Duck, Surf Scoter, 56
+  Duck, White-winged Scoter, 56
+  Duck, Wood, 48
+
+
+                                   E
+  Eagle, Bald, 112
+  Eagle, Golden, 112
+  Egret, 65
+  Egret, Snowy, 65
+
+
+                                   F
+  Falcon, Aplomado, 115
+  Falcon, Prairie,  113
+  Finch, Aleutian Rosy, 170
+  Finch, Black Rosy, 171
+  Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, 171
+  Finch, California Purple, 167
+  Finch, Cassin Purple, 168
+  Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, 170
+  Finch, Hepburn Rosy, 170
+  Finch, House, 168
+  Flicker, Gilded, 138
+  Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 148
+  Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 148
+  Flycatcher, Beardless, 153
+  Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, 153
+  Flycatcher, Crested, 148
+  Flycatcher, Derby, 147
+  Flycatcher, Gray, 152
+  Flycatcher, Hammond, 152
+  Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 150
+  Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, 147
+  Flycatcher, Traill, 151
+  Flycatcher, Vermilion, 153
+  Flycatcher, Western, 151
+  Flycatcher, Wright, 152
+  Frigate Bird, 42
+  Fulmar, Pacific, 33
+  Fulmar, Slender-billed, 33
+
+
+                                   G
+  Gallinule, Florida, 72
+  Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, 234
+  Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, 234
+  Gnatcatcher, Western, 234
+  Godwit, Marbled, 82
+  Godwit, Arkansas, 173
+  Godwit, Green-backed, 173
+  Godwit, Lawrence, 174
+  Godwit, Pale, 173
+  Godwit, Willow, 173
+  Goose, Black Brant, 60
+  Goose, Cackling, 59
+  Goose, Canada, 59
+  Goose, Emperor, 60
+  Goose, Ross, 58
+  Goose, Snow, 57
+  Goose, White-fronted, 58
+  Goshawk, Mexican, 110
+  Goshawk, Western, 106
+  Grackle, Bronze, 166
+  Grebe, Eared, 10
+  Grebe, Holboell, 9
+  Grebe, Horned, 10
+  Grebe, Pied-bill, 11
+  Grebe, Western, 9
+  Grosbeak, Black-headed, 194
+  Grosbeak, California Pine, 167
+  Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, 167
+  Grosbeak, Western Blue, 194
+  Grosbeak, Western Evening, 166
+  Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 97
+  Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, 100
+  Grouse, Dusky, 96
+  Grouse, Franklin, 97
+  Grouse, Sage, 101
+  Guillemot, Pigeon, 17
+  Gull, Bonaparte, 26
+  Gull, California, 24
+  Gull, Glaucous, 21
+  Gull, Glaucous-winged, 22
+  Gull, Heermann, 25
+  Gull, Herring, 23
+  Gull, Ivory, 20
+  Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, 20
+  Gull, Red-legged, 21
+  Gull, Ring-billed, 24
+  Gull, Sabine, 26
+  Gull, Short-billed, 25
+  Gull, Slaty-backed, 22
+  Gull, Western, 23
+  Gyrfalcon, Gray, 113
+
+
+                                   H
+  Hawk, Cooper, 107
+  Hawk, Desert Sparrow, 115
+  Hawk, Duck, 114
+  Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, 111
+  Hawk, Fish, 116
+  Hawk, Harris, 108
+  Hawk, Marsh, 106
+  Hawk, Pigeon, 114
+  Hawk, Red-bellied, 109
+  Hawk, Rough-legged, 111
+  Hawk, Sharp-shinned, 107
+  Hawk, Swainson, 110
+  Hawk, Western Red-tail, 108
+  Heron, Black-crowned Night, 67
+  Heron, Great Blue, 66
+  Heron, Green, 66
+  Heron, Yellow-crown Night, 67
+  Hummingbird, Allen, 143
+  Hummingbird, Anna, 142
+  Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 141
+  Hummingbird, Blue-throated, 141
+  Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 145
+  Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, 143
+  Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, 145
+  Hummingbird, Calliope, 144
+  Hummingbird, Costa, 142
+  Hummingbird, Lucifer, 144
+  Hummingbird, Rieffer, 144
+  Hummingbird, Rivoli, 140
+  Hummingbird, Rufous, 143
+  Hummingbird, White-eared, 145
+  Hummingbird, Xantus, 145
+
+
+                                   I
+  Ibis, Glossy, 63
+  Ibis, Wood, 63
+
+
+                                   J
+  Jaeger, Long-tailed, 19
+  Jaeger, Parasitic, 19
+  Jaeger, Pomerine, 18
+  Jay, Arizona, 157
+  Jay, California, 156
+  Jay, Oregon, 157
+  Jay, Pinon, 159
+  Jay, Rocky Mountain, 157
+  Jay, Stellar, 155
+  Jay, Woodhouse, 156
+  Junco, 185
+  Junco, Baird, 185
+  Junco, Gray-headed, 185
+  Junco, Guadalupe, 185
+  Junco, Oregon, 184
+  Junco, Pink-sided, 184
+  Junco, Slate-colored, 183
+  Junco, Thurber, 184
+  Junco, White-winged, 183
+
+
+                                   K
+  Kingbird, 146
+  Kingbird, Arkansas, 146
+  Kingbird, Cassin, 147
+  Kingfisher, Belted, 127
+  Kingfisher, Ringed, 127
+  Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 233
+  Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, 233
+  Kite, Swallow-tailed, 105
+  Kite, White-tailed, 105
+
+
+                                   L
+  Lark, California Horned, 154
+  Lark, Desert Horned, 154
+  Lark, Pallid Horned, 154
+  Lark, Ruddy Horned, 154
+  Longspur, Alaskan, 176
+  Loon, 11
+  Loon, Great Northern Diver, 11
+  Loon, Pacific, 12
+  Loon, Red-throated, 12
+
+
+                                   M
+  Magpie, American, 155
+  Magpie, Yellow-billed, 155
+  Man-o’-War Bird, 42
+  Martin, Western, 198
+  Meadowlark, Rio Grande, 163
+  Meadowlark, Western, 163
+  Merganser, American, 42
+  Merganser, Hooded, 43
+  Merganser, Red-breasted, 43
+  Mockingbird, Western, 219
+  Murre, California, 18
+  Murrelet, Ancient, 16
+  Murrelet, Marbled, 16
+  Murrelet, Xantus, 17
+
+
+                                   N
+  Nighthawk, Western, 138
+  Nighthawk, Sennett, 138
+  Nighthawk, Texas, 138
+  Nutcracker, Clarke, 159
+  Nuthatch, Pygmy, 227
+  Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 227
+  Nuthatch, Slender-billed, 226
+
+
+                                   O
+  Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 164
+  Oriole, Bullock, 165
+  Oriole, Scott, 164
+  Oriole, Sennett, 164
+  Osprey, American, 116
+  Ouzel, Water, 218
+  Owl, Barn, 117
+  Owl, Burrowing, 123
+  Owl, Elf, 124
+  Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, 124
+  Owl, Flammulated Screech, 121
+  Owl, Great Gray, 119
+  Owl, Hawk, 122
+  Owl, Long-eared, 117
+  Owl, Pygmy, 123
+  Owl, Richardson, 119
+  Owl, Saw-whet, 120
+  Owl, Screech, 120
+  Owl, Short-eared, 118
+  Owl, Snowy, 122
+  Owl, Spotted, 118
+  Owl, Western Horned, 121
+  Oyster-catcher, Black, 92
+  Oyster-catcher, Frazar, 92
+
+
+                                   P
+  Parrot, Thick-billed, 125
+  Pelican, California Brown, 41
+  Pelican, White, 41
+  Petrel, Ashy, 38
+  Petrel, Black, 38
+  Petrel, Fisher, 36
+  Petrel, Fork-tailed, 36
+  Petrel, Guadalupe, 37
+  Petrel, Kaeding, 37
+  Petrel, Leach, 37
+  Petrel, Least, 36
+  Pewee, Western Wood, 150
+  Phainopepla, 202
+  Phalarope, Northern, 73
+  Phalarope, Red, 73
+  Phalarope, Wilson, 74
+  Pheasant, Ring-necked, 100
+  Phoebe, Black, 149
+  Phoebe, Say, 149
+  Pigeon, Band-tailed, 102
+  Pipit, 217
+  Pipit, Sprague, 217
+  Plover, Black-bellied, 87
+  Plover, Golden, 87
+  Plover, Killdeer, 88
+  Plover, Mountain, 89
+  Plover, Snowy, 90
+  Plover, Surf Bird, 90
+  Plover, Semipalmated, 88
+  Plover, Upland, 84
+  Plover, Wilson, 89
+  Poor-will, 137
+  Poor-will, Dusky, 137
+  Prairie Hen, 99
+  Ptarmigan, Rock, 98
+  Ptarmigan, White-tailed, 99
+  Ptarmigan, Willow, 98
+  Puffin, Horned, 13
+  Puffin, Tufted, 13
+  Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 193
+
+
+                                   Q
+  Quail, Bob-white, 93
+  Quail, California, 95
+  Quail, Gambel, 95
+  Quail, Masked Bob-white, 93
+  Quail, Massena, 96
+  Quail, Mearns, 96
+  Quail, Mountain, 94
+  Quail, Scaled, 94
+
+
+                                   R
+  Rail, Black, 71
+  Rail, California Clapper, 69
+  Rail, Light-footed, 69
+  Rail, Sora, 70
+  Rail, Virginia, 70
+  Rail, Yellow, 71
+  Raven, American, 158
+  Raven, White-necked, 158
+  Red-poll, 172
+  Red-poll, Hoary, 172
+  Redstart, 216
+  Redstart, Painted, 216
+  Roadrunner, 125
+  Robin, Western, 237
+
+
+                                   S
+  Sandpiper, Baird, 79
+  Sandpiper, Bartramian, 84
+  Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 85
+  Sandpiper, Knot, 77
+  Sandpiper, Least, 79
+  Sandpiper, Pectoral, 78
+  Sandpiper, Probilof, 77
+  Sandpiper, Redbacked, 80
+  Sandpiper, Sanderling, 81
+  Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, 78
+  Sandpiper, Spoonbill, 80
+  Sandpiper, Spotted, 85
+  Sandpiper, Stilt, 76
+  Sandpiper, Western, 81
+  Sandpiper, Western Solitary, 83
+  Sandpiper, White-rumped, 79
+  Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 132
+  Sapsucker, Williamson, 133
+  Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 132
+  Sea Parrot, 13
+  Shearwater, Black-vented, 34
+  Shearwater, Dark-bodied, 35
+  Shearwater, Pink-footed, 34
+  Shearwater, Slender-billed, 35
+  Shearwater, Townsend, 34
+  Shrike, California, 203
+  Shrike, Northern, 203
+  Siskin, Pine, 174
+  Snipe, Wilson, 74
+  Snowflake, 175
+  Solitaire, Townsend, 235
+  Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, 177
+  Sparrow, Baird, 178
+  Sparrow, Belding, 177
+  Sparrow, Bell, 186
+  Sparrow, Black-chinned, 183
+  Sparrow, Botteri, 187
+  Sparrow, Brewer, 182
+  Sparrow, Bryant, 177
+  Sparrow, California Sage, 187
+  Sparrow, Cassin, 187
+  Sparrow, Clay-colored, 182
+  Sparrow, Desert, 186
+  Sparrow, Gambel, 180
+  Sparrow, Golden-crowned, 180
+  Sparrow, Heermann Song, 189
+  Sparrow, Large-billed, 178
+  Sparrow, Leconte, 179
+  Sparrow, Lincoln, 190
+  Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, 177
+  Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, 188
+  Sparrow, Rufous-winged, 188
+  Sparrow, Rusty Song, 189
+  Sparrow, Sage, 187
+  Sparrow, San Benito, 178
+  Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, 190
+  Sparrow, Song, 189
+  Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, 190
+  Sparrow, Western Chippy, 181
+  Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, 179
+  Sparrow, Western Lark, 179
+  Sparrow, Western Savannah, 177
+  Sparrow, Western Tree, 181
+  Sparrow, Western Vesper, 176
+  Sparrow, White-crowned, 180
+  Sparrow, Worthen, 182
+  Stilt, Black-necked, 75
+  Swallow, Bank, 200
+  Swallow, Barn, 199
+  Swallow, Cliff, 198
+  Swallow, Northern Violet Green, 200
+  Swallow, Rough-winged, 201
+  Swallow, Tree, 199
+  Swan, Trumpeter, 62
+  Swan, Whistling, 62
+  Swift, Black, 139
+  Swift, White-throated, 139
+  Swift, Vaux, 140
+
+
+                                   T
+  Tanager, Cooper, 197
+  Tanager, Hepatic, 197
+  Tanager, Western, 196
+  Tattler, Wandering, 84
+  Teal, Blue-wing, 46
+  Teal, Cinnamon, 46
+  Teal, Green-winged, 45
+  Tern, Aleutian, 29
+  Tern, Arctic, 29
+  Tern, Black, 30
+  Tern, Caspian, 27
+  Tern, Common, 28
+  Tern, Elegant, 27
+  Tern, Forster, 28
+  Tern, Least, 30
+  Thrasher, Bendire, 220
+  Thrasher, California, 220
+  Thrasher, Crissal, 221
+  Thrasher, Leconte, 221
+  Thrasher, Palmer, 220
+  Thrasher, Sage, 218
+  Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 237
+  Thrush, Audubon Hermit, 237
+  Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 236
+  Thrush, Olive-backed, 236
+  Thrush, Russet-backed, 236
+  Thrush, Varied, 238
+  Thrush, Willow, 235
+  Titlark, 217
+  Titmouse, Black-crested, 228
+  Titmouse, Bridled, 228
+  Titmouse, Plain, 228
+  Towhee, Abert, 192
+  Towhee, California, 192
+  Towhee, Canon, 191
+  Towhee, Green-tailed, 192
+  Towhee, Oregon, 191
+  Towhee, San Diego, 191
+  Trogan, Coppery-tailed, 126
+  Turkey, Merriam, 101
+  Turnstone, Black, 91
+  Turnstone, Ruddy, 91
+
+
+                                   V
+  Verdin, 232
+  Vireo, Anthony, 206
+  Vireo, Black-capped, 205
+  Vireo, Cassin, 205
+  Vireo, Gray, 206
+  Vireo, Hutton, 205
+  Vireo, Least, 206
+  Vireo, Red-eyed, 204
+  Vireo, Warbling, 204
+  Vulture, California, 104
+  Vulture, Turkey, 104
+
+
+                                   W
+  Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, 217
+  Warbler, Audubon, 210
+  Warbler, Black and White, 207
+  Warbler, Black-poll, 211
+  Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, 212
+  Warbler, Black-throated, Green, 212
+  Warbler, Calaveras, 208
+  Warbler, Grace, 211
+  Warbler, Hermit, 213
+  Warbler, Kennicott, 233
+  Warbler, Lucy, 207
+  Warbler, Lutescent, 208
+  Warbler, Macgillivray, 214
+  Warbler, Magnolia, 211
+  Warbler, Myrtle, 210
+  Warbler, Olive, 209
+  Warbler, Orange-crowned, 208
+  Warbler, Pacific Yellow, 214
+  Warbler, Pileolated, 215
+  Warbler, Red-faced, 216
+  Warbler, Townsend, 212
+  Warbler, Virginia, 207
+  Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, 214
+  Warbler, Yellow, 209
+  Water Thrush, Grinnell, 213
+  Waxwing, Bohemian, 201
+  Waxwing, Cedar, 202
+  Wheatear, 238
+  Whip-poor-will, Stevens, 137
+  Willet, Western, 83
+  Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, 131
+  Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, 131
+  Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 131
+  Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 131
+  Woodpecker, Arizona, 130
+  Woodpecker, Cabanis, 128
+  Woodpecker, California, 134
+  Woodpecker, Gairdner, 128
+  Woodpecker, Gila, 135
+  Woodpecker, Gilded, 136
+  Woodpecker, Harris, 128
+  Woodpecker, Lewis, 135
+  Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, 133
+  Woodpecker, Nuttall, 129
+  Woodpecker, Red-bellied, 135
+  Woodpecker, Red-headed, 134
+  Woodpecker, Red-shafted, 136
+  Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, 128
+  Woodpecker, Texas, 129
+  Woodpecker, White-headed, 130
+  Wren, Alaskan, 225
+  Wren, Aleutian, 225
+  Wren, Cactus, 222
+  Wren, Cañon, 223
+  Wren, Rock, 222
+  Wren, Tule, 225
+  Wren, Vigor, 223
+  Wren, Western House, 224
+  Wren, Western Winter, 224
+  Wren-Tit, 232
+
+
+                                   Y
+  Yellow-legs, Greater, 82
+
+  [Illustration: ]
+
+
+THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
+GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.
+
+Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., “Redwing
+Blackbird� vs. “Red-winged Black-bird�.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***
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-<body>

-<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester

-Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher</h1>

-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at <a

-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>

-<p>Title: Western Bird Guide</p>

-<p>       Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific</p>

-<p>Author: Chester A. (Chester Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher</p>

-<p>Release Date: June 10, 2014  [eBook #45918]</p>

-<p>Language: English</p>

-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>

-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Chris Curnow,<br />

-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />

-    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<hr class="full" />

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-

-<div id="cover" class="img">

-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="WESTERN BIRD GUIDE: Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific" width="500" height="288" />

-</div>

-<div class="img">

-<img src="images/p002.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="298" />

-</div>

-<div class="box">

-<h1>WESTERN BIRD GUIDE

-<br /><span class="smaller"><i>Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific</i></span></h1>

-<p class="center"><span class="small">ILLUSTRATIONS BY</span>

-<br />CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER</p>

-<div class="img">

-<img src="images/p003.jpg" alt="" width="208" height="224" />

-</div>

-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Garden City</span>      <span class="sc">New York</span>

-<br />DOUBLEDAY, PAGE &amp; COMPANY

-<br /><span class="small">1917</span></p>

-</div>

-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1913, by</span>

-<br />CHAS. K. REED, WORCESTER, MASS.</span></p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">[6]</div>

-<p class="tb">The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American

-Ornithologists&rsquo; Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The

-lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and may

-be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.</p>

-<p>On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species often

-cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the original; they can best

-be identified by the locality in which they are found.</p>

-<p>The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a bird.

-We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross against the name of

-each bird that you see in your locality, and also that you write at the top of the

-page the date of the arrival and departure of each bird as you note it; these dates

-vary so much in different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As

-many will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a leather-covered

-copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">[7]</div>

-<div class="img">

-<img src="images/p007.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="257" />

-</div>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">[8]</div>

-<h1 title="">BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC</h1>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">[9]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig1">

-<img src="images/p009.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">DIVING BIRDS&mdash;Order Pygopodes.

-<br />GREBES&mdash;Family Colymbid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bWesternGrebe">WESTERN GREBE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">1. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;chmophorus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">25 to 29 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back

-of the neck is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached

-to the upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid,

-usually much nest stained (2.40 &times; 1.55). Breeding in colonies.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from the Dakotas and

-Manitoba to the Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bHolboellGrebe">HOLBOELL GREBE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">2. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus Holboelli. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is next to the <a href="#bWesternGrebe">Western Grebe</a> in size, both being larger

-than any of the others. In summer, they are very handsomely

-marked, as shown in the illustration, but in winter have the

-usual dress of gray and white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 &times;

-1.25).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska,

-in the interior of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually

-on the coasts.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">[10]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig2">

-<img src="images/p010.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHornedGrebe">HORNED GREBE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">3. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus auritus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray

-and white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of

-the most attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white

-ear tufts, the front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their

-food consists almost wholly of small fish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the

-bog and water holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7

-in number, are brownish yellow (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters

-to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bEaredGrebe">EARED GREBE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">4. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus nigricollis californicus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi

-River. In summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color

-of the former. It can always be distinguished from the <a href="#bHornedGrebe">Horned</a>

-by the upper mandible being straight on the top.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8

-eggs, which are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from

-Texas to British Columbia.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">[11]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig3">

-<img src="images/p011.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPiedBilledGrebe">PIED-BILLED GREBE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">6. </span><span class="sci">Podilymbus podiceps. </span><span class="siz">13&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the

-grebes in any plumage, because of its stout compressed bill

-and brown eyes, all the others having red eyes. In summer the

-bill is nearly white, with a black band encircling it; the throat

-is black; breast and sides brownish-gray; the eye encircled with

-a white ring.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating

-in shallow ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes.

-Five to 8 brownish white eggs are laid (1.70 &times; 1.18).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.</p>

-<h3 id="bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">7. </span><span class="sci">Gavia immer. </span><span class="siz">31 to 35 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the

-<a href="#bWesternGrebe">grebes</a>, except in size, being much larger. The common loon

-is the most beautiful of them all, having a velvety black iridescent

-head with slashes of white on the throat and neck and

-spots of white on the wings and back.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes

-on the edge of some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs

-are a yellowish brown, with black spots (3.50 &times; 2.25).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">[12]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig4">

-<img src="images/p012.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPacificLoon">PACIFIC LOON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">10. </span><span class="sci">Gavia pacifica. </span><span class="siz">30 to 32 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species differs from the <a href="#bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">Loon</a> in having the crown gray,

-and white streaks down the back of the neck, and in the

-color reflections of the black on the head. It is a trifle smaller

-also.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish

-brown, with the black spots mostly on the larger end

-(3.10 &times; 2).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia;

-winters along the Pacific coast to Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bRedThroatedLoon">RED-THROATED LOON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">11. </span><span class="sci">Gavia stellata. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are

-gray, there is a large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under

-parts white. Owing to the straight top to the upper mandible

-the bill has a slightly up-turned appearance.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few

-feet of the water. The eggs are an olive brown with more

-markings usually than the others, and mostly on the larger

-end (2.90 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Along the western coast of North America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">[13]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig5">

-<img src="images/p013.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS&mdash;Family Alcid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">12. </span><span class="sci">Lunda cirrhata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds,

-with short legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly

-colored with red and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are

-white. They stand erect upon their feet and walk with ease.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific

-coast, laying their single white egg in burrows or crevices of

-the rocks. In some sections two or three broods are raised

-in a season (2.80 &times; 1.90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bHornedPuffin">HORNED PUFFIN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">14. </span><span class="sci">Fratercula corniculata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east,

-excepting that the blackish band across the throat extends

-upwards in a point to the bill.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The same as the above, the single egg averaging

-smaller (2.65 &times; 1.80).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">[14]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig6">

-<img src="images/p014.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRhinocerosAuklet">RHINOCEROS AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">15. </span><span class="sci">Cerorhinca monocerata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds have a much smaller bill than the <a href="#bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">Puffins</a>; in

-the summer plumage there is a small horn at the base of the

-bill from which it is given its name. These birds do not

-stand upright as do the Puffins; but sit upon their tarsus.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices

-of the rocks, usually without any attempt at nest making

-(2.70 &times; 1.80).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds

-from Oregon to northern Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bCassinAuklet">CASSIN AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">16. </span><span class="sci">Ptychoramphus aleuticus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly

-white with blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white

-spot over the eye. This Auklet is fairly abundant on the

-Farallones and islands off the Lower California coast.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being

-a pale green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows

-or tunnels under the rocks, at times three or four feet long

-(1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">[15]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig7">

-<img src="images/p015.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bParoquetAuklet">PAROQUET AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">17. </span><span class="sci">Phaleris psittacula. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is much like <a href="#bCassinAuklet">Cassin Auklet</a>, but lacking the white

-spot over the eye and having a white breast. The bill is very

-peculiar, being quite deep and rounded and having an upward

-tendency. It is orange red in color.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter.

-Nesting in the Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid

-(2.25 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiskeredAuklet">WHISKERED AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">19. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia pygm&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands.

-The single white egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks

-(2.00 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bCrestedAuklet">CRESTED AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">18. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia cristatella. </span><span class="siz">8 to 9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar in form and plumage to the <a href="#bParoquetAuklet">Paroquet Auklet</a>, except

-the whole under parts are gray.</p>

-<p><b>Nest and Range.</b>&mdash;On the islands and main land of the Alaskan

-coast, laying only one chalky white egg in crevices or

-burrows under the rocks.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">[16]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig8">

-<img src="images/p016.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLeastAuklet">LEAST AUKLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">20. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia pusilla. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the

-same as others of the same family. They are one of the most

-abundant of the water birds of the extreme Northwest.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks

-or in crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<h3 id="bAncientMurrelet">ANCIENT MURRELET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">21. </span><span class="sci">Synthliboramphus antiquus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more

-slender than the <a href="#bRhinocerosAuklet">Auklets</a> and are not highly colored.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices

-of the rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light

-brown.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska,

-breeding north of the United States.</p>

-<h3 id="bMarbledMurrelet">MARBLED MURRELET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">23. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus marmoratus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the <a href="#bAncientMurrelet">Ancient Murrelet</a>

-(2.20 &times; 1.40) and range is same as above, possibly breeding

-a little farther south.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">[17]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig9">

-<img src="images/p017.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bXanthusMurrelet">XANTHUS MURRELET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">25. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus hypoleucus.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below,

-including the sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface

-of the wing is also white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under

-the rocks in dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is

-a pale buffy white, and thickly but finely dotted with brown

-over the entire surface, heaviest on the larger end (2.05 &times;

-1.40).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Resident along the coast of southern and Lower

-California, where it breeds on many of the islands.</p>

-<h3 id="bPigeonGuillemot">PIGEON GUILLEMOT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">29. </span><span class="sci">Cepphus columba. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that

-the under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight

-and slender bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils.

-Feet and inside of mouth bright red.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark

-places under the rocks, are pale blue or green in color with

-black or brown markings and paler spots of lilac.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">[18]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig10">

-<img src="images/p018.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaMurre">CALIFORNIA MURRE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">30. </span><span class="sci">Uria troille californica. </span><span class="siz">15 to 16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones.

-Large numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the

-San Francisco and other market places and disposed of as a

-food product, and as yet the birds do not seem to diminish to

-any great extent.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges.

-They vary greatly in color, from nearly white without markings

-to a deep greenish blue with an endless variety of patterns

-in light and dark brown (3.40 &times; 2.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to

-Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bPomarineJaeger">POMARINE JAEGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">36. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius pomarinus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but

-are the real pirates of bird life, especially among the terns

-and gulls. This species has two color phases regardless of

-sex or age. In the light plumage the top of the head is black,

-rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by the lengthened

-central tail-feathers.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">[19]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig11">

-<img src="images/p019.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bParasiticJaeger">PARASITIC JAEGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">37. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius parasiticus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last.

-The two central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting

-about four inches beyond the others. All of the

-Jaegers have grayish blue legs with black feet, and brown

-eyes.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the

-two brownish eggs are laid (2.15 &times; 1.65).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern part of North America, south in winter

-to southern California, breeding in the Arctic regions.</p>

-<h3 id="bLongTailedJaeger">LONG-TAILED JAEGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">38. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius longicaudus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight.

-Similar to the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers

-extend eight or ten inches beyond the others. It is more

-often found in the lighter phase.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in

-a slight depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic America; south in winter to South America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">[20]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig12">

-<img src="images/p020.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="506" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">GULLS AND TERNS&mdash;Family Larid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bIvoryGull">IVORY GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">39. </span><span class="sci">Pagophila alba. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding

-season is entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and

-there is a red ring about the eye.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic

-regions. Three grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown

-and black (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to

-British Columbia.</p>

-<h3 id="bPacificKittiwake">PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">40a. </span><span class="sci">Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands

-in the Bering Sea.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss

-and seaweed, making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two

-or three eggs, which are buffy brown or grayish, spotted with

-darker shades of brown (2.20 &times; 4.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south

-as Lower California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">[21]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig13">

-<img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedLeggedKittiwake">RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">41. </span><span class="sci">Rissa brevirostris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting

-that the legs are bright red, the mantle is darker and the

-bill shorter. They usually nest in separate colonies from the

-former, and can be readily identified when in flight by the

-red legs.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They have been found abundantly on the islands of

-the Bering Sea, nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The

-color of the eggs is buffy or brownish, blotched and spotted

-with lilac and shades of brown.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.</p>

-<h3 id="bGlaucousGull">GLAUCOUS GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">42. </span><span class="sci">Larus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray;

-it is distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white

-to the tips. It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller

-Gulls, eating both the eggs and young.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number,

-in shades of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and

-black.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">[22]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig14">

-<img src="images/p022.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGlaucousWingedGull">GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">44. </span><span class="sci">Larus glaucescens. </span><span class="siz">25 to 27 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this

-gull except that the primaries are tipped with white. They

-breed in large numbers both on the rocky cliffs and on the

-low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the cliffs large nests

-of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands no attempt

-is made at nest building.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a

-greenish brown ground color with various shades of brown

-spots, most thickly covered on the larger end (2.75 &times; 2.05).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia

-northwards, and wintering to southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bSlatyBackedGull">SLATY-BACKED GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">48. </span><span class="sci">Larus schistisagus. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck

-and slaty colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often

-nest in colonies with other gulls, building their small mounds

-of seaweed on the higher parts of the islands.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored

-eggs, spotted with dark brown and lavender (2.90 &times; 2.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">[23]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig15">

-<img src="images/p023.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternGull">WESTERN GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">49. </span><span class="sci">Larus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the

-large Gulls, and can be seen about the harbors of California

-at all seasons of the year. They are great thieves, robbing

-the Murres and Terns wherever eggs are left unprotected, and

-are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to contend with.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the

-full set contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark

-brown, showing the usual variation found in color in the Gulls&rsquo;

-eggs (2.75 &times; 1.90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to

-British Columbia.</p>

-<h3 id="bHerringGull">HERRING GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">51. </span><span class="sci">Larus argentatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually

-on the ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite

-a distance from the water. A few pair nest on the islands

-of some of the inland lakes and it is not uncommon to see

-nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet from the ground.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted

-with black and brown.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">[24]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig16">

-<img src="images/p024.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRingBilledGull">RING-BILLED GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">54. </span><span class="sci">Larus delawarensis. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with

-white tips and always to be identified in the breeding season

-by the black band around the middle of the greenish yellow

-bill. They nest in large colonies on the islands in the interior

-of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds at high

-altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the

-lakes of the Dakotas and northward.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight

-hollow on the ground generally on the grassy portion of some

-island (2.80 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower

-California to British Columbia.</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaGull">CALIFORNIA GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">53. </span><span class="sci">Larus californicus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. <a href="#bHerringGull">Herring Gull</a>

-and the primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow,

-with red spot near end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their

-nests generally upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs

-constitute a set, and they are the usual color of the Gulls&rsquo;.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">[25]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig17">

-<img src="images/p025.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bShortBilledGull">SHORT-BILLED GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">55. </span><span class="sci">Larus brachyrhynchus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the

-European variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly

-gray; rest of white; outer primary nearly black with a white

-spot at the end. Bill, feet and legs greenish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The

-nest is generally made of moss, grass and weeds and placed

-on the ground.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to

-Alaska. Winters in the south to Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bHeermannGull">HEERMANN GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">57. </span><span class="sci">Larus heermanni. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull.

-In summer the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a

-red bill and legs. The body color shades abruptly from the

-neck into slaty, both the upper and under parts. The primaries

-and tail are black.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs

-greenish drab in color marked with brown, black and lilac

-(2.45 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">[26]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig18">

-<img src="images/p026.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBonaparteGull">BONAPARTE GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">60. </span><span class="sci">Larus philadelphia. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner

-web and shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck

-are gray; while in winter the head is white with gray spots

-back of the eyes. Young birds have the back mixed with

-brownish and the tail with a band of black near the tip. They

-are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the

-northwest. The nests of sticks and grass are placed on the

-higher parts of the marshes and the usual complement of three

-eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to greenish brown, marked

-with dark brown spots (1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bSabineGull">SABINE GULL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">62. </span><span class="sci">Xema sabini. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with

-a black ring; the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail

-slightly forked. In winter the head and throat white with

-the back of the neck dusky.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern

-Alaska and Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish

-brown in color and marked with dark brown (1.75 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">[27]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig19">

-<img src="images/p027.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaspianTern">CASPIAN TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">64. </span><span class="sci">Sterna caspia. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill

-is large, heavy and bright red. The crest with which this

-species is adorned is black. The mantle is pearl color and

-the breast is white. Winter birds have the crown mixed with

-white, and the young are blotched with blackish in the wings

-and tail.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again

-only a few pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from

-gray to greenish buff, marked with brown and lilac. The

-two eggs usually being laid in a hollow in the sand.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and

-Lower California to the Arctic regions.</p>

-<h3 id="bElegantTern">ELEGANT TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">66. </span><span class="sci">Sterna elegans. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are

-tinged with rosy, which probably first gave the birds their

-name.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in

-the sand, creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Central and South America, in summer to California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">[28]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig20">

-<img src="images/p028.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bForstersTern">FORSTERS TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">69. </span><span class="sci">Sterna forsteri. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These beautiful birds are often known as &ldquo;Sea Swallows,&rdquo;

-because of their similarity in flight to those well-known land

-birds. They are the picture of grace as they dart about high

-in the air, bill pointed downward, alert and ready to dart

-down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with

-grass, in which are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying

-in color from almost white to brownish, thickly spotted with

-brown and lavender (1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba

-to the Gulf Coast.</p>

-<h3 id="bCommonTern">COMMON TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">70. </span><span class="sci">Sterna hirundo. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being

-more blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly

-gray in place of white, tail not quite as much forked, and

-shorter; edge of outer primaries and outer tail-feathers

-blackish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic

-coast. Their eggs are more rounded (1.75 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">[29]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig21">

-<img src="images/p029.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bArcticTern">ARCTIC TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">71. </span><span class="sci">Sterna paradis&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution;

-and the pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and

-below. Bill quite red and feet much smaller and bright red.

-When their nesting colonies are approached they will rise in

-clouds, circling about high in the air, uttering at times their

-peculiar cry.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt

-at nest building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the

-bare sand or gravel just above the water line. There is no

-difference in the color or markings of the eggs from the others

-(1.75 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic

-Regions and wintering from California to the Gulf States.</p>

-<h3 id="bAleutianTern">ALEUTIAN TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">73. </span><span class="sci">Sterna aleutica. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the

-<a href="#bCommonTern">Common Tern</a>, but has a darker mantle, and the forehead is

-white, with a black line extending from the bill to the eye.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is much the same as the <a href="#bArcticTern">Arctic</a>, but the eggs are

-somewhat smaller and narrower (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">[30]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig22">

-<img src="images/p030.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLeastTern">LEAST TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">74. </span><span class="sci">Sterna antillarum. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a

-swallow and in flight are much the same, darting through the air,

-taking insects the same as swallows, or dipping into the water

-for small minnows that are showing themselves near the surface.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above

-the water line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully

-marked with different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 &times; .95).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Throughout the United States to northern South

-America, breeding abundantly on the coast of southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackTern">BLACK TERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">77. </span><span class="sci">Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either

-white or pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults

-in summer having the head, neck and under parts black, with

-the back, wings and tail gray.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color.

-Nests are of weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies.

-Two to four eggs are a dark greenish brown with black spots

-(1.35 &times; .95).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">[31]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig23">

-<img src="images/p031.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">ALBATROSSES&mdash;Family Diomedeid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bBlackFootedAlbatross">BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">81. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea nigripes. </span><span class="siz">32 to 36 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into

-whitish at the base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted

-for its extended flights, following vessels day after day without

-any apparent period of rest.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 &times;

-2.40).</p>

-<h3 id="bShortTailedAlbatross">SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea albatrus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following

-a vessel will keep a long distance behind in its search

-for food. With the exception of the primaries, which are

-black, as are also the shoulders and tail, the entire plumage

-is white, tinged with yellow on the back of the head.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the

-coast of Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare

-ground or rocks.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California

-to Alaska; most common in northern part of the range.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">[32]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig24">

-<img src="images/p032.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLaysanAlbatross">LAYSAN ALBATROSS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82.1. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea immutabilis. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are white with the exception of the back,

-wings and tail, which are black; bill and feet yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or

-rocks (4.00 &times; 2.35).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;This species breeds in large numbers on the island

-from which it takes its name&mdash;Layson Island, of the Hawaiian

-Group&mdash;appearing rarely off the coast of California.</p>

-<h3 id="bYellowNosedAlbatross">YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">83. </span><span class="sci">Thalassogeron culminatus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian

-oceans and is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An

-egg in the collection of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass.,

-was taken on Gough Island Sept. 1st, 1888. The nest was

-a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The single

-white egg measured 3.75 &times; 2.25.</p>

-<h3 id="bSootyAlbatross">SOOTY ALBATROSS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">84. </span><span class="sci">Ph&oelig;betria palpebrata. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim

-around the eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 &times; 2.75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">[33]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig25">

-<img src="images/p033.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

-<br />Family Procellariid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bPacificFulmar">PACIFIC FULMAR.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">86b. </span><span class="sci">Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is

-shorter and stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the

-nostrils opening out of a single tube, prominently located on

-top of the bill. Their flight is graceful like that of the Gulls.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern

-Pacific they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the

-rocks having its tenant. They lay but a single white egg on

-the bare rocks (2.90 &times; 2.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bSlenderBilledFulmar">SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">87. </span><span class="sci">Priocella glacialoides. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species has a paler mantle than others of the family,

-and the primaries are black.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the

-United States in the summer. They probably breed in the far

-south during our winter, although we have no definite record

-relative to their nesting habits.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">[34]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig26">

-<img src="images/p034.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPinkFootedShearwater">PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">91. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus creatopus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper

-parts and under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color,

-darkest on the wings; top of head dark, with throat and breast

-white, with yellowish bill and pink colored feet.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Monterey, California, to South America.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackVentedShearwater">BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus opisthomelas. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter

-in color. Quite common in southern California and much more

-so in Lower California.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From northern United States to Lower California.

-A single white egg is laid (2.00 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bTownsendShearwater">TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93.1. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus auricularis. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower

-California coast and islands.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">[35]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig27">

-<img src="images/p035.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bDarkBodiedShearwater">DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">95. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus griseus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands

-in the far south during our winter months, comes north and

-appears off the Pacific coast of the United States during our

-summer months, as far north as Alaska. They are a dark

-sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which are whitish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Habits are the same as the others of the family. The

-single white egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices

-under rocks (2.40 &times; 1.65).</p>

-<h3 id="bSlenderBilledShearwater">SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">96. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus tenuirostris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling

-it in color and markings, being a little lighter under the

-throat, and the bill more slender in proportion to the size of

-the bird. Bill and feet nearly black, as is also the one above.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as

-the <a href="#bDarkBodiedShearwater">Dark-bodied Shearwater</a>; it is not found on the N. A.

-coast as commonly as the other.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">[36]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig28">

-<img src="images/p036.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFisherPetrel">FISHER PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">100. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;strelata fisheri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen

-taken off Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.</p>

-<h3 id="bLeastPetrel">LEAST PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">103. </span><span class="sci">Halocyptena microsoma. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely

-dark sooty.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They have been found breeding on the islands of

-Lower California, and they probably do on others farther

-south. The single egg of this bird is white with a wreath

-of tiny brown specks about the larger end.</p>

-<h3 id="bForkTailedPetrel">FORK-TAILED PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma furcata. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being

-darker and the under parts lightest.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the

-ground. Egg white with a fine wreath of purplish black specks

-about the larger end. Found breeding on the islands of

-Alaska.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">[37]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig29">

-<img src="images/p037.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKaedingPetrel">KAEDING PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105.2. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma kaedingi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and

-the tail less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California

-to Mexico, breeding in the southern part of its range.</p>

-<h3 id="bLeachPetrel">LEACH PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma leucorhoa. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are quite common on both the eastern and western

-coasts, breeding from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians.

-They are of a sooty brown color, upper tail-coverts and

-side of under-coverts white. They burrow in the ground for

-two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building; placing

-their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow.

-These birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one

-remaining at sea during the day and returning at night. They

-are rarely seen in the vicinity of their nests during the day.</p>

-<h3 id="bGuadalupePetrel">GUADALUPE PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106.1. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma macrodactyla.</span></div>

-<p>Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail

-and somewhat longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Same as above with one white egg, usually much

-nest stained.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">[38]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig30">

-<img src="images/p038.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackPetrel">BLACK PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">107. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma melania. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump

-of the two or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very

-offensive musky odor, which is always noticeable about an

-island inhabited by them. The skins and eggs of the birds

-always retain this odor.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes

-containing a small amount of nesting material; grass and

-roots.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California southward to Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bAshyPetrel">ASHY PETREL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">108. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma homochroa. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands,

-sooty gray in color, their plumage matching their surroundings

-so closely that, unless one is looking for them, they will

-easily be overlooked.</p>

-<p>They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves

-to be removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they.

-They build in burrows or in any crevice of the rocks, laying

-their single white egg on the ground or rock without much,

-if any, lining to the nest.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">[39]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig31">

-<img src="images/p039.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">CORMORANTS&mdash;Family Phalacrocoracid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bFaralloneCormorant">FARALLONE CORMORANT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">120c. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty.

-These birds breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing

-their nests well up on the higher ridges and also in the trees

-on some of the inland islands, or near large ponds or lakes.

-They build large nests of sticks and roots, lined with grass,

-seaweed and moss.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid

-(2.40 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<h3 id="bBrandtCormorant">BRANDT CORMORANT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">122. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax penicillatus. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender

-and nearly straight. The young are hatched without feathers

-or down and the skin is nearly black. The young for two or

-three months are the food supply for the larger Gulls. Like

-the other Cormorants breeding on these islands, they stay

-closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are

-always on the watch for either the eggs or young.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of

-the United States.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">[40]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig32">

-<img src="images/p040.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBairdCormorants">BAIRD CORMORANTS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">123b. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from

-Washington south to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as

-the former species and not inclined to breed in colonies with

-the others, but is more secluded.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks

-and cliffs on which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom

-building in trees. Their eggs are much smaller, averaging

-2.20 &times; 1.40.</p>

-<h3 id="bRedFacedCormorant">RED-FACED CORMORANT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">124. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax urile. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly

-in having the forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the

-same as other members of the family. That the Cormorants

-are expert fishermen may be seen from the fact that

-the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a

-ring about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The nesting places of these as well as other members

-of this family are very filthy, being covered with excrement

-and the remains of fish that are strewn about their

-nests (2.50 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">[41]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig33">

-<img src="images/p041.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">PELICANS.&mdash;Family Pelecanid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bWhitePelican">WHITE PELICAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">125. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. </span><span class="siz">60 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white;

-bill and feet yellow, the former in the breeding season having

-a thin upright knob about midway on the top of the upper

-mandible. They get their food by approaching a school of

-small fish and suddenly dipping their head beneath the surface,

-sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;

-they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the

-sides of the mouth, and then swallow the fish.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally

-only a lining about the outer edge; the eggs being placed

-upon the ground. Two or three eggs are laid, pure chalky

-white (3.45 &times; 2.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaBrownPelican">CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">127. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus californicus. </span><span class="siz">55 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back

-of neck rich velvety brown; head and throat white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks

-and weeds. Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 &times; 1.95).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">[42]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig34">

-<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">MAN-O&rsquo;-WAR BIRDS&mdash;Family Fregatid&aelig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bFrigateBird">FRIGATE BIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">128. </span><span class="sci">Fregata aquila. </span><span class="siz">40 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest

-expanse of wing of any known bird. Weighing only about

-four pounds they have an extent of from seven to eight feet.

-The length of the bird is about 40 inches, of which the tail

-comprises about 18, more than half of this being forked. They

-can walk only with difficulty and are very poor swimmers,

-owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete

-masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights.

-Their food of small fish is secured by plunging, or preying

-upon other sea birds.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or

-low trees. A single white egg (2.80 &times; 1.90).</p>

-<h3 id="bAmericanMerganserOrderAnseres">AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">129. </span><span class="sci">Mergus americanus. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with

-sharp teeth to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great

-extent.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on

-the ground; 6 to 9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">[43]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig35">

-<img src="images/p043.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedBreastedMerganser">RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">130. </span><span class="sci">Mergus serrator. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is

-found commonly on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more

-than on the coast. The male has the head, neck, and crest

-iridescent greenish black, breast brownish with black spots.

-The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut

-color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the

-black found on the males.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff

-color, making their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or

-in tufts of grass or in crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest

-with feathers (2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of North America, breeding from central

-United States to British America.</p>

-<h3 id="bHoodedMerganser">HOODED MERGANSER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">131. </span><span class="sci">Lophodytes cucullatus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest

-with which both sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this

-from the others. The male having the crest black with a

-large white patch, and that of the female plain brown.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">[44]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig36">

-<img src="images/p044.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGadwall">GADWALL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">135. </span><span class="sci">Chaulelasmus streperus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the

-female is similar but the back and wings are brownish-gray.

-As is usual with many of the ducks these do most of their

-feeding early in the morning or after dusk, and spend the

-greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the most

-noisy and active of the ducks.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes

-or in the long grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to

-12 eggs of a creamy buff color (2.10 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Includes the whole of North America, breeds from

-British Columbia to southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bMallard">MALLARD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">132. </span><span class="sci">Anas platyrhynchos. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They

-feed on mollusks and marine insects which they generally

-reach by tipping in shallow water.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their

-nests in the tall grasses of which it is made and lined with

-feathers. Breed from Alaska to southern California (2.25 &times;

-1.25).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">[45]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig37">

-<img src="images/p045.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBaldpateAmericanWidgeon">BALDPATE&mdash;AMERICAN WIDGEON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">137. </span><span class="sci">Mareca Americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are common and well-known birds throughout North

-America, where they are called by a great variety of names,

-most of which refer to the bald appearance of the top of the

-head, owing to the white feathers. They can usually be identified

-at a distance by the absence of any dark markings, and

-when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers,

-on the ground or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are

-laid (2.15 &times; 1.20).</p>

-<h3 id="bGreenWingedTeal">GREEN-WINGED TEAL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">139. </span><span class="sci">Nettion carolinense. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly

-sought for by sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence

-of their flesh. The male may be easily identified by

-the reddish brown head and neck, with the large green patch

-behind each ear.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it

-is made of weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9

-buffy eggs are laid (1.85 &times; 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California

-and Oregon.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">[46]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig38">

-<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlueWingedTeal">BLUE-WINGED TEAL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">140. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula discors. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front

-of the eye; under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black;

-wing coverts bright blue. Female similar to female <a href="#bGreenWingedTeal">Green-wing</a>,

-but has the blue wing coverts. In flight can be easily

-separated from the Green-wing by its darker under parts.

-Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines.

-This is more common east of the Rockies than the other.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed

-in the reeds bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs

-are laid.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding more abundantly than the

-former farther north in its range.</p>

-<h3 id="bCinnamonTeal">CINNAMON TEAL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">141. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula cyanoptera. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the

-Rockies. It is on the male a bright cinnamon color on the

-under parts; also the head and neck, being darkest near the

-bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts blue; speculum

-green, divided by a line of white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 &times; 1.35).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">[47]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig39">

-<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bShoveller">SHOVELLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">142. </span><span class="sci">Spatula clypeata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill,

-which is out of all proportion to the size of the bird. Head,

-neck and speculum dark green, under parts reddish brown,

-breast and back white, wing coverts blue. If it were not for

-the large ungainly bill, this duck would be classed as one of

-our most beautiful during the breeding season.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of

-grass, weeds and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10

-grayish white eggs (2.10 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America; breeding most abundant on the

-western coast from southern California to northwest Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bPintail">PINTAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">143. </span><span class="sci">Dafila acuta. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with

-head and stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and

-sides barred with white and black wavy lines.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with

-feathers generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12

-eggs of a dull olive color (2.20 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">[48]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig40">

-<img src="images/p048.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWoodDuck">WOOD DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">144. </span><span class="sci">Aix sponsa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of

-any of the duck family. Both the male and female have a

-long crest; that of the male of the most beautiful shades of

-blue and iridescent green colors, with stripes of white, the

-throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut with white

-arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line

-markings.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The

-birds are said to carry the young from the nest to the water

-in their bills. 6 to 10 eggs, buffy in color (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to

-the Gulf of Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bRedhead">REDHEAD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">146. </span><span class="sci">Marila americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered

-as the best table birds of the duck family.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in

-number, buffy white in color (2.40 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">[49]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig41">

-<img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCanvasBack">CANVAS-BACK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">147. </span><span class="sci">Marila valisineria. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Differs from the <a href="#bRedhead">Redhead</a> in the shape of its black bill, its

-blackish forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the

-Redhead having yellow eyes. Like the last species, these

-birds are excellent swimmers and divers, and secure their

-food from deeper water than many of the ducks. Their food

-consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell

-fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market

-price, and are much sought after by gunners.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with

-grass and feathers. 6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America; breeding from central British

-Columbia south to Oregon and Minnesota.</p>

-<h3 id="bScaupDuckOrBlueBill">SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">148. </span><span class="sci">Marila marila. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing

-to the slaty blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast

-are black; speculum and under parts white, and eyes yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior

-of British Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray

-(2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">[50]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig42">

-<img src="images/p050.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLesserScaupDuck">LESSER SCAUP DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">149. </span><span class="sci">Marila affinis. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the

-male glossed purple instead of green on the black. They are

-one of the most abundant migrants, and are one of the most

-active of the family, diving at the flash of a gun. The immense

-flocks generally keep out in the open waters of the lakes

-or rivers; where they feed by diving.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with

-feathers from the breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale

-gray color (2.25 &times; 1.55).</p>

-<h3 id="bRingNeckedDuck">RING-NECKED DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">150. </span><span class="sci">Marila collaris. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In appearance and general habits this duck is much the

-same as the two preceding. Male with head, neck and breast

-black with purple shades, having a ring of chestnut about the

-neck, which at a little distance is not noticeable. Bill blackish,

-with a bluish band near the end; eye yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Same in every way as above, and general distribution

-the same, breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">[51]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig43">

-<img src="images/p051.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAmericanGoldenEye">AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">151. </span><span class="sci">Clangula clangula americana. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are handsome ducks, known as &ldquo;Whistlers,&rdquo; from the

-noise of their wings when flying, and also &ldquo;Great-heads,&rdquo; because

-of the puffy crest. The head is greenish black with

-a large round white spot in front of and a little below the

-eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining

-the cavity with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining

-the nest with feathers, in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs

-of a grayish color (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from Alaska south to

-the most northern of United States. Winters to southern

-California and the Gulf Coast.</p>

-<h3 id="bBarrowGoldenEye">BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">152. </span><span class="sci">Clangula islandica. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white

-spot between the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is

-the preceding.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The range and nesting habits are the same as above,

-possibly breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">[52]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig44">

-<img src="images/p052.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBuffleHead">BUFFLE-HEAD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">153. </span><span class="sci">Charitonetta albeola. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This handsome little duck is also known as &ldquo;Butter-ball&rdquo;

-and &ldquo;Dipper-duck,&rdquo; the latter name given to them on account

-of the ease with which they can disappear under the water.

-They are always on the alert and will dive at the flash of a

-gun. Head iridescent blue, green and purple, and with a

-large white patch extending from eye to eye, across the back

-of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can

-take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the

-sides of rivers, 8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color

-(2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<h3 id="bOldSquawLongTailedDuck">OLD-SQUAW&mdash;LONG-TAILED DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">154. </span><span class="sci">Harelda hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in

-summer and winter. Both sexes are marked similarly, but the

-female is somewhat duller and lacks the long tail feathers of

-the male. They are excellent swimmers and dive to great

-depths in search of their food.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Generally concealed in the long grass near the water,

-made of grass and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">[53]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig45">

-<img src="images/p053.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHarlequinDuck">HARLEQUIN DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">155. </span><span class="sci">Histrionicus histrionicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the

-illustration. It is not the colors alone that make them so

-attractive, but the way the colors are placed. The white

-being in long stripes, crescents or large spots, with black, gray

-and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among the

-swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on

-the coasts.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with

-down placed on the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes

-in the hollow of a tree. 5 to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to

-the central part of California among the mountain streams.</p>

-<h3 id="bPacificEider">PACIFIC EIDER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">161. </span><span class="sci">Somateria v-nigra. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it

-has a black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly

-on the Aleutian Islands, but in great numbers farther north.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly

-lining same with down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs

-(3.00 &times; 2.00).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">[54]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig46">

-<img src="images/p054.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bStellerEider">STELLER EIDER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">157. </span><span class="sci">Polysticta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish

-on the forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and

-crissum, black; under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the

-long scapulars black and white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It

-breeds on the rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six

-to nine eggs are pale olive green in color (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian

-Islands and northwest coast of Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bSpectacledEider">SPECTACLED EIDER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">158. </span><span class="sci">Arctonetta fischeri. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is black on the under parts and mostly white

-above. The head is largely washed with sea green, leaving

-a large patch of white, narrowly bordered with black around

-each eye, thus resembling a pair of spectacles and giving it

-the name it has.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from

-their breast; they are placed upon the ground under overhanging

-stones or clumps of grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 &times; 1.85).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">[55]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig47">

-<img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKingEider">KING EIDER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">162. </span><span class="sci">Somateria spectabilis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is very different from any of the preceding, the

-crown being of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in

-place of the white of the others. It also has a broad V-shaped

-mark on the throat and a black crescent between the eye and

-bill. Like all of the other Eiders the females are mottled

-brown and black, the different species being very difficult to

-separate.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are usually a depression in the ground lined

-with the down from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10

-eggs of a greenish color (3.00 &times; 2.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern North America, breeding along the coast

-of Siberia, Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.</p>

-<h3 id="bScoter">SCOTER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">163. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Scoters or &ldquo;Coots,&rdquo; as they are generally called, are Sea

-Ducks whose plumage is almost wholly black; base of the

-bill is yellow and orange. This species nest similar to the

-Eiders, concealing it under overhanging rocks or in tufts of

-grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">[56]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig48">

-<img src="images/p056.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhiteWingedScoter">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">165. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia deglandi. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished

-from the others by the white speculum on the wing

-and a white comet extending from the eye backwards. It

-also has a yellow eye.</p>

-<p>This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of

-the family.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or

-under low bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes

-twigs, lined with feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 &times;

-1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in British Columbia and

-Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bSurfScoter">SURF SCOTER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">166. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia perspicillata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white

-spot on top of the head and another on the nape; eye white;

-bill red, white and yellow with a large black spot near the

-base. The female is a grayish brown, lighter below; also

-with a spot of dull white in front of the eye and the same

-in back.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">[57]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig49">

-<img src="images/p057.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRuddyDuck">RUDDY DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">167. </span><span class="sci">Erismatura jamaicensis. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown

-upper parts; blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and

-under parts silvery white with grayish wash next to the ruddy.

-Bill is very stout and broad at the end, and the tail feathers

-are very stiff and pointed. Females have back, crown and

-sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.

-These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or

-in flight.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally

-lined with down in which are placed their eggs to the

-number of from 8 to 12 of a grayish white color (2.40 &times; 1.75)

-unusually large for the size of the bird.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding from Central

-British Columbia southward as far as Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bSnowGoose">SNOW GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">169. </span><span class="sci">Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black.

-This is the smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern

-variety being some ten inches longer, found in N. A., west of

-the Mississippi River.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">[58]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig50">

-<img src="images/p058.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRossGoose">ROSS GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">170. </span><span class="sci">Chen rossi. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters

-in California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and

-is the smallest of the family.</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteFrontedGoose">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">171a. </span><span class="sci">Anser albifrons gambeli. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage,

-dark head and white forehead; bill and feet orange. They

-are the most common on the western coast and large numbers

-of them are sold in the markets.</p>

-<p>Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails,

-and insects.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression

-and made of dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs

-are from four to nine in number, of a dull buff color (3.00 &times;

-2.05).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western and central North America, breeds on the

-Arctic coast south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from

-British Columbia to southern California. During the spring

-flight immense flocks of these birds pass through Oregon and

-follow down the west coast.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">[59]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig51">

-<img src="images/p059.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCanadaGoose">CANADA GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis canadensis. </span><span class="siz">38 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is the most widely known of the family, and

-is the most numerous. Its familiar &ldquo;honk&rdquo; has long been

-the signal of the coming spring, and the V-shaped formation

-in which the flocks migrate is always an object of interest

-to every one; large birds, with long necks outstretched, wings

-beating the air in unison, and all following the leadership of

-one bird in their journey over their invisible path.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on

-the ground in marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine

-eggs of a buff or drab color are laid (3.50 &times; 2.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding from northern

-United States northward, and wintering in the southern

-part of U. S. to Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bCacklingGoose">CACKLING GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172c. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis minima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference

-being only in the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the

-Arctic coast and migrates in winter along the western coast

-south to southern California. Eggs are buff color; 4 to 9

-(2.90 &times; 1.95).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">[60]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig52">

-<img src="images/p060.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackBrant">BLACK BRANT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">174. </span><span class="sci">Branta nigricans. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar

-nearly encircling the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts

-mostly white. They are very inquisitive and easily

-come to decoys, and consequently large numbers of them are

-shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird especially

-when in large flocks. They get most of their food

-by tipping up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon

-the tender water plants and roots gathered from the bottom.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A depression in the ground lined with grass and

-feathers and the down from their breasts; four to eight eggs

-are laid of a grayish color (2.80 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, breeding abundantly in

-northern Alaska and wintering on the Pacific coast from British

-Columbia to Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bEmperorGoose">EMPEROR GOOSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">176. </span><span class="sci">Philacte canagica. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This handsome species may be known by the mottled or

-scaly appearance of the feathers; the head is white with a

-black chin and throat. Their 3 to 7 eggs are a dull buff color

-(3.10 &times; 2.15).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">[61]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig53">

-<img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackBelliedTreeDuck">BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">177. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are

-very common in southern Texas and along the Rio Grande.

-They are not timid and are frequently caught and domesticated.

-They can walk and run gracefully, and feed in grain

-fields at considerable distance from the water. They usually

-raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten

-to as many as twenty.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at

-a great distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few

-feathers and down. The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<h3 id="bFulvousTreeDuck">FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">178. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna bicolor. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more

-of a rufous all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It

-has no white markings. It is fully as abundant as the preceding

-and is found farther north and west to the Pacific

-coast in southern California.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them

-are identical with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been

-found in one nest, but these were probably laid by two birds.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">[62]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig54">

-<img src="images/p062.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhistlingSwan">WHISTLING SWAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">180. </span><span class="sci">Olor columbianus. </span><span class="siz">58 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their

-bill and feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer

-the end of the bill than it is to the eye. It is distinguished

-from the next by the small yellow spot on either side of the

-bill near its base.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss,

-grass, feathers and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy

-places near ponds or lakes. Three to six greenish or brownish

-buff eggs are laid (4.00 &times; 2.75).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, more common in the east, breeding

-in Alaska and the Arctic islands, wintering from British

-Columbia to the central part of California.</p>

-<h3 id="bTrumpeterSwan">TRUMPETER SWAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">181. </span><span class="sci">Olor buccinator. </span><span class="siz">65 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a

-spread of wing nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior

-than on the coast. Its plumage is the same as above, except

-that the bill is entirely black and the nostril is located nearer

-the eye. Their nesting habits are the same as above, the eggs

-averaging a trifle larger.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">[63]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig55">

-<img src="images/p063.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGlossyIbisFamilyIbididae">GLOSSY IBIS&mdash;Family Ibidid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">186. </span><span class="sci">Plegadis autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut

-color, glossy with purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy

-greenish black; bill, legs and feet carmine red, bill much

-curved downward.</p>

-<p>This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis

-which is occasionally found in southern California, with the

-exception that the latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering

-the bill, white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached

-to living stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep

-greenish blue color (1.95 &times; 1.35).</p>

-<h3 id="bWoodIbisFamilyCiconiae">WOOD IBIS&mdash;Family Ciconi&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">188. </span><span class="sci">Mycteria americana. </span><span class="siz">45 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which

-are pale bluish in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely

-white except for the primaries and tail, which are

-glossy purplish black. This is the only true Stork which occurs

-in North America, and is found only in the southern

-part of California and the most southern states near the

-Gulf of Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_64">[64]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig56">

-<img src="images/p064.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLeastBittern">LEAST BITTERN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">191. </span><span class="sci">Ixobrychus exilis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern

-portions of the United States. They are very quiet and sly

-birds, and their presence is often unsuspected when they are

-really quite abundant. Their nests are made of rushes woven

-about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white (1.20 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bBitternFamilyHerodii">BITTERN&mdash;Family Herodii.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">190. </span><span class="sci">Botaurus lentiginosus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep

-concealed so closely that one may pass within a few feet of

-them and they not take flight. They are known by a variety

-of names, nearly all of which have reference to their &ldquo;booming&rdquo;

-sound while in the bogs. The most common name given

-them being &ldquo;Stake Driver&rdquo; and again &ldquo;Thunder Pumper.&rdquo;

-They are much variegated with brown and yellowish brown;

-adults with a long, broad black stripe on either side of the

-white throat; eye is yellow; bill and legs, greenish yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their

-nest usually in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by

-water. They lay from three to five brownish colored eggs

-(1.95 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">[65]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig57">

-<img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGreatBlueHeron">GREAT BLUE HERON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">194. </span><span class="sci">Ardea herodias herodias. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is

-bluish gray, relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and

-patches on the sides and a white crown. Young birds are

-much duller colored and lack the crest of the old birds. It

-takes several years for them to obtain their perfect plumage.

-In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company

-with many other species.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in

-the trees near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many

-as 40 nests have been found in a single tree. Three to five

-eggs of a greenish blue color (2.50 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America except the extreme northern part,

-breeds from British Columbia to southern Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bGreenHeron">GREEN HERON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">201. </span><span class="sci">Butorides virescens virescens. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over

-the country. In most sections of the country they will be found

-nesting, one of two pairs together, along the border of some

-swamp or stream; 3 to 5 pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">[66]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig58">

-<img src="images/p066.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bEgret">EGRET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">196. </span><span class="sci">Herodias egretta. </span><span class="siz">41 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has

-persistently been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery

-purposes. They usually breed in colonies with several others of

-the Heron family.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes

-over the water in which they lay three or four light bluish

-green colored eggs (2.25 &times; 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.</p>

-<h3 id="bSnowyEgret">SNOWY EGRET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">197. </span><span class="sci">Egretta candidissima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved

-plumes growing from the middle of the back; long crest of

-plumes on back of the head, and on the breast. Bill black,

-greenish at the base; legs black and feet yellow. With the protection

-which has been placed on these birds and the large

-breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government

-reservations we hope to see these become more abundant

-within a few years. Their nesting habits are the same as

-above, only the eggs are smaller (1.80 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">[67]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig59">

-<img src="images/p067.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackCrownedNightHeron">BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">202. </span><span class="sci">Nycticorax nycticorax n&aelig;vius. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A well-known bird often called &ldquo;quawk&rdquo; from the note

-which it makes during its evening flights. They are usually

-found nesting in large colonies, while in some places a few secluded

-pairs nest; a favorite place being among pine trees on

-the edge of muddy ponds.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the

-higher limbs of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more

-in each tree. Eggs are pale greenish color (2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<h3 id="bYellowCrownedNightHeron">YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">203. </span><span class="sci">Nyctanassa violacea. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded

-white plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but

-are nested together so that they appear to be as one. On the

-back they also have long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a

-comet shaped patch under the eye of a yellowish white. As

-dusk approaches, these birds start out from their roosting

-places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to their

-feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting

-of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_68">[68]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig60">

-<img src="images/p068.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhoopingCraneFamilyGruidae">WHOOPING CRANE&mdash;Family Gruid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">204. </span><span class="sci">Grus americana. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of

-the adults is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts

-of the head and face are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet

-black. These great birds are not uncommon on the prairies of

-the interior of America.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the

-bogs, the nest being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two

-or three feet in diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish

-buff color blotched with shades of brown and gray (3.75 &times; 2.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic

-regions and wintering to the Gulf states and southward.</p>

-<h3 id="bLittleBrownCrane">LITTLE BROWN CRANE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">205. </span><span class="sci">Grus canadensis. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane,

-but more brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this

-family always carry the neck fully extended, while the Herons

-draw the neck back between the wings. Unlike herons the

-young birds are born covered with down, and can run about as

-soon as they appear.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In northern Canada, where it breeds.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">[69]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig61">

-<img src="images/p069.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.&mdash;Family Rallid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210.1. </span><span class="sci">Rallus levipes. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed

-if any danger is lurking about the locality where they are.

-They are very quick to get away in the tall grass if startled,

-and rarely take to the wing for protection. This species is

-found about the marshes in southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaClapperRail">CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210. </span><span class="sci">Rallus obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings;

-cinnamon colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly

-all of the marshes along the coast. They are excellent runners,

-and are very difficult to start from the marsh grass in which

-they are concealed. Its nest is built on the ground on the

-higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively dry, building

-it of grass and strips of rushes.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color,

-spotted and blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 &times; 1.25). The

-young of this family are born covered with a shining black

-down, and remain in the nest but a few hours.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_70">[70]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig62">

-<img src="images/p070.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bVirginiaRail">VIRGINIA RAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">212. </span><span class="sci">Rallus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray;

-wing coverts grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown,

-brightest on the breast. Sides sharply barred with black and

-white; chin and line over the eye white, side of head slaty

-color. Like others of this species, it is found in either the

-fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs

-of a creamy white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac;

-six to ten are the number laid (1.25 &times; .90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from British Columbia to

-southern California and the Gulf of Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bSoraRail">SORA RAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">214. </span><span class="sci">Porzana carolina. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on

-the head. Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the

-day in quiet and do most of their feeding after dusk, when

-their clucking notes may be heard all over the marshes.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs,

-buff colored with reddish-brown specks (1.25 &times; .90).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_71">[71]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig63">

-<img src="images/p071.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bYellowRail">YELLOW RAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">215. </span><span class="sci">Coturnicops noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy

-brown, yellowish buff; black and white barred side feathers.

-The back is blackish with the feathers edged with white. These

-small Rails are like field mice, hard to locate or obtain sight of

-when in the marsh grass. They object to flying unless forced

-to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility to get

-through rushes to avoid being seen.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and

-twisted together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color,

-specked with reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end

-(1.10 &times; .80).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Locally distributed in temperate America from

-southern California to British Columbia.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackRail">BLACK RAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">216. </span><span class="sci">Creciscus coturniculus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird,

-with back a dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray

-feathers on the sides and flank spotted and barred with white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely

-cupped to hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve;

-creamy white, specked all over with reddish brown (1.03 &times; .75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_72">[72]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig64">

-<img src="images/p072.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFloridaGallinule">FLORIDA GALLINULE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">219. </span><span class="sci">Gallinula galeata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back

-a brownish color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former

-being tipped with yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about

-the top. The grayish side feathers tipped with white at the

-wing and lower ones with black. They have an almost endless

-variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build in colonies in the marshes, making their

-nests of rushes and grasses woven together and attached to

-stalks of rushes quite often over the water. They lay from

-six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color (1.60 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<h3 id="bAmericanCoot">AMERICAN COOT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">221. </span><span class="sci">Fulica americana. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the

-whole bird. Toes lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill

-white with a blackish band near the tip; shield narrow and

-brownish, ending in a point.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed in the same localities as are the

-<a href="#bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">Rails</a>,

-and they have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of

-a grayish color finely specked all over with black or brown

-(1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_73">[73]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig65">

-<img src="images/p073.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedPhalaropeFamilyPhalaropodidae">RED PHALAROPE.&mdash;Family Phalaropodid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">222. </span><span class="sci">Phalaropus fulicarius. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their

-breeding plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have

-changed to their winter dress, and they retain this until after

-they leave us in the spring. In summer the under parts and

-neck a reddish brown; sides of the head white; top of head

-blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white band. The

-female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses.

-Three or four eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched

-with brown or black (1.20 &times; .80).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and

-in winter migrating to middle portions of United States on both

-coasts.</p>

-<h3 id="bNorthernPhalarope">NORTHERN PHALAROPE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">223. </span><span class="sci">Lobipes lobatus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and

-appears on the coasts a short time during migration. Like the

-last they are expert swimmers, and pass most of their time

-when not breeding upon the surface of the water. They feed

-upon minute insects secured from beds of floating kelp. Nest

-and eggs similar to above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_74">[74]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig66">

-<img src="images/p074.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWilsonPhalarope">WILSON PHALAROPE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">224. </span><span class="sci">Steganopus tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a

-very graceful form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad

-black stripe through the eye and down the side of the neck,

-where it changes gradually into a rich chestnut color. Bill is

-long and slender. It is a bird of the interior, and is only rarely

-met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in large flocks,

-as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the water,

-although a good swimmer.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a

-tuft of grass near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or

-four greenish-buff eggs with black markings (1.30 &times; .90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to

-southern California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.</p>

-<h3 id="bWilsonSnipe">WILSON SNIPE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">230. </span><span class="sci">Gallinago delicata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy

-meadows with its winding brooks. They procure their food by

-boring in the muddy banks of the meadows, the tip of the bill

-being flexible.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_75">[75]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig67">

-<img src="images/p075.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAvocetFamilyRecurvirostridae">AVOCET&mdash;Family Recurvirostrid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">225. </span><span class="sci">Recurvirostra americana. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young

-birds and winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers

-on the under part white and very thick and, duck-like, being

-impervious to water. Bill slender and recurved; feet

-webbed. Large patches of white on the wings, making them

-very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if

-not molested, they become very tame.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in

-the ground. They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or

-brownish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown and black

-(1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackNeckedStilt">BLACK-NECKED STILT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">226. </span><span class="sci">Himantopus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately

-long and slender. Male black and white as shown; female

-and young with back brownish. They are strong and swift

-upon the wing.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass.

-Three or four eggs, greenish buff, with numerous markings of

-brown and black about the larger end.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_76">[76]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig68">

-<img src="images/p076.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bDowitcher">DOWITCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">231. </span><span class="sci">Macrorhamphus griseus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Bill very long like that of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a>. In summer these birds

-are reddish brown below; more or less specked with black on

-the breast and barred with black on the sides; above mottled

-with brown and black, lighter or even white on the rump,

-crossed with wavy lines of black.</p>

-<p>In winter they are gray above and white below. By the

-gunners known as &ldquo;Red-breasted Snipe&rdquo; in the spring and

-summer and as &ldquo;Graybacks&rdquo; in the winter months.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with

-grass and leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color

-boldly marked with brown most heavily about the larger end

-(1.75 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<h3 id="bStiltSandpiper">STILT SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">233. </span><span class="sci">Micropalama himantopus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore

-birds, single individuals being found in flocks of other species

-rather than in flocks by themselves. Bill slender and only

-moderately long. In summer the entire under parts are a rusty

-white, closely barred with blackish. In winter they are gray

-above and white below.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_77">[77]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig69">

-<img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKnot">KNOT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">234. </span><span class="sci">Tringa canutus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches,

-following out each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking

-the small insects from the sand, and hurrying back to get clear

-from the next wave. Bill moderately long and quite stout; form

-more robust than most of the shore birds. Adults in summer

-mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish uniform

-brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but

-no eggs are known as yet in any collections.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through

-the United States to South America.</p>

-<h3 id="bPribilofSandpiper">PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">235b. </span><span class="sci">Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with

-rusty and the under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of

-black on the breast. Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color,

-spotted and blotched with brown, laid on the ground in a depression

-with a light lining of grass (1.50 &times; 1.05).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_78">[78]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig70">

-<img src="images/p078.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSharpTailedSandpiper">SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">238. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia aurita. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged

-with reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is

-reddish brown. Fairly common in summer on the coast of

-Alaska; in winter supposed to migrate south wholly on the

-Asiatic side of the Pacific.</p>

-<h3 id="bPectoralSandpiper">PECTORAL SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">239. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia maculata. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season

-of inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the

-habits of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a> than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting

-grassy meadows or marshes, and feeding along the muddy

-flats in place of the sandy beaches. They are very dark brown

-above, with much lighter brown edging the feathers, and are

-white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish. These

-are well-known birds, and are called by gunners &ldquo;Grass

-Snipe&rdquo; or &ldquo;Jack Snipe&rdquo; as a more common name.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or

-four grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 &times; 1.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions

-and wintering south of the United States.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_79">[79]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig71">

-<img src="images/p079.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhiteRumpedSandpiper">WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">240. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia fuscicollis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black,

-below white, but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries

-black; upper tail coverts white. Nesting habits the same

-as those of the majority of the family, breeding from Labrador

-northward, and wintering to Central America. Eggs 1.30 &times; .90.</p>

-<h3 id="bBairdSandpiper">BAIRD SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">241. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump,

-being of a blackish color instead.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than

-near the seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground

-lined with grasses and usually concealed in a bunch of grass.

-Three to four eggs of a grayish white marked with shades of

-brown and lilac (1.30 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bLeastSandpiper">LEAST SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">242. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia minutilla. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are

-the same in color and markings as the preceding. Found more

-on the seashore. Nesting habits and eggs are the same as the

-two above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_80">[80]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig72">

-<img src="images/p080.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedBackedSandpiper">RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">243a. </span><span class="sci">Pelidna alpina sakhalina. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer,

-with the upper parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with

-black; belly black; head, throat, breast and sides strongly

-streaked with black.</p>

-<p>In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with

-the breast washed with grayish and slightly streaked with

-dusky. These small birds are found in large flocks both on

-the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during migrations, but rarely in

-the interior. Their flight is very rapid and performed in compact

-flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the

-earth being lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or

-four eggs with a greenish or brownish buff color, heavily

-spotted and blotched with shades of brown and chestnut (1.40

-&times; 1.00).</p>

-<h3 id="bSpoonbillSandpiper">SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">245. </span><span class="sci">Eurynorhynchus pygmeus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is

-a very peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and

-flattened into a sort of spoon shape.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_81">[81]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig73">

-<img src="images/p081.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSanderling">SANDERLING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">248. </span><span class="sci">Calidris leucoph&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are a handsome and abundant species, found during

-migrations by thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest

-of the shore birds, feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often

-under the combing crest of the incoming waves, retreating just

-as the wave breaks and is dashed to foam on the beach. They

-are usually very shy, and will not allow a close approach. Toes

-are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer, variegated

-above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain

-grayish above and white below.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and

-blotched with brown, are laid in nests that differ but little

-from others of this family (1.45 &times; .90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Found in all parts of North America, breeding

-within the Arctic Circle, and wintering to southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternSandpiper">WESTERN SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">247. </span><span class="sci">Ereunetes mauri. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Their appearance is very similar to the <a href="#bLeastSandpiper">Least Sandpiper</a>, but

-they are slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed.

-Their nesting habits are the same, and eggs are very much

-alike.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_82">[82]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig74">

-<img src="images/p082.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMarbledGodwit">MARBLED GODWIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">249. </span><span class="sci">Limosa fedoa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both

-in the interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like

-large <a href="#bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">Plovers</a>, with long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings

-and tail rufous barred with black; rump white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there

-is no lining to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted

-about the depression. Three or four eggs with a ground color

-of grayish buff, sometimes quite dark, are blotched with dark

-brown (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<h3 id="bGreaterYellowLegs">GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">254. </span><span class="sci">Totanus melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray

-margined with white; rump white; tail barred black and white;

-primaries black; bill long and rather slender; legs long and

-yellow.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with

-very little attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish

-white, heavily blotched with shades of brown and lilac

-(1.65 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the British Provinces.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_83">[83]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig75">

-<img src="images/p083.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternSolitarySandpiper">WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">256a. </span><span class="sci">Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and

-white below. These are almost always met with in pairs or

-singly, and are very rarely seen even in small flocks. They

-prefer small ponds or streams in wet woods or open meadows,

-rather than marshes, which are frequented by other species.

-As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near

-some small piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with

-very little lining of grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored,

-spotted with dark shades of brown (1.30 &times; 1.00).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternWillet">WESTERN WILLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">258a. </span><span class="sci">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon

-and northern California, and are quite abundant in many

-localities. Upper parts a brownish gray, specked with black;

-under parts lighter gray, with lighter streaks of darker gray.

-Primaries white at the base and black on the outer end.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass

-just barely out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs;

-buff blotched with umber (2.00 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_84">[84]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig76">

-<img src="images/p084.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWanderingTattler">WANDERING TATTLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">259. </span><span class="sci">Heteractitis incanus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white

-below, closely barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming

-broken on the throat, forming spots. In winter the

-under parts and throat are white. During the breeding season

-it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building its

-nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.</p>

-<h3 id="bUplandPloverBartramianSandpiper">UPLAND PLOVER&mdash;BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">261. </span><span class="sci">Bartramia longicauda. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being

-found near the water, their food consisting more of insects

-and worms than is usual with others of the Plover or Sandpiper

-families. They are quite shy, and are one of the birds

-much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black, with

-feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.

-Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked

-with black; under parts white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows

-of the ground, lined with grass. They are frequently made and

-eggs deposited in good mowing fields just about the time for

-cutting the grass, and many nests are destroyed at this time.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_85">[85]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig77">

-<img src="images/p085.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="502" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBuffBreastedSandpiper">BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">262. </span><span class="sci">Tryngites subruficollis. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts

-buff, as are also the neck and head; blackish spots on

-the sides extending up the back of the neck and top of the

-head; primaries black.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest

-scantily lined with grass, in which three or four eggs, having

-a grayish white ground color, spotted with rich brown and

-chestnut, are placed.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson

-Bay region to the Arctic coast. During migration, casual

-on the Pacific coast, and abundant in the interior, to South

-America.</p>

-<h3 id="bSpottedSandpiper">SPOTTED SANDPIPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">263. </span><span class="sci">Actitis macularia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds,

-covering the whole United States. Its note, &ldquo;peet-weet,&rdquo; is

-a familiar sound to every bird observer. It has a peculiar

-habit of continually moving its tail up and down when at rest

-or when running along the shore, which has given it the

-name of &ldquo;Teeter-tail&rdquo; or &ldquo;Tip-up.&rdquo;</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_86">[86]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig78">

-<img src="images/p086.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLongBilledCurlew">LONG-BILLED CURLEW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">264. </span><span class="sci">Numenius americanus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds, &ldquo;Sickle-bills&rdquo; as they are often called, are one

-of the largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous

-when in flight, or walking on the marshes or sandbars, their

-size appearing gigantic when in company with a flock of

-smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed both on the

-marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of insects

-and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their

-holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in

-compact flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel

-and circle in perfect unison.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows

-or on the prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish

-buff color, covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 &times;

-1.80).</p>

-<h3 id="bHudsonianCurlew">HUDSONIAN CURLEW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">265. </span><span class="sci">Numenius hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a

-white stripe along the top of the head; is fairly common,

-winters in California. Three or four eggs, same color as

-above, only smaller (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_87">[87]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig79">

-<img src="images/p087.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER&mdash;Family Charadriid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">270. </span><span class="sci">Squatarola squatarola. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress.

-The upper parts are largely white, with black spots and bars

-on the back, wings and tail; the sides of head, throat, breast

-and fore under parts are black. This species has a small hind

-toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat mottled

-above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to

-sportsmen, and is known better by the name of &ldquo;Beetle-head&rdquo;

-or &ldquo;Bull-head.&rdquo; They are very numerous in the fall.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining

-and placed in a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff

-in color and boldly marked with black (2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<h3 id="bGoldenPlover">GOLDEN PLOVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">272. </span><span class="sci">Charadrius dominicus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts,

-and the upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow

-and white. These are often found in large flocks with the

-above, especially in the fall, during migration. The habits are

-also the same.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the

-mainland and also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_88">[88]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig80">

-<img src="images/p088.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKilldeer">KILLDEER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">273. </span><span class="sci">Oxyechus vociferus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most

-commonly known of the shore birds throughout the United

-States. They are very noisy, continually uttering their note

-of &ldquo;Kil-deer&mdash;kil-deer,&rdquo; from which they take their name.

-Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line

-across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black

-to the end, the others white at the end. Breast crossed by

-two bands of black; a white forehead, and white streak back

-of the eye.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of

-grass for lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with

-dark brown spots are usually placed in the nest with the

-small ends in the center (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<h3 id="bSemipalmatedPlover">SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">274. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;gialitis semipalmata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The &ldquo;ringed&rdquo; plover is smaller than the above but one

-black band across the breast; black line from base of bill to

-eye and up over the top of the head. Forehead white. Abundant

-along the shores.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_89">[89]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig81">

-<img src="images/p089.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWilsonPlover">WILSON PLOVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">280. </span><span class="sci">Ochthodromus wilsonius. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from

-the preceding by the much heavier bill; it has no black on

-top of the head and white on the forehead extends back behind

-the eye; the black band across the breast is heavier and

-does not extend around the back of the neck.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed on pebbly &ldquo;shingle&rdquo; or back in the

-marsh grass on the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched

-all over with markings of brown and gray (1.40 &times; 1.05).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and

-southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bMountainPlover">MOUNTAIN PLOVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">281. </span><span class="sci">Podasocys montanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the

-western prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is

-more quiet, and seems to be less aquatic than any of the

-Plovers, and is rarely found in the vicinity of the water.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are

-four eggs, brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades

-of brown (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_90">[90]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig82">

-<img src="images/p090.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSnowyPlover">SNOWY PLOVER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">278. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;gialitis nivosa. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest.

-A small black crescent-shaped patch on either side of the

-breast; a black spot under and back of the eye, and one

-also on top of the head. They are about the color of the

-dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and

-running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown

-about on the beach.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high

-water, lined with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about

-the color of the sand and it is almost impossible to see them a

-few feet away. Four eggs, clay colored; very lightly marked

-with fine dots (1.20 &times; .90).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States.

-Winters from California to South America.</p>

-<h3 id="bSurfBirdFamilyAphrizinae">SURF-BIRD&mdash;Family Aphrizin&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">282. </span><span class="sci">Aphriza virgata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from

-Alaska to South America, seems to be the connecting link

-between the Plovers and <a href="#bBlackTurnstone">Turnstones</a>, having the habits of

-the latter combined with the bill of the former.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_91">[91]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig83">

-<img src="images/p091.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackTurnstone">BLACK TURNSTONE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">284. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and

-throat black; a white spot in front of eye and on forehead;

-under parts white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more

-northern islands, laying their sets of four eggs in hollows

-with a few grasses for lining; the eggs are light gray, marked

-with various shades of brown and lilac (1.60 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower

-California.</p>

-<h3 id="bRuddyTurnstone">RUDDY TURNSTONE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">283a. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria interpres morinella. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish

-brown, black and white; the under parts are pure white with

-a wide black band across the breast, as in illustration. It

-has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill, which is used, as the

-name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones in their

-search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as

-&ldquo;Calico-bird,&rdquo; &ldquo;Checkered Snipe,&rdquo; etc.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow

-in the ground near water. Four eggs (1.65 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_92">[92]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig84">

-<img src="images/p092.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackOysterCatcherFamilyHaematopodidae">BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER&mdash;Family H&aelig;matopodid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">287. </span><span class="sci">H&aelig;matopus bachmani. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish

-wash on the upper parts, and brownish black below. They

-are found upon the rocky coasts and islands more frequently

-than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs are laid upon the

-rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest building;

-three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and

-blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 &times; 1.55). Found

-on the Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California

-to Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bFrazarOysterCatcher">FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">286.1. </span><span class="sci">H&aelig;matopus frazari. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly

-having the colors a little darker on the back. Bill very

-long, heavy, compressed, and thin and chisel-like at the tip.

-Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color; under parts white, and a

-white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking birds, and

-are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower

-California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_93">[93]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig85">

-<img src="images/p093.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">Order GALLIN&AElig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">BOB-WHITE&mdash;Family Odontophorid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">289. </span><span class="sci">Colinus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most celebrated of the &ldquo;Game Birds,&rdquo;

-or best known. Throughout New England it has been so

-persistently hunted that it is getting to be a rare bird; it

-gets to be more common as we go south as far as Florida,

-and through the middle west. It has been introduced in many

-places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts

-of California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely

-upon insects and grain, and about the grain fields is where they

-are mostly found.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are built along the roadsides or beside stone

-walls or any dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed

-in the tall grass or weeds, and arched over with grass.

-They lay from ten to twenty pure white eggs. Often two

-broods are reared in a season (1.20 &times; .95).</p>

-<h3 id="bMaskedBobWhite">MASKED BOB-WHITE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">291. </span><span class="sci">Colinus ridgwayi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This handsome species is marked similar to the

-&ldquo;<a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>&rdquo;

-on the upper parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the

-under parts are of a reddish brown.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_94">[94]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig86">

-<img src="images/p094.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMountainQuail">MOUNTAIN QUAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">292. </span><span class="sci">Oreortyx picta. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich

-coloring. Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a

-rich gray. Throat and sides a beautiful shade of chestnut,

-with wide bands of black and white on the sides; breast a

-clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but not as

-brightly marked and with a shorter crest.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region

-of northern California, and in Oregon, and gradually

-increasing more northerly. The nest is placed on the ground

-under bush or grass for protection. Eight to fifteen eggs of a

-pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 &times; 1.05).</p>

-<h3 id="bScaledQuail">SCALED QUAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">293. </span><span class="sci">Callipepla squamata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The

-feathers on the neck and under parts have narrow dark borders,

-which give the appearance of scales, from which the

-bird is given its name. They have a small tuft of whitish

-or buffy feathers on the top of the head.</p>

-<p>It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its

-range, being found often many miles from water.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_95">[95]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig87">

-<img src="images/p095.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaQuail">CALIFORNIA QUAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">294. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx californica. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown

-and curving forward so that the broadened ends hang directly

-over the bill, this is one of the most beautiful of the

-family. Upper parts a grayish brown, with buff stripes along

-the sides of the back; throat black, bordered with white;

-under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making

-a shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center;

-breast gray.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass;

-ten to twenty eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground

-color, handsomely blotched with brown of varying shades

-(1.20 &times; .93).</p>

-<h3 id="bGambelQuail">GAMBEL QUAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">295. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx gambeli. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers;

-normally these are carried as one feather, so closely do they

-nest together, but when excited or during the mating season,

-they may separate the feathers, or sometimes curve them

-forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and sides chestnut,

-the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly black.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_96">[96]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig88">

-<img src="images/p096.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMearnsQuailOrMassenaPartridge">MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">296. </span><span class="sci">Cyrtonyx montezum&aelig; mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These strange birds are very local in their distribution in

-the southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in

-others. They are so confiding in their disposition, that this,

-in connection with their clownish plumage, has given them

-the name of &ldquo;Fool Quail.&rdquo; The bill is very stout and compressed;

-crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry deserts,

-valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs,

-which are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty

-from the <a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>,

-possibly average a little longer (1.25 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bDuskyGrouseFamilyTetraonidae">DUSKY GROUSE&mdash;Family Tetraonid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">297. </span><span class="sci">Dendragapus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and

-tail, which is margined with a light gray. Female smaller,

-browner and more barred above. Like the Ruffed Grouse,

-during the mating season, the males of this species strut with

-tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown back until

-it nearly touches the tail.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build their nests under fallen trees or at the

-base of standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a

-buff color, spotted and blotched with shades of brown

-(2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_97">[97]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig89">

-<img src="images/p097.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFranklinGrouse">FRANKLIN GROUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">299. </span><span class="sci">Canachites franklini. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower

-bands of lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip,

-with the upper tail coverts strongly barred with white; tail

-having sixteen feathers. Like the preceding these birds are

-at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is very similar to

-the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same local

-name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of &ldquo;Fool-hen.&rdquo;</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching

-fir trees, and from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are

-brownish buff in color, spotted and blotched with rich brown

-(1.75 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bCanadianRuffedGrouse">CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">300a. </span><span class="sci">Bonasa umbellus togata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being

-more heavily marked with brown. Found in the northern

-United States and southern British Provinces, from Maine and

-Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British Columbia. Eight to

-fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_98">[98]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig90">

-<img src="images/p098.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWillowPtarmigan">WILLOW PTARMIGAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">301. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus lagopus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they

-have many changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure

-white and in summer largely reddish brown, mottled and

-barred with black. This bird has a black tail and bill, the

-latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they have a bright

-red bare spot over the eye.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled

-with moss, lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes

-a few feathers. They lay from six to sixteen eggs, which

-have a ground color of buff, heavily speckled, blotched and

-marbled with blackish brown (1.75 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bRockPtarmigan">ROCK PTARMIGAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">302. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus rupestris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill,

-and in summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its

-nesting habits are the same as the others; eggs slightly smaller

-(1.70 &times; 1.20).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_99">[99]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig91">

-<img src="images/p099.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPrairieHen">PRAIRIE HEN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">305. </span><span class="sci">Tympanuchus americanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish

-above and white or buff below, with broad black bands on

-the back and finer black lines on the under parts. In place of

-the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of rounded or square

-ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright orange

-in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the

-size of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes

-its familiar &ldquo;booming&rdquo; noise. They are one of the best

-&ldquo;table birds,&rdquo; being of good size and excellent flavor.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of

-grass; they lay from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy

-ground color, finely sprinkled with brown spots (1.70 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteTailedPtarmigan">WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">304. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from

-Colorado north to Alaska. This species differs from any of

-the preceding in having at all seasons of the year a white

-tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the <a href="#bRockPtarmigan">Rock Ptarmigan</a>.

-From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and blotched

-with chestnut brown (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_100">[100]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig92">

-<img src="images/p100.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bColumbianSharpTailedGrouse">COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">308a. </span><span class="sci">Pedi&oelig;cetes phasianellus columbianus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head

-is a little more crested than that of the <a href="#bPrairieHen">Prairie Hen</a>. The tail

-has the central feathers nearly two inches longer than the

-others, which are also graduated so that the outside ones are

-much the shortest, and are lighter in color than the central

-ones. It is not barred like the former, but the black markings

-on the back and under parts are more in the form of crescents.

-It is also much lighter in general color.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of

-grass and contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color,

-finely dotted all over with dark brown (1.70 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwestern United States and British Columbia

-to central Alaska.</p>

-<h3 id="bRingNeckedPheasant">RING-NECKED PHEASANT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">*** </span><span class="sci">Phasianus torquatus. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length

-according to the development of the tail, it sometimes being

-36 inches long. These birds have been introduced in Oregon

-and Washington, as well as in many places in the East, and are

-becoming very abundant.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_101">[101]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig93">

-<img src="images/p101.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSageGrouse">SAGE GROUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">309. </span><span class="sci">Centrocercus urophasianus. </span><span class="siz">29 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from

-the male only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They

-are found in abundance on the dry sagebrush covered plains

-about the Rocky Mountains and to the westward. In fall and

-winter their food consists almost entirely of the leaves of

-the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.

-In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the

-grouse family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the

-sides of the neck which they inflate so that the whole neck

-is a small orange colored balloon, at the same time spreading

-their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest extent, and

-strutting about after the manner of the turkey.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally,

-a sagebush or some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve

-eggs of a greenish drab color, spotted with brown (2.15 &times; 1.50).</p>

-<h3 id="bMerriamTurkey">MERRIAM TURKEY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">310. </span><span class="sci">Meleagris gallopavo merriami. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage

-is a coppery bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a

-dusty color with no white edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted

-with brownish (2.55 &times; 1.90).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_102">[102]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig94">

-<img src="images/p102.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBandTailedPigeonFamilyColumbidae">BAND-TAILED PIGEON&mdash;Family Columbid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">312. </span><span class="sci">Columba fasciata. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This large species may be recognized by the white crescent

-on the back of the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered

-with black at the end of tail. Back, near the neck, brownish

-shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head and neck of iridescent

-colors, very changeable in different positions. They are

-very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense

-flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are

-found mostly in the oak and pine woods.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely

-keep in place the single white egg (rarely two) which they

-lay (1.55 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific,

-from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bMourningDove">MOURNING DOVE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">316. </span><span class="sci">Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this

-is the only one to be found nearly all over the United States,

-and is common in the southern, central and western parts.

-Nests are placed at low elevations in the trees. Two white

-eggs (1.15 &times; .80).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_103">[103]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig95">

-<img src="images/p103.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMexicanGroundDove">MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">320a. </span><span class="sci">Ch&aelig;mepelia passerina pallescens. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of

-head and under parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers

-tipped with black, giving a scaly appearance; back brownish

-gray, faintly barred; several black spots on wing coverts.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail

-structure either in bushes or on the ground, in which are

-placed the two white eggs (.85 &times; .65).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Border of the United States, from Texas and southern

-California southward.</p>

-<h3 id="bIncaDove">INCA DOVE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">321. </span><span class="sci">Scardafella inca. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the

-outer feathers are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole

-body of a pinkish gray; scaled as is the former. These are

-very tame, and are to be met with in the roads, barnyards,

-and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits, even

-feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets

-and weeds, and placed near the ground in low bushes; only

-two white eggs are laid (.85 &times; .65). Not as common as the previous.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_104">[104]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig96">

-<img src="images/p104.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaVultureFamilyCathartidae">CALIFORNIA VULTURE&mdash;Family Cathartid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">324. </span><span class="sci">Gymnogyps californianus. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten

-feet, and weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is

-blackish, with lengthened lanceolate feathers about the neck.

-Head and neck without feathers and of an orange color. Wing

-coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds. The birds

-are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more

-so each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed.

-While the eggs are but rarely found, and obtained at great

-risk, they are not as unobtainable as many suppose.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in

-caves or recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds

-of feet from the ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 &times; 2.55).</p>

-<h3 id="bTurkeyVulture">TURKEY VULTURE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">325. </span><span class="sci">Cathartes aura septentrionalis. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head

-being red. It is very common in the southern and central

-portion of its range, where it may be seen about the streets

-and dooryards picking up any refuse that may be edible.

-It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be

-identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_105">[105]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig97">

-<img src="images/p105.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhiteTailedKite">WHITE-TAILED KITE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">328. </span><span class="sci">Elanus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray

-mantle, black shoulders and white tail. It is a very active

-and graceful bird, feeding upon insects and reptiles, and

-small birds and mammals.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed

-well up in oaks or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs

-are creamy white, profusely blotched and spotted with reddish

-brown (1.65 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bSwallowTailKite">SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">327. </span><span class="sci">Elanoides forficatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any

-other; its whole head, neck and under parts are snowy white,

-while the back, wings and tail are a glossy blue black, the tail

-being long and deeply forked; feet short, but stout; bill black,

-with cere and feet bluish gray.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or

-pines, and is made of twigs which it picks from the ground

-while in flight, lining the nest with rootlets and moss; two,

-or rarely three eggs, bluish white, spotted with brown (1.80 &times;

-1.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_106">[106]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig98">

-<img src="images/p106.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternGoshawk">WESTERN GOSHAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">334a. </span><span class="sci">Astur atricapillus striatulus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious

-of the American hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and

-poultry, the latter often in the presence of the owner. It is

-a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and as graceful in flight

-as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray, darkest on the

-crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked

-with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very

-long.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests,

-and is made of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass;

-three or four eggs, bluish white, usually unmarked (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<h3 id="bMarshHawk">MARSH HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">331. </span><span class="sci">Circus hudsonius. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish

-gray above and white beneath. Young birds of the first two

-years are brown, much lighter on the under parts. In both the

-old and young they have a large white patch at the base of

-the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four to

-seven eggs; white (1.80 &times; 1.40).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_107">[107]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig99">

-<img src="images/p107.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSharpShinnedHawk">SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">332. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter velox. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and

-from this fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is

-often seen in woods, orchards or even in large cities, in which

-latter place it does good service in catching English sparrows.

-They also eat a great many mice and meadow moles.

-It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the

-small hawks.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and

-leaves placed in the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen

-feet from the ground, sometimes higher. Three white eggs,

-blotched with brown.</p>

-<h3 id="bCooperHawk">COOPER HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">333. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter cooperi. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding

-and its larger size is the only difference. Also like the last

-this is a very destructive species to the small birds and

-chickens. Their nests are placed in taller trees at higher

-elevation from the ground than the former, and built in the

-same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or faintly

-specked with brown (1.90 &times; 1.45).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_108">[108]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig100">

-<img src="images/p108.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHarrisHawk">HARRIS HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">335. </span><span class="sci">Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts;

-lighter on the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts

-reddish brown; tail coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare

-space in front of eye, except for stiff hair like bristles, yellow,

-as is also the cere.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually

-in low trees. The three or four eggs are a dull white in

-color, faintly specked with a few spots of brownish (2.10 &times;

-1.65).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternRedTail">WESTERN RED-TAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">337b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo borealis calurus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same

-as the eastern form to a sooty color above and below, with the

-dark red tail crossed by several bands, where the eastern

-bird has only one broad band.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from

-the ground varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs,

-white, usually spotted and blotched with different shades of

-brown (2.35 &times; 1.80).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_109">[109]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig101">

-<img src="images/p109.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedBelliedHawk">RED-BELLIED HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">339b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo lineatus elegans. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered

-Hawk of the East, and in their habits very much resemble

-the <a href="#bWesternRedTail">Red-tail</a>; for food they prefer the large variety of small

-rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds. The under parts

-are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be found

-covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast

-west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower

-California.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and

-feathers. They lay from two to four eggs of a white color

-spotted and blotched all over with a light shade of brown

-and lilac (2.15 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<h3 id="bZoneTailedHawk">ZONE-TAILED HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">340. </span><span class="sci">Buteo abbreviatus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail,

-which has three wide bands of white and the ends of the tail

-feathers tipped with white. Like others of the Buteo family

-they feed almost entirely on the small rodents, which they

-find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the low

-brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light

-chestnut (2.15 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_110">[110]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig102">

-<img src="images/p110.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSwainsonHawk">SWAINSON HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">342. </span><span class="sci">Buteo swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations

-from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray

-above, and white below, with breast a rich chestnut color.

-Their habits are nearly as variable as their plumage. In

-some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others upon the

-ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the

-low open lands covered with sage bush, where their food

-consists almost wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice

-and grasshoppers, the latter being eaten in large numbers.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made similar to others of the family, laying two

-to four white eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades

-of brown, usually more about the larger end (2.20 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from the Mississippi to

-the Pacific Ocean, and Hudson Bay to southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bMexicanGoshawk">MEXICAN GOSHAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">346. </span><span class="sci">Asturina plagiata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the southern borders of the United States and

-Mexico. These are graceful and active birds, feeding largely

-on small rodents.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_111">[111]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig103">

-<img src="images/p111.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRoughLeggedHawk">ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">347a. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. </span><span class="siz">21  inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized

-by the completely feathered legs to the feet; in

-the normal plumage has a whitish head, neck, breast and tail,

-the former being streaked and the latter barred with blackish;

-remainder of upper and under parts, blackish brown. Eyes

-brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or

-less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the

-light plumage.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with

-leaves and moss, placed in trees or more often on ledges.

-They lay three or four bluish white eggs, boldly blotched with

-different shades of brown, oftener about the larger end (2.25 &times;

-1.75).</p>

-<h3 id="bFerruginousRoughLeggedHawk">FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">348. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo ferrugineus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are very much more of a reddish brown color than

-the last, on the back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer

-markings. Legs the same, feathered to the feet. It is much

-more abundant than the last and is a western bird wholly,

-breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_112">[112]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig104">

-<img src="images/p112.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGoldenEagle">GOLDEN EAGLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">349. </span><span class="sci">Aquila chrys&aelig;tos. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These may be distinguished from the <a href="#bBaldEagle">Bald Eagle</a> in all plumages

-by the completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish

-brown, adults having the lanceolate feathers on the neck of a

-golden brown color, and the tail more or less mixed with

-white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller

-ones and moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair.

-Their two or three eggs are very handsome, being white,

-speckled and spotted with shades of brown, and clouded with

-gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their markings (2.90 &times;

-2.50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in

-the Rockies and along the Pacific coast ranges.</p>

-<h3 id="bBaldEagle">BALD EAGLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">352. </span><span class="sci">Hali&aelig;tus leucocephalus. </span><span class="siz">34 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always

-identify them, but in the first and second year they are a

-brownish black, the second year showing traces of the white

-on head and tail. They are found throughout the United

-States. Their food consists largely of fish.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_113">[113]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig105">

-<img src="images/p113.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGrayGyrfalcon">GRAY GYRFALCON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">354. </span><span class="sci">Falco rusticolus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken

-in the United States even in winter.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three

-or four eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and

-blotches of shades of brown.</p>

-<h3 id="bPrairieFalcon">PRAIRIE FALCON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">355. </span><span class="sci">Falco mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like

-the <a href="#bDuckHawk">Duck Hawk</a> in many ways is one of the most graceful,

-fearless and swiftest of the Falcons. A blackish patch on the

-sides of the throat; upper parts brownish with darker markings;

-under parts white, streaked with brown, much heavier

-on the flanks. Throat, clear white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes

-in trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds

-and grass; three or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly

-blotched and sprinkled all over with reddish brown (2.05 &times; 1.60).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and

-Washington south to Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents

-secured on the prairies.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_114">[114]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig106">

-<img src="images/p114.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bDuckHawk">DUCK HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">356a. </span><span class="sci">Falco peregrinus anatum. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache,

-on side of the throat from the bill; head and upper

-parts bluish gray with darker markings; under parts white,

-tinged with huffy on the lower part, and lightly barred with

-black, with the throat pure white. Their food consists mostly

-of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It breeds

-abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota

-on the rocky ledges.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are not home builders as a general thing, but

-lay their three or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks

-of ledges or cliffs. The eggs are a reddish buff color, completely

-blotched and dotted with reddish brown. These are

-the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the Falcon

-eggs (2.05 &times; 1.55).</p>

-<h3 id="bPigeonHawk">PIGEON HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">357. </span><span class="sci">Falco columbarius. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A small Falcon, similar to the <a href="#bSharpShinnedHawk">Sharp-shinned Hawk</a>, but a

-much darker and stouter built bird. It is a daring little

-fellow, and will attack birds much larger than itself. It feeds

-on small birds and mice.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_115">[115]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig107">

-<img src="images/p115.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAplomadoFalcon">APLOMADO FALCON.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">359. </span><span class="sci">Falco fusco-c&oelig;rulescens. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona,

-New Mexico and Central America. In habits it is very much

-the same as the following, getting its supply of food, consisting

-of small birds and insects, on the plains covered with

-the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest of twigs,

-lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four

-eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown

-(1.75 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<h3 id="bDesertSparrowHawk">DESERT SPARROW HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">360a. </span><span class="sci">Falco sparverius phal&aelig;na. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern

-form being a trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for

-any other species, because of their bright color and markings

-as illustrated. Their flight will almost of a certainty identify

-them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats, then a

-short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers,

-mice and an occasional small bird.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the

-woods or open field. The eggs are placed on the decayed

-wood without any lining.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_116">[116]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig108">

-<img src="images/p116.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAudubonCaracara">AUDUBON CARACARA.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">362. </span><span class="sci">Polyborus cheriway. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts

-with neck pure white, excepting on the lower part, with

-many short bar-like markings. Upper part of head black, with

-feathers elongated, making a slight crest.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and

-grass, piled into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes

-or low trees. Two or three eggs; brownish buff, with spots

-and patches of shades of brown nearly covering the under

-color. They vary very much in the coloration and markings

-from light to dark.</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern borders of the United States.</p>

-<h3 id="bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">364. </span><span class="sci">Pandion hali&aelig;tus carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known

-as is this bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the

-coast to watch a number of these great birds as they soar

-at an elevation above the water, watching for a fish to come

-near the surface, when, with folded wings, the bird speeds

-downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his prey.

-Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of

-different shades (2.40 &times; 1.80).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_117">[117]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig109">

-<img src="images/p117.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBarnOwlFamilyAluconidae">BARN OWL&mdash;Family Aluconid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">365. </span><span class="sci">Aluco pratincola. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a

-long peculiarly hooded face, from which it gets the name

-of &ldquo;Monkey-faced Owl.&rdquo; Its plumage is yellowish buff, with

-black spots over the breast and under parts.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows

-in old trees, or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from

-four to six white eggs (1.70 &times; 1.30).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, but most common in the Gulf States

-and on the western coast.</p>

-<h3 id="bLongEaredOwlFamilyStrigidae">LONG-EARED OWL&mdash;Family Strigid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">366. </span><span class="sci">Asio wilsonianus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is

-given its name; the face is brown, the under parts white and

-buff, with streaks and bars of brownish black; back is brown,

-with almost black markings; wings and tail brown; barred

-with black.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually in trees, frequently using a crow&rsquo;s nest instead

-of building for themselves. They are in great disfavor

-with the crows. They lay from four to seven pure white

-eggs (1.55 &times; 1.35).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_118">[118]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig110">

-<img src="images/p118.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bShortEaredOwl">SHORT-EARED OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">367. </span><span class="sci">Asio flammeus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified

-from it by the short ear tufts and rounded head, and

-also lighter color. It is streaked on under parts and not barred.

-Tail is barred. Their flight is perfectly silent, which aids them

-in securing their prey of field mice and moles, which they usually

-get without stopping in their flight, just swooping down,

-and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little sharp

-claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried

-to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places,

-sometimes of grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under

-some log or stump. Four to seven pure white eggs

-(1.55 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bSpottedOwl">SPOTTED OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">369. </span><span class="sci">Strix occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and

-Southern States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of

-the head and neck, and much more extensively barred on the

-under parts.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_119">[119]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig111">

-<img src="images/p119.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGreatGrayOwl">GREAT GRAY OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">370. </span><span class="sci">Scotiaptex nebulosa. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it

-is mostly in feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They

-do not weigh nearly as much as either the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned</a> or

-<a href="#bSnowyOwl">Snowy Owls</a>. The plumage is dark gray above, mottled with white,

-and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The facial

-disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while

-in the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much

-smaller, the eyes are larger and are bluish black in color.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and

-moss. Two to four eggs; pure white (2.15 &times; 1.70).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota

-and North Dakota, and occasionally in northern California

-and Oregon.</p>

-<h3 id="bRichardsonOwl">RICHARDSON OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">371. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts.

-Back and wings brownish, spotted with white; facial disc

-very light, with faint gray lines, and under parts light gray

-with brown streaks.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_120">[120]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig112">

-<img src="images/p120.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSawWhetOwl">SAW-WHET OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">372. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux acadica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and

-more of a brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They

-are very quiet little birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot

-see well in the strong light, a fact that has allowed them

-to be captured by hand from their roosting places in the trees.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker,

-in which to lay their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid

-and the young are hatched and out of the nests before the

-breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the same home may

-be occupied later by another family (1.20 &times; 1.00).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the northern part of

-the United States and British Columbia, and wintering to

-southern California.</p>

-<h3 id="bScreechOwl">SCREECH OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">373. </span><span class="sci">Otus asio asio. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray

-with black and white markings. It is frequently called the

-&ldquo;Little Horned Owl,&rdquo; because of its ear tufts. They are

-easily tamed and become great pets, and about a barn are

-as good as a cat for catching mice.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_121">[121]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig113">

-<img src="images/p121.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFlamulatedScreechOwl">FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">374. </span><span class="sci">Otus flammeolus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter

-ear tufts, and the plumage is much streaked and edged with

-rusty. The toes are unfeathered to the base. The number

-of eggs and nesting habits are practically the same as the

-preceding, as are also the five or six sub-species between this

-and the last, all of which occur in the southwestern part of

-the United States.</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternHornedOwl">WESTERN HORNED OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">375a. </span><span class="sci">Bubo virginianus pallescens. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the

-family. They are powerfully built, and their size and strength

-allow them to attack and secure some of the larger animals,

-such as skunks, woodchucks, rabbits, grouse and poultry. They

-seem to be especially fond of skunks, and more than half

-of them that are killed will have unmistakable evidence of

-their recent and close association with this animal.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow

-cavities of large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round

-(2.20 &times; 1.85).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_122">[122]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig114">

-<img src="images/p122.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSnowyOwl">SNOWY OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">376. </span><span class="sci">Nyctea nyctea. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Like the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned Owls</a> they are strong, fearless and rapacious

-birds, feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as

-well as Grouse, Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds.

-They are locally abundant in the far north, preferring low

-marshy land to the more heavily timbered districts.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the

-dry portions of marshes, made of moss with a few feathers.

-Three to eight eggs, pure white, and the shell very smooth

-(2.25 &times; 1.75).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter

-casually as far south as California.</p>

-<h3 id="bHawkOwl">HAWK OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">377a. </span><span class="sci">Surnia ulula caparoch. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily

-be taken for a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance,

-and long rounded tail. They are very active birds especially in

-the day time, and they do most of their hunting in daylight

-rather than at night. Their food consists of small rodents

-and many small birds.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight

-white eggs (1.50 &times; 1.20).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_123">[123]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig115">

-<img src="images/p123.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBurrowingOwl">BURROWING OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">378. </span><span class="sci">Speotyto cunicularia hypog&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits

-from any other American Owls. Easily identified by their long,

-slender and scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above,

-spotted with white, and under parts are white spotted with

-brown. Tail dark brown, with five white bars across it. They

-are an abundant and useful species west of the Mississippi.

-They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,

-and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by

-force, for they are more than a match for these curious animals.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Generally in quite large communities in burrows in

-the ground, usually lining them with grass and feathers. They

-may often be seen sitting at the opening of their burrows during

-the day time. Six to ten white eggs are laid (1.25 &times; 1.00).</p>

-<h3 id="bPygmyOwl">PYGMY OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">379. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium gnoma. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky

-Mountains, westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed

-in the day time upon insects, mice and occasionally small birds.

-They are to be seen in the wooded districts. Nest in holes of

-trees. Four eggs (1.00 &times; .90).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_124">[124]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig116">

-<img src="images/p124.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFerruginousPygmyOwl">FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">380. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium phal&aelig;noides. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more

-rufous on the upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut

-color crossed by several bands of black. They live largely

-on the small rodents and birds which they secure during the

-daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of trees, from ten to

-forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white eggs

-(1.10 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bElfOwl">ELF OWL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">381. </span><span class="sci">Micropallas whitneyi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in

-America. In plumage it may be described as being very like

-a small <a href="#bScreechOwl">Screech Owl</a>, without the ear tufts, only with the

-pattern of the markings much finer. They are quite abundant

-in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where they build

-their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more frequently

-in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in

-being a bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed

-almost exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field

-mouse. They lay from three to five white eggs, having a

-slight gloss (1.02 &times; .90).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_125">[125]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig117">

-<img src="images/p125.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bThickBilledParrotFamilyPsittacidae">THICK-BILLED PARROT&mdash;Family Psittacid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">382.1. </span><span class="sci">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders

-of the United States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and

-the plumage is entirely green, except for the deep red forehead

-and wings at the shoulder; under-coverts of wings yellowish.

-Their eggs are white and laid in natural cavities of

-trees in the deep forests.</p>

-<h3 class="genus">Order&mdash;COCCYGES.</h3>

-<h3 id="bRoadrunner">ROADRUNNER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">385. </span><span class="sci">Geococcyx californicus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This curious species is known as the &ldquo;Chaparral Cock,&rdquo;

-&ldquo;Ground Cuckoo,&rdquo; &ldquo;Snake Killer,&rdquo; etc. Its upper parts are

-a glossy greenish brown, each feather being edged or fringed

-with white. The tail is very long, broad and graduated, the

-central feathers being much the longest; the feathers being

-tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of

-foot, getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided

-by their outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as

-aeroplanes. Their legs are long, and they have two toes in

-front and two back. Their food consists of caterpillars, lizards

-and small snakes.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_126">[126]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig118">

-<img src="images/p126.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaCuckoo">CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">387a. </span><span class="sci">Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being

-a little larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished

-by its blackish, long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow

-under-bill. Reddish brown patch on the wings.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with

-grass, or shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally

-very shabbily built and so nearly flat on top that the eggs

-will frequently roll out. They are located near the ground

-in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs are deposited at

-intervals of several days, and frequently young birds and eggs

-are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this

-bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time,

-and as many as twelve have been taken from the same nest

-by this means. Eggs are a pale greenish blue (1.20 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bCopperyTailedTroganFamilyTrogonidae">COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN&mdash;Family Trogonid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">389. </span><span class="sci">Trogon ambiguus. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds

-that reaches our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually

-in Woodpecker holes. Three or four white eggs (1.10 &times; .85).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_127">[127]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig119">

-<img src="images/p127.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBeltedKingfisherFamilyAlcedinidae">BELTED KINGFISHER&mdash;Family Alcedinid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle alcyon. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost

-all localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where

-small fish are common, throughout North America. Their food

-consists almost entirely of small fish, which they catch by

-plunging upon from high in the air, where they will hover

-over the water similar to the <a href="#bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">Osprey</a>, or they will spend their

-time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is

-seen, drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to

-the limb to be eaten.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out

-of the sand banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes

-extending back from six to eight feet, usually with a

-little rise in the tunnel for the purpose of keeping it dry. They

-lay from five to eight glossy white eggs (1.35 &times; 1.05).</p>

-<h3 id="bRingedKingfisher">RINGED KINGFISHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390.1. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle torquata. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on

-the most southern borders of the United States. Eggs white

-(1.45 &times; 1.10).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_128">[128]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig120">

-<img src="images/p128.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">Order PICI&mdash;WOODPECKERS.</h3>

-<h3 id="bHarrisWoodpeckerFamilyPicidae">HARRIS WOODPECKER&mdash;Family Picid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393c. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives

-and for coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this

-and the sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified

-as being different. Four pure white eggs are placed at

-the bottom of some cavity, in tall trees usually (.95 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bCabanisWoodpecker">CABANIS WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393d. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bRockyMountainHairyWoodpecker">ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393e. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus monticola. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bGairdnerWoodpecker">GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">394a. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates pubescens gairdneri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring,

-as illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about

-the dwellings in country places, and even in the larger cities

-about the parks.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_129">[129]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig121">

-<img src="images/p129.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bTexasWoodpecker">TEXAS WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">396. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates scalaris bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is brownish white below, has the back barred

-with black and white, on account of which it is often known

-as the &ldquo;Ladder-back Woodpecker.&rdquo; The male has the whole

-crown red, shading into mixed black and whitish on the forehead.

-Its habits and eggs are the same as the previous species.</p>

-<h3 id="bNuttallWoodpecker">NUTTALL WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">397. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a

-crown of black and a small red patch on the back of nape.

-Outer tail feathers nearly all white, while in the former they

-are barred with black and white. They are pugnacious little

-birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers from

-their locality.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing

-trees at no great elevation from the ground. Four pure white

-eggs are laid at the bottom of the cavity, on the decayed

-wood (.85 &times; .65). Their food is gathered from under the bark,

-consisting of larv&aelig;, ants and small insects.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_130">[130]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig122">

-<img src="images/p130.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bArizonaWoodpecker">ARIZONA WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">398. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the

-others of the Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish

-above and a grayish white below, with black spots. The male

-having a crescent shaped patch of red on the back of the

-head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common at the

-higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned,

-nesting in holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteHeadedWoodpecker">WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">399. </span><span class="sci">Xenopicus albolarvatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the

-white head and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also

-has on the male a small red spot on the back of the neck. They

-are said to be more silent than other members of the Woodpecker

-family, and rarely make the familiar tapping and never

-the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling the

-bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole.

-They nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer

-near the ground (20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They

-lay from four to six glossy white eggs (.95 &times; .70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_131">[131]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig123">

-<img src="images/p131.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bArcticThreeToedWoodpecker">ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">400. </span><span class="sci">Picoides arcticus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>As implied by the name, members of this genus have but

-three toes, two in front and one behind. The plumage of

-this species is entirely black above, and whitish below, with

-the flanks barred with blackish. The male has a yellow patch

-on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous forests

-in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four

-or five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 &times; .70). They

-do more boring for their insect food, and, during mating season,

-are very persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.</p>

-<h3 id="bAmericanThreeToedWoodpecker">AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The greatest difference between this bird and the last is

-on the back, it having several narrow bars of white near the

-neck or a patch of white in place of the bars. Breeding habits

-are the same.</p>

-<h3 id="bAlaskaThreeToedWoodpecker">ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401a. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus fasciatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of

-white on the back possibly a little larger. Habits just the

-same (not illustrated).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_132">[132]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig124">

-<img src="images/p132.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bYellowBelliedSapsucker">YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">402. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus varius. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family;

-they may be identified easily by the red crown and throat

-(female having white on the throat), each bordered by black,

-forming a wide breast band, with a band of white, black and

-white back of it. The under parts yellow. This species and

-the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that

-is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While

-they without doubt will take some of the sap from trees,

-their food consists more of insect life, ants in particular.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to

-seven glossy white eggs (.85 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bRedBreastedSapsucker">RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">403. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus ruber. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The

-entire head, neck and breast of this species is red, of varying

-shades in different individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet.

-The remainder of their plumage is similar to the above.

-Nesting habits the same.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_133">[133]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig125">

-<img src="images/p133.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWilliamsonSapsucker">WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">404. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus thyroideus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked

-bird is found. The male is mostly black on the back and

-breast, with a white rump, and with only a narrow patch

-of red on the throat; the under parts are bright yellow. The

-female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the

-black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back

-is barred with black and white.</p>

-<p>Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family

-previously mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 &times; .67).</p>

-<h3 id="bNorthernPileatedWoodpecker">NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">405a. </span><span class="sci">Phl&oelig;otomus pileatus albieticola. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers;

-they are a sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the

-crest is long and bright red, and the male has a red line back

-of the eye; sides of the neck pure white, and patch of white

-on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black color than

-the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many

-localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually

-driven farther north or into the mountain regions, where

-they can find the heavy timber in which they make their homes.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_134">[134]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig126">

-<img src="images/p134.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedHeadedWoodpecker">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">406. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes erythrocephalus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers.

-It has a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy

-blue-black on the back and tail, white rump, under parts and

-secondaries. It is more abundant in the east and middle

-United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and

-Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph

-poles or will even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or

-house in some localities. They are the most pugnacious of the

-woodpeckers, and often are seen chasing one another or driving

-away some other bird. They feed also upon ants, larv&aelig; of insects,

-and small fruits and berries.</p>

-<p>They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 &times; .75).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaWoodpecker">CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">407a. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California

-and Oregon. With its red cap and white forehead, and back

-or upper parts black tinged with green, a solid black band

-across the breast, white under parts and rump, and, above all,

-their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs, food,

-same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great

-numbers.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_135">[135]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig127">

-<img src="images/p135.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLewisWoodpecker">LEWIS WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">408. </span><span class="sci">Asyndesmus lewisi. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under

-parts streaked with crimson and white, a gray breast, and

-upper parts a glossy greenish black. They are more common

-in the mountain ranges among the tall pines from the eastern

-Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in the

-trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns,

-which they gather and store away for future use. Four to

-eight eggs are pure white (1.05 &times; .80).</p>

-<h3 id="bRedBelliedWoodpeckers">RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">409. </span><span class="sci">Centurus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to

-central Texas. It is an attractive bird, frequently called the

-&ldquo;Zebra Woodpecker,&rdquo; on account of the black and white

-markings on the back, wings and tail. Nests in live trees;

-three to five white eggs (1.00 &times; .75). Not illustrated.</p>

-<h3 id="bGilaWoodpecker">GILA WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">411. </span><span class="sci">Centurus uropygialis. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is also one of the &ldquo;Zebra Woodpeckers&rdquo; to be found in

-Arizona and the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference

-for nesting site is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_136">[136]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig128">

-<img src="images/p136.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedShaftedWoodpecker">RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">413. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes cafer collaris. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are not inclined to search for their food among

-the trees as are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be

-found on the ground on the edges of the woods or in open

-fields, where they secure ants as their principal article of food.

-The top of the head is brownish instead of gray, and the under

-parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish orange

-and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has

-a bright red streak from the bill extending back and below

-the eye, the female does not have this. The throat is a gray,

-with a black crescent on the breast, under parts light gray with

-numerous black spots, rump is white and tail is mostly black

-above.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any

-locality where they make or find a suitable hole.</p>

-<p>Four to eight white eggs (1.10 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bGildedFlicker">GILDED FLICKER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">414. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes chrysoides. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and

-tail yellow. Found only in southern California and Arizona

-southward.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_137">[137]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig129">

-<img src="images/p137.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="489" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bStephensWhipPoorWillFamilyCaprimulgidae">STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL&mdash;Family Caprimulgid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">417a. </span><span class="sci">Antrostomus vociferus macromystax. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen,

-and in their habits they are very secluded, keeping in the

-dark woods the greater part of the time, rarely leaving its

-place of concealment before dark. In pursuit of insects, they

-are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage giving forth no

-sound, as their wings cleave the air.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense

-woods. Their two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very

-faintly marbled or marked with pale brown and gray. These

-birds are only found in southern Arizona, Texas and New

-Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bPoorWill">POOR-WILL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">418. </span><span class="sci">Phal&aelig;noptilus nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage

-mottled black, white and gray, beautifully blended together.

-To be found west of the Mississippi from British

-Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a pure white (1.00 &times;

-.75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_138">[138]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig130">

-<img src="images/p138.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternNighthawk">WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420a. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus henryi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills

-by its forked tail in place of the rounded tail of the

-&ldquo;Poor-wills.&rdquo; It also has a white band near the end of the

-tail, and across the primaries, the latter making a very conspicuous

-mark when in flight.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge

-with no attempt at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish

-white color, marbled, blotched and spotted with darker shades

-of gray and brown (1.20 &times; .95). Found from the plains to the

-Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bSennettNighthawk">SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420c. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits

-the same.</p>

-<h3 id="bTexasNighthawk">TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">421. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled

-with a reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very

-abundant in Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in

-southern California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_139">[139]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig131">

-<img src="images/p139.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="490" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackSwiftFamilyMicropodidae">BLACK SWIFT.&mdash;Family Micropodid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">422. </span><span class="sci">Cypseloides niger borealis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat

-lighter on the under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does

-not have the spines which are usual with this family. Although

-the general habits of this species are well known, but

-little is known of their nesting; they are seen during the breeding

-season about the higher ranges of their United States range,

-and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high altitudes.</p>

-<h3 id="bVauxSwift">VAUX SWIFT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">424. </span><span class="sci">Ch&aelig;tura vauxi. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is

-much paler in color and white on the under parts and throat.

-Their habits are much like the last, only that they make use of

-hollow trees in which to place their nests, which are made of

-twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous saliva of the birds,

-forming a very shallow platform in which they deposit three or

-four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the time

-during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at

-play in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk

-returning to their nesting places.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_140">[140]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig132">

-<img src="images/p140.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWhiteThroatedSwift">WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">425. </span><span class="sci">Aeronautes melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of

-this family. Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in

-thousands about the tops of inaccessible cliffs, where in small

-burrows in the earth or under the sods, or in crevices they

-build their nests, which are generally made of roots and

-grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs

-are laid (.85 &times; .50).</p>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains,

-and in California ranges north to Canada borders.</p>

-<h3 id="bRivoliHummingbirdFamilyTrochilidae">RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.&mdash;Family Trochilid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">426. </span><span class="sci">Eugenes fulgens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the

-crown a violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant

-green. Upper parts a bronze green, the under parts almost

-a black. Female lacks all the brilliant colors of the male.

-Upper parts dull green, under parts greenish gray, top of head

-brownish with a small white spot back of the eye. This species

-saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its favorite

-tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty

-to thirty feet from the ground.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_141">[141]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig133">

-<img src="images/p141.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlueThroatedHummingbird">BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">427. </span><span class="sci">Cyanol&aelig;mus clemenciae. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the

-name implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a

-streak of white extending from the bill to back of the eye, the

-upper parts of a uniform greenish color, under parts are a

-greenish gray. Tail dark with outer tail feathers broadly

-tipped with white.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations,

-at times very near the ground. They are to be found

-only in Arizona and the southern borders of the United States.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackChinnedHummingbird">BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">429. </span><span class="sci">Archilochus alexandri. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is similar in size and appearance to the &ldquo;Ruby-Throat,&rdquo;

-but has the chin and upper throat black, the rest of

-the throat being violet or amethyst, as seen in different lights.

-It is a very common bird in the southern part of its range. It

-nests low, rarely above ten feet from the ground. Nest made

-of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles a small

-piece of sponge.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_142">[142]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig134">

-<img src="images/p142.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCostaHummingbird">COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">430. </span><span class="sci">Calypte cost&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the

-lengthened feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most

-brilliant violet or amethyst, back and rump of a greenish

-bronze color, under parts whitish with a green cast on the

-sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the male on the head

-and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the

-ground, seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant

-down, with shreds of weeds, bark and lichens worked into the

-outside portion, and lined with a few soft feathers. Two pure

-white eggs (.48 &times; .32).</p>

-<h3 id="bAnnaHummingbird">ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">431. </span><span class="sci">Calypte anna. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying

-greatly in the colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of

-the neck are a beautiful iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts

-are the usual metallic green, under parts light gray, with sides

-greenish. Tail is more forked and has no brown or white like

-the former. They are very abundant in their restricted range,

-and frequently raise two broods in a season.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_143">[143]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig135">

-<img src="images/p143.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBroadTailedHummingbird">BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">432. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus platycercus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic

-green. They do not have the elongated feathers on the throat

-and no ruff. Under parts dull white, shading into light green

-on the sides, the throat is a bright lilac. They are very abundant

-in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest much as does

-the &ldquo;Ruby-Throat&rdquo; in the east.</p>

-<h3 id="bRufousHummingbird">RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">433. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus rufus. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown

-and with a throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened

-into a ruff on the sides of the neck. Their nests are made of

-vegetable fibers covered with lichens and cobwebs, and placed

-near the ground on vines or low-hanging bushes. Two white

-eggs.</p>

-<h3 id="bAllensHummingbird">ALLEN&rsquo;S HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">434. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus alleni. </span><span class="siz">3&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish

-and the tail being a reddish brown. They are found on the

-Pacific Coast from British Columbia southward, breeding most

-abundantly in southern California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_144">[144]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig136">

-<img src="images/p144.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCalliopeHummingbird">CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">436. </span><span class="sci">Stellula calliope. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers.

-It is greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward

-the tail, the end of which is a light brown. The throat is a

-rich violet, showing white at the base of the feathers. They

-are found from British Columbia southward and from the

-Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California

-and Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations,

-from high up in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in

-low bushes. They are made of plant down and shreds of bark

-and lichens, breeding high up on the mountains.</p>

-<h3 id="bLuciferHummingbird">LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">437. </span><span class="sci">Calothorax lucifer. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but

-is quite common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple,

-with feathers elongated on the sides.</p>

-<h3 id="bRiefferHummingbird">RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">438. </span><span class="sci">Amizilis tzacatl. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts

-a dark bluish green, tail and rump light brown.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_145">[145]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig137">

-<img src="images/p145.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBuffBelliedHummingbird">BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">439. </span><span class="sci">Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts

-are of a pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts

-metallic green. Breeds in low bushes near the ground.</p>

-<h3 id="bXantusHummingbird">XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna xantusi. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very

-much as does the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteEaredHummingbird">WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440.1. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna leucotis. </span><span class="siz">3&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on

-the breast, the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent

-blue, and a white line extends back from the eye.

-Found in the southern parts of Arizona and Texas into Central

-America. Nesting habits same as above.</p>

-<h3 id="bBroadBilledHummingbird">BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">441. </span><span class="sci">Cyanthus latirostris. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being

-brighter on the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in

-the southern borders of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in

-the lower lands and near the ground. Nests similar to above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_146">[146]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig138">

-<img src="images/p146.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKingbirdFamilyTyrannidae">KINGBIRD.&mdash;Family Tyrannid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">444. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus tyrannus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence

-about farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy

-birds, ready for a quarrel at any time and usually come off

-victorious in whatever they undertake. They seem to delight

-in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to alight

-on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only

-on the eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they

-are very common.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or

-woods. Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding.

-Their nests are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber

-from vines and lined with the down from catkins and horsehair.

-Three to five creamy white eggs, mottled and streaked

-with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bArkansasKingbird">ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">447. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus verticalis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright

-yellow breast and under parts. Its habits are much the same

-as the above in its home building or in trying to find a neighbor

-to quarrel with. The eggs are the same in size and color.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_147">[147]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig139">

-<img src="images/p147.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCassinKingbird">CASSIN KINGBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">448. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus vociferans. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are very much like the last, except that the

-throat and breast are darker.</p>

-<h3 id="bDerbyFlycatcher">DERBY FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">449. </span><span class="sci">Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family.

-With its bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border

-and this by white and another band of black, with the under

-parts a bright yellow makes him one of the most attractive.

-They are found, though, only on the southern borders of Texas

-into Central America. (Not illustrated.)</p>

-<h3 id="bSulphurBelliedFlycatcher">SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">451. </span><span class="sci">Myiodynastes luteiventris. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the

-mountains of Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish

-streaked with black, the tail a dull reddish brown, and the under

-parts yellow, streaked on the sides with dusky; a white

-throat patch, bordered with black; the crown with a concealed

-yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white stripe over

-the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree, and

-lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched

-with brown and lavender (1.05 &times; .75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_148">[148]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig140">

-<img src="images/p148.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCrestedFlycatcher">CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">452. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus crinitus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down

-through Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it

-being made of twigs, weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of

-snake skin. They lay from four to six eggs of a buff color

-scratched and spotted with rich shades of brown and lavender

-(.85 &times; .65). (Not illustrated.)</p>

-<h3 id="bArizonaCrestedFlycatcher">ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">453. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus magister magister. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and

-the under parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the

-same as above even to including the piece of snakeskin, or in

-place of it part of a lizard skin will answer their purpose.</p>

-<h3 id="bAshThroatedFlycatcher">ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">454. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus cinerascens. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as

-well as in actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the

-under parts, breast and throat are almost white. They build their

-nests in the giant cactus or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity

-with roots and grass or bits of rubbish of almost any kind, and

-generally include the piece of snake skin as do the ones above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_149">[149]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig141">

-<img src="images/p149.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSayPhoebe">SAY PH&OElig;BE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">457. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis sayus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the

-heavy beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the

-timbers are falling down, and place its nest in some dark

-corner, building it of mud, moss and grasses lined with feathers,

-or in some localities the nests may be placed in the crevice

-of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or five white eggs,

-rarely dotted with brown.</p>

-<p>It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under

-parts showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding

-from the Arctic to Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackPhoebe">BLACK PH&OElig;BE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">458. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis nigricans. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost

-black on the head and back with white under parts. Their habits

-are very much the same as above, frequenting old buildings

-in villages where a stream is near by, or in localities where insect

-life abounds. Their nest is made the same as above, and

-eggs are the same.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_150">[150]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig142">

-<img src="images/p150.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bOliveSidedFlycatcher">OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">459. </span><span class="sci">Nuttallornis borealis. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the

-country, especially in the central portions, they are very

-rare. In the western range, they may be found from Alaska

-to southern California; for breeding places they seem to

-prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,

-mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well

-up in the trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together,

-and lined with small roots and moss. The three or four creamy

-white eggs are spotted with brown and lilac, forming about

-the larger end (.85 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternWoodPewee">WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">462. </span><span class="sci">Myiochanes richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits.

-To be found breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their

-nests are placed on horizontal branches, made of plant down,

-grass and fibers; very compact, and much resembling a knot

-on the branch. Three or four white eggs with small spots

-about the larger end (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_151">[151]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig143">

-<img src="images/p151.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="486" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternFlycatcher">WESTERN FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">464. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax difficilis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow

-cast on the under parts; it may be found breeding from

-Alaska to southern California. Its favorite nesting place

-is along some stream, bordered with willows or alders, and

-the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground;

-it is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four

-white eggs, spotted with brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bTraillFlycatcher">TRAILL FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">466. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax trailli. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head;

-under parts white, and also a white ring about the eye; two

-wing-bars a pale buff color, and the breast a light gray. They

-seem to prefer much the same localities for their nesting site

-as do the &ldquo;Western.&rdquo;</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering

-brooks or ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined

-with the down, and sometimes horsehair; three or four creamy

-white eggs are marked with blotches of brown about the

-larger end (.70 &times; .54).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_152">[152]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig144">

-<img src="images/p152.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHammondFlycatcher">HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">468. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax hammondi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A western form of the &ldquo;Least Flycatcher&rdquo; of the east,

-differing but very little in appearance or habits from its

-eastern relative. Upper parts an olive gray color, with the

-breast the same, but a little lighter. Their nesting place is

-usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some horizontal

-branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact

-structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs.

-Three to five pale creamy white eggs (.65 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bWrightFlycatcher">WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax wrighti. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much

-more abundant than the last, and are found from Oregon to

-Mexico, where they breed more in open woods and thickets.

-Their nests and eggs are practically the same in every way.</p>

-<h3 id="bGrayFlycatcher">GRAY FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469.1. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax griseus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and

-lighter below. It is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern

-California. No record of its nesting habits or eggs can

-be given.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_153">[153]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig145">

-<img src="images/p153.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBuffBreastedFlycatcher">BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">470a. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax fulvifrons pygm&aelig;us. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This small variety is not at all common in any locality,

-but is found in Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to

-southern California. It is brownish gray above and of a buff

-color below. The nests are placed similar to the preceding,

-but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the same, being

-a trifle larger.</p>

-<h3 id="bVermilionFlycatcher">VERMILION FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">471. </span><span class="sci">Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher

-family, as shown in the illustration. The female is almost

-of an entirely light gray color, barely tinged with pink on

-the under parts. They are very common in southern Texas,

-Arizona and New Mexico.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally

-of twigs and plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers,

-and frequently covered with lichens, held in place by a winding

-of cobwebs; three or four buff eggs, boldly blotched with

-brown and lavender (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bBeardlessFlycatcher">BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">472. </span><span class="sci">Camptostoma imberbe. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central

-America.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_154">[154]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig146">

-<img src="images/p154.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPallidHornedLarkFamilyAlaudidae">PALLID HORNED LARK&mdash;Family Alaudid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474a. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris arcticola. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white,

-with no trace of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and

-curve upwards. Found in Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bDesertHornedLark">DESERT HORNED LARK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474c. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris leucol&aelig;ma. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern

-California, Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our

-handsome winter birds, with horn-like tufts of black on either

-side of the head; forehead, patch under the eye and band

-on the breast black; yellow throat, and white under parts;

-upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four

-eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in

-their nest of grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually

-concealed under a tuft of grass (.92 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaHornedLark">CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474e. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris actia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.</p>

-<h3 id="bRuddyHornedLark">RUDDY HORNED LARK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474f. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris rubea. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_155">[155]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig147">

-<img src="images/p155.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">Family CORVID&AElig;&mdash;CROWS, JAYS</h3>

-<h3 id="bAmericanMagpie">AMERICAN MAGPIE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">475. </span><span class="sci">Pica pica hudsonia. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Like the &ldquo;Blue Jays,&rdquo; the Magpies are great talkers, and

-are usually found in colonies where they can carry on conversation

-in their own way with each other. They are a large

-handsome bird, with pure white under parts and wing coverts,

-and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a bronzy black,

-with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated. They

-are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their

-food consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life,

-and the eggs and young of small birds.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation,

-composed of sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the

-side; the inside of the nest is lined with finer materials,

-grass and plant fiber. Four to eight grayish white eggs,

-spotted with brown and drab (1.25 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bStellerJay">STELLER JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">478. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocitta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska south to central California. Nests are

-quite bulky; three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades

-of brown (1.25 &times; .90).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_156">[156]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig148">

-<img src="images/p156.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWoodhouseJay">WOODHOUSE JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">480. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma woodhousei. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the

-Rockies and the Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees

-or bushes at low elevations and usually near some stream.

-They have the crown and forehead bluish, and the under parts

-are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast. Their

-food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged,

-with smaller twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs,

-of a pale green, faintly spotted with shades of brown (1.20 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaJay">CALIFORNIA JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">481. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma californica. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific

-coast of California, Oregon and Washington. They are more

-tame or fearless than most of the family, and frequent the

-trees about houses, and are given the bad name of robbing

-the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color

-these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish

-below, and gray above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_157">[157]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig149">

-<img src="images/p157.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bArizonaJay">ARIZONA JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">482. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma sieberi arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The

-upper parts are a bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray

-on the head; under parts are a pale gray. They are a very

-sociable bird during the breeding season, and often several

-pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing

-their nests at low elevations.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs

-are more of a bluish color, without markings (1.20 &times; .85).</p>

-<h3 id="bRockyMountainJay">ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">484a. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the

-east, with the exception of having more white on the head,

-and only a small space on the back of the neck. He is the

-same &ldquo;old coon&rdquo; as the eastern bird about camps, and is

-rightfully called &ldquo;Camp Robber.&rdquo; Their nesting habits are

-the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and

-blotched with brown, of varying shades (1.15 &times; .80).</p>

-<h3 id="bOregonJay">OREGON JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">485. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head,

-forehead white.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_158">[158]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig150">

-<img src="images/p158.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="499" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAmericanRaven">AMERICAN RAVEN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">486. </span><span class="sci">Corvus corax sinuatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the

-Rockies from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a

-bluish black, with lengthened and stiffened feathers on the

-neck. Their general habits are much the same as the Crow.

-Their food consists principally of carrion, fish, and eggs and

-young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs in almost

-inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which

-they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and

-blotched with shades of brown and drab (1.95 &times; 1.25).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteNeckedRaven">WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">487. </span><span class="sci">Corvus cryptoleucus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the

-neck feathers white. It is a more southern variety, and is

-found in Arizona and on the Mexican borders. They build at

-low elevations, making their nests of sticks and twigs. Four

-pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 &times; 1.20).</p>

-<h3 id="bNorthwesternCrow">NORTHWESTERN CROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">489. </span><span class="sci">Corvus caurinus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts

-of Oregon to Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_159">[159]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig151">

-<img src="images/p159.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bClarkeNutcracker">CLARKE NUTCRACKER,</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">491. </span><span class="sci">Nucifraga columbiana. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the mountains of western North America, from

-Mexico to Alaska. In habits they much resemble the Crow

-or some of the Jays. Their food consisting largely of seeds

-from the pine cones, insects of many varieties, larv&aelig; and

-berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher mountain

-ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of

-food. Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where

-they build their nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds,

-strips of bark and plant fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest

-in which they lay from three to five greenish gray eggs,

-spotted over the whole surface with brown and lavender

-(1.30 &times; .90).</p>

-<h3 id="bPinonJay">PINON JAY.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">492. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p>To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west,

-and from British Columbia to southern California. They are

-very sociable birds, keeping in colonies, and always have much

-to talk about among themselves; after the breeding season they

-may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish gray eggs, are

-spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 &times; .85).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_160">[160]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig152">

-<img src="images/p160.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBobolinkFamilyIcteridae">BOBOLINK&mdash;Family Icterid&aelig;.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">494. </span><span class="sci">Dolichonyx oryzivorus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is found over most of North America from the

-southern parts of Canada south, and has been gradually extending

-westward as far as California. During mating season

-it is hard to find any other bird so completely filled with

-music as are these birds. They are also quite sociable birds,

-and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the same

-piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet,

-wild music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the

-ground; it is lined with grass and frequently so covered as to

-be almost arched over to conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs

-of a grayish white, thickly blotched and spotted with brown

-of different shades and lilac, generally covered with ground

-color on the larger end (.84 &times; .62).</p>

-<h3 id="bCowbird">COWBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">495. </span><span class="sci">Molothrus ater. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>It is to be found throughout the United States and the

-southern portion of Canada. They are the only birds which

-we have that neither make a nest of their own nor care for

-their young. They will deposit a single egg (sometimes two) in

-the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller variety.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_161">[161]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig153">

-<img src="images/p161.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBronzedCowbird">BRONZED COWBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496a. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius &aelig;neus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found

-in Arizona and Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bRedEyedCowbird">RED-EYED COWBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius &aelig;neus involucratus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy

-reflections. They are abundant in southern Texas, and in

-Mexico (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bYellowHeadedBlackbird">YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">497. </span><span class="sci">Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and

-breast; body black, with a white patch on the wing. They

-are a western bird, being found from the central United

-States to California. They breed abundantly in suitable

-marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of

-strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes

-only a few inches above the water. The four to six grayish

-white eggs are spotted with shades of brown and gray

-(1.00 &times; .70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_162">[162]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig154">

-<img src="images/p162.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedWingedBlackbird">RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius ph&oelig;niceus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part

-of the Rockies. Very common in many parts of the east,

-where it builds much the same as does the previous, laying

-four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted, blotched and scratched

-with shades of brown (1.00 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bSonoraRedWingBlackbird">SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498a. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius ph&oelig;niceus sonoriensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white

-on the wing. In southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBicoloredRedWing">BICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">499. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius gubernator californicus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The male of this species do not have the light margins to

-the red on the shoulders, as do the others. They are found

-on the Pacific coast from Washington to southern California.

-Eggs and nests the same.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_163">[163]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig155">

-<img src="images/p163.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bTricoloredRedWing">TRICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">500. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the

-buff color on the preceding is white on this bird. They are

-restricted to a small range, the Pacific coast of California

-and Oregon, and are not nearly as common as the eastern

-variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the eggs are

-indistinguishable.</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternMeadowlark">WESTERN MEADOWLARK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">501.1. </span><span class="sci">Sturnella neglecta. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In

-habits it is the same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated

-from the eastern. There seems to be one great distinguishing

-quality between the two, and that is in their song or notes.

-The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing was in

-Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink,

-but on seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was

-a new song, sung by our eastern Meadowlark in appearance.

-They feed on insect life, beetles, etc. They lay from four

-to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10 &times; .80).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_164">[164]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig156">

-<img src="images/p164.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bScottOriole">SCOTT ORIOLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">504. </span><span class="sci">Icterus parisorum. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is not a common species in any part of its range, from

-southern California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely

-marked bird, with its clear black and yellow. They

-build a hanging nest, usually suspended from the under sides

-of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small branches

-of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and

-blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bSennettOriole">SENNETT ORIOLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and

-tail being black, the wings with two white bars. Found in

-Texas and south into Mexico. Nests are made of hanging

-moss (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bArizonaHoodedOriole">ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505a. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus nelsoni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found

-common in Arizona, New Mexico and southern California.

-Its favorite nesting place seems to be a bunch of Spanish

-moss, looping up the ends and weaving it closely together,

-and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried

-grasses and yucca fibers.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_165">[165]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig157">

-<img src="images/p165.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBullockOriole">BULLOCK ORIOLE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">508. </span><span class="sci">Icterus bullocki. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the

-Baltimore Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the

-eastern slope of the Rockies. They build a hanging nest,

-and in the southern part of their range use the Spanish

-moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest, lining the

-opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four

-white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 &times;

-.62). These birds are of great benefit to the small fruit

-growers in eating the many injurious insects.</p>

-<h3 id="bRustyBlackbird">RUSTY BLACKBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">509. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern

-slope of the Rockies, and straying into southern California to

-the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds along the northern borders of the

-United States, northwest to Alaska. The female is very much

-lighter than the male, and of a brownish drab color. They

-build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass, lined

-with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes

-or trees only a few feet from the ground. Three to five

-eggs, pale bluish green, blotched and spotted with brown

-(.96 &times; .71).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_166">[166]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig158">

-<img src="images/p166.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBrewerBlackbird">BREWER BLACKBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">510. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found throughout western North America, breeding from

-Alaska to southern California. They differ from the preceding

-in having a purplish reflection on the head and upper

-parts, and greenish black body. They nest abundantly throughout

-their range, either in bushes or trees at low elevations,

-or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots

-and grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are

-laid, which are very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted

-and blotched all over thickly with brown of different

-shades (1.00 &times; .75).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternEveningGrosbeak">WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">514a. </span><span class="sci">Hesperiphona vespertina montana. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia

-to central California. They build in the evergreen trees

-upon the mountain side or along some stream in the willows;

-they are always frail structures made up of a few loosely

-put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale greenish

-eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement

-(.90 &times; .65).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_167">[167]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig159">

-<img src="images/p167.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaPineGrosbeak">CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">515b. </span><span class="sci">Pinicola enucleator californica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have,

-and can be approached to within a few feet. The male is

-a bright red above and an ashy gray below, having much

-less of the red than his eastern relative. The female is a

-dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head

-and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and

-are found about the snow lines on the mountain, where they

-feed largely upon the seeds of the coniferous trees, in which

-they place their nests, making them of fine twigs and rootlets,

-and lining with grass and moss. They lay three or four

-eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and fainter

-markings of lilac (1.00 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaPurpleFinch">CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">517a. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus purpureus californicus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is found from British Columbia to southern California.

-It breeds well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens.

-Three or four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with brown

-(.85 &times; .65).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_168">[168]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig160">

-<img src="images/p168.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCassinPurpleFinch">CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">518. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus cassini. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British

-Columbia south to New Mexico, well up in the mountain

-regions, as far as the timber line extends. The back, wings

-and tail of this are darker than the preceding species; the

-purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made

-of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat;

-they lay three or four eggs not to be recognized from the

-last.</p>

-<h3 id="bHouseFinch">HOUSE FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">519. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast.

-With his bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate,

-and the habit they have of keeping close to civilization,

-building their nests in the vines about the porches of the

-houses, both in the country and even in the cities, they are

-great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant

-song is kept up continually during the day, and where two

-or three pairs are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird

-music. Their nests are made of fine rootlets and grass placed

-in almost any bush, tree or vine, if near some dwelling.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_169">[169]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig161">

-<img src="images/p169.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCrossbill">CROSSBILL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">521. </span><span class="sci">Loxia curvirostra minor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found throughout the greater part of North America, and

-breeds in suitable locations on the mountain sides among the

-coniferous trees. On the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska

-to southern California. In abundance they vary each year

-greatly, according to the food supply of cones in the evergreen

-trees from which they secure their seed supply; their

-twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the

-small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses,

-and three or four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined

-with shades of brown, are laid (.75 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteWingedCrossbill">WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">522. </span><span class="sci">Loxia leucoptera. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding,

-and also have a large white patch on the wings. The

-female is marked the same, with grayish and buff in place of

-the red on the males. Nesting habits and locations are the

-same as above. The eggs average a little larger and heavier

-marked (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_170">[170]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig162">

-<img src="images/p170.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAleutianRosyFinch">ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">523. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte griseonucha. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds,

-with dark chestnut back and breast, and with the rump,

-wings and tail with a rosy tint. These are birds of the mountains

-and high altitudes, above or near the snow line. They

-are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and in the

-western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or

-under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their

-four or five eggs are pure white (.97 &times; .67).</p>

-<h3 id="bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found

-on the eastern slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding

-in the Sierra Nevadas, in crevices of the rocks, after the

-same manner as the above. The eggs cannot be distinguished

-from the above.</p>

-<h3 id="bHepburnRosyFinch">HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524a. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise

-the same as preceding in habits and nesting.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_171">[171]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig163">

-<img src="images/p171.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackRosyFinch">BLACK ROSY FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">525. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte atrata. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is the same in markings as the <a href="#bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">Gray-crowned</a>,

-excepting that the brown is replaced with almost black on the

-back and breast. The females of this family are much the

-same as the males, only not as bright in markings, and the

-young are the same as the females. Found in the northern

-Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.

-They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop

-in one place, but flitting from one locality to another. After

-the breeding season, they congregate in large flocks and keep

-together about the snow line, getting their supply of seed and

-insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs are the

-same as the Gray-crowned.</p>

-<h3 id="bBrownCappedRosyFinch">BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">526. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte australis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains

-than any of the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering

-in New Mexico. Their nesting habits and eggs are

-the same. Most of this family keep above the timber line

-during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as

-the heavy snow comes.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_172">[172]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig164">

-<img src="images/p172.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHoaryRedpoll">HOARY REDPOLL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">527a. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson

-and rosy breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding

-in the Arctic regions, and wintering to the northern parts

-of the United States.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks

-and grass, and lined with fine grass and feathers, which are

-placed usually within a foot or two of the ground in scrub

-bushes. Their three to five eggs are a light bluish green,

-with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end (.65 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bRedpoll">REDPOLL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">528. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis linaria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding

-in Alaska, and wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or

-into California on the western coast, in the mountain regions

-above the timber line. In Colorado, they have been seen at

-10,000 feet, and with the temperature far below zero. Their

-nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs are the

-same.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_173">[173]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig165">

-<img src="images/p173.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPaleGoldfinch">PALE GOLDFINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus tristis pallidus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado

-(not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bWillowGoldfinch">WILLOW GOLDFINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529b. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus t. salicamara. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the

-five inches in length, and of a paler color, both the black

-and the yellow. It is common on the Pacific coast, from

-Washington to southern California, breeding in willows and

-low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly

-built, usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish

-white (.60 &times; .45).</p>

-<h3 id="bArkansasGoldfinch">ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus psaltria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bGreenBackedGoldfinch">GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus p. hesperophilus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In southwestern United States from Central California to

-Mexico.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_174">[174]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig166">

-<img src="images/p174.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLawrenceGoldfinch">LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">531. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus lawrencei. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird differs from the others of this family in being

-mostly gray in place of the yellow, having the head and

-throat black. They are found quite commonly on the Pacific

-coast of California, and south to Mexico. Their nests are

-nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which

-they deposit four white eggs.</p>

-<h3 id="bPineSiskin">PINE SISKIN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">533. </span><span class="sci">Spinus pinus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the

-Canadian zone, and in the Rockies and higher mountains

-to the west. They feed largely upon weed seeds and seeds

-from the different coniferous trees, the latter of which they

-most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of twigs

-and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of

-a horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white

-color, spotted finely with reddish brown (.65 &times; .45). They

-have a habit, while feeding, of clinging to the under side

-of a branch or cone, similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and, if disturbed

-when on some favorite tree, will make a short flight and

-circle back to the same tree.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_175">[175]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig167">

-<img src="images/p175.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">534. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax nivalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere,

-breeding within the Arctic Circle and wintering south to the

-central portions of the United States. They are one of the

-birds that change their dress completely from winter to summer,

-in color. In winter they are a clear black and white, while

-in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or

-brownish. They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides

-and in fields where the weeds are showing through,

-feeding upon the small seeds, and at this time they are as

-restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from which it

-is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses

-and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs

-are a dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown,

-mostly on the larger end (.90 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bMckaySnowBunting">McKAY SNOW BUNTING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">535. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is still more white than the preceding, having

-only a few specks of black on the tips of the primaries,

-and the central tail feather. They build, in crevices of the

-rocks on the ground, a nest of grass, lined with moss and

-feathers.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_176">[176]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig168">

-<img src="images/p176.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAlaskanLongspur">ALASKAN LONGSPUR.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">536a. </span><span class="sci">Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska

-in summer, and in winter coming as far south as Oregon

-and Colorado, when they may be frequently found in with

-flocks of <a href="#bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">Snow Buntings</a>,

-and, like the Snowflakes, they breed

-on the ground in a depression in the moss or under some

-boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.

-Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots

-and blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternVesperSparrow">WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">540a. </span><span class="sci">Po&oelig;cetes gramineus confinis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish

-this from any others of the sparrows, and the sides

-are more of a gray color than the eastern variety. Its

-habit of singing later in the evening gave it the name of

-&ldquo;Vesper.&rdquo; Found on the Pacific coast, from British Columbia

-to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression

-on the ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown

-(.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_177">[177]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig169">

-<img src="images/p177.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternSavannahSparrow">WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542b. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. alaudinus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very

-common in the fields and meadows, from northern Alaska

-to Mexico. They are birds but very little seen, keeping in

-the grass the greater part of the time. Their nests are hollows

-in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed by

-tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,

-blotched heavily with brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bBryantSparrow">BRYANT SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. bryanti. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California.

-It is a darker and brighter bird than the preceding

-(not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBeldingSparrow">BELDING SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">543. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus beldingi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California.

-Is darker and more streaked below. Nesting habits the same;

-eggs darker.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_178">[178]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig170">

-<img src="images/p178.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLargeBilledSparrow">LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus rostratus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish

-brown color, will distinguish this from any of the preceding.

-They are fairly common in the salt marshes of southern

-and Lower California. Their nesting habits and eggs are

-practically the same as those mentioned previously.</p>

-<h3 id="bSanBenitoSparrow">SAN BENITO SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus r. sanctorum. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower

-California. Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBairdSparrow">BAIRD SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">545. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas

-on the plains, and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona

-to New Mexico. The tail-feathers of this species are

-much more pointed than on any of the preceding.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass,

-and is made of fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid

-of a dull white, blotched and spotted with shades of brown

-and lilac (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_179">[179]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig171">

-<img src="images/p179.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternGrasshopperSparrow">WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">546a. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus s. bimaculatus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where

-their faint lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest

-is usually a deep structure in a hollow in some dry field,

-and usually placed near some rock or suitable place where

-they can watch the locality for danger. Four eggs are laid;

-white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bLeconteSparrow">LECONTE SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">548. </span><span class="sci">Passerherbulus lecontei. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above

-the line and winters through eastern Colorado to southern

-Texas. Nesting habits and eggs similar to above (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternLarkSparrow">WESTERN LARK SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">552a. </span><span class="sci">Chondestes grammacus strigatus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the most common, as well as the most handsome

-of the sparrow family on the western coast; with its bright

-chestnut on the sides of the head, and black and white on

-the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on the ground in a

-clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown

-markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_180">[180]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig172">

-<img src="images/p180.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGambelSparrow">GAMBEL SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">554a. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest,

-has been rightly called the &ldquo;Northern Nightingale.&rdquo; Their

-sweet song may be heard all during the day about dwellings

-or remote from them, or even in the night they have a habit

-of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In habits

-they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among

-the dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and

-is made of fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish

-blue color, spotted and splashed with shades of brown (.90 &times;

-.65).</p>

-<h3 id="bGoldenCrownedSparrow">GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">557. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia coronata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden

-color. These are common birds about the cities of California

-during the winter months. Habits the same as above, and

-also their eggs.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_181">[181]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig173">

-<img src="images/p181.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternTreeSparrow">WESTERN TREE SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">559a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella monticola ochracea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Somewhat resembling the &ldquo;<a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chippy Sparrow</a>,&rdquo; but is larger

-and has a dark spot on the breast as an identification mark.

-It breeds in the far north, above the northern borders of

-the United States, and in winter is common through Oregon,

-California, into Arizona and Texas.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on

-the ground made of grasses and lined with feathers. They

-lay three to five greenish white eggs, spotted with different

-shades of brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternChippingSparrow">WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">560a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella passerina arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living

-upon insects injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the

-garden weeds. They will nest in trees and shrubs, or vines

-about the house, making a small compact nest, mostly of

-rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to five greenish

-blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger

-end (.70 &times; .52).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_182">[182]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig174">

-<img src="images/p182.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bClayColoredSparrow">CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">561. </span><span class="sci">Spizella pallida. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are much like the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a> in every way,

-with the exception of color, the brown being replaced by the

-clay-color. Breeds in the Northern United States and into

-Canada; winters south to Texas and Mexico, rarely in eastern

-Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the ground, but may

-be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are the

-usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of

-brown about the larger end (.65 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bBrewerSparrow">BREWER SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">562. </span><span class="sci">Spizella breweri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is very similar to above, but much more streaked

-with dark above. It is to be found from British Columbia

-south to Mexico, especially in sections where the sage brush

-is found, and in southern California near the coast. Its nesting

-habits are much the same as the above, and the eggs are

-indistinguishable.</p>

-<h3 id="bWorthenSparrow">WORTHEN SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">564. </span><span class="sci">Spizella wortheni. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is a southern form of the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>, and is

-found in New Mexico and Mexico.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_183">[183]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig175">

-<img src="images/p183.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackChinnedSparrow">BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">565. </span><span class="sci">Spizella atrogularis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead.

-It is quite common in parts of southern California,

-and south into Arizona and New Mexico. The habits are

-similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their eggs differing

-in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bWhiteWingedJunco">WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">566. </span><span class="sci">Junco aikeni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is slightly larger than the common &ldquo;Black and White

-Snowbird&rdquo; (Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings

-are crossed by two white bars. It is found in the central

-Rocky Mountain regions, where it breeds in the northern part,

-and winters to eastern Colorado.</p>

-<h3 id="bSlateColoredJunco">SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is common &ldquo;Black and White Snowbird&rdquo; of the east,

-and is the same as above, but darker and does not have

-any white wing bars. They breed mostly north of the United

-States, nesting on the ground, often under some boulder, making

-their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four greenish

-white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_184">[184]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig176">

-<img src="images/p184.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bOregonJunco">OREGON JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567a. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis oreganus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>There are several of the sub-species of

-&ldquo;<a href="#bSlateColoredJunco">Hyemalis</a>,&rdquo; all

-of which are very much alike in habits; varying in color

-and location. The Oregon Junco is found from British Columbia

-to southern California, breeding on the mountains of

-Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the

-preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish

-color. The nesting habits and eggs are very much the same

-as the preceding.</p>

-<h3 id="bPinkSidedJunco">PINK-SIDED JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567g. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana,

-Wyoming and Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bThurberJunco">THURBER JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567c. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis thurberi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon

-to southern California. The difference in coloring is shown in

-the illustrations of this and the two preceding.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_185">[185]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig177">

-<img src="images/p185.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGrayHeadedJunco">GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">570b. </span><span class="sci">Junco ph&oelig;onotus caniceps. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having

-the back a reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are

-placed on the ground, and the markings of their eggs vary but

-little.</p>

-<h3 id="bBairdJunco">BAIRD JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">571. </span><span class="sci">Junco </span><span class="siz">bairdi.   6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California.

-This is a gray-headed variety with brown on the back and

-sides.</p>

-<h3 id="bGuadalupeJunco">GUADALUPE JUNCO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">572. </span><span class="sci">Junco insularis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only

-on the Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where

-they nest commonly in the pine groves, among the needles

-on the ground, or frequently protected by some overhanging

-stone. Their nest and eggs are the same as the others. Eggs

-bluish white, with fine dots of brown about the larger end

-(.77 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_186">[186]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig178">

-<img src="images/p186.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bDesertSparrow">DESERT SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">573a. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza bilineata deserticola. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern

-United States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern

-California. It is found in the hot desert plains, where it

-builds its nest in low bushes, of the sagebrush or cactus,

-within two or three feet of the ground. It is made up of

-twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.

-They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bBellSparrow">BELL SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza belli. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of

-California and in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California,

-these grayish, black and white sparrows are found

-abundantly in localities where the sagebrush is common.

-They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put together,

-and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair,

-in the low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite

-often placed on the ground under the cover of one of these

-bushes. They lay three or four pale greenish eggs, heavily

-blotched and spotted with shades of brown (.75 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_187">[187]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig179">

-<img src="images/p187.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSageSparrow">SAGE SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza nevadensis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except

-at their breeding season, and to be found commonly

-throughout the sage deserts of the Great Basin, from Oregon

-and Montana to Lower California and New Mexico. They

-nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making

-their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it

-with feathers and hair. They lay from three to four grayish

-eggs, with heavy markings of shades of brown about the

-larger end (.75 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaSageSparrow">CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1b. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza n. canescens. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California

-east to Nevada (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBotteriSparrow">BOTTERI SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">576. </span><span class="sci">Peuc&aelig;a botterii. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots.

-A southern bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_188">[188]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig180">

-<img src="images/p188.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCassinSparrow">CASSIN SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">578. </span><span class="sci">Peuc&aelig;a cassini. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where

-it breeds much the same as does the Sage Sparrow.</p>

-<h3 id="bRufousWingedSparrow">RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">579. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila carpalis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of

-Mexico and north to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is

-similar to the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>,

-and the two are frequently

-found in the same locality. They nest in low bushes, making

-them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair, in which

-they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bRufousCrownedSparrow">RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">580. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila ruficeps. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of

-a brown streaked with darker, and still more of a reddish

-brown on the crown. It is found throughout California along

-the coast to Lower California. They build on the ground, concealing

-their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush. They

-lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs

-(.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_189">[189]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig181">

-<img src="images/p189.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bSongSparrow">SONG SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza melodia. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can

-be heard in every state of the Union and in Canada. This

-is the most subdivided of any of the bird family; more

-than twenty sub-species are listed, all having about the

-same song and general appearance. In some localities they

-will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they

-are very light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish

-one from another even when in the hand. Their eggs also

-have the same variation, and cannot be positively identified

-one from another. They all build either in low bushes or

-upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white, blotched

-and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bHeermannSongSparrow">HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581c. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. heermanni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the central valleys of California, casually to

-Nevada.</p>

-<h3 id="bRustySongSparrow">RUSTY SONG SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581e. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. morphna. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_190">[190]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig182">

-<img src="images/p190.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLincolnSparrow">LINCOLN SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">583. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza lincolni. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>To be found most commonly in the central and western parts

-of North America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance

-they are very much like the Song Sparrow, but in their

-habits are more retiring, and keep more closely in the grass,

-and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass within a few

-inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the ground.

-The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are

-similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish

-white, heavily marked with brown (.80 &times; .58).</p>

-<h3 id="bShumaginFoxSparrow">SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585a. </span><span class="sci">Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with

-spots of darker brown on the back and under parts. They

-are to be found from Alaska to southern California.</p>

-<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish

-eggs, marked with brown (.94 &times; .68).</p>

-<h3 id="bThickBilledFoxSparrow">THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585b. </span><span class="sci">Passerella i. megarhyncha. </span><span class="siz">7&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much

-thicker bill, and is to be found throughout California in the

-mountains.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_191">[191]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig183">

-<img src="images/p191.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bOregonTowhee">OREGON TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588b. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus oregonus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This family are all ground birds, and are usually found

-scratching among the leaves for their food supply of seeds

-and insects. This is a much darker bird than his eastern

-relative. The females are marked much the same as the

-males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their

-nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a

-finer lining of grass, and usually it is well concealed in

-bunches of grass or under some brush pile. They lay four

-or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much spotted with

-brown (.95 &times; .75).</p>

-<h3 id="bSanDiegoTowhee">SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588d. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus megolonyx. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Darker and with few white markings. Southern California

-(not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bCanonTowhee">CANON TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees

-and not so much on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly

-marked. They range from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_192">[192]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig184">

-<img src="images/p192.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaTowhee">CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591.1. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo crissalis. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white

-if any. It is found in California, from Shasta County to the

-southern part of the state. They are not as shy as the

-Towhee family generally are, and frequently come about habitations,

-where they will scratch about barnyards like chickens.

-They nest within a few feet of the ground, building much

-the same as other members of this family. The eggs are

-also very similar to the others.</p>

-<h3 id="bAbertTowhee">ABERT TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo aberti. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico

-and southern California, where it breeds on the coast range.</p>

-<h3 id="bGreenTailedTowhee">GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592.1. </span><span class="sci">Oreospiza chlorura. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>This member of the family has characteristics of his own

-entirely different from any of the others. They are birds

-of the brush, and rarely appear above the shrubbery in which

-they nest.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_193">[193]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig185">

-<img src="images/p193.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bArizonaCardinal">ARIZONA CARDINAL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">593a. </span><span class="sci">Cardinalis c. superbus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where,

-with their beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition,

-they make themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill

-is very large and stout, but the general makeup of the bird,

-with its long crest, is much to be admired. They build their

-nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put together, which

-is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or four

-eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots

-of shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 &times; .70).

-Found in Arizona and into Mexico.</p>

-<h3 id="bArizonaPyrrhuloxia">ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">594. </span><span class="sci">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like

-the parrots. Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals,

-they have the habit of raising and lowering often, changing

-the whole appearance of the bird. Their nesting habits and

-eggs are similar to the last.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_194">[194]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig186">

-<img src="images/p194.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackHeadedGrosbeak">BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">596. </span><span class="sci">Zamelodia melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak

-of the eastern sections (which is sometimes found west to

-Colorado), does not have the bright colors of his eastern

-brother. In habits they appear to be much the same, their

-song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet

-birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them

-before leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks,

-loosely laid on the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush

-or low tree, so frail that frequently their eggs can be seen

-from beneath. They lay four eggs of a bluish green, spotted

-and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternBlueGrosbeak">WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">597a. </span><span class="sci">Guiraca c&aelig;rulea lazula. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along

-the roadside in the small brush. It seems out of place to have

-three members of the same family with such a difference

-of plumage. One with rose, white and black; the next with

-black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.

-Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same

-as above, the eggs being a little smaller (.85 &times; .62).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_195">[195]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig187">

-<img src="images/p195.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bIndigoBunting">INDIGO BUNTING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">598. </span><span class="sci">Passerina cyanea. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading

-to lighter on the under parts and towards the rump. It is

-found as far west as Colorado and into Texas (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bLazuliBunting">LAZULI BUNTING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">599. </span><span class="sci">Passerina am&oelig;na. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts

-and breast are brownish. The wings are barred with two

-bands of white. It is found from British Columbia to Lower

-California and from the western coast to eastern Colorado.

-The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical. They

-build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet

-from the ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white,

-unmarked (.75 &times; .58).</p>

-<h3 id="bBeautifulBunting">BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">600a. </span><span class="sci">Passerina versicolor pulchra. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are the most varied in color markings of any of our

-North American birds, having bright colors. Found in southern

-and Lower California, Arizona and into Mexico. Like

-the above they are to be found in thickets and hedges, where

-they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_196">[196]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig188">

-<img src="images/p196.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bDickcissel">DICKCISSEL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">604. </span><span class="sci">Spiza americana. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line

-over the eye, on the side of the throat, edge of wing and

-front under parts; black patch on the breast, white throat and

-a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It is found rarely in

-Colorado and into southern California (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bLarkBunting">LARK BUNTING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">605. </span><span class="sci">Calamospiza melanocorys. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in

-summer is a dull black all over, with the exception of white

-wing-coverts. Their habits are similar to the above. They

-have a fine song, which they often give while on the wing,

-after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a sparrow-like

-looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds

-of the plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California

-and Colorado. Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs

-(.85 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternTanager">WESTERN TANAGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">607. </span><span class="sci">Piranga ludoviciana. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding

-in mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with

-brown (.95 &times; .75).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_197">[197]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig189">

-<img src="images/p197.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHepaticTanager">HEPATIC TANAGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">609. </span><span class="sci">Piranga hepatica. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager

-of the east, lacking also the black wings of its eastern

-brother. The female is a pale yellow on the under parts and

-an olive above. Their range is throughout Arizona and into

-Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of trees

-at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs,

-grass and hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay

-four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown

-(.92 &times; .64).</p>

-<h3 id="bCooperTanager">COOPER TANAGER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">610a. </span><span class="sci">Piranga rubra cooperi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Western United States, breeding from Central California to

-Texas and the borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits

-are the same and the eggs are not distinguishable from the

-others, all of them varying in the markings, but practically

-of the same size and general color.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_198">[198]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig190">

-<img src="images/p198.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternMartin">WESTERN MARTIN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">611a. </span><span class="sci">Progne subis hesperia. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern

-Purple Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead

-is the only difference. They nest in cavities of trees

-or in boxes provided for them in the cities and towns, both

-in the east and west, as they are to be found breeding

-throughout the United States and into British Columbia. They

-make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with

-feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bCliffSwallow">CLIFF SWALLOW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">612. </span><span class="sci">Petrochelidon lunifrons. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Their range is throughout the whole of North America;

-they can easily be recognized by their brownish throat and

-breast, white forehead and black cap. Their nests or homes

-are built of mud, securely cemented to the face of cliffs, or

-under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or

-gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining

-the inside with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs,

-creamy white, spotted with shades of brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_199">[199]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig191">

-<img src="images/p199.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBarnSwallow">BARN SWALLOW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">613. </span><span class="sci">Hirundo erythrogastra. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally

-from Alaska to southern California, and over the eastern

-part of the United States. They nest in barns, sheds or in

-any buildings where they are not likely to be disturbed,

-building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near

-the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird

-in all parts of the country, and one of the most graceful

-while on the wing, skimming over the ponds and meadows

-in search of the insect life which constitutes their food.

-Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow, creamy white, spotted

-with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bTreeSwallow">TREE SWALLOW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">614. </span><span class="sci">Iridoprocne bicolor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied

-Swallow, and it is found in the whole of temperate North

-America, breeding from the middle United States northward.

-They nest in holes of trees and stumps naturally, but accept

-the bird houses that are put up for them in suitable locations

-near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same

-as above, both in number and markings.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_200">[200]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig192">

-<img src="images/p200.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bNorthernVioletGreenSwallow">NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">615. </span><span class="sci">Tachycineta thalassina lepida. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and

-west to the Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most

-beautiful species with its blue, green and purple back and

-white under parts. They are abundant in favorable localities

-in California, building their nests in holes of trees, at

-times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the

-largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at

-times placing their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their

-nests are made of grass and fine roots, and nicely lined with

-feathers. Their four to six eggs are pure white (.72 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bBankSwallow">BANK SWALLOW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">616. </span><span class="sci">Riparia riparia. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and

-south to the Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion

-of the United States northward. These birds build their nests

-in sand banks in almost all sections of the country, digging a

-small tunnel from one to three feet in length, enlarged and

-lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to six pure

-white eggs (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_201">[201]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig193">

-<img src="images/p201.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRoughWingedSparrow">ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">617. </span><span class="sci">Stelgidopteryx serripennis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is about the same size as the last, and similar,

-but with the throat and breast grayish in place of the white.

-The outer webs of the outer primaries are recurved, forming

-a series of hooks. It nests in holes of embankments or in the

-crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of bridges and buildings.

-Their eggs are four in number and are pure white

-(.75 &times; .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of

-the United States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.</p>

-<h3 id="bBohemianWaxwing">BOHEMIAN WAXWING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">618. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla garrula. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters

-to California and the northern states of the United

-States. It may be identified from the following by the

-markings on the wings of white and yellow, and the larger

-band of yellow at the end of the tail. The wax-like appendages

-on the wings and tail may be found on both species.</p>

-<p>Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed

-in bushes or trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually

-four eggs are laid, of a grayish color, sharply spotted with

-brown (.95 &times; .70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_202">[202]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig194">

-<img src="images/p202.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCedarWaxwing">CEDAR WAXWING.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">619. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla cedrorum. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are a North American bird, and great travelers in

-large flocks all over the country, separating at breeding time,

-and mating up, with a pair or two selecting some orchard

-or suitable locality to remain during nesting time. They

-breed throughout the northern United States and north into

-Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on

-horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in

-which they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted

-with dark brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bPhainopepla">PHAINOPEPLA.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">620. </span><span class="sci">Phainopepla nitens. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are found from central California to Texas and into

-Mexico. In habits they are very much like the preceding, and

-the female is quite similar in looks, while the male is a rich

-shining blue black, with a long pointed crest, and a white

-patch on the wings. Their food consists of insects and small

-berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with a more

-compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs

-of a light gray, spotted with brown (.88 &times; .65).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_203">[203]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig195">

-<img src="images/p203.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bNorthernShrike">NORTHERN SHRIKE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">621. </span><span class="sci">Lanius borealis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the largest of the family in the United States, the

-breast being barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler

-gray, with the wings and tail having much white, showing

-especially in flight. They are bold birds; carnivorous in their

-habits, living upon other small birds, insects and small rodents.

-In winter they have been known frequently to live about

-cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city

-streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill,

-which is shaped similar to that of a hawk&rsquo;s, while their feet

-are small and weak, not at all resembling the hawk&rsquo;s feet.

-Their nests are placed in thickets or thorny bushes, and are

-made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down. Four to six

-grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown (1.05 &times; .75).</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaShrike">CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">622b. </span><span class="sci">Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p>In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits

-and general appearance much the same, being somewhat darker,

-more on the under parts and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_204">[204]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig196">

-<img src="images/p204.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedEyedVireo">RED-EYED VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">624. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva olivacea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p>One of the most common of the family throughout its

-range, from the eastern slope of the Rockies over the United

-States. Wherever they may be found, their song is heard

-continuously during the day, from early morning until late in

-the evening, it consisting only of two or three notes, first

-a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and

-over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed

-within a few feet of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended

-from a fork, and made of strips of bark, plant fiber

-and often with pieces of string and paper included in its

-construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked sparingly

-with brown (.85 &times; .55). This is one of the favorite nests in

-which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.</p>

-<h3 id="bWarblingVireo">WARBLING VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">627. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva gilva. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not

-as well known, as they keep well up in the tops of the taller

-trees, where they also build their nests, very much the same

-as the <a href="#bRedEyedVireo">Red-eye</a>. Their song is much more pleasant. Four

-eggs, like above (.72 &times; .52).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_205">[205]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig197">

-<img src="images/p205.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCassinVireo">CASSIN VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">629a. </span><span class="sci">Lanivireo solitarius cassini. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p>To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia

-south to Lower California and Mexico. In southern California,

-it is found breeding much more commonly than the

-<a href="#bWarblingVireo">Western Warbling Vireo</a>,

-placing its nest high in the oaks and coniferous

-trees. It belongs to the same musical family, keeping

-up its song from morning until night. The nest is made

-of similar material to the previous, and the eggs are the

-same, except in size (.75 &times; .58).</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackCappedVireo">BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">630. </span><span class="sci">Vireo atricapillus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap.

-Breeds in Texas, north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bHuttonVireo">HUTTON VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central

-and southern California. Nesting habits similar to others of

-the family. Eggs white with a few spots of brown about

-the larger end (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_206">[206]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig198">

-<img src="images/p206.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="533" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAnthonyVireo">ANTHONY VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632c. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni obscurus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found

-from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in

-Oregon (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bLeastVireo">LEAST VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">633a. </span><span class="sci">Vireo belli pusillus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California,

-Texas and Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact,

-cup-shaped structure, made of shreds of vines and fine roots,

-and lined with fine grass. The four eggs are white, spotted

-finely with brown about the larger end (.70 &times; .80).</p>

-<h3 id="bGrayVireo">GRAY VIREO.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">634. </span><span class="sci">Vireo vicinior. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas,

-and southern California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon

-birds in the mountains of Arizona, where they nest in low

-bushes or trees, building their nest similar to the Red-eyed

-vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging limb, within

-a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which

-are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 &times; .53).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_207">[207]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig199">

-<img src="images/p207.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 class="genus">Family MNIOTILTID&AElig;&mdash;WOOD WARBLERS.</h3>

-<h3 id="bBlackAndWhiteWarbler">BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">636. </span><span class="sci">Mniotilta varia. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is

-found in southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in

-California and Washington (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bLucyWarbler">LUCY WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">643. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora luci&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds

-quite commonly in Arizona, where it builds in almost any

-situation, in the loose bark on tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker

-holes, in the cactus or in small bushes near the ground.

-The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and feathers, in which

-they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with

-brown about the larger end (.60 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bVirginiaWarbler">VIRGINIA WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">644. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora virgini&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and

-winters in Mexico. They are much like the last, but have a

-patch of yellow on the rump and breast. Their nest on the

-ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of shreds of vines

-and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed

-with brown (.62 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_208">[208]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig200">

-<img src="images/p208.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCalaverasWarbler">CALAVERAS WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">645a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central

-California north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico.

-In Oregon and California, these birds are quite common

-in favorable localities on the mountain sides. They build

-their nest on the ground in a slight depression, making it

-of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed with overhanging

-grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white,

-with fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about

-the larger end (.60 &times; .45).</p>

-<h3 id="bOrangeCrownedWarbler">ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Central North America, breeding in the Rockies

-locally, from Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull

-orange patch. Nesting habits and eggs same as above (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bLutescentWarbler">LUTESCENT WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata lutescens. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific

-coast to southern California. Nest placed in similar locations,

-and the eggs are the same as above (.60 &times; .45).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_209">[209]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig201">

-<img src="images/p209.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bOliveWarbler">OLIVE WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">651. </span><span class="sci">Peucedramus olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico,

-southward. They may be easily identified by their orange-brown

-head and neck, with a broad black band through the

-eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in coniferous

-trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact

-nest, saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a

-resemblance to a knot; it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and

-lined with fine rootlets and down from plants. Their four

-eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with spots of dark

-brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 &times; .48).</p>

-<h3 id="bYellowWarbler">YELLOW WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">652. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica &aelig;stiva. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding throughout

-its range. They are active little bunches of yellow, as they

-gather in their many insects for food, all the while singing

-their happy song. They place their nests in almost any

-kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near

-some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their

-nest is a compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and

-grasses, lined with plant down or cotton.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_210">[210]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig202">

-<img src="images/p210.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMyrtleWarbler">MYRTLE WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">655. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica coronata. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it

-is found from central Oregon to southern California. It is

-quite commonly known as the Yellow-rumped Warbler, both

-in the east and west. They differ from the following, mostly

-in the throat markings, this one having a white throat and

-much more black on the head and breast, while on the following

-the throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of

-coniferous trees, making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in

-which they lay usually four eggs, white, spotted with shades

-of brown and lilac, more heavily about the larger end (.70 &times;

-.50).</p>

-<h3 id="bAudubonWarbler">AUDUBON WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">656. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica auduboni. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p>This species is found in the western United States from

-British Columbia to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies.

-They are more of a dull-colored bird than the preceding.

-Their nesting habits and eggs are identical with the last

-(.68 &times; .52).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_211">[211]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig203">

-<img src="images/p211.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMagnoliaWarbler">MAGNOLIA WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">657. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica magnolia. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies

-and accidental in California. The white over the eye, white

-wing patch, and the band of white across the tail will identify

-this species (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackPollWarbler">BLACK-POLL WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">661. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica striata. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12;  inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but

-found in the Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest

-on the lower branches of coniferous trees, made of roots and

-strips of vine, and lined with feathers and lichens. Four

-dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bGraceWarbler">GRACE WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">664. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica graci&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, British Columbia to Lower

-California and Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops

-of the trees, made of roots, fibers and lined with plant down.

-Eggs white, with light spots of brown (.65 &times; .45).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_212">[212]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig204">

-<img src="images/p212.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGrayWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">665. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica nigrescens. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, British Columbia to Lower

-California. A small bird, with a black throat and breast,

-forming a circle about the neck, and black on top of the

-head. They are found mostly in the woodlands, bordered

-with thickets, in which they will place their nests, within

-a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the

-Yellow Bird, being compact and made of the same materials.

-Three or four eggs are creamy white, spotted with brown,

-forming a wreath about the larger end (.65 &times; .52).</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGreenWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">667. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica virens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but

-occasionally in the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona.

-Black throat and breast, with bright yellow cheeks and olive

-head and back (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bTownsendWarbler">TOWNSEND WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">668. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica townsendi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States. A similar bird to the

-above, with black on top of the head in place of the olive.

-Nesting habits are practically the same, as are also the eggs.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_213">[213]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig205">

-<img src="images/p213.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bHermitWarbler">HERMIT WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">669. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia

-to southern California, Texas and Arizona. These are to

-be found in the high, mountainous regions among the coniferous

-trees, where they build their nests on the outer limbs of

-tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their nests are made

-of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of

-a nest as compared with some of this same family. They

-lay four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with shades of

-brown (.68 &times; .52).</p>

-<h3 id="bGrinnellWaterThrush">GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">675a. </span><span class="sci">Seiurus noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern

-portions. They are a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting

-in stumps near the ground or among roots of fallen trees.

-Four white eggs, spotted and blotched with brown and lilac

-(.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_214">[214]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig206">

-<img src="images/p214.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bMacgillivrayWarbler">MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">680. </span><span class="sci">Oporornis tolmiei. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia

-to southern California, breeding throughout its range. They

-are common warblers of the Pacific coast, to be found on or

-near the ground in thick shrubbery, where they build their

-nests within a few feet of the ground. This is made of

-grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and

-hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily

-marked with shades of brown (.72 &times; .52).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternYellowThroat">WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681a. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia

-south to Arizona, but not near the Pacific coast. It is one

-of the seven or eight forms of the Maryland Yellow-throat,

-the greatest difference in them being in the locality in which

-they are found. They place their nest in a clump of grass,

-well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots

-of brown (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bPacificYellowThroat">PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681c. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas arizela. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as

-above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_215">[215]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig207">

-<img src="images/p215.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="535" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLongTailedChat">LONG-TAILED CHAT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">683a. </span><span class="sci">Icteria virens longicauda. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, breeding from British

-Columbia to Mexico. They are an attractive bird both in

-looks and habits. They are great singers, but nature seemed

-to give them no special song of their own, and they make

-good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,

-and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered

-hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the

-bird. They build their nests in the thickest of such places

-a few feet from the ground, made up of shreds of vines,

-leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four white eggs, spotted

-with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bPileolatedWarbler">PILEOLATED WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">685a. </span><span class="sci">Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington

-and California to Mexican borders. These little birds,

-with their deep yellow under parts and breast, and little cap

-of jet black, are quite common about many of the orchards

-and gardens when the trees are in full blossom, taking insects

-that abound at that time. They nest in moist grounds

-in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and

-grass.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_216">[216]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig208">

-<img src="images/p216.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedstart">REDSTART</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">687. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga ruticilla. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, found more commonly east of the

-Rockies, but less common in Oregon, California and to Arizona.

-These birds are always the most conspicuous when in

-flight, at that time showing off to the best advantage their

-bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the males,

-and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,

-cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed

-in the crotch of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs,

-spotted with different shades of chestnut and black (.65 &times; .50).

-They are very active, and constantly flying from place to

-place, taking insects while on the wing, which constitute their

-food.</p>

-<h3 id="bPaintedRedstart">PAINTED REDSTART.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">688. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga picta. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the

-same habits as the above, except that they build their homes

-in cavities of rocks or on the ground in swampy places.</p>

-<h3 id="bRedFacedWarbler">RED-FACED WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">690. </span><span class="sci">Cardellina rubrifrons. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and New Mexico.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_217">[217]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig209">

-<img src="images/p217.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAlaskanYellowTail">ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">696. </span><span class="sci">Budytes flavus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are

-fairly common on the islands and coast. They nest on the

-ground, under or beside stones and in bunches of grass;

-it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss and animal

-fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered

-with spots of brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bPipitOrTitlark">PIPIT, OR TITLARK.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">697. </span><span class="sci">Anthus rubescens. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California,

-Alaska, north to the Arctic Zone. During migration

-they may be found over most of the United States in quite

-large flocks. Their nests are placed on the ground in tufts

-of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with

-feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily

-blotched with brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 id="bSpraguePipit">SPRAGUE PIPIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">700. </span><span class="sci">Anthus spraguei. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and

-west to the Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to

-preceding.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_218">[218]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig210">

-<img src="images/p218.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bFamilyMimidaeSageThrasher">Family MIMID&AElig;.&mdash;SAGE THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">702. </span><span class="sci">Oreoscoptes montanus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to

-Montana. This is an abundant bird in the sage regions of the

-plains throughout its range, and are frequently called the

-Mockingbird, on account of the varied song which they give

-from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in which they

-nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 &times; .55).</p>

-<h3 class="genus">Family CINCLID&AElig;.</h3>

-<h3 id="bDipperOrWaterOuzel">DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">701. </span><span class="sci">Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mountains of western North America from Alaska

-to Mexico. Among the rapid streams that are falling down

-the mountain side, these gray birds are to be found. They

-are strange members of bird life; they do not have webbed

-feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their

-wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of

-teetering similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not

-to be forgotten if once heard. They nest on the rocks of

-these rapid streams, making their nest of moss, a bulky affair

-with an opening in the side, in which they deposit their

-four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 &times; .70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_219">[219]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig211">

-<img src="images/p219.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternMockingbird">WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">703a. </span><span class="sci">Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly

-from central California southward. These birds not

-only have a song of their own which puts them in the opera

-class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic or mock

-nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They

-are not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and

-evening, but will keep their song in full play all day, without

-hardly seeming to take time to hunt up a few worms or

-insects, as if eating was not to be considered when he could

-sing.</p>

-<p>They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and

-construct a bulky nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to

-five eggs are of a greenish color, spotted and blotched all

-over in many patterns with shades of brown (.95 &times; .72).</p>

-<h3 id="bCatbird">CATBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">704. </span><span class="sci">Dumetella carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mostly eastern North America, but extends over

-the Rockies, occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine

-songster and almost as much of a mimic as the <a href="#bWesternMockingbird">Mockingbird</a>.

-Breeding habits are much the same, but eggs are bluish green

-(.95 &times; .70).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_220">[220]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig212">

-<img src="images/p220.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPalmerThrasher">PALMER THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">707a. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the

-desert regions of Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be

-found. They all seem to belong to the happy family of songsters,

-and there is no lack of bird music in localities where

-these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually placed

-in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of

-twigs, dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish

-green, spotted with brown very finely all over (1.00 &times; .80).</p>

-<h3 id="bBendireThrasher">BENDIRE THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">708. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma bendirei. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It

-breeds in Arizona and southern California. General habits

-are the same as above. While it may not be as common as

-the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are the

-same, spots larger (1.00 &times; .72)</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaThrasher">CALIFORNIA THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">710. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma redivivum. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;California, from Shasta county to Lower California.

-The habits and song, as are also the nest and eggs, much

-like the above (1.12 &times; .82).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_221">[221]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig213">

-<img src="images/p221.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bLeconteThrasher">LECONTE THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">711. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma lecontei. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This

-is the lightest in color of any of the family, and has taken

-on the color of the sand of the low hot deserts in which

-it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even the cactus

-and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground

-is covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines

-like needles. In such a place one cannot imagine that a

-bird would be as full of song as in a shaded piece of woodland,

-yet this bird has the same qualifications, and morning

-and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song

-as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs,

-weeds and lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed

-in low mesquite trees or cactus. The eggs are lighter in

-color than above, and with fewer and finer spots of brown

-(1.10 &times; .75).</p>

-<h3 id="bCrissalThrasher">CRISSAL THRASHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">712. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma crissale. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower

-California and Texas. This species is somewhat darker, and

-more rufous on the under tail coverts than the above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_222">[222]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig214">

-<img src="images/p222.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCactusWren">CACTUS WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">713. </span><span class="sci">Heleodytes brunneicapillus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern part of California, to Texas, and north

-to Nevada and Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens,

-and look the least like that family of any of them. They are

-a common bird in the desert lands, where the cactus abounds,

-but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller members

-of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,

-made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers.

-There is an opening on the side for an entrance, and it is

-usually placed in a thorn bush or cactus. Their four to seven

-eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly with chestnut (.95 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bRockWren">ROCK WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">715. </span><span class="sci">Salpinctes obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western coasts from British America to Mexico.

-These bird are equally at home on the mountain sides or in the

-deep canyons, building their nests in the crevices of rocks

-or stumps, where they lay from five to eight white eggs, with

-fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_223">[223]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig215">

-<img src="images/p223.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bCanonWren">CA&Ntilde;ON WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">717a. </span><span class="sci">Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico,

-breeding throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply

-of food among the huge boulders and in the large rocky

-canyons, where he makes his home, you will, at short intervals,

-hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts to shame

-that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their

-nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is

-placed in the crevice of some rock, either down near some

-swiftly running mountain stream or high up in the cliffs

-above. Their three to five eggs are white, with spots of brown

-and lilac well covering the under color (.72 &times; .52).</p>

-<h3 id="bVigorWren">VIGOR WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">719a. </span><span class="sci">Thryomanes </span><span class="siz">bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast regions of California. These are active and

-restless little birds. Eating and singing, and singing and

-eating is all this life holds for them. Nesting in bird boxes,

-holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any locality in which to

-place their six eggs (.65 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_224">[224]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig216">

-<img src="images/p224.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="542" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternHouseWren">WESTERN HOUSE WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">721a. </span><span class="sci">Troglodytes aedon parkmani. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to

-Lower California. These happy little songsters are to be met

-with more about civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated

-lands to the wild. They build in bird houses or holes

-of trees, and no matter how large the tenement may be they

-will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only space enough for

-their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a pinkish

-color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end

-(.65 &times; .52).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternWinterWren">WESTERN WINTER WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">722a. </span><span class="sci">Nannus hiemalis pacificus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America.

-This is the smallest of the family, and is also one of

-the most quiet in song. They are active little fellows, just

-a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of a tail up over

-their backs when observed, and getting about the brush heaps

-and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or

-crevices of rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass

-and feathers, in which usually six or seven eggs, creamy

-white, finely specked with brown, are laid (.60 &times; .48).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_225">[225]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig217">

-<img src="images/p225.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAlaskaWren">ALASKA WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723. </span><span class="sci">Nannus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat

-larger variety of the preceding, and is found only in the far

-north. Its breeding habits are the same, as are also the eggs,

-which average a little larger (.65 &times; .51).</p>

-<h3 id="bAleutianWren">ALEUTIAN WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723.1. </span><span class="sci">Nannus meliger. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar

-to the above, both in song and general habits. They nest

-in the crevices of rocks or between boulders, making their

-nests of rootlets and grass, lining it with hair and feathers.

-Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few specks of brown

-(.58 &times; .46).</p>

-<h3 id="bTuleWren">TULE WREN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">725a. </span><span class="sci">Telmatodytes p. paludicola. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern

-California. This is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh

-Wren, found more east of the Rockies. They build a globular-shaped

-nest of grass and rushes, attached to upright

-rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale

-chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 &times; .45).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_226">[226]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig218">

-<img src="images/p226.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRockyMountainCreeper">ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">726b. </span><span class="sci">Certhia familiaris montana. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern

-California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A

-quiet, small, brown colored bird of the deep woods, where

-its lisping note may be heard, if the air is very quiet, and

-one is looking for bird life. When found, it will generally

-be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the

-crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it

-feeds; when near the top, a downward flight to the base of

-another tree. Always flying down, and climbing up. Their

-nest is placed in the loose bark, and is made of fiber, moss

-and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs, spotted

-with chestnut (.58 &times; .48).</p>

-<h3 id="bSlenderBilledNuthatch">SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">727a. </span><span class="sci">Sitta carolinensis aculeata. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to

-southern California. These are similar to the White-breasted

-bird of the east. Unlike the above, although these are tree

-climbers, they are as often found coming down the tree

-as climbing up. They build in cavities of various kinds of

-trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily marked with

-brown and lilac (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_227">[227]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig219">

-<img src="images/p227.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="538" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bRedBreastedNuthatch">RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">728. </span><span class="sci">Sitta canadensis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the northern part

-of the United States and northward. Like the former, these

-are great acrobats, looking into every crevice of the bark

-in search of their supply of food, caring little whether they

-are going up or down in their search. After the breeding season

-these birds are often found in flocks about the coniferous

-trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous

-&ldquo;yank, yank,&rdquo; among themselves. They have no

-other song.</p>

-<p>Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at

-quite an elevation from the ground, being lined with strips

-of bark and feathers. They lay from four to six white eggs,

-thickly spotted with shades of brown (.60 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bPygmyNuthatch">PYGMY NUTHATCH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">730. </span><span class="sci">Sitta pygm&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to

-southern California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range.

-These are the smallest of the family, and their habits and

-nest and eggs are the same as the preceding. Their eggs

-being slightly smaller.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_228">[228]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig220">

-<img src="images/p228.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bPlainTitmouse">PLAIN TITMOUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">733. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus inornatus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas.

-These are quite common throughout their range; they are

-quite a little bird, with only a few &ldquo;quit, quit&rdquo; like notes,

-and in color they are as quiet as in habits. They build

-in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined with

-grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are

-white, rarely with a few specks of brown (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackCrestedTitmouse">BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">732. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus astricristatus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but

-darker and with the crest black and forehead white. Nesting

-habits same as the above (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bBridledTitmouse">BRIDLED TITMOUSE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">734. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus wollweberi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored

-&ldquo;tit,&rdquo; with the only markings about the head, black crest

-and breast, with white above and below the eyes, is common

-in parts of Arizona, where it builds within a few feet of

-the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same

-as the <a href="#bPlainTitmouse">Plain Titmouse</a> (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_229">[229]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig221">

-<img src="images/p229.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bOregonChickadee">OREGON CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">735b. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon.

-These lively little birds are willing to make friends with

-almost anyone, and will get so tame that they will take pieces

-of suet from the hand. Their well known call of &ldquo;dee, dee,

-dee&rdquo; often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but their other note

-of &ldquo;phoe-be,&rdquo; or, as it seems to me they say &ldquo;great-way,&rdquo;

-is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have

-a &ldquo;great-way&rdquo; yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually

-near the ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant

-down, in which they deposit from five to eight white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.60 &times; .45).</p>

-<h3 id="bMexicanChickadee">MEXICAN CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">737. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes sclateri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the

-throat. Habits and their nest and eggs are much the same.</p>

-<h3 id="bMountainChickadee">MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">738. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes gambeli. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, Rocky Mountains west.

-Habits same as the preceding.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_230">[230]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig222">

-<img src="images/p230.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAlaskaChickadee">ALASKA CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">739. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes cinctus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally

-think that these little animated bunches of feathers would

-freeze in the far north where they make their homes.

-But they are the same sprightly little &ldquo;chick-a-dee-dee-dee&rdquo;

-that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind the

-severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are

-so near alike that it is impossible to identify them.</p>

-<h3 id="bHudsonianChickadee">HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">740. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western half of British America. Habits the same

-as above.</p>

-<h3 id="bChestnutBackedChickadee">CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes rufescens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally

-to central California. Habits the same as preceding.</p>

-<h3 id="bCaliforniaChickadee">CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741a. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes r. neglectus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Middle section of California, near the coast (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_231">[231]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig223">

-<img src="images/p231.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bBushTit">BUSH-TIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">743. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus minimus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington.

-In habits all of these birds are similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadees</a>.

-They are full of life, and in searching for insects are

-as much at home when upside down on the outer end of a

-bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest building

-they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures

-of fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined

-with feathers and wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation

-or woven into some thick brush; they have a small opening

-near the top for the doorway. They lay from four to nine

-pure white eggs (.54 &times; .40).</p>

-<h3 id="bLeadColoredBushTit">LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">744. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus plumbeus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas.

-The habits are identical with above. Nests are made the

-same, and from eight to twelve inches long.</p>

-<h3 id="bLloydBushTit">LLOYD BUSH-TIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">745. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same

-as above.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_232">[232]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig224">

-<img src="images/p232.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bVerdin">VERDIN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">746. </span><span class="sci">Auriparus flaviceps. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This

-bird is simply nothing more than a <a href="#bBushTit">Bush-tit</a> with his Sunday

-clothes on, or not a full suit, but a bright yellow head and

-neck dress. They are abundant and active little fellows in

-the thick chaparral brush, where they build a nest more bulky

-than the &ldquo;tit&rdquo; but not as artistic or compact. They are

-placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the

-ground, made of twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and

-feathers. Their eggs, four to six, are white. For amusement,

-they construct one or two additional nests, in which they

-remain at night.</p>

-<h3 id="bWrenTit">WREN-TIT.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">742. </span><span class="sci">Cham&aelig;a fasciata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From southern California north to Oregon along the

-coast. These are much like the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a> in habits, only much

-more secluded, frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain

-sides, where they build their nests of twigs, fibers of vines,

-grasses and feathers, in bushes near the ground. Four or

-five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their complement (.70 &times;

-.50).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_233">[233]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig225">

-<img src="images/p233.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bKennicottWarbler">KENNICOTT WARBLER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">747. </span><span class="sci">Acanthopneuste borealis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern

-part of Asia. Their nest and eggs have not been found

-on this continent as far as we know at present. They build

-on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying from three to

-five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 &times; .50).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternGoldenCrownedKinglet">WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">748a. </span><span class="sci">Regulus satrapa olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast.

-These little birds are found commonly in company with small

-flocks of the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and like them may be seen hanging on

-the under side of the outer ends of the coniferous trees in

-search of their insect food. They nest in the northern part of

-their range, building large, comfortable-looking structures of

-needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely lined

-with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with

-brown and lilac (.55 &times; .42).</p>

-<h3 id="bRubyCrownedKinglet">RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">749. </span><span class="sci">Regulus calendula. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding mostly north of the

-United States or in the Rocky Mountain regions farther

-south.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_234">[234]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig226">

-<img src="images/p234.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternGnatcatcher">WESTERN GNATCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">751a. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila c&aelig;rulea obscura. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado

-and California. These birds in their actions somewhat

-resemble the <a href="#bRedstart">Redstart</a>, with their long tail, and quick flights

-into the air for insects and back again to the same twig,

-possibly near where their nest is placed. They build one of

-the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on

-the top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet

-from the ground. Making the nest from plant down and

-moss, completely covered with lichens, so that it resembles

-a large knot on the limb, much like the nest of the Ruby-throated

-Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs, spotted

-with brown (.58 &times; .45).</p>

-<h3 id="bPlumbeousGnatcatcher">PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">752. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila plumbea. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds

-like the above quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a

-little smaller.</p>

-<h3 id="bBlackTailedGnatcatcher">BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">753. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila californica. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific

-coast.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_235">[235]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig227">

-<img src="images/p235.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bTownsendSolitaire">TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">754. </span><span class="sci">Myadestes townsendi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From British Columbia to southern California,

-through the western United States. They nest at high altitudes

-among the mountain tops, placing their nest upon the

-ground, among the rocks along the mountain streams. They

-build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,

-lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their

-four or five white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more

-about the larger end (.96 &times; .70).</p>

-<h3 id="bWillowThrush">WILLOW THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">756a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States from British Columbia to

-southern California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the

-foothills and canyons of the mountain ranges. It is a western

-form of the common eastern &ldquo;Veery,&rdquo; and its breeding

-habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on or near the

-ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite

-bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 &times; .65).

-Their song is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the

-Thrush family.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_236">[236]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig228">

-<img src="images/p236.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bGrayCheekedThrush">GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">757. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla alic&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From British Columbia northward, and winters

-south to Mexico. Their nests are placed on or near the ground

-in a stump or tussock, usually in very moist places, and are

-composed largely of leaves and mosses. Their three or four

-eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched with reddish

-brown (.88 &times; .64).</p>

-<h3 id="bRussetBackedThrush">RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla ustulata. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the

-northern part, in Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made

-and placed usually the same as the above, the eggs being of

-the same size, but of a lighter color. The Thrushes feed

-on small insect life and many of the small fruits and

-berries.</p>

-<h3 id="bOlivedBackedThrush">OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla u. swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding on the western coast in

-Alaska, Oregon, California and Colorado. Their nesting habits,

-eggs and song are the same as the <a href="#bRussetBackedThrush">Russet-backed</a>

-(not illustrated).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_237">[237]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig229">

-<img src="images/p237.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bAlaskaHermitThrush">ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla guttata. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern

-range. These birds are noted for their sweet and musical

-song, which may be heard from the swamps and thickets

-in which they make their home. They nest either on or near

-the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and grasses.

-Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 &times; .65).</p>

-<h3 id="bAudubonHermitThrush">AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla g. auduboni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to

-Arizona. Tail is much lighter than above, and bird larger.

-Their habits in home life are the same, this bird having

-the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bWesternRobin">WESTERN ROBIN.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">761a. </span><span class="sci">Planesticus migratorius propinquus. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to

-Mexico. This is not the familiar bird that is found in the

-east, but is very secluded, and its song is seldom heard.

-Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs, plastered with mud.

-Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 &times; .80).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_238">[238]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig230">

-<img src="images/p238.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bVariedThrush">VARIED THRUSH.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">763. </span><span class="sci">Ixoreus n&aelig;vius. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in

-Oregon, Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly

-in the northern ranges in California and north to

-Alaska. Their nest is placed in small trees and bushes,

-usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds and

-grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number,

-are greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of

-dark brown (1.12 &times; .80). They have a pleasing song, which is

-rarely heard in their southern range.</p>

-<h3 id="bWheatear">WHEATEAR.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">765. </span><span class="sci">Saxicola &aelig;nanthe. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in

-Asia. They nest in crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building

-a rude nest of sticks and weeds, lined with hair and

-feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale greenish blue

-(.90 &times; .60).</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_239">[239]</div>

-<div class="imgr" id="fig231">

-<img src="images/p239.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />

-</div>

-<h3 id="bWesternBluebird">WESTERN BLUEBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;British Columbia to Lower California, along the

-Pacific coast. These familiar birds build in cavities in trees,

-or in bird houses, and make themselves at home near dwellings,

-especially if in the vicinity of orchards of any kind.

-The note of the western bird has the same familiar warble

-as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and

-caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs

-are a pale bluish white (.80 &times; .60).</p>

-<h3 id="bChestnutBackedBluebird">CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767a. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not

-illustrated).</p>

-<h3 id="bMountainBluebird">MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.</h3>

-<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">768. </span><span class="sci">Sialia currucoides. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>

-<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico.

-Their habits are just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.</p>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_240">[240]</div>

-<h2 id="c1">INDEX</h2>

-<p class="center"><b>[<a href="#index_A">A</a>] [<a href="#index_B">B</a>] [<a href="#index_C">C</a>] [<a href="#index_D">D</a>] [<a href="#index_E">E</a>] [<a href="#index_F">F</a>] [<a href="#index_G">G</a>] [<a href="#index_H">H</a>] [<a href="#index_I">I</a>] [<a href="#index_J">J</a>] [<a href="#index_K">K</a>] [<a href="#index_L">L</a>] [<a href="#index_M">M</a>] [<a href="#index_N">N</a>] [<a href="#index_O">O</a>] [<a href="#index_P">P</a>] [<a href="#index_Q">Q</a>] [<a href="#index_R">R</a>] [<a href="#index_S">S</a>] [<a href="#index_T">T</a>] U [<a href="#index_V">V</a>] [<a href="#index_W">W</a>] X [<a href="#index_Y">Y</a>] Z</b></p>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt>

-<dt>Albatross, Blackfoot, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>

-<dt>Albatross, Layson, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>

-<dt>Albatross, Short-tail, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>

-<dt>Albatross, Sooty, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>

-<dt>Albatross, Yellow-nose, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Cassin, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Crested, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Least, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Paroquet, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>

-<dt>Auklet, Whiskered, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>

-<dt>Avocet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt>

-<dt>Bittern, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>

-<dt>Bittern,  Least, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Bicolored, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Brewer, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Redwing, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Rusty, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Sonora, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Tricolored, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>

-<dt>Blackbird, Yellow-headed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>

-<dt>Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>

-<dt>Bluebird, Mountain, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>

-<dt>Bluebird, Western, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>

-<dt>Bobolink, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, Beautiful, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, Indigo, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, Lark, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, Lazuli, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, McKay, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>

-<dt>Bunting, Snow, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>

-<dt>Bush Tit, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>

-<dt>Bush Tit, Lead-colored, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>

-<dt>Bush Tit, Lloyd, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt>

-<dt>Caracara, Audubon, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_241">[241]</dt>

-<dt>Cardinal, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>

-<dt>Catbird, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>

-<dt>Chat, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Alaska, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, California, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Mexican, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Mountain, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>

-<dt>Chickadee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>

-<dt>Coot, American, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>

-<dt>Cormorant, Baird, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>

-<dt>Cormorant, Brandt, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>

-<dt>Cormorant, Farallone, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>

-<dt>Cormorant, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>

-<dt>Cowbird, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>

-<dt>Cowbird, Bronzed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>

-<dt>Cowbird, Dwarf, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>

-<dt>Crane, Little Brown, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>

-<dt>Crane, Whooping, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>

-<dt>Creeper, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>

-<dt>Crossbill, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>

-<dt>Crossbill, Mexican, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>

-<dt>Crossbill, White-winged, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>

-<dt>Crow, Northwestern, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>

-<dt>Cuckoo, California, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>

-<dt>Curlew, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>

-<dt>Curlew, Long-billed, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt>

-<dt>Dickcissel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>

-<dt>Dipper, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>

-<dt>Dove, Inca, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>

-<dt>Dove, Mexican Ground, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>

-<dt>Dove, Mourning, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>

-<dt>Dowitcher, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, American Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, American Widgeon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Baldpate, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Black-bellied Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Blue-bill, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Buffle-head, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Canvas-back, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Fulvous Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Gadwall, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_242">[242]</dt>

-<dt>Duck, Harlequin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, King Eider, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Lesser Scaup, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Mallard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Old Squaw, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Pacific Eider, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Pintail, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Red-head, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Scaup, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Scoter, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Shoveller, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Spectacled Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Stellar Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Surf Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, White-winged Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>

-<dt>Duck, Wood, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt>

-<dt>Eagle, Bald, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>

-<dt>Eagle, Golden, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>

-<dt>Egret, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>

-<dt>Egret, Snowy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt>

-<dt>Falcon, Aplomado, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>

-<dt>Falcon, Prairie,  113</dt>

-<dt>Finch, Aleutian Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, Black Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, California Purple, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, Cassin Purple, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, Hepburn Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>

-<dt>Finch, House, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>

-<dt>Flicker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Ash-throated, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Beardless, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Derby, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Gray, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Hammond, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Olive-sided, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_243">[243]</dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Traill, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Vermilion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>

-<dt>Flycatcher, Wright, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>

-<dt>Frigate Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>

-<dt>Fulmar, Pacific, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>

-<dt>Fulmar, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt>

-<dt>Gallinule, Florida, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>

-<dt>Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>

-<dt>Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>

-<dt>Gnatcatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Marbled, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Green-backed, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Pale, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>

-<dt>Godwit, Willow, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Black Brant, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Cackling, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Canada, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Emperor, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Ross, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, Snow, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>

-<dt>Goose, White-fronted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>

-<dt>Goshawk, Mexican, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>

-<dt>Goshawk, Western, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>

-<dt>Grackle, Bronze, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>

-<dt>Grebe, Eared, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>

-<dt>Grebe, Holboell, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>

-<dt>Grebe, Horned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>

-<dt>Grebe, Pied-bill, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>

-<dt>Grebe, Western, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>

-<dt>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>

-<dt>Grosbeak, California Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>

-<dt>Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>

-<dt>Grosbeak, Western Blue, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>

-<dt>Grosbeak, Western Evening, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>

-<dt>Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>

-<dt>Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>

-<dt>Grouse, Dusky, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>

-<dt>Grouse, Franklin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>

-<dt>Grouse, Sage, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>

-<dt>Guillemot, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Bonaparte, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_244">[244]</dt>

-<dt>Gull, California, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Glaucous, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Glaucous-winged, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Heermann, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Herring, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Ivory, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Red-legged, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Ring-billed, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Sabine, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Short-billed, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Slaty-backed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>

-<dt>Gull, Western, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>

-<dt>Gyrfalcon, Gray, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Cooper, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Desert Sparrow, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Duck, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Fish, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Harris, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Marsh, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Sharp-shinned, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Swainson, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>

-<dt>Hawk, Western Red-tail, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>

-<dt>Heron, Black-crowned Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>

-<dt>Heron, Great Blue, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>

-<dt>Heron, Green, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>

-<dt>Heron, Yellow-crown Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Allen, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Anna, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Blue-throated, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-billed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Calliope, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Costa, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Lucifer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Rieffer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Rivoli, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Rufous, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_245">[245]</dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, White-eared, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>

-<dt>Hummingbird, Xantus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt>

-<dt>Ibis, Glossy, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>

-<dt>Ibis, Wood, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt>

-<dt>Jaeger, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>

-<dt>Jaeger, Parasitic, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>

-<dt>Jaeger, Pomerine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Arizona, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, California, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Oregon, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Pinon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Stellar, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>

-<dt>Jay, Woodhouse, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Baird, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Gray-headed, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Oregon, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Pink-sided, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Slate-colored, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, Thurber, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>

-<dt>Junco, White-winged, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt>

-<dt>Kingbird, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>

-<dt>Kingbird, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>

-<dt>Kingbird, Cassin, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>

-<dt>Kingfisher, Belted, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>

-<dt>Kingfisher, Ringed, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>

-<dt>Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>

-<dt>Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>

-<dt>Kite, Swallow-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>

-<dt>Kite, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt>

-<dt>Lark, California Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>

-<dt>Lark, Desert Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>

-<dt>Lark, Pallid Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>

-<dt>Lark, Ruddy Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>

-<dt>Longspur, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>

-<dt>Loon, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>

-<dt>Loon, Great Northern Diver, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>

-<dt>Loon, Pacific, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>

-<dt>Loon, Red-throated, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt>

-<dt>Magpie, American, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>

-<dt>Magpie, Yellow-billed, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>

-<dt>Man-o&rsquo;-War Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_246">[246]</dt>

-<dt>Martin, Western, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>

-<dt>Meadowlark, Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>

-<dt>Meadowlark, Western, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>

-<dt>Merganser, American, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>

-<dt>Merganser, Hooded, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>

-<dt>Merganser, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>

-<dt>Mockingbird, Western, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>

-<dt>Murre, California, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>

-<dt>Murrelet, Ancient, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>

-<dt>Murrelet, Marbled, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>

-<dt>Murrelet, Xantus, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt>

-<dt>Nighthawk, Western, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>

-<dt>Nighthawk, Sennett, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>

-<dt>Nighthawk, Texas, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>

-<dt>Nutcracker, Clarke, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>

-<dt>Nuthatch, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>

-<dt>Nuthatch, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>

-<dt>Nuthatch, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt>

-<dt>Oriole, Arizona Hooded, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>

-<dt>Oriole, Bullock, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>

-<dt>Oriole, Scott, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>

-<dt>Oriole, Sennett, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>

-<dt>Osprey, American, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>

-<dt>Ouzel, Water, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Barn, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Burrowing, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Elf, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Flammulated Screech, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Great Gray, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Hawk, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Long-eared, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Richardson, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Saw-whet, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Screech, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Short-eared, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Snowy, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Spotted, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>

-<dt>Owl, Western Horned, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>

-<dt>Oyster-catcher, Black, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>

-<dt>Oyster-catcher, Frazar, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt>

-<dt>Parrot, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>

-<dt>Pelican, California Brown, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_247">[247]</dt>

-<dt>Pelican, White, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Ashy, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Black, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Fisher, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Fork-tailed, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Kaeding, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Leach, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>

-<dt>Petrel, Least, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>

-<dt>Pewee, Western Wood, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>

-<dt>Phainopepla, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>

-<dt>Phalarope, Northern, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>

-<dt>Phalarope, Red, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>

-<dt>Phalarope, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>

-<dt>Pheasant, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>

-<dt>Phoebe, Black, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>

-<dt>Phoebe, Say, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>

-<dt>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>

-<dt>Pipit, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>

-<dt>Pipit, Sprague, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Black-bellied, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Golden, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Killdeer, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Mountain, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Snowy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Surf Bird, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Semipalmated, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Upland, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>

-<dt>Plover, Wilson, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>

-<dt>Poor-will, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>

-<dt>Poor-will, Dusky, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>

-<dt>Prairie Hen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>

-<dt>Ptarmigan, Rock, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>

-<dt>Ptarmigan, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>

-<dt>Ptarmigan, Willow, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>

-<dt>Puffin, Horned, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>

-<dt>Puffin, Tufted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>

-<dt>Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_Q"><b>Q</b></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, California, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Gambel, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Masked Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Massena, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Mearns, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_248">[248]</dt>

-<dt>Quail, Mountain, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>

-<dt>Quail, Scaled, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt>

-<dt>Rail, Black, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>

-<dt>Rail, California Clapper, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>

-<dt>Rail, Light-footed, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>

-<dt>Rail, Sora, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>

-<dt>Rail, Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>

-<dt>Rail, Yellow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>

-<dt>Raven, American, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>

-<dt>Raven, White-necked, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>

-<dt>Red-poll, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>

-<dt>Red-poll, Hoary, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>

-<dt>Redstart, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>

-<dt>Redstart, Painted, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>

-<dt>Roadrunner, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>

-<dt>Robin, Western, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Baird, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Bartramian, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Knot, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Least, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Pectoral, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Probilof, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Redbacked, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Sanderling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Spoonbill, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Spotted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Stilt, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Western, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, Western Solitary, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>

-<dt>Sandpiper, White-rumped, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>

-<dt>Sapsucker, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>

-<dt>Sapsucker, Williamson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>

-<dt>Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>

-<dt>Sea Parrot, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>

-<dt>Shearwater, Black-vented, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>

-<dt>Shearwater, Dark-bodied, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>

-<dt>Shearwater, Pink-footed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>

-<dt>Shearwater, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>

-<dt>Shearwater, Townsend, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>

-<dt>Shrike, California, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>

-<dt>Shrike, Northern, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>

-<dt>Siskin, Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_249">[249]</dt>

-<dt>Snipe, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>

-<dt>Snowflake, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>

-<dt>Solitaire, Townsend, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Baird, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Belding, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Bell, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Botteri, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Brewer, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Bryant, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, California Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Cassin, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Clay-colored, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Desert, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Gambel, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Heermann Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Large-billed, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Leconte, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Lincoln, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-winged, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Rusty Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, San Benito, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Chippy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Lark, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Tree, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Western Vesper, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, White-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>

-<dt>Sparrow, Worthen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>

-<dt>Stilt, Black-necked, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Bank, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Barn, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Cliff, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Northern Violet Green, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Rough-winged, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_250">[250]</dt>

-<dt>Swallow, Tree, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>

-<dt>Swan, Trumpeter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>

-<dt>Swan, Whistling, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>

-<dt>Swift, Black, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>

-<dt>Swift, White-throated, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>

-<dt>Swift, Vaux, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt>

-<dt>Tanager, Cooper, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>

-<dt>Tanager, Hepatic, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>

-<dt>Tanager, Western, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>

-<dt>Tattler, Wandering, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>

-<dt>Teal, Blue-wing, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>

-<dt>Teal, Cinnamon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>

-<dt>Teal, Green-winged, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Arctic, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Black, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Caspian, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Common, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Elegant, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Forster, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>

-<dt>Tern, Least, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, Bendire, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, California, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, Crissal, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, Leconte, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, Palmer, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrasher, Sage, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Alaska Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Audubon Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Gray-cheeked, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Olive-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Russet-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Varied, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>

-<dt>Thrush, Willow, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>

-<dt>Titlark, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>

-<dt>Titmouse, Black-crested, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>

-<dt>Titmouse, Bridled, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>

-<dt>Titmouse, Plain, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, Abert, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, California, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, Canon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, Green-tailed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>

-<dt>Towhee, San Diego, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_251">[251]</dt>

-<dt>Trogan, Coppery-tailed, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>

-<dt>Turkey, Merriam, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>

-<dt>Turnstone, Black, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>

-<dt>Turnstone, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_V"><b>V</b></dt>

-<dt>Verdin, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Anthony, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Black-capped, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Cassin, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Gray, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Hutton, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Least, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Red-eyed, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>

-<dt>Vireo, Warbling, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>

-<dt>Vulture, California, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>

-<dt>Vulture, Turkey, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt>

-<dt>Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Audubon, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Black and White, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Black-poll, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Green, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Calaveras, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Grace, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Hermit, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Kennicott, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Lucy, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Lutescent, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Macgillivray, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Magnolia, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Myrtle, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Olive, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Orange-crowned, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Pacific Yellow, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Pileolated, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Townsend, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Virginia, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>

-<dt>Warbler, Yellow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>

-<dt>Water Thrush, Grinnell, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>

-<dt>Waxwing, Bohemian, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>

-<dt>Waxwing, Cedar, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>

-<dt>Wheatear, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>

-<dt>Whip-poor-will, Stevens, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>

-<dt class="pb" id="Page_252">[252]</dt>

-<dt>Willet, Western, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, American Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Arizona, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Cabanis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, California, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Gairdner, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Gila, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Harris, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Lewis, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Nuttall, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Red-headed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Red-shafted, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, Texas, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>

-<dt>Woodpecker, White-headed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Cactus, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Ca&ntilde;on, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Rock, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Tule, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Vigor, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Western House, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren, Western Winter, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>

-<dt>Wren-Tit, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<dl class="index">

-<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt>

-<dt>Yellow-legs, Greater, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>

-</dl>

-<div class="pb" id="Page_253">[253]</div>

-<div class="img">

-<img src="images/p253.jpg" alt="" width="199" height="199" />

-</div>

-<p class="tbcenter">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS

-<br />GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<hr />

-<h2 class="eee">Transcriber&rsquo;s Note</h2>

-<ul>

-<li>Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.</li>

-<li>Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., &ldquo;Redwing

-Blackbird&rdquo; vs. &ldquo;Red-winged Black-bird&rdquo;.</li>

-</ul>

-

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<p>&nbsp;</p>

-<hr class="full" />

-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***</p>

-<p>******* This file should be named 45918-h.txt or 45918-h.zip *******</p>

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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***</div>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester
+Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div id="cover" class="img">
+<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="WESTERN BIRD GUIDE: Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific" width="500" height="288" />
+</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p002.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="298" />
+</div>
+<div class="box">
+<h1>WESTERN BIRD GUIDE
+<br /><span class="smaller"><i>Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific</i></span></h1>
+<p class="center"><span class="small">ILLUSTRATIONS BY</span>
+<br />CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p003.jpg" alt="" width="208" height="224" />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><span class="sc">Garden City</span>      <span class="sc">New York</span>
+<br />DOUBLEDAY, PAGE &amp; COMPANY
+<br /><span class="small">1917</span></p>
+</div>
+<p class="tbcenter"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1913, by</span>
+<br />CHAS. K. REED, WORCESTER, MASS.</span></p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_6">[6]</div>
+<p class="tb">The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American
+Ornithologists&rsquo; Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The
+lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and may
+be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.</p>
+<p>On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species often
+cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the original; they can best
+be identified by the locality in which they are found.</p>
+<p>The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a bird.
+We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross against the name of
+each bird that you see in your locality, and also that you write at the top of the
+page the date of the arrival and departure of each bird as you note it; these dates
+vary so much in different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As
+many will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a leather-covered
+copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_7">[7]</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p007.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="257" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_8">[8]</div>
+<h1 title="">BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC</h1>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_9">[9]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig1">
+<img src="images/p009.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">DIVING BIRDS&mdash;Order Pygopodes.
+<br />GREBES&mdash;Family Colymbid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bWesternGrebe">WESTERN GREBE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">1. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;chmophorus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">25 to 29 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back
+of the neck is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached
+to the upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid,
+usually much nest stained (2.40 &times; 1.55). Breeding in colonies.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from the Dakotas and
+Manitoba to the Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bHolboellGrebe">HOLBOELL GREBE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">2. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus Holboelli. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is next to the <a href="#bWesternGrebe">Western Grebe</a> in size, both being larger
+than any of the others. In summer, they are very handsomely
+marked, as shown in the illustration, but in winter have the
+usual dress of gray and white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 &times;
+1.25).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska,
+in the interior of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually
+on the coasts.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_10">[10]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig2">
+<img src="images/p010.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHornedGrebe">HORNED GREBE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">3. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus auritus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray
+and white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of
+the most attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white
+ear tufts, the front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their
+food consists almost wholly of small fish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the
+bog and water holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7
+in number, are brownish yellow (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters
+to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bEaredGrebe">EARED GREBE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">4. </span><span class="sci">Colymbus nigricollis californicus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi
+River. In summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color
+of the former. It can always be distinguished from the <a href="#bHornedGrebe">Horned</a>
+by the upper mandible being straight on the top.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8
+eggs, which are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from
+Texas to British Columbia.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_11">[11]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig3">
+<img src="images/p011.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPiedBilledGrebe">PIED-BILLED GREBE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">6. </span><span class="sci">Podilymbus podiceps. </span><span class="siz">13&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the
+grebes in any plumage, because of its stout compressed bill
+and brown eyes, all the others having red eyes. In summer the
+bill is nearly white, with a black band encircling it; the throat
+is black; breast and sides brownish-gray; the eye encircled with
+a white ring.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating
+in shallow ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes.
+Five to 8 brownish white eggs are laid (1.70 &times; 1.18).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.</p>
+<h3 id="bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">7. </span><span class="sci">Gavia immer. </span><span class="siz">31 to 35 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the
+<a href="#bWesternGrebe">grebes</a>, except in size, being much larger. The common loon
+is the most beautiful of them all, having a velvety black iridescent
+head with slashes of white on the throat and neck and
+spots of white on the wings and back.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes
+on the edge of some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs
+are a yellowish brown, with black spots (3.50 &times; 2.25).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_12">[12]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig4">
+<img src="images/p012.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPacificLoon">PACIFIC LOON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">10. </span><span class="sci">Gavia pacifica. </span><span class="siz">30 to 32 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species differs from the <a href="#bLoonGreatNorthernDiver">Loon</a> in having the crown gray,
+and white streaks down the back of the neck, and in the
+color reflections of the black on the head. It is a trifle smaller
+also.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish
+brown, with the black spots mostly on the larger end
+(3.10 &times; 2).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia;
+winters along the Pacific coast to Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bRedThroatedLoon">RED-THROATED LOON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">11. </span><span class="sci">Gavia stellata. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are
+gray, there is a large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under
+parts white. Owing to the straight top to the upper mandible
+the bill has a slightly up-turned appearance.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few
+feet of the water. The eggs are an olive brown with more
+markings usually than the others, and mostly on the larger
+end (2.90 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Along the western coast of North America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_13">[13]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig5">
+<img src="images/p013.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS&mdash;Family Alcid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">12. </span><span class="sci">Lunda cirrhata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds,
+with short legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly
+colored with red and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are
+white. They stand erect upon their feet and walk with ease.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific
+coast, laying their single white egg in burrows or crevices of
+the rocks. In some sections two or three broods are raised
+in a season (2.80 &times; 1.90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bHornedPuffin">HORNED PUFFIN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">14. </span><span class="sci">Fratercula corniculata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east,
+excepting that the blackish band across the throat extends
+upwards in a point to the bill.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The same as the above, the single egg averaging
+smaller (2.65 &times; 1.80).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_14">[14]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig6">
+<img src="images/p014.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRhinocerosAuklet">RHINOCEROS AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">15. </span><span class="sci">Cerorhinca monocerata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds have a much smaller bill than the <a href="#bTuftedPuffinSeaParrot">Puffins</a>; in
+the summer plumage there is a small horn at the base of the
+bill from which it is given its name. These birds do not
+stand upright as do the Puffins; but sit upon their tarsus.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices
+of the rocks, usually without any attempt at nest making
+(2.70 &times; 1.80).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds
+from Oregon to northern Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bCassinAuklet">CASSIN AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">16. </span><span class="sci">Ptychoramphus aleuticus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly
+white with blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white
+spot over the eye. This Auklet is fairly abundant on the
+Farallones and islands off the Lower California coast.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being
+a pale green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows
+or tunnels under the rocks, at times three or four feet long
+(1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_15">[15]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig7">
+<img src="images/p015.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bParoquetAuklet">PAROQUET AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">17. </span><span class="sci">Phaleris psittacula. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is much like <a href="#bCassinAuklet">Cassin Auklet</a>, but lacking the white
+spot over the eye and having a white breast. The bill is very
+peculiar, being quite deep and rounded and having an upward
+tendency. It is orange red in color.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter.
+Nesting in the Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid
+(2.25 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiskeredAuklet">WHISKERED AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">19. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia pygm&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands.
+The single white egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks
+(2.00 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bCrestedAuklet">CRESTED AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">18. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia cristatella. </span><span class="siz">8 to 9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar in form and plumage to the <a href="#bParoquetAuklet">Paroquet Auklet</a>, except
+the whole under parts are gray.</p>
+<p><b>Nest and Range.</b>&mdash;On the islands and main land of the Alaskan
+coast, laying only one chalky white egg in crevices or
+burrows under the rocks.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_16">[16]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig8">
+<img src="images/p016.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLeastAuklet">LEAST AUKLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">20. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;thia pusilla. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the
+same as others of the same family. They are one of the most
+abundant of the water birds of the extreme Northwest.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks
+or in crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<h3 id="bAncientMurrelet">ANCIENT MURRELET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">21. </span><span class="sci">Synthliboramphus antiquus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more
+slender than the <a href="#bRhinocerosAuklet">Auklets</a> and are not highly colored.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices
+of the rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light
+brown.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska,
+breeding north of the United States.</p>
+<h3 id="bMarbledMurrelet">MARBLED MURRELET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">23. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus marmoratus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the <a href="#bAncientMurrelet">Ancient Murrelet</a>
+(2.20 &times; 1.40) and range is same as above, possibly breeding
+a little farther south.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_17">[17]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig9">
+<img src="images/p017.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bXanthusMurrelet">XANTHUS MURRELET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">25. </span><span class="sci">Brachyramphus hypoleucus.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below,
+including the sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface
+of the wing is also white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under
+the rocks in dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is
+a pale buffy white, and thickly but finely dotted with brown
+over the entire surface, heaviest on the larger end (2.05 &times;
+1.40).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Resident along the coast of southern and Lower
+California, where it breeds on many of the islands.</p>
+<h3 id="bPigeonGuillemot">PIGEON GUILLEMOT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">29. </span><span class="sci">Cepphus columba. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that
+the under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight
+and slender bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils.
+Feet and inside of mouth bright red.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark
+places under the rocks, are pale blue or green in color with
+black or brown markings and paler spots of lilac.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_18">[18]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig10">
+<img src="images/p018.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaMurre">CALIFORNIA MURRE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">30. </span><span class="sci">Uria troille californica. </span><span class="siz">15 to 16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones.
+Large numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the
+San Francisco and other market places and disposed of as a
+food product, and as yet the birds do not seem to diminish to
+any great extent.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges.
+They vary greatly in color, from nearly white without markings
+to a deep greenish blue with an endless variety of patterns
+in light and dark brown (3.40 &times; 2.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to
+Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bPomarineJaeger">POMARINE JAEGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">36. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius pomarinus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but
+are the real pirates of bird life, especially among the terns
+and gulls. This species has two color phases regardless of
+sex or age. In the light plumage the top of the head is black,
+rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by the lengthened
+central tail-feathers.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_19">[19]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig11">
+<img src="images/p019.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bParasiticJaeger">PARASITIC JAEGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">37. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius parasiticus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last.
+The two central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting
+about four inches beyond the others. All of the
+Jaegers have grayish blue legs with black feet, and brown
+eyes.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the
+two brownish eggs are laid (2.15 &times; 1.65).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern part of North America, south in winter
+to southern California, breeding in the Arctic regions.</p>
+<h3 id="bLongTailedJaeger">LONG-TAILED JAEGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">38. </span><span class="sci">Stercorarius longicaudus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight.
+Similar to the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers
+extend eight or ten inches beyond the others. It is more
+often found in the lighter phase.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in
+a slight depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic America; south in winter to South America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_20">[20]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig12">
+<img src="images/p020.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="506" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">GULLS AND TERNS&mdash;Family Larid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bIvoryGull">IVORY GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">39. </span><span class="sci">Pagophila alba. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding
+season is entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and
+there is a red ring about the eye.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic
+regions. Three grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown
+and black (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to
+British Columbia.</p>
+<h3 id="bPacificKittiwake">PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">40a. </span><span class="sci">Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands
+in the Bering Sea.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss
+and seaweed, making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two
+or three eggs, which are buffy brown or grayish, spotted with
+darker shades of brown (2.20 &times; 4.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south
+as Lower California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_21">[21]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig13">
+<img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedLeggedKittiwake">RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">41. </span><span class="sci">Rissa brevirostris. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting
+that the legs are bright red, the mantle is darker and the
+bill shorter. They usually nest in separate colonies from the
+former, and can be readily identified when in flight by the
+red legs.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They have been found abundantly on the islands of
+the Bering Sea, nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The
+color of the eggs is buffy or brownish, blotched and spotted
+with lilac and shades of brown.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.</p>
+<h3 id="bGlaucousGull">GLAUCOUS GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">42. </span><span class="sci">Larus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray;
+it is distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white
+to the tips. It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller
+Gulls, eating both the eggs and young.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number,
+in shades of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and
+black.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_22">[22]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig14">
+<img src="images/p022.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGlaucousWingedGull">GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">44. </span><span class="sci">Larus glaucescens. </span><span class="siz">25 to 27 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this
+gull except that the primaries are tipped with white. They
+breed in large numbers both on the rocky cliffs and on the
+low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the cliffs large nests
+of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands no attempt
+is made at nest building.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a
+greenish brown ground color with various shades of brown
+spots, most thickly covered on the larger end (2.75 &times; 2.05).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia
+northwards, and wintering to southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bSlatyBackedGull">SLATY-BACKED GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">48. </span><span class="sci">Larus schistisagus. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck
+and slaty colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often
+nest in colonies with other gulls, building their small mounds
+of seaweed on the higher parts of the islands.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored
+eggs, spotted with dark brown and lavender (2.90 &times; 2.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_23">[23]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig15">
+<img src="images/p023.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternGull">WESTERN GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">49. </span><span class="sci">Larus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the
+large Gulls, and can be seen about the harbors of California
+at all seasons of the year. They are great thieves, robbing
+the Murres and Terns wherever eggs are left unprotected, and
+are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to contend with.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the
+full set contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark
+brown, showing the usual variation found in color in the Gulls&rsquo;
+eggs (2.75 &times; 1.90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to
+British Columbia.</p>
+<h3 id="bHerringGull">HERRING GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">51. </span><span class="sci">Larus argentatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually
+on the ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite
+a distance from the water. A few pair nest on the islands
+of some of the inland lakes and it is not uncommon to see
+nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet from the ground.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted
+with black and brown.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_24">[24]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig16">
+<img src="images/p024.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRingBilledGull">RING-BILLED GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">54. </span><span class="sci">Larus delawarensis. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with
+white tips and always to be identified in the breeding season
+by the black band around the middle of the greenish yellow
+bill. They nest in large colonies on the islands in the interior
+of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds at high
+altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the
+lakes of the Dakotas and northward.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight
+hollow on the ground generally on the grassy portion of some
+island (2.80 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower
+California to British Columbia.</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaGull">CALIFORNIA GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">53. </span><span class="sci">Larus californicus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. <a href="#bHerringGull">Herring Gull</a>
+and the primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow,
+with red spot near end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their
+nests generally upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs
+constitute a set, and they are the usual color of the Gulls&rsquo;.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_25">[25]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig17">
+<img src="images/p025.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bShortBilledGull">SHORT-BILLED GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">55. </span><span class="sci">Larus brachyrhynchus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the
+European variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly
+gray; rest of white; outer primary nearly black with a white
+spot at the end. Bill, feet and legs greenish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The
+nest is generally made of moss, grass and weeds and placed
+on the ground.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to
+Alaska. Winters in the south to Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bHeermannGull">HEERMANN GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">57. </span><span class="sci">Larus heermanni. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull.
+In summer the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a
+red bill and legs. The body color shades abruptly from the
+neck into slaty, both the upper and under parts. The primaries
+and tail are black.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs
+greenish drab in color marked with brown, black and lilac
+(2.45 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_26">[26]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig18">
+<img src="images/p026.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBonaparteGull">BONAPARTE GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">60. </span><span class="sci">Larus philadelphia. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner
+web and shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck
+are gray; while in winter the head is white with gray spots
+back of the eyes. Young birds have the back mixed with
+brownish and the tail with a band of black near the tip. They
+are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the
+northwest. The nests of sticks and grass are placed on the
+higher parts of the marshes and the usual complement of three
+eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to greenish brown, marked
+with dark brown spots (1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bSabineGull">SABINE GULL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">62. </span><span class="sci">Xema sabini. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with
+a black ring; the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail
+slightly forked. In winter the head and throat white with
+the back of the neck dusky.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern
+Alaska and Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish
+brown in color and marked with dark brown (1.75 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_27">[27]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig19">
+<img src="images/p027.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaspianTern">CASPIAN TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">64. </span><span class="sci">Sterna caspia. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill
+is large, heavy and bright red. The crest with which this
+species is adorned is black. The mantle is pearl color and
+the breast is white. Winter birds have the crown mixed with
+white, and the young are blotched with blackish in the wings
+and tail.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again
+only a few pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from
+gray to greenish buff, marked with brown and lilac. The
+two eggs usually being laid in a hollow in the sand.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and
+Lower California to the Arctic regions.</p>
+<h3 id="bElegantTern">ELEGANT TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">66. </span><span class="sci">Sterna elegans. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are
+tinged with rosy, which probably first gave the birds their
+name.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in
+the sand, creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Central and South America, in summer to California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_28">[28]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig20">
+<img src="images/p028.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bForstersTern">FORSTERS TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">69. </span><span class="sci">Sterna forsteri. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These beautiful birds are often known as &ldquo;Sea Swallows,&rdquo;
+because of their similarity in flight to those well-known land
+birds. They are the picture of grace as they dart about high
+in the air, bill pointed downward, alert and ready to dart
+down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with
+grass, in which are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying
+in color from almost white to brownish, thickly spotted with
+brown and lavender (1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba
+to the Gulf Coast.</p>
+<h3 id="bCommonTern">COMMON TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">70. </span><span class="sci">Sterna hirundo. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being
+more blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly
+gray in place of white, tail not quite as much forked, and
+shorter; edge of outer primaries and outer tail-feathers
+blackish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic
+coast. Their eggs are more rounded (1.75 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_29">[29]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig21">
+<img src="images/p029.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bArcticTern">ARCTIC TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">71. </span><span class="sci">Sterna paradis&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution;
+and the pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and
+below. Bill quite red and feet much smaller and bright red.
+When their nesting colonies are approached they will rise in
+clouds, circling about high in the air, uttering at times their
+peculiar cry.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt
+at nest building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the
+bare sand or gravel just above the water line. There is no
+difference in the color or markings of the eggs from the others
+(1.75 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic
+Regions and wintering from California to the Gulf States.</p>
+<h3 id="bAleutianTern">ALEUTIAN TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">73. </span><span class="sci">Sterna aleutica. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the
+<a href="#bCommonTern">Common Tern</a>, but has a darker mantle, and the forehead is
+white, with a black line extending from the bill to the eye.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is much the same as the <a href="#bArcticTern">Arctic</a>, but the eggs are
+somewhat smaller and narrower (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_30">[30]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig22">
+<img src="images/p030.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLeastTern">LEAST TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">74. </span><span class="sci">Sterna antillarum. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a
+swallow and in flight are much the same, darting through the air,
+taking insects the same as swallows, or dipping into the water
+for small minnows that are showing themselves near the surface.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above
+the water line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully
+marked with different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 &times; .95).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Throughout the United States to northern South
+America, breeding abundantly on the coast of southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackTern">BLACK TERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">77. </span><span class="sci">Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either
+white or pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults
+in summer having the head, neck and under parts black, with
+the back, wings and tail gray.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color.
+Nests are of weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies.
+Two to four eggs are a dark greenish brown with black spots
+(1.35 &times; .95).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_31">[31]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig23">
+<img src="images/p031.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">ALBATROSSES&mdash;Family Diomedeid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bBlackFootedAlbatross">BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">81. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea nigripes. </span><span class="siz">32 to 36 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into
+whitish at the base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted
+for its extended flights, following vessels day after day without
+any apparent period of rest.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 &times;
+2.40).</p>
+<h3 id="bShortTailedAlbatross">SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea albatrus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following
+a vessel will keep a long distance behind in its search
+for food. With the exception of the primaries, which are
+black, as are also the shoulders and tail, the entire plumage
+is white, tinged with yellow on the back of the head.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the
+coast of Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare
+ground or rocks.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California
+to Alaska; most common in northern part of the range.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_32">[32]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig24">
+<img src="images/p032.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLaysanAlbatross">LAYSAN ALBATROSS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">82.1. </span><span class="sci">Diomedea immutabilis. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are white with the exception of the back,
+wings and tail, which are black; bill and feet yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or
+rocks (4.00 &times; 2.35).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;This species breeds in large numbers on the island
+from which it takes its name&mdash;Layson Island, of the Hawaiian
+Group&mdash;appearing rarely off the coast of California.</p>
+<h3 id="bYellowNosedAlbatross">YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">83. </span><span class="sci">Thalassogeron culminatus. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian
+oceans and is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An
+egg in the collection of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass.,
+was taken on Gough Island Sept. 1st, 1888. The nest was
+a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The single
+white egg measured 3.75 &times; 2.25.</p>
+<h3 id="bSootyAlbatross">SOOTY ALBATROSS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">84. </span><span class="sci">Ph&oelig;betria palpebrata. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim
+around the eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 &times; 2.75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_33">[33]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig25">
+<img src="images/p033.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.
+<br />Family Procellariid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bPacificFulmar">PACIFIC FULMAR.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">86b. </span><span class="sci">Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is
+shorter and stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the
+nostrils opening out of a single tube, prominently located on
+top of the bill. Their flight is graceful like that of the Gulls.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern
+Pacific they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the
+rocks having its tenant. They lay but a single white egg on
+the bare rocks (2.90 &times; 2.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bSlenderBilledFulmar">SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">87. </span><span class="sci">Priocella glacialoides. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species has a paler mantle than others of the family,
+and the primaries are black.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the
+United States in the summer. They probably breed in the far
+south during our winter, although we have no definite record
+relative to their nesting habits.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_34">[34]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig26">
+<img src="images/p034.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPinkFootedShearwater">PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">91. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus creatopus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper
+parts and under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color,
+darkest on the wings; top of head dark, with throat and breast
+white, with yellowish bill and pink colored feet.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Monterey, California, to South America.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackVentedShearwater">BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus opisthomelas. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter
+in color. Quite common in southern California and much more
+so in Lower California.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From northern United States to Lower California.
+A single white egg is laid (2.00 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bTownsendShearwater">TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">93.1. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus auricularis. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower
+California coast and islands.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_35">[35]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig27">
+<img src="images/p035.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bDarkBodiedShearwater">DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">95. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus griseus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands
+in the far south during our winter months, comes north and
+appears off the Pacific coast of the United States during our
+summer months, as far north as Alaska. They are a dark
+sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which are whitish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Habits are the same as the others of the family. The
+single white egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices
+under rocks (2.40 &times; 1.65).</p>
+<h3 id="bSlenderBilledShearwater">SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">96. </span><span class="sci">Puffinus tenuirostris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling
+it in color and markings, being a little lighter under the
+throat, and the bill more slender in proportion to the size of
+the bird. Bill and feet nearly black, as is also the one above.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as
+the <a href="#bDarkBodiedShearwater">Dark-bodied Shearwater</a>; it is not found on the N. A.
+coast as commonly as the other.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_36">[36]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig28">
+<img src="images/p036.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFisherPetrel">FISHER PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">100. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;strelata fisheri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen
+taken off Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.</p>
+<h3 id="bLeastPetrel">LEAST PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">103. </span><span class="sci">Halocyptena microsoma. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely
+dark sooty.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They have been found breeding on the islands of
+Lower California, and they probably do on others farther
+south. The single egg of this bird is white with a wreath
+of tiny brown specks about the larger end.</p>
+<h3 id="bForkTailedPetrel">FORK-TAILED PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma furcata. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being
+darker and the under parts lightest.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the
+ground. Egg white with a fine wreath of purplish black specks
+about the larger end. Found breeding on the islands of
+Alaska.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_37">[37]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig29">
+<img src="images/p037.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKaedingPetrel">KAEDING PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">105.2. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma kaedingi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and
+the tail less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California
+to Mexico, breeding in the southern part of its range.</p>
+<h3 id="bLeachPetrel">LEACH PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma leucorhoa. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are quite common on both the eastern and western
+coasts, breeding from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians.
+They are of a sooty brown color, upper tail-coverts and
+side of under-coverts white. They burrow in the ground for
+two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building; placing
+their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow.
+These birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one
+remaining at sea during the day and returning at night. They
+are rarely seen in the vicinity of their nests during the day.</p>
+<h3 id="bGuadalupePetrel">GUADALUPE PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">106.1. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma macrodactyla.</span></div>
+<p>Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail
+and somewhat longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Same as above with one white egg, usually much
+nest stained.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_38">[38]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig30">
+<img src="images/p038.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackPetrel">BLACK PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">107. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma melania. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump
+of the two or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very
+offensive musky odor, which is always noticeable about an
+island inhabited by them. The skins and eggs of the birds
+always retain this odor.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes
+containing a small amount of nesting material; grass and
+roots.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California southward to Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bAshyPetrel">ASHY PETREL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">108. </span><span class="sci">Oceanodroma homochroa. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands,
+sooty gray in color, their plumage matching their surroundings
+so closely that, unless one is looking for them, they will
+easily be overlooked.</p>
+<p>They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves
+to be removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they.
+They build in burrows or in any crevice of the rocks, laying
+their single white egg on the ground or rock without much,
+if any, lining to the nest.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_39">[39]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig31">
+<img src="images/p039.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">CORMORANTS&mdash;Family Phalacrocoracid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bFaralloneCormorant">FARALLONE CORMORANT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">120c. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty.
+These birds breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing
+their nests well up on the higher ridges and also in the trees
+on some of the inland islands, or near large ponds or lakes.
+They build large nests of sticks and roots, lined with grass,
+seaweed and moss.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid
+(2.40 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<h3 id="bBrandtCormorant">BRANDT CORMORANT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">122. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax penicillatus. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender
+and nearly straight. The young are hatched without feathers
+or down and the skin is nearly black. The young for two or
+three months are the food supply for the larger Gulls. Like
+the other Cormorants breeding on these islands, they stay
+closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are
+always on the watch for either the eggs or young.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of
+the United States.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_40">[40]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig32">
+<img src="images/p040.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBairdCormorants">BAIRD CORMORANTS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">123b. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from
+Washington south to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as
+the former species and not inclined to breed in colonies with
+the others, but is more secluded.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks
+and cliffs on which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom
+building in trees. Their eggs are much smaller, averaging
+2.20 &times; 1.40.</p>
+<h3 id="bRedFacedCormorant">RED-FACED CORMORANT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">124. </span><span class="sci">Phalacrocorax urile. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly
+in having the forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the
+same as other members of the family. That the Cormorants
+are expert fishermen may be seen from the fact that
+the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a
+ring about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The nesting places of these as well as other members
+of this family are very filthy, being covered with excrement
+and the remains of fish that are strewn about their
+nests (2.50 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_41">[41]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig33">
+<img src="images/p041.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">PELICANS.&mdash;Family Pelecanid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bWhitePelican">WHITE PELICAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">125. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. </span><span class="siz">60 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white;
+bill and feet yellow, the former in the breeding season having
+a thin upright knob about midway on the top of the upper
+mandible. They get their food by approaching a school of
+small fish and suddenly dipping their head beneath the surface,
+sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;
+they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the
+sides of the mouth, and then swallow the fish.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally
+only a lining about the outer edge; the eggs being placed
+upon the ground. Two or three eggs are laid, pure chalky
+white (3.45 &times; 2.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaBrownPelican">CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">127. </span><span class="sci">Pelecanus californicus. </span><span class="siz">55 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back
+of neck rich velvety brown; head and throat white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks
+and weeds. Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 &times; 1.95).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_42">[42]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig34">
+<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">MAN-O&rsquo;-WAR BIRDS&mdash;Family Fregatid&aelig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bFrigateBird">FRIGATE BIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">128. </span><span class="sci">Fregata aquila. </span><span class="siz">40 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest
+expanse of wing of any known bird. Weighing only about
+four pounds they have an extent of from seven to eight feet.
+The length of the bird is about 40 inches, of which the tail
+comprises about 18, more than half of this being forked. They
+can walk only with difficulty and are very poor swimmers,
+owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete
+masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights.
+Their food of small fish is secured by plunging, or preying
+upon other sea birds.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or
+low trees. A single white egg (2.80 &times; 1.90).</p>
+<h3 id="bAmericanMerganserOrderAnseres">AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">129. </span><span class="sci">Mergus americanus. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with
+sharp teeth to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great
+extent.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on
+the ground; 6 to 9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_43">[43]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig35">
+<img src="images/p043.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedBreastedMerganser">RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">130. </span><span class="sci">Mergus serrator. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is
+found commonly on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more
+than on the coast. The male has the head, neck, and crest
+iridescent greenish black, breast brownish with black spots.
+The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut
+color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the
+black found on the males.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff
+color, making their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or
+in tufts of grass or in crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest
+with feathers (2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of North America, breeding from central
+United States to British America.</p>
+<h3 id="bHoodedMerganser">HOODED MERGANSER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">131. </span><span class="sci">Lophodytes cucullatus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest
+with which both sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this
+from the others. The male having the crest black with a
+large white patch, and that of the female plain brown.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_44">[44]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig36">
+<img src="images/p044.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGadwall">GADWALL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">135. </span><span class="sci">Chaulelasmus streperus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the
+female is similar but the back and wings are brownish-gray.
+As is usual with many of the ducks these do most of their
+feeding early in the morning or after dusk, and spend the
+greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the most
+noisy and active of the ducks.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes
+or in the long grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to
+12 eggs of a creamy buff color (2.10 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Includes the whole of North America, breeds from
+British Columbia to southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bMallard">MALLARD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">132. </span><span class="sci">Anas platyrhynchos. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They
+feed on mollusks and marine insects which they generally
+reach by tipping in shallow water.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their
+nests in the tall grasses of which it is made and lined with
+feathers. Breed from Alaska to southern California (2.25 &times;
+1.25).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_45">[45]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig37">
+<img src="images/p045.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBaldpateAmericanWidgeon">BALDPATE&mdash;AMERICAN WIDGEON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">137. </span><span class="sci">Mareca Americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are common and well-known birds throughout North
+America, where they are called by a great variety of names,
+most of which refer to the bald appearance of the top of the
+head, owing to the white feathers. They can usually be identified
+at a distance by the absence of any dark markings, and
+when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers,
+on the ground or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are
+laid (2.15 &times; 1.20).</p>
+<h3 id="bGreenWingedTeal">GREEN-WINGED TEAL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">139. </span><span class="sci">Nettion carolinense. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly
+sought for by sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence
+of their flesh. The male may be easily identified by
+the reddish brown head and neck, with the large green patch
+behind each ear.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it
+is made of weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9
+buffy eggs are laid (1.85 &times; 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California
+and Oregon.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_46">[46]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig38">
+<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlueWingedTeal">BLUE-WINGED TEAL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">140. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula discors. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front
+of the eye; under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black;
+wing coverts bright blue. Female similar to female <a href="#bGreenWingedTeal">Green-wing</a>,
+but has the blue wing coverts. In flight can be easily
+separated from the Green-wing by its darker under parts.
+Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines.
+This is more common east of the Rockies than the other.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed
+in the reeds bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs
+are laid.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding more abundantly than the
+former farther north in its range.</p>
+<h3 id="bCinnamonTeal">CINNAMON TEAL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">141. </span><span class="sci">Querquedula cyanoptera. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the
+Rockies. It is on the male a bright cinnamon color on the
+under parts; also the head and neck, being darkest near the
+bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts blue; speculum
+green, divided by a line of white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 &times; 1.35).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_47">[47]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig39">
+<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bShoveller">SHOVELLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">142. </span><span class="sci">Spatula clypeata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill,
+which is out of all proportion to the size of the bird. Head,
+neck and speculum dark green, under parts reddish brown,
+breast and back white, wing coverts blue. If it were not for
+the large ungainly bill, this duck would be classed as one of
+our most beautiful during the breeding season.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of
+grass, weeds and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10
+grayish white eggs (2.10 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America; breeding most abundant on the
+western coast from southern California to northwest Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bPintail">PINTAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">143. </span><span class="sci">Dafila acuta. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with
+head and stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and
+sides barred with white and black wavy lines.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with
+feathers generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12
+eggs of a dull olive color (2.20 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_48">[48]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig40">
+<img src="images/p048.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWoodDuck">WOOD DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">144. </span><span class="sci">Aix sponsa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of
+any of the duck family. Both the male and female have a
+long crest; that of the male of the most beautiful shades of
+blue and iridescent green colors, with stripes of white, the
+throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut with white
+arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line
+markings.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The
+birds are said to carry the young from the nest to the water
+in their bills. 6 to 10 eggs, buffy in color (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to
+the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bRedhead">REDHEAD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">146. </span><span class="sci">Marila americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered
+as the best table birds of the duck family.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in
+number, buffy white in color (2.40 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_49">[49]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig41">
+<img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCanvasBack">CANVAS-BACK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">147. </span><span class="sci">Marila valisineria. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Differs from the <a href="#bRedhead">Redhead</a> in the shape of its black bill, its
+blackish forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the
+Redhead having yellow eyes. Like the last species, these
+birds are excellent swimmers and divers, and secure their
+food from deeper water than many of the ducks. Their food
+consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell
+fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market
+price, and are much sought after by gunners.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with
+grass and feathers. 6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America; breeding from central British
+Columbia south to Oregon and Minnesota.</p>
+<h3 id="bScaupDuckOrBlueBill">SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">148. </span><span class="sci">Marila marila. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing
+to the slaty blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast
+are black; speculum and under parts white, and eyes yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior
+of British Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray
+(2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_50">[50]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig42">
+<img src="images/p050.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLesserScaupDuck">LESSER SCAUP DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">149. </span><span class="sci">Marila affinis. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the
+male glossed purple instead of green on the black. They are
+one of the most abundant migrants, and are one of the most
+active of the family, diving at the flash of a gun. The immense
+flocks generally keep out in the open waters of the lakes
+or rivers; where they feed by diving.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with
+feathers from the breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale
+gray color (2.25 &times; 1.55).</p>
+<h3 id="bRingNeckedDuck">RING-NECKED DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">150. </span><span class="sci">Marila collaris. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In appearance and general habits this duck is much the
+same as the two preceding. Male with head, neck and breast
+black with purple shades, having a ring of chestnut about the
+neck, which at a little distance is not noticeable. Bill blackish,
+with a bluish band near the end; eye yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Same in every way as above, and general distribution
+the same, breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_51">[51]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig43">
+<img src="images/p051.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAmericanGoldenEye">AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">151. </span><span class="sci">Clangula clangula americana. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are handsome ducks, known as &ldquo;Whistlers,&rdquo; from the
+noise of their wings when flying, and also &ldquo;Great-heads,&rdquo; because
+of the puffy crest. The head is greenish black with
+a large round white spot in front of and a little below the
+eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining
+the cavity with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining
+the nest with feathers, in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs
+of a grayish color (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from Alaska south to
+the most northern of United States. Winters to southern
+California and the Gulf Coast.</p>
+<h3 id="bBarrowGoldenEye">BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">152. </span><span class="sci">Clangula islandica. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white
+spot between the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is
+the preceding.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The range and nesting habits are the same as above,
+possibly breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_52">[52]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig44">
+<img src="images/p052.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBuffleHead">BUFFLE-HEAD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">153. </span><span class="sci">Charitonetta albeola. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This handsome little duck is also known as &ldquo;Butter-ball&rdquo;
+and &ldquo;Dipper-duck,&rdquo; the latter name given to them on account
+of the ease with which they can disappear under the water.
+They are always on the alert and will dive at the flash of a
+gun. Head iridescent blue, green and purple, and with a
+large white patch extending from eye to eye, across the back
+of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can
+take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the
+sides of rivers, 8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color
+(2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<h3 id="bOldSquawLongTailedDuck">OLD-SQUAW&mdash;LONG-TAILED DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">154. </span><span class="sci">Harelda hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in
+summer and winter. Both sexes are marked similarly, but the
+female is somewhat duller and lacks the long tail feathers of
+the male. They are excellent swimmers and dive to great
+depths in search of their food.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Generally concealed in the long grass near the water,
+made of grass and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_53">[53]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig45">
+<img src="images/p053.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHarlequinDuck">HARLEQUIN DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">155. </span><span class="sci">Histrionicus histrionicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the
+illustration. It is not the colors alone that make them so
+attractive, but the way the colors are placed. The white
+being in long stripes, crescents or large spots, with black, gray
+and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among the
+swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on
+the coasts.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with
+down placed on the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes
+in the hollow of a tree. 5 to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to
+the central part of California among the mountain streams.</p>
+<h3 id="bPacificEider">PACIFIC EIDER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">161. </span><span class="sci">Somateria v-nigra. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it
+has a black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly
+on the Aleutian Islands, but in great numbers farther north.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly
+lining same with down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs
+(3.00 &times; 2.00).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_54">[54]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig46">
+<img src="images/p054.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bStellerEider">STELLER EIDER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">157. </span><span class="sci">Polysticta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish
+on the forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and
+crissum, black; under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the
+long scapulars black and white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It
+breeds on the rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six
+to nine eggs are pale olive green in color (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian
+Islands and northwest coast of Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bSpectacledEider">SPECTACLED EIDER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">158. </span><span class="sci">Arctonetta fischeri. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is black on the under parts and mostly white
+above. The head is largely washed with sea green, leaving
+a large patch of white, narrowly bordered with black around
+each eye, thus resembling a pair of spectacles and giving it
+the name it has.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from
+their breast; they are placed upon the ground under overhanging
+stones or clumps of grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 &times; 1.85).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_55">[55]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig47">
+<img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKingEider">KING EIDER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">162. </span><span class="sci">Somateria spectabilis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is very different from any of the preceding, the
+crown being of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in
+place of the white of the others. It also has a broad V-shaped
+mark on the throat and a black crescent between the eye and
+bill. Like all of the other Eiders the females are mottled
+brown and black, the different species being very difficult to
+separate.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are usually a depression in the ground lined
+with the down from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10
+eggs of a greenish color (3.00 &times; 2.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern North America, breeding along the coast
+of Siberia, Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.</p>
+<h3 id="bScoter">SCOTER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">163. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia americana. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Scoters or &ldquo;Coots,&rdquo; as they are generally called, are Sea
+Ducks whose plumage is almost wholly black; base of the
+bill is yellow and orange. This species nest similar to the
+Eiders, concealing it under overhanging rocks or in tufts of
+grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_56">[56]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig48">
+<img src="images/p056.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhiteWingedScoter">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">165. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia deglandi. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished
+from the others by the white speculum on the wing
+and a white comet extending from the eye backwards. It
+also has a yellow eye.</p>
+<p>This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of
+the family.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or
+under low bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes
+twigs, lined with feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 &times;
+1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in British Columbia and
+Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bSurfScoter">SURF SCOTER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">166. </span><span class="sci">Oidemia perspicillata. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white
+spot on top of the head and another on the nape; eye white;
+bill red, white and yellow with a large black spot near the
+base. The female is a grayish brown, lighter below; also
+with a spot of dull white in front of the eye and the same
+in back.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_57">[57]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig49">
+<img src="images/p057.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRuddyDuck">RUDDY DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">167. </span><span class="sci">Erismatura jamaicensis. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown
+upper parts; blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and
+under parts silvery white with grayish wash next to the ruddy.
+Bill is very stout and broad at the end, and the tail feathers
+are very stiff and pointed. Females have back, crown and
+sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.
+These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or
+in flight.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally
+lined with down in which are placed their eggs to the
+number of from 8 to 12 of a grayish white color (2.40 &times; 1.75)
+unusually large for the size of the bird.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding from Central
+British Columbia southward as far as Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bSnowGoose">SNOW GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">169. </span><span class="sci">Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black.
+This is the smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern
+variety being some ten inches longer, found in N. A., west of
+the Mississippi River.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_58">[58]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig50">
+<img src="images/p058.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRossGoose">ROSS GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">170. </span><span class="sci">Chen rossi. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters
+in California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and
+is the smallest of the family.</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteFrontedGoose">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">171a. </span><span class="sci">Anser albifrons gambeli. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage,
+dark head and white forehead; bill and feet orange. They
+are the most common on the western coast and large numbers
+of them are sold in the markets.</p>
+<p>Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails,
+and insects.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression
+and made of dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs
+are from four to nine in number, of a dull buff color (3.00 &times;
+2.05).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western and central North America, breeds on the
+Arctic coast south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from
+British Columbia to southern California. During the spring
+flight immense flocks of these birds pass through Oregon and
+follow down the west coast.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_59">[59]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig51">
+<img src="images/p059.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCanadaGoose">CANADA GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis canadensis. </span><span class="siz">38 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is the most widely known of the family, and
+is the most numerous. Its familiar &ldquo;honk&rdquo; has long been
+the signal of the coming spring, and the V-shaped formation
+in which the flocks migrate is always an object of interest
+to every one; large birds, with long necks outstretched, wings
+beating the air in unison, and all following the leadership of
+one bird in their journey over their invisible path.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on
+the ground in marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine
+eggs of a buff or drab color are laid (3.50 &times; 2.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding from northern
+United States northward, and wintering in the southern
+part of U. S. to Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bCacklingGoose">CACKLING GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">172c. </span><span class="sci">Branta canadensis minima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference
+being only in the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the
+Arctic coast and migrates in winter along the western coast
+south to southern California. Eggs are buff color; 4 to 9
+(2.90 &times; 1.95).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_60">[60]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig52">
+<img src="images/p060.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackBrant">BLACK BRANT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">174. </span><span class="sci">Branta nigricans. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar
+nearly encircling the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts
+mostly white. They are very inquisitive and easily
+come to decoys, and consequently large numbers of them are
+shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird especially
+when in large flocks. They get most of their food
+by tipping up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon
+the tender water plants and roots gathered from the bottom.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A depression in the ground lined with grass and
+feathers and the down from their breasts; four to eight eggs
+are laid of a grayish color (2.80 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, breeding abundantly in
+northern Alaska and wintering on the Pacific coast from British
+Columbia to Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bEmperorGoose">EMPEROR GOOSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">176. </span><span class="sci">Philacte canagica. </span><span class="siz">26 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This handsome species may be known by the mottled or
+scaly appearance of the feathers; the head is white with a
+black chin and throat. Their 3 to 7 eggs are a dull buff color
+(3.10 &times; 2.15).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_61">[61]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig53">
+<img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackBelliedTreeDuck">BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">177. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are
+very common in southern Texas and along the Rio Grande.
+They are not timid and are frequently caught and domesticated.
+They can walk and run gracefully, and feed in grain
+fields at considerable distance from the water. They usually
+raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten
+to as many as twenty.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at
+a great distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few
+feathers and down. The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<h3 id="bFulvousTreeDuck">FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">178. </span><span class="sci">Dendrocygna bicolor. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more
+of a rufous all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It
+has no white markings. It is fully as abundant as the preceding
+and is found farther north and west to the Pacific
+coast in southern California.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them
+are identical with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been
+found in one nest, but these were probably laid by two birds.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_62">[62]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig54">
+<img src="images/p062.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhistlingSwan">WHISTLING SWAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">180. </span><span class="sci">Olor columbianus. </span><span class="siz">58 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their
+bill and feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer
+the end of the bill than it is to the eye. It is distinguished
+from the next by the small yellow spot on either side of the
+bill near its base.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss,
+grass, feathers and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy
+places near ponds or lakes. Three to six greenish or brownish
+buff eggs are laid (4.00 &times; 2.75).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, more common in the east, breeding
+in Alaska and the Arctic islands, wintering from British
+Columbia to the central part of California.</p>
+<h3 id="bTrumpeterSwan">TRUMPETER SWAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">181. </span><span class="sci">Olor buccinator. </span><span class="siz">65 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a
+spread of wing nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior
+than on the coast. Its plumage is the same as above, except
+that the bill is entirely black and the nostril is located nearer
+the eye. Their nesting habits are the same as above, the eggs
+averaging a trifle larger.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_63">[63]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig55">
+<img src="images/p063.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGlossyIbisFamilyIbididae">GLOSSY IBIS&mdash;Family Ibidid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">186. </span><span class="sci">Plegadis autumnalis. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut
+color, glossy with purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy
+greenish black; bill, legs and feet carmine red, bill much
+curved downward.</p>
+<p>This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis
+which is occasionally found in southern California, with the
+exception that the latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering
+the bill, white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached
+to living stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep
+greenish blue color (1.95 &times; 1.35).</p>
+<h3 id="bWoodIbisFamilyCiconiae">WOOD IBIS&mdash;Family Ciconi&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">188. </span><span class="sci">Mycteria americana. </span><span class="siz">45 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which
+are pale bluish in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely
+white except for the primaries and tail, which are
+glossy purplish black. This is the only true Stork which occurs
+in North America, and is found only in the southern
+part of California and the most southern states near the
+Gulf of Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_64">[64]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig56">
+<img src="images/p064.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLeastBittern">LEAST BITTERN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">191. </span><span class="sci">Ixobrychus exilis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern
+portions of the United States. They are very quiet and sly
+birds, and their presence is often unsuspected when they are
+really quite abundant. Their nests are made of rushes woven
+about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white (1.20 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bBitternFamilyHerodii">BITTERN&mdash;Family Herodii.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">190. </span><span class="sci">Botaurus lentiginosus. </span><span class="siz">28 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep
+concealed so closely that one may pass within a few feet of
+them and they not take flight. They are known by a variety
+of names, nearly all of which have reference to their &ldquo;booming&rdquo;
+sound while in the bogs. The most common name given
+them being &ldquo;Stake Driver&rdquo; and again &ldquo;Thunder Pumper.&rdquo;
+They are much variegated with brown and yellowish brown;
+adults with a long, broad black stripe on either side of the
+white throat; eye is yellow; bill and legs, greenish yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their
+nest usually in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by
+water. They lay from three to five brownish colored eggs
+(1.95 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_65">[65]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig57">
+<img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGreatBlueHeron">GREAT BLUE HERON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">194. </span><span class="sci">Ardea herodias herodias. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is
+bluish gray, relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and
+patches on the sides and a white crown. Young birds are
+much duller colored and lack the crest of the old birds. It
+takes several years for them to obtain their perfect plumage.
+In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company
+with many other species.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in
+the trees near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many
+as 40 nests have been found in a single tree. Three to five
+eggs of a greenish blue color (2.50 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America except the extreme northern part,
+breeds from British Columbia to southern Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bGreenHeron">GREEN HERON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">201. </span><span class="sci">Butorides virescens virescens. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over
+the country. In most sections of the country they will be found
+nesting, one of two pairs together, along the border of some
+swamp or stream; 3 to 5 pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_66">[66]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig58">
+<img src="images/p066.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bEgret">EGRET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">196. </span><span class="sci">Herodias egretta. </span><span class="siz">41 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has
+persistently been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery
+purposes. They usually breed in colonies with several others of
+the Heron family.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes
+over the water in which they lay three or four light bluish
+green colored eggs (2.25 &times; 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.</p>
+<h3 id="bSnowyEgret">SNOWY EGRET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">197. </span><span class="sci">Egretta candidissima. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved
+plumes growing from the middle of the back; long crest of
+plumes on back of the head, and on the breast. Bill black,
+greenish at the base; legs black and feet yellow. With the protection
+which has been placed on these birds and the large
+breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government
+reservations we hope to see these become more abundant
+within a few years. Their nesting habits are the same as
+above, only the eggs are smaller (1.80 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_67">[67]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig59">
+<img src="images/p067.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackCrownedNightHeron">BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">202. </span><span class="sci">Nycticorax nycticorax n&aelig;vius. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A well-known bird often called &ldquo;quawk&rdquo; from the note
+which it makes during its evening flights. They are usually
+found nesting in large colonies, while in some places a few secluded
+pairs nest; a favorite place being among pine trees on
+the edge of muddy ponds.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the
+higher limbs of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more
+in each tree. Eggs are pale greenish color (2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<h3 id="bYellowCrownedNightHeron">YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">203. </span><span class="sci">Nyctanassa violacea. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded
+white plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but
+are nested together so that they appear to be as one. On the
+back they also have long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a
+comet shaped patch under the eye of a yellowish white. As
+dusk approaches, these birds start out from their roosting
+places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to their
+feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting
+of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_68">[68]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig60">
+<img src="images/p068.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhoopingCraneFamilyGruidae">WHOOPING CRANE&mdash;Family Gruid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">204. </span><span class="sci">Grus americana. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of
+the adults is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts
+of the head and face are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet
+black. These great birds are not uncommon on the prairies of
+the interior of America.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the
+bogs, the nest being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two
+or three feet in diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish
+buff color blotched with shades of brown and gray (3.75 &times; 2.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic
+regions and wintering to the Gulf states and southward.</p>
+<h3 id="bLittleBrownCrane">LITTLE BROWN CRANE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">205. </span><span class="sci">Grus canadensis. </span><span class="siz">36 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane,
+but more brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this
+family always carry the neck fully extended, while the Herons
+draw the neck back between the wings. Unlike herons the
+young birds are born covered with down, and can run about as
+soon as they appear.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In northern Canada, where it breeds.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_69">[69]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig61">
+<img src="images/p069.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.&mdash;Family Rallid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210.1. </span><span class="sci">Rallus levipes. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed
+if any danger is lurking about the locality where they are.
+They are very quick to get away in the tall grass if startled,
+and rarely take to the wing for protection. This species is
+found about the marshes in southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaClapperRail">CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">210. </span><span class="sci">Rallus obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings;
+cinnamon colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly
+all of the marshes along the coast. They are excellent runners,
+and are very difficult to start from the marsh grass in which
+they are concealed. Its nest is built on the ground on the
+higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively dry, building
+it of grass and strips of rushes.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color,
+spotted and blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 &times; 1.25). The
+young of this family are born covered with a shining black
+down, and remain in the nest but a few hours.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_70">[70]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig62">
+<img src="images/p070.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bVirginiaRail">VIRGINIA RAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">212. </span><span class="sci">Rallus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray;
+wing coverts grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown,
+brightest on the breast. Sides sharply barred with black and
+white; chin and line over the eye white, side of head slaty
+color. Like others of this species, it is found in either the
+fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs
+of a creamy white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac;
+six to ten are the number laid (1.25 &times; .90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding from British Columbia to
+southern California and the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bSoraRail">SORA RAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">214. </span><span class="sci">Porzana carolina. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on
+the head. Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the
+day in quiet and do most of their feeding after dusk, when
+their clucking notes may be heard all over the marshes.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs,
+buff colored with reddish-brown specks (1.25 &times; .90).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_71">[71]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig63">
+<img src="images/p071.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bYellowRail">YELLOW RAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">215. </span><span class="sci">Coturnicops noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy
+brown, yellowish buff; black and white barred side feathers.
+The back is blackish with the feathers edged with white. These
+small Rails are like field mice, hard to locate or obtain sight of
+when in the marsh grass. They object to flying unless forced
+to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility to get
+through rushes to avoid being seen.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and
+twisted together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color,
+specked with reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end
+(1.10 &times; .80).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Locally distributed in temperate America from
+southern California to British Columbia.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackRail">BLACK RAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">216. </span><span class="sci">Creciscus coturniculus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird,
+with back a dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray
+feathers on the sides and flank spotted and barred with white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely
+cupped to hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve;
+creamy white, specked all over with reddish brown (1.03 &times; .75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_72">[72]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig64">
+<img src="images/p072.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFloridaGallinule">FLORIDA GALLINULE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">219. </span><span class="sci">Gallinula galeata. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back
+a brownish color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former
+being tipped with yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about
+the top. The grayish side feathers tipped with white at the
+wing and lower ones with black. They have an almost endless
+variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build in colonies in the marshes, making their
+nests of rushes and grasses woven together and attached to
+stalks of rushes quite often over the water. They lay from
+six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color (1.60 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<h3 id="bAmericanCoot">AMERICAN COOT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">221. </span><span class="sci">Fulica americana. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the
+whole bird. Toes lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill
+white with a blackish band near the tip; shield narrow and
+brownish, ending in a point.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed in the same localities as are the
+<a href="#bLightFootedRailFamilyRallidae">Rails</a>,
+and they have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of
+a grayish color finely specked all over with black or brown
+(1.80 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_73">[73]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig65">
+<img src="images/p073.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedPhalaropeFamilyPhalaropodidae">RED PHALAROPE.&mdash;Family Phalaropodid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">222. </span><span class="sci">Phalaropus fulicarius. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their
+breeding plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have
+changed to their winter dress, and they retain this until after
+they leave us in the spring. In summer the under parts and
+neck a reddish brown; sides of the head white; top of head
+blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white band. The
+female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses.
+Three or four eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched
+with brown or black (1.20 &times; .80).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and
+in winter migrating to middle portions of United States on both
+coasts.</p>
+<h3 id="bNorthernPhalarope">NORTHERN PHALAROPE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">223. </span><span class="sci">Lobipes lobatus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and
+appears on the coasts a short time during migration. Like the
+last they are expert swimmers, and pass most of their time
+when not breeding upon the surface of the water. They feed
+upon minute insects secured from beds of floating kelp. Nest
+and eggs similar to above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_74">[74]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig66">
+<img src="images/p074.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWilsonPhalarope">WILSON PHALAROPE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">224. </span><span class="sci">Steganopus tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a
+very graceful form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad
+black stripe through the eye and down the side of the neck,
+where it changes gradually into a rich chestnut color. Bill is
+long and slender. It is a bird of the interior, and is only rarely
+met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in large flocks,
+as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the water,
+although a good swimmer.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a
+tuft of grass near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or
+four greenish-buff eggs with black markings (1.30 &times; .90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to
+southern California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.</p>
+<h3 id="bWilsonSnipe">WILSON SNIPE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">230. </span><span class="sci">Gallinago delicata. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy
+meadows with its winding brooks. They procure their food by
+boring in the muddy banks of the meadows, the tip of the bill
+being flexible.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_75">[75]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig67">
+<img src="images/p075.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAvocetFamilyRecurvirostridae">AVOCET&mdash;Family Recurvirostrid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">225. </span><span class="sci">Recurvirostra americana. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young
+birds and winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers
+on the under part white and very thick and, duck-like, being
+impervious to water. Bill slender and recurved; feet
+webbed. Large patches of white on the wings, making them
+very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if
+not molested, they become very tame.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in
+the ground. They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or
+brownish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown and black
+(1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackNeckedStilt">BLACK-NECKED STILT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">226. </span><span class="sci">Himantopus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately
+long and slender. Male black and white as shown; female
+and young with back brownish. They are strong and swift
+upon the wing.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass.
+Three or four eggs, greenish buff, with numerous markings of
+brown and black about the larger end.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_76">[76]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig68">
+<img src="images/p076.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bDowitcher">DOWITCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">231. </span><span class="sci">Macrorhamphus griseus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Bill very long like that of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a>. In summer these birds
+are reddish brown below; more or less specked with black on
+the breast and barred with black on the sides; above mottled
+with brown and black, lighter or even white on the rump,
+crossed with wavy lines of black.</p>
+<p>In winter they are gray above and white below. By the
+gunners known as &ldquo;Red-breasted Snipe&rdquo; in the spring and
+summer and as &ldquo;Graybacks&rdquo; in the winter months.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with
+grass and leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color
+boldly marked with brown most heavily about the larger end
+(1.75 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<h3 id="bStiltSandpiper">STILT SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">233. </span><span class="sci">Micropalama himantopus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore
+birds, single individuals being found in flocks of other species
+rather than in flocks by themselves. Bill slender and only
+moderately long. In summer the entire under parts are a rusty
+white, closely barred with blackish. In winter they are gray
+above and white below.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_77">[77]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig69">
+<img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKnot">KNOT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">234. </span><span class="sci">Tringa canutus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches,
+following out each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking
+the small insects from the sand, and hurrying back to get clear
+from the next wave. Bill moderately long and quite stout; form
+more robust than most of the shore birds. Adults in summer
+mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish uniform
+brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but
+no eggs are known as yet in any collections.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through
+the United States to South America.</p>
+<h3 id="bPribilofSandpiper">PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">235b. </span><span class="sci">Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with
+rusty and the under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of
+black on the breast. Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color,
+spotted and blotched with brown, laid on the ground in a depression
+with a light lining of grass (1.50 &times; 1.05).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_78">[78]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig70">
+<img src="images/p078.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSharpTailedSandpiper">SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">238. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia aurita. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged
+with reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is
+reddish brown. Fairly common in summer on the coast of
+Alaska; in winter supposed to migrate south wholly on the
+Asiatic side of the Pacific.</p>
+<h3 id="bPectoralSandpiper">PECTORAL SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">239. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia maculata. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season
+of inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the
+habits of the <a href="#bWilsonSnipe">Snipe</a> than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting
+grassy meadows or marshes, and feeding along the muddy
+flats in place of the sandy beaches. They are very dark brown
+above, with much lighter brown edging the feathers, and are
+white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish. These
+are well-known birds, and are called by gunners &ldquo;Grass
+Snipe&rdquo; or &ldquo;Jack Snipe&rdquo; as a more common name.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or
+four grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 &times; 1.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions
+and wintering south of the United States.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_79">[79]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig71">
+<img src="images/p079.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhiteRumpedSandpiper">WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">240. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia fuscicollis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black,
+below white, but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries
+black; upper tail coverts white. Nesting habits the same
+as those of the majority of the family, breeding from Labrador
+northward, and wintering to Central America. Eggs 1.30 &times; .90.</p>
+<h3 id="bBairdSandpiper">BAIRD SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">241. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump,
+being of a blackish color instead.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than
+near the seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground
+lined with grasses and usually concealed in a bunch of grass.
+Three to four eggs of a grayish white marked with shades of
+brown and lilac (1.30 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bLeastSandpiper">LEAST SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">242. </span><span class="sci">Pisobia minutilla. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are
+the same in color and markings as the preceding. Found more
+on the seashore. Nesting habits and eggs are the same as the
+two above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_80">[80]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig72">
+<img src="images/p080.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedBackedSandpiper">RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">243a. </span><span class="sci">Pelidna alpina sakhalina. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer,
+with the upper parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with
+black; belly black; head, throat, breast and sides strongly
+streaked with black.</p>
+<p>In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with
+the breast washed with grayish and slightly streaked with
+dusky. These small birds are found in large flocks both on
+the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during migrations, but rarely in
+the interior. Their flight is very rapid and performed in compact
+flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the
+earth being lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or
+four eggs with a greenish or brownish buff color, heavily
+spotted and blotched with shades of brown and chestnut (1.40
+&times; 1.00).</p>
+<h3 id="bSpoonbillSandpiper">SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">245. </span><span class="sci">Eurynorhynchus pygmeus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is
+a very peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and
+flattened into a sort of spoon shape.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_81">[81]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig73">
+<img src="images/p081.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSanderling">SANDERLING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">248. </span><span class="sci">Calidris leucoph&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are a handsome and abundant species, found during
+migrations by thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest
+of the shore birds, feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often
+under the combing crest of the incoming waves, retreating just
+as the wave breaks and is dashed to foam on the beach. They
+are usually very shy, and will not allow a close approach. Toes
+are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer, variegated
+above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain
+grayish above and white below.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and
+blotched with brown, are laid in nests that differ but little
+from others of this family (1.45 &times; .90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Found in all parts of North America, breeding
+within the Arctic Circle, and wintering to southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternSandpiper">WESTERN SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">247. </span><span class="sci">Ereunetes mauri. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Their appearance is very similar to the <a href="#bLeastSandpiper">Least Sandpiper</a>, but
+they are slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed.
+Their nesting habits are the same, and eggs are very much
+alike.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_82">[82]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig74">
+<img src="images/p082.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMarbledGodwit">MARBLED GODWIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">249. </span><span class="sci">Limosa fedoa. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both
+in the interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like
+large <a href="#bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">Plovers</a>, with long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings
+and tail rufous barred with black; rump white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there
+is no lining to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted
+about the depression. Three or four eggs with a ground color
+of grayish buff, sometimes quite dark, are blotched with dark
+brown (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<h3 id="bGreaterYellowLegs">GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">254. </span><span class="sci">Totanus melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray
+margined with white; rump white; tail barred black and white;
+primaries black; bill long and rather slender; legs long and
+yellow.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with
+very little attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish
+white, heavily blotched with shades of brown and lilac
+(1.65 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the British Provinces.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_83">[83]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig75">
+<img src="images/p083.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternSolitarySandpiper">WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">256a. </span><span class="sci">Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and
+white below. These are almost always met with in pairs or
+singly, and are very rarely seen even in small flocks. They
+prefer small ponds or streams in wet woods or open meadows,
+rather than marshes, which are frequented by other species.
+As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near
+some small piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with
+very little lining of grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored,
+spotted with dark shades of brown (1.30 &times; 1.00).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternWillet">WESTERN WILLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">258a. </span><span class="sci">Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon
+and northern California, and are quite abundant in many
+localities. Upper parts a brownish gray, specked with black;
+under parts lighter gray, with lighter streaks of darker gray.
+Primaries white at the base and black on the outer end.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass
+just barely out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs;
+buff blotched with umber (2.00 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_84">[84]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig76">
+<img src="images/p084.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWanderingTattler">WANDERING TATTLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">259. </span><span class="sci">Heteractitis incanus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white
+below, closely barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming
+broken on the throat, forming spots. In winter the
+under parts and throat are white. During the breeding season
+it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building its
+nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.</p>
+<h3 id="bUplandPloverBartramianSandpiper">UPLAND PLOVER&mdash;BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">261. </span><span class="sci">Bartramia longicauda. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being
+found near the water, their food consisting more of insects
+and worms than is usual with others of the Plover or Sandpiper
+families. They are quite shy, and are one of the birds
+much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black, with
+feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.
+Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked
+with black; under parts white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows
+of the ground, lined with grass. They are frequently made and
+eggs deposited in good mowing fields just about the time for
+cutting the grass, and many nests are destroyed at this time.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_85">[85]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig77">
+<img src="images/p085.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="502" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBuffBreastedSandpiper">BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">262. </span><span class="sci">Tryngites subruficollis. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts
+buff, as are also the neck and head; blackish spots on
+the sides extending up the back of the neck and top of the
+head; primaries black.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest
+scantily lined with grass, in which three or four eggs, having
+a grayish white ground color, spotted with rich brown and
+chestnut, are placed.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson
+Bay region to the Arctic coast. During migration, casual
+on the Pacific coast, and abundant in the interior, to South
+America.</p>
+<h3 id="bSpottedSandpiper">SPOTTED SANDPIPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">263. </span><span class="sci">Actitis macularia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds,
+covering the whole United States. Its note, &ldquo;peet-weet,&rdquo; is
+a familiar sound to every bird observer. It has a peculiar
+habit of continually moving its tail up and down when at rest
+or when running along the shore, which has given it the
+name of &ldquo;Teeter-tail&rdquo; or &ldquo;Tip-up.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_86">[86]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig78">
+<img src="images/p086.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLongBilledCurlew">LONG-BILLED CURLEW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">264. </span><span class="sci">Numenius americanus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds, &ldquo;Sickle-bills&rdquo; as they are often called, are one
+of the largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous
+when in flight, or walking on the marshes or sandbars, their
+size appearing gigantic when in company with a flock of
+smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed both on the
+marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of insects
+and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their
+holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in
+compact flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel
+and circle in perfect unison.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows
+or on the prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish
+buff color, covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 &times;
+1.80).</p>
+<h3 id="bHudsonianCurlew">HUDSONIAN CURLEW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">265. </span><span class="sci">Numenius hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a
+white stripe along the top of the head; is fairly common,
+winters in California. Three or four eggs, same color as
+above, only smaller (2.25 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_87">[87]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig79">
+<img src="images/p087.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackBelliedPloverFamilyCharadriidae">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER&mdash;Family Charadriid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">270. </span><span class="sci">Squatarola squatarola. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress.
+The upper parts are largely white, with black spots and bars
+on the back, wings and tail; the sides of head, throat, breast
+and fore under parts are black. This species has a small hind
+toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat mottled
+above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to
+sportsmen, and is known better by the name of &ldquo;Beetle-head&rdquo;
+or &ldquo;Bull-head.&rdquo; They are very numerous in the fall.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining
+and placed in a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff
+in color and boldly marked with black (2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<h3 id="bGoldenPlover">GOLDEN PLOVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">272. </span><span class="sci">Charadrius dominicus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts,
+and the upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow
+and white. These are often found in large flocks with the
+above, especially in the fall, during migration. The habits are
+also the same.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the
+mainland and also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_88">[88]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig80">
+<img src="images/p088.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKilldeer">KILLDEER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">273. </span><span class="sci">Oxyechus vociferus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most
+commonly known of the shore birds throughout the United
+States. They are very noisy, continually uttering their note
+of &ldquo;Kil-deer&mdash;kil-deer,&rdquo; from which they take their name.
+Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line
+across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black
+to the end, the others white at the end. Breast crossed by
+two bands of black; a white forehead, and white streak back
+of the eye.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of
+grass for lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with
+dark brown spots are usually placed in the nest with the
+small ends in the center (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<h3 id="bSemipalmatedPlover">SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">274. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;gialitis semipalmata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The &ldquo;ringed&rdquo; plover is smaller than the above but one
+black band across the breast; black line from base of bill to
+eye and up over the top of the head. Forehead white. Abundant
+along the shores.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_89">[89]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig81">
+<img src="images/p089.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWilsonPlover">WILSON PLOVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">280. </span><span class="sci">Ochthodromus wilsonius. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from
+the preceding by the much heavier bill; it has no black on
+top of the head and white on the forehead extends back behind
+the eye; the black band across the breast is heavier and
+does not extend around the back of the neck.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed on pebbly &ldquo;shingle&rdquo; or back in the
+marsh grass on the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched
+all over with markings of brown and gray (1.40 &times; 1.05).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and
+southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bMountainPlover">MOUNTAIN PLOVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">281. </span><span class="sci">Podasocys montanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the
+western prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is
+more quiet, and seems to be less aquatic than any of the
+Plovers, and is rarely found in the vicinity of the water.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are
+four eggs, brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades
+of brown (1.50 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_90">[90]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig82">
+<img src="images/p090.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSnowyPlover">SNOWY PLOVER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">278. </span><span class="sci">&AElig;gialitis nivosa. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest.
+A small black crescent-shaped patch on either side of the
+breast; a black spot under and back of the eye, and one
+also on top of the head. They are about the color of the
+dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and
+running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown
+about on the beach.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high
+water, lined with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about
+the color of the sand and it is almost impossible to see them a
+few feet away. Four eggs, clay colored; very lightly marked
+with fine dots (1.20 &times; .90).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States.
+Winters from California to South America.</p>
+<h3 id="bSurfBirdFamilyAphrizinae">SURF-BIRD&mdash;Family Aphrizin&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">282. </span><span class="sci">Aphriza virgata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from
+Alaska to South America, seems to be the connecting link
+between the Plovers and <a href="#bBlackTurnstone">Turnstones</a>, having the habits of
+the latter combined with the bill of the former.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_91">[91]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig83">
+<img src="images/p091.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackTurnstone">BLACK TURNSTONE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">284. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and
+throat black; a white spot in front of eye and on forehead;
+under parts white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more
+northern islands, laying their sets of four eggs in hollows
+with a few grasses for lining; the eggs are light gray, marked
+with various shades of brown and lilac (1.60 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower
+California.</p>
+<h3 id="bRuddyTurnstone">RUDDY TURNSTONE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">283a. </span><span class="sci">Arenaria interpres morinella. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish
+brown, black and white; the under parts are pure white with
+a wide black band across the breast, as in illustration. It
+has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill, which is used, as the
+name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones in their
+search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as
+&ldquo;Calico-bird,&rdquo; &ldquo;Checkered Snipe,&rdquo; etc.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow
+in the ground near water. Four eggs (1.65 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_92">[92]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig84">
+<img src="images/p092.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackOysterCatcherFamilyHaematopodidae">BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER&mdash;Family H&aelig;matopodid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">287. </span><span class="sci">H&aelig;matopus bachmani. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish
+wash on the upper parts, and brownish black below. They
+are found upon the rocky coasts and islands more frequently
+than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs are laid upon the
+rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest building;
+three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and
+blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 &times; 1.55). Found
+on the Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California
+to Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bFrazarOysterCatcher">FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">286.1. </span><span class="sci">H&aelig;matopus frazari. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly
+having the colors a little darker on the back. Bill very
+long, heavy, compressed, and thin and chisel-like at the tip.
+Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color; under parts white, and a
+white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking birds, and
+are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower
+California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_93">[93]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig85">
+<img src="images/p093.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">Order GALLIN&AElig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">BOB-WHITE&mdash;Family Odontophorid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">289. </span><span class="sci">Colinus virginianus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most celebrated of the &ldquo;Game Birds,&rdquo;
+or best known. Throughout New England it has been so
+persistently hunted that it is getting to be a rare bird; it
+gets to be more common as we go south as far as Florida,
+and through the middle west. It has been introduced in many
+places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts
+of California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely
+upon insects and grain, and about the grain fields is where they
+are mostly found.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are built along the roadsides or beside stone
+walls or any dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed
+in the tall grass or weeds, and arched over with grass.
+They lay from ten to twenty pure white eggs. Often two
+broods are reared in a season (1.20 &times; .95).</p>
+<h3 id="bMaskedBobWhite">MASKED BOB-WHITE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">291. </span><span class="sci">Colinus ridgwayi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This handsome species is marked similar to the
+&ldquo;<a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>&rdquo;
+on the upper parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the
+under parts are of a reddish brown.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_94">[94]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig86">
+<img src="images/p094.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMountainQuail">MOUNTAIN QUAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">292. </span><span class="sci">Oreortyx picta. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich
+coloring. Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a
+rich gray. Throat and sides a beautiful shade of chestnut,
+with wide bands of black and white on the sides; breast a
+clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but not as
+brightly marked and with a shorter crest.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region
+of northern California, and in Oregon, and gradually
+increasing more northerly. The nest is placed on the ground
+under bush or grass for protection. Eight to fifteen eggs of a
+pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 &times; 1.05).</p>
+<h3 id="bScaledQuail">SCALED QUAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">293. </span><span class="sci">Callipepla squamata. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The
+feathers on the neck and under parts have narrow dark borders,
+which give the appearance of scales, from which the
+bird is given its name. They have a small tuft of whitish
+or buffy feathers on the top of the head.</p>
+<p>It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its
+range, being found often many miles from water.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_95">[95]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig87">
+<img src="images/p095.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaQuail">CALIFORNIA QUAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">294. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx californica. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown
+and curving forward so that the broadened ends hang directly
+over the bill, this is one of the most beautiful of the
+family. Upper parts a grayish brown, with buff stripes along
+the sides of the back; throat black, bordered with white;
+under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making
+a shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center;
+breast gray.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass;
+ten to twenty eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground
+color, handsomely blotched with brown of varying shades
+(1.20 &times; .93).</p>
+<h3 id="bGambelQuail">GAMBEL QUAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">295. </span><span class="sci">Lophortyx gambeli. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers;
+normally these are carried as one feather, so closely do they
+nest together, but when excited or during the mating season,
+they may separate the feathers, or sometimes curve them
+forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and sides chestnut,
+the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly black.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_96">[96]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig88">
+<img src="images/p096.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMearnsQuailOrMassenaPartridge">MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">296. </span><span class="sci">Cyrtonyx montezum&aelig; mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These strange birds are very local in their distribution in
+the southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in
+others. They are so confiding in their disposition, that this,
+in connection with their clownish plumage, has given them
+the name of &ldquo;Fool Quail.&rdquo; The bill is very stout and compressed;
+crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry deserts,
+valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs,
+which are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty
+from the <a href="#bBobWhiteFamilyOdontophoridae">Bob-white</a>,
+possibly average a little longer (1.25 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bDuskyGrouseFamilyTetraonidae">DUSKY GROUSE&mdash;Family Tetraonid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">297. </span><span class="sci">Dendragapus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and
+tail, which is margined with a light gray. Female smaller,
+browner and more barred above. Like the Ruffed Grouse,
+during the mating season, the males of this species strut with
+tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown back until
+it nearly touches the tail.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build their nests under fallen trees or at the
+base of standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a
+buff color, spotted and blotched with shades of brown
+(2.00 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_97">[97]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig89">
+<img src="images/p097.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFranklinGrouse">FRANKLIN GROUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">299. </span><span class="sci">Canachites franklini. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower
+bands of lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip,
+with the upper tail coverts strongly barred with white; tail
+having sixteen feathers. Like the preceding these birds are
+at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is very similar to
+the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same local
+name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of &ldquo;Fool-hen.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching
+fir trees, and from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are
+brownish buff in color, spotted and blotched with rich brown
+(1.75 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bCanadianRuffedGrouse">CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">300a. </span><span class="sci">Bonasa umbellus togata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being
+more heavily marked with brown. Found in the northern
+United States and southern British Provinces, from Maine and
+Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British Columbia. Eight to
+fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_98">[98]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig90">
+<img src="images/p098.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWillowPtarmigan">WILLOW PTARMIGAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">301. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus lagopus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they
+have many changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure
+white and in summer largely reddish brown, mottled and
+barred with black. This bird has a black tail and bill, the
+latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they have a bright
+red bare spot over the eye.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled
+with moss, lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes
+a few feathers. They lay from six to sixteen eggs, which
+have a ground color of buff, heavily speckled, blotched and
+marbled with blackish brown (1.75 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bRockPtarmigan">ROCK PTARMIGAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">302. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus rupestris. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill,
+and in summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its
+nesting habits are the same as the others; eggs slightly smaller
+(1.70 &times; 1.20).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_99">[99]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig91">
+<img src="images/p099.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPrairieHen">PRAIRIE HEN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">305. </span><span class="sci">Tympanuchus americanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish
+above and white or buff below, with broad black bands on
+the back and finer black lines on the under parts. In place of
+the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of rounded or square
+ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright orange
+in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the
+size of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes
+its familiar &ldquo;booming&rdquo; noise. They are one of the best
+&ldquo;table birds,&rdquo; being of good size and excellent flavor.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of
+grass; they lay from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy
+ground color, finely sprinkled with brown spots (1.70 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteTailedPtarmigan">WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">304. </span><span class="sci">Lagopus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from
+Colorado north to Alaska. This species differs from any of
+the preceding in having at all seasons of the year a white
+tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the <a href="#bRockPtarmigan">Rock Ptarmigan</a>.
+From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and blotched
+with chestnut brown (1.70 &times; 1.15).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_100">[100]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig92">
+<img src="images/p100.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bColumbianSharpTailedGrouse">COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">308a. </span><span class="sci">Pedi&oelig;cetes phasianellus columbianus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head
+is a little more crested than that of the <a href="#bPrairieHen">Prairie Hen</a>. The tail
+has the central feathers nearly two inches longer than the
+others, which are also graduated so that the outside ones are
+much the shortest, and are lighter in color than the central
+ones. It is not barred like the former, but the black markings
+on the back and under parts are more in the form of crescents.
+It is also much lighter in general color.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of
+grass and contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color,
+finely dotted all over with dark brown (1.70 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwestern United States and British Columbia
+to central Alaska.</p>
+<h3 id="bRingNeckedPheasant">RING-NECKED PHEASANT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">*** </span><span class="sci">Phasianus torquatus. </span><span class="siz">32 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length
+according to the development of the tail, it sometimes being
+36 inches long. These birds have been introduced in Oregon
+and Washington, as well as in many places in the East, and are
+becoming very abundant.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_101">[101]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig93">
+<img src="images/p101.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSageGrouse">SAGE GROUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">309. </span><span class="sci">Centrocercus urophasianus. </span><span class="siz">29 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from
+the male only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They
+are found in abundance on the dry sagebrush covered plains
+about the Rocky Mountains and to the westward. In fall and
+winter their food consists almost entirely of the leaves of
+the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.
+In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the
+grouse family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the
+sides of the neck which they inflate so that the whole neck
+is a small orange colored balloon, at the same time spreading
+their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest extent, and
+strutting about after the manner of the turkey.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally,
+a sagebush or some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve
+eggs of a greenish drab color, spotted with brown (2.15 &times; 1.50).</p>
+<h3 id="bMerriamTurkey">MERRIAM TURKEY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">310. </span><span class="sci">Meleagris gallopavo merriami. </span><span class="siz">48 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage
+is a coppery bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a
+dusty color with no white edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted
+with brownish (2.55 &times; 1.90).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_102">[102]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig94">
+<img src="images/p102.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBandTailedPigeonFamilyColumbidae">BAND-TAILED PIGEON&mdash;Family Columbid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">312. </span><span class="sci">Columba fasciata. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This large species may be recognized by the white crescent
+on the back of the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered
+with black at the end of tail. Back, near the neck, brownish
+shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head and neck of iridescent
+colors, very changeable in different positions. They are
+very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense
+flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are
+found mostly in the oak and pine woods.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely
+keep in place the single white egg (rarely two) which they
+lay (1.55 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific,
+from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bMourningDove">MOURNING DOVE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">316. </span><span class="sci">Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this
+is the only one to be found nearly all over the United States,
+and is common in the southern, central and western parts.
+Nests are placed at low elevations in the trees. Two white
+eggs (1.15 &times; .80).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_103">[103]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig95">
+<img src="images/p103.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMexicanGroundDove">MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">320a. </span><span class="sci">Ch&aelig;mepelia passerina pallescens. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of
+head and under parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers
+tipped with black, giving a scaly appearance; back brownish
+gray, faintly barred; several black spots on wing coverts.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail
+structure either in bushes or on the ground, in which are
+placed the two white eggs (.85 &times; .65).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Border of the United States, from Texas and southern
+California southward.</p>
+<h3 id="bIncaDove">INCA DOVE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">321. </span><span class="sci">Scardafella inca. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the
+outer feathers are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole
+body of a pinkish gray; scaled as is the former. These are
+very tame, and are to be met with in the roads, barnyards,
+and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits, even
+feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets
+and weeds, and placed near the ground in low bushes; only
+two white eggs are laid (.85 &times; .65). Not as common as the previous.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_104">[104]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig96">
+<img src="images/p104.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaVultureFamilyCathartidae">CALIFORNIA VULTURE&mdash;Family Cathartid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">324. </span><span class="sci">Gymnogyps californianus. </span><span class="siz">50 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten
+feet, and weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is
+blackish, with lengthened lanceolate feathers about the neck.
+Head and neck without feathers and of an orange color. Wing
+coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds. The birds
+are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more
+so each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed.
+While the eggs are but rarely found, and obtained at great
+risk, they are not as unobtainable as many suppose.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in
+caves or recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds
+of feet from the ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 &times; 2.55).</p>
+<h3 id="bTurkeyVulture">TURKEY VULTURE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">325. </span><span class="sci">Cathartes aura septentrionalis. </span><span class="siz">30 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head
+being red. It is very common in the southern and central
+portion of its range, where it may be seen about the streets
+and dooryards picking up any refuse that may be edible.
+It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be
+identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_105">[105]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig97">
+<img src="images/p105.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhiteTailedKite">WHITE-TAILED KITE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">328. </span><span class="sci">Elanus leucurus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray
+mantle, black shoulders and white tail. It is a very active
+and graceful bird, feeding upon insects and reptiles, and
+small birds and mammals.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed
+well up in oaks or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs
+are creamy white, profusely blotched and spotted with reddish
+brown (1.65 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bSwallowTailKite">SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">327. </span><span class="sci">Elanoides forficatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any
+other; its whole head, neck and under parts are snowy white,
+while the back, wings and tail are a glossy blue black, the tail
+being long and deeply forked; feet short, but stout; bill black,
+with cere and feet bluish gray.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or
+pines, and is made of twigs which it picks from the ground
+while in flight, lining the nest with rootlets and moss; two,
+or rarely three eggs, bluish white, spotted with brown (1.80 &times;
+1.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_106">[106]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig98">
+<img src="images/p106.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternGoshawk">WESTERN GOSHAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">334a. </span><span class="sci">Astur atricapillus striatulus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious
+of the American hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and
+poultry, the latter often in the presence of the owner. It is
+a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and as graceful in flight
+as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray, darkest on the
+crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked
+with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very
+long.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests,
+and is made of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass;
+three or four eggs, bluish white, usually unmarked (2.30 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<h3 id="bMarshHawk">MARSH HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">331. </span><span class="sci">Circus hudsonius. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish
+gray above and white beneath. Young birds of the first two
+years are brown, much lighter on the under parts. In both the
+old and young they have a large white patch at the base of
+the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four to
+seven eggs; white (1.80 &times; 1.40).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_107">[107]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig99">
+<img src="images/p107.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSharpShinnedHawk">SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">332. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter velox. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and
+from this fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is
+often seen in woods, orchards or even in large cities, in which
+latter place it does good service in catching English sparrows.
+They also eat a great many mice and meadow moles.
+It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the
+small hawks.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and
+leaves placed in the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen
+feet from the ground, sometimes higher. Three white eggs,
+blotched with brown.</p>
+<h3 id="bCooperHawk">COOPER HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">333. </span><span class="sci">Accipiter cooperi. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding
+and its larger size is the only difference. Also like the last
+this is a very destructive species to the small birds and
+chickens. Their nests are placed in taller trees at higher
+elevation from the ground than the former, and built in the
+same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or faintly
+specked with brown (1.90 &times; 1.45).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_108">[108]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig100">
+<img src="images/p108.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHarrisHawk">HARRIS HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">335. </span><span class="sci">Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts;
+lighter on the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts
+reddish brown; tail coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare
+space in front of eye, except for stiff hair like bristles, yellow,
+as is also the cere.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually
+in low trees. The three or four eggs are a dull white in
+color, faintly specked with a few spots of brownish (2.10 &times;
+1.65).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternRedTail">WESTERN RED-TAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">337b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo borealis calurus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same
+as the eastern form to a sooty color above and below, with the
+dark red tail crossed by several bands, where the eastern
+bird has only one broad band.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from
+the ground varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs,
+white, usually spotted and blotched with different shades of
+brown (2.35 &times; 1.80).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_109">[109]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig101">
+<img src="images/p109.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedBelliedHawk">RED-BELLIED HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">339b. </span><span class="sci">Buteo lineatus elegans. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered
+Hawk of the East, and in their habits very much resemble
+the <a href="#bWesternRedTail">Red-tail</a>; for food they prefer the large variety of small
+rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds. The under parts
+are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be found
+covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast
+west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower
+California.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and
+feathers. They lay from two to four eggs of a white color
+spotted and blotched all over with a light shade of brown
+and lilac (2.15 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<h3 id="bZoneTailedHawk">ZONE-TAILED HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">340. </span><span class="sci">Buteo abbreviatus. </span><span class="siz">19 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail,
+which has three wide bands of white and the ends of the tail
+feathers tipped with white. Like others of the Buteo family
+they feed almost entirely on the small rodents, which they
+find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the low
+brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light
+chestnut (2.15 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_110">[110]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig102">
+<img src="images/p110.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="507" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSwainsonHawk">SWAINSON HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">342. </span><span class="sci">Buteo swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations
+from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray
+above, and white below, with breast a rich chestnut color.
+Their habits are nearly as variable as their plumage. In
+some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others upon the
+ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the
+low open lands covered with sage bush, where their food
+consists almost wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice
+and grasshoppers, the latter being eaten in large numbers.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made similar to others of the family, laying two
+to four white eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades
+of brown, usually more about the larger end (2.20 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from the Mississippi to
+the Pacific Ocean, and Hudson Bay to southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bMexicanGoshawk">MEXICAN GOSHAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">346. </span><span class="sci">Asturina plagiata. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the southern borders of the United States and
+Mexico. These are graceful and active birds, feeding largely
+on small rodents.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_111">[111]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig103">
+<img src="images/p111.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRoughLeggedHawk">ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">347a. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. </span><span class="siz">21  inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized
+by the completely feathered legs to the feet; in
+the normal plumage has a whitish head, neck, breast and tail,
+the former being streaked and the latter barred with blackish;
+remainder of upper and under parts, blackish brown. Eyes
+brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or
+less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the
+light plumage.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with
+leaves and moss, placed in trees or more often on ledges.
+They lay three or four bluish white eggs, boldly blotched with
+different shades of brown, oftener about the larger end (2.25 &times;
+1.75).</p>
+<h3 id="bFerruginousRoughLeggedHawk">FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">348. </span><span class="sci">Archibuteo ferrugineus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are very much more of a reddish brown color than
+the last, on the back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer
+markings. Legs the same, feathered to the feet. It is much
+more abundant than the last and is a western bird wholly,
+breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_112">[112]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig104">
+<img src="images/p112.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="500" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGoldenEagle">GOLDEN EAGLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">349. </span><span class="sci">Aquila chrys&aelig;tos. </span><span class="siz">35 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These may be distinguished from the <a href="#bBaldEagle">Bald Eagle</a> in all plumages
+by the completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish
+brown, adults having the lanceolate feathers on the neck of a
+golden brown color, and the tail more or less mixed with
+white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller
+ones and moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair.
+Their two or three eggs are very handsome, being white,
+speckled and spotted with shades of brown, and clouded with
+gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their markings (2.90 &times;
+2.50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in
+the Rockies and along the Pacific coast ranges.</p>
+<h3 id="bBaldEagle">BALD EAGLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">352. </span><span class="sci">Hali&aelig;tus leucocephalus. </span><span class="siz">34 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always
+identify them, but in the first and second year they are a
+brownish black, the second year showing traces of the white
+on head and tail. They are found throughout the United
+States. Their food consists largely of fish.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_113">[113]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig105">
+<img src="images/p113.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGrayGyrfalcon">GRAY GYRFALCON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">354. </span><span class="sci">Falco rusticolus. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken
+in the United States even in winter.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three
+or four eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and
+blotches of shades of brown.</p>
+<h3 id="bPrairieFalcon">PRAIRIE FALCON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">355. </span><span class="sci">Falco mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like
+the <a href="#bDuckHawk">Duck Hawk</a> in many ways is one of the most graceful,
+fearless and swiftest of the Falcons. A blackish patch on the
+sides of the throat; upper parts brownish with darker markings;
+under parts white, streaked with brown, much heavier
+on the flanks. Throat, clear white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes
+in trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds
+and grass; three or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly
+blotched and sprinkled all over with reddish brown (2.05 &times; 1.60).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and
+Washington south to Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents
+secured on the prairies.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_114">[114]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig106">
+<img src="images/p114.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bDuckHawk">DUCK HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">356a. </span><span class="sci">Falco peregrinus anatum. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache,
+on side of the throat from the bill; head and upper
+parts bluish gray with darker markings; under parts white,
+tinged with huffy on the lower part, and lightly barred with
+black, with the throat pure white. Their food consists mostly
+of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It breeds
+abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota
+on the rocky ledges.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They are not home builders as a general thing, but
+lay their three or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks
+of ledges or cliffs. The eggs are a reddish buff color, completely
+blotched and dotted with reddish brown. These are
+the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the Falcon
+eggs (2.05 &times; 1.55).</p>
+<h3 id="bPigeonHawk">PIGEON HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">357. </span><span class="sci">Falco columbarius. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A small Falcon, similar to the <a href="#bSharpShinnedHawk">Sharp-shinned Hawk</a>, but a
+much darker and stouter built bird. It is a daring little
+fellow, and will attack birds much larger than itself. It feeds
+on small birds and mice.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_115">[115]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig107">
+<img src="images/p115.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="510" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAplomadoFalcon">APLOMADO FALCON.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">359. </span><span class="sci">Falco fusco-c&oelig;rulescens. </span><span class="siz">14 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona,
+New Mexico and Central America. In habits it is very much
+the same as the following, getting its supply of food, consisting
+of small birds and insects, on the plains covered with
+the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest of twigs,
+lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four
+eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown
+(1.75 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<h3 id="bDesertSparrowHawk">DESERT SPARROW HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">360a. </span><span class="sci">Falco sparverius phal&aelig;na. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern
+form being a trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for
+any other species, because of their bright color and markings
+as illustrated. Their flight will almost of a certainty identify
+them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats, then a
+short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers,
+mice and an occasional small bird.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the
+woods or open field. The eggs are placed on the decayed
+wood without any lining.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_116">[116]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig108">
+<img src="images/p116.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAudubonCaracara">AUDUBON CARACARA.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">362. </span><span class="sci">Polyborus cheriway. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts
+with neck pure white, excepting on the lower part, with
+many short bar-like markings. Upper part of head black, with
+feathers elongated, making a slight crest.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and
+grass, piled into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes
+or low trees. Two or three eggs; brownish buff, with spots
+and patches of shades of brown nearly covering the under
+color. They vary very much in the coloration and markings
+from light to dark.</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern borders of the United States.</p>
+<h3 id="bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">364. </span><span class="sci">Pandion hali&aelig;tus carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">23 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known
+as is this bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the
+coast to watch a number of these great birds as they soar
+at an elevation above the water, watching for a fish to come
+near the surface, when, with folded wings, the bird speeds
+downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his prey.
+Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of
+different shades (2.40 &times; 1.80).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_117">[117]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig109">
+<img src="images/p117.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBarnOwlFamilyAluconidae">BARN OWL&mdash;Family Aluconid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">365. </span><span class="sci">Aluco pratincola. </span><span class="siz">18 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a
+long peculiarly hooded face, from which it gets the name
+of &ldquo;Monkey-faced Owl.&rdquo; Its plumage is yellowish buff, with
+black spots over the breast and under parts.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows
+in old trees, or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from
+four to six white eggs (1.70 &times; 1.30).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, but most common in the Gulf States
+and on the western coast.</p>
+<h3 id="bLongEaredOwlFamilyStrigidae">LONG-EARED OWL&mdash;Family Strigid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">366. </span><span class="sci">Asio wilsonianus. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is
+given its name; the face is brown, the under parts white and
+buff, with streaks and bars of brownish black; back is brown,
+with almost black markings; wings and tail brown; barred
+with black.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Usually in trees, frequently using a crow&rsquo;s nest instead
+of building for themselves. They are in great disfavor
+with the crows. They lay from four to seven pure white
+eggs (1.55 &times; 1.35).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_118">[118]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig110">
+<img src="images/p118.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bShortEaredOwl">SHORT-EARED OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">367. </span><span class="sci">Asio flammeus. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified
+from it by the short ear tufts and rounded head, and
+also lighter color. It is streaked on under parts and not barred.
+Tail is barred. Their flight is perfectly silent, which aids them
+in securing their prey of field mice and moles, which they usually
+get without stopping in their flight, just swooping down,
+and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little sharp
+claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried
+to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places,
+sometimes of grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under
+some log or stump. Four to seven pure white eggs
+(1.55 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bSpottedOwl">SPOTTED OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">369. </span><span class="sci">Strix occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and
+Southern States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of
+the head and neck, and much more extensively barred on the
+under parts.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_119">[119]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig111">
+<img src="images/p119.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGreatGrayOwl">GREAT GRAY OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">370. </span><span class="sci">Scotiaptex nebulosa. </span><span class="siz">27 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it
+is mostly in feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They
+do not weigh nearly as much as either the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned</a> or
+<a href="#bSnowyOwl">Snowy Owls</a>. The plumage is dark gray above, mottled with white,
+and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The facial
+disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while
+in the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much
+smaller, the eyes are larger and are bluish black in color.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and
+moss. Two to four eggs; pure white (2.15 &times; 1.70).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota
+and North Dakota, and occasionally in northern California
+and Oregon.</p>
+<h3 id="bRichardsonOwl">RICHARDSON OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">371. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts.
+Back and wings brownish, spotted with white; facial disc
+very light, with faint gray lines, and under parts light gray
+with brown streaks.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_120">[120]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig112">
+<img src="images/p120.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSawWhetOwl">SAW-WHET OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">372. </span><span class="sci">Cryptoglaux acadica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and
+more of a brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They
+are very quiet little birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot
+see well in the strong light, a fact that has allowed them
+to be captured by hand from their roosting places in the trees.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker,
+in which to lay their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid
+and the young are hatched and out of the nests before the
+breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the same home may
+be occupied later by another family (1.20 &times; 1.00).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the northern part of
+the United States and British Columbia, and wintering to
+southern California.</p>
+<h3 id="bScreechOwl">SCREECH OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">373. </span><span class="sci">Otus asio asio. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray
+with black and white markings. It is frequently called the
+&ldquo;Little Horned Owl,&rdquo; because of its ear tufts. They are
+easily tamed and become great pets, and about a barn are
+as good as a cat for catching mice.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_121">[121]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig113">
+<img src="images/p121.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFlamulatedScreechOwl">FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">374. </span><span class="sci">Otus flammeolus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter
+ear tufts, and the plumage is much streaked and edged with
+rusty. The toes are unfeathered to the base. The number
+of eggs and nesting habits are practically the same as the
+preceding, as are also the five or six sub-species between this
+and the last, all of which occur in the southwestern part of
+the United States.</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternHornedOwl">WESTERN HORNED OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">375a. </span><span class="sci">Bubo virginianus pallescens. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the
+family. They are powerfully built, and their size and strength
+allow them to attack and secure some of the larger animals,
+such as skunks, woodchucks, rabbits, grouse and poultry. They
+seem to be especially fond of skunks, and more than half
+of them that are killed will have unmistakable evidence of
+their recent and close association with this animal.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow
+cavities of large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round
+(2.20 &times; 1.85).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_122">[122]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig114">
+<img src="images/p122.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSnowyOwl">SNOWY OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">376. </span><span class="sci">Nyctea nyctea. </span><span class="siz">25 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Like the <a href="#bWesternHornedOwl">Horned Owls</a> they are strong, fearless and rapacious
+birds, feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as
+well as Grouse, Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds.
+They are locally abundant in the far north, preferring low
+marshy land to the more heavily timbered districts.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the
+dry portions of marshes, made of moss with a few feathers.
+Three to eight eggs, pure white, and the shell very smooth
+(2.25 &times; 1.75).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter
+casually as far south as California.</p>
+<h3 id="bHawkOwl">HAWK OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">377a. </span><span class="sci">Surnia ulula caparoch. </span><span class="siz">15 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily
+be taken for a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance,
+and long rounded tail. They are very active birds especially in
+the day time, and they do most of their hunting in daylight
+rather than at night. Their food consists of small rodents
+and many small birds.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight
+white eggs (1.50 &times; 1.20).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_123">[123]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig115">
+<img src="images/p123.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBurrowingOwl">BURROWING OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">378. </span><span class="sci">Speotyto cunicularia hypog&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits
+from any other American Owls. Easily identified by their long,
+slender and scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above,
+spotted with white, and under parts are white spotted with
+brown. Tail dark brown, with five white bars across it. They
+are an abundant and useful species west of the Mississippi.
+They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,
+and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by
+force, for they are more than a match for these curious animals.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Generally in quite large communities in burrows in
+the ground, usually lining them with grass and feathers. They
+may often be seen sitting at the opening of their burrows during
+the day time. Six to ten white eggs are laid (1.25 &times; 1.00).</p>
+<h3 id="bPygmyOwl">PYGMY OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">379. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium gnoma. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky
+Mountains, westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed
+in the day time upon insects, mice and occasionally small birds.
+They are to be seen in the wooded districts. Nest in holes of
+trees. Four eggs (1.00 &times; .90).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_124">[124]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig116">
+<img src="images/p124.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFerruginousPygmyOwl">FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">380. </span><span class="sci">Glaucidium phal&aelig;noides. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more
+rufous on the upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut
+color crossed by several bands of black. They live largely
+on the small rodents and birds which they secure during the
+daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of trees, from ten to
+forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white eggs
+(1.10 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bElfOwl">ELF OWL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">381. </span><span class="sci">Micropallas whitneyi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in
+America. In plumage it may be described as being very like
+a small <a href="#bScreechOwl">Screech Owl</a>, without the ear tufts, only with the
+pattern of the markings much finer. They are quite abundant
+in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where they build
+their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more frequently
+in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in
+being a bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed
+almost exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field
+mouse. They lay from three to five white eggs, having a
+slight gloss (1.02 &times; .90).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_125">[125]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig117">
+<img src="images/p125.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bThickBilledParrotFamilyPsittacidae">THICK-BILLED PARROT&mdash;Family Psittacid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">382.1. </span><span class="sci">Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. </span><span class="siz">16 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders
+of the United States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and
+the plumage is entirely green, except for the deep red forehead
+and wings at the shoulder; under-coverts of wings yellowish.
+Their eggs are white and laid in natural cavities of
+trees in the deep forests.</p>
+<h3 class="genus">Order&mdash;COCCYGES.</h3>
+<h3 id="bRoadrunner">ROADRUNNER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">385. </span><span class="sci">Geococcyx californicus. </span><span class="siz">22 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This curious species is known as the &ldquo;Chaparral Cock,&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Ground Cuckoo,&rdquo; &ldquo;Snake Killer,&rdquo; etc. Its upper parts are
+a glossy greenish brown, each feather being edged or fringed
+with white. The tail is very long, broad and graduated, the
+central feathers being much the longest; the feathers being
+tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of
+foot, getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided
+by their outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as
+aeroplanes. Their legs are long, and they have two toes in
+front and two back. Their food consists of caterpillars, lizards
+and small snakes.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_126">[126]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig118">
+<img src="images/p126.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaCuckoo">CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">387a. </span><span class="sci">Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being
+a little larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished
+by its blackish, long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow
+under-bill. Reddish brown patch on the wings.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with
+grass, or shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally
+very shabbily built and so nearly flat on top that the eggs
+will frequently roll out. They are located near the ground
+in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs are deposited at
+intervals of several days, and frequently young birds and eggs
+are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this
+bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time,
+and as many as twelve have been taken from the same nest
+by this means. Eggs are a pale greenish blue (1.20 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bCopperyTailedTroganFamilyTrogonidae">COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN&mdash;Family Trogonid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">389. </span><span class="sci">Trogon ambiguus. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds
+that reaches our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually
+in Woodpecker holes. Three or four white eggs (1.10 &times; .85).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_127">[127]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig119">
+<img src="images/p127.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBeltedKingfisherFamilyAlcedinidae">BELTED KINGFISHER&mdash;Family Alcedinid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle alcyon. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost
+all localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where
+small fish are common, throughout North America. Their food
+consists almost entirely of small fish, which they catch by
+plunging upon from high in the air, where they will hover
+over the water similar to the <a href="#bAmericanOspreyFishHawk">Osprey</a>, or they will spend their
+time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is
+seen, drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to
+the limb to be eaten.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out
+of the sand banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes
+extending back from six to eight feet, usually with a
+little rise in the tunnel for the purpose of keeping it dry. They
+lay from five to eight glossy white eggs (1.35 &times; 1.05).</p>
+<h3 id="bRingedKingfisher">RINGED KINGFISHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">390.1. </span><span class="sci">Ceryle torquata. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on
+the most southern borders of the United States. Eggs white
+(1.45 &times; 1.10).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_128">[128]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig120">
+<img src="images/p128.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">Order PICI&mdash;WOODPECKERS.</h3>
+<h3 id="bHarrisWoodpeckerFamilyPicidae">HARRIS WOODPECKER&mdash;Family Picid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393c. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus harrisi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives
+and for coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this
+and the sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified
+as being different. Four pure white eggs are placed at
+the bottom of some cavity, in tall trees usually (.95 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bCabanisWoodpecker">CABANIS WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393d. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bRockyMountainHairyWoodpecker">ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">393e. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates villosus monticola. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bGairdnerWoodpecker">GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">394a. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates pubescens gairdneri. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring,
+as illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about
+the dwellings in country places, and even in the larger cities
+about the parks.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_129">[129]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig121">
+<img src="images/p129.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bTexasWoodpecker">TEXAS WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">396. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates scalaris bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is brownish white below, has the back barred
+with black and white, on account of which it is often known
+as the &ldquo;Ladder-back Woodpecker.&rdquo; The male has the whole
+crown red, shading into mixed black and whitish on the forehead.
+Its habits and eggs are the same as the previous species.</p>
+<h3 id="bNuttallWoodpecker">NUTTALL WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">397. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a
+crown of black and a small red patch on the back of nape.
+Outer tail feathers nearly all white, while in the former they
+are barred with black and white. They are pugnacious little
+birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers from
+their locality.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing
+trees at no great elevation from the ground. Four pure white
+eggs are laid at the bottom of the cavity, on the decayed
+wood (.85 &times; .65). Their food is gathered from under the bark,
+consisting of larv&aelig;, ants and small insects.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_130">[130]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig122">
+<img src="images/p130.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bArizonaWoodpecker">ARIZONA WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">398. </span><span class="sci">Dryobates arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the
+others of the Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish
+above and a grayish white below, with black spots. The male
+having a crescent shaped patch of red on the back of the
+head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common at the
+higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned,
+nesting in holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteHeadedWoodpecker">WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">399. </span><span class="sci">Xenopicus albolarvatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the
+white head and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also
+has on the male a small red spot on the back of the neck. They
+are said to be more silent than other members of the Woodpecker
+family, and rarely make the familiar tapping and never
+the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling the
+bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole.
+They nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer
+near the ground (20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They
+lay from four to six glossy white eggs (.95 &times; .70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_131">[131]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig123">
+<img src="images/p131.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bArcticThreeToedWoodpecker">ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">400. </span><span class="sci">Picoides arcticus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>As implied by the name, members of this genus have but
+three toes, two in front and one behind. The plumage of
+this species is entirely black above, and whitish below, with
+the flanks barred with blackish. The male has a yellow patch
+on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous forests
+in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four
+or five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 &times; .70). They
+do more boring for their insect food, and, during mating season,
+are very persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.</p>
+<h3 id="bAmericanThreeToedWoodpecker">AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The greatest difference between this bird and the last is
+on the back, it having several narrow bars of white near the
+neck or a patch of white in place of the bars. Breeding habits
+are the same.</p>
+<h3 id="bAlaskaThreeToedWoodpecker">ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">401a. </span><span class="sci">Picoides americanus fasciatus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of
+white on the back possibly a little larger. Habits just the
+same (not illustrated).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_132">[132]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig124">
+<img src="images/p132.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="512" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bYellowBelliedSapsucker">YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">402. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus varius. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family;
+they may be identified easily by the red crown and throat
+(female having white on the throat), each bordered by black,
+forming a wide breast band, with a band of white, black and
+white back of it. The under parts yellow. This species and
+the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that
+is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While
+they without doubt will take some of the sap from trees,
+their food consists more of insect life, ants in particular.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to
+seven glossy white eggs (.85 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bRedBreastedSapsucker">RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">403. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus ruber. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The
+entire head, neck and breast of this species is red, of varying
+shades in different individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet.
+The remainder of their plumage is similar to the above.
+Nesting habits the same.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_133">[133]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig125">
+<img src="images/p133.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWilliamsonSapsucker">WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">404. </span><span class="sci">Sphyrapicus thyroideus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked
+bird is found. The male is mostly black on the back and
+breast, with a white rump, and with only a narrow patch
+of red on the throat; the under parts are bright yellow. The
+female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the
+black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back
+is barred with black and white.</p>
+<p>Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family
+previously mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 &times; .67).</p>
+<h3 id="bNorthernPileatedWoodpecker">NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">405a. </span><span class="sci">Phl&oelig;otomus pileatus albieticola. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers;
+they are a sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the
+crest is long and bright red, and the male has a red line back
+of the eye; sides of the neck pure white, and patch of white
+on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black color than
+the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many
+localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually
+driven farther north or into the mountain regions, where
+they can find the heavy timber in which they make their homes.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_134">[134]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig126">
+<img src="images/p134.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedHeadedWoodpecker">RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">406. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes erythrocephalus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers.
+It has a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy
+blue-black on the back and tail, white rump, under parts and
+secondaries. It is more abundant in the east and middle
+United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and
+Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph
+poles or will even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or
+house in some localities. They are the most pugnacious of the
+woodpeckers, and often are seen chasing one another or driving
+away some other bird. They feed also upon ants, larv&aelig; of insects,
+and small fruits and berries.</p>
+<p>They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 &times; .75).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaWoodpecker">CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">407a. </span><span class="sci">Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California
+and Oregon. With its red cap and white forehead, and back
+or upper parts black tinged with green, a solid black band
+across the breast, white under parts and rump, and, above all,
+their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs, food,
+same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great
+numbers.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_135">[135]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig127">
+<img src="images/p135.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLewisWoodpecker">LEWIS WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">408. </span><span class="sci">Asyndesmus lewisi. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under
+parts streaked with crimson and white, a gray breast, and
+upper parts a glossy greenish black. They are more common
+in the mountain ranges among the tall pines from the eastern
+Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in the
+trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns,
+which they gather and store away for future use. Four to
+eight eggs are pure white (1.05 &times; .80).</p>
+<h3 id="bRedBelliedWoodpeckers">RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">409. </span><span class="sci">Centurus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to
+central Texas. It is an attractive bird, frequently called the
+&ldquo;Zebra Woodpecker,&rdquo; on account of the black and white
+markings on the back, wings and tail. Nests in live trees;
+three to five white eggs (1.00 &times; .75). Not illustrated.</p>
+<h3 id="bGilaWoodpecker">GILA WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">411. </span><span class="sci">Centurus uropygialis. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is also one of the &ldquo;Zebra Woodpeckers&rdquo; to be found in
+Arizona and the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference
+for nesting site is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_136">[136]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig128">
+<img src="images/p136.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="511" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedShaftedWoodpecker">RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">413. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes cafer collaris. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are not inclined to search for their food among
+the trees as are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be
+found on the ground on the edges of the woods or in open
+fields, where they secure ants as their principal article of food.
+The top of the head is brownish instead of gray, and the under
+parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish orange
+and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has
+a bright red streak from the bill extending back and below
+the eye, the female does not have this. The throat is a gray,
+with a black crescent on the breast, under parts light gray with
+numerous black spots, rump is white and tail is mostly black
+above.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any
+locality where they make or find a suitable hole.</p>
+<p>Four to eight white eggs (1.10 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bGildedFlicker">GILDED FLICKER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">414. </span><span class="sci">Colaptes chrysoides. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and
+tail yellow. Found only in southern California and Arizona
+southward.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_137">[137]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig129">
+<img src="images/p137.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="489" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bStephensWhipPoorWillFamilyCaprimulgidae">STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL&mdash;Family Caprimulgid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">417a. </span><span class="sci">Antrostomus vociferus macromystax. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen,
+and in their habits they are very secluded, keeping in the
+dark woods the greater part of the time, rarely leaving its
+place of concealment before dark. In pursuit of insects, they
+are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage giving forth no
+sound, as their wings cleave the air.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense
+woods. Their two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very
+faintly marbled or marked with pale brown and gray. These
+birds are only found in southern Arizona, Texas and New
+Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bPoorWill">POOR-WILL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">418. </span><span class="sci">Phal&aelig;noptilus nuttalli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage
+mottled black, white and gray, beautifully blended together.
+To be found west of the Mississippi from British
+Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a pure white (1.00 &times;
+.75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_138">[138]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig130">
+<img src="images/p138.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternNighthawk">WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420a. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus henryi. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills
+by its forked tail in place of the rounded tail of the
+&ldquo;Poor-wills.&rdquo; It also has a white band near the end of the
+tail, and across the primaries, the latter making a very conspicuous
+mark when in flight.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge
+with no attempt at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish
+white color, marbled, blotched and spotted with darker shades
+of gray and brown (1.20 &times; .95). Found from the plains to the
+Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bSennettNighthawk">SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">420c. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits
+the same.</p>
+<h3 id="bTexasNighthawk">TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">421. </span><span class="sci">Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled
+with a reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very
+abundant in Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in
+southern California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_139">[139]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig131">
+<img src="images/p139.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="490" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackSwiftFamilyMicropodidae">BLACK SWIFT.&mdash;Family Micropodid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">422. </span><span class="sci">Cypseloides niger borealis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat
+lighter on the under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does
+not have the spines which are usual with this family. Although
+the general habits of this species are well known, but
+little is known of their nesting; they are seen during the breeding
+season about the higher ranges of their United States range,
+and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high altitudes.</p>
+<h3 id="bVauxSwift">VAUX SWIFT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">424. </span><span class="sci">Ch&aelig;tura vauxi. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is
+much paler in color and white on the under parts and throat.
+Their habits are much like the last, only that they make use of
+hollow trees in which to place their nests, which are made of
+twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous saliva of the birds,
+forming a very shallow platform in which they deposit three or
+four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the time
+during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at
+play in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk
+returning to their nesting places.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_140">[140]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig132">
+<img src="images/p140.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWhiteThroatedSwift">WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">425. </span><span class="sci">Aeronautes melanoleucus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of
+this family. Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in
+thousands about the tops of inaccessible cliffs, where in small
+burrows in the earth or under the sods, or in crevices they
+build their nests, which are generally made of roots and
+grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs
+are laid (.85 &times; .50).</p>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains,
+and in California ranges north to Canada borders.</p>
+<h3 id="bRivoliHummingbirdFamilyTrochilidae">RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.&mdash;Family Trochilid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">426. </span><span class="sci">Eugenes fulgens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the
+crown a violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant
+green. Upper parts a bronze green, the under parts almost
+a black. Female lacks all the brilliant colors of the male.
+Upper parts dull green, under parts greenish gray, top of head
+brownish with a small white spot back of the eye. This species
+saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its favorite
+tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty
+to thirty feet from the ground.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_141">[141]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig133">
+<img src="images/p141.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlueThroatedHummingbird">BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">427. </span><span class="sci">Cyanol&aelig;mus clemenciae. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the
+name implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a
+streak of white extending from the bill to back of the eye, the
+upper parts of a uniform greenish color, under parts are a
+greenish gray. Tail dark with outer tail feathers broadly
+tipped with white.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations,
+at times very near the ground. They are to be found
+only in Arizona and the southern borders of the United States.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackChinnedHummingbird">BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">429. </span><span class="sci">Archilochus alexandri. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is similar in size and appearance to the &ldquo;Ruby-Throat,&rdquo;
+but has the chin and upper throat black, the rest of
+the throat being violet or amethyst, as seen in different lights.
+It is a very common bird in the southern part of its range. It
+nests low, rarely above ten feet from the ground. Nest made
+of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles a small
+piece of sponge.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_142">[142]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig134">
+<img src="images/p142.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="497" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCostaHummingbird">COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">430. </span><span class="sci">Calypte cost&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the
+lengthened feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most
+brilliant violet or amethyst, back and rump of a greenish
+bronze color, under parts whitish with a green cast on the
+sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the male on the head
+and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the
+ground, seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant
+down, with shreds of weeds, bark and lichens worked into the
+outside portion, and lined with a few soft feathers. Two pure
+white eggs (.48 &times; .32).</p>
+<h3 id="bAnnaHummingbird">ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">431. </span><span class="sci">Calypte anna. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying
+greatly in the colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of
+the neck are a beautiful iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts
+are the usual metallic green, under parts light gray, with sides
+greenish. Tail is more forked and has no brown or white like
+the former. They are very abundant in their restricted range,
+and frequently raise two broods in a season.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_143">[143]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig135">
+<img src="images/p143.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBroadTailedHummingbird">BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">432. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus platycercus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic
+green. They do not have the elongated feathers on the throat
+and no ruff. Under parts dull white, shading into light green
+on the sides, the throat is a bright lilac. They are very abundant
+in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest much as does
+the &ldquo;Ruby-Throat&rdquo; in the east.</p>
+<h3 id="bRufousHummingbird">RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">433. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus rufus. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown
+and with a throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened
+into a ruff on the sides of the neck. Their nests are made of
+vegetable fibers covered with lichens and cobwebs, and placed
+near the ground on vines or low-hanging bushes. Two white
+eggs.</p>
+<h3 id="bAllensHummingbird">ALLEN&rsquo;S HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">434. </span><span class="sci">Selasphorus alleni. </span><span class="siz">3&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish
+and the tail being a reddish brown. They are found on the
+Pacific Coast from British Columbia southward, breeding most
+abundantly in southern California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_144">[144]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig136">
+<img src="images/p144.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCalliopeHummingbird">CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">436. </span><span class="sci">Stellula calliope. </span><span class="siz">3 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers.
+It is greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward
+the tail, the end of which is a light brown. The throat is a
+rich violet, showing white at the base of the feathers. They
+are found from British Columbia southward and from the
+Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California
+and Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations,
+from high up in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in
+low bushes. They are made of plant down and shreds of bark
+and lichens, breeding high up on the mountains.</p>
+<h3 id="bLuciferHummingbird">LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">437. </span><span class="sci">Calothorax lucifer. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but
+is quite common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple,
+with feathers elongated on the sides.</p>
+<h3 id="bRiefferHummingbird">RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">438. </span><span class="sci">Amizilis tzacatl. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts
+a dark bluish green, tail and rump light brown.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_145">[145]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig137">
+<img src="images/p145.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="501" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBuffBelliedHummingbird">BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">439. </span><span class="sci">Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts
+are of a pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts
+metallic green. Breeds in low bushes near the ground.</p>
+<h3 id="bXantusHummingbird">XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna xantusi. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very
+much as does the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteEaredHummingbird">WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">440.1. </span><span class="sci">Basilinna leucotis. </span><span class="siz">3&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on
+the breast, the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent
+blue, and a white line extends back from the eye.
+Found in the southern parts of Arizona and Texas into Central
+America. Nesting habits same as above.</p>
+<h3 id="bBroadBilledHummingbird">BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">441. </span><span class="sci">Cyanthus latirostris. </span><span class="siz">3&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being
+brighter on the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in
+the southern borders of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in
+the lower lands and near the ground. Nests similar to above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_146">[146]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig138">
+<img src="images/p146.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="496" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKingbirdFamilyTyrannidae">KINGBIRD.&mdash;Family Tyrannid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">444. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus tyrannus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence
+about farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy
+birds, ready for a quarrel at any time and usually come off
+victorious in whatever they undertake. They seem to delight
+in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to alight
+on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only
+on the eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they
+are very common.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or
+woods. Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding.
+Their nests are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber
+from vines and lined with the down from catkins and horsehair.
+Three to five creamy white eggs, mottled and streaked
+with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bArkansasKingbird">ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">447. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus verticalis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright
+yellow breast and under parts. Its habits are much the same
+as the above in its home building or in trying to find a neighbor
+to quarrel with. The eggs are the same in size and color.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_147">[147]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig139">
+<img src="images/p147.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="504" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCassinKingbird">CASSIN KINGBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">448. </span><span class="sci">Tyrannus vociferans. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are very much like the last, except that the
+throat and breast are darker.</p>
+<h3 id="bDerbyFlycatcher">DERBY FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">449. </span><span class="sci">Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family.
+With its bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border
+and this by white and another band of black, with the under
+parts a bright yellow makes him one of the most attractive.
+They are found, though, only on the southern borders of Texas
+into Central America. (Not illustrated.)</p>
+<h3 id="bSulphurBelliedFlycatcher">SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">451. </span><span class="sci">Myiodynastes luteiventris. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the
+mountains of Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish
+streaked with black, the tail a dull reddish brown, and the under
+parts yellow, streaked on the sides with dusky; a white
+throat patch, bordered with black; the crown with a concealed
+yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white stripe over
+the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree, and
+lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched
+with brown and lavender (1.05 &times; .75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_148">[148]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig140">
+<img src="images/p148.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCrestedFlycatcher">CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">452. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus crinitus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down
+through Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it
+being made of twigs, weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of
+snake skin. They lay from four to six eggs of a buff color
+scratched and spotted with rich shades of brown and lavender
+(.85 &times; .65). (Not illustrated.)</p>
+<h3 id="bArizonaCrestedFlycatcher">ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">453. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus magister magister. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and
+the under parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the
+same as above even to including the piece of snakeskin, or in
+place of it part of a lizard skin will answer their purpose.</p>
+<h3 id="bAshThroatedFlycatcher">ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">454. </span><span class="sci">Myiarchus cinerascens. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as
+well as in actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the
+under parts, breast and throat are almost white. They build their
+nests in the giant cactus or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity
+with roots and grass or bits of rubbish of almost any kind, and
+generally include the piece of snake skin as do the ones above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_149">[149]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig141">
+<img src="images/p149.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="505" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSayPhoebe">SAY PH&OElig;BE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">457. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis sayus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the
+heavy beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the
+timbers are falling down, and place its nest in some dark
+corner, building it of mud, moss and grasses lined with feathers,
+or in some localities the nests may be placed in the crevice
+of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or five white eggs,
+rarely dotted with brown.</p>
+<p>It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under
+parts showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding
+from the Arctic to Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackPhoebe">BLACK PH&OElig;BE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">458. </span><span class="sci">Sayornis nigricans. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost
+black on the head and back with white under parts. Their habits
+are very much the same as above, frequenting old buildings
+in villages where a stream is near by, or in localities where insect
+life abounds. Their nest is made the same as above, and
+eggs are the same.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_150">[150]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig142">
+<img src="images/p150.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="491" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bOliveSidedFlycatcher">OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">459. </span><span class="sci">Nuttallornis borealis. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the
+country, especially in the central portions, they are very
+rare. In the western range, they may be found from Alaska
+to southern California; for breeding places they seem to
+prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,
+mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well
+up in the trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together,
+and lined with small roots and moss. The three or four creamy
+white eggs are spotted with brown and lilac, forming about
+the larger end (.85 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternWoodPewee">WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">462. </span><span class="sci">Myiochanes richardsoni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits.
+To be found breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their
+nests are placed on horizontal branches, made of plant down,
+grass and fibers; very compact, and much resembling a knot
+on the branch. Three or four white eggs with small spots
+about the larger end (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_151">[151]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig143">
+<img src="images/p151.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="486" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternFlycatcher">WESTERN FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">464. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax difficilis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow
+cast on the under parts; it may be found breeding from
+Alaska to southern California. Its favorite nesting place
+is along some stream, bordered with willows or alders, and
+the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground;
+it is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four
+white eggs, spotted with brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bTraillFlycatcher">TRAILL FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">466. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax trailli. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head;
+under parts white, and also a white ring about the eye; two
+wing-bars a pale buff color, and the breast a light gray. They
+seem to prefer much the same localities for their nesting site
+as do the &ldquo;Western.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering
+brooks or ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined
+with the down, and sometimes horsehair; three or four creamy
+white eggs are marked with blotches of brown about the
+larger end (.70 &times; .54).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_152">[152]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig144">
+<img src="images/p152.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHammondFlycatcher">HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">468. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax hammondi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A western form of the &ldquo;Least Flycatcher&rdquo; of the east,
+differing but very little in appearance or habits from its
+eastern relative. Upper parts an olive gray color, with the
+breast the same, but a little lighter. Their nesting place is
+usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some horizontal
+branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact
+structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs.
+Three to five pale creamy white eggs (.65 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bWrightFlycatcher">WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax wrighti. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much
+more abundant than the last, and are found from Oregon to
+Mexico, where they breed more in open woods and thickets.
+Their nests and eggs are practically the same in every way.</p>
+<h3 id="bGrayFlycatcher">GRAY FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">469.1. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax griseus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and
+lighter below. It is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern
+California. No record of its nesting habits or eggs can
+be given.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_153">[153]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig145">
+<img src="images/p153.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBuffBreastedFlycatcher">BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">470a. </span><span class="sci">Empidonax fulvifrons pygm&aelig;us. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This small variety is not at all common in any locality,
+but is found in Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to
+southern California. It is brownish gray above and of a buff
+color below. The nests are placed similar to the preceding,
+but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the same, being
+a trifle larger.</p>
+<h3 id="bVermilionFlycatcher">VERMILION FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">471. </span><span class="sci">Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher
+family, as shown in the illustration. The female is almost
+of an entirely light gray color, barely tinged with pink on
+the under parts. They are very common in southern Texas,
+Arizona and New Mexico.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally
+of twigs and plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers,
+and frequently covered with lichens, held in place by a winding
+of cobwebs; three or four buff eggs, boldly blotched with
+brown and lavender (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bBeardlessFlycatcher">BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">472. </span><span class="sci">Camptostoma imberbe. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central
+America.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_154">[154]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig146">
+<img src="images/p154.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPallidHornedLarkFamilyAlaudidae">PALLID HORNED LARK&mdash;Family Alaudid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474a. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris arcticola. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white,
+with no trace of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and
+curve upwards. Found in Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bDesertHornedLark">DESERT HORNED LARK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474c. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris leucol&aelig;ma. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern
+California, Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our
+handsome winter birds, with horn-like tufts of black on either
+side of the head; forehead, patch under the eye and band
+on the breast black; yellow throat, and white under parts;
+upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four
+eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in
+their nest of grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually
+concealed under a tuft of grass (.92 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaHornedLark">CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474e. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris actia. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.</p>
+<h3 id="bRuddyHornedLark">RUDDY HORNED LARK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">474f. </span><span class="sci">Otocoris alpestris rubea. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_155">[155]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig147">
+<img src="images/p155.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">Family CORVID&AElig;&mdash;CROWS, JAYS</h3>
+<h3 id="bAmericanMagpie">AMERICAN MAGPIE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">475. </span><span class="sci">Pica pica hudsonia. </span><span class="siz">20 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Like the &ldquo;Blue Jays,&rdquo; the Magpies are great talkers, and
+are usually found in colonies where they can carry on conversation
+in their own way with each other. They are a large
+handsome bird, with pure white under parts and wing coverts,
+and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a bronzy black,
+with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated. They
+are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their
+food consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life,
+and the eggs and young of small birds.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation,
+composed of sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the
+side; the inside of the nest is lined with finer materials,
+grass and plant fiber. Four to eight grayish white eggs,
+spotted with brown and drab (1.25 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bStellerJay">STELLER JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">478. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocitta stelleri. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska south to central California. Nests are
+quite bulky; three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades
+of brown (1.25 &times; .90).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_156">[156]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig148">
+<img src="images/p156.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWoodhouseJay">WOODHOUSE JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">480. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma woodhousei. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the
+Rockies and the Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees
+or bushes at low elevations and usually near some stream.
+They have the crown and forehead bluish, and the under parts
+are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast. Their
+food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged,
+with smaller twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs,
+of a pale green, faintly spotted with shades of brown (1.20 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaJay">CALIFORNIA JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">481. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma californica. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific
+coast of California, Oregon and Washington. They are more
+tame or fearless than most of the family, and frequent the
+trees about houses, and are given the bad name of robbing
+the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color
+these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish
+below, and gray above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_157">[157]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig149">
+<img src="images/p157.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="495" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bArizonaJay">ARIZONA JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">482. </span><span class="sci">Aphelocoma sieberi arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">13 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The
+upper parts are a bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray
+on the head; under parts are a pale gray. They are a very
+sociable bird during the breeding season, and often several
+pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing
+their nests at low elevations.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs
+are more of a bluish color, without markings (1.20 &times; .85).</p>
+<h3 id="bRockyMountainJay">ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">484a. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the
+east, with the exception of having more white on the head,
+and only a small space on the back of the neck. He is the
+same &ldquo;old coon&rdquo; as the eastern bird about camps, and is
+rightfully called &ldquo;Camp Robber.&rdquo; Their nesting habits are
+the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and
+blotched with brown, of varying shades (1.15 &times; .80).</p>
+<h3 id="bOregonJay">OREGON JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">485. </span><span class="sci">Perisoreus obscurus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head,
+forehead white.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_158">[158]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig150">
+<img src="images/p158.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="499" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAmericanRaven">AMERICAN RAVEN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">486. </span><span class="sci">Corvus corax sinuatus. </span><span class="siz">24 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the
+Rockies from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a
+bluish black, with lengthened and stiffened feathers on the
+neck. Their general habits are much the same as the Crow.
+Their food consists principally of carrion, fish, and eggs and
+young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs in almost
+inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which
+they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and
+blotched with shades of brown and drab (1.95 &times; 1.25).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteNeckedRaven">WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">487. </span><span class="sci">Corvus cryptoleucus. </span><span class="siz">21 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the
+neck feathers white. It is a more southern variety, and is
+found in Arizona and on the Mexican borders. They build at
+low elevations, making their nests of sticks and twigs. Four
+pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 &times; 1.20).</p>
+<h3 id="bNorthwesternCrow">NORTHWESTERN CROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">489. </span><span class="sci">Corvus caurinus. </span><span class="siz">17 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts
+of Oregon to Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_159">[159]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig151">
+<img src="images/p159.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="493" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bClarkeNutcracker">CLARKE NUTCRACKER,</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">491. </span><span class="sci">Nucifraga columbiana. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the mountains of western North America, from
+Mexico to Alaska. In habits they much resemble the Crow
+or some of the Jays. Their food consisting largely of seeds
+from the pine cones, insects of many varieties, larv&aelig; and
+berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher mountain
+ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of
+food. Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where
+they build their nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds,
+strips of bark and plant fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest
+in which they lay from three to five greenish gray eggs,
+spotted over the whole surface with brown and lavender
+(1.30 &times; .90).</p>
+<h3 id="bPinonJay">PINON JAY.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">492. </span><span class="sci">Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p>To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west,
+and from British Columbia to southern California. They are
+very sociable birds, keeping in colonies, and always have much
+to talk about among themselves; after the breeding season they
+may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish gray eggs, are
+spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 &times; .85).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_160">[160]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig152">
+<img src="images/p160.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBobolinkFamilyIcteridae">BOBOLINK&mdash;Family Icterid&aelig;.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">494. </span><span class="sci">Dolichonyx oryzivorus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is found over most of North America from the
+southern parts of Canada south, and has been gradually extending
+westward as far as California. During mating season
+it is hard to find any other bird so completely filled with
+music as are these birds. They are also quite sociable birds,
+and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the same
+piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet,
+wild music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the
+ground; it is lined with grass and frequently so covered as to
+be almost arched over to conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs
+of a grayish white, thickly blotched and spotted with brown
+of different shades and lilac, generally covered with ground
+color on the larger end (.84 &times; .62).</p>
+<h3 id="bCowbird">COWBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">495. </span><span class="sci">Molothrus ater. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>It is to be found throughout the United States and the
+southern portion of Canada. They are the only birds which
+we have that neither make a nest of their own nor care for
+their young. They will deposit a single egg (sometimes two) in
+the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller variety.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_161">[161]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig153">
+<img src="images/p161.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="508" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBronzedCowbird">BRONZED COWBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496a. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius &aelig;neus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found
+in Arizona and Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bRedEyedCowbird">RED-EYED COWBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">496. </span><span class="sci">Tangavius &aelig;neus involucratus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy
+reflections. They are abundant in southern Texas, and in
+Mexico (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bYellowHeadedBlackbird">YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">497. </span><span class="sci">Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and
+breast; body black, with a white patch on the wing. They
+are a western bird, being found from the central United
+States to California. They breed abundantly in suitable
+marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of
+strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes
+only a few inches above the water. The four to six grayish
+white eggs are spotted with shades of brown and gray
+(1.00 &times; .70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_162">[162]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig154">
+<img src="images/p162.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="503" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedWingedBlackbird">RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius ph&oelig;niceus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part
+of the Rockies. Very common in many parts of the east,
+where it builds much the same as does the previous, laying
+four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted, blotched and scratched
+with shades of brown (1.00 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bSonoraRedWingBlackbird">SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">498a. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius ph&oelig;niceus sonoriensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white
+on the wing. In southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBicoloredRedWing">BICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">499. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius gubernator californicus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The male of this species do not have the light margins to
+the red on the shoulders, as do the others. They are found
+on the Pacific coast from Washington to southern California.
+Eggs and nests the same.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_163">[163]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig155">
+<img src="images/p163.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="494" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bTricoloredRedWing">TRICOLORED RED-WING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">500. </span><span class="sci">Agelaius tricolor. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the
+buff color on the preceding is white on this bird. They are
+restricted to a small range, the Pacific coast of California
+and Oregon, and are not nearly as common as the eastern
+variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the eggs are
+indistinguishable.</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternMeadowlark">WESTERN MEADOWLARK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">501.1. </span><span class="sci">Sturnella neglecta. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In
+habits it is the same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated
+from the eastern. There seems to be one great distinguishing
+quality between the two, and that is in their song or notes.
+The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing was in
+Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink,
+but on seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was
+a new song, sung by our eastern Meadowlark in appearance.
+They feed on insect life, beetles, etc. They lay from four
+to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10 &times; .80).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_164">[164]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig156">
+<img src="images/p164.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="498" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bScottOriole">SCOTT ORIOLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">504. </span><span class="sci">Icterus parisorum. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is not a common species in any part of its range, from
+southern California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely
+marked bird, with its clear black and yellow. They
+build a hanging nest, usually suspended from the under sides
+of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small branches
+of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and
+blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bSennettOriole">SENNETT ORIOLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus sennetti. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and
+tail being black, the wings with two white bars. Found in
+Texas and south into Mexico. Nests are made of hanging
+moss (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bArizonaHoodedOriole">ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">505a. </span><span class="sci">Icterus cucullatus nelsoni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found
+common in Arizona, New Mexico and southern California.
+Its favorite nesting place seems to be a bunch of Spanish
+moss, looping up the ends and weaving it closely together,
+and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried
+grasses and yucca fibers.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_165">[165]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig157">
+<img src="images/p165.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBullockOriole">BULLOCK ORIOLE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">508. </span><span class="sci">Icterus bullocki. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the
+Baltimore Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the
+eastern slope of the Rockies. They build a hanging nest,
+and in the southern part of their range use the Spanish
+moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest, lining the
+opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four
+white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 &times;
+.62). These birds are of great benefit to the small fruit
+growers in eating the many injurious insects.</p>
+<h3 id="bRustyBlackbird">RUSTY BLACKBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">509. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus carolinus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern
+slope of the Rockies, and straying into southern California to
+the Gulf of Mexico. Breeds along the northern borders of the
+United States, northwest to Alaska. The female is very much
+lighter than the male, and of a brownish drab color. They
+build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass, lined
+with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes
+or trees only a few feet from the ground. Three to five
+eggs, pale bluish green, blotched and spotted with brown
+(.96 &times; .71).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_166">[166]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig158">
+<img src="images/p166.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBrewerBlackbird">BREWER BLACKBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">510. </span><span class="sci">Euphagus cyanocephalus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found throughout western North America, breeding from
+Alaska to southern California. They differ from the preceding
+in having a purplish reflection on the head and upper
+parts, and greenish black body. They nest abundantly throughout
+their range, either in bushes or trees at low elevations,
+or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots
+and grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are
+laid, which are very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted
+and blotched all over thickly with brown of different
+shades (1.00 &times; .75).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternEveningGrosbeak">WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">514a. </span><span class="sci">Hesperiphona vespertina montana. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia
+to central California. They build in the evergreen trees
+upon the mountain side or along some stream in the willows;
+they are always frail structures made up of a few loosely
+put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale greenish
+eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement
+(.90 &times; .65).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_167">[167]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig159">
+<img src="images/p167.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaPineGrosbeak">CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">515b. </span><span class="sci">Pinicola enucleator californica. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have,
+and can be approached to within a few feet. The male is
+a bright red above and an ashy gray below, having much
+less of the red than his eastern relative. The female is a
+dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head
+and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and
+are found about the snow lines on the mountain, where they
+feed largely upon the seeds of the coniferous trees, in which
+they place their nests, making them of fine twigs and rootlets,
+and lining with grass and moss. They lay three or four
+eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and fainter
+markings of lilac (1.00 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaPurpleFinch">CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">517a. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus purpureus californicus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is found from British Columbia to southern California.
+It breeds well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens.
+Three or four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with brown
+(.85 &times; .65).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_168">[168]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig160">
+<img src="images/p168.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCassinPurpleFinch">CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">518. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus cassini. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British
+Columbia south to New Mexico, well up in the mountain
+regions, as far as the timber line extends. The back, wings
+and tail of this are darker than the preceding species; the
+purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made
+of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat;
+they lay three or four eggs not to be recognized from the
+last.</p>
+<h3 id="bHouseFinch">HOUSE FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">519. </span><span class="sci">Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast.
+With his bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate,
+and the habit they have of keeping close to civilization,
+building their nests in the vines about the porches of the
+houses, both in the country and even in the cities, they are
+great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant
+song is kept up continually during the day, and where two
+or three pairs are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird
+music. Their nests are made of fine rootlets and grass placed
+in almost any bush, tree or vine, if near some dwelling.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_169">[169]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig161">
+<img src="images/p169.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCrossbill">CROSSBILL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">521. </span><span class="sci">Loxia curvirostra minor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found throughout the greater part of North America, and
+breeds in suitable locations on the mountain sides among the
+coniferous trees. On the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska
+to southern California. In abundance they vary each year
+greatly, according to the food supply of cones in the evergreen
+trees from which they secure their seed supply; their
+twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the
+small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses,
+and three or four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined
+with shades of brown, are laid (.75 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteWingedCrossbill">WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">522. </span><span class="sci">Loxia leucoptera. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding,
+and also have a large white patch on the wings. The
+female is marked the same, with grayish and buff in place of
+the red on the males. Nesting habits and locations are the
+same as above. The eggs average a little larger and heavier
+marked (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_170">[170]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig162">
+<img src="images/p170.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAleutianRosyFinch">ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">523. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte griseonucha. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds,
+with dark chestnut back and breast, and with the rump,
+wings and tail with a rosy tint. These are birds of the mountains
+and high altitudes, above or near the snow line. They
+are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and in the
+western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or
+under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their
+four or five eggs are pure white (.97 &times; .67).</p>
+<h3 id="bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found
+on the eastern slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding
+in the Sierra Nevadas, in crevices of the rocks, after the
+same manner as the above. The eggs cannot be distinguished
+from the above.</p>
+<h3 id="bHepburnRosyFinch">HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">524a. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise
+the same as preceding in habits and nesting.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_171">[171]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig163">
+<img src="images/p171.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackRosyFinch">BLACK ROSY FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">525. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte atrata. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is the same in markings as the <a href="#bGrayCrownedRosyFinch">Gray-crowned</a>,
+excepting that the brown is replaced with almost black on the
+back and breast. The females of this family are much the
+same as the males, only not as bright in markings, and the
+young are the same as the females. Found in the northern
+Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.
+They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop
+in one place, but flitting from one locality to another. After
+the breeding season, they congregate in large flocks and keep
+together about the snow line, getting their supply of seed and
+insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs are the
+same as the Gray-crowned.</p>
+<h3 id="bBrownCappedRosyFinch">BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">526. </span><span class="sci">Leucosticte australis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains
+than any of the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering
+in New Mexico. Their nesting habits and eggs are
+the same. Most of this family keep above the timber line
+during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as
+the heavy snow comes.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_172">[172]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig164">
+<img src="images/p172.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHoaryRedpoll">HOARY REDPOLL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">527a. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson
+and rosy breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding
+in the Arctic regions, and wintering to the northern parts
+of the United States.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks
+and grass, and lined with fine grass and feathers, which are
+placed usually within a foot or two of the ground in scrub
+bushes. Their three to five eggs are a light bluish green,
+with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end (.65 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bRedpoll">REDPOLL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">528. </span><span class="sci">Acanthis linaria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding
+in Alaska, and wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or
+into California on the western coast, in the mountain regions
+above the timber line. In Colorado, they have been seen at
+10,000 feet, and with the temperature far below zero. Their
+nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs are the
+same.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_173">[173]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig165">
+<img src="images/p173.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPaleGoldfinch">PALE GOLDFINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus tristis pallidus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado
+(not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bWillowGoldfinch">WILLOW GOLDFINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">529b. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus t. salicamara. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the
+five inches in length, and of a paler color, both the black
+and the yellow. It is common on the Pacific coast, from
+Washington to southern California, breeding in willows and
+low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly
+built, usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish
+white (.60 &times; .45).</p>
+<h3 id="bArkansasGoldfinch">ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus psaltria. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bGreenBackedGoldfinch">GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">530a. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus p. hesperophilus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In southwestern United States from Central California to
+Mexico.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_174">[174]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig166">
+<img src="images/p174.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLawrenceGoldfinch">LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">531. </span><span class="sci">Astragalinus lawrencei. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird differs from the others of this family in being
+mostly gray in place of the yellow, having the head and
+throat black. They are found quite commonly on the Pacific
+coast of California, and south to Mexico. Their nests are
+nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which
+they deposit four white eggs.</p>
+<h3 id="bPineSiskin">PINE SISKIN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">533. </span><span class="sci">Spinus pinus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the
+Canadian zone, and in the Rockies and higher mountains
+to the west. They feed largely upon weed seeds and seeds
+from the different coniferous trees, the latter of which they
+most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of twigs
+and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of
+a horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white
+color, spotted finely with reddish brown (.65 &times; .45). They
+have a habit, while feeding, of clinging to the under side
+of a branch or cone, similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and, if disturbed
+when on some favorite tree, will make a short flight and
+circle back to the same tree.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_175">[175]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig167">
+<img src="images/p175.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">534. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax nivalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere,
+breeding within the Arctic Circle and wintering south to the
+central portions of the United States. They are one of the
+birds that change their dress completely from winter to summer,
+in color. In winter they are a clear black and white, while
+in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or
+brownish. They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides
+and in fields where the weeds are showing through,
+feeding upon the small seeds, and at this time they are as
+restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from which it
+is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses
+and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs
+are a dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown,
+mostly on the larger end (.90 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bMckaySnowBunting">McKAY SNOW BUNTING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">535. </span><span class="sci">Plectrophenax hyperboreus. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is still more white than the preceding, having
+only a few specks of black on the tips of the primaries,
+and the central tail feather. They build, in crevices of the
+rocks on the ground, a nest of grass, lined with moss and
+feathers.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_176">[176]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig168">
+<img src="images/p176.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAlaskanLongspur">ALASKAN LONGSPUR.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">536a. </span><span class="sci">Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska
+in summer, and in winter coming as far south as Oregon
+and Colorado, when they may be frequently found in with
+flocks of <a href="#bSnowBuntingOrSnowflake">Snow Buntings</a>,
+and, like the Snowflakes, they breed
+on the ground in a depression in the moss or under some
+boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.
+Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots
+and blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternVesperSparrow">WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">540a. </span><span class="sci">Po&oelig;cetes gramineus confinis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish
+this from any others of the sparrows, and the sides
+are more of a gray color than the eastern variety. Its
+habit of singing later in the evening gave it the name of
+&ldquo;Vesper.&rdquo; Found on the Pacific coast, from British Columbia
+to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression
+on the ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown
+(.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_177">[177]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig169">
+<img src="images/p177.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternSavannahSparrow">WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542b. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. alaudinus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very
+common in the fields and meadows, from northern Alaska
+to Mexico. They are birds but very little seen, keeping in
+the grass the greater part of the time. Their nests are hollows
+in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed by
+tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,
+blotched heavily with brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bBryantSparrow">BRYANT SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">542c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus s. bryanti. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California.
+It is a darker and brighter bird than the preceding
+(not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBeldingSparrow">BELDING SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">543. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus beldingi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California.
+Is darker and more streaked below. Nesting habits the same;
+eggs darker.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_178">[178]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig170">
+<img src="images/p178.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLargeBilledSparrow">LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus rostratus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish
+brown color, will distinguish this from any of the preceding.
+They are fairly common in the salt marshes of southern
+and Lower California. Their nesting habits and eggs are
+practically the same as those mentioned previously.</p>
+<h3 id="bSanBenitoSparrow">SAN BENITO SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">544c. </span><span class="sci">Passerculus r. sanctorum. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower
+California. Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBairdSparrow">BAIRD SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">545. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus bairdi. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas
+on the plains, and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona
+to New Mexico. The tail-feathers of this species are
+much more pointed than on any of the preceding.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass,
+and is made of fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid
+of a dull white, blotched and spotted with shades of brown
+and lilac (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_179">[179]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig171">
+<img src="images/p179.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternGrasshopperSparrow">WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">546a. </span><span class="sci">Ammodramus s. bimaculatus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where
+their faint lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest
+is usually a deep structure in a hollow in some dry field,
+and usually placed near some rock or suitable place where
+they can watch the locality for danger. Four eggs are laid;
+white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bLeconteSparrow">LECONTE SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">548. </span><span class="sci">Passerherbulus lecontei. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above
+the line and winters through eastern Colorado to southern
+Texas. Nesting habits and eggs similar to above (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternLarkSparrow">WESTERN LARK SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">552a. </span><span class="sci">Chondestes grammacus strigatus. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the most common, as well as the most handsome
+of the sparrow family on the western coast; with its bright
+chestnut on the sides of the head, and black and white on
+the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on the ground in a
+clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown
+markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_180">[180]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig172">
+<img src="images/p180.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGambelSparrow">GAMBEL SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">554a. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest,
+has been rightly called the &ldquo;Northern Nightingale.&rdquo; Their
+sweet song may be heard all during the day about dwellings
+or remote from them, or even in the night they have a habit
+of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In habits
+they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among
+the dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and
+is made of fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish
+blue color, spotted and splashed with shades of brown (.90 &times;
+.65).</p>
+<h3 id="bGoldenCrownedSparrow">GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">557. </span><span class="sci">Zonotrichia coronata. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden
+color. These are common birds about the cities of California
+during the winter months. Habits the same as above, and
+also their eggs.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_181">[181]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig173">
+<img src="images/p181.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternTreeSparrow">WESTERN TREE SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">559a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella monticola ochracea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Somewhat resembling the &ldquo;<a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chippy Sparrow</a>,&rdquo; but is larger
+and has a dark spot on the breast as an identification mark.
+It breeds in the far north, above the northern borders of
+the United States, and in winter is common through Oregon,
+California, into Arizona and Texas.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on
+the ground made of grasses and lined with feathers. They
+lay three to five greenish white eggs, spotted with different
+shades of brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternChippingSparrow">WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">560a. </span><span class="sci">Spizella passerina arizon&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living
+upon insects injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the
+garden weeds. They will nest in trees and shrubs, or vines
+about the house, making a small compact nest, mostly of
+rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to five greenish
+blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger
+end (.70 &times; .52).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_182">[182]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig174">
+<img src="images/p182.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bClayColoredSparrow">CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">561. </span><span class="sci">Spizella pallida. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are much like the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a> in every way,
+with the exception of color, the brown being replaced by the
+clay-color. Breeds in the Northern United States and into
+Canada; winters south to Texas and Mexico, rarely in eastern
+Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the ground, but may
+be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are the
+usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of
+brown about the larger end (.65 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bBrewerSparrow">BREWER SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">562. </span><span class="sci">Spizella breweri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is very similar to above, but much more streaked
+with dark above. It is to be found from British Columbia
+south to Mexico, especially in sections where the sage brush
+is found, and in southern California near the coast. Its nesting
+habits are much the same as the above, and the eggs are
+indistinguishable.</p>
+<h3 id="bWorthenSparrow">WORTHEN SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">564. </span><span class="sci">Spizella wortheni. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is a southern form of the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>, and is
+found in New Mexico and Mexico.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_183">[183]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig175">
+<img src="images/p183.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackChinnedSparrow">BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">565. </span><span class="sci">Spizella atrogularis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead.
+It is quite common in parts of southern California,
+and south into Arizona and New Mexico. The habits are
+similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their eggs differing
+in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bWhiteWingedJunco">WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">566. </span><span class="sci">Junco aikeni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is slightly larger than the common &ldquo;Black and White
+Snowbird&rdquo; (Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings
+are crossed by two white bars. It is found in the central
+Rocky Mountain regions, where it breeds in the northern part,
+and winters to eastern Colorado.</p>
+<h3 id="bSlateColoredJunco">SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is common &ldquo;Black and White Snowbird&rdquo; of the east,
+and is the same as above, but darker and does not have
+any white wing bars. They breed mostly north of the United
+States, nesting on the ground, often under some boulder, making
+their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four greenish
+white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_184">[184]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig176">
+<img src="images/p184.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bOregonJunco">OREGON JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567a. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis oreganus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>There are several of the sub-species of
+&ldquo;<a href="#bSlateColoredJunco">Hyemalis</a>,&rdquo; all
+of which are very much alike in habits; varying in color
+and location. The Oregon Junco is found from British Columbia
+to southern California, breeding on the mountains of
+Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the
+preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish
+color. The nesting habits and eggs are very much the same
+as the preceding.</p>
+<h3 id="bPinkSidedJunco">PINK-SIDED JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567g. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis mearnsi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana,
+Wyoming and Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bThurberJunco">THURBER JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">567c. </span><span class="sci">Junco hyemalis thurberi. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon
+to southern California. The difference in coloring is shown in
+the illustrations of this and the two preceding.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_185">[185]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig177">
+<img src="images/p185.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGrayHeadedJunco">GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">570b. </span><span class="sci">Junco ph&oelig;onotus caniceps. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having
+the back a reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are
+placed on the ground, and the markings of their eggs vary but
+little.</p>
+<h3 id="bBairdJunco">BAIRD JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">571. </span><span class="sci">Junco </span><span class="siz">bairdi.   6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California.
+This is a gray-headed variety with brown on the back and
+sides.</p>
+<h3 id="bGuadalupeJunco">GUADALUPE JUNCO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">572. </span><span class="sci">Junco insularis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only
+on the Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where
+they nest commonly in the pine groves, among the needles
+on the ground, or frequently protected by some overhanging
+stone. Their nest and eggs are the same as the others. Eggs
+bluish white, with fine dots of brown about the larger end
+(.77 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_186">[186]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig178">
+<img src="images/p186.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bDesertSparrow">DESERT SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">573a. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza bilineata deserticola. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern
+United States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern
+California. It is found in the hot desert plains, where it
+builds its nest in low bushes, of the sagebrush or cactus,
+within two or three feet of the ground. It is made up of
+twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.
+They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bBellSparrow">BELL SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza belli. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of
+California and in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California,
+these grayish, black and white sparrows are found
+abundantly in localities where the sagebrush is common.
+They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put together,
+and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair,
+in the low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite
+often placed on the ground under the cover of one of these
+bushes. They lay three or four pale greenish eggs, heavily
+blotched and spotted with shades of brown (.75 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_187">[187]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig179">
+<img src="images/p187.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSageSparrow">SAGE SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza nevadensis. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except
+at their breeding season, and to be found commonly
+throughout the sage deserts of the Great Basin, from Oregon
+and Montana to Lower California and New Mexico. They
+nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making
+their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it
+with feathers and hair. They lay from three to four grayish
+eggs, with heavy markings of shades of brown about the
+larger end (.75 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaSageSparrow">CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">574.1b. </span><span class="sci">Amphispiza n. canescens. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California
+east to Nevada (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBotteriSparrow">BOTTERI SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">576. </span><span class="sci">Peuc&aelig;a botterii. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots.
+A southern bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_188">[188]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig180">
+<img src="images/p188.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCassinSparrow">CASSIN SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">578. </span><span class="sci">Peuc&aelig;a cassini. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where
+it breeds much the same as does the Sage Sparrow.</p>
+<h3 id="bRufousWingedSparrow">RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">579. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila carpalis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of
+Mexico and north to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is
+similar to the <a href="#bWesternChippingSparrow">Chipping Sparrow</a>,
+and the two are frequently
+found in the same locality. They nest in low bushes, making
+them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair, in which
+they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bRufousCrownedSparrow">RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">580. </span><span class="sci">Aimophila ruficeps. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of
+a brown streaked with darker, and still more of a reddish
+brown on the crown. It is found throughout California along
+the coast to Lower California. They build on the ground, concealing
+their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush. They
+lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs
+(.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_189">[189]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig181">
+<img src="images/p189.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bSongSparrow">SONG SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza melodia. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can
+be heard in every state of the Union and in Canada. This
+is the most subdivided of any of the bird family; more
+than twenty sub-species are listed, all having about the
+same song and general appearance. In some localities they
+will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they
+are very light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish
+one from another even when in the hand. Their eggs also
+have the same variation, and cannot be positively identified
+one from another. They all build either in low bushes or
+upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white, blotched
+and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bHeermannSongSparrow">HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581c. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. heermanni. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the central valleys of California, casually to
+Nevada.</p>
+<h3 id="bRustySongSparrow">RUSTY SONG SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">581e. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza m. morphna. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_190">[190]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig182">
+<img src="images/p190.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLincolnSparrow">LINCOLN SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">583. </span><span class="sci">Melospiza lincolni. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>To be found most commonly in the central and western parts
+of North America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance
+they are very much like the Song Sparrow, but in their
+habits are more retiring, and keep more closely in the grass,
+and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass within a few
+inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the ground.
+The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are
+similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish
+white, heavily marked with brown (.80 &times; .58).</p>
+<h3 id="bShumaginFoxSparrow">SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585a. </span><span class="sci">Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with
+spots of darker brown on the back and under parts. They
+are to be found from Alaska to southern California.</p>
+<p><b>Nest.</b>&mdash;In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish
+eggs, marked with brown (.94 &times; .68).</p>
+<h3 id="bThickBilledFoxSparrow">THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">585b. </span><span class="sci">Passerella i. megarhyncha. </span><span class="siz">7&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much
+thicker bill, and is to be found throughout California in the
+mountains.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_191">[191]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig183">
+<img src="images/p191.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bOregonTowhee">OREGON TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588b. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus oregonus. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This family are all ground birds, and are usually found
+scratching among the leaves for their food supply of seeds
+and insects. This is a much darker bird than his eastern
+relative. The females are marked much the same as the
+males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their
+nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a
+finer lining of grass, and usually it is well concealed in
+bunches of grass or under some brush pile. They lay four
+or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much spotted with
+brown (.95 &times; .75).</p>
+<h3 id="bSanDiegoTowhee">SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">588d. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo maculatus megolonyx. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Darker and with few white markings. Southern California
+(not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bCanonTowhee">CANON TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees
+and not so much on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly
+marked. They range from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_192">[192]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig184">
+<img src="images/p192.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaTowhee">CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">591.1. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo crissalis. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white
+if any. It is found in California, from Shasta County to the
+southern part of the state. They are not as shy as the
+Towhee family generally are, and frequently come about habitations,
+where they will scratch about barnyards like chickens.
+They nest within a few feet of the ground, building much
+the same as other members of this family. The eggs are
+also very similar to the others.</p>
+<h3 id="bAbertTowhee">ABERT TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592. </span><span class="sci">Pipilo aberti. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico
+and southern California, where it breeds on the coast range.</p>
+<h3 id="bGreenTailedTowhee">GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">592.1. </span><span class="sci">Oreospiza chlorura. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>This member of the family has characteristics of his own
+entirely different from any of the others. They are birds
+of the brush, and rarely appear above the shrubbery in which
+they nest.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_193">[193]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig185">
+<img src="images/p193.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bArizonaCardinal">ARIZONA CARDINAL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">593a. </span><span class="sci">Cardinalis c. superbus. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where,
+with their beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition,
+they make themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill
+is very large and stout, but the general makeup of the bird,
+with its long crest, is much to be admired. They build their
+nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put together, which
+is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or four
+eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots
+of shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 &times; .70).
+Found in Arizona and into Mexico.</p>
+<h3 id="bArizonaPyrrhuloxia">ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">594. </span><span class="sci">Pyrrhuloxia sinuata. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like
+the parrots. Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals,
+they have the habit of raising and lowering often, changing
+the whole appearance of the bird. Their nesting habits and
+eggs are similar to the last.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_194">[194]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig186">
+<img src="images/p194.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackHeadedGrosbeak">BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">596. </span><span class="sci">Zamelodia melanocephala. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak
+of the eastern sections (which is sometimes found west to
+Colorado), does not have the bright colors of his eastern
+brother. In habits they appear to be much the same, their
+song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet
+birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them
+before leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks,
+loosely laid on the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush
+or low tree, so frail that frequently their eggs can be seen
+from beneath. They lay four eggs of a bluish green, spotted
+and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternBlueGrosbeak">WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">597a. </span><span class="sci">Guiraca c&aelig;rulea lazula. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along
+the roadside in the small brush. It seems out of place to have
+three members of the same family with such a difference
+of plumage. One with rose, white and black; the next with
+black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.
+Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same
+as above, the eggs being a little smaller (.85 &times; .62).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_195">[195]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig187">
+<img src="images/p195.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bIndigoBunting">INDIGO BUNTING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">598. </span><span class="sci">Passerina cyanea. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading
+to lighter on the under parts and towards the rump. It is
+found as far west as Colorado and into Texas (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bLazuliBunting">LAZULI BUNTING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">599. </span><span class="sci">Passerina am&oelig;na. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts
+and breast are brownish. The wings are barred with two
+bands of white. It is found from British Columbia to Lower
+California and from the western coast to eastern Colorado.
+The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical. They
+build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet
+from the ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white,
+unmarked (.75 &times; .58).</p>
+<h3 id="bBeautifulBunting">BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">600a. </span><span class="sci">Passerina versicolor pulchra. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are the most varied in color markings of any of our
+North American birds, having bright colors. Found in southern
+and Lower California, Arizona and into Mexico. Like
+the above they are to be found in thickets and hedges, where
+they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_196">[196]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig188">
+<img src="images/p196.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bDickcissel">DICKCISSEL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">604. </span><span class="sci">Spiza americana. </span><span class="siz">6&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line
+over the eye, on the side of the throat, edge of wing and
+front under parts; black patch on the breast, white throat and
+a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It is found rarely in
+Colorado and into southern California (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bLarkBunting">LARK BUNTING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">605. </span><span class="sci">Calamospiza melanocorys. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in
+summer is a dull black all over, with the exception of white
+wing-coverts. Their habits are similar to the above. They
+have a fine song, which they often give while on the wing,
+after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a sparrow-like
+looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds
+of the plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California
+and Colorado. Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs
+(.85 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternTanager">WESTERN TANAGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">607. </span><span class="sci">Piranga ludoviciana. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding
+in mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with
+brown (.95 &times; .75).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_197">[197]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig189">
+<img src="images/p197.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHepaticTanager">HEPATIC TANAGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">609. </span><span class="sci">Piranga hepatica. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager
+of the east, lacking also the black wings of its eastern
+brother. The female is a pale yellow on the under parts and
+an olive above. Their range is throughout Arizona and into
+Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of trees
+at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs,
+grass and hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay
+four eggs of a greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown
+(.92 &times; .64).</p>
+<h3 id="bCooperTanager">COOPER TANAGER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">610a. </span><span class="sci">Piranga rubra cooperi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Western United States, breeding from Central California to
+Texas and the borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits
+are the same and the eggs are not distinguishable from the
+others, all of them varying in the markings, but practically
+of the same size and general color.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_198">[198]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig190">
+<img src="images/p198.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternMartin">WESTERN MARTIN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">611a. </span><span class="sci">Progne subis hesperia. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern
+Purple Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead
+is the only difference. They nest in cavities of trees
+or in boxes provided for them in the cities and towns, both
+in the east and west, as they are to be found breeding
+throughout the United States and into British Columbia. They
+make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with
+feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bCliffSwallow">CLIFF SWALLOW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">612. </span><span class="sci">Petrochelidon lunifrons. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Their range is throughout the whole of North America;
+they can easily be recognized by their brownish throat and
+breast, white forehead and black cap. Their nests or homes
+are built of mud, securely cemented to the face of cliffs, or
+under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or
+gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining
+the inside with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs,
+creamy white, spotted with shades of brown (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_199">[199]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig191">
+<img src="images/p199.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBarnSwallow">BARN SWALLOW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">613. </span><span class="sci">Hirundo erythrogastra. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally
+from Alaska to southern California, and over the eastern
+part of the United States. They nest in barns, sheds or in
+any buildings where they are not likely to be disturbed,
+building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near
+the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird
+in all parts of the country, and one of the most graceful
+while on the wing, skimming over the ponds and meadows
+in search of the insect life which constitutes their food.
+Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow, creamy white, spotted
+with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bTreeSwallow">TREE SWALLOW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">614. </span><span class="sci">Iridoprocne bicolor. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied
+Swallow, and it is found in the whole of temperate North
+America, breeding from the middle United States northward.
+They nest in holes of trees and stumps naturally, but accept
+the bird houses that are put up for them in suitable locations
+near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same
+as above, both in number and markings.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_200">[200]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig192">
+<img src="images/p200.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bNorthernVioletGreenSwallow">NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">615. </span><span class="sci">Tachycineta thalassina lepida. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and
+west to the Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most
+beautiful species with its blue, green and purple back and
+white under parts. They are abundant in favorable localities
+in California, building their nests in holes of trees, at
+times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the
+largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at
+times placing their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their
+nests are made of grass and fine roots, and nicely lined with
+feathers. Their four to six eggs are pure white (.72 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bBankSwallow">BANK SWALLOW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">616. </span><span class="sci">Riparia riparia. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and
+south to the Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion
+of the United States northward. These birds build their nests
+in sand banks in almost all sections of the country, digging a
+small tunnel from one to three feet in length, enlarged and
+lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to six pure
+white eggs (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_201">[201]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig193">
+<img src="images/p201.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRoughWingedSparrow">ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">617. </span><span class="sci">Stelgidopteryx serripennis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is about the same size as the last, and similar,
+but with the throat and breast grayish in place of the white.
+The outer webs of the outer primaries are recurved, forming
+a series of hooks. It nests in holes of embankments or in the
+crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of bridges and buildings.
+Their eggs are four in number and are pure white
+(.75 &times; .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of
+the United States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.</p>
+<h3 id="bBohemianWaxwing">BOHEMIAN WAXWING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">618. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla garrula. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters
+to California and the northern states of the United
+States. It may be identified from the following by the
+markings on the wings of white and yellow, and the larger
+band of yellow at the end of the tail. The wax-like appendages
+on the wings and tail may be found on both species.</p>
+<p>Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed
+in bushes or trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually
+four eggs are laid, of a grayish color, sharply spotted with
+brown (.95 &times; .70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_202">[202]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig194">
+<img src="images/p202.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="509" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCedarWaxwing">CEDAR WAXWING.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">619. </span><span class="sci">Bombycilla cedrorum. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are a North American bird, and great travelers in
+large flocks all over the country, separating at breeding time,
+and mating up, with a pair or two selecting some orchard
+or suitable locality to remain during nesting time. They
+breed throughout the northern United States and north into
+Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on
+horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in
+which they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted
+with dark brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bPhainopepla">PHAINOPEPLA.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">620. </span><span class="sci">Phainopepla nitens. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are found from central California to Texas and into
+Mexico. In habits they are very much like the preceding, and
+the female is quite similar in looks, while the male is a rich
+shining blue black, with a long pointed crest, and a white
+patch on the wings. Their food consists of insects and small
+berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with a more
+compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs
+of a light gray, spotted with brown (.88 &times; .65).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_203">[203]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig195">
+<img src="images/p203.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bNorthernShrike">NORTHERN SHRIKE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">621. </span><span class="sci">Lanius borealis. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the largest of the family in the United States, the
+breast being barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler
+gray, with the wings and tail having much white, showing
+especially in flight. They are bold birds; carnivorous in their
+habits, living upon other small birds, insects and small rodents.
+In winter they have been known frequently to live about
+cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city
+streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill,
+which is shaped similar to that of a hawk&rsquo;s, while their feet
+are small and weak, not at all resembling the hawk&rsquo;s feet.
+Their nests are placed in thickets or thorny bushes, and are
+made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down. Four to six
+grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched
+with shades of brown (1.05 &times; .75).</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaShrike">CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">622b. </span><span class="sci">Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p>In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits
+and general appearance much the same, being somewhat darker,
+more on the under parts and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_204">[204]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig196">
+<img src="images/p204.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedEyedVireo">RED-EYED VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">624. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva olivacea. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p>One of the most common of the family throughout its
+range, from the eastern slope of the Rockies over the United
+States. Wherever they may be found, their song is heard
+continuously during the day, from early morning until late in
+the evening, it consisting only of two or three notes, first
+a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and
+over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed
+within a few feet of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended
+from a fork, and made of strips of bark, plant fiber
+and often with pieces of string and paper included in its
+construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked sparingly
+with brown (.85 &times; .55). This is one of the favorite nests in
+which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.</p>
+<h3 id="bWarblingVireo">WARBLING VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">627. </span><span class="sci">Vireosylva gilva. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not
+as well known, as they keep well up in the tops of the taller
+trees, where they also build their nests, very much the same
+as the <a href="#bRedEyedVireo">Red-eye</a>. Their song is much more pleasant. Four
+eggs, like above (.72 &times; .52).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_205">[205]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig197">
+<img src="images/p205.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCassinVireo">CASSIN VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">629a. </span><span class="sci">Lanivireo solitarius cassini. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p>To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia
+south to Lower California and Mexico. In southern California,
+it is found breeding much more commonly than the
+<a href="#bWarblingVireo">Western Warbling Vireo</a>,
+placing its nest high in the oaks and coniferous
+trees. It belongs to the same musical family, keeping
+up its song from morning until night. The nest is made
+of similar material to the previous, and the eggs are the
+same, except in size (.75 &times; .58).</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackCappedVireo">BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">630. </span><span class="sci">Vireo atricapillus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap.
+Breeds in Texas, north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bHuttonVireo">HUTTON VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central
+and southern California. Nesting habits similar to others of
+the family. Eggs white with a few spots of brown about
+the larger end (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_206">[206]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig198">
+<img src="images/p206.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="533" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAnthonyVireo">ANTHONY VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">632c. </span><span class="sci">Vireo huttoni obscurus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found
+from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in
+Oregon (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bLeastVireo">LEAST VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">633a. </span><span class="sci">Vireo belli pusillus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California,
+Texas and Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact,
+cup-shaped structure, made of shreds of vines and fine roots,
+and lined with fine grass. The four eggs are white, spotted
+finely with brown about the larger end (.70 &times; .80).</p>
+<h3 id="bGrayVireo">GRAY VIREO.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">634. </span><span class="sci">Vireo vicinior. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas,
+and southern California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon
+birds in the mountains of Arizona, where they nest in low
+bushes or trees, building their nest similar to the Red-eyed
+vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging limb, within
+a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which
+are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 &times; .53).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_207">[207]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig199">
+<img src="images/p207.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 class="genus">Family MNIOTILTID&AElig;&mdash;WOOD WARBLERS.</h3>
+<h3 id="bBlackAndWhiteWarbler">BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">636. </span><span class="sci">Mniotilta varia. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is
+found in southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in
+California and Washington (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bLucyWarbler">LUCY WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">643. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora luci&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds
+quite commonly in Arizona, where it builds in almost any
+situation, in the loose bark on tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker
+holes, in the cactus or in small bushes near the ground.
+The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and feathers, in which
+they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with
+brown about the larger end (.60 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bVirginiaWarbler">VIRGINIA WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">644. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora virgini&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and
+winters in Mexico. They are much like the last, but have a
+patch of yellow on the rump and breast. Their nest on the
+ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of shreds of vines
+and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed
+with brown (.62 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_208">[208]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig200">
+<img src="images/p208.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="526" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCalaverasWarbler">CALAVERAS WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">645a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central
+California north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico.
+In Oregon and California, these birds are quite common
+in favorable localities on the mountain sides. They build
+their nest on the ground in a slight depression, making it
+of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed with overhanging
+grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white,
+with fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about
+the larger end (.60 &times; .45).</p>
+<h3 id="bOrangeCrownedWarbler">ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Central North America, breeding in the Rockies
+locally, from Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull
+orange patch. Nesting habits and eggs same as above (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bLutescentWarbler">LUTESCENT WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">646a. </span><span class="sci">Vermivora celata lutescens. </span><span class="siz">4&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific
+coast to southern California. Nest placed in similar locations,
+and the eggs are the same as above (.60 &times; .45).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_209">[209]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig201">
+<img src="images/p209.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="530" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bOliveWarbler">OLIVE WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">651. </span><span class="sci">Peucedramus olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico,
+southward. They may be easily identified by their orange-brown
+head and neck, with a broad black band through the
+eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in coniferous
+trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact
+nest, saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a
+resemblance to a knot; it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and
+lined with fine rootlets and down from plants. Their four
+eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with spots of dark
+brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 &times; .48).</p>
+<h3 id="bYellowWarbler">YELLOW WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">652. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica &aelig;stiva. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The whole of North America, breeding throughout
+its range. They are active little bunches of yellow, as they
+gather in their many insects for food, all the while singing
+their happy song. They place their nests in almost any
+kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near
+some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their
+nest is a compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and
+grasses, lined with plant down or cotton.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_210">[210]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig202">
+<img src="images/p210.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMyrtleWarbler">MYRTLE WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">655. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica coronata. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it
+is found from central Oregon to southern California. It is
+quite commonly known as the Yellow-rumped Warbler, both
+in the east and west. They differ from the following, mostly
+in the throat markings, this one having a white throat and
+much more black on the head and breast, while on the following
+the throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of
+coniferous trees, making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in
+which they lay usually four eggs, white, spotted with shades
+of brown and lilac, more heavily about the larger end (.70 &times;
+.50).</p>
+<h3 id="bAudubonWarbler">AUDUBON WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">656. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica auduboni. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p>This species is found in the western United States from
+British Columbia to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies.
+They are more of a dull-colored bird than the preceding.
+Their nesting habits and eggs are identical with the last
+(.68 &times; .52).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_211">[211]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig203">
+<img src="images/p211.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMagnoliaWarbler">MAGNOLIA WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">657. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica magnolia. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies
+and accidental in California. The white over the eye, white
+wing patch, and the band of white across the tail will identify
+this species (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackPollWarbler">BLACK-POLL WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">661. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica striata. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12;  inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but
+found in the Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest
+on the lower branches of coniferous trees, made of roots and
+strips of vine, and lined with feathers and lichens. Four
+dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bGraceWarbler">GRACE WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">664. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica graci&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, British Columbia to Lower
+California and Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops
+of the trees, made of roots, fibers and lined with plant down.
+Eggs white, with light spots of brown (.65 &times; .45).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_212">[212]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig204">
+<img src="images/p212.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="514" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGrayWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">665. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica nigrescens. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, British Columbia to Lower
+California. A small bird, with a black throat and breast,
+forming a circle about the neck, and black on top of the
+head. They are found mostly in the woodlands, bordered
+with thickets, in which they will place their nests, within
+a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the
+Yellow Bird, being compact and made of the same materials.
+Three or four eggs are creamy white, spotted with brown,
+forming a wreath about the larger end (.65 &times; .52).</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackThroatedGreenWarbler">BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">667. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica virens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but
+occasionally in the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona.
+Black throat and breast, with bright yellow cheeks and olive
+head and back (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bTownsendWarbler">TOWNSEND WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">668. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica townsendi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States. A similar bird to the
+above, with black on top of the head in place of the olive.
+Nesting habits are practically the same, as are also the eggs.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_213">[213]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig205">
+<img src="images/p213.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bHermitWarbler">HERMIT WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">669. </span><span class="sci">Dendroica occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia
+to southern California, Texas and Arizona. These are to
+be found in the high, mountainous regions among the coniferous
+trees, where they build their nests on the outer limbs of
+tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their nests are made
+of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of
+a nest as compared with some of this same family. They
+lay four white eggs, spotted and wreathed with shades of
+brown (.68 &times; .52).</p>
+<h3 id="bGrinnellWaterThrush">GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">675a. </span><span class="sci">Seiurus noveboracensis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern
+portions. They are a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting
+in stumps near the ground or among roots of fallen trees.
+Four white eggs, spotted and blotched with brown and lilac
+(.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_214">[214]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig206">
+<img src="images/p214.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bMacgillivrayWarbler">MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">680. </span><span class="sci">Oporornis tolmiei. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia
+to southern California, breeding throughout its range. They
+are common warblers of the Pacific coast, to be found on or
+near the ground in thick shrubbery, where they build their
+nests within a few feet of the ground. This is made of
+grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and
+hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily
+marked with shades of brown (.72 &times; .52).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternYellowThroat">WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681a. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, from British Columbia
+south to Arizona, but not near the Pacific coast. It is one
+of the seven or eight forms of the Maryland Yellow-throat,
+the greatest difference in them being in the locality in which
+they are found. They place their nest in a clump of grass,
+well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots
+of brown (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bPacificYellowThroat">PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">681c. </span><span class="sci">Geothlypis trichas arizela. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as
+above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_215">[215]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig207">
+<img src="images/p215.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="535" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLongTailedChat">LONG-TAILED CHAT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">683a. </span><span class="sci">Icteria virens longicauda. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, breeding from British
+Columbia to Mexico. They are an attractive bird both in
+looks and habits. They are great singers, but nature seemed
+to give them no special song of their own, and they make
+good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,
+and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered
+hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the
+bird. They build their nests in the thickest of such places
+a few feet from the ground, made up of shreds of vines,
+leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four white eggs, spotted
+with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bPileolatedWarbler">PILEOLATED WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">685a. </span><span class="sci">Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington
+and California to Mexican borders. These little birds,
+with their deep yellow under parts and breast, and little cap
+of jet black, are quite common about many of the orchards
+and gardens when the trees are in full blossom, taking insects
+that abound at that time. They nest in moist grounds
+in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and
+grass.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_216">[216]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig208">
+<img src="images/p216.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="516" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedstart">REDSTART</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">687. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga ruticilla. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, found more commonly east of the
+Rockies, but less common in Oregon, California and to Arizona.
+These birds are always the most conspicuous when in
+flight, at that time showing off to the best advantage their
+bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the males,
+and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,
+cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed
+in the crotch of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs,
+spotted with different shades of chestnut and black (.65 &times; .50).
+They are very active, and constantly flying from place to
+place, taking insects while on the wing, which constitute their
+food.</p>
+<h3 id="bPaintedRedstart">PAINTED REDSTART.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">688. </span><span class="sci">Setophaga picta. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the
+same habits as the above, except that they build their homes
+in cavities of rocks or on the ground in swampy places.</p>
+<h3 id="bRedFacedWarbler">RED-FACED WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">690. </span><span class="sci">Cardellina rubrifrons. </span><span class="siz">5&frac14; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and New Mexico.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_217">[217]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig209">
+<img src="images/p217.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAlaskanYellowTail">ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">696. </span><span class="sci">Budytes flavus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are
+fairly common on the islands and coast. They nest on the
+ground, under or beside stones and in bunches of grass;
+it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss and animal
+fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered
+with spots of brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bPipitOrTitlark">PIPIT, OR TITLARK.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">697. </span><span class="sci">Anthus rubescens. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California,
+Alaska, north to the Arctic Zone. During migration
+they may be found over most of the United States in quite
+large flocks. Their nests are placed on the ground in tufts
+of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with
+feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily
+blotched with brown (.75 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 id="bSpraguePipit">SPRAGUE PIPIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">700. </span><span class="sci">Anthus spraguei. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and
+west to the Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to
+preceding.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_218">[218]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig210">
+<img src="images/p218.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="518" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bFamilyMimidaeSageThrasher">Family MIMID&AElig;.&mdash;SAGE THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">702. </span><span class="sci">Oreoscoptes montanus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to
+Montana. This is an abundant bird in the sage regions of the
+plains throughout its range, and are frequently called the
+Mockingbird, on account of the varied song which they give
+from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in which they
+nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 &times; .55).</p>
+<h3 class="genus">Family CINCLID&AElig;.</h3>
+<h3 id="bDipperOrWaterOuzel">DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">701. </span><span class="sci">Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. </span><span class="siz">8 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mountains of western North America from Alaska
+to Mexico. Among the rapid streams that are falling down
+the mountain side, these gray birds are to be found. They
+are strange members of bird life; they do not have webbed
+feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their
+wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of
+teetering similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not
+to be forgotten if once heard. They nest on the rocks of
+these rapid streams, making their nest of moss, a bulky affair
+with an opening in the side, in which they deposit their
+four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 &times; .70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_219">[219]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig211">
+<img src="images/p219.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="513" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternMockingbird">WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">703a. </span><span class="sci">Mimus polyglottos leucopterus. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly
+from central California southward. These birds not
+only have a song of their own which puts them in the opera
+class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic or mock
+nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They
+are not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and
+evening, but will keep their song in full play all day, without
+hardly seeming to take time to hunt up a few worms or
+insects, as if eating was not to be considered when he could
+sing.</p>
+<p>They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and
+construct a bulky nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to
+five eggs are of a greenish color, spotted and blotched all
+over in many patterns with shades of brown (.95 &times; .72).</p>
+<h3 id="bCatbird">CATBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">704. </span><span class="sci">Dumetella carolinensis. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Mostly eastern North America, but extends over
+the Rockies, occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine
+songster and almost as much of a mimic as the <a href="#bWesternMockingbird">Mockingbird</a>.
+Breeding habits are much the same, but eggs are bluish green
+(.95 &times; .70).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_220">[220]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig212">
+<img src="images/p220.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="525" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPalmerThrasher">PALMER THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">707a. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the
+desert regions of Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be
+found. They all seem to belong to the happy family of songsters,
+and there is no lack of bird music in localities where
+these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually placed
+in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of
+twigs, dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish
+green, spotted with brown very finely all over (1.00 &times; .80).</p>
+<h3 id="bBendireThrasher">BENDIRE THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">708. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma bendirei. </span><span class="siz">10 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It
+breeds in Arizona and southern California. General habits
+are the same as above. While it may not be as common as
+the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are the
+same, spots larger (1.00 &times; .72)</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaThrasher">CALIFORNIA THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">710. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma redivivum. </span><span class="siz">12 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;California, from Shasta county to Lower California.
+The habits and song, as are also the nest and eggs, much
+like the above (1.12 &times; .82).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_221">[221]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig213">
+<img src="images/p221.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bLeconteThrasher">LECONTE THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">711. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma lecontei. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This
+is the lightest in color of any of the family, and has taken
+on the color of the sand of the low hot deserts in which
+it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even the cactus
+and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground
+is covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines
+like needles. In such a place one cannot imagine that a
+bird would be as full of song as in a shaded piece of woodland,
+yet this bird has the same qualifications, and morning
+and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song
+as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs,
+weeds and lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed
+in low mesquite trees or cactus. The eggs are lighter in
+color than above, and with fewer and finer spots of brown
+(1.10 &times; .75).</p>
+<h3 id="bCrissalThrasher">CRISSAL THRASHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">712. </span><span class="sci">Toxostoma crissale. </span><span class="siz">11 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower
+California and Texas. This species is somewhat darker, and
+more rufous on the under tail coverts than the above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_222">[222]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig214">
+<img src="images/p222.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="522" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCactusWren">CACTUS WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">713. </span><span class="sci">Heleodytes brunneicapillus. </span><span class="siz">8&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern part of California, to Texas, and north
+to Nevada and Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens,
+and look the least like that family of any of them. They are
+a common bird in the desert lands, where the cactus abounds,
+but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller members
+of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,
+made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers.
+There is an opening on the side for an entrance, and it is
+usually placed in a thorn bush or cactus. Their four to seven
+eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly with chestnut (.95 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bRockWren">ROCK WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">715. </span><span class="sci">Salpinctes obsoletus. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western coasts from British America to Mexico.
+These bird are equally at home on the mountain sides or in the
+deep canyons, building their nests in the crevices of rocks
+or stumps, where they lay from five to eight white eggs, with
+fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_223">[223]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig215">
+<img src="images/p223.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="527" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bCanonWren">CA&Ntilde;ON WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">717a. </span><span class="sci">Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico,
+breeding throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply
+of food among the huge boulders and in the large rocky
+canyons, where he makes his home, you will, at short intervals,
+hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts to shame
+that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their
+nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is
+placed in the crevice of some rock, either down near some
+swiftly running mountain stream or high up in the cliffs
+above. Their three to five eggs are white, with spots of brown
+and lilac well covering the under color (.72 &times; .52).</p>
+<h3 id="bVigorWren">VIGOR WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">719a. </span><span class="sci">Thryomanes </span><span class="siz">bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Coast regions of California. These are active and
+restless little birds. Eating and singing, and singing and
+eating is all this life holds for them. Nesting in bird boxes,
+holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any locality in which to
+place their six eggs (.65 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_224">[224]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig216">
+<img src="images/p224.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="542" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternHouseWren">WESTERN HOUSE WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">721a. </span><span class="sci">Troglodytes aedon parkmani. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to
+Lower California. These happy little songsters are to be met
+with more about civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated
+lands to the wild. They build in bird houses or holes
+of trees, and no matter how large the tenement may be they
+will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only space enough for
+their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a pinkish
+color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end
+(.65 &times; .52).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternWinterWren">WESTERN WINTER WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">722a. </span><span class="sci">Nannus hiemalis pacificus. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America.
+This is the smallest of the family, and is also one of
+the most quiet in song. They are active little fellows, just
+a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of a tail up over
+their backs when observed, and getting about the brush heaps
+and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or
+crevices of rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass
+and feathers, in which usually six or seven eggs, creamy
+white, finely specked with brown, are laid (.60 &times; .48).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_225">[225]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig217">
+<img src="images/p225.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAlaskaWren">ALASKA WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723. </span><span class="sci">Nannus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat
+larger variety of the preceding, and is found only in the far
+north. Its breeding habits are the same, as are also the eggs,
+which average a little larger (.65 &times; .51).</p>
+<h3 id="bAleutianWren">ALEUTIAN WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">723.1. </span><span class="sci">Nannus meliger. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar
+to the above, both in song and general habits. They nest
+in the crevices of rocks or between boulders, making their
+nests of rootlets and grass, lining it with hair and feathers.
+Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few specks of brown
+(.58 &times; .46).</p>
+<h3 id="bTuleWren">TULE WREN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">725a. </span><span class="sci">Telmatodytes p. paludicola. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern
+California. This is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh
+Wren, found more east of the Rockies. They build a globular-shaped
+nest of grass and rushes, attached to upright
+rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale
+chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 &times; .45).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_226">[226]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig218">
+<img src="images/p226.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="515" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRockyMountainCreeper">ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">726b. </span><span class="sci">Certhia familiaris montana. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern
+California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A
+quiet, small, brown colored bird of the deep woods, where
+its lisping note may be heard, if the air is very quiet, and
+one is looking for bird life. When found, it will generally
+be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the
+crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it
+feeds; when near the top, a downward flight to the base of
+another tree. Always flying down, and climbing up. Their
+nest is placed in the loose bark, and is made of fiber, moss
+and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs, spotted
+with chestnut (.58 &times; .48).</p>
+<h3 id="bSlenderBilledNuthatch">SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">727a. </span><span class="sci">Sitta carolinensis aculeata. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to
+southern California. These are similar to the White-breasted
+bird of the east. Unlike the above, although these are tree
+climbers, they are as often found coming down the tree
+as climbing up. They build in cavities of various kinds of
+trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily marked with
+brown and lilac (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_227">[227]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig219">
+<img src="images/p227.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="538" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bRedBreastedNuthatch">RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">728. </span><span class="sci">Sitta canadensis. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding in the northern part
+of the United States and northward. Like the former, these
+are great acrobats, looking into every crevice of the bark
+in search of their supply of food, caring little whether they
+are going up or down in their search. After the breeding season
+these birds are often found in flocks about the coniferous
+trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous
+&ldquo;yank, yank,&rdquo; among themselves. They have no
+other song.</p>
+<p>Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at
+quite an elevation from the ground, being lined with strips
+of bark and feathers. They lay from four to six white eggs,
+thickly spotted with shades of brown (.60 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bPygmyNuthatch">PYGMY NUTHATCH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">730. </span><span class="sci">Sitta pygm&aelig;a. </span><span class="siz">4 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to
+southern California and Mexico, breeding throughout its range.
+These are the smallest of the family, and their habits and
+nest and eggs are the same as the preceding. Their eggs
+being slightly smaller.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_228">[228]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig220">
+<img src="images/p228.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="531" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bPlainTitmouse">PLAIN TITMOUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">733. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus inornatus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas.
+These are quite common throughout their range; they are
+quite a little bird, with only a few &ldquo;quit, quit&rdquo; like notes,
+and in color they are as quiet as in habits. They build
+in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined with
+grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are
+white, rarely with a few specks of brown (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackCrestedTitmouse">BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">732. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus astricristatus. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but
+darker and with the crest black and forehead white. Nesting
+habits same as the above (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bBridledTitmouse">BRIDLED TITMOUSE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">734. </span><span class="sci">B&aelig;olophus wollweberi. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored
+&ldquo;tit,&rdquo; with the only markings about the head, black crest
+and breast, with white above and below the eyes, is common
+in parts of Arizona, where it builds within a few feet of
+the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same
+as the <a href="#bPlainTitmouse">Plain Titmouse</a> (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_229">[229]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig221">
+<img src="images/p229.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bOregonChickadee">OREGON CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">735b. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon.
+These lively little birds are willing to make friends with
+almost anyone, and will get so tame that they will take pieces
+of suet from the hand. Their well known call of &ldquo;dee, dee,
+dee&rdquo; often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but their other note
+of &ldquo;phoe-be,&rdquo; or, as it seems to me they say &ldquo;great-way,&rdquo;
+is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have
+a &ldquo;great-way&rdquo; yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually
+near the ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant
+down, in which they deposit from five to eight white eggs,
+spotted with brown (.60 &times; .45).</p>
+<h3 id="bMexicanChickadee">MEXICAN CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">737. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes sclateri. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the
+throat. Habits and their nest and eggs are much the same.</p>
+<h3 id="bMountainChickadee">MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">738. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes gambeli. </span><span class="siz">5&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western North America, Rocky Mountains west.
+Habits same as the preceding.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_230">[230]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig222">
+<img src="images/p230.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="521" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAlaskaChickadee">ALASKA CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">739. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes cinctus alascensis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally
+think that these little animated bunches of feathers would
+freeze in the far north where they make their homes.
+But they are the same sprightly little &ldquo;chick-a-dee-dee-dee&rdquo;
+that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind the
+severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are
+so near alike that it is impossible to identify them.</p>
+<h3 id="bHudsonianChickadee">HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">740. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes hudsonicus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western half of British America. Habits the same
+as above.</p>
+<h3 id="bChestnutBackedChickadee">CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes rufescens. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally
+to central California. Habits the same as preceding.</p>
+<h3 id="bCaliforniaChickadee">CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">741a. </span><span class="sci">Penthestes r. neglectus. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Middle section of California, near the coast (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_231">[231]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig223">
+<img src="images/p231.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="528" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bBushTit">BUSH-TIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">743. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus minimus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington.
+In habits all of these birds are similar to the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadees</a>.
+They are full of life, and in searching for insects are
+as much at home when upside down on the outer end of a
+bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest building
+they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures
+of fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined
+with feathers and wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation
+or woven into some thick brush; they have a small opening
+near the top for the doorway. They lay from four to nine
+pure white eggs (.54 &times; .40).</p>
+<h3 id="bLeadColoredBushTit">LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">744. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus plumbeus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas.
+The habits are identical with above. Nests are made the
+same, and from eight to twelve inches long.</p>
+<h3 id="bLloydBushTit">LLOYD BUSH-TIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">745. </span><span class="sci">Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same
+as above.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_232">[232]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig224">
+<img src="images/p232.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bVerdin">VERDIN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">746. </span><span class="sci">Auriparus flaviceps. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This
+bird is simply nothing more than a <a href="#bBushTit">Bush-tit</a> with his Sunday
+clothes on, or not a full suit, but a bright yellow head and
+neck dress. They are abundant and active little fellows in
+the thick chaparral brush, where they build a nest more bulky
+than the &ldquo;tit&rdquo; but not as artistic or compact. They are
+placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the
+ground, made of twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and
+feathers. Their eggs, four to six, are white. For amusement,
+they construct one or two additional nests, in which they
+remain at night.</p>
+<h3 id="bWrenTit">WREN-TIT.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">742. </span><span class="sci">Cham&aelig;a fasciata. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From southern California north to Oregon along the
+coast. These are much like the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a> in habits, only much
+more secluded, frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain
+sides, where they build their nests of twigs, fibers of vines,
+grasses and feathers, in bushes near the ground. Four or
+five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their complement (.70 &times;
+.50).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_233">[233]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig225">
+<img src="images/p233.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="517" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bKennicottWarbler">KENNICOTT WARBLER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">747. </span><span class="sci">Acanthopneuste borealis. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern
+part of Asia. Their nest and eggs have not been found
+on this continent as far as we know at present. They build
+on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying from three to
+five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 &times; .50).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternGoldenCrownedKinglet">WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">748a. </span><span class="sci">Regulus satrapa olivaceus. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast.
+These little birds are found commonly in company with small
+flocks of the <a href="#bOregonChickadee">Chickadee</a>, and like them may be seen hanging on
+the under side of the outer ends of the coniferous trees in
+search of their insect food. They nest in the northern part of
+their range, building large, comfortable-looking structures of
+needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely lined
+with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with
+brown and lilac (.55 &times; .42).</p>
+<h3 id="bRubyCrownedKinglet">RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">749. </span><span class="sci">Regulus calendula. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding mostly north of the
+United States or in the Rocky Mountain regions farther
+south.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_234">[234]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig226">
+<img src="images/p234.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="519" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternGnatcatcher">WESTERN GNATCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">751a. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila c&aelig;rulea obscura. </span><span class="siz">5 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado
+and California. These birds in their actions somewhat
+resemble the <a href="#bRedstart">Redstart</a>, with their long tail, and quick flights
+into the air for insects and back again to the same twig,
+possibly near where their nest is placed. They build one of
+the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on
+the top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet
+from the ground. Making the nest from plant down and
+moss, completely covered with lichens, so that it resembles
+a large knot on the limb, much like the nest of the Ruby-throated
+Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs, spotted
+with brown (.58 &times; .45).</p>
+<h3 id="bPlumbeousGnatcatcher">PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">752. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila plumbea. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds
+like the above quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a
+little smaller.</p>
+<h3 id="bBlackTailedGnatcatcher">BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">753. </span><span class="sci">Polioptila californica. </span><span class="siz">4&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific
+coast.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_235">[235]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig227">
+<img src="images/p235.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bTownsendSolitaire">TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">754. </span><span class="sci">Myadestes townsendi. </span><span class="siz">9 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From British Columbia to southern California,
+through the western United States. They nest at high altitudes
+among the mountain tops, placing their nest upon the
+ground, among the rocks along the mountain streams. They
+build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,
+lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their
+four or five white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more
+about the larger end (.96 &times; .70).</p>
+<h3 id="bWillowThrush">WILLOW THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">756a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Western United States from British Columbia to
+southern California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the
+foothills and canyons of the mountain ranges. It is a western
+form of the common eastern &ldquo;Veery,&rdquo; and its breeding
+habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on or near the
+ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite
+bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 &times; .65).
+Their song is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the
+Thrush family.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_236">[236]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig228">
+<img src="images/p236.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="529" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bGrayCheekedThrush">GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">757. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla alic&aelig;. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From British Columbia northward, and winters
+south to Mexico. Their nests are placed on or near the ground
+in a stump or tussock, usually in very moist places, and are
+composed largely of leaves and mosses. Their three or four
+eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched with reddish
+brown (.88 &times; .64).</p>
+<h3 id="bRussetBackedThrush">RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla ustulata. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the
+northern part, in Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made
+and placed usually the same as the above, the eggs being of
+the same size, but of a lighter color. The Thrushes feed
+on small insect life and many of the small fruits and
+berries.</p>
+<h3 id="bOlivedBackedThrush">OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">758a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla u. swainsoni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;North America, breeding on the western coast in
+Alaska, Oregon, California and Colorado. Their nesting habits,
+eggs and song are the same as the <a href="#bRussetBackedThrush">Russet-backed</a>
+(not illustrated).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_237">[237]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig229">
+<img src="images/p237.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="524" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bAlaskaHermitThrush">ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla guttata. </span><span class="siz">6&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern
+range. These birds are noted for their sweet and musical
+song, which may be heard from the swamps and thickets
+in which they make their home. They nest either on or near
+the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and grasses.
+Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 &times; .65).</p>
+<h3 id="bAudubonHermitThrush">AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">759a. </span><span class="sci">Hylocichla g. auduboni. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to
+Arizona. Tail is much lighter than above, and bird larger.
+Their habits in home life are the same, this bird having
+the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bWesternRobin">WESTERN ROBIN.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">761a. </span><span class="sci">Planesticus migratorius propinquus. </span><span class="siz">10&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to
+Mexico. This is not the familiar bird that is found in the
+east, but is very secluded, and its song is seldom heard.
+Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs, plastered with mud.
+Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 &times; .80).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_238">[238]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig230">
+<img src="images/p238.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="523" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bVariedThrush">VARIED THRUSH.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">763. </span><span class="sci">Ixoreus n&aelig;vius. </span><span class="siz">9&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in
+Oregon, Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly
+in the northern ranges in California and north to
+Alaska. Their nest is placed in small trees and bushes,
+usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds and
+grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number,
+are greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of
+dark brown (1.12 &times; .80). They have a pleasing song, which is
+rarely heard in their southern range.</p>
+<h3 id="bWheatear">WHEATEAR.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">765. </span><span class="sci">Saxicola &aelig;nanthe. </span><span class="siz">6 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in
+Asia. They nest in crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building
+a rude nest of sticks and weeds, lined with hair and
+feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale greenish blue
+(.90 &times; .60).</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_239">[239]</div>
+<div class="imgr" id="fig231">
+<img src="images/p239.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="520" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="bWesternBluebird">WESTERN BLUEBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana occidentalis. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;British Columbia to Lower California, along the
+Pacific coast. These familiar birds build in cavities in trees,
+or in bird houses, and make themselves at home near dwellings,
+especially if in the vicinity of orchards of any kind.
+The note of the western bird has the same familiar warble
+as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and
+caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs
+are a pale bluish white (.80 &times; .60).</p>
+<h3 id="bChestnutBackedBluebird">CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">767a. </span><span class="sci">Sialia mexicana bairdi. </span><span class="siz">7 inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not
+illustrated).</p>
+<h3 id="bMountainBluebird">MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.</h3>
+<div class="sh3"><span class="aou">768. </span><span class="sci">Sialia currucoides. </span><span class="siz">7&frac12; inches.</span></div>
+<p><b>Range.</b>&mdash;Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico.
+Their habits are just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_240">[240]</div>
+<h2 id="c1">INDEX</h2>
+<p class="center"><b>[<a href="#index_A">A</a>] [<a href="#index_B">B</a>] [<a href="#index_C">C</a>] [<a href="#index_D">D</a>] [<a href="#index_E">E</a>] [<a href="#index_F">F</a>] [<a href="#index_G">G</a>] [<a href="#index_H">H</a>] [<a href="#index_I">I</a>] [<a href="#index_J">J</a>] [<a href="#index_K">K</a>] [<a href="#index_L">L</a>] [<a href="#index_M">M</a>] [<a href="#index_N">N</a>] [<a href="#index_O">O</a>] [<a href="#index_P">P</a>] [<a href="#index_Q">Q</a>] [<a href="#index_R">R</a>] [<a href="#index_S">S</a>] [<a href="#index_T">T</a>] U [<a href="#index_V">V</a>] [<a href="#index_W">W</a>] X [<a href="#index_Y">Y</a>] Z</b></p>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt>
+<dt>Albatross, Blackfoot, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
+<dt>Albatross, Layson, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
+<dt>Albatross, Short-tail, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
+<dt>Albatross, Sooty, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
+<dt>Albatross, Yellow-nose, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Cassin, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Crested, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Least, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Paroquet, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt>
+<dt>Auklet, Whiskered, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
+<dt>Avocet, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt>
+<dt>Bittern, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
+<dt>Bittern,  Least, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Bicolored, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Brewer, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Redwing, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Rusty, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Sonora, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Tricolored, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
+<dt>Blackbird, Yellow-headed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
+<dt>Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
+<dt>Bluebird, Mountain, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
+<dt>Bluebird, Western, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></dt>
+<dt>Bobolink, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, Beautiful, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, Indigo, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, Lark, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, Lazuli, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, McKay, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
+<dt>Bunting, Snow, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
+<dt>Bush Tit, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
+<dt>Bush Tit, Lead-colored, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
+<dt>Bush Tit, Lloyd, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt>
+<dt>Caracara, Audubon, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_241">[241]</dt>
+<dt>Cardinal, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
+<dt>Catbird, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>
+<dt>Chat, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Alaska, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, California, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Mexican, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Mountain, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
+<dt>Chickadee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></dt>
+<dt>Coot, American, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
+<dt>Cormorant, Baird, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
+<dt>Cormorant, Brandt, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
+<dt>Cormorant, Farallone, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
+<dt>Cormorant, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
+<dt>Cowbird, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
+<dt>Cowbird, Bronzed, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
+<dt>Cowbird, Dwarf, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
+<dt>Crane, Little Brown, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
+<dt>Crane, Whooping, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
+<dt>Creeper, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>
+<dt>Crossbill, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
+<dt>Crossbill, Mexican, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
+<dt>Crossbill, White-winged, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
+<dt>Crow, Northwestern, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
+<dt>Cuckoo, California, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>
+<dt>Curlew, Hudsonian, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
+<dt>Curlew, Long-billed, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt>
+<dt>Dickcissel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
+<dt>Dipper, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
+<dt>Dove, Inca, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
+<dt>Dove, Mexican Ground, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
+<dt>Dove, Mourning, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
+<dt>Dowitcher, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, American Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, American Widgeon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Baldpate, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Black-bellied Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Blue-bill, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Buffle-head, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Canvas-back, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Fulvous Tree, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Gadwall, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_242">[242]</dt>
+<dt>Duck, Harlequin, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, King Eider, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Lesser Scaup, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Mallard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Old Squaw, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Pacific Eider, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Pintail, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Red-head, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Scaup, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Scoter, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Shoveller, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Spectacled Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Stellar Eider, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Surf Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, White-winged Scoter, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
+<dt>Duck, Wood, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt>
+<dt>Eagle, Bald, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
+<dt>Eagle, Golden, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
+<dt>Egret, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
+<dt>Egret, Snowy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt>
+<dt>Falcon, Aplomado, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
+<dt>Falcon, Prairie,  113</dt>
+<dt>Finch, Aleutian Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, Black Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, California Purple, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, Cassin Purple, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, Hepburn Rosy, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dt>
+<dt>Finch, House, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
+<dt>Flicker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Ash-throated, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Beardless, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Crested, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Derby, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Gray, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Hammond, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Olive-sided, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_243">[243]</dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Traill, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Vermilion, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
+<dt>Flycatcher, Wright, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
+<dt>Frigate Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
+<dt>Fulmar, Pacific, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
+<dt>Fulmar, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt>
+<dt>Gallinule, Florida, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dt>
+<dt>Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
+<dt>Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
+<dt>Gnatcatcher, Western, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Marbled, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Green-backed, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Pale, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
+<dt>Godwit, Willow, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Black Brant, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Cackling, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Canada, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Emperor, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Ross, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, Snow, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
+<dt>Goose, White-fronted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dt>
+<dt>Goshawk, Mexican, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
+<dt>Goshawk, Western, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
+<dt>Grackle, Bronze, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
+<dt>Grebe, Eared, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
+<dt>Grebe, Holboell, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
+<dt>Grebe, Horned, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
+<dt>Grebe, Pied-bill, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
+<dt>Grebe, Western, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt>
+<dt>Grosbeak, Black-headed, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>
+<dt>Grosbeak, California Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
+<dt>Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
+<dt>Grosbeak, Western Blue, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>
+<dt>Grosbeak, Western Evening, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
+<dt>Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
+<dt>Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
+<dt>Grouse, Dusky, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
+<dt>Grouse, Franklin, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
+<dt>Grouse, Sage, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
+<dt>Guillemot, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Bonaparte, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_244">[244]</dt>
+<dt>Gull, California, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Glaucous, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Glaucous-winged, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Heermann, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Herring, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Ivory, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Red-legged, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Ring-billed, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Sabine, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Short-billed, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Slaty-backed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
+<dt>Gull, Western, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
+<dt>Gyrfalcon, Gray, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Cooper, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Desert Sparrow, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Duck, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Fish, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Harris, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Marsh, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Pigeon, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Rough-legged, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Sharp-shinned, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Swainson, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
+<dt>Hawk, Western Red-tail, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
+<dt>Heron, Black-crowned Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
+<dt>Heron, Great Blue, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
+<dt>Heron, Green, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
+<dt>Heron, Yellow-crown Night, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Allen, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Anna, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Blue-throated, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-billed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Calliope, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Costa, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Lucifer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Rieffer, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Rivoli, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Rufous, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_245">[245]</dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, White-eared, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
+<dt>Hummingbird, Xantus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt>
+<dt>Ibis, Glossy, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
+<dt>Ibis, Wood, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt>
+<dt>Jaeger, Long-tailed, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
+<dt>Jaeger, Parasitic, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
+<dt>Jaeger, Pomerine, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Arizona, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, California, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Oregon, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Pinon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Stellar, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
+<dt>Jay, Woodhouse, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Baird, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Gray-headed, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Oregon, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Pink-sided, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Slate-colored, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, Thurber, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
+<dt>Junco, White-winged, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt>
+<dt>Kingbird, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
+<dt>Kingbird, Arkansas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
+<dt>Kingbird, Cassin, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
+<dt>Kingfisher, Belted, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>
+<dt>Kingfisher, Ringed, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dt>
+<dt>Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
+<dt>Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
+<dt>Kite, Swallow-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
+<dt>Kite, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt>
+<dt>Lark, California Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
+<dt>Lark, Desert Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
+<dt>Lark, Pallid Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
+<dt>Lark, Ruddy Horned, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
+<dt>Longspur, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
+<dt>Loon, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
+<dt>Loon, Great Northern Diver, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
+<dt>Loon, Pacific, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
+<dt>Loon, Red-throated, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt>
+<dt>Magpie, American, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
+<dt>Magpie, Yellow-billed, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
+<dt>Man-o&rsquo;-War Bird, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_246">[246]</dt>
+<dt>Martin, Western, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>
+<dt>Meadowlark, Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
+<dt>Meadowlark, Western, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
+<dt>Merganser, American, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
+<dt>Merganser, Hooded, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
+<dt>Merganser, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
+<dt>Mockingbird, Western, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></dt>
+<dt>Murre, California, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
+<dt>Murrelet, Ancient, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
+<dt>Murrelet, Marbled, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
+<dt>Murrelet, Xantus, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt>
+<dt>Nighthawk, Western, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
+<dt>Nighthawk, Sennett, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
+<dt>Nighthawk, Texas, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
+<dt>Nutcracker, Clarke, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
+<dt>Nuthatch, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>
+<dt>Nuthatch, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></dt>
+<dt>Nuthatch, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt>
+<dt>Oriole, Arizona Hooded, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
+<dt>Oriole, Bullock, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
+<dt>Oriole, Scott, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
+<dt>Oriole, Sennett, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
+<dt>Osprey, American, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
+<dt>Ouzel, Water, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Barn, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Burrowing, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Elf, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Flammulated Screech, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Great Gray, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Hawk, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Long-eared, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Pygmy, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Richardson, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Saw-whet, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Screech, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Short-eared, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Snowy, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Spotted, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
+<dt>Owl, Western Horned, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dt>
+<dt>Oyster-catcher, Black, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
+<dt>Oyster-catcher, Frazar, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt>
+<dt>Parrot, Thick-billed, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>
+<dt>Pelican, California Brown, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_247">[247]</dt>
+<dt>Pelican, White, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Ashy, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Black, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Fisher, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Fork-tailed, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Guadalupe, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Kaeding, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Leach, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
+<dt>Petrel, Least, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
+<dt>Pewee, Western Wood, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dt>
+<dt>Phainopepla, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>
+<dt>Phalarope, Northern, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
+<dt>Phalarope, Red, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
+<dt>Phalarope, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
+<dt>Pheasant, Ring-necked, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
+<dt>Phoebe, Black, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
+<dt>Phoebe, Say, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
+<dt>Pigeon, Band-tailed, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
+<dt>Pipit, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
+<dt>Pipit, Sprague, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Black-bellied, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Golden, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Killdeer, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Mountain, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Snowy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Surf Bird, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Semipalmated, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Upland, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
+<dt>Plover, Wilson, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
+<dt>Poor-will, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
+<dt>Poor-will, Dusky, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
+<dt>Prairie Hen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
+<dt>Ptarmigan, Rock, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
+<dt>Ptarmigan, White-tailed, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
+<dt>Ptarmigan, Willow, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
+<dt>Puffin, Horned, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
+<dt>Puffin, Tufted, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
+<dt>Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_Q"><b>Q</b></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, California, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Gambel, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Masked Bob-white, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Massena, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Mearns, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_248">[248]</dt>
+<dt>Quail, Mountain, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
+<dt>Quail, Scaled, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt>
+<dt>Rail, Black, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
+<dt>Rail, California Clapper, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
+<dt>Rail, Light-footed, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dt>
+<dt>Rail, Sora, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
+<dt>Rail, Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
+<dt>Rail, Yellow, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
+<dt>Raven, American, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
+<dt>Raven, White-necked, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
+<dt>Red-poll, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
+<dt>Red-poll, Hoary, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
+<dt>Redstart, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
+<dt>Redstart, Painted, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
+<dt>Roadrunner, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dt>
+<dt>Robin, Western, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Baird, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Bartramian, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Knot, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Least, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Pectoral, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Probilof, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Redbacked, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Sanderling, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Spoonbill, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Spotted, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Stilt, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Western, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, Western Solitary, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
+<dt>Sandpiper, White-rumped, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
+<dt>Sapsucker, Red-breasted, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>
+<dt>Sapsucker, Williamson, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>
+<dt>Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dt>
+<dt>Sea Parrot, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
+<dt>Shearwater, Black-vented, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
+<dt>Shearwater, Dark-bodied, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
+<dt>Shearwater, Pink-footed, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
+<dt>Shearwater, Slender-billed, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
+<dt>Shearwater, Townsend, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
+<dt>Shrike, California, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
+<dt>Shrike, Northern, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
+<dt>Siskin, Pine, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_249">[249]</dt>
+<dt>Snipe, Wilson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dt>
+<dt>Snowflake, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dt>
+<dt>Solitaire, Townsend, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Baird, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Belding, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Bell, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Black-chinned, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Botteri, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Brewer, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Bryant, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, California Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Cassin, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Clay-colored, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Desert, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Gambel, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Golden-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Heermann Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Large-billed, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Leconte, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Lincoln, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Rufous-winged, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Rusty Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Sage, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, San Benito, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Song, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Chippy, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Lark, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Savannah, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Tree, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Western Vesper, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, White-crowned, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
+<dt>Sparrow, Worthen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
+<dt>Stilt, Black-necked, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Bank, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Barn, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Cliff, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Northern Violet Green, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Rough-winged, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_250">[250]</dt>
+<dt>Swallow, Tree, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>
+<dt>Swan, Trumpeter, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
+<dt>Swan, Whistling, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
+<dt>Swift, Black, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
+<dt>Swift, White-throated, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
+<dt>Swift, Vaux, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt>
+<dt>Tanager, Cooper, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>
+<dt>Tanager, Hepatic, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></dt>
+<dt>Tanager, Western, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dt>
+<dt>Tattler, Wandering, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
+<dt>Teal, Blue-wing, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
+<dt>Teal, Cinnamon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
+<dt>Teal, Green-winged, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Arctic, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Black, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Caspian, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Common, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Elegant, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Forster, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
+<dt>Tern, Least, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, Bendire, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, California, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, Crissal, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, Leconte, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, Palmer, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrasher, Sage, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Alaska Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Audubon Hermit, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Gray-cheeked, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Olive-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Russet-backed, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Varied, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>
+<dt>Thrush, Willow, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></dt>
+<dt>Titlark, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
+<dt>Titmouse, Black-crested, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
+<dt>Titmouse, Bridled, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
+<dt>Titmouse, Plain, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, Abert, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, California, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, Canon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, Green-tailed, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, Oregon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
+<dt>Towhee, San Diego, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_251">[251]</dt>
+<dt>Trogan, Coppery-tailed, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dt>
+<dt>Turkey, Merriam, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
+<dt>Turnstone, Black, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
+<dt>Turnstone, Ruddy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_V"><b>V</b></dt>
+<dt>Verdin, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Anthony, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Black-capped, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Cassin, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Gray, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Hutton, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Least, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Red-eyed, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>
+<dt>Vireo, Warbling, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dt>
+<dt>Vulture, California, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
+<dt>Vulture, Turkey, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt>
+<dt>Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Audubon, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Black and White, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Black-poll, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Black-throated, Green, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Calaveras, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Grace, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Hermit, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Kennicott, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Lucy, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Lutescent, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Macgillivray, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Magnolia, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Myrtle, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Olive, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Orange-crowned, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Pacific Yellow, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Pileolated, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Red-faced, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Townsend, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Virginia, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
+<dt>Warbler, Yellow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>
+<dt>Water Thrush, Grinnell, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></dt>
+<dt>Waxwing, Bohemian, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></dt>
+<dt>Waxwing, Cedar, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dt>
+<dt>Wheatear, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>
+<dt>Whip-poor-will, Stevens, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
+<dt class="pb" id="Page_252">[252]</dt>
+<dt>Willet, Western, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, American Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Arizona, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Cabanis, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, California, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Gairdner, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Gila, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Gilded, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Harris, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Lewis, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Nuttall, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Red-bellied, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Red-headed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Red-shafted, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, Texas, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
+<dt>Woodpecker, White-headed, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Alaskan, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Aleutian, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Cactus, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Ca&ntilde;on, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Rock, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Tule, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Vigor, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Western House, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren, Western Winter, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dt>
+<dt>Wren-Tit, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<dl class="index">
+<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt>
+<dt>Yellow-legs, Greater, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_253">[253]</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p253.jpg" alt="" width="199" height="199" />
+</div>
+<p class="tbcenter">THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
+<br />GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr />
+<h2 class="eee">Transcriber&rsquo;s Note</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.</li>
+<li>Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., &ldquo;Redwing
+Blackbird&rdquo; vs. &ldquo;Red-winged Black-bird&rdquo;.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 45918 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester

-Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher

-

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

-

-

-

-

-

-Title: Western Bird Guide

-       Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-

-Author: Chester A. (Chester Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I.

-Brasher

-

-

-

-Release Date: June 10, 2014  [eBook #45918]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

-

-

-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

-

-

-E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Chris Curnow, and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)

-

-

-

-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this

-      file which includes the original illustrations.

-      See 45918-h.htm or 45918-h.zip:

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h/45918-h.htm)

-      or

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h.zip)

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-WESTERN BIRD GUIDE

-

-Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-Illustrations by

-

-CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-Garden City      New York

-Doubleday, Page & Company

-1917

-

-Copyright, 1913, by

-Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.

-

-

-

-

-The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American

-Ornithologists' Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The

-lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and

-may be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.

-

-On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species

-often cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the

-original; they can best be identified by the locality in which they are

-found.

-

-The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a

-bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross

-against the name of each bird that you see in your locality, and also

-that you write at the top of the page the date of the arrival and

-departure of each bird as you note it; these dates vary so much in

-different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As many

-will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a

-leather-covered copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-

-

-              BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     DIVING BIRDS--Order Pygopodes.

-                       GREBES--Family Colymbidæ.

-

-

-                             WESTERN GREBE.

-         1.     Æchmophorus occidentalis.     25 to 29 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back of the neck

-is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.

-

-Nest.--A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to the

-upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid, usually much nest

-stained (2.40 x 1.55). Breeding in colonies.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the

-Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.

-

-

-                            HOLBOELL GREBE.

-               2.     Colymbus Holboelli.     19 inches.

-

-This is next to the Western Grebe in size, both being larger than any of

-the others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked, as shown in the

-illustration, but in winter have the usual dress of gray and white.

-

-Nest.--Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska, in the interior

-of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually on the coasts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HORNED GREBE.

-                3.     Colymbus auritus.     14 inches.

-

-In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray and

-white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of the most

-attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white ear tufts, the

-front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their food consists almost

-wholly of small fish.

-

-Nest.--Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the bog and

-water holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7 in number, are

-brownish yellow (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-Range.--Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                              EARED GREBE.

-        4.     Colymbus nigricollis californicus.     13 inches.

-

-This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi River. In

-summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color of the former. It

-can always be distinguished from the Horned by the upper mandible being

-straight on the top.

-

-Nest.--In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8 eggs, which

-are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.

-

-Range.--From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from Texas to

-British Columbia.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PIED-BILLED GREBE.

-             6.     Podilymbus podiceps.     13-1/2 inches.

-

-This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the grebes in any

-plumage, because of its stout compressed bill and brown eyes, all the

-others having red eyes. In summer the bill is nearly white, with a black

-band encircling it; the throat is black; breast and sides brownish-gray;

-the eye encircled with a white ring.

-

-Nest.--Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating in shallow

-ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes. Five to 8 brownish white

-eggs are laid (1.70 x 1.18).

-

-Range.--Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.

-

-

-                      LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

-                7.     Gavia immer.     31 to 35 inches.

-

-In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the grebes, except in

-size, being much larger. The common loon is the most beautiful of them

-all, having a velvety black iridescent head with slashes of white on the

-throat and neck and spots of white on the wings and back.

-

-Nest.--Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes on the edge

-of some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs are a yellowish brown,

-with black spots (3.50 x 2.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             PACIFIC LOON.

-              10.     Gavia pacifica.     30 to 32 inches.

-

-This species differs from the Loon in having the crown gray, and white

-streaks down the back of the neck, and in the color reflections of the

-black on the head. It is a trifle smaller also.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish brown,

-with the black spots mostly on the larger end (3.10 x 2).

-

-Range.--Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia; winters

-along the Pacific coast to Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-THROATED LOON.

-                 11.     Gavia stellata.     25 inches.

-

-The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are gray, there is a

-large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under parts white. Owing to the

-straight top to the upper mandible the bill has a slightly up-turned

-appearance.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few feet of the water.

-The eggs are an olive brown with more markings usually than the others,

-and mostly on the larger end (2.90 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Along the western coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS--Family Alcidæ.

-

-

-                       TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.

-                 12.     Lunda cirrhata.     13 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds, with short

-legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly colored with red

-and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are white. They stand erect

-upon their feet and walk with ease.

-

-Nest.--They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific coast, laying

-their single white egg in burrows or crevices of the rocks. In some

-sections two or three broods are raised in a season (2.80 x 1.90).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.

-

-

-                             HORNED PUFFIN.

-             14.     Fratercula corniculata.     11 inches.

-

-This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east, excepting that

-the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the

-bill.

-

-Nest.--The same as the above, the single egg averaging smaller (2.65 x

-1.80).

-

-Range.--Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RHINOCEROS AUKLET.

-             15.     Cerorhinca monocerata.     11 inches.

-

-These birds have a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer

-plumage there is a small horn at the base of the bill from which it is

-given its name. These birds do not stand upright as do the Puffins; but

-sit upon their tarsus.

-

-Nest.--A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices of the

-rocks, usually without any attempt at nest making (2.70 x 1.80).

-

-Range.--Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds from Oregon to

-northern Alaska.

-

-

-                             CASSIN AUKLET.

-             16.     Ptychoramphus aleuticus.     9 inches.

-

-A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly white with

-blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white spot over the eye.

-This Auklet is fairly abundant on the Farallones and islands off the

-Lower California coast.

-

-Nest.--A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being a pale

-green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows or tunnels under

-the rocks, at times three or four feet long (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PAROQUET AUKLET.

-              17.     Phaleris psittacula.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is much like Cassin Auklet, but lacking the white spot over the

-eye and having a white breast. The bill is very peculiar, being quite

-deep and rounded and having an upward tendency. It is orange red in

-color.

-

-Range.--The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter. Nesting in

-the Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid (2.25 x 1.40).

-

-

-                           WHISKERED AUKLET.

-                19.     Æthia pygmæa.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands. The single white

-egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks (2.00 x 1.25).

-

-

-                            CRESTED AUKLET.

-             18.     Æthia cristatella.     8 to 9 inches.

-

-Similar in form and plumage to the Paroquet Auklet, except the whole

-under parts are gray.

-

-Nest and Range.--On the islands and main land of the Alaskan coast,

-laying only one chalky white egg in crevices or burrows under the rocks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST AUKLET.

-                20.     Æthia pusilla.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the same as others

-of the same family. They are one of the most abundant of the water birds

-of the extreme Northwest.

-

-Nest.--Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks or in

-crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-

-                           ANCIENT MURRELET.

-           21.     Synthliboramphus antiquus.     11 inches.

-

-The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more slender

-than the Auklets and are not highly colored.

-

-Nest.--One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices of the

-rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light brown.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska, breeding north

-of the United States.

-

-

-                           MARBLED MURRELET.

-            23.     Brachyramphus marmoratus.     10 inches.

-

-Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the Ancient Murrelet (2.20 x 1.40)

-and range is same as above, possibly breeding a little farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           XANTHUS MURRELET.

-                   25.     Brachyramphus hypoleucus.

-

-This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below, including the

-sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface of the wing is also

-white.

-

-Nest.--The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under the rocks in

-dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is a pale buffy white, and

-thickly but finely dotted with brown over the entire surface, heaviest on

-the larger end (2.05 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--Resident along the coast of southern and Lower California, where

-it breeds on many of the islands.

-

-

-                           PIGEON GUILLEMOT.

-                29.     Cepphus columba.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that the

-under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight and slender

-bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils. Feet and inside

-of mouth bright red.

-

-Nest.--Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark places under the

-rocks, are pale blue or green in color with black or brown markings and

-paler spots of lilac.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA MURRE.

-         30.     Uria troille californica.     15 to 16 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones. Large

-numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the San Francisco and other

-market places and disposed of as a food product, and as yet the birds do

-not seem to diminish to any great extent.

-

-Nest.--But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges. They vary

-greatly in color, from nearly white without markings to a deep greenish

-blue with an endless variety of patterns in light and dark brown (3.40 x

-2.00).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to Alaska.

-

-

-                            POMARINE JAEGER.

-             36.     Stercorarius pomarinus.     21 inches.

-

-These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but are the real

-pirates of bird life, especially among the terns and gulls. This species

-has two color phases regardless of sex or age. In the light plumage the

-top of the head is black, rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by

-the lengthened central tail-feathers.

-

-Nest.--Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PARASITIC JAEGER.

-            37.     Stercorarius parasiticus.     17 inches.

-

-This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last. The two

-central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting about four

-inches beyond the others. All of the Jaegers have grayish blue legs with

-black feet, and brown eyes.

-

-Nest.--A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the two brownish

-eggs are laid (2.15 x 1.65).

-

-Range.--Northern part of North America, south in winter to southern

-California, breeding in the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                          LONG-TAILED JAEGER.

-            38.     Stercorarius longicaudus.     20 inches.

-

-This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight. Similar to

-the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers extend eight or

-ten inches beyond the others. It is more often found in the lighter

-phase.

-

-Nest.--Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in a slight

-depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--Arctic America; south in winter to South America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    GULLS AND TERNS--Family Laridæ.

-

-

-                              IVORY GULL.

-                 39.     Pagophila alba.     17 inches.

-

-The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding season is

-entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and there is a red ring

-about the eye.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic regions. Three

-grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown and black (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to British

-Columbia.

-

-

-                           PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.

-          40a.     Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.     16 inches.

-

-These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands in the

-Bering Sea.

-

-Nest.--On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss and seaweed,

-making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two or three eggs, which are

-buffy brown or grayish, spotted with darker shades of brown (2.20 x

-4.70).

-

-Range.--Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south as Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.

-               41.     Rissa brevirostris.     16 inches.

-

-This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting that the legs are

-bright red, the mantle is darker and the bill shorter. They usually nest

-in separate colonies from the former, and can be readily identified when

-in flight by the red legs.

-

-Nest.--They have been found abundantly on the islands of the Bering Sea,

-nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The color of the eggs is buffy

-or brownish, blotched and spotted with lilac and shades of brown.

-

-Range.--Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.

-

-

-                             GLAUCOUS GULL.

-               42.     Larus hyperboreus.     28 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray; it is

-distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white to the tips.

-It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller Gulls, eating both the

-eggs and young.

-

-Nest.--Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number, in shades

-of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and black.

-

-Range.--Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.

-            44.     Larus glaucescens.     25 to 27 inches.

-

-The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this gull except that

-the primaries are tipped with white. They breed in large numbers both on

-the rocky cliffs and on the low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the

-cliffs large nests of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands

-no attempt is made at nest building.

-

-Nest.--Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a greenish brown

-ground color with various shades of brown spots, most thickly covered on

-the larger end (2.75 x 2.05).

-

-Range.--North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards,

-and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           SLATY-BACKED GULL.

-               48.     Larus schistisagus.     27 inches.

-

-This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck and slaty

-colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often nest in colonies with

-other gulls, building their small mounds of seaweed on the higher parts

-of the islands.

-

-Nest.--Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored eggs,

-spotted with dark brown and lavender (2.90 x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WESTERN GULL.

-               49.     Larus occidentalis.     26 inches.

-

-This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the large Gulls,

-and can be seen about the harbors of California at all seasons of the

-year. They are great thieves, robbing the Murres and Terns wherever eggs

-are left unprotected, and are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to

-contend with.

-

-Nest.--Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the full set

-contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark brown, showing the

-usual variation found in color in the Gulls' eggs (2.75 x 1.90).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to British

-Columbia.

-

-

-                             HERRING GULL.

-                51.     Larus argentatus.     24 inches.

-

-These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually on the

-ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite a distance from

-the water. A few pair nest on the islands of some of the inland lakes and

-it is not uncommon to see nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet

-from the ground.

-

-Nest.--They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted with black

-and brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RING-BILLED GULL.

-               54.     Larus delawarensis.     18 inches.

-

-A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips and

-always to be identified in the breeding season by the black band around

-the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in large colonies on

-the islands in the interior of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds

-at high altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the lakes of

-the Dakotas and northward.

-

-Nest.--Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight hollow on the

-ground generally on the grassy portion of some island (2.80 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower California to

-British Columbia.

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA GULL.

-               53.     Larus californicus.     23 inches.

-

-This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. Herring Gull and the

-primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow, with red spot near

-end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.--Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally

-upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and they are

-the usual color of the Gulls'.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           SHORT-BILLED GULL.

-              55.     Larus brachyrhynchus.     17 inches.

-

-The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the European

-variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly gray; rest of white;

-outer primary nearly black with a white spot at the end. Bill, feet and

-legs greenish.

-

-Nest.--On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The nest is

-generally made of moss, grass and weeds and placed on the ground.

-

-Range.--Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to Alaska. Winters

-in the south to Lower California.

-

-

-                             HEERMANN GULL.

-                57.     Larus heermanni.     17 inches.

-

-A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull. In summer

-the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a red bill and legs. The

-body color shades abruptly from the neck into slaty, both the upper and

-under parts. The primaries and tail are black.

-

-Nest.--Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs greenish

-drab in color marked with brown, black and lilac (2.45 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BONAPARTE GULL.

-               60.     Larus philadelphia.     14 inches.

-

-In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner web and

-shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck are gray; while in

-winter the head is white with gray spots back of the eyes. Young birds

-have the back mixed with brownish and the tail with a band of black near

-the tip. They are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.

-

-Nest.--They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the northwest. The

-nests of sticks and grass are placed on the higher parts of the marshes

-and the usual complement of three eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to

-greenish brown, marked with dark brown spots (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-

-                              SABINE GULL.

-                  62.     Xema sabini.     13 inches.

-

-A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring;

-the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail slightly forked. In

-winter the head and throat white with the back of the neck dusky.

-

-Nest.--They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and

-Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish brown in color and marked

-with dark brown (1.75 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASPIAN TERN.

-                 64.     Sterna caspia.     21 inches.

-

-The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill is large,

-heavy and bright red. The crest with which this species is adorned is

-black. The mantle is pearl color and the breast is white. Winter birds

-have the crown mixed with white, and the young are blotched with blackish

-in the wings and tail.

-

-Nest.--They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again only a few

-pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from gray to greenish buff,

-marked with brown and lilac. The two eggs usually being laid in a hollow

-in the sand.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and Lower California

-to the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                             ELEGANT TERN.

-                 66.     Sterna elegans.     17 inches.

-

-In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are tinged with

-rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name.

-

-Nest.--They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in the sand,

-creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--Central and South America, in summer to California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FORSTERS TERN.

-                69.     Sterna forsteri.     15 inches.

-

-These beautiful birds are often known as "Sea Swallows," because of their

-similarity in flight to those well-known land birds. They are the picture

-of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert

-and ready to dart down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.

-

-Nest.--A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with grass, in which

-are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying in color from almost white

-to brownish, thickly spotted with brown and lavender (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba to the Gulf

-Coast.

-

-

-                              COMMON TERN.

-                 70.     Sterna hirundo.     15 inches.

-

-This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being more

-blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly gray in place of

-white, tail not quite as much forked, and shorter; edge of outer

-primaries and outer tail-feathers blackish.

-

-Nest.--These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic coast. Their eggs

-are more rounded (1.75 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARCTIC TERN.

-                71.     Sterna paradisæ.     15 inches.

-

-A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution; and the

-pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and below. Bill quite red

-and feet much smaller and bright red. When their nesting colonies are

-approached they will rise in clouds, circling about high in the air,

-uttering at times their peculiar cry.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt at nest

-building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the bare sand or

-gravel just above the water line. There is no difference in the color or

-markings of the eggs from the others (1.75 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic Regions and

-wintering from California to the Gulf States.

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN TERN.

-                73.     Sterna aleutica.     15 inches.

-

-This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the Common Tern, but

-has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, with a black line

-extending from the bill to the eye.

-

-Nest.--Is much the same as the Arctic, but the eggs are somewhat smaller

-and narrower (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              LEAST TERN.

-                74.     Sterna antillarum.     9 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a swallow and in

-flight are much the same, darting through the air, taking insects the

-same as swallows, or dipping into the water for small minnows that are

-showing themselves near the surface.

-

-Nest.--Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above the water

-line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully marked with

-different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 x .95).

-

-Range.--Throughout the United States to northern South America, breeding

-abundantly on the coast of southern California.

-

-

-                              BLACK TERN.

-        77.     Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.     10 inches.

-

-We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either white or

-pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults in summer having the

-head, neck and under parts black, with the back, wings and tail gray.

-

-Nest.--Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color. Nests are

-of weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies. Two to four eggs are a

-dark greenish brown with black spots (1.35 x .95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    ALBATROSSES--Family Diomedeidæ.

-

-

-                        BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.

-            81.     Diomedea nigripes.     32 to 36 inches.

-

-This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into whitish at the

-base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted for its extended flights,

-following vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest.

-

-Nest.--They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 x 2.40).

-

-

-                        SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

-               82.     Diomedea albatrus.     36 inches.

-

-This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following a vessel

-will keep a long distance behind in its search for food. With the

-exception of the primaries, which are black, as are also the shoulders

-and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with yellow on the back of

-the head.

-

-Nest.--They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the coast of

-Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare ground or rocks.

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California to Alaska;

-most common in northern part of the range.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LAYSAN ALBATROSS.

-             82.1.     Diomedea immutabilis.     32 inches.

-

-These birds are white with the exception of the back, wings and tail,

-which are black; bill and feet yellow.

-

-Nest.--Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or rocks (4.00 x

-2.35).

-

-Range.--This species breeds in large numbers on the island from which it

-takes its name--Layson Island, of the Hawaiian Group--appearing rarely

-off the coast of California.

-

-

-                        YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.

-            83.     Thalassogeron culminatus.     36 inches.

-

-This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian oceans and

-is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An egg in the collection

-of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., was taken on Gough Island Sept.

-1st, 1888. The nest was a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The

-single white egg measured 3.75 x 2.25.

-

-

-                            SOOTY ALBATROSS.

-             84.     Phoebetria palpebrata.     36 inches.

-

-This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim around the

-eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 x 2.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

-                         Family Procellariidæ.

-

-

-                            PACIFIC FULMAR.

-         86b.     Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.     18 inches.

-

-In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is shorter and

-stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the nostrils opening out of

-a single tube, prominently located on top of the bill. Their flight is

-graceful like that of the Gulls.

-

-Nest.--On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern Pacific

-they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the rocks having its

-tenant. They lay but a single white egg on the bare rocks (2.90 x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.

-

-

-                         SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.

-             87.     Priocella glacialoides.     18 inches.

-

-This species has a paler mantle than others of the family, and the

-primaries are black.

-

-Range.--Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the United

-States in the summer. They probably breed in the far south during our

-winter, although we have no definite record relative to their nesting

-habits.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.

-               91.     Puffinus creatopus.     19 inches.

-

-Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper parts and

-under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color, darkest on the wings; top

-of head dark, with throat and breast white, with yellowish bill and pink

-colored feet.

-

-Range.--From Monterey, California, to South America.

-

-

-                        BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.

-             93.     Puffinus opisthomelas.     14 inches.

-

-Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter in color.

-Quite common in southern California and much more so in Lower California.

-

-Range.--From northern United States to Lower California. A single white

-egg is laid (2.00 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.

-             93.1.     Puffinus auricularis.     14 inches.

-

-A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower California

-coast and islands.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.

-                95.     Puffinus griseus.     17 inches.

-

-This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands in the far

-south during our winter months, comes north and appears off the Pacific

-coast of the United States during our summer months, as far north as

-Alaska. They are a dark sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which

-are whitish.

-

-Nest.--Habits are the same as the others of the family. The single white

-egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices under rocks (2.40 x

-1.65).

-

-

-                       SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.

-             96.     Puffinus tenuirostris.     14 inches.

-

-This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling it in color

-and markings, being a little lighter under the throat, and the bill more

-slender in proportion to the size of the bird. Bill and feet nearly

-black, as is also the one above.

-

-Nest.--Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as the

-Dark-bodied Shearwater; it is not found on the N. A. coast as commonly as

-the other.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FISHER PETREL.

-               100.     Æstrelata fisheri.     7 inches.

-

-This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off

-Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.

-

-

-                             LEAST PETREL.

-           103.     Halocyptena microsoma.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely dark sooty.

-

-Nest.--They have been found breeding on the islands of Lower California,

-and they probably do on others farther south. The single egg of this bird

-is white with a wreath of tiny brown specks about the larger end.

-

-

-                          FORK-TAILED PETREL.

-              105.     Oceanodroma furcata.     8 inches.

-

-These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being darker and the

-under parts lightest.

-

-Nest.--Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the ground. Egg white

-with a fine wreath of purplish black specks about the larger end. Found

-breeding on the islands of Alaska.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            KAEDING PETREL.

-           105.2.     Oceanodroma kaedingi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and the tail

-less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California to Mexico,

-breeding in the southern part of its range.

-

-

-                             LEACH PETREL.

-             106.     Oceanodroma leucorhoa.     8 inches.

-

-These are quite common on both the eastern and western coasts, breeding

-from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians. They are of a sooty brown

-color, upper tail-coverts and side of under-coverts white. They burrow in

-the ground for two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building;

-placing their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow. These

-birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one remaining at

-sea during the day and returning at night. They are rarely seen in the

-vicinity of their nests during the day.

-

-

-                           GUADALUPE PETREL.

-                  106.1.     Oceanodroma macrodactyla.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail and somewhat

-longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.

-

-Nest.--Same as above with one white egg, usually much nest stained.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BLACK PETREL.

-            107.     Oceanodroma melania.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump of the two

-or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very offensive musky odor,

-which is always noticeable about an island inhabited by them. The skins

-and eggs of the birds always retain this odor.

-

-Nest.--Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes containing a

-small amount of nesting material; grass and roots.

-

-Range.--Southern California southward to Mexico.

-

-

-                              ASHY PETREL.

-             108.     Oceanodroma homochroa.     7 inches.

-

-This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands, sooty gray

-in color, their plumage matching their surroundings so closely that,

-unless one is looking for them, they will easily be overlooked.

-

-They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves to be

-removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they. They build in burrows or

-in any crevice of the rocks, laying their single white egg on the ground

-or rock without much, if any, lining to the nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  CORMORANTS--Family Phalacrocoracidæ.

-

-

-                          FARALLONE CORMORANT.

-      120c.     Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus.     30 inches.

-

-Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty. These birds

-breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing their nests well up on

-the higher ridges and also in the trees on some of the inland islands, or

-near large ponds or lakes. They build large nests of sticks and roots,

-lined with grass, seaweed and moss.

-

-Nest.--Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid (2.40 x 1.50).

-

-

-                           BRANDT CORMORANT.

-          122.     Phalacrocorax penicillatus.     35 inches.

-

-Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender and nearly

-straight. The young are hatched without feathers or down and the skin is

-nearly black. The young for two or three months are the food supply for

-the larger Gulls. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands,

-they stay closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are

-always on the watch for either the eggs or young.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of the United

-States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BAIRD CORMORANTS.

-     123b.     Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.     28 inches.

-

-This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from Washington south

-to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as the former species and not

-inclined to breed in colonies with the others, but is more secluded.

-

-Nest.--Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks and cliffs on

-which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom building in trees.

-Their eggs are much smaller, averaging 2.20 x 1.40.

-

-

-                          RED-FACED CORMORANT.

-              124.     Phalacrocorax urile.     32 inches.

-

-The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly in having the

-forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the same as other members of the

-family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the

-fact that the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a ring

-about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.

-

-Nest.--The nesting places of these as well as other members of this

-family are very filthy, being covered with excrement and the remains of

-fish that are strewn about their nests (2.50 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     PELICANS.--Family Pelecanidæ.

-

-

-                             WHITE PELICAN.

-           125.     Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.     60 inches.

-

-Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white; bill and feet

-yellow, the former in the breeding season having a thin upright knob

-about midway on the top of the upper mandible. They get their food by

-approaching a school of small fish and suddenly dipping their head

-beneath the surface, sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;

-they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the sides of

-the mouth, and then swallow the fish.

-

-Nest.--On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally only a lining

-about the outer edge; the eggs being placed upon the ground. Two or three

-eggs are laid, pure chalky white (3.45 x 2.30).

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.

-            127.     Pelecanus californicus.     55 inches.

-

-Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back of neck rich

-velvety brown; head and throat white.

-

-Nest.--On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks and weeds.

-Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 x 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS--Family Fregatidæ.

-

-

-                             FRIGATE BIRD.

-                128.     Fregata aquila.     40 inches.

-

-In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest expanse of

-wing of any known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they have an

-extent of from seven to eight feet. The length of the bird is about 40

-inches, of which the tail comprises about 18, more than half of this

-being forked. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor

-swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete

-masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of

-small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.

-

-Nest.--A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. A

-single white egg (2.80 x 1.90).

-

-

-                   AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.

-               129.     Mergus americanus.     25 inches.

-

-These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth

-to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on the ground; 6

-to 9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

-                130.     Mergus serrator.     22 inches.

-

-This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is found commonly

-on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more than on the coast. The male

-has the head, neck, and crest iridescent greenish black, breast brownish

-with black spots. The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut

-color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the black found on

-the males.

-

-Nest.--They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff color, making

-their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or in tufts of grass or in

-crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest with feathers (2.50 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--Whole of North America, breeding from central United States to

-British America.

-

-

-                           HOODED MERGANSER.

-             131.     Lophodytes cucullatus.     17 inches.

-

-Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest with which both

-sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this from the others. The male

-having the crest black with a large white patch, and that of the female

-plain brown.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                GADWALL.

-            135.     Chaulelasmus streperus.     20 inches.

-

-Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the female is similar

-but the back and wings are brownish-gray. As is usual with many of the

-ducks these do most of their feeding early in the morning or after dusk,

-and spend the greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the

-most noisy and active of the ducks.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes or in the long

-grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to 12 eggs of a creamy buff

-color (2.10 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Includes the whole of North America, breeds from British Columbia

-to southern California.

-

-

-                                MALLARD.

-              132.     Anas platyrhynchos.     23 inches.

-

-These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They feed on mollusks

-and marine insects which they generally reach by tipping in shallow

-water.

-

-Nest.--In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their nests in the

-tall grasses of which it is made and lined with feathers. Breed from

-Alaska to southern California (2.25 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BALDPATE--AMERICAN WIDGEON.

-               137.     Mareca Americana.     19 inches.

-

-These are common and well-known birds throughout North America, where

-they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the

-bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. They

-can usually be identified at a distance by the absence of any dark

-markings, and when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.

-

-Nest.--Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers, on the ground

-or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are laid (2.15 x 1.20).

-

-

-                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

-              139.     Nettion carolinense.     14 inches.

-

-These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly sought for by

-sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence of their flesh. The

-male may be easily identified by the reddish brown head and neck, with

-the large green patch behind each ear.

-

-Nest.--On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it is made of

-weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9 buffy eggs are laid (1.85

-x 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California and Oregon.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

-              140.     Querquedula discors.     15 inches.

-

-Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front of the eye;

-under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black; wing coverts bright

-blue. Female similar to female Green-wing, but has the blue wing coverts.

-In flight can be easily separated from the Green-wing by its darker under

-parts. Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines. This is

-more common east of the Rockies than the other.

-

-Nest.--Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed in the reeds

-bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs are laid.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding more abundantly than the former farther

-north in its range.

-

-

-                             CINNAMON TEAL.

-            141.     Querquedula cyanoptera.     16 inches.

-

-This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the Rockies. It is

-on the male a bright cinnamon color on the under parts; also the head and

-neck, being darkest near the bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts

-blue; speculum green, divided by a line of white.

-

-Nest.--Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 x 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SHOVELLER.

-               142.     Spatula clypeata.     20 inches.

-

-Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill, which is out of

-all proportion to the size of the bird. Head, neck and speculum dark

-green, under parts reddish brown, breast and back white, wing coverts

-blue. If it were not for the large ungainly bill, this duck would be

-classed as one of our most beautiful during the breeding season.

-

-Nest.--It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of grass, weeds

-and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10 grayish white eggs (2.10 x

-1.50).

-

-Range.--North America; breeding most abundant on the western coast from

-southern California to northwest Alaska.

-

-

-                                PINTAIL.

-                 143.     Dafila acuta.     30 inches.

-

-A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with head and

-stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and sides barred with white

-and black wavy lines.

-

-Nest.--On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with feathers

-generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12 eggs of a dull olive

-color (2.20 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               WOOD DUCK.

-                  144.     Aix sponsa.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of any of the duck

-family. Both the male and female have a long crest; that of the male of

-the most beautiful shades of blue and iridescent green colors, with

-stripes of white, the throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut

-with white arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line

-markings.

-

-Nest.--In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The birds are

-said to carry the young from the nest to the water in their bills. 6 to

-10 eggs, buffy in color (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                                REDHEAD.

-               146.     Marila americana.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered as the best

-table birds of the duck family.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in number, buffy

-white in color (2.40 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CANVAS-BACK.

-              147.     Marila valisineria.     21 inches.

-

-Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish

-forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the Redhead having yellow

-eyes. Like the last species, these birds are excellent swimmers and

-divers, and secure their food from deeper water than many of the ducks.

-Their food consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell

-fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market price, and are

-much sought after by gunners.

-

-Nest.--On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with grass and

-feathers. 6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America; breeding from central British Columbia south to

-Oregon and Minnesota.

-

-

-                        SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.

-                 148.     Marila marila.     18 inches.

-

-This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing to the slaty

-blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast are black; speculum and

-under parts white, and eyes yellow.

-

-Nest.--In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior of British

-Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray (2.50 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LESSER SCAUP DUCK.

-                149.     Marila affinis.     17 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed

-purple instead of green on the black. They are one of the most abundant

-migrants, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the

-flash of a gun. The immense flocks generally keep out in the open waters

-of the lakes or rivers; where they feed by diving.

-

-Nest.--Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with feathers from the

-breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale gray color (2.25 x 1.55).

-

-

-                           RING-NECKED DUCK.

-                150.     Marila collaris.     17 inches.

-

-In appearance and general habits this duck is much the same as the two

-preceding. Male with head, neck and breast black with purple shades,

-having a ring of chestnut about the neck, which at a little distance is

-not noticeable. Bill blackish, with a bluish band near the end; eye

-yellow.

-

-Nest.--Same in every way as above, and general distribution the same,

-breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.

-          151.     Clangula clangula americana.     20 inches.

-

-These are handsome ducks, known as "Whistlers," from the noise of their

-wings when flying, and also "Great-heads," because of the puffy crest.

-The head is greenish black with a large round white spot in front of and

-a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.

-

-Nest.--Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining the cavity

-with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining the nest with feathers,

-in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs of a grayish color (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from Alaska south to the most northern of

-United States. Winters to southern California and the Gulf Coast.

-

-

-                           BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.

-              152.     Clangula islandica.     20 inches.

-

-Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white spot between

-the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is the preceding.

-

-Nest.--The range and nesting habits are the same as above, possibly

-breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BUFFLE-HEAD.

-             153.     Charitonetta albeola.     14 inches.

-

-This handsome little duck is also known as "Butter-ball" and

-"Dipper-duck," the latter name given to them on account of the ease with

-which they can disappear under the water. They are always on the alert

-and will dive at the flash of a gun. Head iridescent blue, green and

-purple, and with a large white patch extending from eye to eye, across

-the back of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can

-take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.

-

-Nest.--In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the sides of rivers,

-8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                      OLD-SQUAW--LONG-TAILED DUCK.

-               154.     Harelda hyemalis.     21 inches.

-

-One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in summer and winter.

-Both sexes are marked similarly, but the female is somewhat duller and

-lacks the long tail feathers of the male. They are excellent swimmers and

-dive to great depths in search of their food.

-

-Nest.--Generally concealed in the long grass near the water, made of

-grass and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HARLEQUIN DUCK.

-           155.     Histrionicus histrionicus.     17 inches.

-

-A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the illustration. It is

-not the colors alone that make them so attractive, but the way the colors

-are placed. The white being in long stripes, crescents or large spots,

-with black, gray and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among

-the swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on the

-coasts.

-

-Nest.--Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with down placed on

-the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes in the hollow of a tree. 5

-to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to the central part

-of California among the mountain streams.

-

-

-                             PACIFIC EIDER.

-               161.     Somateria v-nigra.     23 inches.

-

-This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it has a

-black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly on the Aleutian

-Islands, but in great numbers farther north.

-

-Nest.--They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly lining same

-with down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs (3.00 x 2.00).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             STELLER EIDER.

-              157.     Polysticta stelleri.     18 inches.

-

-A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish on the

-forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and crissum, black;

-under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the long scapulars black and

-white.

-

-Nest.--Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It breeds on the

-rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six to nine eggs are pale

-olive green in color (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian Islands and

-northwest coast of Alaska.

-

-

-                           SPECTACLED EIDER.

-              158.     Arctonetta fischeri.     21 inches.

-

-This species is black on the under parts and mostly white above. The head

-is largely washed with sea green, leaving a large patch of white,

-narrowly bordered with black around each eye, thus resembling a pair of

-spectacles and giving it the name it has.

-

-Nest.--Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from their breast;

-they are placed upon the ground under overhanging stones or clumps of

-grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 x 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              KING EIDER.

-             162.     Somateria spectabilis.     23 inches.

-

-This species is very different from any of the preceding, the crown being

-of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in place of the white of

-the others. It also has a broad V-shaped mark on the throat and a black

-crescent between the eye and bill. Like all of the other Eiders the

-females are mottled brown and black, the different species being very

-difficult to separate.

-

-Nest.--These are usually a depression in the ground lined with the down

-from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10 eggs of a greenish color (3.00

-x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern North America, breeding along the coast of Siberia,

-Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.

-

-

-                                SCOTER.

-               163.     Oidemia americana.     19 inches.

-

-Scoters or "Coots," as they are generally called, are Sea Ducks whose

-plumage is almost wholly black; base of the bill is yellow and orange.

-This species nest similar to the Eiders, concealing it under overhanging

-rocks or in tufts of grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 x

-1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.

-               165.     Oidemia deglandi.     22 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished from

-the others by the white speculum on the wing and a white comet extending

-from the eye backwards. It also has a yellow eye.

-

-This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of the family.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or under low

-bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes twigs, lined with

-feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in British Columbia and Alaska.

-

-

-                              SURF SCOTER.

-             166.     Oidemia perspicillata.     20 inches.

-

-The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white spot on top

-of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and

-yellow with a large black spot near the base. The female is a grayish

-brown, lighter below; also with a spot of dull white in front of the eye

-and the same in back.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              RUDDY DUCK.

-            167.     Erismatura jamaicensis.     15 inches.

-

-This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown upper parts;

-blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and under parts silvery white

-with grayish wash next to the ruddy. Bill is very stout and broad at the

-end, and the tail feathers are very stiff and pointed. Females have back,

-crown and sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.

-These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or in flight.

-

-Nest.--They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally lined with

-down in which are placed their eggs to the number of from 8 to 12 of a

-grayish white color (2.40 x 1.75) unusually large for the size of the

-bird.

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding from Central British

-Columbia southward as far as Lower California.

-

-

-                              SNOW GOOSE.

-         169.     Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus.     26 inches.

-

-Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black. This is the

-smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern variety being some ten

-inches longer, found in N. A., west of the Mississippi River.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ROSS GOOSE.

-                  170.     Chen rossi.     23 inches.

-

-This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters in

-California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and is the smallest of

-the family.

-

-

-                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

-           171a.     Anser albifrons gambeli.     27 inches.

-

-These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage, dark head and

-white forehead; bill and feet orange. They are the most common on the

-western coast and large numbers of them are sold in the markets.

-

-Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails, and

-insects.

-

-Nest.--These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression and made

-of dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs are from four to nine in

-number, of a dull buff color (3.00 x 2.05).

-

-Range.--Western and central North America, breeds on the Arctic coast

-south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from British Columbia to

-southern California. During the spring flight immense flocks of these

-birds pass through Oregon and follow down the west coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CANADA GOOSE.

-         172.     Branta canadensis canadensis.     38 inches.

-

-This species is the most widely known of the family, and is the most

-numerous. Its familiar "honk" has long been the signal of the coming

-spring, and the V-shaped formation in which the flocks migrate is always

-an object of interest to every one; large birds, with long necks

-outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the

-leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on the ground in

-marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color

-are laid (3.50 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding from northern United States

-northward, and wintering in the southern part of U. S. to Lower

-California.

-

-

-                            CACKLING GOOSE.

-           172c.     Branta canadensis minima.     24 inches.

-

-This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference being only in

-the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and migrates in

-winter along the western coast south to southern California. Eggs are

-buff color; 4 to 9 (2.90 x 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BLACK BRANT.

-               174.     Branta nigricans.     26 inches.

-

-Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar nearly encircling

-the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts mostly white. They are

-very inquisitive and easily come to decoys, and consequently large

-numbers of them are shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird

-especially when in large flocks. They get most of their food by tipping

-up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon the tender water plants

-and roots gathered from the bottom.

-

-Nest.--A depression in the ground lined with grass and feathers and the

-down from their breasts; four to eight eggs are laid of a grayish color

-(2.80 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Western North America, breeding abundantly in northern Alaska and

-wintering on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower California.

-

-

-                             EMPEROR GOOSE.

-               176.     Philacte canagica.     26 inches.

-

-This handsome species may be known by the mottled or scaly appearance of

-the feathers; the head is white with a black chin and throat. Their 3 to

-7 eggs are a dull buff color (3.10 x 2.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.

-            177.     Dendrocygna autumnalis.     22 inches.

-

-These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are very common in

-southern Texas and along the Rio Grande. They are not timid and are

-frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, and

-feed in grain fields at considerable distance from the water. They

-usually raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten to as

-many as twenty.

-

-Nest.--They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at a great

-distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few feathers and down.

-The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 x 1.50).

-

-

-                           FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.

-              178.     Dendrocygna bicolor.     22 inches.

-

-In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more of a rufous

-all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It has no white markings. It

-is fully as abundant as the preceding and is found farther north and west

-to the Pacific coast in southern California.

-

-Nest.--Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them are

-identical with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been found in one

-nest, but these were probably laid by two birds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WHISTLING SWAN.

-               180.     Olor columbianus.     58 inches.

-

-These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their bill and

-feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer the end of the bill

-than it is to the eye. It is distinguished from the next by the small

-yellow spot on either side of the bill near its base.

-

-Nest.--Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss, grass, feathers

-and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy places near ponds or lakes.

-Three to six greenish or brownish buff eggs are laid (4.00 x 2.75).

-

-Range.--North America, more common in the east, breeding in Alaska and

-the Arctic islands, wintering from British Columbia to the central part

-of California.

-

-

-                            TRUMPETER SWAN.

-                181.     Olor buccinator.     65 inches.

-

-This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a spread of wing

-nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior than on the coast. Its

-plumage is the same as above, except that the bill is entirely black and

-the nostril is located nearer the eye. Their nesting habits are the same

-as above, the eggs averaging a trifle larger.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      GLOSSY IBIS--Family Ibididæ.

-              186.     Plegadis autumnalis.     25 inches.

-

-The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut color, glossy with

-purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy greenish black; bill, legs

-and feet carmine red, bill much curved downward.

-

-This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis which is

-occasionally found in southern California, with the exception that the

-latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering the bill, white.

-

-Nest.--Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living

-stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep greenish blue color (1.95 x

-1.35).

-

-

-                       WOOD IBIS--Family Ciconiæ.

-              188.     Mycteria americana.     45 inches.

-

-Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which are pale bluish

-in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely white except for the

-primaries and tail, which are glossy purplish black. This is the only

-true Stork which occurs in North America, and is found only in the

-southern part of California and the most southern states near the Gulf of

-Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST BITTERN.

-               191.     Ixobrychus exilis.     13 inches.

-

-This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern portions of

-the United States. They are very quiet and sly birds, and their presence

-is often unsuspected when they are really quite abundant. Their nests are

-made of rushes woven about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white

-(1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                        BITTERN--Family Herodii.

-             190.     Botaurus lentiginosus.     28 inches.

-

-These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep concealed so

-closely that one may pass within a few feet of them and they not take

-flight. They are known by a variety of names, nearly all of which have

-reference to their "booming" sound while in the bogs. The most common

-name given them being "Stake Driver" and again "Thunder Pumper." They are

-much variegated with brown and yellowish brown; adults with a long, broad

-black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye is yellow; bill and

-legs, greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.--They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their nest usually

-in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by water. They lay from

-three to five brownish colored eggs (1.95 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GREAT BLUE HERON.

-            194.     Ardea herodias herodias.     48 inches.

-

-This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is bluish gray,

-relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and patches on the sides

-and a white crown. Young birds are much duller colored and lack the crest

-of the old birds. It takes several years for them to obtain their perfect

-plumage. In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company with

-many other species.

-

-Nest.--Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in the trees

-near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many as 40 nests have

-been found in a single tree. Three to five eggs of a greenish blue color

-(2.50 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--North America except the extreme northern part, breeds from

-British Columbia to southern Lower California.

-

-

-                              GREEN HERON.

-         201.     Butorides virescens virescens.     17 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the

-country. In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one

-of two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream; 3 to 5

-pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 EGRET.

-               196.     Herodias egretta.     41 inches.

-

-This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has persistently

-been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery purposes. They usually

-breed in colonies with several others of the Heron family.

-

-Nest.--Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes over the

-water in which they lay three or four light bluish green colored eggs

-(2.25 x 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.

-

-

-                              SNOWY EGRET.

-             197.     Egretta candidissima.     24 inches.

-

-Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved plumes growing

-from the middle of the back; long crest of plumes on back of the head,

-and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base; legs black and feet

-yellow. With the protection which has been placed on these birds and the

-large breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government

-reservations we hope to see these become more abundant within a few

-years. Their nesting habits are the same as above, only the eggs are

-smaller (1.80 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-         202.     Nycticorax nycticorax nævius.     24 inches.

-

-A well-known bird often called "quawk" from the note which it makes

-during its evening flights. They are usually found nesting in large

-colonies, while in some places a few secluded pairs nest; a favorite

-place being among pine trees on the edge of muddy ponds.

-

-Nest.--Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the higher limbs

-of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more in each tree. Eggs are

-pale greenish color (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                      YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-              203.     Nyctanassa violacea.     23 inches.

-

-The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded white

-plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested

-together so that they appear to be as one. On the back they also have

-long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a comet shaped patch under the eye

-of a yellowish white. As dusk approaches, these birds start out from

-their roosting places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to

-their feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting

-of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     WHOOPING CRANE--Family Gruidæ.

-                204.     Grus americana.     50 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of the adults

-is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts of the head and face

-are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet black. These great birds are not

-uncommon on the prairies of the interior of America.

-

-Nest.--Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the bogs, the nest

-being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two or three feet in

-diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish buff color blotched with shades

-of brown and gray (3.75 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic regions and

-wintering to the Gulf states and southward.

-

-

-                          LITTLE BROWN CRANE.

-                205.     Grus canadensis.     36 inches.

-

-This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane, but more

-brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this family always carry

-the neck fully extended, while the Herons draw the neck back between the

-wings. Unlike herons the young birds are born covered with down, and can

-run about as soon as they appear.

-

-Range.--In northern Canada, where it breeds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.--Family Rallidæ.

-               210.1.     Rallus levipes.     10 inches.

-

-They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed if any danger

-is lurking about the locality where they are. They are very quick to get

-away in the tall grass if startled, and rarely take to the wing for

-protection. This species is found about the marshes in southern

-California.

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.

-               210.     Rallus obsoletus.     15 inches.

-

-Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; cinnamon

-colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly all of the marshes

-along the coast. They are excellent runners, and are very difficult to

-start from the marsh grass in which they are concealed. Its nest is built

-on the ground on the higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively

-dry, building it of grass and strips of rushes.

-

-Nest.--They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color, spotted and

-blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 x 1.25). The young of this family are

-born covered with a shining black down, and remain in the nest but a few

-hours.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VIRGINIA RAIL.

-              212.     Rallus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts

-grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown, brightest on the breast.

-Sides sharply barred with black and white; chin and line over the eye

-white, side of head slaty color. Like others of this species, it is found

-in either the fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs of a creamy

-white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac; six to ten are the

-number laid (1.25 x .90).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from British Columbia to southern

-California and the Gulf of Mexico.

-

-

-                               SORA RAIL.

-                214.     Porzana carolina.     9 inches.

-

-Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on the head.

-Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the day in quiet and do

-most of their feeding after dusk, when their clucking notes may be heard

-all over the marshes.

-

-Nest.--A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs, buff

-colored with reddish-brown specks (1.25 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              YELLOW RAIL.

-           215.     Coturnicops noveboracensis.     7 inches.

-

-This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy brown, yellowish

-buff; black and white barred side feathers. The back is blackish with the

-feathers edged with white. These small Rails are like field mice, hard to

-locate or obtain sight of when in the marsh grass. They object to flying

-unless forced to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility

-to get through rushes to avoid being seen.

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and twisted

-together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color, specked with

-reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end (1.10 x .80).

-

-Range.--Locally distributed in temperate America from southern California

-to British Columbia.

-

-

-                              BLACK RAIL.

-             216.     Creciscus coturniculus.     5 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird, with back a

-dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray feathers on the sides and

-flank spotted and barred with white.

-

-Nest.--These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely cupped to

-hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve; creamy white, specked all

-over with reddish brown (1.03 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           FLORIDA GALLINULE.

-               219.     Gallinula galeata.     13 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back a brownish

-color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former being tipped with

-yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about the top. The grayish side

-feathers tipped with white at the wing and lower ones with black. They

-have an almost endless variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.

-

-Nest.--They build in colonies in the marshes, making their nests of

-rushes and grasses woven together and attached to stalks of rushes quite

-often over the water. They lay from six to ten eggs of a creamy buff

-color (1.60 x 1.15).

-

-

-                             AMERICAN COOT.

-               221.     Fulica americana.     15 inches.

-

-Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the whole bird. Toes

-lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill white with a blackish band near

-the tip; shield narrow and brownish, ending in a point.

-

-Nest.--This is placed in the same localities as are the Rails, and they

-have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of a grayish color

-finely specked all over with black or brown (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 RED PHALAROPE.--Family Phalaropodidæ.

-             222.     Phalaropus fulicarius.     8 inches.

-

-These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their breeding

-plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have changed to their

-winter dress, and they retain this until after they leave us in the

-spring. In summer the under parts and neck a reddish brown; sides of the

-head white; top of head blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white

-band. The female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.

-

-Nest.--A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses. Three or four

-eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown or black (1.20

-x .80).

-

-Range.--Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and in winter

-migrating to middle portions of United States on both coasts.

-

-

-                          NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

-                223.     Lobipes lobatus.     8 inches.

-

-This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on

-the coasts a short time during migration. Like the last they are expert

-swimmers, and pass most of their time when not breeding upon the surface

-of the water. They feed upon minute insects secured from beds of floating

-kelp. Nest and eggs similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILSON PHALAROPE.

-              224.     Steganopus tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a very graceful

-form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad black stripe through the

-eye and down the side of the neck, where it changes gradually into a rich

-chestnut color. Bill is long and slender. It is a bird of the interior,

-and is only rarely met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in

-large flocks, as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the

-water, although a good swimmer.

-

-Nest.--Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of

-grass near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or four greenish-buff

-eggs with black markings (1.30 x .90).

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to southern

-California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.

-

-

-                             WILSON SNIPE.

-              230.     Gallinago delicata.     11 inches.

-

-This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy meadows with its

-winding brooks. They procure their food by boring in the muddy banks of

-the meadows, the tip of the bill being flexible.

-

-Nest.--On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    AVOCET--Family Recurvirostridæ.

-            225.     Recurvirostra americana.     17 inches.

-

-In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and

-winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers on the under part

-white and very thick and, duck-like, being impervious to water. Bill

-slender and recurved; feet webbed. Large patches of white on the wings,

-making them very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if

-not molested, they become very tame.

-

-Nest.--Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in the ground.

-They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color,

-spotted and blotched with brown and black (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          BLACK-NECKED STILT.

-             226.     Himantopus mexicanus.     15 inches.

-

-Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and

-slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with back

-brownish. They are strong and swift upon the wing.

-

-Nest.--On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass. Three or four eggs,

-greenish buff, with numerous markings of brown and black about the larger

-end.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DOWITCHER.

-             231.     Macrorhamphus griseus.     11 inches.

-

-Bill very long like that of the Snipe. In summer these birds are reddish

-brown below; more or less specked with black on the breast and barred

-with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter or

-even white on the rump, crossed with wavy lines of black.

-

-In winter they are gray above and white below. By the gunners known as

-"Red-breasted Snipe" in the spring and summer and as "Graybacks" in the

-winter months.

-

-Nest.--Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with grass and

-leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color boldly marked with

-brown most heavily about the larger end (1.75 x 1.15).

-

-

-                            STILT SANDPIPER.

-             233.     Micropalama himantopus.     9 inches.

-

-These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single

-individuals being found in flocks of other species rather than in flocks

-by themselves. Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer the

-entire under parts are a rusty white, closely barred with blackish. In

-winter they are gray above and white below.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 KNOT.

-                234.     Tringa canutus.     11 inches.

-

-This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches, following out

-each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking the small insects from the

-sand, and hurrying back to get clear from the next wave. Bill moderately

-long and quite stout; form more robust than most of the shore birds.

-Adults in summer mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish

-uniform brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.

-

-Nest.--They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but no eggs are

-known as yet in any collections.

-

-Range.--Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through the United

-States to South America.

-

-

-                          PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.

-        235b.     Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis.     9 inches.

-

-This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with rusty and the

-under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of black on the breast.

-Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with

-brown, laid on the ground in a depression with a light lining of grass

-(1.50 x 1.05).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.

-                 238.     Pisobia aurita.     9 inches.

-

-This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged with

-reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is reddish brown.

-Fairly common in summer on the coast of Alaska; in winter supposed to

-migrate south wholly on the Asiatic side of the Pacific.

-

-

-                          PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

-                239.     Pisobia maculata.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season of

-inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the habits of the

-Snipe than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting grassy meadows or

-marshes, and feeding along the muddy flats in place of the sandy beaches.

-They are very dark brown above, with much lighter brown edging the

-feathers, and are white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish.

-These are well-known birds, and are called by gunners "Grass Snipe" or

-"Jack Snipe" as a more common name.

-

-Nest.--Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or four

-grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 x 1.00).

-

-Range.--Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and

-wintering south of the United States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

-              240.     Pisobia fuscicollis.     7 inches.

-

-Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black, below white,

-but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries black; upper tail

-coverts white. Nesting habits the same as those of the majority of the

-family, breeding from Labrador northward, and wintering to Central

-America. Eggs 1.30 x .90.

-

-

-                            BAIRD SANDPIPER.

-               241.     Pisobia bairdi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump, being of a

-blackish color instead.

-

-Nest.--In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than near the

-seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground lined with grasses

-and usually concealed in a bunch of grass. Three to four eggs of a

-grayish white marked with shades of brown and lilac (1.30 x .90).

-

-

-                            LEAST SANDPIPER.

-               242.     Pisobia minutilla.     6 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are the same in

-color and markings as the preceding. Found more on the seashore. Nesting

-habits and eggs are the same as the two above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.

-           243a.     Pelidna alpina sakhalina.     8 inches.

-

-Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer, with the upper

-parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with black; belly black; head,

-throat, breast and sides strongly streaked with black.

-

-In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with the breast

-washed with grayish and slightly streaked with dusky. These small birds

-are found in large flocks both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during

-migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight is very rapid and

-performed in compact flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.

-

-Nest.--Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the earth being

-lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or four eggs with a

-greenish or brownish buff color, heavily spotted and blotched with shades

-of brown and chestnut (1.40 x 1.00).

-

-

-                          SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.

-             245.     Eurynorhynchus pygmeus.     7 inches.

-

-A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is a very

-peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and flattened into a

-sort of spoon shape.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SANDERLING.

-               248.     Calidris leucophæa.     8 inches.

-

-These are a handsome and abundant species, found during migrations by

-thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest of the shore birds,

-feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often under the combing crest of

-the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to

-foam on the beach. They are usually very shy, and will not allow a close

-approach. Toes are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer,

-variegated above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain

-grayish above and white below.

-

-Nest.--The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and blotched with

-brown, are laid in nests that differ but little from others of this

-family (1.45 x .90).

-

-Range.--Found in all parts of North America, breeding within the Arctic

-Circle, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           WESTERN SANDPIPER.

-              247.     Ereunetes mauri.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Their appearance is very similar to the Least Sandpiper, but they are

-slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed. Their nesting habits

-are the same, and eggs are very much alike.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MARBLED GODWIT.

-                 249.     Limosa fedoa.     19 inches.

-

-These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the

-interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like large Plovers, with

-long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings and tail rufous barred with

-black; rump white.

-

-Nest.--Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there is no lining

-to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted about the depression.

-Three or four eggs with a ground color of grayish buff, sometimes quite

-dark, are blotched with dark brown (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-

-                          GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

-             254.     Totanus melanoleucus.     14 inches.

-

-Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray margined with

-white; rump white; tail barred black and white; primaries black; bill

-long and rather slender; legs long and yellow.

-

-Nest.--The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with very little

-attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish white, heavily

-blotched with shades of brown and lilac (1.65 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the British Provinces.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

-       256a.     Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus.     9 inches.

-

-A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and white below.

-These are almost always met with in pairs or singly, and are very rarely

-seen even in small flocks. They prefer small ponds or streams in wet

-woods or open meadows, rather than marshes, which are frequented by other

-species. As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.

-

-Nest.--Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near some small

-piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with very little lining of

-grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored, spotted with dark shades of

-brown (1.30 x 1.00).

-

-

-                            WESTERN WILLET.

-     258a.     Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus.     16 inches.

-

-These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon and

-northern California, and are quite abundant in many localities. Upper

-parts a brownish gray, specked with black; under parts lighter gray, with

-lighter streaks of darker gray. Primaries white at the base and black on

-the outer end.

-

-Nest.--Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass just barely

-out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs; buff blotched with umber

-(2.00 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WANDERING TATTLER.

-             259.     Heteractitis incanus.     11 inches.

-

-This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white below, closely

-barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming broken on the throat,

-forming spots. In winter the under parts and throat are white. During the

-breeding season it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building

-its nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.

-

-

-                  UPLAND PLOVER--BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

-             261.     Bartramia longicauda.     12 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being found near the

-water, their food consisting more of insects and worms than is usual with

-others of the Plover or Sandpiper families. They are quite shy, and are

-one of the birds much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black,

-with feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.

-Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked with black; under

-parts white.

-

-Nest.--Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows of the

-ground, lined with grass. They are frequently made and eggs deposited in

-good mowing fields just about the time for cutting the grass, and many

-nests are destroyed at this time.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

-            262.     Tryngites subruficollis.     8 inches.

-

-Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts buff, as

-are also the neck and head; blackish spots on the sides extending up the

-back of the neck and top of the head; primaries black.

-

-Nest.--Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest scantily lined

-with grass, in which three or four eggs, having a grayish white ground

-color, spotted with rich brown and chestnut, are placed.

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson Bay region to

-the Arctic coast. During migration, casual on the Pacific coast, and

-abundant in the interior, to South America.

-

-

-                           SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

-               263.     Actitis macularia.     8 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds, covering the

-whole United States. Its note, "peet-weet," is a familiar sound to every

-bird observer. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tail up

-and down when at rest or when running along the shore, which has given it

-the name of "Teeter-tail" or "Tip-up."

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

-              264.     Numenius americanus.     23 inches.

-

-These birds, "Sickle-bills" as they are often called, are one of the

-largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous when in flight, or

-walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when in

-company with a flock of smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed

-both on the marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of

-insects and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their

-holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in compact

-flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel and circle in perfect

-unison.

-

-Nest.--Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows or on the

-prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish buff color,

-covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 x 1.80).

-

-

-                           HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

-              265.     Numenius hudsonicus.     17 inches.

-

-This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a white stripe

-along the top of the head; is fairly common, winters in California. Three

-or four eggs, same color as above, only smaller (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-               BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER--Family Charadriidæ.

-             270.     Squatarola squatarola.     12 inches.

-

-A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress. The upper parts

-are largely white, with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tail;

-the sides of head, throat, breast and fore under parts are black. This

-species has a small hind toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat

-mottled above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to

-sportsmen, and is known better by the name of "Beetle-head" or

-"Bull-head." They are very numerous in the fall.

-

-Nest.--Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining and placed

-in a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff in color and boldly

-marked with black (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                             GOLDEN PLOVER.

-             272.     Charadrius dominicus.     10 inches.

-

-The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts, and the

-upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow and white. These are

-often found in large flocks with the above, especially in the fall,

-during migration. The habits are also the same.

-

-Nest.--Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the mainland

-and also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               KILLDEER.

-              273.     Oxyechus vociferus.     11 inches.

-

-Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most commonly known of

-the shore birds throughout the United States. They are very noisy,

-continually uttering their note of "Kil-deer--kil-deer," from which they

-take their name. Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line

-across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black to the end,

-the others white at the end. Breast crossed by two bands of black; a

-white forehead, and white streak back of the eye.

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of grass for

-lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with dark brown spots are

-usually placed in the nest with the small ends in the center (1.50 x

-1.10).

-

-

-                          SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.

-             274.     Ægialitis semipalmata.     7 inches.

-

-The "ringed" plover is smaller than the above but one black band across

-the breast; black line from base of bill to eye and up over the top of

-the head. Forehead white. Abundant along the shores.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WILSON PLOVER.

-           280.     Ochthodromus wilsonius.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from the preceding by

-the much heavier bill; it has no black on top of the head and white on

-the forehead extends back behind the eye; the black band across the

-breast is heavier and does not extend around the back of the neck.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed on pebbly "shingle" or back in the marsh grass

-on the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched all over with markings

-of brown and gray (1.40 x 1.05).

-

-Range.--Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and southern California.

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

-               281.     Podasocys montanus.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the western

-prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is more quiet, and seems

-to be less aquatic than any of the Plovers, and is rarely found in the

-vicinity of the water.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are four eggs,

-brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades of brown (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SNOWY PLOVER.

-              278.     Ægialitis nivosa.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest. A small black

-crescent-shaped patch on either side of the breast; a black spot under

-and back of the eye, and one also on top of the head. They are about the

-color of the dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and

-running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown about on the

-beach.

-

-Nest.--A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high water, lined

-with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about the color of the sand

-and it is almost impossible to see them a few feet away. Four eggs, clay

-colored; very lightly marked with fine dots (1.20 x .90).

-

-Range.--Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. Winters from

-California to South America.

-

-

-                      SURF-BIRD--Family Aphrizinæ.

-                282.     Aphriza virgata.     10 inches.

-

-This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from Alaska to South

-America, seems to be the connecting link between the Plovers and

-Turnstones, having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the

-former.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BLACK TURNSTONE.

-             284.     Arenaria melanocephala.     9 inches.

-

-Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and throat black;

-a white spot in front of eye and on forehead; under parts white.

-

-Nest.--In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more northern

-islands, laying their sets of four eggs in hollows with a few grasses for

-lining; the eggs are light gray, marked with various shades of brown and

-lilac (1.60 x 1.10).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower California.

-

-

-                            RUDDY TURNSTONE.

-         283a.     Arenaria interpres morinella.     10 inches.

-

-This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish brown, black and

-white; the under parts are pure white with a wide black band across the

-breast, as in illustration. It has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill,

-which is used, as the name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones

-in their search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as

-"Calico-bird," "Checkered Snipe," etc.

-

-Nest.--About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow in the ground

-near water. Four eggs (1.65 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-               BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER--Family Hæmatopodidæ.

-              287.     Hæmatopus bachmani.     17 inches.

-

-The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish wash on the

-upper parts, and brownish black below. They are found upon the rocky

-coasts and islands more frequently than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs

-are laid upon the rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest

-building; three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and

-blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 x 1.55). Found on the

-Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California to Alaska.

-

-

-                         FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.

-              286.1.     Hæmatopus frazari.     18 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly having the

-colors a little darker on the back. Bill very long, heavy, compressed,

-and thin and chisel-like at the tip. Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color;

-under parts white, and a white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking

-birds, and are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             Order GALLINÆ.

-

-

-                    BOB-WHITE--Family Odontophoridæ.

-              289.     Colinus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-This is one of the most celebrated of the "Game Birds," or best known.

-Throughout New England it has been so persistently hunted that it is

-getting to be a rare bird; it gets to be more common as we go south as

-far as Florida, and through the middle west. It has been introduced in

-many places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts of

-California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely upon insects and

-grain, and about the grain fields is where they are mostly found.

-

-Nest.--These are built along the roadsides or beside stone walls or any

-dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed in the tall grass or

-weeds, and arched over with grass. They lay from ten to twenty pure white

-eggs. Often two broods are reared in a season (1.20 x .95).

-

-

-                           MASKED BOB-WHITE.

-               291.     Colinus ridgwayi.     10 inches.

-

-This handsome species is marked similar to the "Bob-white" on the upper

-parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the under parts are of a

-reddish brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN QUAIL.

-                292.     Oreortyx picta.     11 inches.

-

-This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich coloring.

-Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a rich gray. Throat and

-sides a beautiful shade of chestnut, with wide bands of black and white

-on the sides; breast a clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but

-not as brightly marked and with a shorter crest.

-

-Nest.--These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region of northern

-California, and in Oregon, and gradually increasing more northerly. The

-nest is placed on the ground under bush or grass for protection. Eight to

-fifteen eggs of a pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 x 1.05).

-

-

-                             SCALED QUAIL.

-              293.     Callipepla squamata.     10 inches.

-

-This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The feathers on the

-neck and under parts have narrow dark borders, which give the appearance

-of scales, from which the bird is given its name. They have a small tuft

-of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head.

-

-It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being

-found often many miles from water.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA QUAIL.

-             294.     Lophortyx californica.     10 inches.

-

-With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown and curving

-forward so that the broadened ends hang directly over the bill, this is

-one of the most beautiful of the family. Upper parts a grayish brown,

-with buff stripes along the sides of the back; throat black, bordered

-with white; under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making a

-shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center; breast gray.

-

-Nest.--Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass; ten to twenty

-eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground color, handsomely blotched with

-brown of varying shades (1.20 x .93).

-

-

-                             GAMBEL QUAIL.

-               295.     Lophortyx gambeli.     10 inches.

-

-Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally

-these are carried as one feather, so closely do they nest together, but

-when excited or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers,

-or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and

-sides chestnut, the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly

-black.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.

-           296.     Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi.     9 inches.

-

-These strange birds are very local in their distribution in the

-southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in others. They are

-so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their

-clownish plumage, has given them the name of "Fool Quail." The bill is

-very stout and compressed; crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry

-deserts, valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs, which

-are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty from the

-Bob-white, possibly average a little longer (1.25 x .90).

-

-

-                    DUSKY GROUSE--Family Tetraonidæ.

-             297.     Dendragapus obscurus.     20 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and tail, which is

-margined with a light gray. Female smaller, browner and more barred

-above. Like the Ruffed Grouse, during the mating season, the males of

-this species strut with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown

-back until it nearly touches the tail.

-

-Nest.--They build their nests under fallen trees or at the base of

-standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a buff color, spotted and

-blotched with shades of brown (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            FRANKLIN GROUSE.

-             299.     Canachites franklini.     16 inches.

-

-Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower bands of

-lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip, with the upper tail coverts

-strongly barred with white; tail having sixteen feathers. Like the

-preceding these birds are at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is

-very similar to the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same

-local name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of "Fool-hen."

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching fir trees, and

-from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are brownish buff in color,

-spotted and blotched with rich brown (1.75 x 1.30).

-

-

-                        CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.

-            300a.     Bonasa umbellus togata.     17 inches.

-

-A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being more heavily

-marked with brown. Found in the northern United States and southern

-British Provinces, from Maine and Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British

-Columbia. Eight to fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILLOW PTARMIGAN.

-                301.     Lagopus lagopus.     15 inches.

-

-These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they have many

-changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure white and in summer

-largely reddish brown, mottled and barred with black. This bird has a

-black tail and bill, the latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they

-have a bright red bare spot over the eye.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled with moss,

-lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes a few feathers. They

-lay from six to sixteen eggs, which have a ground color of buff, heavily

-speckled, blotched and marbled with blackish brown (1.75 x 1.25).

-

-

-                            ROCK PTARMIGAN.

-               302.     Lagopus rupestris.     14 inches.

-

-This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill, and in

-summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its nesting habits are the

-same as the others; eggs slightly smaller (1.70 x 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              PRAIRIE HEN.

-            305.     Tympanuchus americanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish above and white

-or buff below, with broad black bands on the back and finer black lines

-on the under parts. In place of the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of

-rounded or square ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright

-orange in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the size

-of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes its familiar

-"booming" noise. They are one of the best "table birds," being of good

-size and excellent flavor.

-

-Nest.--In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of grass; they lay

-from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy ground color, finely sprinkled

-with brown spots (1.70 x 1.25).

-

-

-                        WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.

-               304.     Lagopus leucurus.     13 inches.

-

-Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to

-Alaska. This species differs from any of the preceding in having at all

-seasons of the year a white tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the

-Rock Ptarmigan. From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and

-blotched with chestnut brown (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

-     308a.     Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus.     18 inches.

-

-These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is a little

-more crested than that of the Prairie Hen. The tail has the central

-feathers nearly two inches longer than the others, which are also

-graduated so that the outside ones are much the shortest, and are lighter

-in color than the central ones. It is not barred like the former, but the

-black markings on the back and under parts are more in the form of

-crescents. It is also much lighter in general color.

-

-Nest.--They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of grass and

-contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color, finely dotted all over

-with dark brown (1.70 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--Northwestern United States and British Columbia to central

-Alaska.

-

-

-                         RING-NECKED PHEASANT.

-              ***     Phasianus torquatus.     32 inches.

-

-The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length according to

-the development of the tail, it sometimes being 36 inches long. These

-birds have been introduced in Oregon and Washington, as well as in many

-places in the East, and are becoming very abundant.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SAGE GROUSE.

-           309.     Centrocercus urophasianus.     29 inches.

-

-The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from the male

-only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They are found in abundance

-on the dry sagebrush covered plains about the Rocky Mountains and to the

-westward. In fall and winter their food consists almost entirely of the

-leaves of the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.

-In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the grouse

-family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the sides of the neck which

-they inflate so that the whole neck is a small orange colored balloon, at

-the same time spreading their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest

-extent, and strutting about after the manner of the turkey.

-

-Nest.--Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally, a sagebush or

-some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab

-color, spotted with brown (2.15 x 1.50).

-

-

-                            MERRIAM TURKEY.

-         310.     Meleagris gallopavo merriami.     48 inches.

-

-Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage is a coppery

-bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a dusty color with no white

-edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted with brownish (2.55 x 1.90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 BAND-TAILED PIGEON--Family Columbidæ.

-               312.     Columba fasciata.     16 inches.

-

-This large species may be recognized by the white crescent on the back of

-the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered with black at the end of tail.

-Back, near the neck, brownish shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head

-and neck of iridescent colors, very changeable in different positions.

-They are very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense

-flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are found mostly

-in the oak and pine woods.

-

-Nest.--Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely keep in place

-the single white egg (rarely two) which they lay (1.55 x 1.10).

-

-Range.--The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific, from British

-Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                             MOURNING DOVE.

-        316.     Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.     12 inches.

-

-Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this is the only one to

-be found nearly all over the United States, and is common in the

-southern, central and western parts. Nests are placed at low elevations

-in the trees. Two white eggs (1.15 x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.

-        320a.     Chæmepelia passerina pallescens.     7 inches.

-

-Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of head and under

-parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers tipped with black, giving

-a scaly appearance; back brownish gray, faintly barred; several black

-spots on wing coverts.

-

-Nest.--Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail structure

-either in bushes or on the ground, in which are placed the two white eggs

-(.85 x .65).

-

-Range.--Border of the United States, from Texas and southern California

-southward.

-

-

-                               INCA DOVE.

-                321.     Scardafella inca.     8 inches.

-

-Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the outer feathers

-are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole body of a pinkish gray;

-scaled as is the former. These are very tame, and are to be met with in

-the roads, barnyards, and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits,

-even feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.

-

-Nest.--These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets and

-weeds, and placed near the ground in low bushes; only two white eggs are

-laid (.85 x .65). Not as common as the previous.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 CALIFORNIA VULTURE--Family Cathartidæ.

-            324.     Gymnogyps californianus.     50 inches.

-

-The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten feet, and

-weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is blackish, with lengthened

-lanceolate feathers about the neck. Head and neck without feathers and of

-an orange color. Wing coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds.

-The birds are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more so

-each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed. While the eggs

-are but rarely found, and obtained at great risk, they are not as

-unobtainable as many suppose.

-

-Nest.--They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in caves or

-recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds of feet from the

-ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 x 2.55).

-

-

-                            TURKEY VULTURE.

-        325.     Cathartes aura septentrionalis.     30 inches.

-

-The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head being red. It

-is very common in the southern and central portion of its range, where it

-may be seen about the streets and dooryards picking up any refuse that

-may be edible. It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be

-identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WHITE-TAILED KITE.

-                328.     Elanus leucurus.     16 inches.

-

-This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray mantle, black

-shoulders and white tail. It is a very active and graceful bird, feeding

-upon insects and reptiles, and small birds and mammals.

-

-Nest.--Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed well up in

-oaks or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs are creamy white,

-profusely blotched and spotted with reddish brown (1.65 x 1.25).

-

-

-                           SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.

-             327.     Elanoides forficatus.     24 inches.

-

-This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any other; its whole

-head, neck and under parts are snowy white, while the back, wings and

-tail are a glossy blue black, the tail being long and deeply forked; feet

-short, but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish gray.

-

-Nest.--As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or pines, and

-is made of twigs which it picks from the ground while in flight, lining

-the nest with rootlets and moss; two, or rarely three eggs, bluish white,

-spotted with brown (1.80 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN GOSHAWK.

-        334a.     Astur atricapillus striatulus.     22 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious of the American

-hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and poultry, the latter often in

-the presence of the owner. It is a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and

-as graceful in flight as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray,

-darkest on the crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked

-with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very long.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests, and is

-made of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass; three or four eggs,

-bluish white, usually unmarked (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-

-                              MARSH HAWK.

-               331.     Circus hudsonius.     19 inches.

-

-The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish gray above and

-white beneath. Young birds of the first two years are brown, much lighter

-on the under parts. In both the old and young they have a large white

-patch at the base of the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four

-to seven eggs; white (1.80 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

-                332.     Accipiter velox.     12 inches.

-

-This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and from this

-fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is often seen in woods,

-orchards or even in large cities, in which latter place it does good

-service in catching English sparrows. They also eat a great many mice and

-meadow moles. It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the

-small hawks.

-

-Nest.--It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and leaves placed in

-the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen feet from the ground,

-sometimes higher. Three white eggs, blotched with brown.

-

-

-                              COOPER HAWK.

-               333.     Accipiter cooperi.     16 inches.

-

-The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding and its larger

-size is the only difference. Also like the last this is a very

-destructive species to the small birds and chickens. Their nests are

-placed in taller trees at higher elevation from the ground than the

-former, and built in the same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or

-faintly specked with brown (1.90 x 1.45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              HARRIS HAWK.

-         335.     Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi.     20 inches.

-

-This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts; lighter on

-the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts reddish brown; tail

-coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare space in front of eye, except

-for stiff hair like bristles, yellow, as is also the cere.

-

-Nest.--Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually in low trees. The

-three or four eggs are a dull white in color, faintly specked with a few

-spots of brownish (2.10 x 1.65).

-

-Range.--Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                           WESTERN RED-TAIL.

-            337b.     Buteo borealis calurus.     21 inches.

-

-This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same as the eastern

-form to a sooty color above and below, with the dark red tail crossed by

-several bands, where the eastern bird has only one broad band.

-

-Nest.--Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from the ground

-varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs, white, usually spotted and

-blotched with different shades of brown (2.35 x 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RED-BELLIED HAWK.

-            339b.     Buteo lineatus elegans.     19 inches.

-

-These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered Hawk of the East,

-and in their habits very much resemble the Red-tail; for food they prefer

-the large variety of small rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds.

-The under parts are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be

-found covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast

-west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower California.

-

-Nest.--Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and feathers. They

-lay from two to four eggs of a white color spotted and blotched all over

-with a light shade of brown and lilac (2.15 x 1.75).

-

-

-                           ZONE-TAILED HAWK.

-               340.     Buteo abbreviatus.     19 inches.

-

-This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail, which has three

-wide bands of white and the ends of the tail feathers tipped with white.

-Like others of the Buteo family they feed almost entirely on the small

-rodents, which they find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the

-low brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light chestnut

-(2.15 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SWAINSON HAWK.

-                342.     Buteo swainsoni.     20 inches.

-

-Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations

-from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray above, and white below,

-with breast a rich chestnut color. Their habits are nearly as variable as

-their plumage. In some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others

-upon the ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the low

-open lands covered with sage bush, where their food consists almost

-wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice and grasshoppers, the latter

-being eaten in large numbers.

-

-Nest.--Is made similar to others of the family, laying two to four white

-eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades of brown, usually more

-about the larger end (2.20 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--Western North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean,

-and Hudson Bay to southern California.

-

-

-                            MEXICAN GOSHAWK.

-               346.     Asturina plagiata.     17 inches.

-

-Found in the southern borders of the United States and Mexico. These are

-graceful and active birds, feeding largely on small rodents.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-     347a.     Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.     21  inches.

-

-These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized by

-the completely feathered legs to the feet; in the normal plumage has a

-whitish head, neck, breast and tail, the former being streaked and the

-latter barred with blackish; remainder of upper and under parts, blackish

-brown. Eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or

-less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the light

-plumage.

-

-Nest.--Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with leaves and moss,

-placed in trees or more often on ledges. They lay three or four bluish

-white eggs, boldly blotched with different shades of brown, oftener about

-the larger end (2.25 x 1.75).

-

-

-                     FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-            348.     Archibuteo ferrugineus.     23 inches.

-

-These are very much more of a reddish brown color than the last, on the

-back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer markings. Legs the same,

-feathered to the feet. It is much more abundant than the last and is a

-western bird wholly, breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             GOLDEN EAGLE.

-               349.     Aquila chrysætos.     35 inches.

-

-These may be distinguished from the Bald Eagle in all plumages by the

-completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish brown, adults having the

-lanceolate feathers on the neck of a golden brown color, and the tail

-more or less mixed with white.

-

-Nest.--These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller ones and

-moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair. Their two or three

-eggs are very handsome, being white, speckled and spotted with shades of

-brown, and clouded with gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their

-markings (2.90 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in the Rockies and

-along the Pacific coast ranges.

-

-

-                              BALD EAGLE.

-            352.     Haliætus leucocephalus.     34 inches.

-

-In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always identify them,

-but in the first and second year they are a brownish black, the second

-year showing traces of the white on head and tail. They are found

-throughout the United States. Their food consists largely of fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GRAY GYRFALCON.

-               354.     Falco rusticolus.     23 inches.

-

-These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken in the United

-States even in winter.

-

-Nest.--They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four

-eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and blotches of shades of

-brown.

-

-

-                            PRAIRIE FALCON.

-                355.     Falco mexicanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like the Duck

-Hawk in many ways is one of the most graceful, fearless and swiftest of

-the Falcons. A blackish patch on the sides of the throat; upper parts

-brownish with darker markings; under parts white, streaked with brown,

-much heavier on the flanks. Throat, clear white.

-

-Nest.--Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes in

-trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds and grass; three

-or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly blotched and sprinkled all

-over with reddish brown (2.05 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and Washington south to

-Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents secured on the prairies.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DUCK HAWK.

-           356a.     Falco peregrinus anatum.     17 inches.

-

-A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache, on side of

-the throat from the bill; head and upper parts bluish gray with darker

-markings; under parts white, tinged with huffy on the lower part, and

-lightly barred with black, with the throat pure white. Their food

-consists mostly of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It

-breeds abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota on the

-rocky ledges.

-

-Nest.--They are not home builders as a general thing, but lay their three

-or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks of ledges or cliffs. The eggs

-are a reddish buff color, completely blotched and dotted with reddish

-brown. These are the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the

-Falcon eggs (2.05 x 1.55).

-

-

-                              PIGEON HAWK.

-               357.     Falco columbarius.     12 inches.

-

-A small Falcon, similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk, but a much darker and

-stouter built bird. It is a daring little fellow, and will attack birds

-much larger than itself. It feeds on small birds and mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            APLOMADO FALCON.

-           359.     Falco fusco-coerulescens.     14 inches.

-

-Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico

-and Central America. In habits it is very much the same as the following,

-getting its supply of food, consisting of small birds and insects, on the

-plains covered with the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest

-of twigs, lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four

-eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown (1.75 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          DESERT SPARROW HAWK.

-           360a.     Falco sparverius phalæna.     11 inches.

-

-This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern form being a

-trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for any other species, because of

-their bright color and markings as illustrated. Their flight will almost

-of a certainty identify them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats,

-then a short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers, mice

-and an occasional small bird.

-

-Nest.--Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the woods or open

-field. The eggs are placed on the decayed wood without any lining.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           AUDUBON CARACARA.

-              362.     Polyborus cheriway.     22 inches.

-

-A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts with neck pure

-white, excepting on the lower part, with many short bar-like markings.

-Upper part of head black, with feathers elongated, making a slight crest.

-

-Nest.--Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and grass,

-piled into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes or low trees.

-Two or three eggs; brownish buff, with spots and patches of shades of

-brown nearly covering the under color. They vary very much in the

-coloration and markings from light to dark.

-

-Range.--Southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                      AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.

-         364.     Pandion haliætus carolinensis.     23 inches.

-

-Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known as is this

-bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a

-number of these great birds as they soar at an elevation above the water,

-watching for a fish to come near the surface, when, with folded wings,

-the bird speeds downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his

-prey. Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of different

-shades (2.40 x 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BARN OWL--Family Aluconidæ.

-               365.     Aluco pratincola.     18 inches.

-

-This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a long peculiarly

-hooded face, from which it gets the name of "Monkey-faced Owl." Its

-plumage is yellowish buff, with black spots over the breast and under

-parts.

-

-Nest.--In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows in old trees,

-or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from four to six white

-eggs (1.70 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--North America, but most common in the Gulf States and on the

-western coast.

-

-

-                    LONG-EARED OWL--Family Strigidæ.

-               366.     Asio wilsonianus.     15 inches.

-

-This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is given its

-name; the face is brown, the under parts white and buff, with streaks and

-bars of brownish black; back is brown, with almost black markings; wings

-and tail brown; barred with black.

-

-Nest.--Usually in trees, frequently using a crow's nest instead of

-building for themselves. They are in great disfavor with the crows. They

-lay from four to seven pure white eggs (1.55 x 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            SHORT-EARED OWL.

-                 367.     Asio flammeus.     16 inches.

-

-About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified from it by

-the short ear tufts and rounded head, and also lighter color. It is

-streaked on under parts and not barred. Tail is barred. Their flight is

-perfectly silent, which aids them in securing their prey of field mice

-and moles, which they usually get without stopping in their flight, just

-swooping down, and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little

-sharp claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried

-to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.

-

-Nest.--Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes of

-grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under some log or stump. Four

-to seven pure white eggs (1.55 x 1.25).

-

-

-                              SPOTTED OWL.

-              369.     Strix occidentalis.     20 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and Southern

-States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of the head and neck,

-and much more extensively barred on the under parts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GREAT GRAY OWL.

-              370.     Scotiaptex nebulosa.     27 inches.

-

-This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it is mostly in

-feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They do not weigh nearly as

-much as either the Horned or Snowy Owls. The plumage is dark gray above,

-mottled with white, and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The

-facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while in

-the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much smaller, the eyes

-are larger and are bluish black in color.

-

-Nest.--Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and moss. Two to

-four eggs; pure white (2.15 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota and North

-Dakota, and occasionally in northern California and Oregon.

-

-

-                            RICHARDSON OWL.

-        371.     Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts. Back and wings

-brownish, spotted with white; facial disc very light, with faint gray

-lines, and under parts light gray with brown streaks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAW-WHET OWL.

-              372.     Cryptoglaux acadica.     8 inches.

-

-This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and more of a

-brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They are very quiet little

-birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot see well in the strong

-light, a fact that has allowed them to be captured by hand from their

-roosting places in the trees.

-

-Nest.--They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker, in which to lay

-their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid and the young are hatched and

-out of the nests before the breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the

-same home may be occupied later by another family (1.20 x 1.00).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and British Columbia, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                              SCREECH OWL.

-                373.     Otus asio asio.     10 inches.

-

-These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray with black and

-white markings. It is frequently called the "Little Horned Owl," because

-of its ear tufts. They are easily tamed and become great pets, and about

-a barn are as good as a cat for catching mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.

-                374.     Otus flammeolus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter ear tufts,

-and the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty. The toes are

-unfeathered to the base. The number of eggs and nesting habits are

-practically the same as the preceding, as are also the five or six

-sub-species between this and the last, all of which occur in the

-southwestern part of the United States.

-

-

-                          WESTERN HORNED OWL.

-         375a.     Bubo virginianus pallescens.     22 inches.

-

-These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the family. They

-are powerfully built, and their size and strength allow them to attack

-and secure some of the larger animals, such as skunks, woodchucks,

-rabbits, grouse and poultry. They seem to be especially fond of skunks,

-and more than half of them that are killed will have unmistakable

-evidence of their recent and close association with this animal.

-

-Nest.--Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow cavities of

-large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round (2.20 x 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SNOWY OWL.

-                 376.     Nyctea nyctea.     25 inches.

-

-Like the Horned Owls they are strong, fearless and rapacious birds,

-feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse,

-Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds. They are locally abundant in the

-far north, preferring low marshy land to the more heavily timbered

-districts.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the dry portions of

-marshes, made of moss with a few feathers. Three to eight eggs, pure

-white, and the shell very smooth (2.25 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter casually as far

-south as California.

-

-

-                               HAWK OWL.

-            377a.     Surnia ulula caparoch.     15 inches.

-

-This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily be taken for

-a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance, and long rounded tail. They

-are very active birds especially in the day time, and they do most of

-their hunting in daylight rather than at night. Their food consists of

-small rodents and many small birds.

-

-Nest.--In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight white eggs (1.50

-x 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BURROWING OWL.

-         378.     Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa.     10 inches.

-

-These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any

-other American Owls. Easily identified by their long, slender and

-scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above, spotted with white, and

-under parts are white spotted with brown. Tail dark brown, with five

-white bars across it. They are an abundant and useful species west of the

-Mississippi. They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,

-and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by force, for

-they are more than a match for these curious animals.

-

-Nest.--Generally in quite large communities in burrows in the ground,

-usually lining them with grass and feathers. They may often be seen

-sitting at the opening of their burrows during the day time. Six to ten

-white eggs are laid (1.25 x 1.00).

-

-

-                               PYGMY OWL.

-                379.     Glaucidium gnoma.     7 inches.

-

-These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky Mountains,

-westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed in the day time upon

-insects, mice and occasionally small birds. They are to be seen in the

-wooded districts. Nest in holes of trees. Four eggs (1.00 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.

-             380.     Glaucidium phalænoides.     7 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more rufous on the

-upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut color crossed by

-several bands of black. They live largely on the small rodents and birds

-which they secure during the daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of

-trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white

-eggs (1.10 x .90).

-

-

-                                ELF OWL.

-              381.     Micropallas whitneyi.     6 inches.

-

-This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in America. In

-plumage it may be described as being very like a small Screech Owl,

-without the ear tufts, only with the pattern of the markings much finer.

-They are quite abundant in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where

-they build their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more

-frequently in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in being a

-bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed almost

-exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field mouse. They lay from

-three to five white eggs, having a slight gloss (1.02 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                THICK-BILLED PARROT--Family Psittacidæ.

-         382.1.     Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.     16 inches.

-

-A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders of the United

-States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and the plumage is entirely

-green, except for the deep red forehead and wings at the shoulder;

-under-coverts of wings yellowish. Their eggs are white and laid in

-natural cavities of trees in the deep forests.

-

-

-                            Order--COCCYGES.

-

-

-                              ROADRUNNER.

-            385.     Geococcyx californicus.     22 inches.

-

-This curious species is known as the "Chaparral Cock," "Ground Cuckoo,"

-"Snake Killer," etc. Its upper parts are a glossy greenish brown, each

-feather being edged or fringed with white. The tail is very long, broad

-and graduated, the central feathers being much the longest; the feathers

-being tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of foot,

-getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided by their

-outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as aeroplanes. Their legs

-are long, and they have two toes in front and two back. Their food

-consists of caterpillars, lizards and small snakes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

-       387a.     Coccyzus americanus occidentalis.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being a little

-larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished by its blackish,

-long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow under-bill. Reddish brown

-patch on the wings.

-

-Nest.--Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with grass, or

-shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally very shabbily built

-and so nearly flat on top that the eggs will frequently roll out. They

-are located near the ground in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs

-are deposited at intervals of several days, and frequently young birds

-and eggs are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this

-bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time, and as many as

-twelve have been taken from the same nest by this means. Eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN--Family Trogonidæ.

-                389.     Trogon ambiguus.     12 inches.

-

-This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds that reaches

-our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually in Woodpecker holes.

-Three or four white eggs (1.10 x .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 BELTED KINGFISHER--Family Alcedinidæ.

-                 390.     Ceryle alcyon.     13 inches.

-

-The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost all

-localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where small fish are

-common, throughout North America. Their food consists almost entirely of

-small fish, which they catch by plunging upon from high in the air, where

-they will hover over the water similar to the Osprey, or they will spend

-their time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is seen,

-drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to the limb to be

-eaten.

-

-Nest.--Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out of the sand

-banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes extending back from

-six to eight feet, usually with a little rise in the tunnel for the

-purpose of keeping it dry. They lay from five to eight glossy white eggs

-(1.35 x 1.05).

-

-

-                           RINGED KINGFISHER.

-             390.1.     Ceryle torquata.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on the most

-southern borders of the United States. Eggs white (1.45 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        Order PICI--WOODPECKERS.

-

-

-                   HARRIS WOODPECKER--Family Picidæ.

-          393c.     Dryobates villosus harrisi.     10 inches.

-

-This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives and for

-coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this and the

-sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified as being

-different. Four pure white eggs are placed at the bottom of some cavity,

-in tall trees usually (.95 x .70).

-

-

-                          CABANIS WOODPECKER.

-        393d.     Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.     10 inches.

-

-Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                    ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

-       393e.     Dryobates villosus monticola.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

-         394a.     Dryobates pubescens gairdneri.     7 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring, as

-illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about the dwellings

-in country places, and even in the larger cities about the parks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           TEXAS WOODPECKER.

-         396.     Dryobates scalaris bairdi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is brownish white below, has the back barred with black and

-white, on account of which it is often known as the "Ladder-back

-Woodpecker." The male has the whole crown red, shading into mixed black

-and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and eggs are the same as the

-previous species.

-

-

-                          NUTTALL WOODPECKER.

-               397.     Dryobates nuttalli.     7 inches.

-

-Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a crown of black and a

-small red patch on the back of nape. Outer tail feathers nearly all

-white, while in the former they are barred with black and white. They are

-pugnacious little birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers

-from their locality.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing trees at no

-great elevation from the ground. Four pure white eggs are laid at the

-bottom of the cavity, on the decayed wood (.85 x .65). Their food is

-gathered from under the bark, consisting of larvæ, ants and small

-insects.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ARIZONA WOODPECKER.

-               398.     Dryobates arizonæ.     8 inches.

-

-This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the others of the

-Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish above and a grayish white

-below, with black spots. The male having a crescent shaped patch of red

-on the back of the head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common

-at the higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.

-

-Nest.--Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned, nesting in

-holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                        WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-             399.     Xenopicus albolarvatus.     9 inches.

-

-This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the white head

-and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also has on the male a

-small red spot on the back of the neck. They are said to be more silent

-than other members of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar

-tapping and never the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling

-the bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole. They

-nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer near the ground

-(20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They lay from four to six glossy

-white eggs (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-             400.     Picoides arcticus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-As implied by the name, members of this genus have but three toes, two in

-front and one behind. The plumage of this species is entirely black

-above, and whitish below, with the flanks barred with blackish. The male

-has a yellow patch on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous

-forests in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four or

-five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 x .70). They do more

-boring for their insect food, and, during mating season, are very

-persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.

-

-

-                    AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-              401.     Picoides americanus.     9 inches.

-

-The greatest difference between this bird and the last is on the back, it

-having several narrow bars of white near the neck or a patch of white in

-place of the bars. Breeding habits are the same.

-

-

-                     ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-         401a.     Picoides americanus fasciatus.     9 inches.

-

-In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of white on the

-back possibly a little larger. Habits just the same (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.

-             402.     Sphyrapicus varius.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they may be

-identified easily by the red crown and throat (female having white on the

-throat), each bordered by black, forming a wide breast band, with a band

-of white, black and white back of it. The under parts yellow. This

-species and the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that

-is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While they without

-doubt will take some of the sap from trees, their food consists more of

-insect life, ants in particular.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to seven glossy white

-eggs (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

-             403.     Sphyrapicus ruber.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The entire head,

-neck and breast of this species is red, of varying shades in different

-individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet. The remainder of their

-plumage is similar to the above. Nesting habits the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.

-             404.     Sphyrapicus thyroideus.     9 inches.

-

-A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked bird is found. The

-male is mostly black on the back and breast, with a white rump, and with

-only a narrow patch of red on the throat; the under parts are bright

-yellow. The female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the

-black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back is barred

-with black and white.

-

-Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family previously

-mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 x .67).

-

-

-                     NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

-       405a.     Phloeotomus pileatus albieticola.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers; they are a

-sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the crest is long and bright

-red, and the male has a red line back of the eye; sides of the neck pure

-white, and patch of white on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black

-color than the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many

-localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually driven

-farther north or into the mountain regions, where they can find the heavy

-timber in which they make their homes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-         406.     Melanerpes erythrocephalus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers. It has

-a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy blue-black on the back and

-tail, white rump, under parts and secondaries. It is more abundant in the

-east and middle United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and

-Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph poles or will

-even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or house in some

-localities. They are the most pugnacious of the woodpeckers, and often

-are seen chasing one another or driving away some other bird. They feed

-also upon ants, larvæ of insects, and small fruits and berries.

-

-They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 x .75).

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.

-      407a.     Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California and Oregon. With

-its red cap and white forehead, and back or upper parts black tinged with

-green, a solid black band across the breast, white under parts and rump,

-and, above all, their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs,

-food, same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great

-numbers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LEWIS WOODPECKER.

-             408.     Asyndesmus lewisi.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under parts streaked

-with crimson and white, a gray breast, and upper parts a glossy greenish

-black. They are more common in the mountain ranges among the tall pines

-from the eastern Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in

-the trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns, which

-they gather and store away for future use. Four to eight eggs are pure

-white (1.05 x .80).

-

-

-                        RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.

-             409.     Centurus carolinus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to central Texas. It

-is an attractive bird, frequently called the "Zebra Woodpecker," on

-account of the black and white markings on the back, wings and tail.

-Nests in live trees; three to five white eggs (1.00 x .75). Not

-illustrated.

-

-

-                            GILA WOODPECKER.

-            411.     Centurus uropygialis.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-This is also one of the "Zebra Woodpeckers" to be found in Arizona and

-the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference for nesting site

-is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.

-            413.     Colaptes cafer collaris.     13 inches.

-

-These birds are not inclined to search for their food among the trees as

-are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be found on the ground on the

-edges of the woods or in open fields, where they secure ants as their

-principal article of food. The top of the head is brownish instead of

-gray, and the under parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish

-orange and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has a bright

-red streak from the bill extending back and below the eye, the female

-does not have this. The throat is a gray, with a black crescent on the

-breast, under parts light gray with numerous black spots, rump is white

-and tail is mostly black above.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any locality where

-they make or find a suitable hole.

-

-Four to eight white eggs (1.10 x .90).

-

-

-                            GILDED FLICKER.

-              414.     Colaptes chrysoides.     13 inches.

-

-Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and tail yellow.

-Found only in southern California and Arizona southward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-             STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL--Family Caprimulgidæ.

-      417a.     Antrostomus vociferus macromystax.     10 inches.

-

-One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen, and in their

-habits they are very secluded, keeping in the dark woods the greater part

-of the time, rarely leaving its place of concealment before dark. In

-pursuit of insects, they are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage

-giving forth no sound, as their wings cleave the air.

-

-Nest.--Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense woods. Their

-two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very faintly marbled or marked

-with pale brown and gray. These birds are only found in southern Arizona,

-Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                               POOR-WILL.

-             418.     Phalænoptilus nuttalli.     8 inches.

-

-The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage mottled

-black, white and gray, beautifully blended together. To be found west of

-the Mississippi from British Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a

-pure white (1.00 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

-        420a.     Chordeiles virginianus henryi.     10 inches.

-

-The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills by its forked

-tail in place of the rounded tail of the "Poor-wills." It also has a

-white band near the end of the tail, and across the primaries, the latter

-making a very conspicuous mark when in flight.

-

-Nest.--They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge with no attempt

-at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish white color, marbled,

-blotched and spotted with darker shades of gray and brown (1.20 x .95).

-Found from the plains to the Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                           SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.

-       420c.     Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.     10 inches.

-

-A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits the same.

-

-

-                            TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.

-        421.     Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.     10 inches.

-

-The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled with a

-reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very abundant in

-Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   BLACK SWIFT.--Family Micropodidæ.

-           422.     Cypseloides niger borealis.     7 inches.

-

-The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat lighter on the

-under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does not have the spines

-which are usual with this family. Although the general habits of this

-species are well known, but little is known of their nesting; they are

-seen during the breeding season about the higher ranges of their United

-States range, and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high

-altitudes.

-

-

-                              VAUX SWIFT.

-               424.     Chætura vauxi.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is much paler

-in color and white on the under parts and throat. Their habits are much

-like the last, only that they make use of hollow trees in which to place

-their nests, which are made of twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous

-saliva of the birds, forming a very shallow platform in which they

-deposit three or four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the

-time during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at play

-in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk returning to

-their nesting places.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

-          425.     Aeronautes melanoleucus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of this family.

-Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in thousands about the tops

-of inaccessible cliffs, where in small burrows in the earth or under the

-sods, or in crevices they build their nests, which are generally made of

-roots and grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs

-are laid (.85 x .50).

-

-Range.--Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains, and in

-California ranges north to Canada borders.

-

-

-                RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.--Family Trochilidæ.

-                426.     Eugenes fulgens.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the crown a

-violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant green. Upper

-parts a bronze green, the under parts almost a black. Female lacks all

-the brilliant colors of the male. Upper parts dull green, under parts

-greenish gray, top of head brownish with a small white spot back of the

-eye. This species saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its

-favorite tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty

-to thirty feet from the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

-             427.     Cyanolæmus clemenciae.     5 inches.

-

-This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the name

-implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a streak of white

-extending from the bill to back of the eye, the upper parts of a uniform

-greenish color, under parts are a greenish gray. Tail dark with outer

-tail feathers broadly tipped with white.

-

-Nest.--Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations, at

-times very near the ground. They are to be found only in Arizona and the

-southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                       BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.

-           429.     Archilochus alexandri.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-This is similar in size and appearance to the "Ruby-Throat," but has the

-chin and upper throat black, the rest of the throat being violet or

-amethyst, as seen in different lights. It is a very common bird in the

-southern part of its range. It nests low, rarely above ten feet from the

-ground. Nest made of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles

-a small piece of sponge.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                 430.     Calypte costæ.     3 inches.

-

-A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the lengthened

-feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most brilliant violet or

-amethyst, back and rump of a greenish bronze color, under parts whitish

-with a green cast on the sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the

-male on the head and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the ground,

-seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant down, with shreds of

-weeds, bark and lichens worked into the outside portion, and lined with a

-few soft feathers. Two pure white eggs (.48 x .32).

-

-

-                           ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                  431.     Calypte anna.     3 inches.

-

-This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying greatly in the

-colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of the neck are a beautiful

-iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts are the usual metallic green, under

-parts light gray, with sides greenish. Tail is more forked and has no

-brown or white like the former. They are very abundant in their

-restricted range, and frequently raise two broods in a season.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

-            432.     Selasphorus platycercus.     4 inches.

-

-The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic green. They do

-not have the elongated feathers on the throat and no ruff. Under parts

-dull white, shading into light green on the sides, the throat is a bright

-lilac. They are very abundant in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest

-much as does the "Ruby-Throat" in the east.

-

-

-                          RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-             433.     Selasphorus rufus.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown and with a

-throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened into a ruff on the

-sides of the neck. Their nests are made of vegetable fibers covered with

-lichens and cobwebs, and placed near the ground on vines or low-hanging

-bushes. Two white eggs.

-

-

-                          ALLEN'S HUMMINGBIRD.

-             434.     Selasphorus alleni.     3-1/4 inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish and the tail

-being a reddish brown. They are found on the Pacific Coast from British

-Columbia southward, breeding most abundantly in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

-               436.     Stellula calliope.     3 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers. It is

-greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward the tail, the end of

-which is a light brown. The throat is a rich violet, showing white at the

-base of the feathers. They are found from British Columbia southward and

-from the Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California and

-Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations, from high up

-in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in low bushes. They are made

-of plant down and shreds of bark and lichens, breeding high up on the

-mountains.

-

-

-                          LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-             437.     Calothorax lucifer.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but is quite

-common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple, with feathers

-elongated on the sides.

-

-

-                          RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-                438.     Amizilis tzacatl.     4 inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts a dark bluish

-green, tail and rump light brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

-       439.     Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota.     4 inches.

-

-These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts are of a

-pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts metallic green.

-Breeds in low bushes near the ground.

-

-

-                          XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-               440.     Basilinna xantusi.     4 inches.

-

-Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very much as does

-the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                        WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.

-            440.1.     Basilinna leucotis.     3-1/4 inches.

-

-These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on the breast,

-the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent blue, and a

-white line extends back from the eye. Found in the southern parts of

-Arizona and Texas into Central America. Nesting habits same as above.

-

-

-                        BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

-            441.     Cyanthus latirostris.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being brighter on

-the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in the southern borders

-of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in the lower lands and near the

-ground. Nests similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      KINGBIRD.--Family Tyrannidæ.

-             444.     Tyrannus tyrannus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence about

-farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy birds, ready for a quarrel at

-any time and usually come off victorious in whatever they undertake. They

-seem to delight in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to

-alight on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only on the

-eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they are very common.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or woods.

-Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding. Their nests

-are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber from vines and lined with

-the down from catkins and horsehair. Three to five creamy white eggs,

-mottled and streaked with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 x .70).

-

-

-                           ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

-              447.     Tyrannus verticalis.     9 inches.

-

-A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright yellow breast

-and under parts. Its habits are much the same as the above in its home

-building or in trying to find a neighbor to quarrel with. The eggs are

-the same in size and color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN KINGBIRD.

-              448.     Tyrannus vociferans.     9 inches.

-

-These birds are very much like the last, except that the throat and

-breast are darker.

-

-

-                           DERBY FLYCATCHER.

-      449.     Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family. With its

-bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border and this by white and

-another band of black, with the under parts a bright yellow makes him one

-of the most attractive. They are found, though, only on the southern

-borders of Texas into Central America. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

-           451.     Myiodynastes luteiventris.     8 inches.

-

-Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the mountains of

-Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish streaked with black, the

-tail a dull reddish brown, and the under parts yellow, streaked on the

-sides with dusky; a white throat patch, bordered with black; the crown

-with a concealed yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white

-stripe over the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree,

-and lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched with

-brown and lavender (1.05 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-               452.     Myiarchus crinitus.     9 inches.

-

-This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down through

-Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it being made of twigs,

-weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of snake skin. They lay from four

-to six eggs of a buff color scratched and spotted with rich shades of

-brown and lavender (.85 x .65). (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-        453.     Myiarchus magister magister.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and the under

-parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the same as above even to

-including the piece of snakeskin, or in place of it part of a lizard skin

-will answer their purpose.

-

-

-                        ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

-           454.     Myiarchus cinerascens.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as well as in

-actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the under parts, breast

-and throat are almost white. They build their nests in the giant cactus

-or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity with roots and grass or bits of

-rubbish of almost any kind, and generally include the piece of snake skin

-as do the ones above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SAY PHOEBE.

-                 457.     Sayornis sayus.     8 inches.

-

-The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the heavy

-beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the timbers are

-falling down, and place its nest in some dark corner, building it of mud,

-moss and grasses lined with feathers, or in some localities the nests may

-be placed in the crevice of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or

-five white eggs, rarely dotted with brown.

-

-It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under parts

-showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding from the Arctic

-to Lower California.

-

-

-                             BLACK PHOEBE.

-               458.     Sayornis nigricans.     7 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost black on the

-head and back with white under parts. Their habits are very much the same

-as above, frequenting old buildings in villages where a stream is near

-by, or in localities where insect life abounds. Their nest is made the

-same as above, and eggs are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

-           459.     Nuttallornis borealis.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the country, especially

-in the central portions, they are very rare. In the western range, they

-may be found from Alaska to southern California; for breeding places they

-seem to prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,

-mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well up in the

-trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together, and lined with small

-roots and moss. The three or four creamy white eggs are spotted with

-brown and lilac, forming about the larger end (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

-           462.     Myiochanes richardsoni.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits. To be found

-breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their nests are placed on

-horizontal branches, made of plant down, grass and fibers; very compact,

-and much resembling a knot on the branch. Three or four white eggs with

-small spots about the larger end (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

-              464.     Empidonax difficilis.     6 inches.

-

-Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow cast on the under

-parts; it may be found breeding from Alaska to southern California. Its

-favorite nesting place is along some stream, bordered with willows or

-alders, and the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground; it

-is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                           TRAILL FLYCATCHER.

-               466.     Empidonax trailli.     6 inches.

-

-Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head; under parts

-white, and also a white ring about the eye; two wing-bars a pale buff

-color, and the breast a light gray. They seem to prefer much the same

-localities for their nesting site as do the "Western."

-

-Nest.--Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering brooks

-or ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined with the down, and sometimes

-horsehair; three or four creamy white eggs are marked with blotches of

-brown about the larger end (.70 x .54).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.

-             468.     Empidonax hammondi.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-A western form of the "Least Flycatcher" of the east, differing but very

-little in appearance or habits from its eastern relative. Upper parts an

-olive gray color, with the breast the same, but a little lighter. Their

-nesting place is usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some

-horizontal branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact

-structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs. Three to five

-pale creamy white eggs (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                           WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.

-               469.     Empidonax wrighti.     6 inches.

-

-Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much more abundant

-than the last, and are found from Oregon to Mexico, where they breed more

-in open woods and thickets. Their nests and eggs are practically the same

-in every way.

-

-

-                            GRAY FLYCATCHER.

-            469.1.     Empidonax griseus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and lighter below. It

-is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern California. No record of

-its nesting habits or eggs can be given.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

-         470a.     Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus.     5 inches.

-

-This small variety is not at all common in any locality, but is found in

-Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to southern California. It is

-brownish gray above and of a buff color below. The nests are placed

-similar to the preceding, but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the

-same, being a trifle larger.

-

-

-                         VERMILION FLYCATCHER.

-         471.     Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher family, as

-shown in the illustration. The female is almost of an entirely light gray

-color, barely tinged with pink on the under parts. They are very common

-in southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-Nest.--This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally of twigs and

-plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers, and frequently covered

-with lichens, held in place by a winding of cobwebs; three or four buff

-eggs, boldly blotched with brown and lavender (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                         BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.

-              472.     Camptostoma imberbe.     5 inches.

-

-A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  PALLID HORNED LARK--Family Alaudidæ.

-       474a.     Otocoris alpestris arcticola.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white, with no trace

-of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and curve upwards. Found in

-Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          DESERT HORNED LARK.

-         474c.     Otocoris alpestris leucolæma.     8 inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern California,

-Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our handsome winter birds, with

-horn-like tufts of black on either side of the head; forehead, patch

-under the eye and band on the breast black; yellow throat, and white

-under parts; upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four

-eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in their nest of

-grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually concealed under a tuft of

-grass (.92 x .65).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.

-           474e.     Otocoris alpestris actia.     8 inches.

-

-Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.

-

-

-                           RUDDY HORNED LARK.

-           474f.     Otocoris alpestris rubea.     8 inches.

-

-The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      Family CORVIDÆ--CROWS, JAYS

-

-

-                            AMERICAN MAGPIE.

-              475.     Pica pica hudsonia.     20 inches.

-

-Like the "Blue Jays," the Magpies are great talkers, and are usually

-found in colonies where they can carry on conversation in their own way

-with each other. They are a large handsome bird, with pure white under

-parts and wing coverts, and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a

-bronzy black, with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated.

-They are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their food

-consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life, and the eggs

-and young of small birds.

-

-Nest.--Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation, composed of

-sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the side; the inside of the

-nest is lined with finer materials, grass and plant fiber. Four to eight

-grayish white eggs, spotted with brown and drab (1.25 x .90).

-

-

-                              STELLER JAY.

-              478.     Cyanocitta stelleri.     13 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska south to central California. Nests are quite bulky;

-three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.25 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WOODHOUSE JAY.

-             480.     Aphelocoma woodhousei.     12 inches.

-

-These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the Rockies and the

-Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees or bushes at low elevations and

-usually near some stream. They have the crown and forehead bluish, and

-the under parts are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast.

-Their food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.

-

-Nest.--This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged, with smaller

-twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs, of a pale green, faintly

-spotted with shades of brown (1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA JAY.

-            481.     Aphelocoma californica.     12 inches.

-

-These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific coast of California,

-Oregon and Washington. They are more tame or fearless than most of the

-family, and frequent the trees about houses, and are given the bad name

-of robbing the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color

-these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish below, and

-gray above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARIZONA JAY.

-          482.     Aphelocoma sieberi arizonæ.     13 inches.

-

-A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The upper parts are a

-bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray on the head; under parts are a

-pale gray. They are a very sociable bird during the breeding season, and

-often several pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing

-their nests at low elevations.

-

-Nest.--Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs are more of a

-bluish color, without markings (1.20 x .85).

-

-

-                          ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.

-       484a.     Perisoreus canadensis capitalis.     12 inches.

-

-This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the east, with the

-exception of having more white on the head, and only a small space on the

-back of the neck. He is the same "old coon" as the eastern bird about

-camps, and is rightfully called "Camp Robber." Their nesting habits are

-the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and blotched with

-brown, of varying shades (1.15 x .80).

-

-

-                              OREGON JAY.

-              485.     Perisoreus obscurus.     11 inches.

-

-Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head, forehead white.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            AMERICAN RAVEN.

-             486.     Corvus corax sinuatus.     24 inches.

-

-This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the Rockies

-from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a bluish black, with

-lengthened and stiffened feathers on the neck. Their general habits are

-much the same as the Crow. Their food consists principally of carrion,

-fish, and eggs and young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs

-in almost inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which

-they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown and drab (1.95 x 1.25).

-

-

-                          WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.

-              487.     Corvus cryptoleucus.     21 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the neck feathers

-white. It is a more southern variety, and is found in Arizona and on the

-Mexican borders. They build at low elevations, making their nests of

-sticks and twigs. Four pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 x

-1.20).

-

-

-                           NORTHWESTERN CROW.

-                489.     Corvus caurinus.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts of Oregon to

-Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CLARKE NUTCRACKER,

-             491.     Nucifraga columbiana.     12 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of western North America, from Mexico to Alaska.

-In habits they much resemble the Crow or some of the Jays. Their food

-consisting largely of seeds from the pine cones, insects of many

-varieties, larvæ and berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher

-mountain ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of food.

-Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where they build their

-nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds, strips of bark and plant

-fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest in which they lay from three to

-five greenish gray eggs, spotted over the whole surface with brown and

-lavender (1.30 x .90).

-

-

-                               PINON JAY.

-          492.     Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus.     11 inches.

-

-To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west, and from British

-Columbia to southern California. They are very sociable birds, keeping in

-colonies, and always have much to talk about among themselves; after the

-breeding season they may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish

-gray eggs, are spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 x .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BOBOLINK--Family Icteridæ.

-             494.     Dolichonyx oryzivorus.     7 inches.

-

-This bird is found over most of North America from the southern parts of

-Canada south, and has been gradually extending westward as far as

-California. During mating season it is hard to find any other bird so

-completely filled with music as are these birds. They are also quite

-sociable birds, and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the

-same piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet, wild

-music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the ground; it is

-lined with grass and frequently so covered as to be almost arched over to

-conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs of a grayish white, thickly blotched

-and spotted with brown of different shades and lilac, generally covered

-with ground color on the larger end (.84 x .62).

-

-

-                                COWBIRD.

-               495.     Molothrus ater.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-It is to be found throughout the United States and the southern portion

-of Canada. They are the only birds which we have that neither make a nest

-of their own nor care for their young. They will deposit a single egg

-(sometimes two) in the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller

-variety.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BRONZED COWBIRD.

-                496a.     Tangavius æneus.     7 inches.

-

-The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found in Arizona and

-Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-EYED COWBIRD.

-        496.     Tangavius æneus involucratus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy reflections. They

-are abundant in southern Texas, and in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

-         497.     Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and breast; body

-black, with a white patch on the wing. They are a western bird, being

-found from the central United States to California. They breed abundantly

-in suitable marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of

-strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes only a

-few inches above the water. The four to six grayish white eggs are

-spotted with shades of brown and gray (1.00 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

-              498.     Agelaius phoeniceus.     9 inches.

-

-An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part of the Rockies.

-Very common in many parts of the east, where it builds much the same as

-does the previous, laying four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted,

-blotched and scratched with shades of brown (1.00 x .70).

-

-

-                       SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.

-        498a.     Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis.     9 inches.

-

-Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white on the wing. In

-southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BICOLORED RED-WING.

-      499.     Agelaius gubernator californicus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The male of this species do not have the light margins to the red on the

-shoulders, as do the others. They are found on the Pacific coast from

-Washington to southern California. Eggs and nests the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TRICOLORED RED-WING.

-               500.     Agelaius tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the buff color on

-the preceding is white on this bird. They are restricted to a small

-range, the Pacific coast of California and Oregon, and are not nearly as

-common as the eastern variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                          WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

-              501.1.     Sturnella neglecta.     9 inches.

-

-This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In habits it is the

-same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated from the eastern. There

-seems to be one great distinguishing quality between the two, and that is

-in their song or notes. The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing

-was in Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink, but on

-seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was a new song, sung by

-our eastern Meadowlark in appearance. They feed on insect life, beetles,

-etc. They lay from four to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10

-x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SCOTT ORIOLE.

-               504.     Icterus parisorum.     8 inches.

-

-This is not a common species in any part of its range, from southern

-California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely marked bird, with

-its clear black and yellow. They build a hanging nest, usually suspended

-from the under sides of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small

-branches of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and

-blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                            SENNETT ORIOLE.

-        505.     Icterus cucullatus sennetti.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and tail being

-black, the wings with two white bars. Found in Texas and south into

-Mexico. Nests are made of hanging moss (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.

-        505a.     Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found common in

-Arizona, New Mexico and southern California. Its favorite nesting place

-seems to be a bunch of Spanish moss, looping up the ends and weaving it

-closely together, and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried

-grasses and yucca fibers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BULLOCK ORIOLE.

-              508.     Icterus bullocki.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the Baltimore

-Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies. They build a hanging nest, and in the southern part of their

-range use the Spanish moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest,

-lining the opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four

-white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 x .62). These

-birds are of great benefit to the small fruit growers in eating the many

-injurious insects.

-

-

-                            RUSTY BLACKBIRD.

-               509.     Euphagus carolinus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies, and straying into southern California to the Gulf of Mexico.

-Breeds along the northern borders of the United States, northwest to

-Alaska. The female is very much lighter than the male, and of a brownish

-drab color. They build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass,

-lined with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes or trees

-only a few feet from the ground. Three to five eggs, pale bluish green,

-blotched and spotted with brown (.96 x .71).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BREWER BLACKBIRD.

-            510.     Euphagus cyanocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-Found throughout western North America, breeding from Alaska to southern

-California. They differ from the preceding in having a purplish

-reflection on the head and upper parts, and greenish black body. They

-nest abundantly throughout their range, either in bushes or trees at low

-elevations, or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots and

-grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are laid, which are

-very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted and blotched all over

-thickly with brown of different shades (1.00 x .75).

-

-

-                       WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.

-        514a.     Hesperiphona vespertina montana.     8 inches.

-

-Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia to central

-California. They build in the evergreen trees upon the mountain side or

-along some stream in the willows; they are always frail structures made

-up of a few loosely put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale

-greenish eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement

-(.90 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.

-        515b.     Pinicola enucleator californica.     8 inches.

-

-These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have, and can be

-approached to within a few feet. The male is a bright red above and an

-ashy gray below, having much less of the red than his eastern relative.

-The female is a dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head

-and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and are found

-about the snow lines on the mountain, where they feed largely upon the

-seeds of the coniferous trees, in which they place their nests, making

-them of fine twigs and rootlets, and lining with grass and moss. They lay

-three or four eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and

-fainter markings of lilac (1.00 x .70).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

-       517a.     Carpodacus purpureus californicus.     6 inches.

-

-This is found from British Columbia to southern California. It breeds

-well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens. Three or four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with brown (.85 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.

-               518.     Carpodacus cassini.     6 inches.

-

-It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British Columbia south to

-New Mexico, well up in the mountain regions, as far as the timber line

-extends. The back, wings and tail of this are darker than the preceding

-species; the purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made

-of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat; they lay

-three or four eggs not to be recognized from the last.

-

-

-                              HOUSE FINCH.

-         519.     Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast. With his

-bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate, and the habit they

-have of keeping close to civilization, building their nests in the vines

-about the porches of the houses, both in the country and even in the

-cities, they are great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant

-song is kept up continually during the day, and where two or three pairs

-are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird music. Their nests are made

-of fine rootlets and grass placed in almost any bush, tree or vine, if

-near some dwelling.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               CROSSBILL.

-            521.     Loxia curvirostra minor.     6 inches.

-

-Found throughout the greater part of North America, and breeds in

-suitable locations on the mountain sides among the coniferous trees. On

-the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska to southern California. In

-abundance they vary each year greatly, according to the food supply of

-cones in the evergreen trees from which they secure their seed supply;

-their twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the

-small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses, and three or

-four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined with shades of brown, are

-laid (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                        WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

-              522.     Loxia leucoptera.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding, and also

-have a large white patch on the wings. The female is marked the same,

-with grayish and buff in place of the red on the males. Nesting habits

-and locations are the same as above. The eggs average a little larger and

-heavier marked (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.

-          523.     Leucosticte griseonucha.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds, with dark

-chestnut back and breast, and with the rump, wings and tail with a rosy

-tint. These are birds of the mountains and high altitudes, above or near

-the snow line. They are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and

-in the western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or

-under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their four or five

-eggs are pure white (.97 x .67).

-

-

-                        GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.

-          524.     Leucosticte tephrocotis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found on the eastern

-slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding in the Sierra Nevadas,

-in crevices of the rocks, after the same manner as the above. The eggs

-cannot be distinguished from the above.

-

-

-                          HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.

-    524a.     Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise the same as

-preceding in habits and nesting.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLACK ROSY FINCH.

-             525.     Leucosticte atrata.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is the same in markings as the Gray-crowned, excepting that

-the brown is replaced with almost black on the back and breast. The

-females of this family are much the same as the males, only not as bright

-in markings, and the young are the same as the females. Found in the

-northern Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.

-They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop in one place, but

-flitting from one locality to another. After the breeding season, they

-congregate in large flocks and keep together about the snow line, getting

-their supply of seed and insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs

-are the same as the Gray-crowned.

-

-

-                        BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.

-           526.     Leucosticte australis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains than any of

-the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering in New Mexico. Their

-nesting habits and eggs are the same. Most of this family keep above the

-timber line during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as the

-heavy snow comes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HOARY REDPOLL.

-         527a.     Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.     5 inches.

-

-These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson and rosy

-breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding in the Arctic

-regions, and wintering to the northern parts of the United States.

-

-Nest.--They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks and grass, and

-lined with fine grass and feathers, which are placed usually within a

-foot or two of the ground in scrub bushes. Their three to five eggs are a

-light bluish green, with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end

-(.65 x .50).

-

-

-                                REDPOLL.

-                528.     Acanthis linaria.     5 inches.

-

-Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding in Alaska, and

-wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or into California on the

-western coast, in the mountain regions above the timber line. In

-Colorado, they have been seen at 10,000 feet, and with the temperature

-far below zero. Their nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs

-are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALE GOLDFINCH.

-         529a.     Astragalinus tristis pallidus.     5 inches.

-

-A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           WILLOW GOLDFINCH.

-          529b.     Astragalinus t. salicamara.     5 inches.

-

-A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the five inches in

-length, and of a paler color, both the black and the yellow. It is common

-on the Pacific coast, from Washington to southern California, breeding in

-willows and low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly built,

-usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish white (.60 x .45).

-

-

-                          ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.

-             530.     Astragalinus psaltria.     5 inches.

-

-Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.

-         530a.     Astragalinus p. hesperophilus.     5 inches.

-

-In southwestern United States from Central California to Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.

-           531.     Astragalinus lawrencei.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird differs from the others of this family in being mostly gray in

-place of the yellow, having the head and throat black. They are found

-quite commonly on the Pacific coast of California, and south to Mexico.

-Their nests are nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which

-they deposit four white eggs.

-

-

-                              PINE SISKIN.

-                  533.     Spinus pinus.     5 inches.

-

-These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the Canadian zone, and

-in the Rockies and higher mountains to the west. They feed largely upon

-weed seeds and seeds from the different coniferous trees, the latter of

-which they most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of

-twigs and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of a

-horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white color, spotted

-finely with reddish brown (.65 x .45). They have a habit, while feeding,

-of clinging to the under side of a branch or cone, similar to the

-Chickadee, and, if disturbed when on some favorite tree, will make a

-short flight and circle back to the same tree.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.

-             534.     Plectrophenax nivalis.     7 inches.

-

-To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere, breeding within the

-Arctic Circle and wintering south to the central portions of the United

-States. They are one of the birds that change their dress completely from

-winter to summer, in color. In winter they are a clear black and white,

-while in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or brownish.

-They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides and in fields where

-the weeds are showing through, feeding upon the small seeds, and at this

-time they are as restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from

-which it is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses

-and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs are a

-dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown, mostly on the

-larger end (.90 x .65).

-

-

-                          McKAY SNOW BUNTING.

-           535.     Plectrophenax hyperboreus.     7 inches.

-

-This species is still more white than the preceding, having only a few

-specks of black on the tips of the primaries, and the central tail

-feather. They build, in crevices of the rocks on the ground, a nest of

-grass, lined with moss and feathers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKAN LONGSPUR.

-      536a.     Calcarius lapponicus alascensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska in summer, and

-in winter coming as far south as Oregon and Colorado, when they may be

-frequently found in with flocks of Snow Buntings, and, like the

-Snowflakes, they breed on the ground in a depression in the moss or under

-some boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.

-Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots and

-blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                        WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

-         540a.     Pooecetes gramineus confinis.     6 inches.

-

-The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish this

-from any others of the sparrows, and the sides are more of a gray color

-than the eastern variety. Its habit of singing later in the evening gave

-it the name of "Vesper." Found on the Pacific coast, from British

-Columbia to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression on the

-ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.

-         542b.     Passerculus s. alaudinus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very common in the

-fields and meadows, from northern Alaska to Mexico. They are birds but

-very little seen, keeping in the grass the greater part of the time.

-Their nests are hollows in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed

-by tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,

-blotched heavily with brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                            BRYANT SPARROW.

-          542c.     Passerculus s. bryanti.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California. It is a

-darker and brighter bird than the preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BELDING SPARROW.

-            543.     Passerculus beldingi.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California. Is darker and more

-streaked below. Nesting habits the same; eggs darker.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.

-           544.     Passerculus rostratus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish brown color,

-will distinguish this from any of the preceding. They are fairly common

-in the salt marshes of southern and Lower California. Their nesting

-habits and eggs are practically the same as those mentioned previously.

-

-

-                          SAN BENITO SPARROW.

-         544c.     Passerculus r. sanctorum.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower California.

-Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             BAIRD SPARROW.

-             545.     Ammodramus bairdi.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas on the plains,

-and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona to New Mexico. The

-tail-feathers of this species are much more pointed than on any of the

-preceding.

-

-Nest.--This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass, and is made of

-fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid of a dull white, blotched

-and spotted with shades of brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.

-           546a.     Ammodramus s. bimaculatus.     5 inches.

-

-These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where their faint

-lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest is usually a deep

-structure in a hollow in some dry field, and usually placed near some

-rock or suitable place where they can watch the locality for danger. Four

-eggs are laid; white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 x .55).

-

-

-                            LECONTE SPARROW.

-            548.     Passerherbulus lecontei.     5 inches.

-

-More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above the line and

-winters through eastern Colorado to southern Texas. Nesting habits and

-eggs similar to above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

-      552a.     Chondestes grammacus strigatus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-One of the most common, as well as the most handsome of the sparrow

-family on the western coast; with its bright chestnut on the sides of the

-head, and black and white on the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on

-the ground in a clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown

-markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GAMBEL SPARROW.

-      554a.     Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest, has been rightly

-called the "Northern Nightingale." Their sweet song may be heard all

-during the day about dwellings or remote from them, or even in the night

-they have a habit of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In

-habits they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among the

-dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.

-

-Nest.--This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and is made of

-fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish blue color, spotted and

-splashed with shades of brown (.90 x .65).

-

-

-                        GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.

-              557.     Zonotrichia coronata.     7 inches.

-

-The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden color. These

-are common birds about the cities of California during the winter months.

-Habits the same as above, and also their eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WESTERN TREE SPARROW.

-          559a.     Spizella monticola ochracea.     6 inches.

-

-Somewhat resembling the "Chippy Sparrow," but is larger and has a dark

-spot on the breast as an identification mark. It breeds in the far north,

-above the northern borders of the United States, and in winter is common

-through Oregon, California, into Arizona and Texas.

-

-Nest.--This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on the ground

-made of grasses and lined with feathers. They lay three to five greenish

-white eggs, spotted with different shades of brown (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                       WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

-          560a.     Spizella passerina arizonæ.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living upon insects

-injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the garden weeds. They will

-nest in trees and shrubs, or vines about the house, making a small

-compact nest, mostly of rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to

-five greenish blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger

-end (.70 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.

-              561.     Spizella pallida.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-These are much like the Chipping Sparrow in every way, with the exception

-of color, the brown being replaced by the clay-color. Breeds in the

-Northern United States and into Canada; winters south to Texas and

-Mexico, rarely in eastern Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the

-ground, but may be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are

-the usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of brown about

-the larger end (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                            BREWER SPARROW.

-                562.     Spizella breweri.     5 inches.

-

-This is very similar to above, but much more streaked with dark above. It

-is to be found from British Columbia south to Mexico, especially in

-sections where the sage brush is found, and in southern California near

-the coast. Its nesting habits are much the same as the above, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                            WORTHEN SPARROW.

-               564.     Spizella wortheni.     5 inches.

-

-This is a southern form of the Chipping Sparrow, and is found in New

-Mexico and Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.

-            565.     Spizella atrogularis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead. It is

-quite common in parts of southern California, and south into Arizona and

-New Mexico. The habits are similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their

-eggs differing in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.

-                566.     Junco aikeni.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is slightly larger than the common "Black and White Snowbird"

-(Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings are crossed by two

-white bars. It is found in the central Rocky Mountain regions, where it

-breeds in the northern part, and winters to eastern Colorado.

-

-

-                          SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.

-                 567.     Junco hyemalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is common "Black and White Snowbird" of the east, and is the same as

-above, but darker and does not have any white wing bars. They breed

-mostly north of the United States, nesting on the ground, often under

-some boulder, making their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four

-greenish white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not

-illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON JUNCO.

-            567a.     Junco hyemalis oreganus.     6 inches.

-

-There are several of the sub-species of "Hyemalis," all of which are very

-much alike in habits; varying in color and location. The Oregon Junco is

-found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding on the

-mountains of Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the

-preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish color. The nesting

-habits and eggs are very much the same as the preceding.

-

-

-                           PINK-SIDED JUNCO.

-            567g.     Junco hyemalis mearnsi.     6 inches.

-

-These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana, Wyoming and

-Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.

-

-

-                             THURBER JUNCO.

-            567c.     Junco hyemalis thurberi.     6 inches.

-

-Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon to southern

-California. The difference in coloring is shown in the illustrations of

-this and the two preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.

-           570b.     Junco phoeonotus caniceps.     6 inches.

-

-The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having the back a

-reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are placed on the ground, and

-the markings of their eggs vary but little.

-

-

-                              BAIRD JUNCO.

-                 571.     Junco     bairdi.   6 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California. This is a

-gray-headed variety with brown on the back and sides.

-

-

-                            GUADALUPE JUNCO.

-              572.     Junco insularis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only on the

-Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where they nest

-commonly in the pine groves, among the needles on the ground, or

-frequently protected by some overhanging stone. Their nest and eggs are

-the same as the others. Eggs bluish white, with fine dots of brown about

-the larger end (.77 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            DESERT SPARROW.

-     573a.     Amphispiza bilineata deserticola.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern United

-States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern California. It is found in the

-hot desert plains, where it builds its nest in low bushes, of the

-sagebrush or cactus, within two or three feet of the ground. It is made

-up of twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.

-They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 x .55).

-

-

-                             BELL SPARROW.

-              574.     Amphispiza belli.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of California and

-in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California, these grayish, black

-and white sparrows are found abundantly in localities where the sagebrush

-is common. They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put

-together, and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair, in the

-low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite often placed on the

-ground under the cover of one of these bushes. They lay three or four

-pale greenish eggs, heavily blotched and spotted with shades of brown

-(.75 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAGE SPARROW.

-            574.1.     Amphispiza nevadensis.     6 inches.

-

-These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except at their

-breeding season, and to be found commonly throughout the sage deserts of

-the Great Basin, from Oregon and Montana to Lower California and New

-Mexico. They nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making

-their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it with feathers

-and hair. They lay from three to four grayish eggs, with heavy markings

-of shades of brown about the larger end (.75 x .60).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.

-         574.1b.     Amphispiza n. canescens.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California east to

-Nevada (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BOTTERI SPARROW.

-              576.     Peucæa botterii.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots. A southern

-bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN SPARROW.

-               578.     Peucæa cassini.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where it breeds much the

-same as does the Sage Sparrow.

-

-

-                         RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.

-             579.     Aimophila carpalis.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of Mexico and north

-to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is similar to the Chipping

-Sparrow, and the two are frequently found in the same locality. They nest

-in low bushes, making them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair,

-in which they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 x .60).

-

-

-                        RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.

-             580.     Aimophila ruficeps.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of a brown streaked

-with darker, and still more of a reddish brown on the crown. It is found

-throughout California along the coast to Lower California. They build on

-the ground, concealing their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush.

-They lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SONG SPARROW.

-             581.     Melospiza melodia.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can be heard in

-every state of the Union and in Canada. This is the most subdivided of

-any of the bird family; more than twenty sub-species are listed, all

-having about the same song and general appearance. In some localities

-they will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they are very

-light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish one from another

-even when in the hand. Their eggs also have the same variation, and

-cannot be positively identified one from another. They all build either

-in low bushes or upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white,

-blotched and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                         HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.

-          581c.     Melospiza m. heermanni.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-Found in the central valleys of California, casually to Nevada.

-

-

-                          RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

-           581e.     Melospiza m. morphna.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            LINCOLN SPARROW.

-             583.     Melospiza lincolni.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-To be found most commonly in the central and western parts of North

-America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance they are very much like

-the Song Sparrow, but in their habits are more retiring, and keep more

-closely in the grass, and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass

-within a few inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the

-ground. The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are

-similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish white,

-heavily marked with brown (.80 x .58).

-

-

-                         SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.

-     585a.     Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with spots of

-darker brown on the back and under parts. They are to be found from

-Alaska to southern California.

-

-Nest.--In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish eggs, marked

-with brown (.94 x .68).

-

-

-                       THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.

-         585b.     Passerella i. megarhyncha.     7-1/4 inches.

-

-This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much thicker bill,

-and is to be found throughout California in the mountains.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON TOWHEE.

-           588b.     Pipilo maculatus oregonus.     8 inches.

-

-This family are all ground birds, and are usually found scratching among

-the leaves for their food supply of seeds and insects. This is a much

-darker bird than his eastern relative. The females are marked much the

-same as the males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their

-nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a finer lining of

-grass, and usually it is well concealed in bunches of grass or under some

-brush pile. They lay four or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much

-spotted with brown (.95 x .75).

-

-

-                           SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.

-          588d.     Pipilo maculatus megolonyx.     8 inches.

-

-Darker and with few white markings. Southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             CANON TOWHEE.

-          591.     Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees and not so much

-on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly marked. They range from

-Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.

-             591.1.     Pipilo crissalis.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white if any. It

-is found in California, from Shasta County to the southern part of the

-state. They are not as shy as the Towhee family generally are, and

-frequently come about habitations, where they will scratch about

-barnyards like chickens. They nest within a few feet of the ground,

-building much the same as other members of this family. The eggs are also

-very similar to the others.

-

-

-                             ABERT TOWHEE.

-                 592.     Pipilo aberti.     9 inches.

-

-More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico and southern

-California, where it breeds on the coast range.

-

-

-                          GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

-              592.1.     Oreospiza chlorura.     7 inches.

-

-This member of the family has characteristics of his own entirely

-different from any of the others. They are birds of the brush, and rarely

-appear above the shrubbery in which they nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ARIZONA CARDINAL.

-            593a.     Cardinalis c. superbus.     9 inches.

-

-These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where, with their

-beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition, they make

-themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill is very large and stout,

-but the general makeup of the bird, with its long crest, is much to be

-admired. They build their nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put

-together, which is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or

-four eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots of

-shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 x .70). Found in

-Arizona and into Mexico.

-

-

-                          ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.

-            594.     Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like the parrots.

-Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals, they have the habit

-of raising and lowering often, changing the whole appearance of the bird.

-Their nesting habits and eggs are similar to the last.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

-          596.     Zamelodia melanocephala.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak of the eastern

-sections (which is sometimes found west to Colorado), does not have the

-bright colors of his eastern brother. In habits they appear to be much

-the same, their song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet

-birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them before

-leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks, loosely laid on

-the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush or low tree, so frail that

-frequently their eggs can be seen from beneath. They lay four eggs of a

-bluish green, spotted and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 x

-.70).

-

-

-                         WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.

-            597a.     Guiraca cærulea lazula.     7 inches.

-

-Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along the roadside in

-the small brush. It seems out of place to have three members of the same

-family with such a difference of plumage. One with rose, white and black;

-the next with black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.

-Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same as above, the

-eggs being a little smaller (.85 x .62).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            INDIGO BUNTING.

-                598.     Passerina cyanea.     5 inches.

-

-An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading to lighter on the

-under parts and towards the rump. It is found as far west as Colorado and

-into Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            LAZULI BUNTING.

-              599.     Passerina amoena.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts and breast are

-brownish. The wings are barred with two bands of white. It is found from

-British Columbia to Lower California and from the western coast to

-eastern Colorado. The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical.

-They build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet from the

-ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white, unmarked (.75 x .58).

-

-

-                           BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.

-       600a.     Passerina versicolor pulchra.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-These are the most varied in color markings of any of our North American

-birds, having bright colors. Found in southern and Lower California,

-Arizona and into Mexico. Like the above they are to be found in thickets

-and hedges, where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              DICKCISSEL.

-              604.     Spiza americana.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line over the eye, on

-the side of the throat, edge of wing and front under parts; black patch

-on the breast, white throat and a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It

-is found rarely in Colorado and into southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             LARK BUNTING.

-            605.     Calamospiza melanocorys.     7 inches.

-

-Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in summer is a dull

-black all over, with the exception of white wing-coverts. Their habits

-are similar to the above. They have a fine song, which they often give

-while on the wing, after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a

-sparrow-like looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds of the

-plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California and Colorado.

-Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                            WESTERN TANAGER.

-            607.     Piranga ludoviciana.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in

-mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with brown (.95 x

-.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HEPATIC TANAGER.

-              609.     Piranga hepatica.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager of the east,

-lacking also the black wings of its eastern brother. The female is a pale

-yellow on the under parts and an olive above. Their range is throughout

-Arizona and into Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of

-trees at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs, grass and

-hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown (.92 x .64).

-

-

-                            COOPER TANAGER.

-             610a.     Piranga rubra cooperi.     7 inches.

-

-Western United States, breeding from Central California to Texas and the

-borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits are the same and the eggs are

-not distinguishable from the others, all of them varying in the markings,

-but practically of the same size and general color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN MARTIN.

-           611a.     Progne subis hesperia.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern Purple

-Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead is the only

-difference. They nest in cavities of trees or in boxes provided for them

-in the cities and towns, both in the east and west, as they are to be

-found breeding throughout the United States and into British Columbia.

-They make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with

-feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                             CLIFF SWALLOW.

-          612.     Petrochelidon lunifrons.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Their range is throughout the whole of North America; they can easily be

-recognized by their brownish throat and breast, white forehead and black

-cap. Their nests or homes are built of mud, securely cemented to the face

-of cliffs, or under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or

-gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining the inside

-with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs, creamy white, spotted with

-shades of brown (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BARN SWALLOW.

-           613.     Hirundo erythrogastra.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally from Alaska

-to southern California, and over the eastern part of the United States.

-They nest in barns, sheds or in any buildings where they are not likely

-to be disturbed, building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near

-the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird in all

-parts of the country, and one of the most graceful while on the wing,

-skimming over the ponds and meadows in search of the insect life which

-constitutes their food. Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow,

-creamy white, spotted with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                             TREE SWALLOW.

-              614.     Iridoprocne bicolor.     6 inches.

-

-Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied Swallow, and it

-is found in the whole of temperate North America, breeding from the

-middle United States northward. They nest in holes of trees and stumps

-naturally, but accept the bird houses that are put up for them in

-suitable locations near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same as

-above, both in number and markings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

-       615.     Tachycineta thalassina lepida.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and west to the

-Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most beautiful species with its

-blue, green and purple back and white under parts. They are abundant in

-favorable localities in California, building their nests in holes of

-trees, at times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the

-largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at times placing

-their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their nests are made of grass and

-fine roots, and nicely lined with feathers. Their four to six eggs are

-pure white (.72 x .50).

-

-

-                             BANK SWALLOW.

-              616.     Riparia riparia.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and south to the

-Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion of the United States

-northward. These birds build their nests in sand banks in almost all

-sections of the country, digging a small tunnel from one to three feet in

-length, enlarged and lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to

-six pure white eggs (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.

-         617.     Stelgidopteryx serripennis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is about the same size as the last, and similar, but with

-the throat and breast grayish in place of the white. The outer webs of

-the outer primaries are recurved, forming a series of hooks. It nests in

-holes of embankments or in the crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of

-bridges and buildings. Their eggs are four in number and are pure white

-(.75 x .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of the United

-States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.

-

-

-                           BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

-             618.     Bombycilla garrula.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters to

-California and the northern states of the United States. It may be

-identified from the following by the markings on the wings of white and

-yellow, and the larger band of yellow at the end of the tail. The

-wax-like appendages on the wings and tail may be found on both species.

-

-Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed in bushes or

-trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually four eggs are laid, of a

-grayish color, sharply spotted with brown (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CEDAR WAXWING.

-            619.     Bombycilla cedrorum.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are a North American bird, and great travelers in large flocks all

-over the country, separating at breeding time, and mating up, with a pair

-or two selecting some orchard or suitable locality to remain during

-nesting time. They breed throughout the northern United States and north

-into Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on

-horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in which

-they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted with dark

-brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                              PHAINOPEPLA.

-             620.     Phainopepla nitens.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are found from central California to Texas and into Mexico. In

-habits they are very much like the preceding, and the female is quite

-similar in looks, while the male is a rich shining blue black, with a

-long pointed crest, and a white patch on the wings. Their food consists

-of insects and small berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with

-a more compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs of a

-light gray, spotted with brown (.88 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            NORTHERN SHRIKE.

-                621.     Lanius borealis.     10 inches.

-

-One of the largest of the family in the United States, the breast being

-barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler gray, with the wings and

-tail having much white, showing especially in flight. They are bold

-birds; carnivorous in their habits, living upon other small birds,

-insects and small rodents. In winter they have been known frequently to

-live about cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city

-streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill, which is shaped

-similar to that of a hawk's, while their feet are small and weak, not at

-all resembling the hawk's feet. Their nests are placed in thickets or

-thorny bushes, and are made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down.

-Four to six grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown (1.05 x .75).

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.

-          622b.     Lanius ludovicianus gambeli.     8 inches.

-

-In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits and general

-appearance much the same, being somewhat darker, more on the under parts

-and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            RED-EYED VIREO.

-              624.     Vireosylva olivacea.     6 inches.

-

-One of the most common of the family throughout its range, from the

-eastern slope of the Rockies over the United States. Wherever they may be

-found, their song is heard continuously during the day, from early

-morning until late in the evening, it consisting only of two or three

-notes, first a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and

-over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed within a few feet

-of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended from a fork, and made of

-strips of bark, plant fiber and often with pieces of string and paper

-included in its construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked

-sparingly with brown (.85 x .55). This is one of the favorite nests in

-which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.

-

-

-                            WARBLING VIREO.

-              627.     Vireosylva gilva.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not as well known,

-as they keep well up in the tops of the taller trees, where they also

-build their nests, very much the same as the Red-eye. Their song is much

-more pleasant. Four eggs, like above (.72 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASSIN VIREO.

-         629a.     Lanivireo solitarius cassini.     5 inches.

-

-To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower

-California and Mexico. In southern California, it is found breeding much

-more commonly than the Western Warbling Vireo, placing its nest high in

-the oaks and coniferous trees. It belongs to the same musical family,

-keeping up its song from morning until night. The nest is made of similar

-material to the previous, and the eggs are the same, except in size (.75

-x .58).

-

-

-                          BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.

-             630.     Vireo atricapillus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap. Breeds in Texas,

-north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             HUTTON VIREO.

-               632.     Vireo huttoni.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central and southern

-California. Nesting habits similar to others of the family. Eggs white

-with a few spots of brown about the larger end (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             ANTHONY VIREO.

-          632c.     Vireo huttoni obscurus.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found from British Columbia

-to southern California, breeding in Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                              LEAST VIREO.

-           633a.     Vireo belli pusillus.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California, Texas and

-Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, made of

-shreds of vines and fine roots, and lined with fine grass. The four eggs

-are white, spotted finely with brown about the larger end (.70 x .80).

-

-

-                              GRAY VIREO.

-               634.     Vireo vicinior.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas, and southern

-California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon birds in the mountains of

-Arizona, where they nest in low bushes or trees, building their nest

-similar to the Red-eyed vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging

-limb, within a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which

-are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 x .53).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   Family MNIOTILTIDÆ--WOOD WARBLERS.

-

-

-                        BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.

-              636.     Mniotilta varia.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is found in

-southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in California and Washington

-(not illustrated).

-

-

-                             LUCY WARBLER.

-                643.     Vermivora luciæ.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds quite commonly

-in Arizona, where it builds in almost any situation, in the loose bark on

-tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker holes, in the cactus or in small

-bushes near the ground. The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and

-feathers, in which they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed

-with brown about the larger end (.60 x .50).

-

-

-                           VIRGINIA WARBLER.

-             644.     Vermivora virginiæ.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and winters in Mexico.

-They are much like the last, but have a patch of yellow on the rump and

-breast. Their nest on the ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of

-shreds of vines and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed

-with brown (.62 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALAVERAS WARBLER.

-     645a.     Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central California

-north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico. In Oregon and

-California, these birds are quite common in favorable localities on the

-mountain sides. They build their nest on the ground in a slight

-depression, making it of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed

-with overhanging grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white, with

-fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about the larger end

-(.60 x .45).

-

-

-                        ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

-              646.     Vermivora celata.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Central North America, breeding in the Rockies locally, from

-Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull orange patch. Nesting

-habits and eggs same as above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           LUTESCENT WARBLER.

-        646a.     Vermivora celata lutescens.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific coast to

-southern California. Nest placed in similar locations, and the eggs are

-the same as above (.60 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OLIVE WARBLER.

-             651.     Peucedramus olivaceus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, southward. They may

-be easily identified by their orange-brown head and neck, with a broad

-black band through the eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in

-coniferous trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact nest,

-saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a resemblance to a knot;

-it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and lined with fine rootlets and down

-from plants. Their four eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with

-spots of dark brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 x .48).

-

-

-                            YELLOW WARBLER.

-                652.     Dendroica æstiva.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding throughout its range. They

-are active little bunches of yellow, as they gather in their many insects

-for food, all the while singing their happy song. They place their nests

-in almost any kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near

-some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their nest is a

-compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and grasses, lined with

-plant down or cotton.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MYRTLE WARBLER.

-             655.     Dendroica coronata.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it is found from

-central Oregon to southern California. It is quite commonly known as the

-Yellow-rumped Warbler, both in the east and west. They differ from the

-following, mostly in the throat markings, this one having a white throat

-and much more black on the head and breast, while on the following the

-throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of coniferous trees,

-making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in which they lay usually four

-eggs, white, spotted with shades of brown and lilac, more heavily about

-the larger end (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                            AUDUBON WARBLER.

-             656.     Dendroica auduboni.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is found in the western United States from British Columbia

-to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies. They are more of a

-dull-colored bird than the preceding. Their nesting habits and eggs are

-identical with the last (.68 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           MAGNOLIA WARBLER.

-               657.     Dendroica magnolia.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies and accidental

-in California. The white over the eye, white wing patch, and the band of

-white across the tail will identify this species (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BLACK-POLL WARBLER.

-             661.     Dendroica striata.     5-1/2  inches.

-

-Range.--North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but found in the

-Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest on the lower branches of

-coniferous trees, made of roots and strips of vine, and lined with

-feathers and lichens. Four dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 x

-.50).

-

-

-                             GRACE WARBLER.

-              664.     Dendroica graciæ.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California and

-Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops of the trees, made of roots,

-fibers and lined with plant down. Eggs white, with light spots of brown

-(.65 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

-            665.     Dendroica nigrescens.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California. A

-small bird, with a black throat and breast, forming a circle about the

-neck, and black on top of the head. They are found mostly in the

-woodlands, bordered with thickets, in which they will place their nests,

-within a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the Yellow

-Bird, being compact and made of the same materials. Three or four eggs

-are creamy white, spotted with brown, forming a wreath about the larger

-end (.65 x .52).

-

-

-                     BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.

-                667.     Dendroica virens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but occasionally in

-the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona. Black throat and breast, with

-bright yellow cheeks and olive head and back (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           TOWNSEND WARBLER.

-              668.     Dendroica townsendi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States. A similar bird to the above, with black on

-top of the head in place of the olive. Nesting habits are practically the

-same, as are also the eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HERMIT WARBLER.

-             669.     Dendroica occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, Texas and Arizona. These are to be found in the high,

-mountainous regions among the coniferous trees, where they build their

-nests on the outer limbs of tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their

-nests are made of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of a

-nest as compared with some of this same family. They lay four white eggs,

-spotted and wreathed with shades of brown (.68 x .52).

-

-

-                         GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.

-          675a.     Seiurus noveboracensis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern portions. They

-are a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting in stumps near the ground

-or among roots of fallen trees. Four white eggs, spotted and blotched

-with brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.

-             680.     Oporornis tolmiei.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, breeding throughout its range. They are common warblers of

-the Pacific coast, to be found on or near the ground in thick shrubbery,

-where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground. This is

-made of grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and

-hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily marked with

-shades of brown (.72 x .52).

-

-

-                         WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.

-      681a.     Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia south to Arizona,

-but not near the Pacific coast. It is one of the seven or eight forms of

-the Maryland Yellow-throat, the greatest difference in them being in the

-locality in which they are found. They place their nest in a clump of

-grass, well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots of

-brown (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                         PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.

-        681c.     Geothlypis trichas arizela.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LONG-TAILED CHAT.

-         683a.     Icteria virens longicauda.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States, breeding from British Columbia to Mexico.

-They are an attractive bird both in looks and habits. They are great

-singers, but nature seemed to give them no special song of their own, and

-they make good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,

-and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered

-hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the bird. They build

-their nests in the thickest of such places a few feet from the ground,

-made up of shreds of vines, leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four

-white eggs, spotted with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 x .70).

-

-

-                          PILEOLATED WARBLER.

-          685a.     Wilsonia pusilla pileolata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington and

-California to Mexican borders. These little birds, with their deep yellow

-under parts and breast, and little cap of jet black, are quite common

-about many of the orchards and gardens when the trees are in full

-blossom, taking insects that abound at that time. They nest in moist

-grounds in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and

-grass.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                REDSTART

-            687.     Setophaga ruticilla.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, found more commonly east of the Rockies, but less

-common in Oregon, California and to Arizona. These birds are always the

-most conspicuous when in flight, at that time showing off to the best

-advantage their bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the

-males, and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,

-cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed in the crotch

-of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs, spotted with different

-shades of chestnut and black (.65 x .50). They are very active, and

-constantly flying from place to place, taking insects while on the wing,

-which constitute their food.

-

-

-                           PAINTED REDSTART.

-              688.     Setophaga picta.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the same habits as the

-above, except that they build their homes in cavities of rocks or on the

-ground in swampy places.

-

-

-                           RED-FACED WARBLER.

-           690.     Cardellina rubrifrons.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.

-         696.     Budytes flavus alascensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are fairly common on

-the islands and coast. They nest on the ground, under or beside stones

-and in bunches of grass; it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss

-and animal fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered

-with spots of brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                           PIPIT, OR TITLARK.

-              697.     Anthus rubescens.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California, Alaska,

-north to the Arctic Zone. During migration they may be found over most of

-the United States in quite large flocks. Their nests are placed on the

-ground in tufts of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with

-feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily blotched with

-brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                             SPRAGUE PIPIT.

-              700.     Anthus spraguei.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and west to the

-Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     Family MIMIDÆ.--SAGE THRASHER.

-            702.     Oreoscoptes montanus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to Montana. This

-is an abundant bird in the sage regions of the plains throughout its

-range, and are frequently called the Mockingbird, on account of the

-varied song which they give from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in

-which they nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 x .55).

-

-

-                            Family CINCLIDÆ.

-

-

-                        DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.

-           701.     Cinclus mexicanus unicolor.     8 inches.

-

-Range.--Mountains of western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Among

-the rapid streams that are falling down the mountain side, these gray

-birds are to be found. They are strange members of bird life; they do not

-have webbed feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their

-wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of teetering

-similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not to be forgotten if once

-heard. They nest on the rocks of these rapid streams, making their nest

-of moss, a bulky affair with an opening in the side, in which they

-deposit their four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD

-        703a.     Mimus polyglottos leucopterus.     10 inches.

-

-Range.--Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly from central

-California southward. These birds not only have a song of their own which

-puts them in the opera class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic

-or mock nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They are

-not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and evening, but will

-keep their song in full play all day, without hardly seeming to take time

-to hunt up a few worms or insects, as if eating was not to be considered

-when he could sing.

-

-They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and construct a bulky

-nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to five eggs are of a greenish

-color, spotted and blotched all over in many patterns with shades of

-brown (.95 x .72).

-

-

-                                CATBIRD.

-             704.     Dumetella carolinensis.     9 inches.

-

-Range.--Mostly eastern North America, but extends over the Rockies,

-occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine songster and almost as

-much of a mimic as the Mockingbird. Breeding habits are much the same,

-but eggs are bluish green (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALMER THRASHER.

-        707a.     Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri.     11 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the desert regions of

-Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be found. They all seem to belong

-to the happy family of songsters, and there is no lack of bird music in

-localities where these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually

-placed in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of twigs,

-dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish green, spotted

-with brown very finely all over (1.00 x .80).

-

-

-                           BENDIRE THRASHER.

-              708.     Toxostoma bendirei.     10 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It breeds in Arizona and

-southern California. General habits are the same as above. While it may

-not be as common as the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are

-the same, spots larger (1.00 x .72)

-

-

-                          CALIFORNIA THRASHER.

-              710.     Toxostoma redivivum.     12 inches.

-

-Range.--California, from Shasta county to Lower California. The habits

-and song, as are also the nest and eggs, much like the above (1.12 x

-.82).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LECONTE THRASHER.

-            711.     Toxostoma lecontei.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This is the lightest in

-color of any of the family, and has taken on the color of the sand of the

-low hot deserts in which it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even

-the cactus and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground is

-covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines like needles. In

-such a place one cannot imagine that a bird would be as full of song as

-in a shaded piece of woodland, yet this bird has the same qualifications,

-and morning and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song

-as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs, weeds and

-lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed in low mesquite trees

-or cactus. The eggs are lighter in color than above, and with fewer and

-finer spots of brown (1.10 x .75).

-

-

-                           CRISSAL THRASHER.

-              712.     Toxostoma crissale.     11 inches.

-

-Range.--From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower California and Texas.

-This species is somewhat darker, and more rufous on the under tail

-coverts than the above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CACTUS WREN.

-         713.     Heleodytes brunneicapillus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern part of California, to Texas, and north to Nevada and

-Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens, and look the least like that

-family of any of them. They are a common bird in the desert lands, where

-the cactus abounds, but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller

-members of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,

-made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers. There is an

-opening on the side for an entrance, and it is usually placed in a thorn

-bush or cactus. Their four to seven eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly

-with chestnut (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                               ROCK WREN.

-              715.     Salpinctes obsoletus.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Western coasts from British America to Mexico. These bird are

-equally at home on the mountain sides or in the deep canyons, building

-their nests in the crevices of rocks or stumps, where they lay from five

-to eight white eggs, with fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 x

-.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CAÑON WREN.

-      717a.     Catherpes mexicanus conspersus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico, breeding

-throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply of food among the

-huge boulders and in the large rocky canyons, where he makes his home,

-you will, at short intervals, hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts

-to shame that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their

-nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is placed in the

-crevice of some rock, either down near some swiftly running mountain

-stream or high up in the cliffs above. Their three to five eggs are

-white, with spots of brown and lilac well covering the under color (.72 x

-.52).

-

-

-                              VIGOR WREN.

-         719a.     Thryomanes     bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.

-

-Range.--Coast regions of California. These are active and restless little

-birds. Eating and singing, and singing and eating is all this life holds

-for them. Nesting in bird boxes, holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any

-locality in which to place their six eggs (.65 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

-          721a.     Troglodytes aedon parkmani.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to Lower

-California. These happy little songsters are to be met with more about

-civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated lands to the wild. They

-build in bird houses or holes of trees, and no matter how large the

-tenement may be they will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only

-space enough for their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a

-pinkish color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end (.65 x

-.52).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WINTER WREN.

-           722a.     Nannus hiemalis pacificus.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America. This is the

-smallest of the family, and is also one of the most quiet in song. They

-are active little fellows, just a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of

-a tail up over their backs when observed, and getting about the brush

-heaps and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or crevices of

-rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass and feathers, in

-which usually six or seven eggs, creamy white, finely specked with brown,

-are laid (.60 x .48).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ALASKA WREN.

-             723.     Nannus alascensis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat larger variety of

-the preceding, and is found only in the far north. Its breeding habits

-are the same, as are also the eggs, which average a little larger (.65 x

-.51).

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN WREN.

-              723.1.     Nannus meliger.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar to the above,

-both in song and general habits. They nest in the crevices of rocks or

-between boulders, making their nests of rootlets and grass, lining it

-with hair and feathers. Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few

-specks of brown (.58 x .46).

-

-

-                               TULE WREN.

-        725a.     Telmatodytes p. paludicola.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern California. This

-is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh Wren, found more east of the

-Rockies. They build a globular-shaped nest of grass and rushes, attached

-to upright rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale

-chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.

-        726b.     Certhia familiaris montana.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern California and

-Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A quiet, small, brown colored bird

-of the deep woods, where its lisping note may be heard, if the air is

-very quiet, and one is looking for bird life. When found, it will

-generally be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the

-crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it feeds; when

-near the top, a downward flight to the base of another tree. Always

-flying down, and climbing up. Their nest is placed in the loose bark, and

-is made of fiber, moss and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs,

-spotted with chestnut (.58 x .48).

-

-

-                        SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

-          727a.     Sitta carolinensis aculeata.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to southern

-California. These are similar to the White-breasted bird of the east.

-Unlike the above, although these are tree climbers, they are as often

-found coming down the tree as climbing up. They build in cavities of

-various kinds of trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily

-marked with brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

-              728.     Sitta canadensis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and northward. Like the former, these are great acrobats, looking into

-every crevice of the bark in search of their supply of food, caring

-little whether they are going up or down in their search. After the

-breeding season these birds are often found in flocks about the

-coniferous trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous

-"yank, yank," among themselves. They have no other song.

-

-Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at quite an

-elevation from the ground, being lined with strips of bark and feathers.

-They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly spotted with shades of

-brown (.60 x .50).

-

-

-                            PYGMY NUTHATCH.

-                  730.     Sitta pygmæa.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to southern California

-and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. These are the smallest of the

-family, and their habits and nest and eggs are the same as the preceding.

-Their eggs being slightly smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PLAIN TITMOUSE.

-            733.     Bæolophus inornatus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas. These are

-quite common throughout their range; they are quite a little bird, with

-only a few "quit, quit" like notes, and in color they are as quiet as in

-habits. They build in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined

-with grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are white,

-rarely with a few specks of brown (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                        BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.

-          732.     Bæolophus astricristatus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but darker and with

-the crest black and forehead white. Nesting habits same as the above (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                           BRIDLED TITMOUSE.

-              734.     Bæolophus wollweberi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored "tit," with the

-only markings about the head, black crest and breast, with white above

-and below the eyes, is common in parts of Arizona, where it builds within

-a few feet of the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same as

-the Plain Titmouse (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           OREGON CHICKADEE.

-     735b.     Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon. These lively

-little birds are willing to make friends with almost anyone, and will get

-so tame that they will take pieces of suet from the hand. Their well

-known call of "dee, dee, dee" often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but

-their other note of "phoe-be," or, as it seems to me they say

-"great-way," is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have

-a "great-way" yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually near the

-ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant down, in which they

-deposit from five to eight white eggs, spotted with brown (.60 x .45).

-

-

-                           MEXICAN CHICKADEE.

-              737.     Penthestes sclateri.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the throat. Habits and

-their nest and eggs are much the same.

-

-

-                          MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

-             738.     Penthestes gambeli.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, Rocky Mountains west. Habits same as the

-preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKA CHICKADEE.

-         739.     Penthestes cinctus alascensis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally think that these

-little animated bunches of feathers would freeze in the far north where

-they make their homes. But they are the same sprightly little

-"chick-a-dee-dee-dee" that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind

-the severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are so near

-alike that it is impossible to identify them.

-

-

-                          HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.

-             740.     Penthestes hudsonicus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western half of British America. Habits the same as above.

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.

-              741.     Penthestes rufescens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally to

-central California. Habits the same as preceding.

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.

-            741a.     Penthestes r. neglectus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Middle section of California, near the coast (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               BUSH-TIT.

-            743.     Psaltriparus minimus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington. In habits all

-of these birds are similar to the Chickadees. They are full of life, and

-in searching for insects are as much at home when upside down on the

-outer end of a bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest

-building they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures of

-fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined with feathers and

-wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation or woven into some thick

-brush; they have a small opening near the top for the doorway. They lay

-from four to nine pure white eggs (.54 x .40).

-

-

-                         LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.

-           744.     Psaltriparus plumbeus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas. The habits

-are identical with above. Nests are made the same, and from eight to

-twelve inches long.

-

-

-                            LLOYD BUSH-TIT.

-       745.     Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                VERDIN.

-            746.     Auriparus flaviceps.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This bird is simply

-nothing more than a Bush-tit with his Sunday clothes on, or not a full

-suit, but a bright yellow head and neck dress. They are abundant and

-active little fellows in the thick chaparral brush, where they build a

-nest more bulky than the "tit" but not as artistic or compact. They are

-placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the ground, made of

-twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and feathers. Their eggs, four to

-six, are white. For amusement, they construct one or two additional

-nests, in which they remain at night.

-

-

-                               WREN-TIT.

-                742.     Chamæa fasciata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--From southern California north to Oregon along the coast. These

-are much like the Chickadee in habits, only much more secluded,

-frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain sides, where they build

-their nests of twigs, fibers of vines, grasses and feathers, in bushes

-near the ground. Four or five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their

-complement (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           KENNICOTT WARBLER.

-            747.     Acanthopneuste borealis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern part of Asia.

-Their nest and eggs have not been found on this continent as far as we

-know at present. They build on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying

-from three to five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                    WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

-         748a.     Regulus satrapa olivaceus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast. These little

-birds are found commonly in company with small flocks of the Chickadee,

-and like them may be seen hanging on the under side of the outer ends of

-the coniferous trees in search of their insect food. They nest in the

-northern part of their range, building large, comfortable-looking

-structures of needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely

-lined with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with brown

-and lilac (.55 x .42).

-

-

-                         RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

-               749.     Regulus calendula.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding mostly north of the United States or in

-the Rocky Mountain regions farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN GNATCATCHER.

-          751a.     Polioptila cærulea obscura.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado and

-California. These birds in their actions somewhat resemble the Redstart,

-with their long tail, and quick flights into the air for insects and back

-again to the same twig, possibly near where their nest is placed. They

-build one of the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on the

-top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet from the ground.

-Making the nest from plant down and moss, completely covered with

-lichens, so that it resembles a large knot on the limb, much like the

-nest of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.58 x .45).

-

-

-                         PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.

-             752.     Polioptila plumbea.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds like the above

-quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a little smaller.

-

-

-                       BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.

-           753.     Polioptila californica.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

-              754.     Myadestes townsendi.     9 inches.

-

-Range.--From British Columbia to southern California, through the western

-United States. They nest at high altitudes among the mountain tops,

-placing their nest upon the ground, among the rocks along the mountain

-streams. They build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,

-lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their four or five

-white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more about the larger end (.96 x

-.70).

-

-

-                             WILLOW THRUSH.

-     756a.     Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States from British Columbia to southern

-California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the foothills and canyons

-of the mountain ranges. It is a western form of the common eastern

-"Veery," and its breeding habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on

-or near the ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite

-bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 x .65). Their song

-is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the Thrush family.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.

-              757.     Hylocichla alicæ.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From British Columbia northward, and winters south to Mexico.

-Their nests are placed on or near the ground in a stump or tussock,

-usually in very moist places, and are composed largely of leaves and

-mosses. Their three or four eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched

-with reddish brown (.88 x .64).

-

-

-                         RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

-            758.     Hylocichla ustulata.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the northern part, in

-Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made and placed usually the same as

-the above, the eggs being of the same size, but of a lighter color. The

-Thrushes feed on small insect life and many of the small fruits and

-berries.

-

-

-                         OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.

-          758a.     Hylocichla u. swainsoni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding on the western coast in Alaska, Oregon,

-California and Colorado. Their nesting habits, eggs and song are the same

-as the Russet-backed (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.

-             759.     Hylocichla guttata.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern range. These

-birds are noted for their sweet and musical song, which may be heard from

-the swamps and thickets in which they make their home. They nest either

-on or near the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and

-grasses. Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                         AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.

-          759a.     Hylocichla g. auduboni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to Arizona. Tail is

-much lighter than above, and bird larger. Their habits in home life are

-the same, this bird having the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             WESTERN ROBIN.

-    761a.     Planesticus migratorius propinquus.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to Mexico. This is not

-the familiar bird that is found in the east, but is very secluded, and

-its song is seldom heard. Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs,

-plastered with mud. Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VARIED THRUSH.

-               763.     Ixoreus nævius.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in Oregon,

-Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly in the northern

-ranges in California and north to Alaska. Their nest is placed in small

-trees and bushes, usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds

-and grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number, are

-greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of dark brown (1.12 x .80).

-They have a pleasing song, which is rarely heard in their southern range.

-

-

-                               WHEATEAR.

-                765.     Saxicola ænanthe.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in Asia. They nest in

-crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building a rude nest of sticks and

-weeds, lined with hair and feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (.90 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

-          767.     Sialia mexicana occidentalis.     7 inches.

-

-Range.--British Columbia to Lower California, along the Pacific coast.

-These familiar birds build in cavities in trees, or in bird houses, and

-make themselves at home near dwellings, especially if in the vicinity of

-orchards of any kind. The note of the western bird has the same familiar

-warble as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and

-caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs are a pale

-bluish white (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.

-            767a.     Sialia mexicana bairdi.     7 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

-             768.     Sialia currucoides.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico. Their habits are

-just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.

-

-

-

-

-                                 INDEX

-

-

-                                   A

-  Albatross, Blackfoot, 31

-  Albatross, Layson, 32

-  Albatross, Short-tail, 31

-  Albatross, Sooty, 32

-  Albatross, Yellow-nose, 32

-  Auklet, Cassin, 14

-  Auklet, Crested, 15

-  Auklet, Least, 16

-  Auklet, Paroquet, 15

-  Auklet, Rhinoceros, 14

-  Auklet, Whiskered, 15

-  Avocet, 75

-

-

-                                   B

-  Bittern, 64

-  Bittern,  Least, 64

-  Blackbird, Bicolored, 162

-  Blackbird, Brewer, 166

-  Blackbird, Redwing, 162

-  Blackbird, Rusty, 165

-  Blackbird, Sonora, 162

-  Blackbird, Thick-billed, 162

-  Blackbird, Tricolored, 163

-  Blackbird, Yellow-headed, 161

-  Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, 239

-  Bluebird, Mountain, 239

-  Bluebird, Western, 239

-  Bobolink, 160

-  Bunting, Beautiful, 195

-  Bunting, Indigo, 195

-  Bunting, Lark, 196

-  Bunting, Lazuli, 195

-  Bunting, McKay, 175

-  Bunting, Snow, 175

-  Bush Tit, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lead-colored, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lloyd, 231

-

-

-                                   C

-  Caracara, Audubon, 116

-  Cardinal, Arizona, 193

-  Catbird, 219

-  Chat, Long-tailed, 215

-  Chickadee, Alaska, 230

-  Chickadee, California, 230

-  Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, 230

-  Chickadee, Hudsonian, 230

-  Chickadee, Mexican, 229

-  Chickadee, Mountain, 229

-  Chickadee, Oregon, 229

-  Coot, American, 72

-  Cormorant, Baird, 40

-  Cormorant, Brandt, 39

-  Cormorant, Farallone, 39

-  Cormorant, Red-faced, 40

-  Cowbird, 160

-  Cowbird, Bronzed, 161

-  Cowbird, Dwarf, 161

-  Crane, Little Brown, 68

-  Crane, Whooping, 68

-  Creeper, Rocky Mountain, 226

-  Crossbill, 169

-  Crossbill, Mexican, 169

-  Crossbill, White-winged, 169

-  Crow, Northwestern, 158

-  Cuckoo, California, 126

-  Curlew, Hudsonian, 86

-  Curlew, Long-billed, 86

-

-

-                                   D

-  Dickcissel, 196

-  Dipper, 218

-  Dove, Inca, 103

-  Dove, Mexican Ground, 103

-  Dove, Mourning, 102

-  Dowitcher, 76

-  Duck, American Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, American Widgeon, 45

-  Duck, Baldpate, 45

-  Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 61

-  Duck, Blue-bill, 49

-  Duck, Buffle-head, 52

-  Duck, Canvas-back, 49

-  Duck, Fulvous Tree, 61

-  Duck, Gadwall, 44

-  Duck, Harlequin, 53

-  Duck, King Eider, 55

-  Duck, Lesser Scaup, 50

-  Duck, Long-tailed, 52

-  Duck, Mallard, 44

-  Duck, Old Squaw, 52

-  Duck, Pacific Eider, 53

-  Duck, Pintail, 47

-  Duck, Red-head, 48

-  Duck, Ring-necked, 50

-  Duck, Ruddy, 57

-  Duck, Scaup, 49

-  Duck, Scoter, 55

-  Duck, Shoveller, 47

-  Duck, Spectacled Eider, 54

-  Duck, Stellar Eider, 54

-  Duck, Surf Scoter, 56

-  Duck, White-winged Scoter, 56

-  Duck, Wood, 48

-

-

-                                   E

-  Eagle, Bald, 112

-  Eagle, Golden, 112

-  Egret, 65

-  Egret, Snowy, 65

-

-

-                                   F

-  Falcon, Aplomado, 115

-  Falcon, Prairie,  113

-  Finch, Aleutian Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Black Rosy, 171

-  Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, 171

-  Finch, California Purple, 167

-  Finch, Cassin Purple, 168

-  Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Hepburn Rosy, 170

-  Finch, House, 168

-  Flicker, Gilded, 138

-  Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 148

-  Flycatcher, Beardless, 153

-  Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, 153

-  Flycatcher, Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Derby, 147

-  Flycatcher, Gray, 152

-  Flycatcher, Hammond, 152

-  Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 150

-  Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, 147

-  Flycatcher, Traill, 151

-  Flycatcher, Vermilion, 153

-  Flycatcher, Western, 151

-  Flycatcher, Wright, 152

-  Frigate Bird, 42

-  Fulmar, Pacific, 33

-  Fulmar, Slender-billed, 33

-

-

-                                   G

-  Gallinule, Florida, 72

-  Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Western, 234

-  Godwit, Marbled, 82

-  Godwit, Arkansas, 173

-  Godwit, Green-backed, 173

-  Godwit, Lawrence, 174

-  Godwit, Pale, 173

-  Godwit, Willow, 173

-  Goose, Black Brant, 60

-  Goose, Cackling, 59

-  Goose, Canada, 59

-  Goose, Emperor, 60

-  Goose, Ross, 58

-  Goose, Snow, 57

-  Goose, White-fronted, 58

-  Goshawk, Mexican, 110

-  Goshawk, Western, 106

-  Grackle, Bronze, 166

-  Grebe, Eared, 10

-  Grebe, Holboell, 9

-  Grebe, Horned, 10

-  Grebe, Pied-bill, 11

-  Grebe, Western, 9

-  Grosbeak, Black-headed, 194

-  Grosbeak, California Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Western Blue, 194

-  Grosbeak, Western Evening, 166

-  Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 97

-  Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, 100

-  Grouse, Dusky, 96

-  Grouse, Franklin, 97

-  Grouse, Sage, 101

-  Guillemot, Pigeon, 17

-  Gull, Bonaparte, 26

-  Gull, California, 24

-  Gull, Glaucous, 21

-  Gull, Glaucous-winged, 22

-  Gull, Heermann, 25

-  Gull, Herring, 23

-  Gull, Ivory, 20

-  Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, 20

-  Gull, Red-legged, 21

-  Gull, Ring-billed, 24

-  Gull, Sabine, 26

-  Gull, Short-billed, 25

-  Gull, Slaty-backed, 22

-  Gull, Western, 23

-  Gyrfalcon, Gray, 113

-

-

-                                   H

-  Hawk, Cooper, 107

-  Hawk, Desert Sparrow, 115

-  Hawk, Duck, 114

-  Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Fish, 116

-  Hawk, Harris, 108

-  Hawk, Marsh, 106

-  Hawk, Pigeon, 114

-  Hawk, Red-bellied, 109

-  Hawk, Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Sharp-shinned, 107

-  Hawk, Swainson, 110

-  Hawk, Western Red-tail, 108

-  Heron, Black-crowned Night, 67

-  Heron, Great Blue, 66

-  Heron, Green, 66

-  Heron, Yellow-crown Night, 67

-  Hummingbird, Allen, 143

-  Hummingbird, Anna, 142

-  Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 141

-  Hummingbird, Blue-throated, 141

-  Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 145

-  Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, 143

-  Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, 145

-  Hummingbird, Calliope, 144

-  Hummingbird, Costa, 142

-  Hummingbird, Lucifer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rieffer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rivoli, 140

-  Hummingbird, Rufous, 143

-  Hummingbird, White-eared, 145

-  Hummingbird, Xantus, 145

-

-

-                                   I

-  Ibis, Glossy, 63

-  Ibis, Wood, 63

-

-

-                                   J

-  Jaeger, Long-tailed, 19

-  Jaeger, Parasitic, 19

-  Jaeger, Pomerine, 18

-  Jay, Arizona, 157

-  Jay, California, 156

-  Jay, Oregon, 157

-  Jay, Pinon, 159

-  Jay, Rocky Mountain, 157

-  Jay, Stellar, 155

-  Jay, Woodhouse, 156

-  Junco, 185

-  Junco, Baird, 185

-  Junco, Gray-headed, 185

-  Junco, Guadalupe, 185

-  Junco, Oregon, 184

-  Junco, Pink-sided, 184

-  Junco, Slate-colored, 183

-  Junco, Thurber, 184

-  Junco, White-winged, 183

-

-

-                                   K

-  Kingbird, 146

-  Kingbird, Arkansas, 146

-  Kingbird, Cassin, 147

-  Kingfisher, Belted, 127

-  Kingfisher, Ringed, 127

-  Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 233

-  Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, 233

-  Kite, Swallow-tailed, 105

-  Kite, White-tailed, 105

-

-

-                                   L

-  Lark, California Horned, 154

-  Lark, Desert Horned, 154

-  Lark, Pallid Horned, 154

-  Lark, Ruddy Horned, 154

-  Longspur, Alaskan, 176

-  Loon, 11

-  Loon, Great Northern Diver, 11

-  Loon, Pacific, 12

-  Loon, Red-throated, 12

-

-

-                                   M

-  Magpie, American, 155

-  Magpie, Yellow-billed, 155

-  Man-o'-War Bird, 42

-  Martin, Western, 198

-  Meadowlark, Rio Grande, 163

-  Meadowlark, Western, 163

-  Merganser, American, 42

-  Merganser, Hooded, 43

-  Merganser, Red-breasted, 43

-  Mockingbird, Western, 219

-  Murre, California, 18

-  Murrelet, Ancient, 16

-  Murrelet, Marbled, 16

-  Murrelet, Xantus, 17

-

-

-                                   N

-  Nighthawk, Western, 138

-  Nighthawk, Sennett, 138

-  Nighthawk, Texas, 138

-  Nutcracker, Clarke, 159

-  Nuthatch, Pygmy, 227

-  Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 227

-  Nuthatch, Slender-billed, 226

-

-

-                                   O

-  Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 164

-  Oriole, Bullock, 165

-  Oriole, Scott, 164

-  Oriole, Sennett, 164

-  Osprey, American, 116

-  Ouzel, Water, 218

-  Owl, Barn, 117

-  Owl, Burrowing, 123

-  Owl, Elf, 124

-  Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, 124

-  Owl, Flammulated Screech, 121

-  Owl, Great Gray, 119

-  Owl, Hawk, 122

-  Owl, Long-eared, 117

-  Owl, Pygmy, 123

-  Owl, Richardson, 119

-  Owl, Saw-whet, 120

-  Owl, Screech, 120

-  Owl, Short-eared, 118

-  Owl, Snowy, 122

-  Owl, Spotted, 118

-  Owl, Western Horned, 121

-  Oyster-catcher, Black, 92

-  Oyster-catcher, Frazar, 92

-

-

-                                   P

-  Parrot, Thick-billed, 125

-  Pelican, California Brown, 41

-  Pelican, White, 41

-  Petrel, Ashy, 38

-  Petrel, Black, 38

-  Petrel, Fisher, 36

-  Petrel, Fork-tailed, 36

-  Petrel, Guadalupe, 37

-  Petrel, Kaeding, 37

-  Petrel, Leach, 37

-  Petrel, Least, 36

-  Pewee, Western Wood, 150

-  Phainopepla, 202

-  Phalarope, Northern, 73

-  Phalarope, Red, 73

-  Phalarope, Wilson, 74

-  Pheasant, Ring-necked, 100

-  Phoebe, Black, 149

-  Phoebe, Say, 149

-  Pigeon, Band-tailed, 102

-  Pipit, 217

-  Pipit, Sprague, 217

-  Plover, Black-bellied, 87

-  Plover, Golden, 87

-  Plover, Killdeer, 88

-  Plover, Mountain, 89

-  Plover, Snowy, 90

-  Plover, Surf Bird, 90

-  Plover, Semipalmated, 88

-  Plover, Upland, 84

-  Plover, Wilson, 89

-  Poor-will, 137

-  Poor-will, Dusky, 137

-  Prairie Hen, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Rock, 98

-  Ptarmigan, White-tailed, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Willow, 98

-  Puffin, Horned, 13

-  Puffin, Tufted, 13

-  Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 193

-

-

-                                   Q

-  Quail, Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, California, 95

-  Quail, Gambel, 95

-  Quail, Masked Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, Massena, 96

-  Quail, Mearns, 96

-  Quail, Mountain, 94

-  Quail, Scaled, 94

-

-

-                                   R

-  Rail, Black, 71

-  Rail, California Clapper, 69

-  Rail, Light-footed, 69

-  Rail, Sora, 70

-  Rail, Virginia, 70

-  Rail, Yellow, 71

-  Raven, American, 158

-  Raven, White-necked, 158

-  Red-poll, 172

-  Red-poll, Hoary, 172

-  Redstart, 216

-  Redstart, Painted, 216

-  Roadrunner, 125

-  Robin, Western, 237

-

-

-                                   S

-  Sandpiper, Baird, 79

-  Sandpiper, Bartramian, 84

-  Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Knot, 77

-  Sandpiper, Least, 79

-  Sandpiper, Pectoral, 78

-  Sandpiper, Probilof, 77

-  Sandpiper, Redbacked, 80

-  Sandpiper, Sanderling, 81

-  Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, 78

-  Sandpiper, Spoonbill, 80

-  Sandpiper, Spotted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Stilt, 76

-  Sandpiper, Western, 81

-  Sandpiper, Western Solitary, 83

-  Sandpiper, White-rumped, 79

-  Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 132

-  Sapsucker, Williamson, 133

-  Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 132

-  Sea Parrot, 13

-  Shearwater, Black-vented, 34

-  Shearwater, Dark-bodied, 35

-  Shearwater, Pink-footed, 34

-  Shearwater, Slender-billed, 35

-  Shearwater, Townsend, 34

-  Shrike, California, 203

-  Shrike, Northern, 203

-  Siskin, Pine, 174

-  Snipe, Wilson, 74

-  Snowflake, 175

-  Solitaire, Townsend, 235

-  Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Baird, 178

-  Sparrow, Belding, 177

-  Sparrow, Bell, 186

-  Sparrow, Black-chinned, 183

-  Sparrow, Botteri, 187

-  Sparrow, Brewer, 182

-  Sparrow, Bryant, 177

-  Sparrow, California Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, Cassin, 187

-  Sparrow, Clay-colored, 182

-  Sparrow, Desert, 186

-  Sparrow, Gambel, 180

-  Sparrow, Golden-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Heermann Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Large-billed, 178

-  Sparrow, Leconte, 179

-  Sparrow, Lincoln, 190

-  Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, 177

-  Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, 188

-  Sparrow, Rufous-winged, 188

-  Sparrow, Rusty Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, San Benito, 178

-  Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Western Chippy, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Lark, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Western Tree, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Vesper, 176

-  Sparrow, White-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Worthen, 182

-  Stilt, Black-necked, 75

-  Swallow, Bank, 200

-  Swallow, Barn, 199

-  Swallow, Cliff, 198

-  Swallow, Northern Violet Green, 200

-  Swallow, Rough-winged, 201

-  Swallow, Tree, 199

-  Swan, Trumpeter, 62

-  Swan, Whistling, 62

-  Swift, Black, 139

-  Swift, White-throated, 139

-  Swift, Vaux, 140

-

-

-                                   T

-  Tanager, Cooper, 197

-  Tanager, Hepatic, 197

-  Tanager, Western, 196

-  Tattler, Wandering, 84

-  Teal, Blue-wing, 46

-  Teal, Cinnamon, 46

-  Teal, Green-winged, 45

-  Tern, Aleutian, 29

-  Tern, Arctic, 29

-  Tern, Black, 30

-  Tern, Caspian, 27

-  Tern, Common, 28

-  Tern, Elegant, 27

-  Tern, Forster, 28

-  Tern, Least, 30

-  Thrasher, Bendire, 220

-  Thrasher, California, 220

-  Thrasher, Crissal, 221

-  Thrasher, Leconte, 221

-  Thrasher, Palmer, 220

-  Thrasher, Sage, 218

-  Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Audubon Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 236

-  Thrush, Olive-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Russet-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Varied, 238

-  Thrush, Willow, 235

-  Titlark, 217

-  Titmouse, Black-crested, 228

-  Titmouse, Bridled, 228

-  Titmouse, Plain, 228

-  Towhee, Abert, 192

-  Towhee, California, 192

-  Towhee, Canon, 191

-  Towhee, Green-tailed, 192

-  Towhee, Oregon, 191

-  Towhee, San Diego, 191

-  Trogan, Coppery-tailed, 126

-  Turkey, Merriam, 101

-  Turnstone, Black, 91

-  Turnstone, Ruddy, 91

-

-

-                                   V

-  Verdin, 232

-  Vireo, Anthony, 206

-  Vireo, Black-capped, 205

-  Vireo, Cassin, 205

-  Vireo, Gray, 206

-  Vireo, Hutton, 205

-  Vireo, Least, 206

-  Vireo, Red-eyed, 204

-  Vireo, Warbling, 204

-  Vulture, California, 104

-  Vulture, Turkey, 104

-

-

-                                   W

-  Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, 217

-  Warbler, Audubon, 210

-  Warbler, Black and White, 207

-  Warbler, Black-poll, 211

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, 212

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Green, 212

-  Warbler, Calaveras, 208

-  Warbler, Grace, 211

-  Warbler, Hermit, 213

-  Warbler, Kennicott, 233

-  Warbler, Lucy, 207

-  Warbler, Lutescent, 208

-  Warbler, Macgillivray, 214

-  Warbler, Magnolia, 211

-  Warbler, Myrtle, 210

-  Warbler, Olive, 209

-  Warbler, Orange-crowned, 208

-  Warbler, Pacific Yellow, 214

-  Warbler, Pileolated, 215

-  Warbler, Red-faced, 216

-  Warbler, Townsend, 212

-  Warbler, Virginia, 207

-  Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, 214

-  Warbler, Yellow, 209

-  Water Thrush, Grinnell, 213

-  Waxwing, Bohemian, 201

-  Waxwing, Cedar, 202

-  Wheatear, 238

-  Whip-poor-will, Stevens, 137

-  Willet, Western, 83

-  Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arizona, 130

-  Woodpecker, Cabanis, 128

-  Woodpecker, California, 134

-  Woodpecker, Gairdner, 128

-  Woodpecker, Gila, 135

-  Woodpecker, Gilded, 136

-  Woodpecker, Harris, 128

-  Woodpecker, Lewis, 135

-  Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, 133

-  Woodpecker, Nuttall, 129

-  Woodpecker, Red-bellied, 135

-  Woodpecker, Red-headed, 134

-  Woodpecker, Red-shafted, 136

-  Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, 128

-  Woodpecker, Texas, 129

-  Woodpecker, White-headed, 130

-  Wren, Alaskan, 225

-  Wren, Aleutian, 225

-  Wren, Cactus, 222

-  Wren, Cañon, 223

-  Wren, Rock, 222

-  Wren, Tule, 225

-  Wren, Vigor, 223

-  Wren, Western House, 224

-  Wren, Western Winter, 224

-  Wren-Tit, 232

-

-

-                                   Y

-  Yellow-legs, Greater, 82

-

-  [Illustration: ]

-

-

-THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS

-GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

-

-

-

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.

-

-Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., "Redwing

-Blackbird" vs. "Red-winged Black-bird".

-

-

-

-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Bird Guide, by Chester A. (Chester

-Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I. Brasher

-

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

-

-

-

-

-

-Title: Western Bird Guide

-       Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-

-Author: Chester A. (Chester Albert) Reed, Harry F. Harvey, and Rex I.

-Brasher

-

-

-

-Release Date: June 10, 2014  [eBook #45918]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)

-

-

-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

-

-

-E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Chris Curnow, and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)

-

-

-

-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this

-      file which includes the original illustrations.

-      See 45918-h.htm or 45918-h.zip:

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h/45918-h.htm)

-      or

-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/45918/45918-h.zip)

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-WESTERN BIRD GUIDE

-

-Birds of the Rockies and West to the Pacific

-

-Illustrations by

-

-CHESTER A. REED, B.S.; HARRY F. HARVEY; R. I. BRASHER

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-Garden City      New York

-Doubleday, Page & Company

-1917

-

-Copyright, 1913, by

-Chas. K. Reed, Worcester, Mass.

-

-

-

-

-The numbers and names used in this book are those adopted by the American

-Ornithologists' Union, and are known both in this country and abroad. The

-lengths given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and

-may be found either slightly larger or smaller than those quoted.

-

-On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species

-often cause confusion, because they are usually very similar to the

-original; they can best be identified by the locality in which they are

-found.

-

-The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a

-bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross

-against the name of each bird that you see in your locality, and also

-that you write at the top of the page the date of the arrival and

-departure of each bird as you note it; these dates vary so much in

-different localities that we have not attempted to give them. As many

-will not wish to soil their books we would suggest that they have a

-leather-covered copy for the library and a cloth one for pocket use.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-

-

-              BIRDS OF THE ROCKIES AND WEST TO THE PACIFIC

-

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     DIVING BIRDS--Order Pygopodes.

-                       GREBES--Family Colymbidae.

-

-

-                             WESTERN GREBE.

-         1.     Aechmophorus occidentalis.     25 to 29 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back of the neck

-is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.

-

-Nest.--A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to the

-upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid, usually much nest

-stained (2.40 x 1.55). Breeding in colonies.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the

-Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.

-

-

-                            HOLBOELL GREBE.

-               2.     Colymbus Holboelli.     19 inches.

-

-This is next to the Western Grebe in size, both being larger than any of

-the others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked, as shown in the

-illustration, but in winter have the usual dress of gray and white.

-

-Nest.--Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska, in the interior

-of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually on the coasts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HORNED GREBE.

-                3.     Colymbus auritus.     14 inches.

-

-In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray and

-white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of the most

-attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white ear tufts, the

-front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their food consists almost

-wholly of small fish.

-

-Nest.--Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the bog and

-water holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7 in number, are

-brownish yellow (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-Range.--Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                              EARED GREBE.

-        4.     Colymbus nigricollis californicus.     13 inches.

-

-This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi River. In

-summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color of the former. It

-can always be distinguished from the Horned by the upper mandible being

-straight on the top.

-

-Nest.--In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8 eggs, which

-are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.

-

-Range.--From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from Texas to

-British Columbia.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PIED-BILLED GREBE.

-             6.     Podilymbus podiceps.     13-1/2 inches.

-

-This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the grebes in any

-plumage, because of its stout compressed bill and brown eyes, all the

-others having red eyes. In summer the bill is nearly white, with a black

-band encircling it; the throat is black; breast and sides brownish-gray;

-the eye encircled with a white ring.

-

-Nest.--Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating in shallow

-ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes. Five to 8 brownish white

-eggs are laid (1.70 x 1.18).

-

-Range.--Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.

-

-

-                      LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

-                7.     Gavia immer.     31 to 35 inches.

-

-In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the grebes, except in

-size, being much larger. The common loon is the most beautiful of them

-all, having a velvety black iridescent head with slashes of white on the

-throat and neck and spots of white on the wings and back.

-

-Nest.--Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes on the edge

-of some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs are a yellowish brown,

-with black spots (3.50 x 2.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             PACIFIC LOON.

-              10.     Gavia pacifica.     30 to 32 inches.

-

-This species differs from the Loon in having the crown gray, and white

-streaks down the back of the neck, and in the color reflections of the

-black on the head. It is a trifle smaller also.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish brown,

-with the black spots mostly on the larger end (3.10 x 2).

-

-Range.--Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia; winters

-along the Pacific coast to Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-THROATED LOON.

-                 11.     Gavia stellata.     25 inches.

-

-The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are gray, there is a

-large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under parts white. Owing to the

-straight top to the upper mandible the bill has a slightly up-turned

-appearance.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few feet of the water.

-The eggs are an olive brown with more markings usually than the others,

-and mostly on the larger end (2.90 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Along the western coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS--Family Alcidae.

-

-

-                       TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.

-                 12.     Lunda cirrhata.     13 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds, with short

-legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly colored with red

-and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are white. They stand erect

-upon their feet and walk with ease.

-

-Nest.--They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific coast, laying

-their single white egg in burrows or crevices of the rocks. In some

-sections two or three broods are raised in a season (2.80 x 1.90).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.

-

-

-                             HORNED PUFFIN.

-             14.     Fratercula corniculata.     11 inches.

-

-This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east, excepting that

-the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the

-bill.

-

-Nest.--The same as the above, the single egg averaging smaller (2.65 x

-1.80).

-

-Range.--Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RHINOCEROS AUKLET.

-             15.     Cerorhinca monocerata.     11 inches.

-

-These birds have a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer

-plumage there is a small horn at the base of the bill from which it is

-given its name. These birds do not stand upright as do the Puffins; but

-sit upon their tarsus.

-

-Nest.--A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices of the

-rocks, usually without any attempt at nest making (2.70 x 1.80).

-

-Range.--Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds from Oregon to

-northern Alaska.

-

-

-                             CASSIN AUKLET.

-             16.     Ptychoramphus aleuticus.     9 inches.

-

-A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly white with

-blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white spot over the eye.

-This Auklet is fairly abundant on the Farallones and islands off the

-Lower California coast.

-

-Nest.--A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being a pale

-green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows or tunnels under

-the rocks, at times three or four feet long (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PAROQUET AUKLET.

-              17.     Phaleris psittacula.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is much like Cassin Auklet, but lacking the white spot over the

-eye and having a white breast. The bill is very peculiar, being quite

-deep and rounded and having an upward tendency. It is orange red in

-color.

-

-Range.--The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter. Nesting in

-the Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid (2.25 x 1.40).

-

-

-                           WHISKERED AUKLET.

-                19.     Aethia pygmaea.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands. The single white

-egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks (2.00 x 1.25).

-

-

-                            CRESTED AUKLET.

-             18.     Aethia cristatella.     8 to 9 inches.

-

-Similar in form and plumage to the Paroquet Auklet, except the whole

-under parts are gray.

-

-Nest and Range.--On the islands and main land of the Alaskan coast,

-laying only one chalky white egg in crevices or burrows under the rocks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST AUKLET.

-                20.     Aethia pusilla.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the same as others

-of the same family. They are one of the most abundant of the water birds

-of the extreme Northwest.

-

-Nest.--Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks or in

-crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-

-                           ANCIENT MURRELET.

-           21.     Synthliboramphus antiquus.     11 inches.

-

-The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more slender

-than the Auklets and are not highly colored.

-

-Nest.--One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices of the

-rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light brown.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska, breeding north

-of the United States.

-

-

-                           MARBLED MURRELET.

-            23.     Brachyramphus marmoratus.     10 inches.

-

-Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the Ancient Murrelet (2.20 x 1.40)

-and range is same as above, possibly breeding a little farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           XANTHUS MURRELET.

-                   25.     Brachyramphus hypoleucus.

-

-This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below, including the

-sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface of the wing is also

-white.

-

-Nest.--The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under the rocks in

-dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is a pale buffy white, and

-thickly but finely dotted with brown over the entire surface, heaviest on

-the larger end (2.05 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--Resident along the coast of southern and Lower California, where

-it breeds on many of the islands.

-

-

-                           PIGEON GUILLEMOT.

-                29.     Cepphus columba.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that the

-under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight and slender

-bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils. Feet and inside

-of mouth bright red.

-

-Nest.--Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark places under the

-rocks, are pale blue or green in color with black or brown markings and

-paler spots of lilac.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA MURRE.

-         30.     Uria troille californica.     15 to 16 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones. Large

-numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the San Francisco and other

-market places and disposed of as a food product, and as yet the birds do

-not seem to diminish to any great extent.

-

-Nest.--But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges. They vary

-greatly in color, from nearly white without markings to a deep greenish

-blue with an endless variety of patterns in light and dark brown (3.40 x

-2.00).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to Alaska.

-

-

-                            POMARINE JAEGER.

-             36.     Stercorarius pomarinus.     21 inches.

-

-These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but are the real

-pirates of bird life, especially among the terns and gulls. This species

-has two color phases regardless of sex or age. In the light plumage the

-top of the head is black, rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by

-the lengthened central tail-feathers.

-

-Nest.--Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           PARASITIC JAEGER.

-            37.     Stercorarius parasiticus.     17 inches.

-

-This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last. The two

-central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting about four

-inches beyond the others. All of the Jaegers have grayish blue legs with

-black feet, and brown eyes.

-

-Nest.--A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the two brownish

-eggs are laid (2.15 x 1.65).

-

-Range.--Northern part of North America, south in winter to southern

-California, breeding in the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                          LONG-TAILED JAEGER.

-            38.     Stercorarius longicaudus.     20 inches.

-

-This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight. Similar to

-the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers extend eight or

-ten inches beyond the others. It is more often found in the lighter

-phase.

-

-Nest.--Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in a slight

-depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--Arctic America; south in winter to South America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    GULLS AND TERNS--Family Laridae.

-

-

-                              IVORY GULL.

-                 39.     Pagophila alba.     17 inches.

-

-The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding season is

-entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and there is a red ring

-about the eye.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic regions. Three

-grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown and black (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to British

-Columbia.

-

-

-                           PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.

-          40a.     Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.     16 inches.

-

-These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands in the

-Bering Sea.

-

-Nest.--On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss and seaweed,

-making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two or three eggs, which are

-buffy brown or grayish, spotted with darker shades of brown (2.20 x

-4.70).

-

-Range.--Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south as Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.

-               41.     Rissa brevirostris.     16 inches.

-

-This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting that the legs are

-bright red, the mantle is darker and the bill shorter. They usually nest

-in separate colonies from the former, and can be readily identified when

-in flight by the red legs.

-

-Nest.--They have been found abundantly on the islands of the Bering Sea,

-nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The color of the eggs is buffy

-or brownish, blotched and spotted with lilac and shades of brown.

-

-Range.--Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.

-

-

-                             GLAUCOUS GULL.

-               42.     Larus hyperboreus.     28 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray; it is

-distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white to the tips.

-It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller Gulls, eating both the

-eggs and young.

-

-Nest.--Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number, in shades

-of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and black.

-

-Range.--Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.

-            44.     Larus glaucescens.     25 to 27 inches.

-

-The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this gull except that

-the primaries are tipped with white. They breed in large numbers both on

-the rocky cliffs and on the low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the

-cliffs large nests of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands

-no attempt is made at nest building.

-

-Nest.--Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a greenish brown

-ground color with various shades of brown spots, most thickly covered on

-the larger end (2.75 x 2.05).

-

-Range.--North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards,

-and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           SLATY-BACKED GULL.

-               48.     Larus schistisagus.     27 inches.

-

-This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck and slaty

-colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often nest in colonies with

-other gulls, building their small mounds of seaweed on the higher parts

-of the islands.

-

-Nest.--Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored eggs,

-spotted with dark brown and lavender (2.90 x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WESTERN GULL.

-               49.     Larus occidentalis.     26 inches.

-

-This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the large Gulls,

-and can be seen about the harbors of California at all seasons of the

-year. They are great thieves, robbing the Murres and Terns wherever eggs

-are left unprotected, and are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to

-contend with.

-

-Nest.--Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the full set

-contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark brown, showing the

-usual variation found in color in the Gulls' eggs (2.75 x 1.90).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to British

-Columbia.

-

-

-                             HERRING GULL.

-                51.     Larus argentatus.     24 inches.

-

-These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually on the

-ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite a distance from

-the water. A few pair nest on the islands of some of the inland lakes and

-it is not uncommon to see nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet

-from the ground.

-

-Nest.--They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted with black

-and brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RING-BILLED GULL.

-               54.     Larus delawarensis.     18 inches.

-

-A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips and

-always to be identified in the breeding season by the black band around

-the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in large colonies on

-the islands in the interior of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds

-at high altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the lakes of

-the Dakotas and northward.

-

-Nest.--Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight hollow on the

-ground generally on the grassy portion of some island (2.80 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower California to

-British Columbia.

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA GULL.

-               53.     Larus californicus.     23 inches.

-

-This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. Herring Gull and the

-primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow, with red spot near

-end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.--Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally

-upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and they are

-the usual color of the Gulls'.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           SHORT-BILLED GULL.

-              55.     Larus brachyrhynchus.     17 inches.

-

-The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the European

-variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly gray; rest of white;

-outer primary nearly black with a white spot at the end. Bill, feet and

-legs greenish.

-

-Nest.--On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The nest is

-generally made of moss, grass and weeds and placed on the ground.

-

-Range.--Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to Alaska. Winters

-in the south to Lower California.

-

-

-                             HEERMANN GULL.

-                57.     Larus heermanni.     17 inches.

-

-A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull. In summer

-the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a red bill and legs. The

-body color shades abruptly from the neck into slaty, both the upper and

-under parts. The primaries and tail are black.

-

-Nest.--Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs greenish

-drab in color marked with brown, black and lilac (2.45 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BONAPARTE GULL.

-               60.     Larus philadelphia.     14 inches.

-

-In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner web and

-shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck are gray; while in

-winter the head is white with gray spots back of the eyes. Young birds

-have the back mixed with brownish and the tail with a band of black near

-the tip. They are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.

-

-Nest.--They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the northwest. The

-nests of sticks and grass are placed on the higher parts of the marshes

-and the usual complement of three eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to

-greenish brown, marked with dark brown spots (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-

-                              SABINE GULL.

-                  62.     Xema sabini.     13 inches.

-

-A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring;

-the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail slightly forked. In

-winter the head and throat white with the back of the neck dusky.

-

-Nest.--They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and

-Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish brown in color and marked

-with dark brown (1.75 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASPIAN TERN.

-                 64.     Sterna caspia.     21 inches.

-

-The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill is large,

-heavy and bright red. The crest with which this species is adorned is

-black. The mantle is pearl color and the breast is white. Winter birds

-have the crown mixed with white, and the young are blotched with blackish

-in the wings and tail.

-

-Nest.--They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again only a few

-pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from gray to greenish buff,

-marked with brown and lilac. The two eggs usually being laid in a hollow

-in the sand.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and Lower California

-to the Arctic regions.

-

-

-                             ELEGANT TERN.

-                 66.     Sterna elegans.     17 inches.

-

-In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are tinged with

-rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name.

-

-Nest.--They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in the sand,

-creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--Central and South America, in summer to California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FORSTERS TERN.

-                69.     Sterna forsteri.     15 inches.

-

-These beautiful birds are often known as "Sea Swallows," because of their

-similarity in flight to those well-known land birds. They are the picture

-of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert

-and ready to dart down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.

-

-Nest.--A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with grass, in which

-are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying in color from almost white

-to brownish, thickly spotted with brown and lavender (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba to the Gulf

-Coast.

-

-

-                              COMMON TERN.

-                 70.     Sterna hirundo.     15 inches.

-

-This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being more

-blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly gray in place of

-white, tail not quite as much forked, and shorter; edge of outer

-primaries and outer tail-feathers blackish.

-

-Nest.--These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic coast. Their eggs

-are more rounded (1.75 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARCTIC TERN.

-                71.     Sterna paradisae.     15 inches.

-

-A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution; and the

-pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and below. Bill quite red

-and feet much smaller and bright red. When their nesting colonies are

-approached they will rise in clouds, circling about high in the air,

-uttering at times their peculiar cry.

-

-Nest.--Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt at nest

-building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the bare sand or

-gravel just above the water line. There is no difference in the color or

-markings of the eggs from the others (1.75 x 1.40).

-

-Range.--More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic Regions and

-wintering from California to the Gulf States.

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN TERN.

-                73.     Sterna aleutica.     15 inches.

-

-This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the Common Tern, but

-has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, with a black line

-extending from the bill to the eye.

-

-Nest.--Is much the same as the Arctic, but the eggs are somewhat smaller

-and narrower (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              LEAST TERN.

-                74.     Sterna antillarum.     9 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a swallow and in

-flight are much the same, darting through the air, taking insects the

-same as swallows, or dipping into the water for small minnows that are

-showing themselves near the surface.

-

-Nest.--Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above the water

-line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully marked with

-different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 x .95).

-

-Range.--Throughout the United States to northern South America, breeding

-abundantly on the coast of southern California.

-

-

-                              BLACK TERN.

-        77.     Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.     10 inches.

-

-We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either white or

-pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults in summer having the

-head, neck and under parts black, with the back, wings and tail gray.

-

-Nest.--Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color. Nests are

-of weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies. Two to four eggs are a

-dark greenish brown with black spots (1.35 x .95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    ALBATROSSES--Family Diomedeidae.

-

-

-                        BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.

-            81.     Diomedea nigripes.     32 to 36 inches.

-

-This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into whitish at the

-base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted for its extended flights,

-following vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest.

-

-Nest.--They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 x 2.40).

-

-

-                        SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.

-               82.     Diomedea albatrus.     36 inches.

-

-This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following a vessel

-will keep a long distance behind in its search for food. With the

-exception of the primaries, which are black, as are also the shoulders

-and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with yellow on the back of

-the head.

-

-Nest.--They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the coast of

-Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare ground or rocks.

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California to Alaska;

-most common in northern part of the range.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LAYSAN ALBATROSS.

-             82.1.     Diomedea immutabilis.     32 inches.

-

-These birds are white with the exception of the back, wings and tail,

-which are black; bill and feet yellow.

-

-Nest.--Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or rocks (4.00 x

-2.35).

-

-Range.--This species breeds in large numbers on the island from which it

-takes its name--Layson Island, of the Hawaiian Group--appearing rarely

-off the coast of California.

-

-

-                        YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.

-            83.     Thalassogeron culminatus.     36 inches.

-

-This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian oceans and

-is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An egg in the collection

-of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., was taken on Gough Island Sept.

-1st, 1888. The nest was a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The

-single white egg measured 3.75 x 2.25.

-

-

-                            SOOTY ALBATROSS.

-             84.     Phoebetria palpebrata.     36 inches.

-

-This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim around the

-eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 x 2.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.

-                         Family Procellariidae.

-

-

-                            PACIFIC FULMAR.

-         86b.     Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.     18 inches.

-

-In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is shorter and

-stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the nostrils opening out of

-a single tube, prominently located on top of the bill. Their flight is

-graceful like that of the Gulls.

-

-Nest.--On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern Pacific

-they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the rocks having its

-tenant. They lay but a single white egg on the bare rocks (2.90 x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.

-

-

-                         SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.

-             87.     Priocella glacialoides.     18 inches.

-

-This species has a paler mantle than others of the family, and the

-primaries are black.

-

-Range.--Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the United

-States in the summer. They probably breed in the far south during our

-winter, although we have no definite record relative to their nesting

-habits.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.

-               91.     Puffinus creatopus.     19 inches.

-

-Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper parts and

-under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color, darkest on the wings; top

-of head dark, with throat and breast white, with yellowish bill and pink

-colored feet.

-

-Range.--From Monterey, California, to South America.

-

-

-                        BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.

-             93.     Puffinus opisthomelas.     14 inches.

-

-Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter in color.

-Quite common in southern California and much more so in Lower California.

-

-Range.--From northern United States to Lower California. A single white

-egg is laid (2.00 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.

-             93.1.     Puffinus auricularis.     14 inches.

-

-A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower California

-coast and islands.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.

-                95.     Puffinus griseus.     17 inches.

-

-This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands in the far

-south during our winter months, comes north and appears off the Pacific

-coast of the United States during our summer months, as far north as

-Alaska. They are a dark sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which

-are whitish.

-

-Nest.--Habits are the same as the others of the family. The single white

-egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices under rocks (2.40 x

-1.65).

-

-

-                       SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.

-             96.     Puffinus tenuirostris.     14 inches.

-

-This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling it in color

-and markings, being a little lighter under the throat, and the bill more

-slender in proportion to the size of the bird. Bill and feet nearly

-black, as is also the one above.

-

-Nest.--Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as the

-Dark-bodied Shearwater; it is not found on the N. A. coast as commonly as

-the other.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             FISHER PETREL.

-               100.     Aestrelata fisheri.     7 inches.

-

-This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off

-Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.

-

-

-                             LEAST PETREL.

-           103.     Halocyptena microsoma.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely dark sooty.

-

-Nest.--They have been found breeding on the islands of Lower California,

-and they probably do on others farther south. The single egg of this bird

-is white with a wreath of tiny brown specks about the larger end.

-

-

-                          FORK-TAILED PETREL.

-              105.     Oceanodroma furcata.     8 inches.

-

-These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being darker and the

-under parts lightest.

-

-Nest.--Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the ground. Egg white

-with a fine wreath of purplish black specks about the larger end. Found

-breeding on the islands of Alaska.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            KAEDING PETREL.

-           105.2.     Oceanodroma kaedingi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and the tail

-less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California to Mexico,

-breeding in the southern part of its range.

-

-

-                             LEACH PETREL.

-             106.     Oceanodroma leucorhoa.     8 inches.

-

-These are quite common on both the eastern and western coasts, breeding

-from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians. They are of a sooty brown

-color, upper tail-coverts and side of under-coverts white. They burrow in

-the ground for two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building;

-placing their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow. These

-birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one remaining at

-sea during the day and returning at night. They are rarely seen in the

-vicinity of their nests during the day.

-

-

-                           GUADALUPE PETREL.

-                  106.1.     Oceanodroma macrodactyla.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail and somewhat

-longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.

-

-Nest.--Same as above with one white egg, usually much nest stained.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BLACK PETREL.

-            107.     Oceanodroma melania.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump of the two

-or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very offensive musky odor,

-which is always noticeable about an island inhabited by them. The skins

-and eggs of the birds always retain this odor.

-

-Nest.--Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes containing a

-small amount of nesting material; grass and roots.

-

-Range.--Southern California southward to Mexico.

-

-

-                              ASHY PETREL.

-             108.     Oceanodroma homochroa.     7 inches.

-

-This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands, sooty gray

-in color, their plumage matching their surroundings so closely that,

-unless one is looking for them, they will easily be overlooked.

-

-They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves to be

-removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they. They build in burrows or

-in any crevice of the rocks, laying their single white egg on the ground

-or rock without much, if any, lining to the nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  CORMORANTS--Family Phalacrocoracidae.

-

-

-                          FARALLONE CORMORANT.

-      120c.     Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus.     30 inches.

-

-Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty. These birds

-breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing their nests well up on

-the higher ridges and also in the trees on some of the inland islands, or

-near large ponds or lakes. They build large nests of sticks and roots,

-lined with grass, seaweed and moss.

-

-Nest.--Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid (2.40 x 1.50).

-

-

-                           BRANDT CORMORANT.

-          122.     Phalacrocorax penicillatus.     35 inches.

-

-Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender and nearly

-straight. The young are hatched without feathers or down and the skin is

-nearly black. The young for two or three months are the food supply for

-the larger Gulls. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands,

-they stay closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are

-always on the watch for either the eggs or young.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of the United

-States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BAIRD CORMORANTS.

-     123b.     Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.     28 inches.

-

-This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from Washington south

-to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as the former species and not

-inclined to breed in colonies with the others, but is more secluded.

-

-Nest.--Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks and cliffs on

-which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom building in trees.

-Their eggs are much smaller, averaging 2.20 x 1.40.

-

-

-                          RED-FACED CORMORANT.

-              124.     Phalacrocorax urile.     32 inches.

-

-The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly in having the

-forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the same as other members of the

-family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the

-fact that the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a ring

-about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.

-

-Nest.--The nesting places of these as well as other members of this

-family are very filthy, being covered with excrement and the remains of

-fish that are strewn about their nests (2.50 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     PELICANS.--Family Pelecanidae.

-

-

-                             WHITE PELICAN.

-           125.     Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.     60 inches.

-

-Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white; bill and feet

-yellow, the former in the breeding season having a thin upright knob

-about midway on the top of the upper mandible. They get their food by

-approaching a school of small fish and suddenly dipping their head

-beneath the surface, sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;

-they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the sides of

-the mouth, and then swallow the fish.

-

-Nest.--On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally only a lining

-about the outer edge; the eggs being placed upon the ground. Two or three

-eggs are laid, pure chalky white (3.45 x 2.30).

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.

-            127.     Pelecanus californicus.     55 inches.

-

-Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back of neck rich

-velvety brown; head and throat white.

-

-Nest.--On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks and weeds.

-Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 x 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS--Family Fregatidae.

-

-

-                             FRIGATE BIRD.

-                128.     Fregata aquila.     40 inches.

-

-In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest expanse of

-wing of any known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they have an

-extent of from seven to eight feet. The length of the bird is about 40

-inches, of which the tail comprises about 18, more than half of this

-being forked. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor

-swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete

-masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of

-small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.

-

-Nest.--A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. A

-single white egg (2.80 x 1.90).

-

-

-                   AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.

-               129.     Mergus americanus.     25 inches.

-

-These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth

-to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on the ground; 6

-to 9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

-                130.     Mergus serrator.     22 inches.

-

-This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is found commonly

-on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more than on the coast. The male

-has the head, neck, and crest iridescent greenish black, breast brownish

-with black spots. The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut

-color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the black found on

-the males.

-

-Nest.--They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff color, making

-their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or in tufts of grass or in

-crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest with feathers (2.50 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--Whole of North America, breeding from central United States to

-British America.

-

-

-                           HOODED MERGANSER.

-             131.     Lophodytes cucullatus.     17 inches.

-

-Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest with which both

-sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this from the others. The male

-having the crest black with a large white patch, and that of the female

-plain brown.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                GADWALL.

-            135.     Chaulelasmus streperus.     20 inches.

-

-Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the female is similar

-but the back and wings are brownish-gray. As is usual with many of the

-ducks these do most of their feeding early in the morning or after dusk,

-and spend the greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the

-most noisy and active of the ducks.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes or in the long

-grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to 12 eggs of a creamy buff

-color (2.10 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Includes the whole of North America, breeds from British Columbia

-to southern California.

-

-

-                                MALLARD.

-              132.     Anas platyrhynchos.     23 inches.

-

-These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They feed on mollusks

-and marine insects which they generally reach by tipping in shallow

-water.

-

-Nest.--In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their nests in the

-tall grasses of which it is made and lined with feathers. Breed from

-Alaska to southern California (2.25 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BALDPATE--AMERICAN WIDGEON.

-               137.     Mareca Americana.     19 inches.

-

-These are common and well-known birds throughout North America, where

-they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the

-bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. They

-can usually be identified at a distance by the absence of any dark

-markings, and when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.

-

-Nest.--Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers, on the ground

-or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are laid (2.15 x 1.20).

-

-

-                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

-              139.     Nettion carolinense.     14 inches.

-

-These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly sought for by

-sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence of their flesh. The

-male may be easily identified by the reddish brown head and neck, with

-the large green patch behind each ear.

-

-Nest.--On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it is made of

-weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9 buffy eggs are laid (1.85

-x 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California and Oregon.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

-              140.     Querquedula discors.     15 inches.

-

-Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front of the eye;

-under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black; wing coverts bright

-blue. Female similar to female Green-wing, but has the blue wing coverts.

-In flight can be easily separated from the Green-wing by its darker under

-parts. Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines. This is

-more common east of the Rockies than the other.

-

-Nest.--Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed in the reeds

-bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs are laid.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding more abundantly than the former farther

-north in its range.

-

-

-                             CINNAMON TEAL.

-            141.     Querquedula cyanoptera.     16 inches.

-

-This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the Rockies. It is

-on the male a bright cinnamon color on the under parts; also the head and

-neck, being darkest near the bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts

-blue; speculum green, divided by a line of white.

-

-Nest.--Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 x 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SHOVELLER.

-               142.     Spatula clypeata.     20 inches.

-

-Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill, which is out of

-all proportion to the size of the bird. Head, neck and speculum dark

-green, under parts reddish brown, breast and back white, wing coverts

-blue. If it were not for the large ungainly bill, this duck would be

-classed as one of our most beautiful during the breeding season.

-

-Nest.--It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of grass, weeds

-and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10 grayish white eggs (2.10 x

-1.50).

-

-Range.--North America; breeding most abundant on the western coast from

-southern California to northwest Alaska.

-

-

-                                PINTAIL.

-                 143.     Dafila acuta.     30 inches.

-

-A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with head and

-stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and sides barred with white

-and black wavy lines.

-

-Nest.--On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with feathers

-generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12 eggs of a dull olive

-color (2.20 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--North America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               WOOD DUCK.

-                  144.     Aix sponsa.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of any of the duck

-family. Both the male and female have a long crest; that of the male of

-the most beautiful shades of blue and iridescent green colors, with

-stripes of white, the throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut

-with white arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line

-markings.

-

-Nest.--In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The birds are

-said to carry the young from the nest to the water in their bills. 6 to

-10 eggs, buffy in color (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to the Gulf of

-Mexico.

-

-

-                                REDHEAD.

-               146.     Marila americana.     19 inches.

-

-This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered as the best

-table birds of the duck family.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in number, buffy

-white in color (2.40 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CANVAS-BACK.

-              147.     Marila valisineria.     21 inches.

-

-Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish

-forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the Redhead having yellow

-eyes. Like the last species, these birds are excellent swimmers and

-divers, and secure their food from deeper water than many of the ducks.

-Their food consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell

-fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market price, and are

-much sought after by gunners.

-

-Nest.--On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with grass and

-feathers. 6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America; breeding from central British Columbia south to

-Oregon and Minnesota.

-

-

-                        SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.

-                 148.     Marila marila.     18 inches.

-

-This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing to the slaty

-blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast are black; speculum and

-under parts white, and eyes yellow.

-

-Nest.--In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior of British

-Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray (2.50 x 1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LESSER SCAUP DUCK.

-                149.     Marila affinis.     17 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed

-purple instead of green on the black. They are one of the most abundant

-migrants, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the

-flash of a gun. The immense flocks generally keep out in the open waters

-of the lakes or rivers; where they feed by diving.

-

-Nest.--Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with feathers from the

-breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale gray color (2.25 x 1.55).

-

-

-                           RING-NECKED DUCK.

-                150.     Marila collaris.     17 inches.

-

-In appearance and general habits this duck is much the same as the two

-preceding. Male with head, neck and breast black with purple shades,

-having a ring of chestnut about the neck, which at a little distance is

-not noticeable. Bill blackish, with a bluish band near the end; eye

-yellow.

-

-Nest.--Same in every way as above, and general distribution the same,

-breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.

-          151.     Clangula clangula americana.     20 inches.

-

-These are handsome ducks, known as "Whistlers," from the noise of their

-wings when flying, and also "Great-heads," because of the puffy crest.

-The head is greenish black with a large round white spot in front of and

-a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.

-

-Nest.--Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining the cavity

-with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining the nest with feathers,

-in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs of a grayish color (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from Alaska south to the most northern of

-United States. Winters to southern California and the Gulf Coast.

-

-

-                           BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.

-              152.     Clangula islandica.     20 inches.

-

-Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white spot between

-the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is the preceding.

-

-Nest.--The range and nesting habits are the same as above, possibly

-breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BUFFLE-HEAD.

-             153.     Charitonetta albeola.     14 inches.

-

-This handsome little duck is also known as "Butter-ball" and

-"Dipper-duck," the latter name given to them on account of the ease with

-which they can disappear under the water. They are always on the alert

-and will dive at the flash of a gun. Head iridescent blue, green and

-purple, and with a large white patch extending from eye to eye, across

-the back of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can

-take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.

-

-Nest.--In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the sides of rivers,

-8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                      OLD-SQUAW--LONG-TAILED DUCK.

-               154.     Harelda hyemalis.     21 inches.

-

-One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in summer and winter.

-Both sexes are marked similarly, but the female is somewhat duller and

-lacks the long tail feathers of the male. They are excellent swimmers and

-dive to great depths in search of their food.

-

-Nest.--Generally concealed in the long grass near the water, made of

-grass and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HARLEQUIN DUCK.

-           155.     Histrionicus histrionicus.     17 inches.

-

-A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the illustration. It is

-not the colors alone that make them so attractive, but the way the colors

-are placed. The white being in long stripes, crescents or large spots,

-with black, gray and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among

-the swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on the

-coasts.

-

-Nest.--Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with down placed on

-the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes in the hollow of a tree. 5

-to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to the central part

-of California among the mountain streams.

-

-

-                             PACIFIC EIDER.

-               161.     Somateria v-nigra.     23 inches.

-

-This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it has a

-black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly on the Aleutian

-Islands, but in great numbers farther north.

-

-Nest.--They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly lining same

-with down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs (3.00 x 2.00).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             STELLER EIDER.

-              157.     Polysticta stelleri.     18 inches.

-

-A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish on the

-forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and crissum, black;

-under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the long scapulars black and

-white.

-

-Nest.--Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It breeds on the

-rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six to nine eggs are pale

-olive green in color (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian Islands and

-northwest coast of Alaska.

-

-

-                           SPECTACLED EIDER.

-              158.     Arctonetta fischeri.     21 inches.

-

-This species is black on the under parts and mostly white above. The head

-is largely washed with sea green, leaving a large patch of white,

-narrowly bordered with black around each eye, thus resembling a pair of

-spectacles and giving it the name it has.

-

-Nest.--Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from their breast;

-they are placed upon the ground under overhanging stones or clumps of

-grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 x 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              KING EIDER.

-             162.     Somateria spectabilis.     23 inches.

-

-This species is very different from any of the preceding, the crown being

-of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in place of the white of

-the others. It also has a broad V-shaped mark on the throat and a black

-crescent between the eye and bill. Like all of the other Eiders the

-females are mottled brown and black, the different species being very

-difficult to separate.

-

-Nest.--These are usually a depression in the ground lined with the down

-from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10 eggs of a greenish color (3.00

-x 2.00).

-

-Range.--Northern North America, breeding along the coast of Siberia,

-Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.

-

-

-                                SCOTER.

-               163.     Oidemia americana.     19 inches.

-

-Scoters or "Coots," as they are generally called, are Sea Ducks whose

-plumage is almost wholly black; base of the bill is yellow and orange.

-This species nest similar to the Eiders, concealing it under overhanging

-rocks or in tufts of grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 x

-1.70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.

-               165.     Oidemia deglandi.     22 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished from

-the others by the white speculum on the wing and a white comet extending

-from the eye backwards. It also has a yellow eye.

-

-This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of the family.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or under low

-bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes twigs, lined with

-feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in British Columbia and Alaska.

-

-

-                              SURF SCOTER.

-             166.     Oidemia perspicillata.     20 inches.

-

-The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white spot on top

-of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and

-yellow with a large black spot near the base. The female is a grayish

-brown, lighter below; also with a spot of dull white in front of the eye

-and the same in back.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              RUDDY DUCK.

-            167.     Erismatura jamaicensis.     15 inches.

-

-This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown upper parts;

-blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and under parts silvery white

-with grayish wash next to the ruddy. Bill is very stout and broad at the

-end, and the tail feathers are very stiff and pointed. Females have back,

-crown and sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.

-These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or in flight.

-

-Nest.--They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally lined with

-down in which are placed their eggs to the number of from 8 to 12 of a

-grayish white color (2.40 x 1.75) unusually large for the size of the

-bird.

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding from Central British

-Columbia southward as far as Lower California.

-

-

-                              SNOW GOOSE.

-         169.     Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus.     26 inches.

-

-Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black. This is the

-smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern variety being some ten

-inches longer, found in N. A., west of the Mississippi River.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ROSS GOOSE.

-                  170.     Chen rossi.     23 inches.

-

-This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters in

-California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and is the smallest of

-the family.

-

-

-                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

-           171a.     Anser albifrons gambeli.     27 inches.

-

-These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage, dark head and

-white forehead; bill and feet orange. They are the most common on the

-western coast and large numbers of them are sold in the markets.

-

-Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails, and

-insects.

-

-Nest.--These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression and made

-of dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs are from four to nine in

-number, of a dull buff color (3.00 x 2.05).

-

-Range.--Western and central North America, breeds on the Arctic coast

-south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from British Columbia to

-southern California. During the spring flight immense flocks of these

-birds pass through Oregon and follow down the west coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CANADA GOOSE.

-         172.     Branta canadensis canadensis.     38 inches.

-

-This species is the most widely known of the family, and is the most

-numerous. Its familiar "honk" has long been the signal of the coming

-spring, and the V-shaped formation in which the flocks migrate is always

-an object of interest to every one; large birds, with long necks

-outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the

-leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on the ground in

-marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color

-are laid (3.50 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding from northern United States

-northward, and wintering in the southern part of U. S. to Lower

-California.

-

-

-                            CACKLING GOOSE.

-           172c.     Branta canadensis minima.     24 inches.

-

-This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference being only in

-the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and migrates in

-winter along the western coast south to southern California. Eggs are

-buff color; 4 to 9 (2.90 x 1.95).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              BLACK BRANT.

-               174.     Branta nigricans.     26 inches.

-

-Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar nearly encircling

-the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts mostly white. They are

-very inquisitive and easily come to decoys, and consequently large

-numbers of them are shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird

-especially when in large flocks. They get most of their food by tipping

-up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon the tender water plants

-and roots gathered from the bottom.

-

-Nest.--A depression in the ground lined with grass and feathers and the

-down from their breasts; four to eight eggs are laid of a grayish color

-(2.80 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Western North America, breeding abundantly in northern Alaska and

-wintering on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower California.

-

-

-                             EMPEROR GOOSE.

-               176.     Philacte canagica.     26 inches.

-

-This handsome species may be known by the mottled or scaly appearance of

-the feathers; the head is white with a black chin and throat. Their 3 to

-7 eggs are a dull buff color (3.10 x 2.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.

-            177.     Dendrocygna autumnalis.     22 inches.

-

-These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are very common in

-southern Texas and along the Rio Grande. They are not timid and are

-frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, and

-feed in grain fields at considerable distance from the water. They

-usually raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten to as

-many as twenty.

-

-Nest.--They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at a great

-distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few feathers and down.

-The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 x 1.50).

-

-

-                           FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.

-              178.     Dendrocygna bicolor.     22 inches.

-

-In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more of a rufous

-all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It has no white markings. It

-is fully as abundant as the preceding and is found farther north and west

-to the Pacific coast in southern California.

-

-Nest.--Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them are

-identical with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been found in one

-nest, but these were probably laid by two birds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WHISTLING SWAN.

-               180.     Olor columbianus.     58 inches.

-

-These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their bill and

-feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer the end of the bill

-than it is to the eye. It is distinguished from the next by the small

-yellow spot on either side of the bill near its base.

-

-Nest.--Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss, grass, feathers

-and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy places near ponds or lakes.

-Three to six greenish or brownish buff eggs are laid (4.00 x 2.75).

-

-Range.--North America, more common in the east, breeding in Alaska and

-the Arctic islands, wintering from British Columbia to the central part

-of California.

-

-

-                            TRUMPETER SWAN.

-                181.     Olor buccinator.     65 inches.

-

-This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a spread of wing

-nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior than on the coast. Its

-plumage is the same as above, except that the bill is entirely black and

-the nostril is located nearer the eye. Their nesting habits are the same

-as above, the eggs averaging a trifle larger.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      GLOSSY IBIS--Family Ibididae.

-              186.     Plegadis autumnalis.     25 inches.

-

-The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut color, glossy with

-purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy greenish black; bill, legs

-and feet carmine red, bill much curved downward.

-

-This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis which is

-occasionally found in southern California, with the exception that the

-latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering the bill, white.

-

-Nest.--Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living

-stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep greenish blue color (1.95 x

-1.35).

-

-

-                       WOOD IBIS--Family Ciconiae.

-              188.     Mycteria americana.     45 inches.

-

-Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which are pale bluish

-in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely white except for the

-primaries and tail, which are glossy purplish black. This is the only

-true Stork which occurs in North America, and is found only in the

-southern part of California and the most southern states near the Gulf of

-Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             LEAST BITTERN.

-               191.     Ixobrychus exilis.     13 inches.

-

-This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern portions of

-the United States. They are very quiet and sly birds, and their presence

-is often unsuspected when they are really quite abundant. Their nests are

-made of rushes woven about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white

-(1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                        BITTERN--Family Herodii.

-             190.     Botaurus lentiginosus.     28 inches.

-

-These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep concealed so

-closely that one may pass within a few feet of them and they not take

-flight. They are known by a variety of names, nearly all of which have

-reference to their "booming" sound while in the bogs. The most common

-name given them being "Stake Driver" and again "Thunder Pumper." They are

-much variegated with brown and yellowish brown; adults with a long, broad

-black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye is yellow; bill and

-legs, greenish yellow.

-

-Nest.--They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their nest usually

-in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by water. They lay from

-three to five brownish colored eggs (1.95 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GREAT BLUE HERON.

-            194.     Ardea herodias herodias.     48 inches.

-

-This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is bluish gray,

-relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and patches on the sides

-and a white crown. Young birds are much duller colored and lack the crest

-of the old birds. It takes several years for them to obtain their perfect

-plumage. In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company with

-many other species.

-

-Nest.--Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in the trees

-near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many as 40 nests have

-been found in a single tree. Three to five eggs of a greenish blue color

-(2.50 x 1.50).

-

-Range.--North America except the extreme northern part, breeds from

-British Columbia to southern Lower California.

-

-

-                              GREEN HERON.

-         201.     Butorides virescens virescens.     17 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the

-country. In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one

-of two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream; 3 to 5

-pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 EGRET.

-               196.     Herodias egretta.     41 inches.

-

-This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has persistently

-been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery purposes. They usually

-breed in colonies with several others of the Heron family.

-

-Nest.--Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes over the

-water in which they lay three or four light bluish green colored eggs

-(2.25 x 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.

-

-

-                              SNOWY EGRET.

-             197.     Egretta candidissima.     24 inches.

-

-Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved plumes growing

-from the middle of the back; long crest of plumes on back of the head,

-and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base; legs black and feet

-yellow. With the protection which has been placed on these birds and the

-large breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government

-reservations we hope to see these become more abundant within a few

-years. Their nesting habits are the same as above, only the eggs are

-smaller (1.80 x 1.25).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-         202.     Nycticorax nycticorax naevius.     24 inches.

-

-A well-known bird often called "quawk" from the note which it makes

-during its evening flights. They are usually found nesting in large

-colonies, while in some places a few secluded pairs nest; a favorite

-place being among pine trees on the edge of muddy ponds.

-

-Nest.--Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the higher limbs

-of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more in each tree. Eggs are

-pale greenish color (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                      YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.

-              203.     Nyctanassa violacea.     23 inches.

-

-The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded white

-plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested

-together so that they appear to be as one. On the back they also have

-long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a comet shaped patch under the eye

-of a yellowish white. As dusk approaches, these birds start out from

-their roosting places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to

-their feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting

-of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     WHOOPING CRANE--Family Gruidae.

-                204.     Grus americana.     50 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of the adults

-is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts of the head and face

-are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet black. These great birds are not

-uncommon on the prairies of the interior of America.

-

-Nest.--Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the bogs, the nest

-being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two or three feet in

-diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish buff color blotched with shades

-of brown and gray (3.75 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic regions and

-wintering to the Gulf states and southward.

-

-

-                          LITTLE BROWN CRANE.

-                205.     Grus canadensis.     36 inches.

-

-This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane, but more

-brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this family always carry

-the neck fully extended, while the Herons draw the neck back between the

-wings. Unlike herons the young birds are born covered with down, and can

-run about as soon as they appear.

-

-Range.--In northern Canada, where it breeds.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.--Family Rallidae.

-               210.1.     Rallus levipes.     10 inches.

-

-They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed if any danger

-is lurking about the locality where they are. They are very quick to get

-away in the tall grass if startled, and rarely take to the wing for

-protection. This species is found about the marshes in southern

-California.

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.

-               210.     Rallus obsoletus.     15 inches.

-

-Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; cinnamon

-colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly all of the marshes

-along the coast. They are excellent runners, and are very difficult to

-start from the marsh grass in which they are concealed. Its nest is built

-on the ground on the higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively

-dry, building it of grass and strips of rushes.

-

-Nest.--They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color, spotted and

-blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 x 1.25). The young of this family are

-born covered with a shining black down, and remain in the nest but a few

-hours.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VIRGINIA RAIL.

-              212.     Rallus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts

-grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown, brightest on the breast.

-Sides sharply barred with black and white; chin and line over the eye

-white, side of head slaty color. Like others of this species, it is found

-in either the fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.

-

-Nest.--Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs of a creamy

-white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac; six to ten are the

-number laid (1.25 x .90).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding from British Columbia to southern

-California and the Gulf of Mexico.

-

-

-                               SORA RAIL.

-                214.     Porzana carolina.     9 inches.

-

-Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on the head.

-Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the day in quiet and do

-most of their feeding after dusk, when their clucking notes may be heard

-all over the marshes.

-

-Nest.--A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs, buff

-colored with reddish-brown specks (1.25 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              YELLOW RAIL.

-           215.     Coturnicops noveboracensis.     7 inches.

-

-This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy brown, yellowish

-buff; black and white barred side feathers. The back is blackish with the

-feathers edged with white. These small Rails are like field mice, hard to

-locate or obtain sight of when in the marsh grass. They object to flying

-unless forced to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility

-to get through rushes to avoid being seen.

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and twisted

-together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color, specked with

-reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end (1.10 x .80).

-

-Range.--Locally distributed in temperate America from southern California

-to British Columbia.

-

-

-                              BLACK RAIL.

-             216.     Creciscus coturniculus.     5 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird, with back a

-dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray feathers on the sides and

-flank spotted and barred with white.

-

-Nest.--These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely cupped to

-hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve; creamy white, specked all

-over with reddish brown (1.03 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           FLORIDA GALLINULE.

-               219.     Gallinula galeata.     13 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back a brownish

-color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former being tipped with

-yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about the top. The grayish side

-feathers tipped with white at the wing and lower ones with black. They

-have an almost endless variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.

-

-Nest.--They build in colonies in the marshes, making their nests of

-rushes and grasses woven together and attached to stalks of rushes quite

-often over the water. They lay from six to ten eggs of a creamy buff

-color (1.60 x 1.15).

-

-

-                             AMERICAN COOT.

-               221.     Fulica americana.     15 inches.

-

-Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the whole bird. Toes

-lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill white with a blackish band near

-the tip; shield narrow and brownish, ending in a point.

-

-Nest.--This is placed in the same localities as are the Rails, and they

-have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of a grayish color

-finely specked all over with black or brown (1.80 x 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 RED PHALAROPE.--Family Phalaropodidae.

-             222.     Phalaropus fulicarius.     8 inches.

-

-These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their breeding

-plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have changed to their

-winter dress, and they retain this until after they leave us in the

-spring. In summer the under parts and neck a reddish brown; sides of the

-head white; top of head blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white

-band. The female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.

-

-Nest.--A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses. Three or four

-eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown or black (1.20

-x .80).

-

-Range.--Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and in winter

-migrating to middle portions of United States on both coasts.

-

-

-                          NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

-                223.     Lobipes lobatus.     8 inches.

-

-This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on

-the coasts a short time during migration. Like the last they are expert

-swimmers, and pass most of their time when not breeding upon the surface

-of the water. They feed upon minute insects secured from beds of floating

-kelp. Nest and eggs similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILSON PHALAROPE.

-              224.     Steganopus tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a very graceful

-form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad black stripe through the

-eye and down the side of the neck, where it changes gradually into a rich

-chestnut color. Bill is long and slender. It is a bird of the interior,

-and is only rarely met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in

-large flocks, as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the

-water, although a good swimmer.

-

-Nest.--Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of

-grass near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or four greenish-buff

-eggs with black markings (1.30 x .90).

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to southern

-California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.

-

-

-                             WILSON SNIPE.

-              230.     Gallinago delicata.     11 inches.

-

-This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy meadows with its

-winding brooks. They procure their food by boring in the muddy banks of

-the meadows, the tip of the bill being flexible.

-

-Nest.--On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                    AVOCET--Family Recurvirostridae.

-            225.     Recurvirostra americana.     17 inches.

-

-In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and

-winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers on the under part

-white and very thick and, duck-like, being impervious to water. Bill

-slender and recurved; feet webbed. Large patches of white on the wings,

-making them very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if

-not molested, they become very tame.

-

-Nest.--Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in the ground.

-They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color,

-spotted and blotched with brown and black (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          BLACK-NECKED STILT.

-             226.     Himantopus mexicanus.     15 inches.

-

-Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and

-slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with back

-brownish. They are strong and swift upon the wing.

-

-Nest.--On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass. Three or four eggs,

-greenish buff, with numerous markings of brown and black about the larger

-end.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DOWITCHER.

-             231.     Macrorhamphus griseus.     11 inches.

-

-Bill very long like that of the Snipe. In summer these birds are reddish

-brown below; more or less specked with black on the breast and barred

-with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter or

-even white on the rump, crossed with wavy lines of black.

-

-In winter they are gray above and white below. By the gunners known as

-"Red-breasted Snipe" in the spring and summer and as "Graybacks" in the

-winter months.

-

-Nest.--Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with grass and

-leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color boldly marked with

-brown most heavily about the larger end (1.75 x 1.15).

-

-

-                            STILT SANDPIPER.

-             233.     Micropalama himantopus.     9 inches.

-

-These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single

-individuals being found in flocks of other species rather than in flocks

-by themselves. Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer the

-entire under parts are a rusty white, closely barred with blackish. In

-winter they are gray above and white below.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                 KNOT.

-                234.     Tringa canutus.     11 inches.

-

-This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches, following out

-each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking the small insects from the

-sand, and hurrying back to get clear from the next wave. Bill moderately

-long and quite stout; form more robust than most of the shore birds.

-Adults in summer mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish

-uniform brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.

-

-Nest.--They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but no eggs are

-known as yet in any collections.

-

-Range.--Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through the United

-States to South America.

-

-

-                          PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.

-        235b.     Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis.     9 inches.

-

-This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with rusty and the

-under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of black on the breast.

-Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with

-brown, laid on the ground in a depression with a light lining of grass

-(1.50 x 1.05).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.

-                 238.     Pisobia aurita.     9 inches.

-

-This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged with

-reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is reddish brown.

-Fairly common in summer on the coast of Alaska; in winter supposed to

-migrate south wholly on the Asiatic side of the Pacific.

-

-

-                          PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

-                239.     Pisobia maculata.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season of

-inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the habits of the

-Snipe than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting grassy meadows or

-marshes, and feeding along the muddy flats in place of the sandy beaches.

-They are very dark brown above, with much lighter brown edging the

-feathers, and are white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish.

-These are well-known birds, and are called by gunners "Grass Snipe" or

-"Jack Snipe" as a more common name.

-

-Nest.--Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or four

-grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 x 1.00).

-

-Range.--Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and

-wintering south of the United States.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

-              240.     Pisobia fuscicollis.     7 inches.

-

-Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black, below white,

-but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries black; upper tail

-coverts white. Nesting habits the same as those of the majority of the

-family, breeding from Labrador northward, and wintering to Central

-America. Eggs 1.30 x .90.

-

-

-                            BAIRD SANDPIPER.

-               241.     Pisobia bairdi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump, being of a

-blackish color instead.

-

-Nest.--In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than near the

-seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground lined with grasses

-and usually concealed in a bunch of grass. Three to four eggs of a

-grayish white marked with shades of brown and lilac (1.30 x .90).

-

-

-                            LEAST SANDPIPER.

-               242.     Pisobia minutilla.     6 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are the same in

-color and markings as the preceding. Found more on the seashore. Nesting

-habits and eggs are the same as the two above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.

-           243a.     Pelidna alpina sakhalina.     8 inches.

-

-Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer, with the upper

-parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with black; belly black; head,

-throat, breast and sides strongly streaked with black.

-

-In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with the breast

-washed with grayish and slightly streaked with dusky. These small birds

-are found in large flocks both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during

-migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight is very rapid and

-performed in compact flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.

-

-Nest.--Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the earth being

-lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or four eggs with a

-greenish or brownish buff color, heavily spotted and blotched with shades

-of brown and chestnut (1.40 x 1.00).

-

-

-                          SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.

-             245.     Eurynorhynchus pygmeus.     7 inches.

-

-A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is a very

-peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and flattened into a

-sort of spoon shape.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SANDERLING.

-               248.     Calidris leucophaea.     8 inches.

-

-These are a handsome and abundant species, found during migrations by

-thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest of the shore birds,

-feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often under the combing crest of

-the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to

-foam on the beach. They are usually very shy, and will not allow a close

-approach. Toes are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer,

-variegated above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain

-grayish above and white below.

-

-Nest.--The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and blotched with

-brown, are laid in nests that differ but little from others of this

-family (1.45 x .90).

-

-Range.--Found in all parts of North America, breeding within the Arctic

-Circle, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                           WESTERN SANDPIPER.

-              247.     Ereunetes mauri.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Their appearance is very similar to the Least Sandpiper, but they are

-slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed. Their nesting habits

-are the same, and eggs are very much alike.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MARBLED GODWIT.

-                 249.     Limosa fedoa.     19 inches.

-

-These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the

-interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like large Plovers, with

-long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings and tail rufous barred with

-black; rump white.

-

-Nest.--Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there is no lining

-to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted about the depression.

-Three or four eggs with a ground color of grayish buff, sometimes quite

-dark, are blotched with dark brown (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-

-                          GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

-             254.     Totanus melanoleucus.     14 inches.

-

-Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray margined with

-white; rump white; tail barred black and white; primaries black; bill

-long and rather slender; legs long and yellow.

-

-Nest.--The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with very little

-attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish white, heavily

-blotched with shades of brown and lilac (1.65 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the British Provinces.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

-       256a.     Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus.     9 inches.

-

-A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and white below.

-These are almost always met with in pairs or singly, and are very rarely

-seen even in small flocks. They prefer small ponds or streams in wet

-woods or open meadows, rather than marshes, which are frequented by other

-species. As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.

-

-Nest.--Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near some small

-piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with very little lining of

-grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored, spotted with dark shades of

-brown (1.30 x 1.00).

-

-

-                            WESTERN WILLET.

-     258a.     Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus.     16 inches.

-

-These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon and

-northern California, and are quite abundant in many localities. Upper

-parts a brownish gray, specked with black; under parts lighter gray, with

-lighter streaks of darker gray. Primaries white at the base and black on

-the outer end.

-

-Nest.--Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass just barely

-out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs; buff blotched with umber

-(2.00 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WANDERING TATTLER.

-             259.     Heteractitis incanus.     11 inches.

-

-This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white below, closely

-barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming broken on the throat,

-forming spots. In winter the under parts and throat are white. During the

-breeding season it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building

-its nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.

-

-

-                  UPLAND PLOVER--BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

-             261.     Bartramia longicauda.     12 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being found near the

-water, their food consisting more of insects and worms than is usual with

-others of the Plover or Sandpiper families. They are quite shy, and are

-one of the birds much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black,

-with feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.

-Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked with black; under

-parts white.

-

-Nest.--Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows of the

-ground, lined with grass. They are frequently made and eggs deposited in

-good mowing fields just about the time for cutting the grass, and many

-nests are destroyed at this time.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

-            262.     Tryngites subruficollis.     8 inches.

-

-Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts buff, as

-are also the neck and head; blackish spots on the sides extending up the

-back of the neck and top of the head; primaries black.

-

-Nest.--Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest scantily lined

-with grass, in which three or four eggs, having a grayish white ground

-color, spotted with rich brown and chestnut, are placed.

-

-Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson Bay region to

-the Arctic coast. During migration, casual on the Pacific coast, and

-abundant in the interior, to South America.

-

-

-                           SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

-               263.     Actitis macularia.     8 inches.

-

-This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds, covering the

-whole United States. Its note, "peet-weet," is a familiar sound to every

-bird observer. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tail up

-and down when at rest or when running along the shore, which has given it

-the name of "Teeter-tail" or "Tip-up."

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

-              264.     Numenius americanus.     23 inches.

-

-These birds, "Sickle-bills" as they are often called, are one of the

-largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous when in flight, or

-walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when in

-company with a flock of smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed

-both on the marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of

-insects and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their

-holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in compact

-flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel and circle in perfect

-unison.

-

-Nest.--Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows or on the

-prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish buff color,

-covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 x 1.80).

-

-

-                           HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

-              265.     Numenius hudsonicus.     17 inches.

-

-This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a white stripe

-along the top of the head; is fairly common, winters in California. Three

-or four eggs, same color as above, only smaller (2.25 x 1.60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-               BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER--Family Charadriidae.

-             270.     Squatarola squatarola.     12 inches.

-

-A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress. The upper parts

-are largely white, with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tail;

-the sides of head, throat, breast and fore under parts are black. This

-species has a small hind toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat

-mottled above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to

-sportsmen, and is known better by the name of "Beetle-head" or

-"Bull-head." They are very numerous in the fall.

-

-Nest.--Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining and placed

-in a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff in color and boldly

-marked with black (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-

-                             GOLDEN PLOVER.

-             272.     Charadrius dominicus.     10 inches.

-

-The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts, and the

-upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow and white. These are

-often found in large flocks with the above, especially in the fall,

-during migration. The habits are also the same.

-

-Nest.--Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the mainland

-and also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 x 1.30).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               KILLDEER.

-              273.     Oxyechus vociferus.     11 inches.

-

-Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most commonly known of

-the shore birds throughout the United States. They are very noisy,

-continually uttering their note of "Kil-deer--kil-deer," from which they

-take their name. Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line

-across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black to the end,

-the others white at the end. Breast crossed by two bands of black; a

-white forehead, and white streak back of the eye.

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of grass for

-lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with dark brown spots are

-usually placed in the nest with the small ends in the center (1.50 x

-1.10).

-

-

-                          SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.

-             274.     Aegialitis semipalmata.     7 inches.

-

-The "ringed" plover is smaller than the above but one black band across

-the breast; black line from base of bill to eye and up over the top of

-the head. Forehead white. Abundant along the shores.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WILSON PLOVER.

-           280.     Ochthodromus wilsonius.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from the preceding by

-the much heavier bill; it has no black on top of the head and white on

-the forehead extends back behind the eye; the black band across the

-breast is heavier and does not extend around the back of the neck.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed on pebbly "shingle" or back in the marsh grass

-on the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched all over with markings

-of brown and gray (1.40 x 1.05).

-

-Range.--Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and southern California.

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

-               281.     Podasocys montanus.     9 inches.

-

-A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the western

-prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is more quiet, and seems

-to be less aquatic than any of the Plovers, and is rarely found in the

-vicinity of the water.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are four eggs,

-brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades of brown (1.50 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SNOWY PLOVER.

-              278.     Aegialitis nivosa.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest. A small black

-crescent-shaped patch on either side of the breast; a black spot under

-and back of the eye, and one also on top of the head. They are about the

-color of the dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and

-running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown about on the

-beach.

-

-Nest.--A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high water, lined

-with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about the color of the sand

-and it is almost impossible to see them a few feet away. Four eggs, clay

-colored; very lightly marked with fine dots (1.20 x .90).

-

-Range.--Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. Winters from

-California to South America.

-

-

-                      SURF-BIRD--Family Aphrizinae.

-                282.     Aphriza virgata.     10 inches.

-

-This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from Alaska to South

-America, seems to be the connecting link between the Plovers and

-Turnstones, having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the

-former.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BLACK TURNSTONE.

-             284.     Arenaria melanocephala.     9 inches.

-

-Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and throat black;

-a white spot in front of eye and on forehead; under parts white.

-

-Nest.--In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more northern

-islands, laying their sets of four eggs in hollows with a few grasses for

-lining; the eggs are light gray, marked with various shades of brown and

-lilac (1.60 x 1.10).

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower California.

-

-

-                            RUDDY TURNSTONE.

-         283a.     Arenaria interpres morinella.     10 inches.

-

-This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish brown, black and

-white; the under parts are pure white with a wide black band across the

-breast, as in illustration. It has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill,

-which is used, as the name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones

-in their search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as

-"Calico-bird," "Checkered Snipe," etc.

-

-Nest.--About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow in the ground

-near water. Four eggs (1.65 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-               BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER--Family Haematopodidae.

-              287.     Haematopus bachmani.     17 inches.

-

-The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish wash on the

-upper parts, and brownish black below. They are found upon the rocky

-coasts and islands more frequently than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs

-are laid upon the rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest

-building; three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and

-blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 x 1.55). Found on the

-Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California to Alaska.

-

-

-                         FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.

-              286.1.     Haematopus frazari.     18 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly having the

-colors a little darker on the back. Bill very long, heavy, compressed,

-and thin and chisel-like at the tip. Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color;

-under parts white, and a white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking

-birds, and are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower

-California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             Order GALLINAE.

-

-

-                    BOB-WHITE--Family Odontophoridae.

-              289.     Colinus virginianus.     10 inches.

-

-This is one of the most celebrated of the "Game Birds," or best known.

-Throughout New England it has been so persistently hunted that it is

-getting to be a rare bird; it gets to be more common as we go south as

-far as Florida, and through the middle west. It has been introduced in

-many places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts of

-California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely upon insects and

-grain, and about the grain fields is where they are mostly found.

-

-Nest.--These are built along the roadsides or beside stone walls or any

-dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed in the tall grass or

-weeds, and arched over with grass. They lay from ten to twenty pure white

-eggs. Often two broods are reared in a season (1.20 x .95).

-

-

-                           MASKED BOB-WHITE.

-               291.     Colinus ridgwayi.     10 inches.

-

-This handsome species is marked similar to the "Bob-white" on the upper

-parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the under parts are of a

-reddish brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MOUNTAIN QUAIL.

-                292.     Oreortyx picta.     11 inches.

-

-This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich coloring.

-Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a rich gray. Throat and

-sides a beautiful shade of chestnut, with wide bands of black and white

-on the sides; breast a clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but

-not as brightly marked and with a shorter crest.

-

-Nest.--These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region of northern

-California, and in Oregon, and gradually increasing more northerly. The

-nest is placed on the ground under bush or grass for protection. Eight to

-fifteen eggs of a pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 x 1.05).

-

-

-                             SCALED QUAIL.

-              293.     Callipepla squamata.     10 inches.

-

-This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The feathers on the

-neck and under parts have narrow dark borders, which give the appearance

-of scales, from which the bird is given its name. They have a small tuft

-of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head.

-

-It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being

-found often many miles from water.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA QUAIL.

-             294.     Lophortyx californica.     10 inches.

-

-With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown and curving

-forward so that the broadened ends hang directly over the bill, this is

-one of the most beautiful of the family. Upper parts a grayish brown,

-with buff stripes along the sides of the back; throat black, bordered

-with white; under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making a

-shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center; breast gray.

-

-Nest.--Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass; ten to twenty

-eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground color, handsomely blotched with

-brown of varying shades (1.20 x .93).

-

-

-                             GAMBEL QUAIL.

-               295.     Lophortyx gambeli.     10 inches.

-

-Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally

-these are carried as one feather, so closely do they nest together, but

-when excited or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers,

-or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and

-sides chestnut, the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly

-black.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.

-           296.     Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi.     9 inches.

-

-These strange birds are very local in their distribution in the

-southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in others. They are

-so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their

-clownish plumage, has given them the name of "Fool Quail." The bill is

-very stout and compressed; crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry

-deserts, valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs, which

-are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty from the

-Bob-white, possibly average a little longer (1.25 x .90).

-

-

-                    DUSKY GROUSE--Family Tetraonidae.

-             297.     Dendragapus obscurus.     20 inches.

-

-Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and tail, which is

-margined with a light gray. Female smaller, browner and more barred

-above. Like the Ruffed Grouse, during the mating season, the males of

-this species strut with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown

-back until it nearly touches the tail.

-

-Nest.--They build their nests under fallen trees or at the base of

-standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a buff color, spotted and

-blotched with shades of brown (2.00 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            FRANKLIN GROUSE.

-             299.     Canachites franklini.     16 inches.

-

-Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower bands of

-lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip, with the upper tail coverts

-strongly barred with white; tail having sixteen feathers. Like the

-preceding these birds are at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is

-very similar to the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same

-local name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of "Fool-hen."

-

-Nest.--Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching fir trees, and

-from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are brownish buff in color,

-spotted and blotched with rich brown (1.75 x 1.30).

-

-

-                        CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.

-            300a.     Bonasa umbellus togata.     17 inches.

-

-A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being more heavily

-marked with brown. Found in the northern United States and southern

-British Provinces, from Maine and Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British

-Columbia. Eight to fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WILLOW PTARMIGAN.

-                301.     Lagopus lagopus.     15 inches.

-

-These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they have many

-changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure white and in summer

-largely reddish brown, mottled and barred with black. This bird has a

-black tail and bill, the latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they

-have a bright red bare spot over the eye.

-

-Nest.--They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled with moss,

-lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes a few feathers. They

-lay from six to sixteen eggs, which have a ground color of buff, heavily

-speckled, blotched and marbled with blackish brown (1.75 x 1.25).

-

-

-                            ROCK PTARMIGAN.

-               302.     Lagopus rupestris.     14 inches.

-

-This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill, and in

-summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its nesting habits are the

-same as the others; eggs slightly smaller (1.70 x 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              PRAIRIE HEN.

-            305.     Tympanuchus americanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish above and white

-or buff below, with broad black bands on the back and finer black lines

-on the under parts. In place of the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of

-rounded or square ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright

-orange in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the size

-of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes its familiar

-"booming" noise. They are one of the best "table birds," being of good

-size and excellent flavor.

-

-Nest.--In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of grass; they lay

-from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy ground color, finely sprinkled

-with brown spots (1.70 x 1.25).

-

-

-                        WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.

-               304.     Lagopus leucurus.     13 inches.

-

-Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to

-Alaska. This species differs from any of the preceding in having at all

-seasons of the year a white tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the

-Rock Ptarmigan. From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and

-blotched with chestnut brown (1.70 x 1.15).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

-     308a.     Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus.     18 inches.

-

-These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is a little

-more crested than that of the Prairie Hen. The tail has the central

-feathers nearly two inches longer than the others, which are also

-graduated so that the outside ones are much the shortest, and are lighter

-in color than the central ones. It is not barred like the former, but the

-black markings on the back and under parts are more in the form of

-crescents. It is also much lighter in general color.

-

-Nest.--They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of grass and

-contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color, finely dotted all over

-with dark brown (1.70 x 1.25).

-

-Range.--Northwestern United States and British Columbia to central

-Alaska.

-

-

-                         RING-NECKED PHEASANT.

-              ***     Phasianus torquatus.     32 inches.

-

-The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length according to

-the development of the tail, it sometimes being 36 inches long. These

-birds have been introduced in Oregon and Washington, as well as in many

-places in the East, and are becoming very abundant.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SAGE GROUSE.

-           309.     Centrocercus urophasianus.     29 inches.

-

-The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from the male

-only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They are found in abundance

-on the dry sagebrush covered plains about the Rocky Mountains and to the

-westward. In fall and winter their food consists almost entirely of the

-leaves of the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.

-In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the grouse

-family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the sides of the neck which

-they inflate so that the whole neck is a small orange colored balloon, at

-the same time spreading their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest

-extent, and strutting about after the manner of the turkey.

-

-Nest.--Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally, a sagebush or

-some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab

-color, spotted with brown (2.15 x 1.50).

-

-

-                            MERRIAM TURKEY.

-         310.     Meleagris gallopavo merriami.     48 inches.

-

-Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage is a coppery

-bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a dusty color with no white

-edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted with brownish (2.55 x 1.90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 BAND-TAILED PIGEON--Family Columbidae.

-               312.     Columba fasciata.     16 inches.

-

-This large species may be recognized by the white crescent on the back of

-the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered with black at the end of tail.

-Back, near the neck, brownish shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head

-and neck of iridescent colors, very changeable in different positions.

-They are very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense

-flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are found mostly

-in the oak and pine woods.

-

-Nest.--Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely keep in place

-the single white egg (rarely two) which they lay (1.55 x 1.10).

-

-Range.--The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific, from British

-Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                             MOURNING DOVE.

-        316.     Zenaidura macroura carolinensis.     12 inches.

-

-Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this is the only one to

-be found nearly all over the United States, and is common in the

-southern, central and western parts. Nests are placed at low elevations

-in the trees. Two white eggs (1.15 x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.

-        320a.     Chaemepelia passerina pallescens.     7 inches.

-

-Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of head and under

-parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers tipped with black, giving

-a scaly appearance; back brownish gray, faintly barred; several black

-spots on wing coverts.

-

-Nest.--Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail structure

-either in bushes or on the ground, in which are placed the two white eggs

-(.85 x .65).

-

-Range.--Border of the United States, from Texas and southern California

-southward.

-

-

-                               INCA DOVE.

-                321.     Scardafella inca.     8 inches.

-

-Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the outer feathers

-are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole body of a pinkish gray;

-scaled as is the former. These are very tame, and are to be met with in

-the roads, barnyards, and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits,

-even feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.

-

-Nest.--These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets and

-weeds, and placed near the ground in low bushes; only two white eggs are

-laid (.85 x .65). Not as common as the previous.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 CALIFORNIA VULTURE--Family Cathartidae.

-            324.     Gymnogyps californianus.     50 inches.

-

-The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten feet, and

-weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is blackish, with lengthened

-lanceolate feathers about the neck. Head and neck without feathers and of

-an orange color. Wing coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds.

-The birds are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more so

-each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed. While the eggs

-are but rarely found, and obtained at great risk, they are not as

-unobtainable as many suppose.

-

-Nest.--They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in caves or

-recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds of feet from the

-ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 x 2.55).

-

-

-                            TURKEY VULTURE.

-        325.     Cathartes aura septentrionalis.     30 inches.

-

-The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head being red. It

-is very common in the southern and central portion of its range, where it

-may be seen about the streets and dooryards picking up any refuse that

-may be edible. It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be

-identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WHITE-TAILED KITE.

-                328.     Elanus leucurus.     16 inches.

-

-This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray mantle, black

-shoulders and white tail. It is a very active and graceful bird, feeding

-upon insects and reptiles, and small birds and mammals.

-

-Nest.--Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed well up in

-oaks or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs are creamy white,

-profusely blotched and spotted with reddish brown (1.65 x 1.25).

-

-

-                           SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.

-             327.     Elanoides forficatus.     24 inches.

-

-This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any other; its whole

-head, neck and under parts are snowy white, while the back, wings and

-tail are a glossy blue black, the tail being long and deeply forked; feet

-short, but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish gray.

-

-Nest.--As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or pines, and

-is made of twigs which it picks from the ground while in flight, lining

-the nest with rootlets and moss; two, or rarely three eggs, bluish white,

-spotted with brown (1.80 x 1.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN GOSHAWK.

-        334a.     Astur atricapillus striatulus.     22 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious of the American

-hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and poultry, the latter often in

-the presence of the owner. It is a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and

-as graceful in flight as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray,

-darkest on the crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked

-with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very long.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests, and is

-made of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass; three or four eggs,

-bluish white, usually unmarked (2.30 x 1.70).

-

-

-                              MARSH HAWK.

-               331.     Circus hudsonius.     19 inches.

-

-The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish gray above and

-white beneath. Young birds of the first two years are brown, much lighter

-on the under parts. In both the old and young they have a large white

-patch at the base of the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four

-to seven eggs; white (1.80 x 1.40).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

-                332.     Accipiter velox.     12 inches.

-

-This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and from this

-fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is often seen in woods,

-orchards or even in large cities, in which latter place it does good

-service in catching English sparrows. They also eat a great many mice and

-meadow moles. It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the

-small hawks.

-

-Nest.--It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and leaves placed in

-the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen feet from the ground,

-sometimes higher. Three white eggs, blotched with brown.

-

-

-                              COOPER HAWK.

-               333.     Accipiter cooperi.     16 inches.

-

-The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding and its larger

-size is the only difference. Also like the last this is a very

-destructive species to the small birds and chickens. Their nests are

-placed in taller trees at higher elevation from the ground than the

-former, and built in the same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or

-faintly specked with brown (1.90 x 1.45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              HARRIS HAWK.

-         335.     Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi.     20 inches.

-

-This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts; lighter on

-the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts reddish brown; tail

-coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare space in front of eye, except

-for stiff hair like bristles, yellow, as is also the cere.

-

-Nest.--Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually in low trees. The

-three or four eggs are a dull white in color, faintly specked with a few

-spots of brownish (2.10 x 1.65).

-

-Range.--Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                           WESTERN RED-TAIL.

-            337b.     Buteo borealis calurus.     21 inches.

-

-This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same as the eastern

-form to a sooty color above and below, with the dark red tail crossed by

-several bands, where the eastern bird has only one broad band.

-

-Nest.--Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from the ground

-varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs, white, usually spotted and

-blotched with different shades of brown (2.35 x 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           RED-BELLIED HAWK.

-            339b.     Buteo lineatus elegans.     19 inches.

-

-These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered Hawk of the East,

-and in their habits very much resemble the Red-tail; for food they prefer

-the large variety of small rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds.

-The under parts are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be

-found covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast

-west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower California.

-

-Nest.--Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and feathers. They

-lay from two to four eggs of a white color spotted and blotched all over

-with a light shade of brown and lilac (2.15 x 1.75).

-

-

-                           ZONE-TAILED HAWK.

-               340.     Buteo abbreviatus.     19 inches.

-

-This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail, which has three

-wide bands of white and the ends of the tail feathers tipped with white.

-Like others of the Buteo family they feed almost entirely on the small

-rodents, which they find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the

-low brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light chestnut

-(2.15 x 1.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SWAINSON HAWK.

-                342.     Buteo swainsoni.     20 inches.

-

-Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations

-from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray above, and white below,

-with breast a rich chestnut color. Their habits are nearly as variable as

-their plumage. In some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others

-upon the ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the low

-open lands covered with sage bush, where their food consists almost

-wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice and grasshoppers, the latter

-being eaten in large numbers.

-

-Nest.--Is made similar to others of the family, laying two to four white

-eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades of brown, usually more

-about the larger end (2.20 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--Western North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean,

-and Hudson Bay to southern California.

-

-

-                            MEXICAN GOSHAWK.

-               346.     Asturina plagiata.     17 inches.

-

-Found in the southern borders of the United States and Mexico. These are

-graceful and active birds, feeding largely on small rodents.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-     347a.     Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.     21  inches.

-

-These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized by

-the completely feathered legs to the feet; in the normal plumage has a

-whitish head, neck, breast and tail, the former being streaked and the

-latter barred with blackish; remainder of upper and under parts, blackish

-brown. Eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or

-less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the light

-plumage.

-

-Nest.--Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with leaves and moss,

-placed in trees or more often on ledges. They lay three or four bluish

-white eggs, boldly blotched with different shades of brown, oftener about

-the larger end (2.25 x 1.75).

-

-

-                     FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

-            348.     Archibuteo ferrugineus.     23 inches.

-

-These are very much more of a reddish brown color than the last, on the

-back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer markings. Legs the same,

-feathered to the feet. It is much more abundant than the last and is a

-western bird wholly, breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             GOLDEN EAGLE.

-               349.     Aquila chrysaetos.     35 inches.

-

-These may be distinguished from the Bald Eagle in all plumages by the

-completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish brown, adults having the

-lanceolate feathers on the neck of a golden brown color, and the tail

-more or less mixed with white.

-

-Nest.--These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller ones and

-moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair. Their two or three

-eggs are very handsome, being white, speckled and spotted with shades of

-brown, and clouded with gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their

-markings (2.90 x 2.50).

-

-Range.--West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in the Rockies and

-along the Pacific coast ranges.

-

-

-                              BALD EAGLE.

-            352.     Haliaetus leucocephalus.     34 inches.

-

-In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always identify them,

-but in the first and second year they are a brownish black, the second

-year showing traces of the white on head and tail. They are found

-throughout the United States. Their food consists largely of fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GRAY GYRFALCON.

-               354.     Falco rusticolus.     23 inches.

-

-These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken in the United

-States even in winter.

-

-Nest.--They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four

-eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and blotches of shades of

-brown.

-

-

-                            PRAIRIE FALCON.

-                355.     Falco mexicanus.     18 inches.

-

-This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like the Duck

-Hawk in many ways is one of the most graceful, fearless and swiftest of

-the Falcons. A blackish patch on the sides of the throat; upper parts

-brownish with darker markings; under parts white, streaked with brown,

-much heavier on the flanks. Throat, clear white.

-

-Nest.--Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes in

-trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds and grass; three

-or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly blotched and sprinkled all

-over with reddish brown (2.05 x 1.60).

-

-Range.--West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and Washington south to

-Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents secured on the prairies.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               DUCK HAWK.

-           356a.     Falco peregrinus anatum.     17 inches.

-

-A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache, on side of

-the throat from the bill; head and upper parts bluish gray with darker

-markings; under parts white, tinged with huffy on the lower part, and

-lightly barred with black, with the throat pure white. Their food

-consists mostly of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It

-breeds abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota on the

-rocky ledges.

-

-Nest.--They are not home builders as a general thing, but lay their three

-or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks of ledges or cliffs. The eggs

-are a reddish buff color, completely blotched and dotted with reddish

-brown. These are the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the

-Falcon eggs (2.05 x 1.55).

-

-

-                              PIGEON HAWK.

-               357.     Falco columbarius.     12 inches.

-

-A small Falcon, similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk, but a much darker and

-stouter built bird. It is a daring little fellow, and will attack birds

-much larger than itself. It feeds on small birds and mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            APLOMADO FALCON.

-           359.     Falco fusco-coerulescens.     14 inches.

-

-Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico

-and Central America. In habits it is very much the same as the following,

-getting its supply of food, consisting of small birds and insects, on the

-plains covered with the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest

-of twigs, lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four

-eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown (1.75 x 1.30).

-

-

-                          DESERT SPARROW HAWK.

-           360a.     Falco sparverius phalaena.     11 inches.

-

-This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern form being a

-trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for any other species, because of

-their bright color and markings as illustrated. Their flight will almost

-of a certainty identify them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats,

-then a short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers, mice

-and an occasional small bird.

-

-Nest.--Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the woods or open

-field. The eggs are placed on the decayed wood without any lining.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           AUDUBON CARACARA.

-              362.     Polyborus cheriway.     22 inches.

-

-A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts with neck pure

-white, excepting on the lower part, with many short bar-like markings.

-Upper part of head black, with feathers elongated, making a slight crest.

-

-Nest.--Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and grass,

-piled into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes or low trees.

-Two or three eggs; brownish buff, with spots and patches of shades of

-brown nearly covering the under color. They vary very much in the

-coloration and markings from light to dark.

-

-Range.--Southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                      AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.

-         364.     Pandion haliaetus carolinensis.     23 inches.

-

-Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known as is this

-bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a

-number of these great birds as they soar at an elevation above the water,

-watching for a fish to come near the surface, when, with folded wings,

-the bird speeds downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his

-prey. Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of different

-shades (2.40 x 1.80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BARN OWL--Family Aluconidae.

-               365.     Aluco pratincola.     18 inches.

-

-This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a long peculiarly

-hooded face, from which it gets the name of "Monkey-faced Owl." Its

-plumage is yellowish buff, with black spots over the breast and under

-parts.

-

-Nest.--In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows in old trees,

-or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from four to six white

-eggs (1.70 x 1.30).

-

-Range.--North America, but most common in the Gulf States and on the

-western coast.

-

-

-                    LONG-EARED OWL--Family Strigidae.

-               366.     Asio wilsonianus.     15 inches.

-

-This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is given its

-name; the face is brown, the under parts white and buff, with streaks and

-bars of brownish black; back is brown, with almost black markings; wings

-and tail brown; barred with black.

-

-Nest.--Usually in trees, frequently using a crow's nest instead of

-building for themselves. They are in great disfavor with the crows. They

-lay from four to seven pure white eggs (1.55 x 1.35).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            SHORT-EARED OWL.

-                 367.     Asio flammeus.     16 inches.

-

-About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified from it by

-the short ear tufts and rounded head, and also lighter color. It is

-streaked on under parts and not barred. Tail is barred. Their flight is

-perfectly silent, which aids them in securing their prey of field mice

-and moles, which they usually get without stopping in their flight, just

-swooping down, and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little

-sharp claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried

-to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.

-

-Nest.--Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes of

-grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under some log or stump. Four

-to seven pure white eggs (1.55 x 1.25).

-

-

-                              SPOTTED OWL.

-              369.     Strix occidentalis.     20 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and Southern

-States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of the head and neck,

-and much more extensively barred on the under parts.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GREAT GRAY OWL.

-              370.     Scotiaptex nebulosa.     27 inches.

-

-This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it is mostly in

-feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They do not weigh nearly as

-much as either the Horned or Snowy Owls. The plumage is dark gray above,

-mottled with white, and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The

-facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while in

-the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much smaller, the eyes

-are larger and are bluish black in color.

-

-Nest.--Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and moss. Two to

-four eggs; pure white (2.15 x 1.70).

-

-Range.--In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota and North

-Dakota, and occasionally in northern California and Oregon.

-

-

-                            RICHARDSON OWL.

-        371.     Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni.     10 inches.

-

-This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts. Back and wings

-brownish, spotted with white; facial disc very light, with faint gray

-lines, and under parts light gray with brown streaks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAW-WHET OWL.

-              372.     Cryptoglaux acadica.     8 inches.

-

-This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and more of a

-brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They are very quiet little

-birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot see well in the strong

-light, a fact that has allowed them to be captured by hand from their

-roosting places in the trees.

-

-Nest.--They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker, in which to lay

-their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid and the young are hatched and

-out of the nests before the breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the

-same home may be occupied later by another family (1.20 x 1.00).

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and British Columbia, and wintering to southern California.

-

-

-                              SCREECH OWL.

-                373.     Otus asio asio.     10 inches.

-

-These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray with black and

-white markings. It is frequently called the "Little Horned Owl," because

-of its ear tufts. They are easily tamed and become great pets, and about

-a barn are as good as a cat for catching mice.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.

-                374.     Otus flammeolus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter ear tufts,

-and the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty. The toes are

-unfeathered to the base. The number of eggs and nesting habits are

-practically the same as the preceding, as are also the five or six

-sub-species between this and the last, all of which occur in the

-southwestern part of the United States.

-

-

-                          WESTERN HORNED OWL.

-         375a.     Bubo virginianus pallescens.     22 inches.

-

-These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the family. They

-are powerfully built, and their size and strength allow them to attack

-and secure some of the larger animals, such as skunks, woodchucks,

-rabbits, grouse and poultry. They seem to be especially fond of skunks,

-and more than half of them that are killed will have unmistakable

-evidence of their recent and close association with this animal.

-

-Nest.--Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow cavities of

-large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round (2.20 x 1.85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               SNOWY OWL.

-                 376.     Nyctea nyctea.     25 inches.

-

-Like the Horned Owls they are strong, fearless and rapacious birds,

-feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse,

-Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds. They are locally abundant in the

-far north, preferring low marshy land to the more heavily timbered

-districts.

-

-Nest.--Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the dry portions of

-marshes, made of moss with a few feathers. Three to eight eggs, pure

-white, and the shell very smooth (2.25 x 1.75).

-

-Range.--Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter casually as far

-south as California.

-

-

-                               HAWK OWL.

-            377a.     Surnia ulula caparoch.     15 inches.

-

-This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily be taken for

-a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance, and long rounded tail. They

-are very active birds especially in the day time, and they do most of

-their hunting in daylight rather than at night. Their food consists of

-small rodents and many small birds.

-

-Nest.--In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight white eggs (1.50

-x 1.20).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BURROWING OWL.

-         378.     Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea.     10 inches.

-

-These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any

-other American Owls. Easily identified by their long, slender and

-scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above, spotted with white, and

-under parts are white spotted with brown. Tail dark brown, with five

-white bars across it. They are an abundant and useful species west of the

-Mississippi. They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,

-and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by force, for

-they are more than a match for these curious animals.

-

-Nest.--Generally in quite large communities in burrows in the ground,

-usually lining them with grass and feathers. They may often be seen

-sitting at the opening of their burrows during the day time. Six to ten

-white eggs are laid (1.25 x 1.00).

-

-

-                               PYGMY OWL.

-                379.     Glaucidium gnoma.     7 inches.

-

-These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky Mountains,

-westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed in the day time upon

-insects, mice and occasionally small birds. They are to be seen in the

-wooded districts. Nest in holes of trees. Four eggs (1.00 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.

-             380.     Glaucidium phalaenoides.     7 inches.

-

-This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more rufous on the

-upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut color crossed by

-several bands of black. They live largely on the small rodents and birds

-which they secure during the daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of

-trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white

-eggs (1.10 x .90).

-

-

-                                ELF OWL.

-              381.     Micropallas whitneyi.     6 inches.

-

-This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in America. In

-plumage it may be described as being very like a small Screech Owl,

-without the ear tufts, only with the pattern of the markings much finer.

-They are quite abundant in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where

-they build their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more

-frequently in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in being a

-bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed almost

-exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field mouse. They lay from

-three to five white eggs, having a slight gloss (1.02 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                THICK-BILLED PARROT--Family Psittacidae.

-         382.1.     Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha.     16 inches.

-

-A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders of the United

-States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and the plumage is entirely

-green, except for the deep red forehead and wings at the shoulder;

-under-coverts of wings yellowish. Their eggs are white and laid in

-natural cavities of trees in the deep forests.

-

-

-                            Order--COCCYGES.

-

-

-                              ROADRUNNER.

-            385.     Geococcyx californicus.     22 inches.

-

-This curious species is known as the "Chaparral Cock," "Ground Cuckoo,"

-"Snake Killer," etc. Its upper parts are a glossy greenish brown, each

-feather being edged or fringed with white. The tail is very long, broad

-and graduated, the central feathers being much the longest; the feathers

-being tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of foot,

-getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided by their

-outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as aeroplanes. Their legs

-are long, and they have two toes in front and two back. Their food

-consists of caterpillars, lizards and small snakes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

-       387a.     Coccyzus americanus occidentalis.     13 inches.

-

-This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being a little

-larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished by its blackish,

-long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow under-bill. Reddish brown

-patch on the wings.

-

-Nest.--Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with grass, or

-shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally very shabbily built

-and so nearly flat on top that the eggs will frequently roll out. They

-are located near the ground in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs

-are deposited at intervals of several days, and frequently young birds

-and eggs are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this

-bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time, and as many as

-twelve have been taken from the same nest by this means. Eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN--Family Trogonidae.

-                389.     Trogon ambiguus.     12 inches.

-

-This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds that reaches

-our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually in Woodpecker holes.

-Three or four white eggs (1.10 x .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                 BELTED KINGFISHER--Family Alcedinidae.

-                 390.     Ceryle alcyon.     13 inches.

-

-The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost all

-localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where small fish are

-common, throughout North America. Their food consists almost entirely of

-small fish, which they catch by plunging upon from high in the air, where

-they will hover over the water similar to the Osprey, or they will spend

-their time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is seen,

-drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to the limb to be

-eaten.

-

-Nest.--Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out of the sand

-banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes extending back from

-six to eight feet, usually with a little rise in the tunnel for the

-purpose of keeping it dry. They lay from five to eight glossy white eggs

-(1.35 x 1.05).

-

-

-                           RINGED KINGFISHER.

-             390.1.     Ceryle torquata.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on the most

-southern borders of the United States. Eggs white (1.45 x 1.10).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        Order PICI--WOODPECKERS.

-

-

-                   HARRIS WOODPECKER--Family Picidae.

-          393c.     Dryobates villosus harrisi.     10 inches.

-

-This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives and for

-coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this and the

-sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified as being

-different. Four pure white eggs are placed at the bottom of some cavity,

-in tall trees usually (.95 x .70).

-

-

-                          CABANIS WOODPECKER.

-        393d.     Dryobates villosus hyloscopus.     10 inches.

-

-Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                    ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

-       393e.     Dryobates villosus monticola.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

-         394a.     Dryobates pubescens gairdneri.     7 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring, as

-illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about the dwellings

-in country places, and even in the larger cities about the parks.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           TEXAS WOODPECKER.

-         396.     Dryobates scalaris bairdi.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is brownish white below, has the back barred with black and

-white, on account of which it is often known as the "Ladder-back

-Woodpecker." The male has the whole crown red, shading into mixed black

-and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and eggs are the same as the

-previous species.

-

-

-                          NUTTALL WOODPECKER.

-               397.     Dryobates nuttalli.     7 inches.

-

-Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a crown of black and a

-small red patch on the back of nape. Outer tail feathers nearly all

-white, while in the former they are barred with black and white. They are

-pugnacious little birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers

-from their locality.

-

-Nest.--In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing trees at no

-great elevation from the ground. Four pure white eggs are laid at the

-bottom of the cavity, on the decayed wood (.85 x .65). Their food is

-gathered from under the bark, consisting of larvae, ants and small

-insects.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ARIZONA WOODPECKER.

-               398.     Dryobates arizonae.     8 inches.

-

-This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the others of the

-Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish above and a grayish white

-below, with black spots. The male having a crescent shaped patch of red

-on the back of the head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common

-at the higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.

-

-Nest.--Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned, nesting in

-holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                        WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-             399.     Xenopicus albolarvatus.     9 inches.

-

-This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the white head

-and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also has on the male a

-small red spot on the back of the neck. They are said to be more silent

-than other members of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar

-tapping and never the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling

-the bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole. They

-nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer near the ground

-(20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They lay from four to six glossy

-white eggs (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-             400.     Picoides arcticus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-As implied by the name, members of this genus have but three toes, two in

-front and one behind. The plumage of this species is entirely black

-above, and whitish below, with the flanks barred with blackish. The male

-has a yellow patch on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous

-forests in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four or

-five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 x .70). They do more

-boring for their insect food, and, during mating season, are very

-persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.

-

-

-                    AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-              401.     Picoides americanus.     9 inches.

-

-The greatest difference between this bird and the last is on the back, it

-having several narrow bars of white near the neck or a patch of white in

-place of the bars. Breeding habits are the same.

-

-

-                     ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

-         401a.     Picoides americanus fasciatus.     9 inches.

-

-In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of white on the

-back possibly a little larger. Habits just the same (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.

-             402.     Sphyrapicus varius.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they may be

-identified easily by the red crown and throat (female having white on the

-throat), each bordered by black, forming a wide breast band, with a band

-of white, black and white back of it. The under parts yellow. This

-species and the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that

-is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While they without

-doubt will take some of the sap from trees, their food consists more of

-insect life, ants in particular.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to seven glossy white

-eggs (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                        RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

-             403.     Sphyrapicus ruber.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The entire head,

-neck and breast of this species is red, of varying shades in different

-individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet. The remainder of their

-plumage is similar to the above. Nesting habits the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.

-             404.     Sphyrapicus thyroideus.     9 inches.

-

-A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked bird is found. The

-male is mostly black on the back and breast, with a white rump, and with

-only a narrow patch of red on the throat; the under parts are bright

-yellow. The female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the

-black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back is barred

-with black and white.

-

-Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family previously

-mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 x .67).

-

-

-                     NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

-       405a.     Phloeotomus pileatus albieticola.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers; they are a

-sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the crest is long and bright

-red, and the male has a red line back of the eye; sides of the neck pure

-white, and patch of white on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black

-color than the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many

-localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually driven

-farther north or into the mountain regions, where they can find the heavy

-timber in which they make their homes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

-         406.     Melanerpes erythrocephalus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers. It has

-a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy blue-black on the back and

-tail, white rump, under parts and secondaries. It is more abundant in the

-east and middle United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and

-Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph poles or will

-even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or house in some

-localities. They are the most pugnacious of the woodpeckers, and often

-are seen chasing one another or driving away some other bird. They feed

-also upon ants, larvae of insects, and small fruits and berries.

-

-They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 x .75).

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.

-      407a.     Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California and Oregon. With

-its red cap and white forehead, and back or upper parts black tinged with

-green, a solid black band across the breast, white under parts and rump,

-and, above all, their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs,

-food, same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great

-numbers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LEWIS WOODPECKER.

-             408.     Asyndesmus lewisi.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under parts streaked

-with crimson and white, a gray breast, and upper parts a glossy greenish

-black. They are more common in the mountain ranges among the tall pines

-from the eastern Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in

-the trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns, which

-they gather and store away for future use. Four to eight eggs are pure

-white (1.05 x .80).

-

-

-                        RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.

-             409.     Centurus carolinus.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to central Texas. It

-is an attractive bird, frequently called the "Zebra Woodpecker," on

-account of the black and white markings on the back, wings and tail.

-Nests in live trees; three to five white eggs (1.00 x .75). Not

-illustrated.

-

-

-                            GILA WOODPECKER.

-            411.     Centurus uropygialis.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-This is also one of the "Zebra Woodpeckers" to be found in Arizona and

-the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference for nesting site

-is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.

-            413.     Colaptes cafer collaris.     13 inches.

-

-These birds are not inclined to search for their food among the trees as

-are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be found on the ground on the

-edges of the woods or in open fields, where they secure ants as their

-principal article of food. The top of the head is brownish instead of

-gray, and the under parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish

-orange and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has a bright

-red streak from the bill extending back and below the eye, the female

-does not have this. The throat is a gray, with a black crescent on the

-breast, under parts light gray with numerous black spots, rump is white

-and tail is mostly black above.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any locality where

-they make or find a suitable hole.

-

-Four to eight white eggs (1.10 x .90).

-

-

-                            GILDED FLICKER.

-              414.     Colaptes chrysoides.     13 inches.

-

-Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and tail yellow.

-Found only in southern California and Arizona southward.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-             STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL--Family Caprimulgidae.

-      417a.     Antrostomus vociferus macromystax.     10 inches.

-

-One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen, and in their

-habits they are very secluded, keeping in the dark woods the greater part

-of the time, rarely leaving its place of concealment before dark. In

-pursuit of insects, they are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage

-giving forth no sound, as their wings cleave the air.

-

-Nest.--Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense woods. Their

-two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very faintly marbled or marked

-with pale brown and gray. These birds are only found in southern Arizona,

-Texas and New Mexico.

-

-

-                               POOR-WILL.

-             418.     Phalaenoptilus nuttalli.     8 inches.

-

-The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage mottled

-black, white and gray, beautifully blended together. To be found west of

-the Mississippi from British Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a

-pure white (1.00 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

-        420a.     Chordeiles virginianus henryi.     10 inches.

-

-The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills by its forked

-tail in place of the rounded tail of the "Poor-wills." It also has a

-white band near the end of the tail, and across the primaries, the latter

-making a very conspicuous mark when in flight.

-

-Nest.--They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge with no attempt

-at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish white color, marbled,

-blotched and spotted with darker shades of gray and brown (1.20 x .95).

-Found from the plains to the Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.

-

-

-                           SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.

-       420c.     Chordeiles virginianus sennetti.     10 inches.

-

-A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits the same.

-

-

-                            TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.

-        421.     Chordeiles acutipennis texensis.     10 inches.

-

-The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled with a

-reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very abundant in

-Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   BLACK SWIFT.--Family Micropodidae.

-           422.     Cypseloides niger borealis.     7 inches.

-

-The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat lighter on the

-under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does not have the spines

-which are usual with this family. Although the general habits of this

-species are well known, but little is known of their nesting; they are

-seen during the breeding season about the higher ranges of their United

-States range, and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high

-altitudes.

-

-

-                              VAUX SWIFT.

-               424.     Chaetura vauxi.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is much paler

-in color and white on the under parts and throat. Their habits are much

-like the last, only that they make use of hollow trees in which to place

-their nests, which are made of twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous

-saliva of the birds, forming a very shallow platform in which they

-deposit three or four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the

-time during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at play

-in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk returning to

-their nesting places.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

-          425.     Aeronautes melanoleucus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of this family.

-Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in thousands about the tops

-of inaccessible cliffs, where in small burrows in the earth or under the

-sods, or in crevices they build their nests, which are generally made of

-roots and grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs

-are laid (.85 x .50).

-

-Range.--Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains, and in

-California ranges north to Canada borders.

-

-

-                RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.--Family Trochilidae.

-                426.     Eugenes fulgens.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the crown a

-violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant green. Upper

-parts a bronze green, the under parts almost a black. Female lacks all

-the brilliant colors of the male. Upper parts dull green, under parts

-greenish gray, top of head brownish with a small white spot back of the

-eye. This species saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its

-favorite tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty

-to thirty feet from the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

-             427.     Cyanolaemus clemenciae.     5 inches.

-

-This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the name

-implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a streak of white

-extending from the bill to back of the eye, the upper parts of a uniform

-greenish color, under parts are a greenish gray. Tail dark with outer

-tail feathers broadly tipped with white.

-

-Nest.--Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations, at

-times very near the ground. They are to be found only in Arizona and the

-southern borders of the United States.

-

-

-                       BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.

-           429.     Archilochus alexandri.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-This is similar in size and appearance to the "Ruby-Throat," but has the

-chin and upper throat black, the rest of the throat being violet or

-amethyst, as seen in different lights. It is a very common bird in the

-southern part of its range. It nests low, rarely above ten feet from the

-ground. Nest made of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles

-a small piece of sponge.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                 430.     Calypte costae.     3 inches.

-

-A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the lengthened

-feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most brilliant violet or

-amethyst, back and rump of a greenish bronze color, under parts whitish

-with a green cast on the sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the

-male on the head and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.

-

-Nest.--Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the ground,

-seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant down, with shreds of

-weeds, bark and lichens worked into the outside portion, and lined with a

-few soft feathers. Two pure white eggs (.48 x .32).

-

-

-                           ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.

-                  431.     Calypte anna.     3 inches.

-

-This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying greatly in the

-colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of the neck are a beautiful

-iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts are the usual metallic green, under

-parts light gray, with sides greenish. Tail is more forked and has no

-brown or white like the former. They are very abundant in their

-restricted range, and frequently raise two broods in a season.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

-            432.     Selasphorus platycercus.     4 inches.

-

-The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic green. They do

-not have the elongated feathers on the throat and no ruff. Under parts

-dull white, shading into light green on the sides, the throat is a bright

-lilac. They are very abundant in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest

-much as does the "Ruby-Throat" in the east.

-

-

-                          RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-             433.     Selasphorus rufus.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown and with a

-throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened into a ruff on the

-sides of the neck. Their nests are made of vegetable fibers covered with

-lichens and cobwebs, and placed near the ground on vines or low-hanging

-bushes. Two white eggs.

-

-

-                          ALLEN'S HUMMINGBIRD.

-             434.     Selasphorus alleni.     3-1/4 inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish and the tail

-being a reddish brown. They are found on the Pacific Coast from British

-Columbia southward, breeding most abundantly in southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

-               436.     Stellula calliope.     3 inches.

-

-This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers. It is

-greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward the tail, the end of

-which is a light brown. The throat is a rich violet, showing white at the

-base of the feathers. They are found from British Columbia southward and

-from the Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California and

-Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations, from high up

-in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in low bushes. They are made

-of plant down and shreds of bark and lichens, breeding high up on the

-mountains.

-

-

-                          LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-             437.     Calothorax lucifer.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but is quite

-common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple, with feathers

-elongated on the sides.

-

-

-                          RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.

-                438.     Amizilis tzacatl.     4 inches.

-

-Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts a dark bluish

-green, tail and rump light brown.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

-       439.     Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota.     4 inches.

-

-These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts are of a

-pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts metallic green.

-Breeds in low bushes near the ground.

-

-

-                          XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.

-               440.     Basilinna xantusi.     4 inches.

-

-Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very much as does

-the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                        WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.

-            440.1.     Basilinna leucotis.     3-1/4 inches.

-

-These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on the breast,

-the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent blue, and a

-white line extends back from the eye. Found in the southern parts of

-Arizona and Texas into Central America. Nesting habits same as above.

-

-

-                        BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

-            441.     Cyanthus latirostris.     3-1/2 inches.

-

-Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being brighter on

-the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in the southern borders

-of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in the lower lands and near the

-ground. Nests similar to above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      KINGBIRD.--Family Tyrannidae.

-             444.     Tyrannus tyrannus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence about

-farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy birds, ready for a quarrel at

-any time and usually come off victorious in whatever they undertake. They

-seem to delight in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to

-alight on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only on the

-eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they are very common.

-

-Nest.--Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or woods.

-Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding. Their nests

-are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber from vines and lined with

-the down from catkins and horsehair. Three to five creamy white eggs,

-mottled and streaked with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 x .70).

-

-

-                           ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

-              447.     Tyrannus verticalis.     9 inches.

-

-A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright yellow breast

-and under parts. Its habits are much the same as the above in its home

-building or in trying to find a neighbor to quarrel with. The eggs are

-the same in size and color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN KINGBIRD.

-              448.     Tyrannus vociferans.     9 inches.

-

-These birds are very much like the last, except that the throat and

-breast are darker.

-

-

-                           DERBY FLYCATCHER.

-      449.     Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family. With its

-bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border and this by white and

-another band of black, with the under parts a bright yellow makes him one

-of the most attractive. They are found, though, only on the southern

-borders of Texas into Central America. (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

-           451.     Myiodynastes luteiventris.     8 inches.

-

-Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the mountains of

-Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish streaked with black, the

-tail a dull reddish brown, and the under parts yellow, streaked on the

-sides with dusky; a white throat patch, bordered with black; the crown

-with a concealed yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white

-stripe over the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree,

-and lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched with

-brown and lavender (1.05 x .75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-               452.     Myiarchus crinitus.     9 inches.

-

-This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down through

-Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it being made of twigs,

-weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of snake skin. They lay from four

-to six eggs of a buff color scratched and spotted with rich shades of

-brown and lavender (.85 x .65). (Not illustrated.)

-

-

-                      ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

-        453.     Myiarchus magister magister.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and the under

-parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the same as above even to

-including the piece of snakeskin, or in place of it part of a lizard skin

-will answer their purpose.

-

-

-                        ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

-           454.     Myiarchus cinerascens.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as well as in

-actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the under parts, breast

-and throat are almost white. They build their nests in the giant cactus

-or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity with roots and grass or bits of

-rubbish of almost any kind, and generally include the piece of snake skin

-as do the ones above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              SAY PHOEBE.

-                 457.     Sayornis sayus.     8 inches.

-

-The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the heavy

-beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the timbers are

-falling down, and place its nest in some dark corner, building it of mud,

-moss and grasses lined with feathers, or in some localities the nests may

-be placed in the crevice of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or

-five white eggs, rarely dotted with brown.

-

-It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under parts

-showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding from the Arctic

-to Lower California.

-

-

-                             BLACK PHOEBE.

-               458.     Sayornis nigricans.     7 inches.

-

-Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost black on the

-head and back with white under parts. Their habits are very much the same

-as above, frequenting old buildings in villages where a stream is near

-by, or in localities where insect life abounds. Their nest is made the

-same as above, and eggs are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

-           459.     Nuttallornis borealis.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the country, especially

-in the central portions, they are very rare. In the western range, they

-may be found from Alaska to southern California; for breeding places they

-seem to prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,

-mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well up in the

-trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together, and lined with small

-roots and moss. The three or four creamy white eggs are spotted with

-brown and lilac, forming about the larger end (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

-           462.     Myiochanes richardsoni.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits. To be found

-breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their nests are placed on

-horizontal branches, made of plant down, grass and fibers; very compact,

-and much resembling a knot on the branch. Three or four white eggs with

-small spots about the larger end (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

-              464.     Empidonax difficilis.     6 inches.

-

-Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow cast on the under

-parts; it may be found breeding from Alaska to southern California. Its

-favorite nesting place is along some stream, bordered with willows or

-alders, and the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground; it

-is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                           TRAILL FLYCATCHER.

-               466.     Empidonax trailli.     6 inches.

-

-Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head; under parts

-white, and also a white ring about the eye; two wing-bars a pale buff

-color, and the breast a light gray. They seem to prefer much the same

-localities for their nesting site as do the "Western."

-

-Nest.--Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering brooks

-or ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined with the down, and sometimes

-horsehair; three or four creamy white eggs are marked with blotches of

-brown about the larger end (.70 x .54).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.

-             468.     Empidonax hammondi.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-A western form of the "Least Flycatcher" of the east, differing but very

-little in appearance or habits from its eastern relative. Upper parts an

-olive gray color, with the breast the same, but a little lighter. Their

-nesting place is usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some

-horizontal branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact

-structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs. Three to five

-pale creamy white eggs (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                           WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.

-               469.     Empidonax wrighti.     6 inches.

-

-Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much more abundant

-than the last, and are found from Oregon to Mexico, where they breed more

-in open woods and thickets. Their nests and eggs are practically the same

-in every way.

-

-

-                            GRAY FLYCATCHER.

-            469.1.     Empidonax griseus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and lighter below. It

-is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern California. No record of

-its nesting habits or eggs can be given.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

-         470a.     Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus.     5 inches.

-

-This small variety is not at all common in any locality, but is found in

-Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to southern California. It is

-brownish gray above and of a buff color below. The nests are placed

-similar to the preceding, but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the

-same, being a trifle larger.

-

-

-                         VERMILION FLYCATCHER.

-         471.     Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher family, as

-shown in the illustration. The female is almost of an entirely light gray

-color, barely tinged with pink on the under parts. They are very common

-in southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-Nest.--This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally of twigs and

-plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers, and frequently covered

-with lichens, held in place by a winding of cobwebs; three or four buff

-eggs, boldly blotched with brown and lavender (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                         BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.

-              472.     Camptostoma imberbe.     5 inches.

-

-A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central America.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                  PALLID HORNED LARK--Family Alaudidae.

-       474a.     Otocoris alpestris arcticola.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white, with no trace

-of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and curve upwards. Found in

-Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          DESERT HORNED LARK.

-         474c.     Otocoris alpestris leucolaema.     8 inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern California,

-Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our handsome winter birds, with

-horn-like tufts of black on either side of the head; forehead, patch

-under the eye and band on the breast black; yellow throat, and white

-under parts; upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four

-eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in their nest of

-grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually concealed under a tuft of

-grass (.92 x .65).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.

-           474e.     Otocoris alpestris actia.     8 inches.

-

-Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.

-

-

-                           RUDDY HORNED LARK.

-           474f.     Otocoris alpestris rubea.     8 inches.

-

-The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      Family CORVIDAE--CROWS, JAYS

-

-

-                            AMERICAN MAGPIE.

-              475.     Pica pica hudsonia.     20 inches.

-

-Like the "Blue Jays," the Magpies are great talkers, and are usually

-found in colonies where they can carry on conversation in their own way

-with each other. They are a large handsome bird, with pure white under

-parts and wing coverts, and the upper parts, head, tail and breast are a

-bronzy black, with iridescent changes. Tail very long, and graduated.

-They are very bold birds, inquisitive, and great thieves. Their food

-consists of small rodents, a large variety of insect life, and the eggs

-and young of small birds.

-

-Nest.--Is a bulky affair, placed at almost any elevation, composed of

-sticks and small twigs, with an opening on the side; the inside of the

-nest is lined with finer materials, grass and plant fiber. Four to eight

-grayish white eggs, spotted with brown and drab (1.25 x .90).

-

-

-                              STELLER JAY.

-              478.     Cyanocitta stelleri.     13 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska south to central California. Nests are quite bulky;

-three to six greenish eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.25 x .90).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             WOODHOUSE JAY.

-             480.     Aphelocoma woodhousei.     12 inches.

-

-These birds are abundant in the Great Basin between the Rockies and the

-Sierra Nevadas, breeding in scrubby trees or bushes at low elevations and

-usually near some stream. They have the crown and forehead bluish, and

-the under parts are gray, streaked with a darker shade on the breast.

-Their food consists of acorns and a variety of insects.

-

-Nest.--This is usually of small sticks, loosely arranged, with smaller

-twigs and roots for a lining. Four to six eggs, of a pale green, faintly

-spotted with shades of brown (1.20 x .90).

-

-

-                            CALIFORNIA JAY.

-            481.     Aphelocoma californica.     12 inches.

-

-These are the most common of the Jays on the Pacific coast of California,

-Oregon and Washington. They are more tame or fearless than most of the

-family, and frequent the trees about houses, and are given the bad name

-of robbing the nests of other birds of their eggs and young. In color

-these are just the reverse of the previous one, being brownish below, and

-gray above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ARIZONA JAY.

-          482.     Aphelocoma sieberi arizonae.     13 inches.

-

-A common bird in Arizona and south into Mexico. The upper parts are a

-bluish gray, shading into a brownish gray on the head; under parts are a

-pale gray. They are a very sociable bird during the breeding season, and

-often several pairs will nest in the same clump of trees, usually placing

-their nests at low elevations.

-

-Nest.--Is made similar to the preceding, but the four eggs are more of a

-bluish color, without markings (1.20 x .85).

-

-

-                          ROCKY MOUNTAIN JAY.

-       484a.     Perisoreus canadensis capitalis.     12 inches.

-

-This is almost the counterpart of the Canada Jay of the east, with the

-exception of having more white on the head, and only a small space on the

-back of the neck. He is the same "old coon" as the eastern bird about

-camps, and is rightfully called "Camp Robber." Their nesting habits are

-the same as above, but their eggs are drab, spotted and blotched with

-brown, of varying shades (1.15 x .80).

-

-

-                              OREGON JAY.

-              485.     Perisoreus obscurus.     11 inches.

-

-Like the last in every way, but with a blacker head, forehead white.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            AMERICAN RAVEN.

-             486.     Corvus corax sinuatus.     24 inches.

-

-This is a large edition of the Crow, and is found west of the Rockies

-from British Columbia southward. Their plumage is a bluish black, with

-lengthened and stiffened feathers on the neck. Their general habits are

-much the same as the Crow. Their food consists principally of carrion,

-fish, and eggs and young of smaller birds. They nest on the high cliffs

-in almost inaccessible places, building large nests of sticks, in which

-they deposit four eggs of a pale greenish white, spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown and drab (1.95 x 1.25).

-

-

-                          WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.

-              487.     Corvus cryptoleucus.     21 inches.

-

-A smaller bird than the above, and has the base of the neck feathers

-white. It is a more southern variety, and is found in Arizona and on the

-Mexican borders. They build at low elevations, making their nests of

-sticks and twigs. Four pale blue eggs, spotted with dark brown (1.75 x

-1.20).

-

-

-                           NORTHWESTERN CROW.

-                489.     Corvus caurinus.     17 inches.

-

-This is one of the smaller Crows, found only on the coasts of Oregon to

-Alaska, where it feeds almost wholly upon fish.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CLARKE NUTCRACKER,

-             491.     Nucifraga columbiana.     12 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of western North America, from Mexico to Alaska.

-In habits they much resemble the Crow or some of the Jays. Their food

-consisting largely of seeds from the pine cones, insects of many

-varieties, larvae and berries. They seem to prefer the tops of the higher

-mountain ranges, coming down into the valleys for their supply of food.

-Their nesting sites are well up in the mountains, where they build their

-nests in the coniferous trees, of twigs, weeds, strips of bark and plant

-fibers, making a deep cup-shaped nest in which they lay from three to

-five greenish gray eggs, spotted over the whole surface with brown and

-lavender (1.30 x .90).

-

-

-                               PINON JAY.

-          492.     Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus.     11 inches.

-

-To be found in the pine regions of the Rockies and west, and from British

-Columbia to southern California. They are very sociable birds, keeping in

-colonies, and always have much to talk about among themselves; after the

-breeding season they may be seen in large flocks. Three to five bluish

-gray eggs, are spotted with different shades of brown (1.20 x .85).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       BOBOLINK--Family Icteridae.

-             494.     Dolichonyx oryzivorus.     7 inches.

-

-This bird is found over most of North America from the southern parts of

-Canada south, and has been gradually extending westward as far as

-California. During mating season it is hard to find any other bird so

-completely filled with music as are these birds. They are also quite

-sociable birds, and several pairs of them may be found nesting in the

-same piece of meadow land, and filling the air with their sweet, wild

-music. They place their nest in a shallow hollow on the ground; it is

-lined with grass and frequently so covered as to be almost arched over to

-conceal the eggs. Four or five eggs of a grayish white, thickly blotched

-and spotted with brown of different shades and lilac, generally covered

-with ground color on the larger end (.84 x .62).

-

-

-                                COWBIRD.

-               495.     Molothrus ater.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-It is to be found throughout the United States and the southern portion

-of Canada. They are the only birds which we have that neither make a nest

-of their own nor care for their young. They will deposit a single egg

-(sometimes two) in the nest of some other bird, usually of a smaller

-variety.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BRONZED COWBIRD.

-                496a.     Tangavius aeneus.     7 inches.

-

-The same as above, being more of a bronze color, found in Arizona and

-Mexico.

-

-

-                           RED-EYED COWBIRD.

-        496.     Tangavius aeneus involucratus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Habits as above. Plumage is glossy black, with brassy reflections. They

-are abundant in southern Texas, and in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

-         497.     Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-A large and handsome bird, with bright yellow head and breast; body

-black, with a white patch on the wing. They are a western bird, being

-found from the central United States to California. They breed abundantly

-in suitable marshes throughout their range. Their nests are made of

-strips of rushes, interwoven and fastened to the upright rushes only a

-few inches above the water. The four to six grayish white eggs are

-spotted with shades of brown and gray (1.00 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

-              498.     Agelaius phoeniceus.     9 inches.

-

-An eastern bird, found as far west as the eastern part of the Rockies.

-Very common in many parts of the east, where it builds much the same as

-does the previous, laying four or five eggs, bluish white, spotted,

-blotched and scratched with shades of brown (1.00 x .70).

-

-

-                       SONORA RED-WING BLACKBIRD.

-        498a.     Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis.     9 inches.

-

-Similar, but with more of a buff in place of the white on the wing. In

-southern California and Arizona (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BICOLORED RED-WING.

-      499.     Agelaius gubernator californicus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The male of this species do not have the light margins to the red on the

-shoulders, as do the others. They are found on the Pacific coast from

-Washington to southern California. Eggs and nests the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TRICOLORED RED-WING.

-               500.     Agelaius tricolor.     9 inches.

-

-This species is a much deeper red on the shoulders, and the buff color on

-the preceding is white on this bird. They are restricted to a small

-range, the Pacific coast of California and Oregon, and are not nearly as

-common as the eastern variety. Their nesting habits are the same, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                          WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

-              501.1.     Sturnella neglecta.     9 inches.

-

-This variety is somewhat paler than the eastern bird. In habits it is the

-same. The nests and eggs cannot be separated from the eastern. There

-seems to be one great distinguishing quality between the two, and that is

-in their song or notes. The first one that I had the pleasure of hearing

-was in Oregon, and my first thought was of our eastern Bobolink, but on

-seeing the bird in flight, I at once knew that it was a new song, sung by

-our eastern Meadowlark in appearance. They feed on insect life, beetles,

-etc. They lay from four to seven eggs, spotted with shades of brown (1.10

-x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SCOTT ORIOLE.

-               504.     Icterus parisorum.     8 inches.

-

-This is not a common species in any part of its range, from southern

-California to Texas, and in Mexico. It is a handsomely marked bird, with

-its clear black and yellow. They build a hanging nest, usually suspended

-from the under sides of the leaves of the yucca palm, or from small

-branches of low trees. Three to four bluish white eggs, specked and

-blotched with brown about the larger end (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                            SENNETT ORIOLE.

-        505.     Icterus cucullatus sennetti.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a deeper yellow; the face, throat, back, wings and tail being

-black, the wings with two white bars. Found in Texas and south into

-Mexico. Nests are made of hanging moss (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         ARIZONA HOODED ORIOLE.

-        505a.     Icterus cucullatus nelsoni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is very much like the last, but lighter, and is found common in

-Arizona, New Mexico and southern California. Its favorite nesting place

-seems to be a bunch of Spanish moss, looping up the ends and weaving it

-closely together, and forming a pocket inside, which they line with dried

-grasses and yucca fibers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            BULLOCK ORIOLE.

-              508.     Icterus bullocki.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a western representative of our eastern bird, the Baltimore

-Oriole, and their ranges overlap each other on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies. They build a hanging nest, and in the southern part of their

-range use the Spanish moss and mistletoe for the foundation of the nest,

-lining the opening with grasses, hair and small fiber. Three or four

-white eggs, spotted and streaked with shades of brown (.94 x .62). These

-birds are of great benefit to the small fruit growers in eating the many

-injurious insects.

-

-

-                            RUSTY BLACKBIRD.

-               509.     Euphagus carolinus.     9 inches.

-

-This is a bird of the east, but is found on the eastern slope of the

-Rockies, and straying into southern California to the Gulf of Mexico.

-Breeds along the northern borders of the United States, northwest to

-Alaska. The female is very much lighter than the male, and of a brownish

-drab color. They build large substantial nests of moss, twigs and grass,

-lined with finer material of the same, and placed in low bushes or trees

-only a few feet from the ground. Three to five eggs, pale bluish green,

-blotched and spotted with brown (.96 x .71).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BREWER BLACKBIRD.

-            510.     Euphagus cyanocephalus.     10 inches.

-

-Found throughout western North America, breeding from Alaska to southern

-California. They differ from the preceding in having a purplish

-reflection on the head and upper parts, and greenish black body. They

-nest abundantly throughout their range, either in bushes or trees at low

-elevations, or upon the ground; the nests are made of sticks, roots and

-grasses, lined with finer grass. Three to five eggs are laid, which are

-very variable in marking, a dull white, spotted and blotched all over

-thickly with brown of different shades (1.00 x .75).

-

-

-                       WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.

-        514a.     Hesperiphona vespertina montana.     8 inches.

-

-Western North America, and breeding from British Columbia to central

-California. They build in the evergreen trees upon the mountain side or

-along some stream in the willows; they are always frail structures made

-up of a few loosely put together twigs and roots. Three or four pale

-greenish eggs, spotted sparingly with brown, are the usual complement

-(.90 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       CALIFORNIA PINE GROSBEAK.

-        515b.     Pinicola enucleator californica.     8 inches.

-

-These are one of the most unsuspicious birds that we have, and can be

-approached to within a few feet. The male is a bright red above and an

-ashy gray below, having much less of the red than his eastern relative.

-The female is a dull ashy gray, with a yellowish brown on the top of head

-and rump. They like the cooler places in which to live, and are found

-about the snow lines on the mountain, where they feed largely upon the

-seeds of the coniferous trees, in which they place their nests, making

-them of fine twigs and rootlets, and lining with grass and moss. They lay

-three or four eggs, light greenish blue, with splashes of brown and

-fainter markings of lilac (1.00 x .70).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

-       517a.     Carpodacus purpureus californicus.     6 inches.

-

-This is found from British Columbia to southern California. It breeds

-well up in the mountains, usually in evergreens. Three or four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with brown (.85 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.

-               518.     Carpodacus cassini.     6 inches.

-

-It is found west of the Rockies, breeding from British Columbia south to

-New Mexico, well up in the mountain regions, as far as the timber line

-extends. The back, wings and tail of this are darker than the preceding

-species; the purple color being more of a rosy tint. Their nests are made

-of twigs and rootlets, loosely put together, and almost flat; they lay

-three or four eggs not to be recognized from the last.

-

-

-                              HOUSE FINCH.

-         519.     Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is one of the most familiar birds on the Pacific coast. With his

-bright colors, and the more quiet colors of his mate, and the habit they

-have of keeping close to civilization, building their nests in the vines

-about the porches of the houses, both in the country and even in the

-cities, they are great favorites with every one. Their clear and pleasant

-song is kept up continually during the day, and where two or three pairs

-are nesting nearby, there is no lack for bird music. Their nests are made

-of fine rootlets and grass placed in almost any bush, tree or vine, if

-near some dwelling.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               CROSSBILL.

-            521.     Loxia curvirostra minor.     6 inches.

-

-Found throughout the greater part of North America, and breeds in

-suitable locations on the mountain sides among the coniferous trees. On

-the Pacific coast, breeding from Alaska to southern California. In

-abundance they vary each year greatly, according to the food supply of

-cones in the evergreen trees from which they secure their seed supply;

-their twisted bill quickly opening up the cones and cleaning out the

-small seeds. Their nests are made of fine roots and grasses, and three or

-four eggs, greenish white, spotted and lined with shades of brown, are

-laid (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                        WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

-              522.     Loxia leucoptera.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are of a lighter and more rosy color than the preceding, and also

-have a large white patch on the wings. The female is marked the same,

-with grayish and buff in place of the red on the males. Nesting habits

-and locations are the same as above. The eggs average a little larger and

-heavier marked (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALEUTIAN ROSY FINCH.

-          523.     Leucosticte griseonucha.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is the largest of the family; they are pretty birds, with dark

-chestnut back and breast, and with the rump, wings and tail with a rosy

-tint. These are birds of the mountains and high altitudes, above or near

-the snow line. They are found breeding on the islands of Bering Sea, and

-in the western part of Alaska. They nest in crevices of the rocks or

-under ledges, making their nests of grasses and roots. Their four or five

-eggs are pure white (.97 x .67).

-

-

-                        GRAY-CROWNED ROSY FINCH.

-          524.     Leucosticte tephrocotis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a lighter colored bird than the above. It is found on the eastern

-slope of the Rockies and has been found breeding in the Sierra Nevadas,

-in crevices of the rocks, after the same manner as the above. The eggs

-cannot be distinguished from the above.

-

-

-                          HEPBURN ROSY FINCH.

-    524a.     Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These have more gray on the back of the head; otherwise the same as

-preceding in habits and nesting.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           BLACK ROSY FINCH.

-             525.     Leucosticte atrata.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is the same in markings as the Gray-crowned, excepting that

-the brown is replaced with almost black on the back and breast. The

-females of this family are much the same as the males, only not as bright

-in markings, and the young are the same as the females. Found in the

-northern Rocky Mountains, breeding in the mountains south to Colorado.

-They are all restless birds, seldom making a long stop in one place, but

-flitting from one locality to another. After the breeding season, they

-congregate in large flocks and keep together about the snow line, getting

-their supply of seed and insect food. Their nesting habits and their eggs

-are the same as the Gray-crowned.

-

-

-                        BROWN-CAPPED ROSY FINCH.

-           526.     Leucosticte australis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are to be found more southerly in the Rocky Mountains than any of

-the others, breeding in Colorado, and wintering in New Mexico. Their

-nesting habits and eggs are the same. Most of this family keep above the

-timber line during the summer, and only come down into the valleys as the

-heavy snow comes.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             HOARY REDPOLL.

-         527a.     Acanthis hornemanni exilipes.     5 inches.

-

-These pretty little birds, with their caps of bright crimson and rosy

-breasts, are birds of the coldest regions, breeding in the Arctic

-regions, and wintering to the northern parts of the United States.

-

-Nest.--They build very large nests, mostly of small sticks and grass, and

-lined with fine grass and feathers, which are placed usually within a

-foot or two of the ground in scrub bushes. Their three to five eggs are a

-light bluish green, with specks of brown, mostly about the larger end

-(.65 x .50).

-

-

-                                REDPOLL.

-                528.     Acanthis linaria.     5 inches.

-

-Its range is the northern part of North America, breeding in Alaska, and

-wintering as far south as southern Oregon, or into California on the

-western coast, in the mountain regions above the timber line. In

-Colorado, they have been seen at 10,000 feet, and with the temperature

-far below zero. Their nesting habits are the same as the above, and eggs

-are the same.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALE GOLDFINCH.

-         529a.     Astragalinus tristis pallidus.     5 inches.

-

-A paler form, found in the Rockies, south to Colorado (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           WILLOW GOLDFINCH.

-          529b.     Astragalinus t. salicamara.     5 inches.

-

-A western form of the eastern bird, rarely reaching the five inches in

-length, and of a paler color, both the black and the yellow. It is common

-on the Pacific coast, from Washington to southern California, breeding in

-willows and low bushes. Nest is made of plant down, very compactly built,

-usually in a crotch. Four to five eggs, plain bluish white (.60 x .45).

-

-

-                          ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.

-             530.     Astragalinus psaltria.     5 inches.

-

-Found from Colorado to Mexico in the Rockies (not illustrated).

-

-

-                        GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH.

-         530a.     Astragalinus p. hesperophilus.     5 inches.

-

-In southwestern United States from Central California to Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          LAWRENCE GOLDFINCH.

-           531.     Astragalinus lawrencei.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird differs from the others of this family in being mostly gray in

-place of the yellow, having the head and throat black. They are found

-quite commonly on the Pacific coast of California, and south to Mexico.

-Their nests are nicely made, cup-like structures of plant down, in which

-they deposit four white eggs.

-

-

-                              PINE SISKIN.

-                  533.     Spinus pinus.     5 inches.

-

-These are a more northern bird, breeding mostly to the Canadian zone, and

-in the Rockies and higher mountains to the west. They feed largely upon

-weed seeds and seeds from the different coniferous trees, the latter of

-which they most often frequent, building their nests in these trees of

-twigs and rootlets loosely put together and placed on the crotch of a

-horizontal limb; usually four eggs, of a greenish white color, spotted

-finely with reddish brown (.65 x .45). They have a habit, while feeding,

-of clinging to the under side of a branch or cone, similar to the

-Chickadee, and, if disturbed when on some favorite tree, will make a

-short flight and circle back to the same tree.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       SNOW BUNTING OR SNOWFLAKE.

-             534.     Plectrophenax nivalis.     7 inches.

-

-To be found in the whole of the northern hemisphere, breeding within the

-Arctic Circle and wintering south to the central portions of the United

-States. They are one of the birds that change their dress completely from

-winter to summer, in color. In winter they are a clear black and white,

-while in summer the black is changed for a coat of chestnut or brownish.

-They are to be found in the winters, on the hillsides and in fields where

-the weeds are showing through, feeding upon the small seeds, and at this

-time they are as restless and uncertain as the snowflake itself, from

-which it is called. They nest on the ground, making it of dried grasses

-and lining with finer grass and feathers; the four or five eggs are a

-dull white, spotted and splashed with shades of brown, mostly on the

-larger end (.90 x .65).

-

-

-                          McKAY SNOW BUNTING.

-           535.     Plectrophenax hyperboreus.     7 inches.

-

-This species is still more white than the preceding, having only a few

-specks of black on the tips of the primaries, and the central tail

-feather. They build, in crevices of the rocks on the ground, a nest of

-grass, lined with moss and feathers.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKAN LONGSPUR.

-      536a.     Calcarius lapponicus alascensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Their breeding grounds are in the northern part of Alaska in summer, and

-in winter coming as far south as Oregon and Colorado, when they may be

-frequently found in with flocks of Snow Buntings, and, like the

-Snowflakes, they breed on the ground in a depression in the moss or under

-some boulder, making their nest of grass and lining it with feathers.

-Their four to six eggs are grayish, nearly covered with spots and

-blotches of shades of dark brown (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                        WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

-         540a.     Pooecetes gramineus confinis.     6 inches.

-

-The chestnut shoulders and outer white tail-feather will distinguish this

-from any others of the sparrows, and the sides are more of a gray color

-than the eastern variety. Its habit of singing later in the evening gave

-it the name of "Vesper." Found on the Pacific coast, from British

-Columbia to Mexico. Nest is made of grass, placed in a depression on the

-ground. Four dull white eggs, blotched with brown (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                       WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW.

-         542b.     Passerculus s. alaudinus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is a slightly paler form of the preceding, and is very common in the

-fields and meadows, from northern Alaska to Mexico. They are birds but

-very little seen, keeping in the grass the greater part of the time.

-Their nests are hollows in the ground lined with fine grass and concealed

-by tufts of grass. They usually deposit four eggs, grayish white,

-blotched heavily with brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                            BRYANT SPARROW.

-          542c.     Passerculus s. bryanti.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the salt marshes of California to Lower California. It is a

-darker and brighter bird than the preceding (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BELDING SPARROW.

-            543.     Passerculus beldingi.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the marshes of southern and Lower California. Is darker and more

-streaked below. Nesting habits the same; eggs darker.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         LARGE-BILLED SPARROW.

-           544.     Passerculus rostratus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-The large and stouter bill, paler, and more of a grayish brown color,

-will distinguish this from any of the preceding. They are fairly common

-in the salt marshes of southern and Lower California. Their nesting

-habits and eggs are practically the same as those mentioned previously.

-

-

-                          SAN BENITO SPARROW.

-         544c.     Passerculus r. sanctorum.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Breeds on San Benito Islands, winters in southern Lower California.

-Nesting habits are identical (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             BAIRD SPARROW.

-             545.     Ammodramus bairdi.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-These sparrows breed abundantly in parts of the Dakotas on the plains,

-and winter in eastern Colorado, through Arizona to New Mexico. The

-tail-feathers of this species are much more pointed than on any of the

-preceding.

-

-Nest.--This is placed on the ground in clumps of grass, and is made of

-fine dried grass. Usually four eggs are laid of a dull white, blotched

-and spotted with shades of brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.

-           546a.     Ammodramus s. bimaculatus.     5 inches.

-

-These birds are common in dry fields and pastures, where their faint

-lisping song is heard throughout the day. Nest is usually a deep

-structure in a hollow in some dry field, and usually placed near some

-rock or suitable place where they can watch the locality for danger. Four

-eggs are laid; white, finely dotted with chestnut (.72 x .55).

-

-

-                            LECONTE SPARROW.

-            548.     Passerherbulus lecontei.     5 inches.

-

-More slender in form than the preceding; breeding above the line and

-winters through eastern Colorado to southern Texas. Nesting habits and

-eggs similar to above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                         WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

-      552a.     Chondestes grammacus strigatus.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-One of the most common, as well as the most handsome of the sparrow

-family on the western coast; with its bright chestnut on the sides of the

-head, and black and white on the crown. They nest in low bushes, or on

-the ground in a clump of grass; four eggs are laid; white with dark brown

-markings, mostly about the larger end (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            GAMBEL SPARROW.

-      554a.     Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelt.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This bird, a favorite with the people of the northwest, has been rightly

-called the "Northern Nightingale." Their sweet song may be heard all

-during the day about dwellings or remote from them, or even in the night

-they have a habit of awakening and giving out the same sweet notes. In

-habits they much resemble the above, feeding upon the ground among the

-dead leaves in search of seed and insect food.

-

-Nest.--This is placed on the ground in a clump of grass, and is made of

-fine grasses; four to six eggs of a pale greenish blue color, spotted and

-splashed with shades of brown (.90 x .65).

-

-

-                        GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.

-              557.     Zonotrichia coronata.     7 inches.

-

-The crown of white in the above is replaced with a golden color. These

-are common birds about the cities of California during the winter months.

-Habits the same as above, and also their eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         WESTERN TREE SPARROW.

-          559a.     Spizella monticola ochracea.     6 inches.

-

-Somewhat resembling the "Chippy Sparrow," but is larger and has a dark

-spot on the breast as an identification mark. It breeds in the far north,

-above the northern borders of the United States, and in winter is common

-through Oregon, California, into Arizona and Texas.

-

-Nest.--This is usually placed in low trees or bushes or on the ground

-made of grasses and lined with feathers. They lay three to five greenish

-white eggs, spotted with different shades of brown (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                       WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

-          560a.     Spizella passerina arizonae.     5 inches.

-

-This is one of the most helpful birds to our gardens, living upon insects

-injurious to vegetation and on the seeds from the garden weeds. They will

-nest in trees and shrubs, or vines about the house, making a small

-compact nest, mostly of rootlets and horsehair. They lay from three to

-five greenish blue eggs, with few spots of brown, mostly about the larger

-end (.70 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         CLAY-COLORED SPARROW.

-              561.     Spizella pallida.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-These are much like the Chipping Sparrow in every way, with the exception

-of color, the brown being replaced by the clay-color. Breeds in the

-Northern United States and into Canada; winters south to Texas and

-Mexico, rarely in eastern Colorado. Their nest is usually placed on the

-ground, but may be found in low shrubs in some localities; four eggs are

-the usual complement, of a light greenish blue, with spots of brown about

-the larger end (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                            BREWER SPARROW.

-                562.     Spizella breweri.     5 inches.

-

-This is very similar to above, but much more streaked with dark above. It

-is to be found from British Columbia south to Mexico, especially in

-sections where the sage brush is found, and in southern California near

-the coast. Its nesting habits are much the same as the above, and the

-eggs are indistinguishable.

-

-

-                            WORTHEN SPARROW.

-               564.     Spizella wortheni.     5 inches.

-

-This is a southern form of the Chipping Sparrow, and is found in New

-Mexico and Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW.

-            565.     Spizella atrogularis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This is easily identified by the black chin, throat and forehead. It is

-quite common in parts of southern California, and south into Arizona and

-New Mexico. The habits are similar to those of the Field Sparrow, their

-eggs differing in being unspotted and are a bluish green (.65 x .50).

-

-

-                          WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.

-                566.     Junco aikeni.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-This is slightly larger than the common "Black and White Snowbird"

-(Hyemalis). It is also a paler bird and the wings are crossed by two

-white bars. It is found in the central Rocky Mountain regions, where it

-breeds in the northern part, and winters to eastern Colorado.

-

-

-                          SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.

-                 567.     Junco hyemalis.     6 inches.

-

-This is common "Black and White Snowbird" of the east, and is the same as

-above, but darker and does not have any white wing bars. They breed

-mostly north of the United States, nesting on the ground, often under

-some boulder, making their nest of roots and grass in which they lay four

-greenish white eggs, spotted with brown about the larger end (not

-illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON JUNCO.

-            567a.     Junco hyemalis oreganus.     6 inches.

-

-There are several of the sub-species of "Hyemalis," all of which are very

-much alike in habits; varying in color and location. The Oregon Junco is

-found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding on the

-mountains of Oregon and northward. In color, this differs much from the

-preceding, with more black, and on the back a brownish color. The nesting

-habits and eggs are very much the same as the preceding.

-

-

-                           PINK-SIDED JUNCO.

-            567g.     Junco hyemalis mearnsi.     6 inches.

-

-These breed at high altitudes in the mountains of Montana, Wyoming and

-Idaho, and winter south to Mexico.

-

-

-                             THURBER JUNCO.

-            567c.     Junco hyemalis thurberi.     6 inches.

-

-Found most commonly in the Sierra Nevadas from Oregon to southern

-California. The difference in coloring is shown in the illustrations of

-this and the two preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           GRAY-HEADED JUNCO.

-           570b.     Junco phoeonotus caniceps.     6 inches.

-

-The same as the Slate-colored, with the exception of having the back a

-reddish brown. The nests of all the Juncos are placed on the ground, and

-the markings of their eggs vary but little.

-

-

-                              BAIRD JUNCO.

-                 571.     Junco     bairdi.   6 inches.

-

-Found in the mountains of southern and Lower California. This is a

-gray-headed variety with brown on the back and sides.

-

-

-                            GUADALUPE JUNCO.

-              572.     Junco insularis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-One of the smallest of the family, and found locally only on the

-Guadalupe Islands off the lower California coast, where they nest

-commonly in the pine groves, among the needles on the ground, or

-frequently protected by some overhanging stone. Their nest and eggs are

-the same as the others. Eggs bluish white, with fine dots of brown about

-the larger end (.77 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            DESERT SPARROW.

-     573a.     Amphispiza bilineata deserticola.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This is an abundant bird among the foothills of southwestern United

-States, in Texas, New Mexico and southern California. It is found in the

-hot desert plains, where it builds its nest in low bushes, of the

-sagebrush or cactus, within two or three feet of the ground. It is made

-up of twigs, roots and fine grass, and lined with feathers and horsehair.

-They lay three or four bluish white eggs (.72 x .55).

-

-

-                             BELL SPARROW.

-              574.     Amphispiza belli.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-In the hot valleys and foothills of the southern half of California and

-in the Colorado Desert, south to Lower California, these grayish, black

-and white sparrows are found abundantly in localities where the sagebrush

-is common. They build their nests of roots and twigs, loosely put

-together, and usually lined with grass, feathers and horsehair, in the

-low sagebrush within two feet of the ground, or quite often placed on the

-ground under the cover of one of these bushes. They lay three or four

-pale greenish eggs, heavily blotched and spotted with shades of brown

-(.75 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SAGE SPARROW.

-            574.1.     Amphispiza nevadensis.     6 inches.

-

-These are a very quiet and shy sparrow, rarely singing except at their

-breeding season, and to be found commonly throughout the sage deserts of

-the Great Basin, from Oregon and Montana to Lower California and New

-Mexico. They nest either in small sagebrush or upon the ground, making

-their nests of shred from the sage and grasses, lining it with feathers

-and hair. They lay from three to four grayish eggs, with heavy markings

-of shades of brown about the larger end (.75 x .60).

-

-

-                        CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW.

-         574.1b.     Amphispiza n. canescens.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Somewhat smaller than the last, and found from eastern California east to

-Nevada (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            BOTTERI SPARROW.

-              576.     Peucaea botterii.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-A larger gray sparrow, streaked with brown, and black spots. A southern

-bird, found in Arizona, Texas and Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            CASSIN SPARROW.

-               578.     Peucaea cassini.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found on the arid plains from Texas to Kansas, where it breeds much the

-same as does the Sage Sparrow.

-

-

-                         RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW.

-             579.     Aimophila carpalis.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This small and paler sparrow is found on the plains of Mexico and north

-to Arizona. In appearance and habits it is similar to the Chipping

-Sparrow, and the two are frequently found in the same locality. They nest

-in low bushes, making them of coarse grass and lined with down and hair,

-in which they place four sunmarked, bluish white eggs (.70 x .60).

-

-

-                        RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW.

-             580.     Aimophila ruficeps.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Slightly larger than the former, and the color more of a brown streaked

-with darker, and still more of a reddish brown on the crown. It is found

-throughout California along the coast to Lower California. They build on

-the ground, concealing their nest in a clump of grass or under some bush.

-They lay from three to five pale bluish white, unmarked eggs (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             SONG SPARROW.

-             581.     Melospiza melodia.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-A bird of song, as the name indicates, and their song can be heard in

-every state of the Union and in Canada. This is the most subdivided of

-any of the bird family; more than twenty sub-species are listed, all

-having about the same song and general appearance. In some localities

-they will be a darker brown, and in the light desert sands they are very

-light in color. It is almost impossible to distinguish one from another

-even when in the hand. Their eggs also have the same variation, and

-cannot be positively identified one from another. They all build either

-in low bushes or upon the ground. Usually four eggs, greenish white,

-blotched and spotted with all shades and patterns of brown (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                         HEERMANN SONG SPARROW.

-          581c.     Melospiza m. heermanni.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-Found in the central valleys of California, casually to Nevada.

-

-

-                          RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

-           581e.     Melospiza m. morphna.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-In the Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            LINCOLN SPARROW.

-             583.     Melospiza lincolni.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-To be found most commonly in the central and western parts of North

-America, rare in the eastern part. In appearance they are very much like

-the Song Sparrow, but in their habits are more retiring, and keep more

-closely in the grass, and out of sight. They nest in tufts of grass

-within a few inches of the ground, or in a slight depression in the

-ground. The nest is made of twigs, roots and grasses. Their eggs are

-similar to the Song Sparrows; three or four in number, greenish white,

-heavily marked with brown (.80 x .58).

-

-

-                         SHUMAGIN FOX SPARROW.

-     585a.     Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-These are large reddish brown sparrows, thickly marked with spots of

-darker brown on the back and under parts. They are to be found from

-Alaska to southern California.

-

-Nest.--In low bushes near the ground. Four pale greenish eggs, marked

-with brown (.94 x .68).

-

-

-                       THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW.

-         585b.     Passerella i. megarhyncha.     7-1/4 inches.

-

-This is quite a little larger than the above, has a much thicker bill,

-and is to be found throughout California in the mountains.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OREGON TOWHEE.

-           588b.     Pipilo maculatus oregonus.     8 inches.

-

-This family are all ground birds, and are usually found scratching among

-the leaves for their food supply of seeds and insects. This is a much

-darker bird than his eastern relative. The females are marked much the

-same as the males, replacing the black with a brown. They build their

-nest on or near the ground, of twigs, grass and with a finer lining of

-grass, and usually it is well concealed in bunches of grass or under some

-brush pile. They lay four or five eggs of a pale gray or white, much

-spotted with brown (.95 x .75).

-

-

-                           SAN DIEGO TOWHEE.

-          588d.     Pipilo maculatus megolonyx.     8 inches.

-

-Darker and with few white markings. Southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             CANON TOWHEE.

-          591.     Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-These birds have more brown, and nest in bushes or trees and not so much

-on the ground. Their eggs are more strongly marked. They range from

-Colorado to Texas and Arizona.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA TOWHEE.

-             591.1.     Pipilo crissalis.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-A larger and still darker variety, with but very little white if any. It

-is found in California, from Shasta County to the southern part of the

-state. They are not as shy as the Towhee family generally are, and

-frequently come about habitations, where they will scratch about

-barnyards like chickens. They nest within a few feet of the ground,

-building much the same as other members of this family. The eggs are also

-very similar to the others.

-

-

-                             ABERT TOWHEE.

-                 592.     Pipilo aberti.     9 inches.

-

-More of a reddish brown. Found in Arizona, New Mexico and southern

-California, where it breeds on the coast range.

-

-

-                          GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

-              592.1.     Oreospiza chlorura.     7 inches.

-

-This member of the family has characteristics of his own entirely

-different from any of the others. They are birds of the brush, and rarely

-appear above the shrubbery in which they nest.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ARIZONA CARDINAL.

-            593a.     Cardinalis c. superbus.     9 inches.

-

-These are birds of vine grown gardens and thickets, where, with their

-beautiful song, brilliant plumage, and quiet disposition, they make

-themselves the favorites of mankind. The bill is very large and stout,

-but the general makeup of the bird, with its long crest, is much to be

-admired. They build their nest of twigs, roots and grasses, loosely put

-together, which is placed in bushes, vines or low trees. Their three or

-four eggs are a pale bluish white, with varied markings or spots of

-shades of brown, mostly about the larger end (1.00 x .70). Found in

-Arizona and into Mexico.

-

-

-                          ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.

-            594.     Pyrrhuloxia sinuata.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The bill of these birds is more hooked, short and stout like the parrots.

-Their crest, which is not as heavy as the Cardinals, they have the habit

-of raising and lowering often, changing the whole appearance of the bird.

-Their nesting habits and eggs are similar to the last.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

-          596.     Zamelodia melanocephala.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-This species similar in size to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak of the eastern

-sections (which is sometimes found west to Colorado), does not have the

-bright colors of his eastern brother. In habits they appear to be much

-the same, their song is wonderfully sweet and clear. They are very quiet

-birds, and when nesting will almost allow one to touch them before

-leaving. Their nests are simply a few straws and sticks, loosely laid on

-the forks of some horizontal branch of a bush or low tree, so frail that

-frequently their eggs can be seen from beneath. They lay four eggs of a

-bluish green, spotted and blotched with different shades of brown (1.00 x

-.70).

-

-

-                         WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.

-            597a.     Guiraca caerulea lazula.     7 inches.

-

-Found more in the open woods, in small groves and along the roadside in

-the small brush. It seems out of place to have three members of the same

-family with such a difference of plumage. One with rose, white and black;

-the next with black, brown and yellow; and this bird, a blue and black.

-Their nesting habits and also their eggs are much the same as above, the

-eggs being a little smaller (.85 x .62).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            INDIGO BUNTING.

-                598.     Passerina cyanea.     5 inches.

-

-An eastern form, of an indigo blue on the head, shading to lighter on the

-under parts and towards the rump. It is found as far west as Colorado and

-into Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                            LAZULI BUNTING.

-              599.     Passerina amoena.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Similar to the above, but lighter, while the under parts and breast are

-brownish. The wings are barred with two bands of white. It is found from

-British Columbia to Lower California and from the western coast to

-eastern Colorado. The nesting habits and eggs of the two are identical.

-They build in bushes or lower branches of trees, only a few feet from the

-ground, three or four eggs of a pale bluish white, unmarked (.75 x .58).

-

-

-                           BEAUTIFUL BUNTING.

-       600a.     Passerina versicolor pulchra.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-These are the most varied in color markings of any of our North American

-birds, having bright colors. Found in southern and Lower California,

-Arizona and into Mexico. Like the above they are to be found in thickets

-and hedges, where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              DICKCISSEL.

-              604.     Spiza americana.     6-1/4 inches.

-

-The male is a prettily marked bird with a yellow line over the eye, on

-the side of the throat, edge of wing and front under parts; black patch

-on the breast, white throat and a bright chestnut patch on the wing. It

-is found rarely in Colorado and into southern California (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             LARK BUNTING.

-            605.     Calamospiza melanocorys.     7 inches.

-

-Bill very short and thick, and light color. The male in summer is a dull

-black all over, with the exception of white wing-coverts. Their habits

-are similar to the above. They have a fine song, which they often give

-while on the wing, after the manner of the Bobolink. The female is a

-sparrow-like looking bird, mottled brown and white. They are birds of the

-plains, from Canada to Texas, occasionally in California and Colorado.

-Nest on the ground, laying four pale blue eggs (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                            WESTERN TANAGER.

-            607.     Piranga ludoviciana.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Found from British Columbia to southern California, breeding in

-mountains. Three or four eggs, bluish green, spotted with brown (.95 x

-.75).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HEPATIC TANAGER.

-              609.     Piranga hepatica.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-A pale colored bird as compared with the Scarlet Tanager of the east,

-lacking also the black wings of its eastern brother. The female is a pale

-yellow on the under parts and an olive above. Their range is throughout

-Arizona and into Mexico. The nest is built upon horizontal branches of

-trees at varying heights from the ground, and is made of twigs, grass and

-hair, usually a frail structure, in which they lay four eggs of a

-greenish blue, spotted with shades of brown (.92 x .64).

-

-

-                            COOPER TANAGER.

-             610a.     Piranga rubra cooperi.     7 inches.

-

-Western United States, breeding from Central California to Texas and the

-borders of Mexico. Their breeding habits are the same and the eggs are

-not distinguishable from the others, all of them varying in the markings,

-but practically of the same size and general color.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            WESTERN MARTIN.

-           611a.     Progne subis hesperia.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-The male of this is not to be distinguished from the eastern Purple

-Martin, and in the female a lighter gray on the forehead is the only

-difference. They nest in cavities of trees or in boxes provided for them

-in the cities and towns, both in the east and west, as they are to be

-found breeding throughout the United States and into British Columbia.

-They make their nests of twigs, roots and mud, usually lined with

-feathers, and lay from four to six white eggs (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                             CLIFF SWALLOW.

-          612.     Petrochelidon lunifrons.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Their range is throughout the whole of North America; they can easily be

-recognized by their brownish throat and breast, white forehead and black

-cap. Their nests or homes are built of mud, securely cemented to the face

-of cliffs, or under the eaves of buildings. They make them round or

-gourd-shaped, with a small opening in the side, and lining the inside

-with grass and feathers. They lay four eggs, creamy white, spotted with

-shades of brown (.80 x .55).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             BARN SWALLOW.

-           613.     Hirundo erythrogastra.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Their range is throughout North America, breeding generally from Alaska

-to southern California, and over the eastern part of the United States.

-They nest in barns, sheds or in any buildings where they are not likely

-to be disturbed, building their nests of mud on the rafters or beams near

-the roof, and lining it with feathers. They are a familiar bird in all

-parts of the country, and one of the most graceful while on the wing,

-skimming over the ponds and meadows in search of the insect life which

-constitutes their food. Their eggs are similar to the Cliff Swallow,

-creamy white, spotted with shades of brown and chestnut (.80 x .55).

-

-

-                             TREE SWALLOW.

-              614.     Iridoprocne bicolor.     6 inches.

-

-Perhaps this is more commonly known as the White-bellied Swallow, and it

-is found in the whole of temperate North America, breeding from the

-middle United States northward. They nest in holes of trees and stumps

-naturally, but accept the bird houses that are put up for them in

-suitable locations near ponds or wet marshes. Their eggs are the same as

-above, both in number and markings.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     NORTHERN VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

-       615.     Tachycineta thalassina lepida.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-In the Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and west to the

-Pacific, breeding throughout its range. A most beautiful species with its

-blue, green and purple back and white under parts. They are abundant in

-favorable localities in California, building their nests in holes of

-trees, at times well up in the mountains, in the tops of some of the

-largest redwoods and pines, using woodpecker holes, and at times placing

-their nest in a crevice of the cliffs. Their nests are made of grass and

-fine roots, and nicely lined with feathers. Their four to six eggs are

-pure white (.72 x .50).

-

-

-                             BANK SWALLOW.

-              616.     Riparia riparia.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-The whole of North America north to the limit of trees, and south to the

-Gulf of Mexico, breeding from the middle portion of the United States

-northward. These birds build their nests in sand banks in almost all

-sections of the country, digging a small tunnel from one to three feet in

-length, enlarged and lined with grass at the end. They lay from four to

-six pure white eggs (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ROUGH-WINGED SPARROW.

-         617.     Stelgidopteryx serripennis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is about the same size as the last, and similar, but with

-the throat and breast grayish in place of the white. The outer webs of

-the outer primaries are recurved, forming a series of hooks. It nests in

-holes of embankments or in the crevices of cliffs, or among the stones of

-bridges and buildings. Their eggs are four in number and are pure white

-(.75 x .52). The range of these birds covers the whole of the United

-States, breeding from Mexico to British Columbia.

-

-

-                           BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

-             618.     Bombycilla garrula.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-A northern variety, breeding in Alaska and northward, winters to

-California and the northern states of the United States. It may be

-identified from the following by the markings on the wings of white and

-yellow, and the larger band of yellow at the end of the tail. The

-wax-like appendages on the wings and tail may be found on both species.

-

-Their nests are made of rootlets, grass and moss, and placed in bushes or

-trees at a few feet from the ground. Usually four eggs are laid, of a

-grayish color, sharply spotted with brown (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CEDAR WAXWING.

-            619.     Bombycilla cedrorum.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are a North American bird, and great travelers in large flocks all

-over the country, separating at breeding time, and mating up, with a pair

-or two selecting some orchard or suitable locality to remain during

-nesting time. They breed throughout the northern United States and north

-into Canada. Their nests are placed in almost any kind of tree, on

-horizontal limbs, made of twigs, rootlets, string and grass, in which

-they lay usually four eggs of a dull grayish color, spotted with dark

-brown, mostly about the larger end (.85 x .60).

-

-

-                              PHAINOPEPLA.

-             620.     Phainopepla nitens.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-These are found from central California to Texas and into Mexico. In

-habits they are very much like the preceding, and the female is quite

-similar in looks, while the male is a rich shining blue black, with a

-long pointed crest, and a white patch on the wings. Their food consists

-of insects and small berries. They build loosely constructed nests, with

-a more compact lining of plant down. They lay two or three eggs of a

-light gray, spotted with brown (.88 x .65).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            NORTHERN SHRIKE.

-                621.     Lanius borealis.     10 inches.

-

-One of the largest of the family in the United States, the breast being

-barred with wavy lines of gray above the paler gray, with the wings and

-tail having much white, showing especially in flight. They are bold

-birds; carnivorous in their habits, living upon other small birds,

-insects and small rodents. In winter they have been known frequently to

-live about cities, catching the English Sparrows in the parks and city

-streets. They tear their food to pieces with their bill, which is shaped

-similar to that of a hawk's, while their feet are small and weak, not at

-all resembling the hawk's feet. Their nests are placed in thickets or

-thorny bushes, and are made of shreds of vines, grasses and plant down.

-Four to six grayish white eggs are laid, these being spotted and blotched

-with shades of brown (1.05 x .75).

-

-

-                           CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.

-          622b.     Lanius ludovicianus gambeli.     8 inches.

-

-In size the same as the White-rumped Shrike, and in habits and general

-appearance much the same, being somewhat darker, more on the under parts

-and sides. Eggs similar but smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            RED-EYED VIREO.

-              624.     Vireosylva olivacea.     6 inches.

-

-One of the most common of the family throughout its range, from the

-eastern slope of the Rockies over the United States. Wherever they may be

-found, their song is heard continuously during the day, from early

-morning until late in the evening, it consisting only of two or three

-notes, first a rising inflection, then a falling, and repeated over and

-over, even while they are feeding. The nests are placed within a few feet

-of the ground on an overhanging limb, suspended from a fork, and made of

-strips of bark, plant fiber and often with pieces of string and paper

-included in its construction. Three or four eggs are white, specked

-sparingly with brown (.85 x .55). This is one of the favorite nests in

-which the Cowbird deposits its eggs.

-

-

-                            WARBLING VIREO.

-              627.     Vireosylva gilva.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-These are nearly as common as the above, but probably not as well known,

-as they keep well up in the tops of the taller trees, where they also

-build their nests, very much the same as the Red-eye. Their song is much

-more pleasant. Four eggs, like above (.72 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             CASSIN VIREO.

-         629a.     Lanivireo solitarius cassini.     5 inches.

-

-To be found west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower

-California and Mexico. In southern California, it is found breeding much

-more commonly than the Western Warbling Vireo, placing its nest high in

-the oaks and coniferous trees. It belongs to the same musical family,

-keeping up its song from morning until night. The nest is made of similar

-material to the previous, and the eggs are the same, except in size (.75

-x .58).

-

-

-                          BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.

-             630.     Vireo atricapillus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-A smaller variety, the male marked with a black cap. Breeds in Texas,

-north to Kansas. Winters in Mexico (not illustrated).

-

-

-                             HUTTON VIREO.

-               632.     Vireo huttoni.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Similar to last, without the black cap. Found in central and southern

-California. Nesting habits similar to others of the family. Eggs white

-with a few spots of brown about the larger end (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             ANTHONY VIREO.

-          632c.     Vireo huttoni obscurus.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Like Hutton, but a trifle smaller and darker. Found from British Columbia

-to southern California, breeding in Oregon (not illustrated).

-

-

-                              LEAST VIREO.

-           633a.     Vireo belli pusillus.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Much like the last, and found nesting in southern California, Texas and

-Arizona. Their nest is a neat, compact, cup-shaped structure, made of

-shreds of vines and fine roots, and lined with fine grass. The four eggs

-are white, spotted finely with brown about the larger end (.70 x .80).

-

-

-                              GRAY VIREO.

-               634.     Vireo vicinior.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Found in the southwestern United States, from western Texas, and southern

-California, into Mexico. They are not uncommon birds in the mountains of

-Arizona, where they nest in low bushes or trees, building their nest

-similar to the Red-eyed vireo in the horizontal fork of some overhanging

-limb, within a few feet from the ground. Usually four white eggs, which

-are finely spotted with brown about the larger end (.72 x .53).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                   Family MNIOTILTIDAE--WOOD WARBLERS.

-

-

-                        BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER.

-              636.     Mniotilta varia.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-This eastern bird, with its black and white markings, is found in

-southern Texas, and has been seen accidental in California and Washington

-(not illustrated).

-

-

-                             LUCY WARBLER.

-                643.     Vermivora luciae.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--Southwestern United States and Mexico. It breeds quite commonly

-in Arizona, where it builds in almost any situation, in the loose bark on

-tree trunks, in deserted woodpecker holes, in the cactus or in small

-bushes near the ground. The nest is made of fine grass, leaves and

-feathers, in which they lay usually four white eggs, spotted and wreathed

-with brown about the larger end (.60 x .50).

-

-

-                           VIRGINIA WARBLER.

-             644.     Vermivora virginiae.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Arizona, and winters in Mexico.

-They are much like the last, but have a patch of yellow on the rump and

-breast. Their nest on the ground, beside some rock or stump, is made of

-shreds of vines and grass. Three or four white eggs, specked and wreathed

-with brown (.62 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           CALAVERAS WARBLER.

-     645a.     Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Found in the Pacific coast regions, breeding from central California

-north to British Columbia. Winters south to Mexico. In Oregon and

-California, these birds are quite common in favorable localities on the

-mountain sides. They build their nest on the ground in a slight

-depression, making it of twigs and grasses, and usually well concealed

-with overhanging grass or brush. Their four eggs are a creamy white, with

-fine spots of brown and lavender, forming a wreath about the larger end

-(.60 x .45).

-

-

-                        ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

-              646.     Vermivora celata.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Central North America, breeding in the Rockies locally, from

-Alaska to Mexico. Crown with a concealed, dull orange patch. Nesting

-habits and eggs same as above (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           LUTESCENT WARBLER.

-        646a.     Vermivora celata lutescens.     4-1/4 inches.

-

-This bird is found breeding from Alaska along the Pacific coast to

-southern California. Nest placed in similar locations, and the eggs are

-the same as above (.60 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             OLIVE WARBLER.

-             651.     Peucedramus olivaceus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--In the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, southward. They may

-be easily identified by their orange-brown head and neck, with a broad

-black band through the eyes. Their nests are placed at high elevations in

-coniferous trees on the mountain sides. They build a very compact nest,

-saddled upon a horizontal limb, the nest having a resemblance to a knot;

-it is made of moss, lichens, etc., and lined with fine rootlets and down

-from plants. Their four eggs are a pale gray, completely covered with

-spots of dark brown, the heaviest at the larger end (.64 x .48).

-

-

-                            YELLOW WARBLER.

-                652.     Dendroica aestiva.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--The whole of North America, breeding throughout its range. They

-are active little bunches of yellow, as they gather in their many insects

-for food, all the while singing their happy song. They place their nests

-in almost any kind of trees, but seem to prefer willows and alders near

-some brook or pond, where insect life is abundant. Their nest is a

-compact, cup-shaped structure, made of fibers and grasses, lined with

-plant down or cotton.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            MYRTLE WARBLER.

-             655.     Dendroica coronata.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Most of North America. On the Pacific coast, it is found from

-central Oregon to southern California. It is quite commonly known as the

-Yellow-rumped Warbler, both in the east and west. They differ from the

-following, mostly in the throat markings, this one having a white throat

-and much more black on the head and breast, while on the following the

-throat is yellow. They nest in the lower branches of coniferous trees,

-making it of grasses, rootlets and fiber, in which they lay usually four

-eggs, white, spotted with shades of brown and lilac, more heavily about

-the larger end (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                            AUDUBON WARBLER.

-             656.     Dendroica auduboni.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-This species is found in the western United States from British Columbia

-to Mexico, and rarely east of the Rockies. They are more of a

-dull-colored bird than the preceding. Their nesting habits and eggs are

-identical with the last (.68 x .52).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           MAGNOLIA WARBLER.

-               657.     Dendroica magnolia.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--This is an eastern bird, found west to the Rockies and accidental

-in California. The white over the eye, white wing patch, and the band of

-white across the tail will identify this species (not illustrated).

-

-

-                          BLACK-POLL WARBLER.

-             661.     Dendroica striata.     5-1/2  inches.

-

-Range.--North America, mostly east of the Rockies, but found in the

-Rockies from Alaska to Colorado. They nest on the lower branches of

-coniferous trees, made of roots and strips of vine, and lined with

-feathers and lichens. Four dull white eggs, spotted with brown (.72 x

-.50).

-

-

-                             GRACE WARBLER.

-              664.     Dendroica graciae.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California and

-Arizona. Nest usually in pines near the tops of the trees, made of roots,

-fibers and lined with plant down. Eggs white, with light spots of brown

-(.65 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                      BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

-            665.     Dendroica nigrescens.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, British Columbia to Lower California. A

-small bird, with a black throat and breast, forming a circle about the

-neck, and black on top of the head. They are found mostly in the

-woodlands, bordered with thickets, in which they will place their nests,

-within a few feet of the ground. It much resembles that of the Yellow

-Bird, being compact and made of the same materials. Three or four eggs

-are creamy white, spotted with brown, forming a wreath about the larger

-end (.65 x .52).

-

-

-                     BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.

-                667.     Dendroica virens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Mostly in the eastern part of North America, but occasionally in

-the southern Rockies, Texas and Arizona. Black throat and breast, with

-bright yellow cheeks and olive head and back (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           TOWNSEND WARBLER.

-              668.     Dendroica townsendi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States. A similar bird to the above, with black on

-top of the head in place of the olive. Nesting habits are practically the

-same, as are also the eggs.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            HERMIT WARBLER.

-             669.     Dendroica occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, Texas and Arizona. These are to be found in the high,

-mountainous regions among the coniferous trees, where they build their

-nests on the outer limbs of tall pines, almost impossible to find. Their

-nests are made of grass, and the needles from the pine, and not much of a

-nest as compared with some of this same family. They lay four white eggs,

-spotted and wreathed with shades of brown (.68 x .52).

-

-

-                         GRINNELL WATER THRUSH.

-          675a.     Seiurus noveboracensis.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to Mexico, breeding in the northern portions. They

-are a quiet bird, solitary in habits, nesting in stumps near the ground

-or among roots of fallen trees. Four white eggs, spotted and blotched

-with brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         MACGILLIVRAY WARBLER.

-             680.     Oporornis tolmiei.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia to southern

-California, breeding throughout its range. They are common warblers of

-the Pacific coast, to be found on or near the ground in thick shrubbery,

-where they build their nests within a few feet of the ground. This is

-made of grasses and shreds of vines, and lined with finer grasses and

-hair. Four eggs are laid, white, spotted and quite heavily marked with

-shades of brown (.72 x .52).

-

-

-                         WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.

-      681a.     Geothlypis trichas occidentalis.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, from British Columbia south to Arizona,

-but not near the Pacific coast. It is one of the seven or eight forms of

-the Maryland Yellow-throat, the greatest difference in them being in the

-locality in which they are found. They place their nest in a clump of

-grass, well concealed, laying usually four white eggs, with few spots of

-brown (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                         PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.

-        681c.     Geothlypis trichas arizela.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--The Pacific coast. Habits, nest and eggs same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LONG-TAILED CHAT.

-         683a.     Icteria virens longicauda.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States, breeding from British Columbia to Mexico.

-They are an attractive bird both in looks and habits. They are great

-singers, but nature seemed to give them no special song of their own, and

-they make good attempts to mimic the song of any bird in their locality,

-and keep continually at it. They like the bramble and vine-covered

-hillsides, where it is hard to obtain a sight of the bird. They build

-their nests in the thickest of such places a few feet from the ground,

-made up of shreds of vines, leaves and twigs, lined with grass. Four

-white eggs, spotted with fine dots of shades of brown (.90 x .70).

-

-

-                          PILEOLATED WARBLER.

-          685a.     Wilsonia pusilla pileolata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, breeding in Oregon, Washington and

-California to Mexican borders. These little birds, with their deep yellow

-under parts and breast, and little cap of jet black, are quite common

-about many of the orchards and gardens when the trees are in full

-blossom, taking insects that abound at that time. They nest in moist

-grounds in a slight depression or in low bushes, made of fibers and

-grass.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                REDSTART

-            687.     Setophaga ruticilla.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, found more commonly east of the Rockies, but less

-common in Oregon, California and to Arizona. These birds are always the

-most conspicuous when in flight, at that time showing off to the best

-advantage their bright orange markings on the wings and tail of the

-males, and the bright yellow of the females. They build a neat,

-cup-shaped nest of plant fibers and down, which is placed in the crotch

-of small trees, in which they lay four white eggs, spotted with different

-shades of chestnut and black (.65 x .50). They are very active, and

-constantly flying from place to place, taking insects while on the wing,

-which constitute their food.

-

-

-                           PAINTED REDSTART.

-              688.     Setophaga picta.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--New Mexico and Arizona. These have much the same habits as the

-above, except that they build their homes in cavities of rocks or on the

-ground in swampy places.

-

-

-                           RED-FACED WARBLER.

-           690.     Cardellina rubrifrons.     5-1/4 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and New Mexico.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          ALASKAN YELLOW TAIL.

-         696.     Budytes flavus alascensis.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and Bering Sea in summer, where they are fairly common on

-the islands and coast. They nest on the ground, under or beside stones

-and in bunches of grass; it is made of roots and grasses, lined with moss

-and animal fur. They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly covered

-with spots of brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                           PIPIT, OR TITLARK.

-              697.     Anthus rubescens.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--It breeds on the high mountains of Colorado, California, Alaska,

-north to the Arctic Zone. During migration they may be found over most of

-the United States in quite large flocks. Their nests are placed on the

-ground in tufts of grass, and are made of fine grass and moss, lined with

-feathers and hair. Four to six eggs are grayish, heavily blotched with

-brown (.75 x .55).

-

-

-                             SPRAGUE PIPIT.

-              700.     Anthus spraguei.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Breeds from Manitoba to Montana and Dakota, and west to the

-Rockies. Habits, nest and eggs are similar to preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                     Family MIMIDAE.--SAGE THRASHER.

-            702.     Oreoscoptes montanus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Lower California and Mexico on the plains to Montana. This

-is an abundant bird in the sage regions of the plains throughout its

-range, and are frequently called the Mockingbird, on account of the

-varied song which they give from the top of some sagebrush or cactus, in

-which they nest. Four eggs, greenish, spotted with brown (.60 x .55).

-

-

-                            Family CINCLIDAE.

-

-

-                        DIPPER, OR WATER OUZEL.

-           701.     Cinclus mexicanus unicolor.     8 inches.

-

-Range.--Mountains of western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Among

-the rapid streams that are falling down the mountain side, these gray

-birds are to be found. They are strange members of bird life; they do not

-have webbed feet, and yet they swim on, or under the water, using their

-wings as paddles. They have a thrush-like bill, the habit of teetering

-similar to the sandpiper, and a song that is not to be forgotten if once

-heard. They nest on the rocks of these rapid streams, making their nest

-of moss, a bulky affair with an opening in the side, in which they

-deposit their four or five eggs of pure white (1.00 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN MOCKINGBIRD

-        703a.     Mimus polyglottos leucopterus.     10 inches.

-

-Range.--Texas to California and southward, breeding commonly from central

-California southward. These birds not only have a song of their own which

-puts them in the opera class, but, as their name implies, they can mimic

-or mock nearly anything in the bird line for song or bird notes. They are

-not satisfied with a few notes early in the morning and evening, but will

-keep their song in full play all day, without hardly seeming to take time

-to hunt up a few worms or insects, as if eating was not to be considered

-when he could sing.

-

-They nest usually low down in bushes and thickets, and construct a bulky

-nest of sticks, roots and grass. Three to five eggs are of a greenish

-color, spotted and blotched all over in many patterns with shades of

-brown (.95 x .72).

-

-

-                                CATBIRD.

-             704.     Dumetella carolinensis.     9 inches.

-

-Range.--Mostly eastern North America, but extends over the Rockies,

-occasionally to the Pacific coast. It is a fine songster and almost as

-much of a mimic as the Mockingbird. Breeding habits are much the same,

-but eggs are bluish green (.95 x .70).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PALMER THRASHER.

-        707a.     Toxostoma curvirostre palmeri.     11 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona to Mexico, breeding abundantly in the desert regions of

-Arizona, where the cactus is mostly to be found. They all seem to belong

-to the happy family of songsters, and there is no lack of bird music in

-localities where these birds are in any numbers. Their nests are usually

-placed in cactus, or on the ground under them, and are made up of twigs,

-dried grass and moss. Usually four eggs are laid, bluish green, spotted

-with brown very finely all over (1.00 x .80).

-

-

-                           BENDIRE THRASHER.

-              708.     Toxostoma bendirei.     10 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and Mexico to southern Colorado. It breeds in Arizona and

-southern California. General habits are the same as above. While it may

-not be as common as the above, it is possibly a better singer. Eggs are

-the same, spots larger (1.00 x .72)

-

-

-                          CALIFORNIA THRASHER.

-              710.     Toxostoma redivivum.     12 inches.

-

-Range.--California, from Shasta county to Lower California. The habits

-and song, as are also the nest and eggs, much like the above (1.12 x

-.82).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           LECONTE THRASHER.

-            711.     Toxostoma lecontei.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern and Lower California to Mexico. This is the lightest in

-color of any of the family, and has taken on the color of the sand of the

-low hot deserts in which it lives. Where it is so hot and dry that even

-the cactus and thornbush are stunted in their growth, where the ground is

-covered with the small varieties of cacti, with spines like needles. In

-such a place one cannot imagine that a bird would be as full of song as

-in a shaded piece of woodland, yet this bird has the same qualifications,

-and morning and night his voice may be heard, pouring out as rich a song

-as his brother of the north. Their nest, composed of twigs, weeds and

-lined with grass, is usually very bulky, and placed in low mesquite trees

-or cactus. The eggs are lighter in color than above, and with fewer and

-finer spots of brown (1.10 x .75).

-

-

-                           CRISSAL THRASHER.

-              712.     Toxostoma crissale.     11 inches.

-

-Range.--From Utah and Nevada to southern and Lower California and Texas.

-This species is somewhat darker, and more rufous on the under tail

-coverts than the above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CACTUS WREN.

-         713.     Heleodytes brunneicapillus.     8-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern part of California, to Texas, and north to Nevada and

-Utah. They are the largest of the Wrens, and look the least like that

-family of any of them. They are a common bird in the desert lands, where

-the cactus abounds, but lacks the sweet song of some of the smaller

-members of the family. Their nests are bulky, ball-shaped structures,

-made up of sticks, moss, grass, and lined with feathers. There is an

-opening on the side for an entrance, and it is usually placed in a thorn

-bush or cactus. Their four to seven eggs are creamy white, dotted thickly

-with chestnut (.95 x .65).

-

-

-                               ROCK WREN.

-              715.     Salpinctes obsoletus.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Western coasts from British America to Mexico. These bird are

-equally at home on the mountain sides or in the deep canyons, building

-their nests in the crevices of rocks or stumps, where they lay from five

-to eight white eggs, with fine spots of brown about the larger end (.72 x

-.50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              CANYON WREN.

-      717a.     Catherpes mexicanus conspersus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain ranges, from Colorado to Mexico, breeding

-throughout its range. As he is gathering his supply of food among the

-huge boulders and in the large rocky canyons, where he makes his home,

-you will, at short intervals, hear his loud joyous song, a song that puts

-to shame that of his largest relative of the plains. They build their

-nest of small sticks, leaves, grass and feathers, which is placed in the

-crevice of some rock, either down near some swiftly running mountain

-stream or high up in the cliffs above. Their three to five eggs are

-white, with spots of brown and lilac well covering the under color (.72 x

-.52).

-

-

-                              VIGOR WREN.

-         719a.     Thryomanes     bewicki spilurus.   5 inches.

-

-Range.--Coast regions of California. These are active and restless little

-birds. Eating and singing, and singing and eating is all this life holds

-for them. Nesting in bird boxes, holes in trees, in sheds, or almost any

-locality in which to place their six eggs (.65 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

-          721a.     Troglodytes aedon parkmani.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from British Columbia southward to Lower

-California. These happy little songsters are to be met with more about

-civilization, and seem to prefer the cultivated lands to the wild. They

-build in bird houses or holes of trees, and no matter how large the

-tenement may be they will keep busy until it is filled, leaving only

-space enough for their nest. They lay from five to seven eggs of a

-pinkish color, with a wreath of brown dots about the larger end (.65 x

-.52).

-

-

-                          WESTERN WINTER WREN.

-           722a.     Nannus hiemalis pacificus.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to New Mexico, through North America. This is the

-smallest of the family, and is also one of the most quiet in song. They

-are active little fellows, just a bunch of feathers, with a short stub of

-a tail up over their backs when observed, and getting about the brush

-heaps and stone walls like little mice. They nest in walls or crevices of

-rocks, and stumps, building of twigs, leaves, grass and feathers, in

-which usually six or seven eggs, creamy white, finely specked with brown,

-are laid (.60 x .48).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                              ALASKA WREN.

-             723.     Nannus alascensis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Aleutian Islands and Alaska. This is a somewhat larger variety of

-the preceding, and is found only in the far north. Its breeding habits

-are the same, as are also the eggs, which average a little larger (.65 x

-.51).

-

-

-                             ALEUTIAN WREN.

-              723.1.     Nannus meliger.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western Aleutian Islands to Alaska. Very similar to the above,

-both in song and general habits. They nest in the crevices of rocks or

-between boulders, making their nests of rootlets and grass, lining it

-with hair and feathers. Usually six eggs are laid, white with a few

-specks of brown (.58 x .46).

-

-

-                               TULE WREN.

-        725a.     Telmatodytes p. paludicola.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern California. This

-is a western form of the Long-billed Marsh Wren, found more east of the

-Rockies. They build a globular-shaped nest of grass and rushes, attached

-to upright rushes just above the water. Five eggs are laid, of a pale

-chestnut color, with darker markings (.64 x .45).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                        ROCKY MOUNTAIN CREEPER.

-        726b.     Certhia familiaris montana.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska, in the Rocky Mountains, to southern California and

-Mexico, breeding throughout its range. A quiet, small, brown colored bird

-of the deep woods, where its lisping note may be heard, if the air is

-very quiet, and one is looking for bird life. When found, it will

-generally be climbing up the trunk of some tall tree, searching the

-crevices of the bark for the small insect life on which it feeds; when

-near the top, a downward flight to the base of another tree. Always

-flying down, and climbing up. Their nest is placed in the loose bark, and

-is made of fiber, moss and grass. They lay from four to seven white eggs,

-spotted with chestnut (.58 x .48).

-

-

-                        SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

-          727a.     Sitta carolinensis aculeata.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast region, from British Columbia to southern

-California. These are similar to the White-breasted bird of the east.

-Unlike the above, although these are tree climbers, they are as often

-found coming down the tree as climbing up. They build in cavities of

-various kinds of trees, laying five or six white eggs, quite heavily

-marked with brown and lilac (.80 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

-              728.     Sitta canadensis.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

-and northward. Like the former, these are great acrobats, looking into

-every crevice of the bark in search of their supply of food, caring

-little whether they are going up or down in their search. After the

-breeding season these birds are often found in flocks about the

-coniferous trees, and appear to be very sociable, keeping up a continuous

-"yank, yank," among themselves. They have no other song.

-

-Their nest is usually placed in a cavity of some tree at quite an

-elevation from the ground, being lined with strips of bark and feathers.

-They lay from four to six white eggs, thickly spotted with shades of

-brown (.60 x .50).

-

-

-                            PYGMY NUTHATCH.

-                  730.     Sitta pygmaea.     4 inches.

-

-Range.--West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to southern California

-and Mexico, breeding throughout its range. These are the smallest of the

-family, and their habits and nest and eggs are the same as the preceding.

-Their eggs being slightly smaller.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                            PLAIN TITMOUSE.

-            733.     Baeolophus inornatus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--California and Oregon, west of the Sierra Nevadas. These are

-quite common throughout their range; they are quite a little bird, with

-only a few "quit, quit" like notes, and in color they are as quiet as in

-habits. They build in cavities of trees or old stumps, their nest lined

-with grasses, hair and feathers. Their five to eight eggs are white,

-rarely with a few specks of brown (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                        BLACK-CRESTED TITMOUSE.

-          732.     Baeolophus astricristatus.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Texas, south into Mexico. Similar to above, but darker and with

-the crest black and forehead white. Nesting habits same as the above (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                           BRIDLED TITMOUSE.

-              734.     Baeolophus wollweberi.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona and Texas into Mexico. This plain colored "tit," with the

-only markings about the head, black crest and breast, with white above

-and below the eyes, is common in parts of Arizona, where it builds within

-a few feet of the ground in cavities of trees. Nest and eggs the same as

-the Plain Titmouse (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           OREGON CHICKADEE.

-     735b.     Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Northwest coast, from British Columbia to Oregon. These lively

-little birds are willing to make friends with almost anyone, and will get

-so tame that they will take pieces of suet from the hand. Their well

-known call of "dee, dee, dee" often repeated, is a cheerful sound, but

-their other note of "phoe-be," or, as it seems to me they say

-"great-way," is rather mournful and suggests that they are tired and have

-a "great-way" yet to go. They build in old stumps, usually near the

-ground, lining the cavity with grass, hair and plant down, in which they

-deposit from five to eight white eggs, spotted with brown (.60 x .45).

-

-

-                           MEXICAN CHICKADEE.

-              737.     Penthestes sclateri.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona into Mexico. Has more black on the throat. Habits and

-their nest and eggs are much the same.

-

-

-                          MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

-             738.     Penthestes gambeli.     5-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western North America, Rocky Mountains west. Habits same as the

-preceding.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           ALASKA CHICKADEE.

-         739.     Penthestes cinctus alascensis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and eastern Siberia. One would naturally think that these

-little animated bunches of feathers would freeze in the far north where

-they make their homes. But they are the same sprightly little

-"chick-a-dee-dee-dee" that we have farther south, and do not seem to mind

-the severe cold at all. In habits, nest and eggs, these birds are so near

-alike that it is impossible to identify them.

-

-

-                          HUDSONIAN CHICKADEE.

-             740.     Penthestes hudsonicus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western half of British America. Habits the same as above.

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.

-              741.     Penthestes rufescens.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast, and occasionally to

-central California. Habits the same as preceding.

-

-

-                         CALIFORNIA CHICKADEE.

-            741a.     Penthestes r. neglectus.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Middle section of California, near the coast (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                               BUSH-TIT.

-            743.     Psaltriparus minimus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast of California, Oregon and Washington. In habits all

-of these birds are similar to the Chickadees. They are full of life, and

-in searching for insects are as much at home when upside down on the

-outer end of a bunch of pine needles as are the Chickadees. For nest

-building they have no superiors, making long gourd-like structures of

-fibers, moss, and grass, woven closely together, lined with feathers and

-wool, suspended from twigs at a low elevation or woven into some thick

-brush; they have a small opening near the top for the doorway. They lay

-from four to nine pure white eggs (.54 x .40).

-

-

-                         LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TIT.

-           744.     Psaltriparus plumbeus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Oregon, Colorado, to southern California and Texas. The habits

-are identical with above. Nests are made the same, and from eight to

-twelve inches long.

-

-

-                            LLOYD BUSH-TIT.

-       745.     Psaltriparus melanotis lloydi.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. Habits the same as above.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                                VERDIN.

-            746.     Auriparus flaviceps.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Colorado and southern California to Mexico. This bird is simply

-nothing more than a Bush-tit with his Sunday clothes on, or not a full

-suit, but a bright yellow head and neck dress. They are abundant and

-active little fellows in the thick chaparral brush, where they build a

-nest more bulky than the "tit" but not as artistic or compact. They are

-placed in thorn or other bushes within a few feet of the ground, made of

-twigs and weeds, and lined with fur and feathers. Their eggs, four to

-six, are white. For amusement, they construct one or two additional

-nests, in which they remain at night.

-

-

-                               WREN-TIT.

-                742.     Chamaea fasciata.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--From southern California north to Oregon along the coast. These

-are much like the Chickadee in habits, only much more secluded,

-frequenting the deep ravines along the mountain sides, where they build

-their nests of twigs, fibers of vines, grasses and feathers, in bushes

-near the ground. Four or five greenish blue, unmarked eggs are their

-complement (.70 x .50).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           KENNICOTT WARBLER.

-            747.     Acanthopneuste borealis.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--In Alaska casually. Breeds in the extreme northern part of Asia.

-Their nest and eggs have not been found on this continent as far as we

-know at present. They build on the ground in a tussock of grass, laying

-from three to five white eggs finely spotted with chestnut (.70 x .50).

-

-

-                    WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

-         748a.     Regulus satrapa olivaceus.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to southern California, on the Pacific coast. These little

-birds are found commonly in company with small flocks of the Chickadee,

-and like them may be seen hanging on the under side of the outer ends of

-the coniferous trees in search of their insect food. They nest in the

-northern part of their range, building large, comfortable-looking

-structures of needles from the pines, strips of vines and grass, nicely

-lined with feathers. Four to eight eggs, dull white, spotted with brown

-and lilac (.55 x .42).

-

-

-                         RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

-               749.     Regulus calendula.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding mostly north of the United States or in

-the Rocky Mountain regions farther south.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          WESTERN GNATCATCHER.

-          751a.     Polioptila caerulea obscura.     5 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States, breeding in northern Colorado and

-California. These birds in their actions somewhat resemble the Redstart,

-with their long tail, and quick flights into the air for insects and back

-again to the same twig, possibly near where their nest is placed. They

-build one of the prettiest of nests, very deep and cup-shaped, and on the

-top of some moss-covered limb at twenty to forty feet from the ground.

-Making the nest from plant down and moss, completely covered with

-lichens, so that it resembles a large knot on the limb, much like the

-nest of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Four or five dull white eggs,

-spotted with brown (.58 x .45).

-

-

-                         PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER.

-             752.     Polioptila plumbea.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern California, Texas into Mexico. Breeds like the above

-quite commonly in southern Texas; eggs a little smaller.

-

-

-                       BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER.

-           753.     Polioptila californica.     4-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Southern and Lower California, on the Pacific coast.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

-              754.     Myadestes townsendi.     9 inches.

-

-Range.--From British Columbia to southern California, through the western

-United States. They nest at high altitudes among the mountain tops,

-placing their nest upon the ground, among the rocks along the mountain

-streams. They build a large, loosely constructed nest of roots and twigs,

-lined with pine needles and moss, in which they lay their four or five

-white eggs, spotted with shades of brown more about the larger end (.96 x

-.70).

-

-

-                             WILLOW THRUSH.

-     756a.     Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Western United States from British Columbia to southern

-California. It breeds and is quite abundant in the foothills and canyons

-of the mountain ranges. It is a western form of the common eastern

-"Veery," and its breeding habits are the same, nesting in an old stump on

-or near the ground, making the nest of grasses and leaves, usually quite

-bulky. They lay four unspotted bluish green eggs (.90 x .65). Their song

-is peculiar and not as attractive as others of the Thrush family.

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                          GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH.

-              757.     Hylocichla alicae.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From British Columbia northward, and winters south to Mexico.

-Their nests are placed on or near the ground in a stump or tussock,

-usually in very moist places, and are composed largely of leaves and

-mosses. Their three or four eggs are a bluish green, spotted and blotched

-with reddish brown (.88 x .64).

-

-

-                         RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

-            758.     Hylocichla ustulata.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--From Alaska to Central America, breeding in the northern part, in

-Oregon and Alaska. Their nests are made and placed usually the same as

-the above, the eggs being of the same size, but of a lighter color. The

-Thrushes feed on small insect life and many of the small fruits and

-berries.

-

-

-                         OLIVED-BACKED THRUSH.

-          758a.     Hylocichla u. swainsoni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--North America, breeding on the western coast in Alaska, Oregon,

-California and Colorado. Their nesting habits, eggs and song are the same

-as the Russet-backed (not illustrated).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                         ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.

-             759.     Hylocichla guttata.     6-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska to Mexico, breeding in its extreme northern range. These

-birds are noted for their sweet and musical song, which may be heard from

-the swamps and thickets in which they make their home. They nest either

-on or near the ground, building it of shreds of vines, leaves and

-grasses. Four bluish green eggs, unmarked, are usually laid (.85 x .65).

-

-

-                         AUDUBON HERMIT THRUSH.

-          759a.     Hylocichla g. auduboni.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain region, from British Columbia to Arizona. Tail is

-much lighter than above, and bird larger. Their habits in home life are

-the same, this bird having the stronger and sweeter voice of the two (not

-illustrated).

-

-

-                             WESTERN ROBIN.

-    761a.     Planesticus migratorius propinquus.     10-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--West of the Rockies, from British Columbia to Mexico. This is not

-the familiar bird that is found in the east, but is very secluded, and

-its song is seldom heard. Nest is made of leaves, grass and twigs,

-plastered with mud. Four greenish blue eggs (1.15 x .80).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                             VARIED THRUSH.

-               763.     Ixoreus naevius.     9-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Pacific coast, from Alaska to Mexico, breeding in Oregon,

-Washington and California. They breed quite abundantly in the northern

-ranges in California and north to Alaska. Their nest is placed in small

-trees and bushes, usually near the ground, and is made of twigs, weeds

-and grass, lined with moss. Their eggs, usually four in number, are

-greenish blue, sharply spotted with few spots of dark brown (1.12 x .80).

-They have a pleasing song, which is rarely heard in their southern range.

-

-

-                               WHEATEAR.

-                765.     Saxicola aenanthe.     6 inches.

-

-Range.--Alaska and accidental in Colorado, breeding in Asia. They nest in

-crevices of cliffs or in stone walls, building a rude nest of sticks and

-weeds, lined with hair and feathers. Their four or five eggs are a pale

-greenish blue (.90 x .60).

-

-[Illustration: ]

-

-

-                           WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

-          767.     Sialia mexicana occidentalis.     7 inches.

-

-Range.--British Columbia to Lower California, along the Pacific coast.

-These familiar birds build in cavities in trees, or in bird houses, and

-make themselves at home near dwellings, especially if in the vicinity of

-orchards of any kind. The note of the western bird has the same familiar

-warble as their eastern relative. They live on small insects and

-caterpillars, and some of the small berries. Their four eggs are a pale

-bluish white (.80 x .60).

-

-

-                       CHESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.

-            767a.     Sialia mexicana bairdi.     7 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Texas (not illustrated).

-

-

-                           MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

-             768.     Sialia currucoides.     7-1/2 inches.

-

-Range.--Rocky Mountain regions from Canada to Mexico. Their habits are

-just the same, eggs averaging slightly larger.

-

-

-

-

-                                 INDEX

-

-

-                                   A

-  Albatross, Blackfoot, 31

-  Albatross, Layson, 32

-  Albatross, Short-tail, 31

-  Albatross, Sooty, 32

-  Albatross, Yellow-nose, 32

-  Auklet, Cassin, 14

-  Auklet, Crested, 15

-  Auklet, Least, 16

-  Auklet, Paroquet, 15

-  Auklet, Rhinoceros, 14

-  Auklet, Whiskered, 15

-  Avocet, 75

-

-

-                                   B

-  Bittern, 64

-  Bittern,  Least, 64

-  Blackbird, Bicolored, 162

-  Blackbird, Brewer, 166

-  Blackbird, Redwing, 162

-  Blackbird, Rusty, 165

-  Blackbird, Sonora, 162

-  Blackbird, Thick-billed, 162

-  Blackbird, Tricolored, 163

-  Blackbird, Yellow-headed, 161

-  Bluebird, Chestnut-backed, 239

-  Bluebird, Mountain, 239

-  Bluebird, Western, 239

-  Bobolink, 160

-  Bunting, Beautiful, 195

-  Bunting, Indigo, 195

-  Bunting, Lark, 196

-  Bunting, Lazuli, 195

-  Bunting, McKay, 175

-  Bunting, Snow, 175

-  Bush Tit, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lead-colored, 231

-  Bush Tit, Lloyd, 231

-

-

-                                   C

-  Caracara, Audubon, 116

-  Cardinal, Arizona, 193

-  Catbird, 219

-  Chat, Long-tailed, 215

-  Chickadee, Alaska, 230

-  Chickadee, California, 230

-  Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, 230

-  Chickadee, Hudsonian, 230

-  Chickadee, Mexican, 229

-  Chickadee, Mountain, 229

-  Chickadee, Oregon, 229

-  Coot, American, 72

-  Cormorant, Baird, 40

-  Cormorant, Brandt, 39

-  Cormorant, Farallone, 39

-  Cormorant, Red-faced, 40

-  Cowbird, 160

-  Cowbird, Bronzed, 161

-  Cowbird, Dwarf, 161

-  Crane, Little Brown, 68

-  Crane, Whooping, 68

-  Creeper, Rocky Mountain, 226

-  Crossbill, 169

-  Crossbill, Mexican, 169

-  Crossbill, White-winged, 169

-  Crow, Northwestern, 158

-  Cuckoo, California, 126

-  Curlew, Hudsonian, 86

-  Curlew, Long-billed, 86

-

-

-                                   D

-  Dickcissel, 196

-  Dipper, 218

-  Dove, Inca, 103

-  Dove, Mexican Ground, 103

-  Dove, Mourning, 102

-  Dowitcher, 76

-  Duck, American Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, American Widgeon, 45

-  Duck, Baldpate, 45

-  Duck, Barrow Golden-eye, 51

-  Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 61

-  Duck, Blue-bill, 49

-  Duck, Buffle-head, 52

-  Duck, Canvas-back, 49

-  Duck, Fulvous Tree, 61

-  Duck, Gadwall, 44

-  Duck, Harlequin, 53

-  Duck, King Eider, 55

-  Duck, Lesser Scaup, 50

-  Duck, Long-tailed, 52

-  Duck, Mallard, 44

-  Duck, Old Squaw, 52

-  Duck, Pacific Eider, 53

-  Duck, Pintail, 47

-  Duck, Red-head, 48

-  Duck, Ring-necked, 50

-  Duck, Ruddy, 57

-  Duck, Scaup, 49

-  Duck, Scoter, 55

-  Duck, Shoveller, 47

-  Duck, Spectacled Eider, 54

-  Duck, Stellar Eider, 54

-  Duck, Surf Scoter, 56

-  Duck, White-winged Scoter, 56

-  Duck, Wood, 48

-

-

-                                   E

-  Eagle, Bald, 112

-  Eagle, Golden, 112

-  Egret, 65

-  Egret, Snowy, 65

-

-

-                                   F

-  Falcon, Aplomado, 115

-  Falcon, Prairie,  113

-  Finch, Aleutian Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Black Rosy, 171

-  Finch, Brown-capped Rosy, 171

-  Finch, California Purple, 167

-  Finch, Cassin Purple, 168

-  Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy, 170

-  Finch, Hepburn Rosy, 170

-  Finch, House, 168

-  Flicker, Gilded, 138

-  Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Ash-throated, 148

-  Flycatcher, Beardless, 153

-  Flycatcher, Buff-breasted, 153

-  Flycatcher, Crested, 148

-  Flycatcher, Derby, 147

-  Flycatcher, Gray, 152

-  Flycatcher, Hammond, 152

-  Flycatcher, Olive-sided, 150

-  Flycatcher, Sulphur-bellied, 147

-  Flycatcher, Traill, 151

-  Flycatcher, Vermilion, 153

-  Flycatcher, Western, 151

-  Flycatcher, Wright, 152

-  Frigate Bird, 42

-  Fulmar, Pacific, 33

-  Fulmar, Slender-billed, 33

-

-

-                                   G

-  Gallinule, Florida, 72

-  Gnatcatcher, Black-tail, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Plumbeous, 234

-  Gnatcatcher, Western, 234

-  Godwit, Marbled, 82

-  Godwit, Arkansas, 173

-  Godwit, Green-backed, 173

-  Godwit, Lawrence, 174

-  Godwit, Pale, 173

-  Godwit, Willow, 173

-  Goose, Black Brant, 60

-  Goose, Cackling, 59

-  Goose, Canada, 59

-  Goose, Emperor, 60

-  Goose, Ross, 58

-  Goose, Snow, 57

-  Goose, White-fronted, 58

-  Goshawk, Mexican, 110

-  Goshawk, Western, 106

-  Grackle, Bronze, 166

-  Grebe, Eared, 10

-  Grebe, Holboell, 9

-  Grebe, Horned, 10

-  Grebe, Pied-bill, 11

-  Grebe, Western, 9

-  Grosbeak, Black-headed, 194

-  Grosbeak, California Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Rocky Mountain Pine, 167

-  Grosbeak, Western Blue, 194

-  Grosbeak, Western Evening, 166

-  Grouse, Canadian Ruffed, 97

-  Grouse, Columbia Sharp-tail, 100

-  Grouse, Dusky, 96

-  Grouse, Franklin, 97

-  Grouse, Sage, 101

-  Guillemot, Pigeon, 17

-  Gull, Bonaparte, 26

-  Gull, California, 24

-  Gull, Glaucous, 21

-  Gull, Glaucous-winged, 22

-  Gull, Heermann, 25

-  Gull, Herring, 23

-  Gull, Ivory, 20

-  Gull, Pacific Kittiwake, 20

-  Gull, Red-legged, 21

-  Gull, Ring-billed, 24

-  Gull, Sabine, 26

-  Gull, Short-billed, 25

-  Gull, Slaty-backed, 22

-  Gull, Western, 23

-  Gyrfalcon, Gray, 113

-

-

-                                   H

-  Hawk, Cooper, 107

-  Hawk, Desert Sparrow, 115

-  Hawk, Duck, 114

-  Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Fish, 116

-  Hawk, Harris, 108

-  Hawk, Marsh, 106

-  Hawk, Pigeon, 114

-  Hawk, Red-bellied, 109

-  Hawk, Rough-legged, 111

-  Hawk, Sharp-shinned, 107

-  Hawk, Swainson, 110

-  Hawk, Western Red-tail, 108

-  Heron, Black-crowned Night, 67

-  Heron, Great Blue, 66

-  Heron, Green, 66

-  Heron, Yellow-crown Night, 67

-  Hummingbird, Allen, 143

-  Hummingbird, Anna, 142

-  Hummingbird, Black-chinned, 141

-  Hummingbird, Blue-throated, 141

-  Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 145

-  Hummingbird, Broad-tailed, 143

-  Hummingbird, Buff-bellied, 145

-  Hummingbird, Calliope, 144

-  Hummingbird, Costa, 142

-  Hummingbird, Lucifer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rieffer, 144

-  Hummingbird, Rivoli, 140

-  Hummingbird, Rufous, 143

-  Hummingbird, White-eared, 145

-  Hummingbird, Xantus, 145

-

-

-                                   I

-  Ibis, Glossy, 63

-  Ibis, Wood, 63

-

-

-                                   J

-  Jaeger, Long-tailed, 19

-  Jaeger, Parasitic, 19

-  Jaeger, Pomerine, 18

-  Jay, Arizona, 157

-  Jay, California, 156

-  Jay, Oregon, 157

-  Jay, Pinon, 159

-  Jay, Rocky Mountain, 157

-  Jay, Stellar, 155

-  Jay, Woodhouse, 156

-  Junco, 185

-  Junco, Baird, 185

-  Junco, Gray-headed, 185

-  Junco, Guadalupe, 185

-  Junco, Oregon, 184

-  Junco, Pink-sided, 184

-  Junco, Slate-colored, 183

-  Junco, Thurber, 184

-  Junco, White-winged, 183

-

-

-                                   K

-  Kingbird, 146

-  Kingbird, Arkansas, 146

-  Kingbird, Cassin, 147

-  Kingfisher, Belted, 127

-  Kingfisher, Ringed, 127

-  Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 233

-  Kinglet, Western Golden-crowned, 233

-  Kite, Swallow-tailed, 105

-  Kite, White-tailed, 105

-

-

-                                   L

-  Lark, California Horned, 154

-  Lark, Desert Horned, 154

-  Lark, Pallid Horned, 154

-  Lark, Ruddy Horned, 154

-  Longspur, Alaskan, 176

-  Loon, 11

-  Loon, Great Northern Diver, 11

-  Loon, Pacific, 12

-  Loon, Red-throated, 12

-

-

-                                   M

-  Magpie, American, 155

-  Magpie, Yellow-billed, 155

-  Man-o'-War Bird, 42

-  Martin, Western, 198

-  Meadowlark, Rio Grande, 163

-  Meadowlark, Western, 163

-  Merganser, American, 42

-  Merganser, Hooded, 43

-  Merganser, Red-breasted, 43

-  Mockingbird, Western, 219

-  Murre, California, 18

-  Murrelet, Ancient, 16

-  Murrelet, Marbled, 16

-  Murrelet, Xantus, 17

-

-

-                                   N

-  Nighthawk, Western, 138

-  Nighthawk, Sennett, 138

-  Nighthawk, Texas, 138

-  Nutcracker, Clarke, 159

-  Nuthatch, Pygmy, 227

-  Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 227

-  Nuthatch, Slender-billed, 226

-

-

-                                   O

-  Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 164

-  Oriole, Bullock, 165

-  Oriole, Scott, 164

-  Oriole, Sennett, 164

-  Osprey, American, 116

-  Ouzel, Water, 218

-  Owl, Barn, 117

-  Owl, Burrowing, 123

-  Owl, Elf, 124

-  Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy, 124

-  Owl, Flammulated Screech, 121

-  Owl, Great Gray, 119

-  Owl, Hawk, 122

-  Owl, Long-eared, 117

-  Owl, Pygmy, 123

-  Owl, Richardson, 119

-  Owl, Saw-whet, 120

-  Owl, Screech, 120

-  Owl, Short-eared, 118

-  Owl, Snowy, 122

-  Owl, Spotted, 118

-  Owl, Western Horned, 121

-  Oyster-catcher, Black, 92

-  Oyster-catcher, Frazar, 92

-

-

-                                   P

-  Parrot, Thick-billed, 125

-  Pelican, California Brown, 41

-  Pelican, White, 41

-  Petrel, Ashy, 38

-  Petrel, Black, 38

-  Petrel, Fisher, 36

-  Petrel, Fork-tailed, 36

-  Petrel, Guadalupe, 37

-  Petrel, Kaeding, 37

-  Petrel, Leach, 37

-  Petrel, Least, 36

-  Pewee, Western Wood, 150

-  Phainopepla, 202

-  Phalarope, Northern, 73

-  Phalarope, Red, 73

-  Phalarope, Wilson, 74

-  Pheasant, Ring-necked, 100

-  Phoebe, Black, 149

-  Phoebe, Say, 149

-  Pigeon, Band-tailed, 102

-  Pipit, 217

-  Pipit, Sprague, 217

-  Plover, Black-bellied, 87

-  Plover, Golden, 87

-  Plover, Killdeer, 88

-  Plover, Mountain, 89

-  Plover, Snowy, 90

-  Plover, Surf Bird, 90

-  Plover, Semipalmated, 88

-  Plover, Upland, 84

-  Plover, Wilson, 89

-  Poor-will, 137

-  Poor-will, Dusky, 137

-  Prairie Hen, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Rock, 98

-  Ptarmigan, White-tailed, 99

-  Ptarmigan, Willow, 98

-  Puffin, Horned, 13

-  Puffin, Tufted, 13

-  Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 193

-

-

-                                   Q

-  Quail, Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, California, 95

-  Quail, Gambel, 95

-  Quail, Masked Bob-white, 93

-  Quail, Massena, 96

-  Quail, Mearns, 96

-  Quail, Mountain, 94

-  Quail, Scaled, 94

-

-

-                                   R

-  Rail, Black, 71

-  Rail, California Clapper, 69

-  Rail, Light-footed, 69

-  Rail, Sora, 70

-  Rail, Virginia, 70

-  Rail, Yellow, 71

-  Raven, American, 158

-  Raven, White-necked, 158

-  Red-poll, 172

-  Red-poll, Hoary, 172

-  Redstart, 216

-  Redstart, Painted, 216

-  Roadrunner, 125

-  Robin, Western, 237

-

-

-                                   S

-  Sandpiper, Baird, 79

-  Sandpiper, Bartramian, 84

-  Sandpiper, Buff-breasted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Knot, 77

-  Sandpiper, Least, 79

-  Sandpiper, Pectoral, 78

-  Sandpiper, Probilof, 77

-  Sandpiper, Redbacked, 80

-  Sandpiper, Sanderling, 81

-  Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed, 78

-  Sandpiper, Spoonbill, 80

-  Sandpiper, Spotted, 85

-  Sandpiper, Stilt, 76

-  Sandpiper, Western, 81

-  Sandpiper, Western Solitary, 83

-  Sandpiper, White-rumped, 79

-  Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 132

-  Sapsucker, Williamson, 133

-  Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 132

-  Sea Parrot, 13

-  Shearwater, Black-vented, 34

-  Shearwater, Dark-bodied, 35

-  Shearwater, Pink-footed, 34

-  Shearwater, Slender-billed, 35

-  Shearwater, Townsend, 34

-  Shrike, California, 203

-  Shrike, Northern, 203

-  Siskin, Pine, 174

-  Snipe, Wilson, 74

-  Snowflake, 175

-  Solitaire, Townsend, 235

-  Sparrow, Aleutian Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Baird, 178

-  Sparrow, Belding, 177

-  Sparrow, Bell, 186

-  Sparrow, Black-chinned, 183

-  Sparrow, Botteri, 187

-  Sparrow, Brewer, 182

-  Sparrow, Bryant, 177

-  Sparrow, California Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, Cassin, 187

-  Sparrow, Clay-colored, 182

-  Sparrow, Desert, 186

-  Sparrow, Gambel, 180

-  Sparrow, Golden-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Heermann Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Large-billed, 178

-  Sparrow, Leconte, 179

-  Sparrow, Lincoln, 190

-  Sparrow, Oregon Vesper, 177

-  Sparrow, Rufous-crowned, 188

-  Sparrow, Rufous-winged, 188

-  Sparrow, Rusty Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Sage, 187

-  Sparrow, San Benito, 178

-  Sparrow, Shumagin Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Song, 189

-  Sparrow, Thick-billed Fox, 190

-  Sparrow, Western Chippy, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Grasshopper, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Lark, 179

-  Sparrow, Western Savannah, 177

-  Sparrow, Western Tree, 181

-  Sparrow, Western Vesper, 176

-  Sparrow, White-crowned, 180

-  Sparrow, Worthen, 182

-  Stilt, Black-necked, 75

-  Swallow, Bank, 200

-  Swallow, Barn, 199

-  Swallow, Cliff, 198

-  Swallow, Northern Violet Green, 200

-  Swallow, Rough-winged, 201

-  Swallow, Tree, 199

-  Swan, Trumpeter, 62

-  Swan, Whistling, 62

-  Swift, Black, 139

-  Swift, White-throated, 139

-  Swift, Vaux, 140

-

-

-                                   T

-  Tanager, Cooper, 197

-  Tanager, Hepatic, 197

-  Tanager, Western, 196

-  Tattler, Wandering, 84

-  Teal, Blue-wing, 46

-  Teal, Cinnamon, 46

-  Teal, Green-winged, 45

-  Tern, Aleutian, 29

-  Tern, Arctic, 29

-  Tern, Black, 30

-  Tern, Caspian, 27

-  Tern, Common, 28

-  Tern, Elegant, 27

-  Tern, Forster, 28

-  Tern, Least, 30

-  Thrasher, Bendire, 220

-  Thrasher, California, 220

-  Thrasher, Crissal, 221

-  Thrasher, Leconte, 221

-  Thrasher, Palmer, 220

-  Thrasher, Sage, 218

-  Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Audubon Hermit, 237

-  Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 236

-  Thrush, Olive-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Russet-backed, 236

-  Thrush, Varied, 238

-  Thrush, Willow, 235

-  Titlark, 217

-  Titmouse, Black-crested, 228

-  Titmouse, Bridled, 228

-  Titmouse, Plain, 228

-  Towhee, Abert, 192

-  Towhee, California, 192

-  Towhee, Canon, 191

-  Towhee, Green-tailed, 192

-  Towhee, Oregon, 191

-  Towhee, San Diego, 191

-  Trogan, Coppery-tailed, 126

-  Turkey, Merriam, 101

-  Turnstone, Black, 91

-  Turnstone, Ruddy, 91

-

-

-                                   V

-  Verdin, 232

-  Vireo, Anthony, 206

-  Vireo, Black-capped, 205

-  Vireo, Cassin, 205

-  Vireo, Gray, 206

-  Vireo, Hutton, 205

-  Vireo, Least, 206

-  Vireo, Red-eyed, 204

-  Vireo, Warbling, 204

-  Vulture, California, 104

-  Vulture, Turkey, 104

-

-

-                                   W

-  Wagtail, Alaska Yellow, 217

-  Warbler, Audubon, 210

-  Warbler, Black and White, 207

-  Warbler, Black-poll, 211

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Gray, 212

-  Warbler, Black-throated, Green, 212

-  Warbler, Calaveras, 208

-  Warbler, Grace, 211

-  Warbler, Hermit, 213

-  Warbler, Kennicott, 233

-  Warbler, Lucy, 207

-  Warbler, Lutescent, 208

-  Warbler, Macgillivray, 214

-  Warbler, Magnolia, 211

-  Warbler, Myrtle, 210

-  Warbler, Olive, 209

-  Warbler, Orange-crowned, 208

-  Warbler, Pacific Yellow, 214

-  Warbler, Pileolated, 215

-  Warbler, Red-faced, 216

-  Warbler, Townsend, 212

-  Warbler, Virginia, 207

-  Warbler, Western Yellow-throat, 214

-  Warbler, Yellow, 209

-  Water Thrush, Grinnell, 213

-  Waxwing, Bohemian, 201

-  Waxwing, Cedar, 202

-  Wheatear, 238

-  Whip-poor-will, Stevens, 137

-  Willet, Western, 83

-  Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Alpine Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 131

-  Woodpecker, Arizona, 130

-  Woodpecker, Cabanis, 128

-  Woodpecker, California, 134

-  Woodpecker, Gairdner, 128

-  Woodpecker, Gila, 135

-  Woodpecker, Gilded, 136

-  Woodpecker, Harris, 128

-  Woodpecker, Lewis, 135

-  Woodpecker, Northern Pileated, 133

-  Woodpecker, Nuttall, 129

-  Woodpecker, Red-bellied, 135

-  Woodpecker, Red-headed, 134

-  Woodpecker, Red-shafted, 136

-  Woodpecker, Rocky Mountain Hairy, 128

-  Woodpecker, Texas, 129

-  Woodpecker, White-headed, 130

-  Wren, Alaskan, 225

-  Wren, Aleutian, 225

-  Wren, Cactus, 222

-  Wren, Canyon, 223

-  Wren, Rock, 222

-  Wren, Tule, 225

-  Wren, Vigor, 223

-  Wren, Western House, 224

-  Wren, Western Winter, 224

-  Wren-Tit, 232

-

-

-                                   Y

-  Yellow-legs, Greater, 82

-

-  [Illustration: ]

-

-

-THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS

-GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

-

-

-

-

-      *      *      *      *      *      *

-

-

-

-

-Transcriber's note:

-

-Obvious typographical errors were corrected without note.

-

-Spelling of some bird names was made consistent; e.g., "Redwing

-Blackbird" vs. "Red-winged Black-bird".

-

-

-

-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN BIRD GUIDE***

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