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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lost and Hostile Gospels by Sabine Baring-
+Gould
+
+
+
+This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United
+States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located
+before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Lost and Hostile Gospels
+
+Author: Sabine Baring-Gould
+
+Release Date: May 8, 2014 [Ebook #45620]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST AND HOSTILE GOSPELS***
+
+
+
+
+
+                       The Lost and Hostile Gospels
+
+                                 An Essay
+
+ On the Toledoth Jeschu, and the Petrine and Pauline Gospels of the First
+                Three Centuries of Which Fragments Remain.
+
+                                    By
+
+                        Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A.
+
+Author of "The Origin and Development of Religious Belief," "Legendary
+Lives of the Old Testament Characters." Etc.
+
+                           Williams and Norgate
+
+                            London, Edinburgh
+
+                                   1874
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Preface.
+Part I. The Jewish Anti-Gospels.
+   I. The Silence Of Josephus.
+   II. The Cause Of The Silence Of Josephus.
+   III. The Jew Of Celsus.
+   IV. The Talmud.
+   V. The Counter-Gospels.
+   VI. The First Toledoth Jeschu.
+   VII. The Second Toledoth Jeschu.
+Part II. The Lost Petrine Gospels.
+   I. The Gospel Of The Hebrews.
+      1. The Fragments extant.
+      2. Doubtful Fragments.
+      3. The Origin of the Gospel of the Hebrews.
+   II. The Clementine Gospel.
+   III. The Gospel Of St. Peter.
+   IV. The Gospel Of The Egyptians.
+Part III. The Lost Pauline Gospels.
+   I. The Gospel Of The Lord.
+   II. The Gospel Of Truth.
+   III. The Gospel Of Eve.
+   IV. The Gospel Of Perfection.
+   V. The Gospel Of St. Philip.
+   VI. The Gospel Of Judas.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                               [Cover Art]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter
+at Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.]
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It is advisable, if not necessary, for me, by way of preface, to explain
+certain topics treated of in this book, which do not come under its title,
+and which, at first thought, may be taken to have but a remote connection
+with the ostensible subject of this treatise. These are:
+
+1. The outbreak of Antinomianism which disfigured and distressed primitive
+Christianity.
+
+2. The opposition of the Nazarene Church to St. Paul.
+
+3. The structure and composition of the Synoptical Gospels.
+
+The consideration of these curious and important topics has forced its way
+into these pages; for the first two throw great light on the history of
+those Gospels which have disappeared, and which it is not possible to
+reconstruct without a knowledge of the religious parties to which they
+belonged. And these parties were determined by the fundamental question of
+Law or No-law, as represented by the Petrine and ultra-Pauline Christians.
+And the third of these topics necessarily bound up with the consideration
+of the structure and origin of the Lost Gospels, as the reader will see if
+he cares to follow me in the critical examination of their extant
+fragments.
+
+Upon each of these points a few preliminary words will not, I hope, come
+amiss, and may prevent misunderstanding.
+
+1. The history of the Church, as the history of nations, is not to be read
+with prejudiced eyes, with penknife in hand to erase facts which fight
+against foregone conclusions.
+
+English Churchmen have long gazed with love on the Primitive Church as the
+ideal of Christian perfection, the Eden wherein the first fathers of their
+faith walked blameless before God, and passionless towards each other. To
+doubt, to dissipate in any way this pleasant dream, may shock and pain
+certain gentle spirits. Alas! the fruit of the tree of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, if it opens
+the eyes, saddens also and shames the heart.
+
+History, whether sacred or profane, hides her teaching from those who
+study her through coloured glasses. She only reveals truth to those who
+look through the cold clear medium of passionless inquiry, who seek the
+Truth without determining first the masquerade in which alone they will
+receive it.
+
+It exhibits a strange, a sad want of faith in Truth thus to constrain
+history to turn out facts according to order, to squeeze it through the
+sieve of prejudice. And what indeed is Truth in history but the voice of
+God instructing the world through the vices, follies, errors of the past?
+
+A calm, patient spirit of inquiry is an attitude of the modern mind alone.
+To this mind History has made strange disclosures which she kept locked up
+through former ages. The world of Nature lay before the men of the past,
+but they could not, would not read it, save from left to right, or right
+to left, as their prejudices ran. The wise and learned had to cast aside
+their formulae, and sit meekly at the feet of Nature, as little children,
+before they learned her laws. Nor will History submit to hectoring. Only
+now is she unfolding the hidden truth in her ancient scrolls.
+
+It is too late to go back to conclusions of an uncritical age, though it
+was that of our fathers; the time for denying the facts revealed by
+careful criticism is passed away as truly as is the time for explaining
+the shadows in the moon by the story of the Sabbath-breaker and his faggot
+of sticks.
+
+And criticism has put a lens to our eyes, and disclosed to us on the
+shining, remote face of primitive Christianity rents and craters undreamt
+of in our old simplicity.
+
+That there was, in the breast of the new-born Church, an element of
+antinomianism, not latent, but in virulent activity, is a fact as capable
+of demonstration as any conclusion in a science which is not exact.
+
+In the apostolic canonical writings we see the beginning of the trouble;
+the texture of the Gospels is tinged by it; the Epistles of Paul on one
+side, of Jude and Peter on the other, show it in energetic operation;
+ecclesiastical history reveals it in full flagrance a century later.
+
+Whence came the spark? what material ignited? These are questions that
+must be answered. We cannot point to the blaze in the sub-apostolic age,
+and protest that it was an instantaneous combustion, with no smouldering
+train leading up to it,--to the rank crop of weeds, and argue that they
+sprang from no seed. We shall have to look up the stream to the fountains
+whence the flood was poured.
+
+The existence of antinomianism in the Churches of Greece and Asia Minor,
+synchronizing with their foundation, transpires from the Epistles of St.
+Paul. It was an open sore in the life-time of the Twelve; it was a sorrow
+weighing daily on the great soul of the Apostle of the Gentiles. It called
+forth the indignant thunder of Jude and Peter, and the awful denunciations
+in the charges to the Seven Churches.
+
+The apocryphal literature of the sub-apostolic period carries on the sad
+story. Under St. John's presiding care, the gross scandals which defiled
+Gentile Christianity were purged out, and antinomian Christianity deserted
+Asia Minor for Alexandria. There it made head again, as revealed to us by
+the controversialists of the third century. And there it disappeared for a
+while.
+
+Yet the disease was never eradicated. Its poison still lurked in the veins
+of the Church, and again and again throughout the Middle Ages heretics
+emerged fitfully, true successors of Nicolas, Cerdo, Marcion and
+Valentine, shaking off the trammels of the moral law, and seeking
+justification through mystic exaltation or spiritual emotion. The Papacy
+trod down these ugly heretics with ruthless heel. But at the Reformation,
+when the restraint was removed, the disease broke forth in a multitude of
+obscene sects spotting the fair face of Protestantism.
+
+Nor has the virus exhausted itself. Its baleful workings, if indistinct,
+are still present and threatening.
+
+But how comes it that Christianity has thus its dark shadow constantly
+haunting it? The cause is to be sought in the constitution of man. Man,
+moving in his little orbit, has ever a face turned away from the earth and
+all that is material, looking out into infinity,--a dark, unknown side,
+about whose complexion we may speculate, but which we can never map. It is
+a face which must ever remain mysterious, and ever radiate into mystery.
+As the eye and ear are bundles of nerves through which the inner man goes
+out into, and receives impressions from, the material world, so is the
+soul a marvellous tissue of fibres through which man is placed _en
+rapport_ with the spiritual world, God and infinity. It is the existence
+of this face, these fibres--take which simile you like--which has
+constituted mystics in every age all over the world: Schamans in frozen
+Siberia, Fakirs in burning India, absorbed Buddhists, ecstatic Saints,
+Essenes, Witches, Anchorites, Swedenborgians, modern Spiritualists.
+
+Man, double-faced by nature, is placed by Revelation under a sharp,
+precise external rule, controlling his actions and his thoughts.
+
+To this rule spirit and body are summoned to do homage. But the spirit has
+an inherent tendency towards the unlimited, by virtue of its nature, which
+places it on the confines of the infinite. Consequently it is never easy
+under a rule which is imposed on it conjointly with the body; it strains
+after emancipation, strives to assert its independence of what is
+external, and to establish its claim to obey only the movements in the
+spiritual world. It throbs sympathetically with the auroral flashes in
+that realm of mystery, like the flake of gold-leaf in the magnetometer.
+
+To be bound to the body, subjected to its laws, is degrading; to be
+unbounded, unconditioned, is its aspiration and supreme felicity.
+
+Thus the incessant effort of the spirit is to establish its law in the
+inner world of feeling, and remove it from the material world without.
+
+Moreover, inasmuch as the spirit melts into the infinite, cut off from it
+by no sharply-defined line, it is disposed to regard itself as a part of
+God, a creek of the great Ocean of Divinity, and to suppose that all its
+emotions are the pulsations of the tide in the all-embracing Spirit. It
+loses the consciousness of its individuality; it deifies itself.
+
+A Suffee fable representing God and the human soul illustrates this well.
+"One knocked at the Beloved's door, and a voice from within cried, 'Who is
+there?' Then the soul answered, 'It is I.' And the voice of God said,
+'This house will not hold me and thee.' So the door remained shut. Then
+the soul went away into a wilderness, and after long fasting and prayer it
+returned, and knocked once again at the door. And again the voice demanded
+'Who is there?' Then he said, 'It is THOU,' and at once the door opened to
+him."
+
+Thus the mystic always regards his unregulated wishes as divine
+revelations, his random impulses as heavenly inspirations. He has no law
+but his own will; and therefore, in mysticism, there, is no curb against
+the grossest licence.
+
+The existence of that evil which, knowing the constitution of man, we
+should expect to find prevalent in mysticism, the experience of all ages
+has shown following, dogging its steps inevitably. So slight is the film
+that separates religious from sensual passion, that uncontrolled spiritual
+fervour roars readily into a blaze of licentiousness.
+
+It is this which makes revivalism of every description so dangerous. It is
+a two-edged weapon that cuts the hand which holds it.
+
+Yet the spiritual, religious element in man is that which is most
+beautiful and pure, when passionless. It is like those placid tarns,
+crystal clear and icy cold, in Auvergne and the Eifel, which lie in the
+sleeping vents of old volcanoes. We love to linger by them, yet never with
+security, for we know that a throb, a shock, may at any moment convert
+them into boiling geysirs or raging craters.
+
+So well is this fact known in the Roman Church, that a mystic is
+inexorably shut up in a convent, or cast out as a heretic.
+
+The more spiritual a religion is, the more apt it is to lurch and let in a
+rush of immorality; for its tendency is to substitute an internal for the
+external law, and the internal impulse is too often a hidden jog from the
+carnal appetite. In a highly spiritual religion, a written revelation is
+supplemented or superseded by one which is within.
+
+This was eminently the case with the Anabaptists of the sixteenth century.
+When plied with texts by the Lutheran divines, they coldly answered that
+they walked not after the letter, but after the spirit; that to those who
+are in Christ Jesus, there is an inner illumination directing their
+conduct, before which that which is without grew pale and waned. The
+horrible licence into which this internal light plunged them is matter of
+history.
+
+One lesson history enforces inexorably--that there lies a danger to morals
+in placing reliance on the spirit as an independent guide.
+
+The spirit has its proper function and its true security; its function,
+the perception of the infinite, the divine; its security, the observance
+of the marriage-tie which binds it to the body.
+
+God has joined body and spirit in sacred wedlock, and subjected both to a
+revealed external law; in the maintenance of this union, and submission to
+this law, man's safety lies. The spirit supreme, the body a bond-maid, is
+no marriage; it is a concubinage, bringing with it a train of attendant
+evils.
+
+Man stands, so to speak, at the bisection of two circles, the material and
+the spiritual, in each of which he has a part, and to the centres of each
+of which he feels a gravitation. Absorption in either realm is fatal to
+the well-being of the entire man.
+
+And this leads us to the consideration of the marvellous aptitude to human
+nature of the Incarnation, welding together into indissoluble union spirit
+and matter, the infinite and the finite. The religion which flows from
+that source cannot dissociate soul from body. Its law is the marriage of
+that which is spiritual to that which is material; the soul cannot shake
+off the responsibilities of the body; everything spiritual is clothed, and
+every material object is a sacrament conveying a ray of divinity.
+
+There can be no evasion, no abrasion and rupture of the tie by either
+party, without lesion of the chain which binds to the Incarnation; and it
+is a fact worthy of note, that mysticism has always a tendency to obscure
+this fundamental dogma, and that the immoral sects of ancient times and of
+the present day hang loosely by, or openly deny, this great verity.
+
+St. Paul had a natural bias towards mysticism. His trances and revelations
+betoken a nature branching out into the spiritual realm; and throughout
+his letters we see the inevitable consequence--a struggle to displace the
+centre of obedience, to transfer it from without and enthrone it within,
+to make the internal revelation the governing principle of action, in the
+room of submission to an external law.
+
+But, like St. Theresa, who never relinquished her common sense whilst
+yielding up her spirit to the most incoherent raptures; like Mohammad,
+who, however he might soar in ecstasy above the moon, never lost sight of
+the principles which would ensure a very material success; like Ignatius
+Loyola, who, in the midst of fantastic visions, elaborated a system of
+government full of the maturest judgment,--so St. Paul never surrendered
+himself unconditionally to the promptings of his spirit. Like the angel of
+the Apocalypse, if he stood with one foot in the vague sea, he kept the
+other on the solid land.
+
+That thorn in the flesh, whose presence he deplored, kept him from
+forgetting the body and its obligations; the moral disorders breaking out
+wherever he preached his gospel, warned him in time not to relax too far
+the restraint imposed by the law without. As the revolt of the Anabaptists
+checked Luther, so did the excesses of the Gentile Christians arrest Paul.
+Both saw and obeyed the warning finger of Providence signalling a retreat.
+
+Divinely inspired St. Paul was. But inspiration never obscures and
+obliterates human characteristics. It directs and utilizes them for its
+own purpose, leaving free margin beyond that purpose for the exercise of
+individual proclivities uncontrolled.
+
+Paul's natural tendency is unmistakable; and we may see evidence of divine
+guidance in the fact of his having refused to give the rein to his natural
+propensities, and of being prepared to turn all his energies to the
+repairing of those dykes against the ocean which in a moment of impatience
+he had set his hand to tear down.
+
+As Socrates was by nature prone to become the most vicious of men, so was
+Paul naturally disposed to become the most dangerous of heresiarchs. But
+the moral sense of Socrates mastered his passions and converted him into a
+philosopher; and the guiding spirit of God made of Paul the mystic an
+apostle of righteousness.
+
+Christianity, as the religion of the Incarnation, has its external form
+and its internal spirit, and it is impossible to dissociate one from the
+other without peril. Mere formalism and naked spirituality are alike and
+equally pernicious. Formalism, the resolution of religion into ceremonial
+acts only, void of spirit, is like the octopus, lacing its thousand
+filaments about the soul and drawing it into the abyss; and mysticism,
+pure spirituality, like the magnet mountain in Sinbad's voyage, draws the
+nails out of the vessel--the rivets of moral law--and the Christian
+character goes to pieces.
+
+The history of the Church is the history of her leaning first towards one
+side, then towards the other, of advance amid perpetual recoils from
+either peril.
+
+2. The alarm caused in Jerusalem amidst the elder apostles and the
+Nazarene Church at the immorality which disfigured Pauline Christianity,
+was not the only cause of the mistrust wherewith they viewed him and his
+teaching. Other causes existed which I have not touched on in my text,
+lest I should distract attention from the main points of my argument, but
+they are deserving of notice here.
+
+And the first of these was the intense prejudice which existed among the
+Jews of Palestine against Greek modes of thought, manners, culture, even
+against the Greek language.
+
+The second was the jealousy with which the Palestinian Jews regarded the
+Alexandrine Jews, their mode of interpreting Scripture, and their system
+of theology.
+
+St. Paul, an accomplished Greek scholar, brought up at Tarsus amidst
+Hellenistic Jews, adopted the theology and exegesis in vogue at
+Alexandria, and on both these accounts excited the suspicion and dislike
+of the national party at Jerusalem. The Nazarenes were imbued with the
+prejudices they had acquired in their childhood, in the midst of which
+they had grown up, and they could not but regard Paul with alarm when he
+turned without disguise to the Greeks, and introduced into the Church the
+theological system and scriptural interpretations of a Jewish community
+they had always regarded as of questionable orthodoxy.
+
+First let us consider the causes which contributed to the creation of the
+prejudice against the Hellenizers. Judaea had served as the battle-field
+of the Greek kings of Egypt and Syria. Whether Judaea fell under the
+dominion of Syria or Egypt it mattered not; Ptolemies and Seleucides alike
+were intolerable oppressors. But it was especially the latter who excited
+to its last exasperation the fanaticism of the Jews, and called forth in
+their breasts an ineffaceable antipathy towards everything that was Greek.
+
+The temple was pillaged by them, the sanctuary was violated, the high-
+priesthood degraded. Antiochus Epiphanes entertained the audacious design
+of completely overthrowing the religion of the Jews, of forcibly
+Hellenizing them. For this purpose he forbade the celebration of the
+Sabbaths and feasts, drenched the sanctuary with blood to pollute it, the
+sacrifices were not permitted, circumcision was made illegal. The
+sufferings of the Jews, driven into deserts and remote hiding-places in
+the mountains, are described in the first book of the Maccabees.
+
+Yet there was a party disposed to acquiesce in this attempt at changing
+the whole current of their nation's life, ready to undo the work of Ezra,
+break with their past, and fling themselves into the tide of Greek
+civilization and philosophic thought. These men set up a gymnasium in
+Jerusalem, Graecised their names, openly scoffed at the Law, ignored the
+Sabbath, and neglected circumcision.(1) At the head of this party stood
+the high-priests Jason and Menelaus. The author of the first book of the
+Maccabees styles these conformists to the state policy, "evil men,
+seducing many to despise the Law." Josephus designates them as "wicked"
+and "impious."(2)
+
+The memory of the miseries endured in the persecution of Antiochus did not
+fade out of the Jewish mind, neither did the party disappear which was
+disposed to symbolize with Greek culture, and was opposed to Jewish
+prejudice. Nor did the abhorrence in which it was held lose its intensity.
+
+From the date of the Antiochian persecution, the names of "Greek" or
+"friend of the Greeks" were used as synonymous with "traitor" and
+"apostate."
+
+Seventy years before Christ, whilst Hyrcanus was besieging Aristobulus in
+Jerusalem, the besiegers furnished the besieged daily with lambs for the
+sacrifice. An old Jew, belonging to the anti-national party, warned
+Hyrcanus that as long as the city was supplied with animals for the altar,
+so long it would hold out. On the morrow, in place of a lamb, a pig was
+flung over the walls. The earth shuddered at the impiety, and the heads of
+the synagogue solemnly cursed from thenceforth whosoever of their nation
+should for the future teach the Greek tongue to his sons.(3) Whether this
+incident be true or not, it proves that a century after Antiochus
+Epiphanes the Jews entertained a hatred of that Greek culture which they
+regarded as a source of incredulity and impiety.
+
+The son of Duma asked his uncle Israel if, after having learned the whole
+Law, he might not study the philosophy of the Greeks. " 'The Book of the
+Law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day
+and night.' These are the words of God" (Josh. i. 8), said the old man;
+"find me an hour which is neither day nor night, and in that study your
+Greek philosophy."(4)
+
+Gamaliel, the teacher of St. Paul, was well versed in Greek literature;
+that this caused uneasiness in his day is probable; and indeed the Gemara
+labours to explain the fact of his knowledge of Greek, and apologizes for
+it.(5) Consequently Saul, the disciple of Gamaliel, also a Greek scholar,
+would be likely to incur the same suspicion, as one leaning away from
+strict Judaism towards Gentile culture.
+
+The Jews of Palestine viewed the Alexandrine Jews with dislike, and
+mistrusted the translation into Greek of their sacred books. They said it
+was a day of sin and blasphemy when the version of the Septuagint was
+made, equal only in wickedness to that on which their fathers had made the
+golden calf.(6)
+
+The loudly-proclaimed intention of Paul to turn to the Gentiles, his
+attitude of hostility towards the Law, the abrogation of the Sabbath and
+substitution for it of the Lord's-day, his denunciation of circumcision,
+his abandonment of his Jewish name for a Gentile one, led to his being
+identified by the Jews of Palestine with the abhorred Hellenistic party;
+and the Nazarene Christians shared to the full in the national prejudices.
+
+The Jews, at the time of the first spread of Christianity, were dispersed
+over the whole world; and in Greece and Asia Minor occupied a quarter, and
+exercised influence, in every town. The Seleucides had given the right of
+citizenship to these Asiatic Jews, and had extended to them some sort of
+protection. The close association of these Jews with Greeks necessarily
+led to the adoption of some of their ideas. Since Ezra, the dominant
+principle of the Palestinian and Babylonish rabbis had been to create a
+"hedge of the Law," to constitute of the legal prescriptions a net lacing
+those over whom it was cast with minute yet tough fibres, stifling
+spontaneity. Whilst rabbinism was narrowing the Jewish horizon, Greek
+philosophy was widening man's range of vision. The tendencies of Jewish
+theology and Greek philosophy were radically opposed. The Alexandrine Jews
+never submitted to be involved in the meshes of rabbinism. They produced a
+school of thinkers, of whom Aristobulus was the first known exponent, and
+Philo the last expression, which sought to combine Mosaism with Platonism,
+to explain the Pentateuch as the foundation of a philosophic system
+closely related to the highest and best theories of the Greeks.
+
+In the Holy Land, routine, the uniform repetition of prescribed forms, the
+absence of all alien currents of thought, tended insensibly to transform
+religion into formalism, and to identify it with the ceremonies which are
+its exterior manifestation.
+
+In Egypt, on the other hand, the Alexandrine Jews, ambitious to give to
+the Greeks an exalted idea of their religion, strove to bring into
+prominence its great doctrines of the Unity of the Godhead, of Creation,
+and Providence. All secondary points were allegorized or slurred over. As
+Palestinian rabbinism became essentially ceremonial, Alexandrine Judaism
+became essentially spiritual. The streams of life and thought in these
+members of the same race were diametrically opposed.
+
+The Jews settled in Asia Minor, subjected to the same influences, actuated
+by the same motives, as the Egyptian Jews, looked to Alexandria rather
+than to Jerusalem or Babylon for guidance, and were consequently involved
+in the same jealous dislike which fell on the Jews of Egypt.(7)
+
+There can be no doubt that St. Paul was acquainted with, and influenced
+by, the views of the Alexandrine school. That he had read some of Philo's
+works is more than probable. How much he drew from the writings of
+Aristobulus the Peripatetic cannot be told, as none of the books of that
+learned but eclectic Jew have been preserved.(8)
+
+In more than one point Paul departs from the traditional methods of the
+Palestinian rabbis, to adopt those of the Alexandrines. The Jews of
+Palestine did not admit the allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Paul,
+on two occasions, follows the Hellenistic mode of allegorizing the sacred
+text. On one of these occasions he uses an allegory of Philo, while
+slightly varying its application.(9)
+
+The Palestinian Jews knew of no seven orders of angels; the classification
+of the celestial hierarchy was adopted by Paul(10) from Philo and his
+school. The identification of idols with demons(11) was also distinctively
+Alexandrine.
+
+But what is far more remarkable is to find in Philo, born between thirty
+and forty years before Christ, the key to most of Paul's theology,--the
+doctrines of the all-sufficiency of faith, of the worthlessness of good
+works, of the imputation of righteousness, of grace, mediation, atonement.
+
+But in Philo, these doctrines drift purposeless. Paul took them and
+applied them to Christ, and at once they fell into their ranks and places.
+What was in suspension in Philo, crystallized in Paul. What the Baptist
+was to the Judaean Jews, that Philo was to the Hellenistic Jews; his
+thoughts, his theories, were--
+
+
+              "In the flecker'd dawning
+    The glitterance of Christ."(12)
+
+
+The Fathers, perplexed at finding Pauline words, expressions, ideas, in
+the writings of Philo, and unwilling to admit that Paul had derived them
+from Philo, invented a myth that the Alexandrine Jew came to Rome and was
+there converted to the Christian faith. Chronology and a critical
+examination of the writings of the Jewish Plato have burst that
+bubble.(13)
+
+The fact that Paul was deeply saturated with the philosophy of the
+Alexandrine Jews has given rise also to two obstinate Christian
+legends,--that Dionysius the Areopagite, author of the Celestial Hierarchy,
+the Divine Names, &c., was the disciple of St. Paul, and that Seneca the
+philosopher was also his convert and pupil. Dionysius took Philo's system
+of the universe and emanations from the Godhead and Christianized them.
+The influence of Philo on the system of Dionysius _saute aux yeux_, as the
+French would say. And Dionysius protests, again and again, in his writings
+that he learned his doctrine from St. Paul.
+
+From a very early age, the Fathers insisted on Seneca having been a
+convert of St. Paul; they pointed out the striking analogies in their
+writings, the similarity in their thoughts. How was this explicable unless
+one had been the pupil of the other? But Seneca, we know, lived some time
+in Alexandria with his uncle, Severus, prefect of Egypt; and at that time
+the young Roman, there can be little question, became acquainted with the
+writings of Philo.(14)
+
+Thus St. Paul, by adopting the mode of Biblical interpretation of a rival
+school to that dominant in Judaea, by absorbing its philosophy, applying
+it to the person of Christ and the moral governance of the Church, by
+associating with Asiatic Jews, known to be infected with Greek philosophic
+heresies, and by his open invocation to the Gentiles to come into and
+share in all the plenitude of the privileges of the gospel, incurred the
+suspicion, distrust, dislike of the believers in Jerusalem, who had grown
+up in the midst of national prejudices which Paul shocked.
+
+3. It has been argued with much plausibility, that because certain of the
+primitive Fathers were unacquainted with the four Gospels now accounted
+Canonical, that therefore those Gospels are compositions subsequent to
+their date, and that therefore also their authority as testimonies to the
+acts and sayings of Jesus is sensibly weakened, if not wholly overthrown.
+It is true that there were certain Fathers of the first two centuries who
+were unacquainted with our Gospels, but the above conclusions drawn from
+this fact are unsound.
+
+This treatise will, I hope, establish the fact that at the close of the
+first century almost every Church had its own Gospel, with which alone it
+was acquainted. But it does not follow that these Gospels were not as
+trustworthy, as genuine records, as the four which we now alone recognize.
+
+It is possible, from what has been preserved of some of these lost
+Gospels, to form an estimate of their scope and character. We find that
+they bore a very close resemblance to the extant Synoptical Gospels,
+though they were by no means identical with them.
+
+We find that they contained most of what exists in our three first
+Evangels, in exactly the same words; but that some were fuller, others
+less complete, than the accepted Synoptics.
+
+If we discover whole paragraphs absolutely identical in the Gospels of
+Matthew, Mark, Luke, of the Hebrews, of the Clementines, of the Lord, it
+goes far to prove that all the Evangelists drew upon a common fund. And if
+we see that, though using the same material, they arranged it differently,
+we are forced to the conclusion that this material they incorporated in
+their biographies existed in _anecdota_, not in a consecutive narrative.
+
+Some, at least, of the Gospels were in existence at the close of the first
+century; but the documents of which they were composed were then old and
+accepted.
+
+And though it is indisputable that in the second century the Four had not
+acquired that supremacy which brought about the disappearance of the other
+Gospels, and were therefore not quoted by the Fathers in preference to
+them, it is also certain that all the material out of which both the
+extant and the lost Synoptics were composed was then in existence, and was
+received in the Church as true and canonical.
+
+Admitting fully the force of modern Biblical criticism, I cannot admit all
+its most sweeping conclusions, for they are often, I think, more sweeping
+than just.
+
+The material out of which all the Synoptical Gospels, extant or, lost,
+were composed, was in existence and in circulation in the Churches in the
+first century. That material is--the sayings of Christ on various
+occasions, and the incidents in his life. These sayings and doings of the
+Lord, I see no reason to doubt, were written down from the mouths of
+apostles and eye-witnesses, in order that the teaching and example of
+Christ might be read to believers in every Church during the celebration
+of the Eucharist.
+
+The early Church followed with remarkable fidelity the customs of the
+Essenes, so faithfully that, as I have shown, Josephus mistook the
+Nazarenes for members of the Essene sect; and in the third century
+Eusebius was convinced that the Therapeutae, their Egyptian counterparts,
+were actually primitive Christians.(15)
+
+The Essenes assembled on the Sabbath for a solemn feast, in white robes,
+and, with faces turned to the East, sang antiphonal hymns, broke bread and
+drank together of the cup of love. During this solemn celebration the
+president read portions from the sacred Scriptures, and the exhortations
+of the elders. At the Christian Eucharist the ceremonial was
+identical;(16) Pliny's description of a Christian assembly might be a
+paragraph from Josephus or Philo describing an Essene or Therapeutic
+celebration. In place of the record of the wanderings of the Israelites
+and the wars of their kings being read at their conventions, the president
+read the journeys of the Lord, his discourses and miracles.
+
+No sooner was a Church founded by an apostle than there rose a demand for
+this sort of instruction, and it was supplied by the jottings-down of
+reminiscences of the Lord and his teaching, orally given by those who had
+companied with him.
+
+Thus there sprang into existence an abundant crop of memorials of the
+Lord, surrounded by every possible guarantee of their truth. And these
+fragmentary records passed from one Church to another. The pious zeal of
+an Antiochian community furnished with the memorials of Peter would borrow
+of Jerusalem the memorials of James and Matthew. One of the traditions of
+John found its way into the Hebrew Gospel--that of the visit of Nicodemus;
+but it never came into the possession of the compiler of the first Gospel
+or of St. Luke.
+
+After a while, each Church set to work to string the _anecdota_ it
+possessed into a consecutive story, and thus the Synoptical Gospels came
+into being.
+
+Of these, some were more complete than others, some were composed of more
+unique material than the others.
+
+The second Gospel, if we may trust Papias, and I see no reason for
+doubting his testimony, is the composition of Mark, the disciple of St.
+Peter, and consists exclusively of the recollections of St. Peter. This
+Gospel was not co-ordinated probably till late, till long after the
+disjointed memorabilia were in circulation. It first circulated in Egypt;
+but in at least one of the Petrine Churches--that of Rhossus--the
+recollections of St. Peter had already been arranged in a consecutive
+memoir, and, in A.D. 190, Serapion, Bishop of Antioch, found the Church of
+Rhossus holding exclusively to this book as a Gospel of traditional
+authority, received from the prince of the apostles.
+
+The Gospel of St. Matthew, on the other hand, is a diatessaron composed of
+four independent collections of memorabilia. Its groundwork is a book by
+Matthew the apostle, a collection of the discourses of the Lord. Whether
+Matthew wrote also a collection of the acts of the Lord, or contributed
+disconnected anecdotes of the Lord to Churches of his founding, and these
+were woven in with his work on the Lord's discourses, is possible, but is
+conjectural only.
+
+But what is clear is, that into the first Gospel was incorporated much,
+not all, of the material used by Mark for the construction of his Gospel,
+_viz._ the recollections of St. Peter. That the first evangelist did not
+merely amplify the Mark Gospel appears from his arranging the order of his
+anecdotes differently; that he did use the same "anecdota" is evidenced by
+the fact of his using them often word for word.
+
+The Gospel of the Hebrews and the Gospel quoted in the Clementines were
+composed in precisely the same manner, and of the same materials, but not
+of all the same.
+
+That the Gospel of St. Matthew, as it stands, was the composition of that
+apostle, cannot be seriously maintained; yet its authority as a record of
+facts, not as a record of their chronological sequence, remains
+undisturbed.
+
+The Gospel of St. Luke went, apparently, through two editions. After the
+issue of his original Gospel, which, there is reason to believe, is that
+adopted by Marcion, fresh material came into his hands, and he revised and
+amplified his book.
+
+That this second edition was not the product of another hand, is shown by
+the fact that characteristic expressions found in the original text occur
+also in the additions.
+
+The Pauline character of the Luke Gospel has been frequently commented on.
+It is curious to observe how much more pronounced this was in the first
+edition. The third Gospel underwent revision under the influence of the
+same wave of feeling which moved Luke to write the Christian Odyssey, the
+Acts, nominally of the Apostles, really of St. Paul. With the imprisonment
+of Paul the tide turned, and a reconciliatory movement set strongly in.
+Into this the Apostle of Love threw himself, and he succeeded in directing
+it.
+
+The Apostolic Church was a well-spring tumultuously gushing forth its
+superabundance of living waters; there was a clashing of jets, a conflict
+of ripples; but directly St. John gave to it its definite organization,
+the flood rushed out between these banks, obedient to a common impulse,
+the clashing forces produced a resultant, the conflicting ripples blended
+into rhythmic waves, and the brook became a river, and the river became a
+sea.
+
+The lost Gospels are no mere literary curiosity, the examination of them
+no barren study. They furnish us with most precious information on the
+manner in which all the Gospels were compiled; they enable us in several
+instances to determine the correct reading in our canonical Matthew and
+Luke; they even supply us with particulars to fill lacunae which exist, or
+have been made, in our Synoptics.
+
+The poor stuff that has passed current too long among us as Biblical
+criticism is altogether unworthy of English scholars and theologians. The
+great shafts that have been driven into Christian antiquity, the mines
+that have been opened by the patient labours of German students, have not
+received sufficient attention at our hands. If some of our commentators
+timorously venture to their mouths, it is only to shrink back again scared
+at the gnomes their imagination pictures as haunting those recesses, or at
+the abysses down which they may be precipitated, that they suppose lie
+open in those passages.
+
+This spirit is neither courageous nor honest. God's truth is helped by no
+man's ignorance.
+
+It may be that we are dazzled, bewildered by the light and rush of new
+ideas exploding around us on every side; but, for all that, a cellar is no
+safe retreat. The vault will crumble in and bury us.
+
+The new lights that break in on us are not always the lanterns of
+burglars.
+
+S. BARING-GOULD.
+
+EAST MERSEA, COLCHESTER,
+_November 2nd, 1874_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PART I. THE JEWISH ANTI-GOSPELS.
+
+
+
+
+I. The Silence Of Josephus.
+
+
+It is somewhat remarkable that no contemporary, or even early, account of
+the life of our Lord exists, except from the pens of Christian writers.
+
+That we have none by Roman or Greek writers is not, perhaps, to be
+wondered at; but it is singular that neither Philo, Josephus, nor Justus
+of Tiberias, should have ever alluded to Christ or to primitive
+Christianity.
+
+The cause of this silence we shall presently investigate. Its existence we
+must first prove.
+
+Philo was born at Alexandria about twenty years before Christ. In the year
+A.D. 40, he was sent by the Alexandrine Jews on a mission to Caligula, to
+entreat the Emperor not to put in force his order that his statue should
+be erected in the Temple of Jerusalem and in all the synagogues of the
+Jews.
+
+Philo was a Pharisee. He travelled in Palestine, and speaks of the Essenes
+he saw there; but he says not a word about Jesus Christ or his followers.
+It is possible that he may have heard of the new sect, but he probably
+concluded it was but insignificant, and consisted merely of the disciples,
+poor and ignorant, of a Galilean Rabbi, whose doctrines he, perhaps, did
+not stay to inquire into, and supposed that they did not differ
+fundamentally from the traditional teaching of the rabbis of his day.
+
+Flavius Josephus was born A.D. 37--consequently only four years after the
+death of our Lord--at Jerusalem. Till the age of twenty-nine, he lived in
+Jerusalem, and had, therefore, plenty of opportunity of learning about
+Christ and early Christianity.
+
+In A.D. 67, Josephus became governor of Galilee, on the occasion of the
+Jewish insurrection against the Roman domination. After the fall of
+Jerusalem he passed into the service of Titus, went to Rome, where he rose
+to honour in the household of Vespasian and of Titus, A.D. 81. The year of
+his death is not known. He was alive in A.D. 93, for his biography is
+carried down to that date.
+
+Josephus wrote at Rome his "History of the Jewish War," in seven books, in
+his own Aramaic language. This he finished in the year A.D. 75, and then
+translated it into Greek. On the completion of this work he wrote his
+"Jewish Antiquities," a history of the Jews in twenty books, from the
+beginning of the world to the twelfth year of the reign of Nero, A.D. 66.
+He completed this work in the year A.D. 93, concluding it with a biography
+of himself. He also wrote a book against Apion on the antiquity of the
+Jewish people. A book in praise of the Maccabees has been attributed to
+him, but without justice. In the first of these works, the larger of the
+two, the "History of the Jewish War," he treats of the very period when
+our Lord lived, and in it he makes no mention of him. But in the shorter
+work, the "Jewish Antiquities," in which he goes over briefly the same
+period of time treated of at length in the other work, we find this
+passage:
+
+
+    "At this time lived Jesus, a wise man [if indeed he ought to be
+    called a man]; for he performed wonderful works [he was a teacher
+    of men who received the truth with gladness]; and he drew to him
+    many Jews, and also many Greeks. [This was the Christ.] But when
+    Pilate, at the instigation of our chiefs, had condemned him to
+    crucifixion, they who had at first loved him did not cease; [for
+    he appeared to them on the third day again alive; for the divine
+    prophets had foretold this, together with many other wonderful
+    things concerning him], and even to this time the community of
+    Christians, called after him, continues to exist."(17)
+
+
+That this passage is spurious has been almost universally acknowledged.
+One may be, perhaps, accused of killing dead birds, if one again examines
+and discredits the passage; but as the silence of Josephus on the subject
+which we are treating is a point on which it will be necessary to insist,
+we cannot omit as brief a discussion as possible of this celebrated
+passage.
+
+The passage is first quoted by Eusebius (fl. A.D. 315) in two places,(18)
+but it was unknown to Justin Martyr (fl. A.D. 140), Clement of Alexandria
+(fl. A.D. 192), Tertullian (fl. A.D. 193), and Origen (fl. A.D. 230). Such
+a testimony would certainly have been produced by Justin in his Apology,
+or in his Controversy with Trypho the Jew, had it existed in the copies of
+Josephus at his time. The silence of Origen is still more significant.
+Celsus in his book against Christianity introduces a Jew. Origen attacks
+the arguments of Celsus and his Jew. He could not have failed to quote the
+words of Josephus, whose writings he knew, had the passage existed in the
+genuine text.(19)
+
+Again, the paragraph interrupts the chain of ideas in the original text.
+Before this passage comes an account of how Pilate, seeing there was a
+want of pure drinking water in Jerusalem, conducted a stream into the city
+from a spring 200 stadia distant, and ordered that the cost should be
+defrayed out of the treasury of the Temple. This occasioned a riot. Pilate
+disguised Roman soldiers as Jews, with swords under their cloaks, and sent
+them among the rabble, with orders to arrest the ringleaders.
+
+This was done. The Jews finding themselves set upon by other Jews, fell
+into confusion; one Jew attacked another, and the whole company of rioters
+melted away. "And in this manner," says Josephus, "was this insurrection
+suppressed." Then follows the paragraph about Jesus, beginning, "At this
+time lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man," &c.
+
+And the passage is immediately followed by, "About this time another
+misfortune threw the Jews into disturbance; and in Rome an event happened
+in the temple of Isis which produced great scandal." And then he tells an
+indelicate story of religious deception which need not be repeated here.
+The misfortune which befel the Jews was, as he afterwards relates, that
+Tiberius drove them out of Rome. The reason of this was, he says, that a
+noble Roman lady who had become a proselyte had sent gold and purple to
+the temple at Jerusalem. But this reason is not sufficient. It is clear
+from what precedes--a story of sacerdotal fraud--that there was some
+connection between the incidents in the mind of Josephus. Probably the
+Jews had been guilty of religious deceptions in Rome, and had made a
+business of performing cures and expelling demons, with talismans and
+incantations, and for this had obtained rich payment.(20)
+
+From the connection that exists between the passage about the "other
+misfortune that befel the Jews" and the former one about the riot
+suppressed by Pilate, it appears evident that the whole of the paragraph
+concerning our Lord is an interpolation.
+
+That Josephus could not have written the passage as it stands, is clear
+enough, for only a Christian would speak of Jesus in the terms employed.
+Josephus was a Pharisee and a Jewish priest; he shows in all his writings
+that he believes in Judaism.
+
+It has been suggested that Josephus may have written about Christ as in
+the passage quoted, but that the portions within brackets are the
+interpolations of a Christian copyist. But when these portions within
+brackets are removed, the passage loses all its interest, and is a dry
+statement utterly unlike the sort of notice Josephus would have been
+likely to insert. He gives colour to his narratives, his incidents are
+always sketched with vigour; this account would be meagre beside those of
+the riot of the Jews and the rascality of the priests of Isis. Josephus
+asserts, moreover, that in his time there were four sects among the
+Jews--the Pharisees, the Sadducees, the Essenes, and the sect of Judas of
+Gamala. He gives tolerably copious particulars about these sects and their
+teachings, but of the Christian sect he says not a word. Had he wished to
+write about it, he would have given full details, likely to interest his
+readers, and not have dismissed the subject in a couple of lines.
+
+It was perhaps felt by the early Christians that the silence of
+Josephus--so famous an historian, and a Jew--on the life, miracles and death
+of the Founder of Christianity, was extremely inconvenient; the fact could
+not fail to be noticed by their adversaries. Some Christian transcriber
+may have argued, Either Josephus knew nothing of the miracles performed by
+Christ,--in which case he is a weighty testimony against them,--or he must
+have heard of Jesus, but not have deemed his acts, as they were related to
+him, of sufficient importance to find a place in his History. Arguing
+thus, the copyist took the opportunity of rectifying the omission, written
+from the standpoint of a Pharisee, and therefore designating the Lord as
+merely a wise man.
+
+But there is another explanation of this interpolation, which will hardly
+seem credible to the reader at this stage of the examination, viz. that it
+was inserted by a Pharisee after the destruction of Jerusalem; and this is
+the explanation I am inclined to adopt. At that time there was a mutual
+tendency to sink their differences, and unite, in the Nazarene Church and
+the Jews. The cause of this will be given further on; sufficient for our
+purpose that such a tendency did exist. Both Jew and Nazarene were
+involved in the same exile, crushed by the same blow, united in the same
+antipathies. The Pharisees were disposed to regret the part they had taken
+in putting Jesus to death, and to acknowledge that he had been a good and
+great Rabbi. The Jewish Nazarenes, on their side, made no exalted claims
+for the Lord as being the incarnate Son of God, and later even, as we
+learn from the Clementine Homilies, refused to admit his divinity. The
+question dividing the Nazarene from the Jew gradually became one of
+whether Christ was to be recognized as a prophet or not; and the
+Pharisees, or some of them at least, were disposed to allow as much as
+this.
+
+It was under this conciliatory feeling that I think it probable the
+interpolation was made, at first by a Jew, but afterwards it was amplified
+by a Christian. I think this probable, from the fact of its not being the
+only interpolation of the sort effected. Suidas has an article on the name
+"Jesus," in which he tells us that Josephus mentions him, and says that he
+sacrificed with the priests in the temple. He quoted from an interpolated
+copy of Josephus, and this interpolation could not have been made by
+either a Gentile or a Nazarene Christian: not by a Gentile, for such a
+statement would have been pointless, purposeless to him; and it could not
+have been made by a Nazarene, for the Nazarenes, as will presently be
+shown, were strongly opposed to the sacrificial system in the temple. The
+interpolation must therefore have been made by a Jew, and by a Jew with a
+conciliatory purpose.
+
+It is curious to note the use made of the interpolation now found in the
+text. Eusebius, after quoting it, says, "When such testimony as this is
+transmitted to us by an historian who sprang from the Hebrews themselves,
+respecting John the Baptist and the Saviour, what subterfuge can be left
+them to prevent them from being covered with confusion?"(21)
+
+There is one other mention of Christ in the "Antiquities" (lib. xx. c. 9):
+
+
+    "Ananus, the younger, of whom I have related that he had obtained
+    the office of high-priest, was of a rash and daring character; he
+    belonged to the sect of the Sadducees, which, as I have already
+    remarked, exhibited especial severity in the discharge of justice.
+    Being of such a character, Ananus thought the time when Festus was
+    dead, and Albinus was yet upon the road, a fit opportunity for
+    calling a council of judges, and for bringing before them James,
+    the brother of him who is called Christ, and some others: he
+    accused them as transgressors of the law, and had them stoned to
+    death. But the most moderate men of the city, who also were
+    reckoned most learned in the law, were offended at this
+    proceeding. They therefore sent privately to the king (Agrippa
+    II.), entreating him to send orders to Ananus not to attempt such
+    a thing again, for he had no right to do it. And some went to meet
+    Albinus, then coming from Alexandria, and put him in mind that
+    Ananus was not justified, without his consent, in assembling a
+    court of justice. Albinus, approving what they said, angrily wrote
+    to Ananus, and threatened him with punishment; and king Agrippa
+    took from him his office of high-priest, and gave it to Jesus, the
+    son of Donnaeus."
+
+
+This passage is also open to objection.
+
+According to Hegesippus, a Jewish Christian, who wrote a History of the
+Church about the year A.D. 170, of which fragments have been preserved by
+Eusebius, St. James was killed in a tumult, and not by sentence of a
+court. He relates that James, the brother of Jesus, was thrown down from a
+wing of the temple, stoned, and finally despatched with a fuller's club.
+Clement of Alexandria confirms this, and is quoted by Eusebius
+accordingly.
+
+Eusebius quotes the passage from Josephus, without noticing that the two
+accounts do not agree. According to the statement of Hegesippus, St. James
+suffered alone; according to that of Josephus, several other victims to
+the anger or zeal of Ananus perished with him.
+
+It appears that some of the copies of Josephus were tampered with by
+copyists, for Theophylact says, "The wrath of God fell on them (the Jews)
+when their city was taken; and Josephus testifies that these things
+happened to them on account of the death of Jesus." But Origen, speaking
+of Josephus, says, "This writer, though he did not believe Jesus to be the
+Christ, inquiring into the cause of the overthrow of Jerusalem and the
+demolition of the temple ... says, 'These things befel the Jews in
+vindication of James, called the Just, who was the brother of Jesus,
+called the Christ, forasmuch as they killed him who was a most righteous
+man.' "(22) Josephus, as we have seen, says nothing of the sort;
+consequently Origen must have quoted from an interpolated copy. And this
+interpolation suffered further alteration, by a later hand, by the
+substitution of the name of Jesus for that of James.
+
+It is therefore by no means unlikely that the name of James, the Lord's
+brother, may have been inserted in the account of the high-handed dealing
+of Ananus in place of another name.
+
+However, it is by no means impossible to reconcile the two accounts. The
+martyrdom of St. James is an historical fact, and it is likely to have
+taken place during the time when Ananus had the power in his hands.
+
+For fifty years the pontificate had been in the same family, with scarcely
+an interruption, and Ananus, or Hanan, was the son of Annas, who had
+condemned Christ. They were Sadducees, and as such were persecuting. St.
+Paul, by appealing to his Pharisee principles, enlisted the members of
+that faction in his favour when brought before Ananias.(23)
+
+The apostles based their teaching on the Resurrection, the very doctrine
+most repugnant to the Sadducees; and their accounts of visions of angels
+repeated among the people must have irritated the dominant faction who
+denied the existence of these spirits. It can hardly be matter of surprise
+that the murder of James should have taken place when Ananus was supreme
+in Jerusalem. If that were the case, Josephus no doubt mentioned James,
+and perhaps added the words, "The brother of him who is called Christ;" or
+these words may have been inserted by a transcriber in place of "of
+Sechania," or Bar-Joseph.
+
+This is all that Josephus says, or is thought to have said, about Jesus
+and the early Christians.
+
+At the same time as Josephus, there lived another Jewish historian, Justus
+of Tiberias, whom Josephus mentions, and blames for not having published
+his History of the Wars of the Jews during the life of Vespasian and
+Titus. St. Jerome includes Justus in his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical
+Writers, and Stephen of Byzantium mentions him.
+
+His book, or books, have unfortunately been lost, but Photius had read his
+History, and was surprised to find that he, also, made no mention of
+Christ. "This Jewish historian," says he, "does not make the smallest
+mention of the appearance of Christ, and says nothing whatever of his
+deeds and miracles."(24)
+
+
+
+
+II. The Cause Of The Silence Of Josephus.
+
+
+It is necessary to inquire, Why this silence of Philo, Josephus and
+Justus? at first so inexplicable.
+
+It can only be answered by laying before the reader a picture of the
+Christian Church in the first century. A critical examination of the
+writings of the first age of the Church reveals unexpected disclosures.
+
+1. It shows us that the Church at Jerusalem, and throughout Palestine and
+Asia Minor, composed of converted Jews, was to an _external_ observer
+indistinguishable from a modified Essenism.
+
+2. And that the difference between the Gentile Church founded by St. Paul,
+and the Nazarene Church under St. James and St. Peter, was greater than
+that which separated the latter from Judaism _externally_, so that to a
+superficial observer their inner connection was unsuspected.
+
+This applies to the period from the Ascension to the close of the first
+century,--to the period, that is, in which Josephus and Justus lived, and
+about which they wrote.
+
+1. Our knowledge of the Essenes and their doctrines is, unfortunately, not
+as full as we could wish. We are confined to the imperfect accounts of
+them furnished by Philo and Josephus, neither of whom knew them
+thoroughly, or was initiated into their secret doctrines.
+
+The Essenes arose about two centuries before the birth of Christ, and
+peopled the quiet deserts on the west of the Dead Sea, a wilderness to
+which the Christian monks afterwards seceded from the cities of Palestine.
+They are thus described by the elder Pliny:
+
+
+    "On the western shore of that lake dwell the Essenes, at a
+    sufficient distance from the water's edge to escape its
+    pestilential exhalations--a race entirely unique, and, beyond every
+    other in the world, deserving of wonder; men living among palm-
+    trees, without wives, without money. Every day their number is
+    replenished by a new troop of settlers, for those join them who
+    have been visited by the reverses of fortune, who are tired of the
+    world and its style of living. Thus happens what might seem
+    incredible, that a community in which no one is born continues to
+    subsist through the lapse of centuries."(25)
+
+
+From this first seat of the Essenes colonies detached themselves, and
+settled in other parts of Palestine; they settled not only in remote and
+solitary places, but in the midst of villages and towns. In Samaria they
+flourished.(26) According to Josephus, some of the Essenes were willing to
+act as magistrates, and it is evident that such as lived in the midst of
+society could not have followed the strict rule imposed on the solitaries.
+There must therefore have been various degrees of Essenism, some severer,
+more exclusive than the others; and Josephus distinguishes four such
+classes in the sect. Some of the Essenes remained celibates, others
+married. The more exalted and exclusive Essenes would not touch one of the
+more lax brethren.(27)
+
+The Essenes had a common treasury, formed by throwing together the
+property of such as entered into the society, and by the earnings of each
+man's labour.(28)
+
+They wore simple habits--only such clothing as was necessary for covering
+nakedness and giving protection from the cold or heat.(29)
+
+They forbad oaths, their conversation being "yea, yea, and nay, nay."(30)
+
+Their diet was confined to simple nourishing food, and they abstained from
+delicacies.(31)
+
+They exhibited the greatest respect for the constituted authorities, and
+refrained from taking any part in the political intrigues, or sharing in
+the political jealousies, which were rife among the Jews.(32)
+
+They fasted, and were incessant at prayer, but without the ostentation
+that marked the Pharisees.(33)
+
+They seem to have greatly devoted themselves to the cure of diseases, and,
+if we may trust the derivation of their name given by Josephus, they were
+called Essenes from their being the healers of men's minds and bodies.(34)
+
+If now we look at our blessed Lord's teaching, we find in it much in
+common with that of the Essenes. The same insisting before the multitude
+on purity of thought, disengagement of affections from the world,
+disregard of wealth and clothing and delicate food, pursuit of inward
+piety instead of ostentatious formalism.
+
+His miracles of healing also, to the ordinary observer, served to identify
+him with the sect which made healing the great object of their study.
+
+But these were not the only points of connection between him and the
+Essenes. The Essenes, instead of holding the narrow prejudices of the Jews
+against Samaritans and Gentiles, extended their philanthropy to all. They
+considered that all men had been made in the image of God, that all were
+rational beings, and that therefore God's care was not confined to the
+Jewish nation, salvation was not limited to the circumcision.(35)
+
+The Essenes, moreover, exhibited a peculiar veneration for light. It was
+their daily custom to turn their faces devoutly towards the rising of the
+sun, and to chant hymns addressed to that luminary, purporting that his
+beams ought to fall on nothing impure.
+
+If we look at the Gospels, we cannot fail to note how incessantly Christ
+recurs in his teaching to light as the symbol of the truth he taught,(36)
+as that in which his disciples were to walk, of which they were to be
+children, which they were to strive to obtain in all its purity and
+brilliancy.
+
+The Essenes, moreover, had their esoteric doctrine; to the vulgar they had
+an esoteric teaching on virtue and disregard of the world, whilst among
+themselves they had a secret lore, of which, unfortunately, we know
+nothing certain. In like manner, we find our Lord speaking in parables to
+the multitude, and privately revealing their interpretation to his chosen
+disciples. "Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of
+God, but to others in parables; that seeing they might not see, and
+hearing they might not understand."(37)
+
+The Clementines, moreover, preserve a saying of our Lord, contained in the
+Gospel in use among the Ebionites, "Keep the mysteries for me, and for the
+sons of my house."(38)
+
+The Essenes, though showing great veneration for the Mosaic law,
+distinguished between its precepts, for some they declared were
+interpolations, and did not belong to the original revelation; all the
+glosses and traditions of the Rabbis they repudiated, as making the true
+Word of none effect.(39) Amongst other things that they rejected was the
+sacrificial system of the Law. They regarded this with the utmost horror,
+and would not be present at any of the sacrifices. They sent gifts to the
+Temple, but never any beast, that its blood might be shed. To the ordinary
+worship of the Temple, apart from the sacrifices, they do not seem to have
+objected. The Clementine Homilies carry us into the very heart of Ebionite
+Christianity in the second, if not the first century, and show us what was
+the Church of St. James and St. Peter, the Church of the Circumcision,
+with its peculiarities and prejudices intensified by isolation and
+opposition. In that curious book we find the same hostility to the
+sacrificial system of Moses, the same abhorrence of blood-shedding in the
+service of God. This temper of mind can only be an echo of primitive
+Nazarene Christianity, for in the second century the Temple and its
+sacrifices were no more.
+
+Primitive Jewish Christianity, therefore, reproduced what was an essential
+feature of Essenism--a rejection of the Mosaic sacrifices.
+
+In another point Nazarene Christianity resembled Essenism, in the poverty
+of its members, their simplicity in dress and in diet, their community of
+goods. This we learn from Hegesippus, who represents St. James, Bishop of
+Jerusalem, as truly an ascetic as any mediaeval monk; and from the
+Clementines, which make St. Peter feed on olives and bread only, and wear
+but one coat. The name of Ebionite, which was given to the Nazarenes,
+signified "the poor."
+
+There was one point more of resemblance, or possible resemblance, but this
+was one not likely to be observed by those without. The Therapeutae in
+Egypt, who were apparently akin to the Essenes in Palestine, at their
+sacred feasts ate bread and salt. Salt seems to have been regarded by them
+with religious superstition, as being an antiseptic, and symbolical of
+purity.(40)
+
+Perhaps the Essenes of Judaea also thus regarded, and ceremonially used,
+salt. We have no proof, it is true; but it is not improbable.
+
+Now one of the peculiarities of the Ebionite Church in Palestine, as
+revealed to us by the Clementines, was the use of salt with the bread in
+their celebrations of the Holy Communion.(41)
+
+But if Christ and the early Church, by their teaching and practice,
+conformed closely in many things to the doctrine and customs of the
+Essenes, in some points they differed from them. The Essenes were strict
+Sabbatarians. On the seventh day they would not move a vessel from one
+place to another, or satisfy any of the wants of nature. Even the sick and
+dying, rather than break the Sabbath, abstained from meat and drink on
+that day. Christ's teaching was very different from this; he ate, walked
+about, taught, and performed miracles on the Sabbath. But though he
+relaxed the severity of observance, he did not abrogate the institution;
+and the Nazarene Church, after the Ascension, continued to venerate and
+observe the Sabbath as of divine appointment. The observance of the
+Lord's-day was apparently due to St. Paul alone, and sprang up in the
+Gentile churches(42) in Asia Minor and Greece of his founding. When the
+churches of Peter and Paul were reconciled and fused together at the close
+of the century, under the influence of St. John, both days were observed
+side by side; and the Apostolical Constitutions represent St. Peter and
+St. Paul in concord decreeing, "Let the slaves work five days; but on the
+Sabbath-day and the Lord's-day let them have leisure to go to church for
+instruction and piety. We have said that the Sabbath is to be observed on
+account of the Creation, and the Lord's-day on account of the
+Resurrection."(43)
+
+After the Ascension, the Christian Church in Jerusalem attended the
+services in the Temple(44) daily, as did the devout Jews. There is,
+however, no proof that they assisted at the sacrifices. They continued to
+circumcise their children; they observed the Mosaic distinction of meats;
+they abstained from things strangled and from blood.(45)
+
+The doctrine of the apostles after the descent of the Holy Ghost was
+founded on the Resurrection. They went everywhere preaching the
+Resurrection; they claimed to be witnesses to it, they declared that Jesus
+had risen, they had seen him after he had risen, that therefore the
+resurrection of all men was possible.(46) The doctrine of the Resurrection
+was held most zealously by the Pharisees; it was opposed by the Sadducees.
+This vehement proclamation of the disputed doctrine, this production of
+evidence which overthrew it, irritated the Sadducees then in power. We are
+expressly told that they "came upon them (the apostles), being grieved
+that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the Resurrection."
+This led to persecution of the apostles. But the apostles, in maintaining
+the doctrine of the Resurrection, were fighting the battles of the
+Pharisees, who took their parts against the dominant Sadducee faction,(47)
+and many, glad of a proof which would overthrow Sadduceeism, joined the
+Church.(48)
+
+We can therefore perfectly understand how the Sadducees hated and
+persecuted the apostles, and how the orthodox Pharisees were disposed to
+hail them as auxiliaries against the common enemy. And Sadduceeism was at
+that time in full power and arrogance, exercising intolerable tyranny.
+
+Herod the Great, having fallen in love with Mariamne, daughter of a
+certain Simon, son of Boethus of Alexandria, desired to marry her, and saw
+no other means of ennobling his father-in-law than by elevating him to the
+office of high-priest (B.C. 28). This intriguing family maintained
+possession of the high-priesthood for thirty-five years. It was like the
+Papacy in the house of Tusculum, or the primacy of the Irish Church in
+that of the princes of Armagh. Closely allied to the reigning family, it
+lost its hold of the high-priesthood on the deposition of Archelaus, but
+recovered it in A.D. 42. This family, called Boethusim, formed a
+sacerdotal nobility, filling all the offices of trust and emolument about
+the Temple, very worldly, supremely indifferent to their religious duties,
+and defiantly sceptical. They were Sadducees, denying angel, and devil,
+and resurrection; living in easy self-indulgence; exasperating the
+Pharisees by their heresy, grieving the Essenes by their irreligion.
+
+In the face of the secularism of the ecclesiastical rulers, the religious
+zeal of the people was sure to break out in some form of dissent.
+
+John the Baptist was the St. Francis of Assisi, the Wesley of his time. If
+the Baptist was not actually an Essene, he was regarded as one by the
+indiscriminating public eye, never nice in detecting minute dogmatic
+differences, judging only by external, broad resemblances of practice.
+
+The ruling worldliness took alarm at his bold denunciations of evil, and
+his head fell.
+
+Jesus of Nazareth seemed to stand forth occupying the same post, to be the
+mouthpiece of the long-brooding discontent; and the alarmed party holding
+the high-priesthood and the rulership of the Sanhedrim compassed his
+death. To the Sadducean Boethusim, who rose into power again in A.D. 42,
+Christianity was still obnoxious, but more dangerous; for by falling back
+on the grand doctrine of Resurrection, it united with it the great sect of
+the Pharisees.
+
+Under these circumstances the Pharisees began to regret the condemnation
+and death of Christ as a mistake of policy. Under provocation and
+exclusion from office, they were glad to unite with the Nazarene Church in
+combating the heretical sect and family which monopolized the power, just
+as at the present day in Germany Ultramontanism and Radicalism are
+fraternizing. Jerusalem fell, and Sadduceeism fell with it, but the link
+which united Pharisaism and Christianity was not broken as yet; if the
+Jewish believers and the Pharisees had not a common enemy to fight, they
+had a common loss to deplore; and when they mingled their tears in
+banishment, they forgot that they were not wholly one in faith.
+Christianity had been regarded by them as a modified Essenism, an Essenism
+gravitating towards Pharisaism, which lent to Pharisaism an element of
+strength and growth in which it was naturally deficient--that zeal and
+spirituality which alone will attract and quicken the popular mind into
+enthusiasm.
+
+Whilst the Jewish Pharisees and Jewish Nazarenes were forgetting their
+differences and approximating, the great and growing company of Gentile
+believers assumed a position of open, obtrusive indifference at first, and
+then of antagonism, to the Law, not merely to the Law as accepted by the
+Pharisee, but to the Law as winnowed by the Essene.
+
+The apostles at Jerusalem were not disposed to force the Gentile converts
+into compliance with all the requirements of that Law, which they regarded
+as vitiated by human glosses; but they maintained that the converts must
+abstain from meats offered to idols, from the flesh of such animals as had
+been strangled, and from blood.(49) If we may trust the Clementines, which
+represent the exaggerated Judaizing Christianity of the ensuing century,
+they insisted also on the religious obligation of personal cleanliness,
+and on abstention from such meats as had been pronounced unclean by Moses.
+
+To these requirements one more was added, affecting the relations of
+married people; these were subjected to certain restrictions, the
+observance of new moons and sabbaths.
+
+"This," says St. Peter, in the Homilies,(50) "is the rule of divine
+appointment. To worship God only, and trust only in the Prophet of Truth,
+and to be baptized for the remission of sins, to abstain from the table of
+devils, that is, food offered to idols, from dead carcases, from animals
+that have been suffocated or mangled by wild beasts, and from blood; not
+to live impurely; to be careful to wash when unclean; that the women keep
+the law of purification; that all be sober-minded, given to good works,
+refrain from wrong-doing, look for eternal life from the all-powerful God,
+and ask with prayer and continual supplication that they may win it."
+
+These simple and not very intolerable requirements nearly produced a
+schism. St. Paul took the lead in rejecting some of the restraints imposed
+by the apostles at Jerusalem. He had no patience with their minute
+prescriptions about meats: "Touch not, taste not, handle not, which all
+are to perish with the using."(51) It was inconvenient for the Christian
+invited to supper to have to make inquiries if the ox had been knocked
+down, or the fowl had had its neck wrung, before he could eat. What right
+had the apostles to impose restrictions on conjugal relations? St. Paul
+waxed hot over this. "Ye observe days and months and times and years. I am
+afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain."(52) "Let no
+man judge you in meat or in drink, or in respect of an holiday, or of the
+new moons, or of the sabbath-days."(53) It was exactly these sabbaths and
+new moons on which the Nazarene Church imposed restraint on married
+persons.(54) As for meat offered in sacrifice to idols, St. Paul relaxed
+the order of the apostles assembled in council. It was no matter of
+importance whether men ate sacrificial meat or not, for "an idol is
+nothing in the world." Yet with tender care for scrupulous souls, he
+warned his disciples not to flaunt their liberty in the eyes of the
+sensitive, and offend weak consciences. He may have thus allowed, in
+opposition to the apostles at Jerusalem, because his common sense got the
+better of his prudence. But the result was the widening of the breach that
+had opened at Antioch when he withstood Peter to the face.
+
+The apostles had abolished circumcision as a rite to be imposed on the
+Gentile proselytes, but the children of Jewish believers were still
+submitted by their parents, with the consent of the apostles, to the
+Mosaic institution. This St. Paul would not endure. He made it a matter of
+vital importance. "Behold, I, Paul, say unto you, that if ye be
+circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing. For I testify again to every
+man that is circumcised, that he is a debtor to do the whole law. Christ
+is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are justified by the
+law; ye are fallen from grace."(55) In a word, to submit to this
+unpleasant, but otherwise harmless ceremony, was equivalent to renouncing
+Christ, losing the favour of God and the grace of the Holy Spirit. It was
+incurring damnation. The blood of Christ, his blessed teaching, his holy
+example, could "profit nothing" to the unfortunate child which had been
+submitted to the knife of the circumciser.
+
+The contest was carried on with warmth. St. Paul, in his Epistle to the
+Galatians, declared his independence of the Jewish-Christian Church; his
+Gospel was not that of Peter and James. Those who could not symbolize with
+him he pronounced "accursed." The pillar apostles, James, Cephas and John,
+had given, indeed, the right hand of fellowship to the Apostle of the
+Gentiles, when they imposed on his converts from heathenism the light rule
+of abstinence from sacrificial meats, blood and fornication; but it was
+with the understanding that he was to preach to the Gentiles exclusively,
+and not to interfere with the labours of St. Peter and St. James among the
+Jews. But St. Paul was impatient of restraint; he would not be bound to
+confine his teaching to the uncircumcision, nor would he allow his Jewish
+converts to be deprived of their right to that full and frank liberty
+which he supposed the Gospel to proclaim.
+
+Paul's followers assumed a distinct name, arrogated to themselves the
+exclusive right to be entitled "Christians," whilst they flung on the old
+apostolic community of Nazarenes the disdainful title of "the
+Circumcision."
+
+An attempt was made to maintain a decent, superficial unity, by the rival
+systems keeping geographically separate. But such a compromise was
+impossible. Wherever Jews accepted the doctrine that Christ was the
+Messiah there would be found old-fashioned people clinging to the customs
+of their childhood respecting Moses, and reverencing the Law; to whom the
+defiant use of meats they had been taught to regard as unclean would be
+ever repulsive, and flippant denial of the Law under which, the patriarchs
+and prophets had served God must ever prove offensive. Such would
+naturally form a Judaizing party,--a party not disposed to force their
+modes of life and prejudices on the Gentile converts, but who did not wish
+to dissociate Christianity from Mosaism, who would view the Gospel as the
+sweet flower that had blossomed from the stem of the Law, not as an axe
+laid at its root.
+
+But the attempt to reconcile both parties was impossible at that time, in
+the heat, intoxication and extravagance of controversy. In the Epistle to
+the Galatians we see St. Paul writing in a strain of fiery excitement
+against those who interfered with the liberty of his converts, imposing on
+them the light rule of the Council of Jerusalem. The followers of St.
+Peter and St. James are designated as those who "bewitch" his converts,
+"remove them from the grace of Christ to another Gospel;" who "trouble"
+his little Church in its easy liberty, "would pervert the gospel of
+Christ." To those only who hold with him in complete emancipation of the
+believer from vexatious restraints, "to as many as walk according to this
+rule," will he accord his benediction, "Peace and mercy."
+
+He assumed a position of hostility to the Law. He placed the Law on one
+side and the Gospel on the other; here restraint, there liberty; here
+discipline, there freedom. A choice must be made between them; an election
+between Moses and Christ. There was no conciliation possible. To be under
+the Law was not to be under grace; the Law was a "curse," from which
+Christ had redeemed man. Paul says he had not known lust but by the Law
+which said, Thou shalt not covet. Men under the Law were bound by its
+requirements, as a woman is bound to a husband as long as he lives, but
+when the husband is dead she is free,--so those who accept the Gospel are
+free from the Law and all its requirements. The law which said, Thou shalt
+not covet, is dead. Sin was the infraction of the law. But the law being
+dead, sin is no more. "Until the law, sin was in the world, but sin is not
+imputed where there is no law." "Where no law is, there is no
+transgression." "Now we are delivered from the law, that being dead
+wherein we were held."
+
+Such an attack upon what was reverenced and observed by the Jewish
+Christians, and such doctrine which seemed to throw wide the flood-gates
+of immorality, naturally excited alarm and indignation among those who
+followed the more temperate teaching of Peter and James and John.
+
+The converts of St. Paul, in their eagerness to manifest their
+emancipation from the Law, rolled up ceremonial and moral restrictions in
+one bundle, and flung both clean away.
+
+The Corinthians, to show their freedom under the Gospel, boasted their
+licence to commit incest "such as was not so much as named among the
+Gentiles."(56) Nicolas, a hot Pauline, and his followers "rushed headlong
+into fornication without shame;"(57) he had the effrontery to produce his
+wife and offer her for promiscuous insult before the assembled
+apostles;(58) the later Pauline Christians went further. The law was, it
+was agreed, utterly bad, but it was promulgated by God; therefore the God
+of the Law was not the same deity as the God of the Gospel, but another
+inferior being, the Demiurge, whose province was rule, discipline,
+restraint, whereas the God of the Gospel was the God of absolute freedom
+and unrestrained licence.
+
+They refused to acknowledge any Scriptures save the Gospel of St. Luke, or
+rather the Gospel of the Lord, another recension of that Gospel, drawn up
+by order of St. Paul, and the Epistles of the Apostle of the Gentiles.
+
+But even in the first age the disorders were terrible. St. Paul's Epistles
+give glimpses of the wild outbreak of antinomianism that everywhere
+followed his preaching,--the drunkenness which desecrated the Eucharists,
+the backbitings, quarrellings, fornication, lasciviousness, which called
+forth such indignant denunciation from the great apostle.
+
+Yet he was as guiltless of any wish to relax the restraints of morality as
+was, in later days, his great counterpart Luther. Each rose up against a
+narrow formalism, and proclaimed the liberty of the Christian from
+obligation to barren ceremonial; but there were those in the first, as
+there were those in the sixteenth century, with more zeal than self-
+control, who found "Justification by Faith only" a very comfortable
+doctrine, quite capable of accommodating itself to a sensual or careless
+life.
+
+St. Paul may have seen, and probably did see, that Christianity would
+never make way if one part of the community was to be fettered by legal
+restrictions, and the other part was to be free. According to the purpose
+apparent in the minds of James and Peter, the Jewish converts were to
+remain Jews, building up Christian faith on the foundation of legal
+prescriptions, whilst the Gentile converts were to start from a different
+point. There could be no unity in the Church under this system--all must go
+under the Law, or all must fling it off. The Church, starting from her
+cradle with such an element of weakness in her constitution, must die
+prematurely.
+
+He was right in his view. But it is by no means certain that St. Peter and
+St. James were as obstinately opposed to the gradual relaxation of legal
+restrictions, and the final extinction or transformation of the ceremonial
+Law, as he supposed.
+
+In the heat and noise of controversy, he no doubt used unguarded language,
+said more than he thought, and his converts were not slow to take him _au
+pied de la lettre_.
+
+The tone of Paul's letters shows conclusively that not for one moment
+would he relax moral obligation. With the unsuspiciousness of a guileless
+spirit, he never suspected that his words, taken and acted upon as a
+practical system, were capable of becoming the charter of antinomianism.
+Yet it was so. No sooner had he begun to denounce the Law, than he was
+understood to mean the whole Law, not merely its ceremonial part. When he
+began to expatiate on the freedom of Grace, he was understood to imply
+that human effort was overridden. When he proclaimed Justification by
+Faith only, it was held that he swept away for ever obligation to keep the
+Commandments.
+
+The results were precisely the same in the sixteenth century, when Luther
+re-affirmed Paulinism, with all his warmth and want of caution. At first
+he proclaimed his doctrines boldly, without thought of their practical
+application. When he saw the results, he was staggered, and hasted to
+provide checks, and qualify his former words:
+
+
+    "Listen to the Papists," he writes; "the sole argument they use
+    against us is that no good result has come of my doctrine. And, in
+    fact, scarce did I begin to preach my Gospel before the country
+    burst into frightful revolt; schisms and sects tore the Church;
+    everywhere honesty, morality, and good order fell into ruin; every
+    one thought to live independently, and conduct himself after his
+    own fancy and caprices and pleasure, as though the reign of the
+    Gospel drew with it the suppression of all law, right and
+    discipline. Licence and all kinds of vices and turpitudes are
+    carried in all conditions to an extent they never were before. In
+    those days there was some observance of duty, the people
+    especially were decorous; but now, like a wild horse without rein
+    and bridle, without constraint or decency, they rush on the
+    accomplishment of their grossest lusts."(59)
+
+
+Gaspard Schwenkfeld saw the result of this teaching, and withdrew from it
+into what he considered a more spiritual sect, and was one of the founders
+of Anabaptism, a reaction against the laxity and licentiousness of
+Lutheranism. "This doctrine," said he, "is dangerous and scandalous; it
+fixes us in impiety, and even encourages us in it."(60)
+
+The Epistles of St. Paul exhibit him grappling with this terrible evil,
+crying out in anguish against the daily growing scandals, insisting that
+his converts should leave off their "rioting and drunkenness, chambering
+and wantonness, strife and envying;" that their bodies were temples of the
+Spirit of God, not to be defiled with impurity; that it was in vain to
+deceive themselves by boasting their faith and appealing to the freedom of
+Grace. "Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor
+effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, nor thieves, nor
+coveters, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the
+kingdom of God."
+
+And he holds himself up to his Corinthian converts as an example that,
+though professing liberty, they should walk orderly: "Be ye followers of
+me, even as I also am of Christ."(61) But apparently all his efforts could
+only control the most exuberant manifestations of antinomianism, like the
+incest at Corinth.
+
+The grave Petrine Christians at Jerusalem were startled at the tidings
+that reached them from Asia Minor and Greece. It was necessary that the
+breach should be closed. The Church at Jerusalem was poor; a collection
+was ordered by St. Paul to be made for its necessities. He undertook to
+carry the money himself to Jerusalem, and at the same time, by conforming
+to an insignificant legal custom, to recover the regard and confidence of
+the apostles.
+
+This purpose emerges at every point in the history of St. Paul's last
+visit to Jerusalem. But it was too late. The alienation of parties was too
+complete to be salved over with a gift of money and appeased by shaven
+crowns.(62)
+
+When St. Paul was taken, he made one ineffectual effort to establish his
+relation to Judaism, by an appeal to the Pharisees. But it failed. He was
+regarded with undisguised abhorrence by the Jews, with coldness by the
+Nazarenes. The Jews would have murdered him. We do not hear that a
+Nazarene visited him.
+
+Further traces of the conflict appear in the Epistles. The authenticity of
+the Epistle to the Hebrews has been doubted, disputed, and on weighty
+grounds. It is saturated with Philonism, whole passages of Philo re-appear
+in the Epistle to the Hebrews, yet I cannot doubt that it is by St. Paul.
+When the heat of contest was somewhat abated, when he saw how wofully he
+had been misunderstood by his Jewish and Gentile converts in the matter of
+the freedom of the Gospel; when he learned how that even the heathen, not
+very nice about morals, spoke of the scandals that desecrated the
+assemblies of the Pauline Christians,--then no doubt he saw that it was
+necessary to lay down a plain, sharp line of demarcation between those
+portions of the Law which were not binding, and those which were.
+Following a train of thought suggested by Philo, whose works he had just
+read, he showed that the ceremonial, sacrificial law was symbolical, and
+that, as it typified Christ, the coming of the One symbolized abrogated
+the symbol. But the moral law had no such natural limit, therefore it was
+permanent. Yet he was anxious not to be thought to abandon his high views
+of the dignity of Faith; and the Epistle to the Hebrews contains one of
+the finest passages of his writing, the magnificent eulogy on Faith in the
+11th chapter. St. Paul, like Luther, was not a clear thinker, could not
+follow a thread of argument uninterruptedly to its logical conclusion.
+Often, when he saw that conclusion looming before him, he hesitated to
+assert it, and proceeded to weaken the cogency of his former reasoning, or
+diverged to some collateral or irrelevant topic.
+
+The Epistle to the Hebrews is, I doubt not, a reflex of the mind of Paul
+under the circumstances indicated.
+
+This Epistle, there can be little question, called forth the counterblast
+of the Epistle of James, the Lord's brother. But the writer of that
+Epistle exhibits an unjust appreciation of the character of St. Paul. Paul
+was urged on by conviction, and not actuated by vanity. Yet the
+exasperation must have been great which called forth the indignant
+exclamation, "Wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is
+dead!"(63)
+
+The second of the Canonical Epistles attributed to St. Peter,(64) if not
+the expression of the opinion of the Prince of the Apostles himself,
+represents the feelings of Nazarene Christians of the first century. It
+cautions those who read the writings of St. Paul, "which they that are
+unlearned and unstable wrest, as they do also the other Scriptures, unto
+their own destruction."
+
+The Nicolaitans, taking advantage of the liberty accorded them in one
+direction, assumed it in another. In the letter to the Church of Pergamos,
+in the Apocalypse, they are denounced as "eating things sacrificed to
+idols, and committing fornication."(65) They are referred to as the
+followers of Balaam, both in that Epistle and in the Epistles of Jude and
+the 2nd of St. Peter. This is because Balaam has the same significance as
+Nicolas.(66) Jude, the brother of James, writes of them: "Certain men are
+crept in unawares ... ungodly men turning the grace of our God into
+lasciviousness ... who defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil
+of dignities," _i.e._ of the apostles; "these speak evil of those things
+which they know not; but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in
+those things they corrupt themselves. But, beloved, remember ye the words
+which were spoken before of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ; how
+that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should
+walk after their own ungodly lusts. These be they who separate themselves,
+sensual, having not the Spirit."
+
+And St. Peter wrote in wrath and horror. "It had been better not to have
+known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn
+from the holy commandment delivered unto them."(67)
+
+The extreme Pauline party went on their way; Marcion, Valentine, Mark,
+were its successive high-priests and prophets. It ran from one
+extravagance to another, till it sank into the preposterous sect of the
+Cainites; in their frantic hostility to the Law, canonizing Cain, Esau,
+Pharaoh, Saul, all who are denounced in the Old Testament as having
+resisted the God of the Law, and deifying the Serpent, the Deceiver, as
+the God of the Gospel who had first revealed to Eve the secret of liberty,
+of emancipation from restraint.
+
+But disorders always are on the surface, patent to every one, and cry out
+for a remedy. Those into which the advanced Pauline party had fallen were
+so flagrant, so repugnant to the good sense and right feelings of both Jew
+and Gentile believers, that they forced on a reaction. The most
+impracticable antinomians on one side, and obstructive Judaizers on the
+other, were cut off, or cut themselves off, from the Church; and a temper
+of mutual concession prevailed among the moderate. At the head of this
+movement stood St. John.
+
+The work of reconciliation was achieved by the Apostle of Love. A happy
+compromise was effected. The Sabbath and the Lord's-day were both
+observed, side by side. Nothing was said on one side about distinction in
+meats, and the sacred obligation of washing; and on the other, the Gentile
+Christians adopted the Psalms of David and much of the ceremonial of the
+Temple into their liturgy. The question of circumcision was not mooted. It
+had died out of exhaustion, and the doctrine of Justification was accepted
+as a harmless opinion, to be constantly corrected by the moral law and
+common sense.
+
+A similar compromise took place at the English Reformation. In deference
+to the dictation of foreign reformers, the Anglican divines adopted their
+doctrine of Justification by Faith only into the Articles, but took the
+wise precaution of inserting as an antidote the Decalogue in the Communion
+Office, and of ordering it to be written up, where every one might read,
+in the body of the church.
+
+The compromise effected by the influence and authority of St. John was
+rejected by extreme partizans on the right and the left. The extreme
+Paulines continued to refuse toleration to the Law and the Old Testament.
+The Nazarene community had also its impracticable zealots who would not
+endure the reading of the Pauline Epistles.
+
+The Church, towards the close of the apostolic age, was made up of a
+preponderance of Gentile converts; in numbers and social position they
+stood far above the Nazarenes.
+
+Under St. John, the Church assumed a distinctively Gentile character. In
+its constitution, religious worship, in its religious views, it differed
+widely from the Nazarene community in Palestine.
+
+With the disappearance from its programme of distinction of meats and
+circumcision, its connection with Judaism had disappeared. But Nazarenism
+was not confined to Palestine. In Rome, in Greece, in Asia Minor, there
+were large communities, not of converted Jews only, but of proselytes from
+Gentiledom, who regarded themselves as constituting the Church of Christ.
+The existence of this fact is made patent by the Clementines and the
+Apostolic Constitutions. St. Peter's successors in the see of Rome have
+been a matter of perplexity. It has impressed itself on ecclesiastical
+students that Linus and Cletus ruled simultaneously. I have little doubt
+it was so. The Judaizing Church was strong in Rome. Probably each of the
+two communities had its bishop set over it, one by Paul, the other by
+Peter.
+
+Whilst the "Catholic" Church, the Church of the compromise, grew and
+prospered, and conquered the world, the narrow Judaizing Church dwindled
+till it expired, and with its expiration ceased conversion from Judaism.
+This Jewish Church retained to the last its close relationship with
+Mosaism. Circumstances, as has been shown, drew the Jewish believer and
+the Pharisee together.
+
+When Jerusalem fell, the Gentile Church passed without a shudder under the
+Bethlehem Gate, whereon an image of a swine had been set up in mockery;
+contemplated the statue of Hadrian on the site of the Temple without
+despair, and constituted itself under a Gentile bishop, Mark, in AElia
+Capitolina.
+
+But the old Nazarene community, the Church of James and Symeon, clinging
+tightly to its old traditions, crouched in exile at Pella, confounded by
+the Romans in common banishment with the Jew. The guards thrust back
+Nazarene and Jew alike with their spears, when they ventured to approach
+the ruins of their prostrate city, the capital of their nation and of
+their faith.
+
+The Church at Jerusalem under Mark was, to the Nazarene, alien; its bishop
+an intruder. To the Nazarene, the memory of Paul was still hateful. The
+Clementine Recognitions speak of him with thinly-disguised aversion, and
+tell of a personal contest between him, when the persecutor Saul, and St.
+James their bishop, and of his throwing down stairs, and beating till
+nearly dead, the brother of the Lord. In the very ancient apocryphal
+letter of St. Peter to St. James, belonging to the same sect, and dating
+from the second century, Paul is spoken of as the "enemy preaching a
+doctrine at once foolish and lawless."(68) The Nazarene Christians, as
+Irenaeus and Theodoret tell us, regarded him as an apostate.(69) They
+would not receive his Epistles or the Gospel of St. Luke drawn up under
+his auspices.
+
+In the Homilies, St. Peter is made to say:
+
+
+    "Our Lord and Prophet, who hath sent us, declared that the Wicked
+    One, having disputed with him forty days, and having prevailed
+    nothing against him, promised that he would send apostles among
+    his subjects to deceive. Wherefore, above all, remember to shun
+    apostle or teacher or prophet who does not first accurately
+    compare his preaching with [that of] James, who was called the
+    Brother of my Lord, and to whom was entrusted the administration
+    of the Church of the Hebrews at Jerusalem. And that, even though
+    he come to you with credentials; lest the wickedness which
+    prevailed nothing when disputing forty days with our Lord should
+    afterwards, like lightning falling from heaven upon earth, send a
+    preacher to your injury, preaching under pretence of truth, like
+    this Simon [Magus], and sowing error."(70)
+
+
+The reader has but to study the Clementine Homilies and Recognitions, and
+his wonder at the silence of Josephus and Justus will disappear.
+
+Those curious books afford us a precious insight into the feelings of the
+Nazarenes of the first and second centuries, showing us what was the
+temper of their minds and the colour of their belief. They represent St.
+James as the supreme head of the Church. He is addressed by St. Peter,
+"Peter to James, the Lord and Bishop of the Holy Church, under the Father
+of all." St. Clement calls him "the Lord and Bishop of bishops, who rules
+Jerusalem, the Holy Church of the Hebrews, and the Churches everywhere
+excellently founded by the providence of God."
+
+Throughout the curious collection of Homilies, Christianity is one with
+Judaism. It is a reform of Mosaism. It bears the relation to Judaism, that
+the Anglican Church of the last three centuries, it is pretended, bears to
+the Mediaeval Church in England. Everything essential was retained; only
+the traditions of the elders, the glosses of the lawyers, were rejected.
+
+Christianity is never mentioned by name. A believer is called, not a
+Christian, but a Jew. Clement describes his own conversion: "I betook
+myself to the holy God and Law of the Jews, putting my faith in the well-
+assured conclusion that the Law has been assigned by the righteous
+judgment of God."(71)
+
+Apion the philosopher, is spoken of as hating the Jews; the context
+informs us that by Jews is meant those whom we should call Christians.
+
+Moses is the first prophet, Jesus the second. Like their spiritual
+ancestors the Essenes, the Nazarenes protested that the Law was overlaid
+with inventions of a later date; these Jesus came to efface, that he might
+re-edit the Law in its ancient integrity. The original Law, as given by
+God and written by Moses, was lost; it was found again after 300 years,
+lost again, and then re-written from memory by Ezra. Thus it came to pass
+that the Old Revelation went through various editions, which altered its
+meaning, and left it a compound of truths and errors.(72) It was the mark
+of a good and wise Jew, instructed by Jesus, to distinguish between what
+was true and what was false in the Scriptures.
+
+Thus the Nazarene thought himself a Hebrew of the Hebrews, as an Anglican
+esteems himself a better Catholic than the Catholics. The Nazarenes would
+have resented with indignation the imputation that they were a sect alien
+from the commonwealth of Israel, and, like all communities occupying an
+uneasy seat between two stools, were doubly, trebly vehement in their
+denunciation of that sect to which they were thought to bear some
+relation. They repudiated "Christianity,"(73) as a high Anglican
+repudiates Protestantism; they held aloof from a Pauline believer, as an
+English Churchman will stand aloof from a Lutheran.
+
+And thus it came to pass that the Jewish historians of the first century
+said nothing about Christ and the Church he founded.
+
+And yet St. Paul had wrought a work for Christ and the Church which,
+humanly speaking, none else could have effected.
+
+The Nazarene Church was from its infancy prone to take a low view of the
+nature of Christ. The Jewish converts were so infected with Messianic
+notions that they could look on Jesus Christ only as the Messiah, not as
+incarnate God. They could see in him a prophet, "one like unto Moses," but
+not one equal to the Father.
+
+The teaching of the apostles seemed powerless at the time to lift the
+faith of their Jewish converts to high views of the Lord's nature and
+mission. Their Judaic prejudice strangled, warped their faith. Directly
+the presence of the apostles was withdrawn, the restraint on this downward
+gravitation was removed, and Nazarenism settled into heresy on the
+fundamental doctrine of Christianity. To Gentiles it was in vain to preach
+Messianism. Messianism implied an earnest longing for a promised
+deliverer. Gentiles had no such longing, had never been led to expect a
+deliverer.
+
+The apostle must take other ground. He took that of the Incarnation, the
+Godhead revealing the Truth to mankind by manifestation of itself among
+men, in human flesh.
+
+The apostles to the circumcision naturally appealed to the ruling
+religious passion in the Jewish heart--the passion of hope for the promised
+Messiah. The Messiah was come. The teaching of the apostles to the
+circumcision necessarily consisted of an explanation of this truth, and
+efforts to dissipate the false notions which coloured Jewish Messianic
+hopes, and interfered with their reception of the truth that Jesus was the
+one who had been spoken of by the prophets, and to whose coming their
+fathers had looked.
+
+To the Gentiles, St. Paul preached Christ as the revealer to a dark and
+ignorant world of the nature of God, the purpose for which He had made
+man, and the way in which man might serve and please God. The Jews had
+their revelation, and were satisfied with it. The Gentiles walked in
+darkness; they had none; their philosophies were the gropings of earnest
+souls after light. The craving of the Gentile heart was for a revelation.
+Paul preached to them the truth manifested to the world through Christ.
+
+Thus Pauline teaching on the Incarnation counteracted the downward drag of
+Nazarene Messianism, which, when left to itself, ended in denying the
+Godhead of Christ.
+
+If for a century the churches founded by St. Paul were sick with moral
+disorders, wherewith they were inoculated, the vitality of orthodox belief
+in the Godhead of Christ proved stronger than moral heresy, cast it out,
+and left only the scars to tell what they had gone through in their
+infancy.
+
+Petrine Christianity upheld the standard of morality, Pauline Christianity
+bore that of orthodoxy.
+
+St. John, in the cool of his old age, was able to give the Church its
+permanent form. The Gentile converts had learned to reverence the purity,
+the uprightness, the truthfulness of the Nazarene, and to be ashamed of
+their excesses; and the Nazarene had seen that his Messianism supplied him
+with nothing to satisfy the inner yearning of his nature. Both met under
+the apostle of love to clasp hands and learn of one another, to confess
+their mutual errors, to place in the treasury of the Church, the one his
+faith, the other his ethics, to be the perpetual heritage of Christianity.
+
+Some there were still who remained fixed in their prejudices, self-
+excommunicated, monuments to the Church of the perils she had gone
+through, the Scylla and Charybdis through which she had passed with
+difficulty, guided by her Divine pilot.
+
+                  -------------------------------------
+
+I have been obliged at some length to show that the early Christian Church
+in Palestine bore so close a resemblance to the Essene sect, that to the
+ordinary superficial observer it was indistinguishable from it. And also,
+that so broad was the schism separating the Nazarene Church consisting of
+Hebrews, from the Pauline Church consisting of Gentiles that no external
+observer who had not examined the doctrines of these communities would
+suppose them to be two forms of the same faith, two religions sprung from
+the same loins. Their connection was as imperceptible to a Jew, as would
+be that between Roman Catholicism and Wesleyanism to-day.
+
+Both Nazarene and Jew worshipped in the same temple, observed the same
+holy days, practised the same rites, shrank with loathing from the same
+food, and mingled their anathemas against the same apostate, Paul, who had
+cast aside at once the law in which he had been brought up, and the Hebrew
+name by which he had been known.
+
+The silence of Josephus and Justus under these circumstances is
+explicable. They have described Essenism; that description covers
+Nazarenism as it appeared to the vulgar eye. If they have omitted to speak
+of Jesus and his death, it is because both wrote at the time when Nazarene
+and Pharisee were most closely united in sympathy, sorrow and regret for
+the past. It was not a time to rip up old wounds, and Justus and Josephus
+were both Pharisees.
+
+That neither should speak of Pauline Christianity is also not remarkable.
+It was a Gentile religion, believed in only by Greeks and Romans; it had
+no open _observable_ connection with Judaism. It was to them but another
+of those many religions which rose as mushrooms, to fade away again on the
+soil of the Roman world, with which the Jewish historians had little
+interest and no concern.
+
+If this explanation which I have offered is unsatisfactory, I know not
+whither to look for another which can throw light to the strange silence
+of Philo, Josephus and Justus.
+
+It is thrown in the teeth of Christians, that history, apart from the
+Gospels, knows nothing of Christ; that the silence of contemporary, and
+all but contemporary, Jewish chroniclers, invalidates the testimony of the
+inspired records.
+
+The reasons which I have given seem to me to explain this silence
+plausibly, and to show that it arose, not from ignorance of the acts of
+Christ and the existence of the Church, but from a deliberate purpose.
+
+
+
+
+III. The Jew Of Celsus.
+
+
+Celsus was one of the four first controversial opponents of Christianity.
+His book has been lost, with the exception of such portions as have been
+preserved by Origen.
+
+Nothing for certain is known of Celsus. Origen endeavours to make him out
+to be an Epicurean, as prejudice existed even among the heathen against
+this school of philosophy, which denied, or left as open questions, the
+existence of a God, Providence, and the Eternity of the Soul. He says in
+his first book that he has heard there had existed two Epicureans of the
+name of Celsus, one who lived in the reign of Nero ({~DAGGER~} A.D. 68), the other
+under Hadrian ({~DAGGER~} A.D. 138), and it is with this latter that he has to do.
+But it is clear from passages of Celsus quoted by Origen, that this
+antagonist of Christianity was no Epicurean, but belonged to that school
+of Eclectics which based its teaching on Platonism, but adopted
+modifications from other schools. Origen himself is obliged to admit in
+several passages of his controversial treatise that the views of Celsus
+are not Epicurean, but Platonic; but he pretends that Celsus disguised his
+Epicureanism under a pretence of Platonism. Controversialists in the first
+days of Christianity were as prompt to discredit their opponents by
+ungenerous, false accusation, as in these later days.
+
+We know neither the place nor the date of the birth of Celsus. That he
+lived later than the times of Hadrian is clear from his mention of the
+Marcionites, who only arose in A.D. 142, and of the Marcellians, named
+after the woman Marcella, who, according to the testimony of Irenaeus,(74)
+first came to Rome in the time of Pope Anicetus, after A.D. 157. As Celsus
+in two passages remarks that the Christians spread their doctrines
+secretly, because they were forbidden under pain of death to assemble
+together for worship, it would appear that he wrote his book {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (between 161-180), who persecuted the
+Christians. We may therefore put the date of the book approximately at
+A.D. 176.
+
+The author is certainly the Celsus to whom Lucian dedicated his writing,
+"Alexander the False Prophet." Of the religious opinions of Celsus we are
+able to form a tolerable conception from the work of Origen. "If the
+Christians only honoured One God," says he,(75) "then the weapons of their
+controversy with others would not be so weak; but they show to a man, who
+appeared not long ago, an exaggerated honour, and are of opinion that they
+are not offending the Godhead, when they show to one of His servants the
+same reverence that they pay to God Himself." Celsus acknowledges, with
+the Platonists, One only, eternal, spiritual God, who cannot be brought
+into union with impure matter, the world. All that concerns the world, he
+says, God has left to the dispensation of inferior spirits, which are the
+gods of heathendom. The welfare of mankind is at the disposal of these
+inferior gods, and men therefore do well to honour them in moderation; but
+the human soul is called to escape the chains of matter and strain after
+perfect purity; and this can only be done by meditation on the One,
+supreme, almighty God. "God," says he,(76) "has not made man in His image,
+as Christians affirm; for God has not either the appearance of a man, nor
+indeed any visible form." In the fourth Book he remarks, in opposition to
+the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation, "I will appeal to that which
+has been held as true in all ages,--that God is good, beautiful, blessed,
+and possesses in Himself all perfections. If He came down among men, He
+must have altered His nature; from a good God, He must have become bad;
+from beautiful, ugly; from blessed, unhappy; and His perfect Being would
+have become one of imperfection. Who can tolerate such a change? Only
+transitory things alter their conditions; the intransitory remain ever the
+same. Therefore it is impossible to conceive that God can have been
+transformed in such a manner."
+
+It is remarkable that Celsus, living in the middle of the second century,
+and able to make inquiries of aged Jews whose lives had extended from the
+first century, should have been able to find out next to nothing about
+Jesus and his disciples, except what he read in the Gospels. This is proof
+that no traditions concerning Jesus had been preserved by the Jews, apart
+from those contained in the Gospels, Canonical and Apocryphal.
+
+Origen's answer to Celsus is composed of eight Books. In the first Book a
+Jew speaks, who is introduced by Celsus as addressing Jesus himself; in
+the second Book this Jew addresses those of his fellow-countrymen who have
+embraced Christianity; in the other six Books Celsus speaks for himself.
+Origen extracts only short passages from the work of Celsus, and then
+labours to demolish the force of the argument of the opponent of
+Christianity as best he can.
+
+The arguments of Celsus and the counter-arguments of Origen do not concern
+us here. All we have to deal with are those traditions or slanders
+detailed to Celsus by the Jews, which he reproduces. That Celsus was in
+communication with Jews when he wrote the two first Books is obvious, and
+the only circumstances he relates which concern the life of our Lord he
+derived from his Jewish informants. "The Jew (whom Celsus introduces)
+addresses Jesus, and finds much fault. In the first place, he charges him
+with having falsely proclaimed himself to be the Son of a Virgin;
+afterwards, he says that Jesus was born in a poor Jewish village, and that
+his mother was a poor woman of the country, who supported herself with
+spinning and needlework; that she was cast off by her betrothed, a
+carpenter; and that after she was thus rejected by her husband, she
+wandered about in disgrace and misery till she secretly gave birth to
+Jesus. Jesus himself was obliged from poverty and necessity to go down as
+servant into Egypt, where, he learnt some of the secret sciences which are
+in high honour among the Egyptians; and he placed such confidence in these
+sciences, that on his return to his native land he gave himself out to be
+a God."
+
+Origen adds: "The carpenter, as the Jew of Celsus declares, who was
+betrothed to Mary, put the mother of Jesus from him, because she had
+broken faith with him, in favour of a soldier named Panthera!"
+
+Again: "Celsus relates from the Gospel of Matthew the flight of Christ
+into Egypt; but he denies all that is marvellous and supernatural in it,
+especially that an angel should have appeared to Joseph and ordered him to
+escape. Instead of seeking whether the departure of Jesus from Judaea and
+his residence in Egypt had not some spiritual meaning, he has made up a
+fable concerning it. He admits, indeed, that Jesus may have wrought the
+miracles which attracted such a multitude of people to him, and induced
+them to follow him as the Messiah; but he pretends that these miracles
+were wrought, not by virtue of his divine power, but of his magical
+knowledge. Jesus, says he, had a bad education; later he went into Egypt
+and passed into service there, and there learnt some wonderful arts. When
+he came back to his fatherland, on account of these arts, he gave himself
+out to be a God."(77)
+
+"The Jew brought forward by Celsus goes on to say, 'I could relate many
+things more concerning Jesus, all which are true, but which have quite a
+different character from what his disciples relate touching him; but, I
+will not now bring these forward.' And what are these facts," answers
+Origen, "which are not in agreement with the narratives of the
+Evangelists, and which the Jew refrains from mentioning? Unquestionably,
+he is using only a rhetorical expression; he pretends that he has in his
+store abundance of munitions of war to discharge against Jesus and his
+doctrine, but in fact he knows nothing which can deceive the hearer with
+the appearance of truth, _except those particulars which he has culled
+from the the Gospels themselves_."(78)
+
+This is most important evidence of the utter ignorance of the Jews in the
+second century of all that related to the history of our Lord. Justus and
+Josephus had been silent. There was no written narrative to which the Jew
+might turn for information; his traditions were silent. The fall of
+Jerusalem and the dispersion of the Jews had broken the thread of their
+recollections.
+
+It is very necessary to bear this in mind, in order to appreciate the
+utter worthlessness of the stories told of our Saviour in the Talmud and
+the Toledoth Jeschu. An attempt has been made to bolster up these late
+fables, and show that they are deserving of a certain amount of
+confidence.(79)
+
+But it is clear that the religious movement which our Lord originated in
+Palestine attracted much less attention at the time than has been usually
+supposed. The Sanhedrim at first regarded his teaching with the contempt
+with which, in after times, Leo X. heard of the preaching of Luther. "It
+is a schoolman's proposition," said the Pope. "A new rabbinical
+tradition," the elders probably said. Only when their interests and fears
+were alarmed, did they interfere to procure the condemnation of Christ.
+And then they thought no more of their victim and his history than they
+did later of the history of James, the Lord's brother. The preaching and
+death of Jesus led to no tumultuous outbreak against the Roman government,
+and therefore excited little interest. The position of Christ as the God-
+man was not forced on them by the Nazarenes. The Jews noticed the virtues
+of these men, but ignored their peculiar tenets, till traditions were
+lost; and when the majesty of Christ, incarnate God, shone out on the
+world which turned to acknowledge him, they found that they had preserved
+no records, no recollections of the events in the history of Jesus. That
+he was said by Christians to have been born of a Virgin, driven into Egypt
+by King Herod--that he wrought miracles, gathered disciples, died on the
+cross and rose again--they heard from the Christians; and these facts they
+made use of to pervert them into fantastic fables, to colour them with
+malignant inventions. The only trace of independent tradition is in the
+mention made of Panthera by the Jew produced by Celsus.
+
+It is perhaps worthy of remark that St. Epiphanius, who wrote against
+heresies at the end of the fourth century, gives the genealogy of Jesus
+thus:(80)
+
+
+    _Jacob, called Panther_, married to ?
+      Offspring:
+        Mary, married to Joseph
+          Offspring:
+            _Jesus_
+        Cleophas
+
+
+It shows that in the fourth century the Jewish stories of Panthera had
+made such an impression on the Christians, that his name was forced into
+the pedigree of Jesus.
+
+Had any of the stories found in the Toledoth Jeschu existed in the second
+century, we should certainly have found them in the book of Celsus.
+
+Origen taunts the Jew with knowing nothing of Christ but what he had found
+out from the Gospels. He would not have uttered that taunt had any anti-
+Christian apocryphal biographies of Christ existed in his day. The Talmud,
+indeed, has the tale of Christ having studied magic in Egypt. Whence this
+legend, as well as that of Panthera, came, we shall see presently.
+
+
+
+
+IV. The Talmud.
+
+
+The Talmud (_i.e._ the Teaching) consists of two parts, the Mischna and
+the Gemara.
+
+The Mischna (_i.e._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Second Law, or Recapitulation) is a
+collection of religious ordinances, interpretations of Old Testament
+passages, especially of Mosaic rules, which have been given by various
+illustrious Rabbis from the date of the founding of the second Temple,
+therefore from about B.C. 400 to the year A.D. 200. These interpretations,
+which were either written or orally handed down, were collected in the
+year A.D. 219 by the Rabbi Jehuda the Holy, at Tiberias, on the Sea of
+Galilee, into a book to which he gave the name of Mischna, the
+Recapitulation of the Law. At that time the Jewish Sanhedrim and the
+Patriarch resided at Tiberias. After the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D.
+70, the Sanhedrim, which consisted of seventy-one persons, assembled at
+Jamnia, the ancient Philistine city of Jabne; but on the insurrection of
+the Jews under Barcochab, A.D. 135, it took up its quarters at Tiberias.
+There the Sanhedrim met under a hereditary Patriarch of the family of
+Gamaliel, who bore the title of Nasi, Chief, till A.D. 420, when the last
+member of the house of Gamaliel died, and the Patriarchate and Sanhedrim
+departed from Tiberias.
+
+The Mischna is made up of six Orders (Sedarim), which together contain
+sixty-three Tractates. The first Order or Seder is called Iesaim, and
+treats of agriculture. The second, Moed, treats of festivals. The third,
+Naschim, deals with the rights of women. The fourth, Nezikim, or Jechnoth,
+treats of cases of law. The fifth, Kodaschim, of holy things. The sixth,
+Taharoth, of impurity and purifications.
+
+The Orders of Kodaschim and Taharoth are incomplete. The Jerusalem Talmud
+consists of only the first four, and the tract Nidda, which belongs to the
+Order Taharoth.
+
+Now it is deserving of remark, that many of the Rabbis whose sayings are
+recorded in the Mischna lived in the time of our Lord, or shortly after,
+and yet that not the smallest reference is made to the teaching of Jesus,
+nor even any allusion to him personally. Although the Mischna was drawn up
+beside the Sea of Galilee, at Tiberias, near where Jesus lived and wrought
+miracles and taught, neither he nor his followers are mentioned once
+throughout the Mischna.
+
+There must be a reason why the Mischna, as well as Josephus and Justus of
+Tiberias, is silent respecting Jesus of Nazareth. The reason I have
+already given. The followers of Jesus were regarded as belonging to the
+sect of the Essenes. Our Lord's teaching made no great impression on the
+Jews of his time. It was so radically unlike the pedantry and puerilities
+of their Rabbis, that they did not acknowledge him as a teacher of the
+Law. He had preached Essene disengagement from the world, conquest of
+passion. Only when Essene enthusiasm was thought to threaten the powerful
+families which held possession of and abused the pontifical office, had
+the high-priest and his party taken alarm, and obtained the condemnation
+and death of Jesus. Their alarm died away, the political situation
+altered, the new Essenianism ceased to be suspected, and Nazarene
+Christianity took its place among the parties of Judaism, attracting
+little notice and exciting no active hostility.
+
+The Mischna was drawn up at the beginning of the third century, when
+Christianity was spreading rapidly through the Roman empire, and had
+excited the Roman emperors to fierce persecution of those who professed
+it. Yet Jehuda the Holy says not a word about Christ or Christianity.
+
+He and those whose sayings he quotes had no suspicion that this religion,
+which was gaining ground every day among the Gentiles, had sprung from the
+teaching of a Jew. Christianity ruffled not the surface of Jewdom. The
+harmless Nazarenes were few, and were as strict observers of the Law as
+the straitest Pharisees.
+
+And if Christianity was thus a matter of indifference to the Jews, no
+wonder that every recollection of Jesus of Nazareth, every tradition of
+his birth, his teaching, his death, had died away, so that, even at the
+close of the second century, Origen could charge his Jew opponent with
+knowing nothing of Jesus save what he had learned from the Gospels.
+
+The Mischna became in turn the subject of commentary and interpretation by
+the Rabbis. The explanations of famous Rabbis, who taught on the Mischna,
+were collected, and called Gemara (the Complement), because with it the
+collection of rabbinical expositions of the Law was completed.
+
+There are two editions of the Gemara, one made in Palestine and called the
+Jerusalem Gemara, the other made at Babylon.
+
+The Jerusalem Gemara was compiled about A.D. 390, under the direction of
+the Patriarch of Tiberias. But there was a second Jewish Patriarchate at
+Babylon, which lasted till A.D. 1038, whereas that of Tiberias was
+extinguished, as has been already said, in A.D. 420.
+
+Among the Babylonish Jews, under the direction of their Patriarch, an
+independent school of commentators on the Mischna had arisen. Their
+opinions were collected about the year A.D. 500, and compose the
+Babylonish Gemara. This latter Gemara is held by modern Jews in higher
+esteem than the Jerusalem Gemara.
+
+The Mischna, which is the same to both Gemaras, together with one of the
+commentaries and glosses, called Mekilta and Massektoth, form either the
+Jerusalem or the Babylonish Talmud.
+
+All the Jewish historians who speak of the compilation of the Gemara of
+Babylon, are almost unanimous on three points: that the Rabbi Ashi was the
+first to begin the compilation, but that death interrupted him before its
+completion; that he had for his assistant another doctor, the Rabbi Avina;
+and that a certain Rabbi Jose finished the work seventy-three years after
+the death of Rabbi Ashi. Rabbi Ashi is believed to have died A.D. 427,
+consequently the Babylonish Talmud was completed in A.D. 500.
+
+St. Jerome (d. 420) was certainly acquainted with the Mischna, for he
+mentions it by name.(81)
+
+St. Ephraem (d. 378) says:
+
+
+    "The Jews have had four sorts of traditions which they call
+    Repetitions ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). The first bear the name of Moses the
+    Prophet; they attribute the second to a doctor named Akiba or Bar
+    Akiba. The third pass for being those of a certain Andan or Annan,
+    whom they call also Judas; and they maintain that the sons of
+    Assamonaeus were the authors of the fourth. It is from these four
+    sources that all those doctrines among them are derived, which,
+    however futile they may be, by them are esteemed as the most
+    profound science, and of which they speak with ostentation."(82)
+
+
+From this it appears that St. Ephraem was acquainted not only with the
+Mischna, but with the Gemara, then in process of formation.
+
+Both the Jerusalem and the Babylonish Gemara, in their interpretations of
+the Mischna, mention Jesus and the apostles, or, at all events, have been
+supposed to do so. At the time when both Gemaras were drawn up,
+Christianity was the ruling religion in the Roman empire, and the Rabbis
+could hardly ignore any longer the Founder of the new religion. But their
+statements concerning Jesus are untrustworthy, because so late. Had they
+occurred in the Mischna, they might have deserved attention.
+
+But before we consider the passages containing allusions to Jesus, it will
+be well to quote a very singular anecdote in the Jerusalem Gemara:(83)
+
+
+    "It happened that the cow of a Jew who was ploughing the ground
+    began to low. An Arab (or a traveller) who was passing, and who
+    understood the language of beasts, on hearing this lowing said to
+    the labourer, 'Son of a Jew! son of a Jew! loose thine ox and set
+    it free from the plough, for the Temple is fallen.' But as the ox
+    lowed a second time, he said, 'Son of a Jew! son of a Jew! yoke
+    thy ox, join her to the plough, for the Messiah is born.' 'What is
+    his name?' asked the Jew. '{~HEBREW LETTER KAF~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER BET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH~}, the Consoler,' replied the Arab.
+    'And what is the name of his father?' asked the Jew. 'Hezekiah,'
+    answered the Arab. 'And whence comes he?' 'From the royal palace
+    of Bethlehem Juda.' Then the Jew sold his ox and his plough, and
+    becoming a seller of children's clothes went to Bethlehem, where
+    he found the mother of the Consoler afflicted, because that, on
+    the day he was born, the Temple had been destroyed. But the other
+    women, to console her, said that her son, who had caused the ruin
+    of the Temple, would speedily rebuild it. Some days after, she
+    owned to the seller of children's clothes that the Consoler had
+    been ravished from her, and that she knew not what had become of
+    him. Rabbi Bun observes thereupon that there was no need to learn
+    from an Arab that the Messiah would appear at the moment of the
+    fall of the Temple, as the prophet Isaiah had predicted this very
+    thing in the two verses, x. 34 and xi. 1, on the ruin of the
+    Temple, and the cessation of the daily sacrifice, which took place
+    at the siege by the Romans, or by the impious kingdom."
+
+
+This is a very curious story, and its appearance in the Talmud is somewhat
+difficult to understand.
+
+We must now pass on to those passages which have been supposed to refer to
+our Lord.
+
+In the Babylonish Gemara(84) it is related that when King Alexander
+Jannaeus persecuted the Rabbis, the Rabbi Jehoshua, son of Parachias, fled
+with his disciple Jesus to Alexandria in Egypt, and there both received
+instruction in Egyptian magic. On their way back to Judaea, both were
+hospitably lodged by a woman. Next day, as Jehoshua and his disciple were
+continuing their journey, the master praised the hospitality of their
+hostess, whereupon his disciple remarked that she was not only a
+hospitable but a comely woman.
+
+Now as it was forbidden to Rabbis to look with admiration on female
+beauty, the Rabbi Jehoshua was so angry with his disciple, that he
+pronounced on him excommunication and a curse. Jesus after this separated
+from his master, and gave himself up wholly to the study of magic.
+
+The name Jesus is Jehoshua Graecised. Both master and pupil in this legend
+bore the same name, but that of the pupil is in the Talmud abbreviated
+into Jeschu.
+
+This story is introduced in the Gemara to illustrate the obligation
+incumbent on a Rabbi to keep custody over his eyes. It bears no signs of
+having been forced in so as to give expression to antipathy against
+Jeschu.
+
+That this Jeschu is our blessed Lord is by no means evident. On the
+contrary, the balance of probability is that the pupil of Jehoshua Ben
+Perachia was an entirely different person.
+
+This Jehoshua, son of Perachia, is a known historical personage. He was
+one of the Sanhedrim in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus. He began to teach
+as Rabbi in the year of the world 3606, or B.C. 154. Alexander Jannaeus,
+son of Hyrcanus, was king of the Jews in B.C. 106. The Pharisees could not
+endure that the royal and high-priestly functions should be united in the
+same person; they therefore broke out in revolt. The civil war caused the
+death of some 50,000, according to Josephus. When Alexander had suppressed
+the revolt, he led 800 prisoners to the fortress of Bethome, and crucified
+them before the eyes of his concubines at a grand banquet he gave.
+
+The Pharisees, and those of the Sanhedrim who had not fallen into his
+hands, sought safety in flight. It was then probably that Jehoshua, son of
+Perachia, went down into Egypt and was accompanied by Jeschu.
+
+Jehoshua was buried at Chittin, but the exact date of his death is not
+known.(85)
+
+Alexander Jannaeus died B.C. 79, after a reign of twenty-seven years,
+whilst besieging the castle of Ragaba on the further side of Jordan.
+
+It will be seen at once that the date of the Talmudic Jeschu is something
+like a century earlier than that of the Jesus of the Gospels.
+
+Moreover, it cannot be said that Jewish tradition asserts their identity.
+On the contrary, learned Jewish writers have emphatically denied that the
+Jeschu of the Talmud is the Jesus of the Gospels.
+
+In the "Disputation" of the Rabbi Jechiels with Nicolas, a convert, occurs
+this statement. "This (which is related of Jesus and the Rabbi Joshua, son
+of Perachia) contains no reference to him whom Christians honour as a
+God;" and then he points out that the impossibility of reconciling the
+dates is enough to prove that the disciple of Joshua Ben Perachia was a
+person altogether distinct from the Founder of Christianity.
+
+The Rabbi Lippmann(86) gives the same denial, and shows that Jesus of the
+Gospels was a contemporary of Hillel, whereas the Jeschu of the anecdote
+lived from two to three generations earlier.
+
+The Rabbi Salman Zevi entered into the question with great care in a
+pamphlet, and produced ten reasons for concluding that the Jeschu of the
+Talmud was not the Jesus, son of Mary, of the Evangelists.(87)
+
+We can see now how it was that the Jew of Celsus brought against our Lord
+the charge of having learned magic in Egypt. He had heard in the Rabbinic
+schools the anecdote of Jeschu, pupil of Jehoshua, son of Perachia,--an
+anecdote which could scarcely fail to be narrated to all pupils. He at
+once concluded that this Jeschu was the Jesus of the Christians, without
+troubling himself with the chronology.
+
+In the Mischna, Tract. Sabbath, fol. 104, it is forbidden to make marks
+upon the skin. The Babylonish Gemara observes on this passage: "Did not
+the son of Stada mark the magical arts on his skin, and bring them with
+him out of Egypt?" This son of Stada is Jeschu, as will presently appear.
+
+In the Mischna of Tract. Sanhedrim, fol. 43, it is ordered that he who
+shall be condemned to death by stoning shall be led to the place of
+execution with a herald going before him, who shall proclaim the name of
+the offender, and shall summon those who have anything to say in
+mitigation of the sentence to speak before the sentence is put in
+execution.
+
+On this the Babylonish Gemara remarks, "There exists a tradition: On the
+rest-day before the Sabbath they crucified Jeschu. For forty days did the
+herald go before him and proclaim aloud, He is to be stoned to death
+because he has practised evil, and has led the Israelites astray, and
+provoked them to schism. Let any one who can bring evidence of his
+innocence come forward and speak! But as nothing was produced which could
+establish his innocence, he was crucified on the rest-day of the Passah
+(_i.e._ the day before the Passover)."
+
+The Mischna of Tract. Sanhedrim, fol. 67, treats of the command in Deut.
+xiii. 6-11, that any Hebrew who should introduce the worship of other gods
+should be stoned with stones. On this the Gemara of Babylon relates that,
+in the city of Lydda, Jeschu was heard through a partition endeavouring to
+persuade a Jew to worship idols; whereupon he was brought forth and
+crucified on the eve of the Passover. "None of those who are condemned to
+death by the Law are spied upon except only those (seducers of the
+people). How are they dealt with? They light a candle in an inner chamber,
+and place spies in an outer room, who may watch and listen to him (the
+accused). But he does not see them. Then he whom the accused had formerly
+endeavoured to seduce says to him, 'Repeat, I pray you, what you told me
+before in private.' Then, should he do so, the other will say further,
+'But how shall we leave our God in heaven and serve idols?' Now should the
+accused be converted and repent at this saying, it is well; but if he goes
+on to say, That is our affair, and so and so ought we to do, then the
+spies must lead him off to the house of judgment and stone him. This is
+what was done to the son of Stada at Lud, and they hung him up on the eve
+of the Passover."(88) And the Tract. Sanhedrim says, "It is related that
+on the eve of the Sabbath they crucified Jeschu, a herald going before
+him," as has been already quoted; and then follows the comment: "Ula said,
+Will you not judge him to have been the son of destruction, because he is
+a seducer of the people? For the Merciful says (Deut. xiii. 8), Thou shalt
+not spare him, neither shalt thou conceal him. But I, Jesus, am heir to
+the kingdom. Therefore (the herald) went forth proclaiming that he was to
+be stoned because he had done an evil thing, and had seduced the people,
+and led them into schism. And (Jeschu) went forth to be stoned with stones
+because he had done an evil thing, and had seduced the people and led them
+into schism."
+
+The Babylonish Gemara to the Mischna of Tract. Sabbath gives the following
+perplexing account of the parents of Jeschu:(89) "They stoned the son of
+Stada in Lud (Lydda), and crucified him on the eve of the Passover. This
+Stada's son was Pandira's son. Rabbi Chasda said Stada's husband was
+Pandira's master, namely Paphos, son of Jehuda. But how was Stada his
+mother? His (_i.e._ Pandira's) mother was a woman's hair-dresser. As they
+say in Pombeditha (the Babylonish school by the Euphrates), this one went
+astray (S'tath-da) from her husband."
+
+The Gloss or Paraphrase on this is: "Stada's son was not the son of
+Paphos, son of Jehuda; No. As Rabbi Chasda observed, Paphos had a servant
+named Pandira. Well, what has that to do with it? Tell us how it came to
+pass that this son was born to Stada. Well, it was on this wise. Miriam,
+the mother of Pandira, used to dress Stada's hair, and ... Stada became a
+mother by Pandira, son of Miriam. As they say in Pombeditha, Stada by name
+and Stada by nature."(90)
+
+The obscurity of the passage arises from various causes. R. Chasda is a
+punster, and plays on the double meaning of "Baal" for "husband" and
+"master." There is also ambiguity in the pronoun "his;" it is difficult to
+say to whom it always refers. The Paraphrase is late, and is a conjectural
+explanation of an obscure passage.
+
+It is clear that the Jeschu of the Talmud was the son of one Stada and
+Pandira. But the name Pandira having the appearance of being a woman's
+name,(91) this led to additional confusion, for some said that Pandira was
+his mother's name.
+
+The late Gloss does not associate Stada with the blessed Virgin. It gives
+the name of Miriam or Mary to be the mother of Pandira, the father of
+Jeschu. The Jew of Celsus says that the mother of Jesus was a poor
+needlewoman, who also span for her livelihood. He probably recalled what
+was said of Miriam, the mother of Panthera, and grandmother of Jeschu, and
+applied it to St. Mary the Virgin, misled by the obscurity of the saying
+of Chasda, which was orally repeated in the Rabbinic schools.
+
+The Jerusalem Gemara to Tract. Sabbath says: "The sister's son of Rabbi
+Jose swallowed poison, or something deadly. There came to him a man and
+conjured him in the name of Jeschu, son of Pandeira, and he was healed or
+made easy. But when he went forth it was said to him, How hast thou healed
+him? He answered, by using such and such words. Then he (R. Jose) said to
+him, It had been better for him to have died than to have heard this name.
+And so it was with him (_i.e._ the boy died)."
+
+In another place:(92) "Eleasar, the son of Damah, was bitten by a serpent.
+There came to him James, a man of the town of Sechania, to cure him in the
+name of Jeschu, son of Pandeira; but the Rabbi Ismael would not suffer it,
+but said, It is not permitted to thee, son of Damah. But he (James) said,
+Suffer me, and I will bring an argument against thee which is lawful. But
+he would not suffer him."
+
+The Gemara to Tract. Sanhedrim, fol. 43, mentions five disciples of Jeschu
+Ben-Stada, namely, Matthai, Nakai, Netzer, Boni and Thoda. It says:--
+
+
+    Jeschu had five disciples, Matthai, Nakai, Nezer and Boni, and
+    also Thoda. They brought Matthai (to the tribunal) to pronounce
+    sentence of death against him. He said, Shall Matthai suffer when
+    it is written (Ps. xlii. 3), {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} When shall I come to appear
+    before the presence of God? They replied, Shall not Matthai die
+    when it is written, {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} When shall he die and his name perish?
+    They produced Nakai. He said, Shall Nakai {~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} die? Is it not
+    written, The innocent {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} slay thou not? (Exod. xxiii. 7). They
+    answered him, Shall not Nakai die when it is written, In the
+    secret places does he murder the innocent? (Ps. x. 8). When they
+    brought forth Netzer, he said unto them, Shall Netzer {~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} be
+    slain? Is it not written (Isa. xi. 1), A branch {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER TSADI~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} shall grow
+    out of his roots? They replied, Shall not Netzer die because it is
+    written (Isa. xiv. 19), Thou art cast out of thy grave like an
+    abominable branch? They brought forth Boni {~HEBREW LETTER BET~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}. He said, Shall
+    Boni die the death when it is written (Ex. iv. 22), {~HEBREW LETTER BET~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~} My son, my
+    firstborn, is Israel? They replied, Shall not Boni die the death
+    when it is written (Ex. v. 23), So I will slay thy son, thy
+    firstborn son? They led out Thoda {~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}. He said, Shall Thoda die
+    when it is written (Ps. c. 1), A psalm {~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~} of thanksgiving? They
+    replied, Shall not Thoda die when it is written (Ps. 1. 23), "He
+    that sacrificeth praise, he honoureth me?"
+
+
+This is all that the Gemara tells us about Jeschu, son of Stada or
+Pandira. It behoves us now to consider whether he can have been the same
+person as our Lord.
+
+That there really lived such a person as Jeschu Ben-Pandira, and that he
+was a disciple of the Rabbi Jehoshua Ben-Perachia, I see no reason to
+doubt.
+
+That he escaped from Alexander Jannaeus with his master into Egypt, and
+there studied magical arts; that he returned after awhile to Judaea, and
+practised his necromantic arts in his own country, is also not improbable.
+Somewhat later the Jews were famous, or infamous, throughout the Roman
+world as conjurors and exorcists. Egypt was the head-quarters of magical
+studies.
+
+That Jeschu, son of Pandira, was stoned to death, in accordance with the
+Law, for having practised magic, is also probable. The passages quoted are
+unanimous in stating that he was stoned for this offence. The Law decreed
+this as the death sorcerers were to undergo.
+
+In the Talmud, Jeschu is first stoned and then crucified. The object of
+this double punishment being attributed to him is obvious. The Rabbis of
+the Gemara period had begun--like the Jew of Celsus--to confuse Jesus son of
+Mary with Jeschu the sorcerer. Their tradition told of a Jeschu who was
+stoned; Christian tradition, of a Jesus who was crucified. They combined
+the punishments and fused the persons into one. But this was done very
+clumsily. It is possible that more than one Jehoshua has contributed to
+form the story of Jeschu in the Talmud. For his mother Stada is said to
+have been married to Paphos, son of Jehuda. Now Paphos Ben-Jehuda is a
+Rabbi whose name recurs several times in the Talmud as an associate of the
+illustrious Rabbi Akiba, who lived after the destruction of Jerusalem, and
+had his school at Bene-Barah. To him the first composition of the Mischna
+arrangements is ascribed. As a follower of the pseudo-Messiah Barcochab,
+in the war of Trajan and Hadrian, he sealed a life of enthusiasm with a
+martyr's death, A.D. 135, at the capture of Bether. When the Jews were
+dispersed and forbidden to assemble, Akiba collected the Jews and
+continued instructing them in the Law. Paphus remonstrated with him on the
+risk. Akiba answered by a parable. "A fox once went to the river side, and
+saw the fish flying in all directions. What do you fear? asked the fox.
+The nets spread by the sons of men, answered the fish. Ah, my friends,
+said the fox, come on shore by me, and so you will escape the nets that
+drag the water." A few days after, Akiba was in prison, and Paphus also.
+Paphus said, "Blessed art thou, Rabbi Akiba, because thou art imprisoned
+for the words of the Law, and woe is me who am imprisoned for matters of
+no importance."(93)
+
+We naturally wonder how it is that Stada, the mother of Jeschu, who was
+born about B.C. 120, should be represented as the wife of Paphus, son of
+Jehuda, who died about A.D. 150, two centuries and a half later.
+
+It is quite possible that this Paphus lost his wife, who eloped from him
+with one Pandira, and became mother of a son named Jehoshua. The name of
+Jehoshua or Jesus is common enough.
+
+In Gittin, Paphus is again mentioned. "There is who finds a fly in his
+cup, and he takes it out, and will not drink of it. And this is what did
+Paphus Ben-Jehuda, who kept the door shut upon his wife, and nevertheless
+she ran away from him."(94)
+
+Mary, the plaiter of woman's hair, occurs in Chajigah. "Rabbi Bibai, when
+the angel of death at one time stood before him, said to his messenger,
+Go, and bring hither Mary, the women's hair-dresser. And the young man
+went," &c.(95)
+
+According to the Toledoth Jeschu, as we shall see presently, Mary's
+instructor is the Rabbi Simon Ben Schetach. She is visited and questioned
+by the Rabbi Akiba. This visitation by Akiba is given in the Talmudic
+tract, Calla,(96) and thence the author of the Toledoth Jeschu drew it.
+
+"As once the Elders sat at the gate, there passed two boys before them.
+One uncovered his head, the other did not. Then said the Rabbi Elieser,
+The latter is certainly a Mamser; but the Rabbi Jehoshua(97) said, He is a
+Ben-hannidda. Akiba said, He is both a Mamser and a Ben-hannidda. They
+said to him, How canst thou oppose the opinion of thy companions? He
+answered, I will prove what I have said. Then he went to the boy's mother,
+who was sitting in the market selling fruit, and said to her, My daughter,
+if you will tell me the truth I will promise you eternal life. She said to
+him, Swear to me. And he swore with his lips, but in his heart he did not
+ratify the oath." Then he learned what he desired to know, and came back
+to his companions and told them all.(98)
+
+We have here corroborative evidence that this Stada and her son Jeschu
+lived at the time of Akiba and Paphus, that is, after the fall of
+Jerusalem, in the earlier part of the second century.
+
+I think that probably the story grew up thus:
+
+A certain Jehoshua, in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, went down into
+Egypt, and there learnt magic. He returned to Judaea, where he practised
+it, but was arrested at Lydda and executed by order of the Sanhedrim, by
+being stoned to death.
+
+But who was this Jehoshua? Tradition was silent. However, there was a
+floating recollection of a Jehoshua born of one Stada, wife of Paphus, son
+of Jehuda, the companion of Akiba. The two Jehoshuas were confounded
+together. Thus stood the story when Origen wrote against Celsus in A.D.
+176.
+
+By A.D. 500 it had grown considerably. The Jew of Celsus had already fused
+Jesus of Nazareth with the other two Jehoshuas. This led to the Rabbis of
+the Gemara relating that Jehoshua was both stoned and crucified.
+
+I do not say that this certainly is the origin of the story as it appears
+in the Talmud, but it bears on the face of it strong likelihood that it
+is. Jehoshua who went into Egypt could not have been stoned to death after
+the destruction of Jerusalem and the revolt of Barcochab, for then the
+Jews had not the power of life and death in their hands. The execution
+must have taken place long before; yet the Rabbis whose names appear in
+connection with the story--always excepting Jehoshua son of Perachia--all
+belong to the second century after Christ.
+
+The solution I propose is simple, and it explains what otherwise would be
+inexplicable.
+
+If it be a true solution, it proves that the Jews in A.D. 500, when the
+Babylonian Gemara was completed, had no traditions whatever concerning
+Jesus of Nazareth.
+
+We shall see next how the confusion that originated in the Talmud grew
+into the monstrous romance of the Toledoth Jeschu, the Jewish counter-
+Gospel of the Middle Ages.
+
+
+
+
+V. The Counter-Gospels.
+
+
+In the thirteenth century it became known among the Christians that the
+Jews were in possession of an anti-evangel. It was kept secret, lest the
+sight of it should excite tumults, spoliation and massacre. But of the
+fact of its existence Christians were made aware by the account of
+converts.
+
+There are, in reality, two such anti-evangels, each called Toldoth Jeschu,
+not recensions of an earlier text, but independent collections of the
+stories circulating among the Jews relative to the life of our Lord.
+
+The name of Jesus, which in Hebrew is Joshua or Jehoshua (the Lord will
+sanctify) is in both contracted into Jeschu by the rejection of an _Ain_,
+{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} for {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}.
+
+The Rabbi Elias, in his Tischbi, under the word Jeschu, says, "Because the
+Jews will not acknowledge him to be the Saviour, they do not call him
+Jeschua, but reject the Ain and call him Jeschu." And the Rabbi Abraham
+Perizol, in his book Maggers Abraham, c. 59, says, "His name was Jeschua;
+but as Rabbi Moses, the son of Majemoun of blessed memory, has written it,
+and as we find it throughout the Talmud, it is written Jeschu. They have
+carefully left out the _Ain_, because he was not able to save himself."
+
+The Talmud in the Tract. Sanhedrim(99) says, "It is not lawful to name the
+name of a false God." On this account the Jews, rejecting the mission of
+our Saviour, refused to pronounce his name without mutilating it. By
+omitting the _Ain_, the Cabbalists were able to give a significance to the
+name. In its curtailed form it is composed of the letters Jod, Schin, Vau,
+which are taken to stand for {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER HET~} {~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER ZAYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER KAF~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} jimmach schemo vezichrono,
+"His name and remembrance shall be extinguished." This is the reason given
+by the Toledoth Jeschu.
+
+Who were the authors of the books called Toledoth Jeschu, the two counter-
+Gospels, is not known.
+
+Justin Martyr, who died A.D. 163, speaks of the blasphemous writings of
+the Jews about Jesus;(100) but that they contained traditions of the life
+of the Saviour can hardly be believed in presence of the silence of
+Josephus and Justus, and the ignorance of the Jew of Celsus. Origen says
+in his answer, that "though innumerable lies and calumnies had been forged
+against the venerable Jesus, none had dared to charge him with any
+intemperance whatever."(101) He speaks confidently, with full assurance.
+If he had ever met with such a calumny, he would not have denied its
+existence, he would have set himself to work to refute it. Had such
+calumnious writings existed, Origen would have been sure to know of them.
+We may therefore be quite satisfied that none such existed in his time,
+the middle of the third century.
+
+The Toledoth Jeschu comes before us with a flourish of trumpets from
+Voltaire. "Le Toledos Jeschu," says he, "est le plus ancien ecrit Juif,
+qui nous ait ete transmis contre notre religion. C'est une vie de Jesus
+Christ, toute contraire a nos Saints Evangiles: elle parait etre du
+premier siecle, et meme ecrite avant les evangiles."(102) A fair specimen
+of reckless judgment on a matter of importance, without having taken the
+trouble to examine the grounds on which it was made! Luther knew more of
+it than did Voltaire, and put it in a very different place:--
+
+
+    "The proud evil spirit carries on all sorts of mockery in this
+    book. First he mocks God, the Creator of heaven and earth, and His
+    Son Jesus Christ, as you may see for yourself, if you believe as a
+    Christian that Christ is the Son of God. Next he mocks us, all
+    Christendom, in that we believe in such a Son of God. Thirdly, he
+    mocks his own fellow Jews, telling them such disgraceful, foolish,
+    senseless affairs, as of brazen dogs and cabbage-stalks and such
+    like, enough to make all dogs bark themselves to death, if they
+    could understand it, at such a pack of idiotic, blustering,
+    raging, nonsensical fools. Is not that a masterpiece of mockery
+    which can thus mock all three at once? The fourth mockery is this,
+    that whoever wrote it has made a fool of himself, as we, thank
+    God, may see any day."
+
+
+Luther knew the book, and, translated it, or rather condensed it, in his
+"Schem Hamphoras."(103)
+
+There are two versions of the Toledoth Jeschu, differing widely from one
+another. The first was published by Wagenseil, of Altdorf, in 1681. The
+second by Huldrich at Leyden in 1705. Neither can boast of an antiquity
+greater than, at the outside, the twelfth century. It is difficult to say
+with certainty which is the earlier of the two. Probably both came into
+use about the same time; the second certainly in Germany, for it speaks of
+Worms in the German empire.
+
+According to the first, Jeschu (Jesus) was born in the year of the world
+4671 (B.C. 910), in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus (B.C. 106-79)! He was
+the son of Joseph Pandira and Mary, a widow's daughter, the sister of
+Jehoshua, who was affianced to Jochanan, disciple of Simeon Ben Schetah;
+and Jeschu became the pupil of the Rabbi Elchanan. Mary is of the tribe of
+Juda.
+
+According to the second, Jeschu was born in the reign of Herod the
+Proselyte, and was the son of Mary, daughter of Calpus, and sister of
+Simeon, son of Calpus, by Joseph Pandira, who carried her off from her
+husband, Papus, son of Jehuda. Jeschu was brought up by Joshua, son of
+Perachia, in the days of the illustrious Rabbi Akiba! Mary is of the tribe
+of Benjamin.
+
+The anachronisms of both accounts are so gross as to prove that they were
+drawn up at a very late date, and by Jews singularly ignorant of the
+chronology of their history.
+
+In the first, Mary is affianced to Jochanan, disciple of Simeon Ben
+Schetah. Now Schimon or Simeon, son of Scheta, is a well-known character.
+He is said to have strangled eighty witches in one day, and to have been
+the companion of Jehudu Ben Tabai. He flourished B.C. 70.
+
+In the second life we hear of Mary being the sister of Simeon Ben Kalpus
+(Chelptu). He also is a well-known Rabbi, of whom many miracles are
+related. He lived in the time of the Emperor Antoninus, before whom he
+stood as a disciple, when an old man (circ. A.D. 160).
+
+In this also the Rabbi Akiba is introduced. Akiba died A.D. 135. Also the
+Rabbi Jehoshua Ben Levi. Now this Rabbi's date can also be fixed with
+tolerable accuracy. He was the teacher of the Rabbi Jochanan, who compiled
+the Jerusalem Talmud. His date is A.D. 220.
+
+We have thus, in the two lives of Jeschu, the following personages
+introduced as contemporaries:
+
+I.                               II.
+
+Jeschu born (date given), B.C.   Herod the Great, B.C. 70-4.
+910.
+Alexander Jannaeus, B.C.         R. Jehoshua Ben Perachia, _c._
+106-79.                          B.C. 90.
+R. Simeon Ben Schetach, B.C.     R. Akiba, A.D. 135.
+70.
+                                 R. Papus Ben Jehuda, _c._ A.D.
+                                 140.
+                                 R. Jehoshua Ben Levi, _c._
+                                 A.D. 220.
+
+The second Toledoth Jeschu closes with, "These are the words of Jochanan
+Ben Zaccai;" but it is not clear whether it is intended that the book
+should be included in "The words of Jochanan," or whether the reference is
+only to a brief sentence preceding this statement, "Therefore have they no
+part or lot in Israel. The Lord bless his people Israel with peace."
+Jochanan Ben Zaccai was a priest and ruler of Israel for forty years, from
+A.D. 30 or 33 to A.D. 70 or 73. He died at Jamnia, near Jerusalem (Jabne
+of the Philistines), and was buried at Tiberias.
+
+Nor are these anachronisms the only proofs of the ignorance of the
+composers of the two anti-evangels. In the first, on the death of King
+Alexander Jannaeus, the government falls into the hands of his wife
+Helena, who is represented as being "also called Oleina, and was the
+mother of King Mumbasius, afterwards called Hyrcanus, who was killed by
+his servant Herod."
+
+The wife of Alexander Jannaeus was Alexandra, not Helena; she reigned from
+B.C. 79 to B.C. 71. She was the mother of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus; but
+was quite distinct from Oleina, mother of Mumbasius, and Mumbasius was a
+very different person from Hyrcanus. Oleina was a queen of Adiabene in
+Assyria.
+
+The first Life refers to the Talmud: "This is the same Mary who dressed
+and curled women's hair, mentioned several times in the Talmud."
+
+Both give absurd anecdotes to account for monks wearing shaven crowns;
+both reasons are different.
+
+In the first Life, the Christian festivals of the Ascension "forty days
+after Jeschu was stoned," that of Christmas, and the Circumcision "eight
+days after," are spoken of as institutions of the Christian Church.
+
+In the VIIIth Book of the Apostolical Constitutions, the festivals of the
+Nativity and the Ascension are spoken of,(104) consequently they must have
+been kept holy from a very early age. But it was not so with the feast of
+the Circumcision.
+
+The 1st of January was a great day among the heathen. In the Homilies of
+the Fathers down to the eighth century, the 1st of January is called the
+"Feast of Satan and Hell," and the faithful are cautioned against
+observing it. All participation in the festivities of that day was
+forbidden by the Council "in Trullo," in A.D. 692, and again in the
+Council of Rome, A.D. 744.
+
+Pope Gelasius (A.D. 496) forbade all observance of the day, according to
+Baronius(105), in the hope of rooting out every remembrance of the pagan
+ceremonies which were connected with it. In ancient Sacramentaries is a
+mass on this day, "de prohibendo ab idolis." Nevertheless, traces of the
+celebration of the Circumcision of Christ occur in the fourth century; for
+Zeno, Bishop of Verona (d. A.D. 380), preached a sermon on it. In the
+ancient Mozarabic Kalendar, in the Martyrology wrongly attributed to St.
+Jerome, and in the Gelasian Sacramentary, the Circumcision is indicated on
+January 1. But though noted in the Kalendars, the day was, for the reason
+of its being observed as a heathen festival, not treated by the Church as
+a festival till very late. Litanies and penitential offices were appointed
+for it.
+
+The notice in the Toledoth Jeschu, therefore, points to a time when the
+feast was observed with outward demonstration of joy, and the sanction of
+the Church accorded to other festivities.
+
+The Toledoth Jeschu adopts the fable of the Sanhedrim and King having sent
+out an account of the trial of Jesus to the synagogues throughout the
+world to obtain from them an expression of opinion. The synagogue of Worms
+remonstrated against the execution of Christ. "The people of Girmajesa
+(Germany) and all the neighbouring country round Girmajesa which is now
+called Wormajesa (Worms), and which lies in the realm of the Emperor, and
+the little council in the town of Wormajesa, answered the King (Herod) and
+said, Let Jesus go, and slay him not! Let him live till he falls and
+perishes of his own accord."
+
+The synagogues of several cities in the Middle Ages did in fact, produce
+apocryphal letters which they pretended had been written by their
+forefathers remonstrating with the Jewish Sanhedrim at Jerusalem, and
+requesting that Jesus might be spared. An epistle was produced by the Jews
+of Ulm in A.D. 1348, another by the Jews of Ratisbon about the same date,
+from the council at Jerusalem to their synagogues.(106) The Jews of Toledo
+pretended to possess similar letters in the reign of Alfonso the Valiant,
+A.D. 1072. These letters probably served to protect them from feeling the
+full stress of persecution which oppressed the Jews elsewhere.
+
+The most astonishing ignorance of Gospel accounts of Christ and the
+apostles is observable in both anti-evangels. Matthias and Matthew are the
+same, so are John the Baptist and John the Apostle, whilst Thaddaeus is
+said to be "also called Paul," and Simon Peter is confounded with Simon
+Magus.(107)
+
+These are instances of the confusion of times and persons into which these
+counter-Gospels have fallen, and they are sufficient to establish their
+late and worthless character.
+
+The two anti-Gospels are clearly not two editions of an earlier text. The
+only common foundation on which both were constructed was the mention of
+Jeschu, son of Panthera, in the Talmud. Add to this such distorted
+versions of Gospel stories as circulated among the Jews in the Middle
+Ages, and we have the constituents of both counter-Gospels. Both exhibit a
+profound ignorance of the sacred text, but a certain acquaintance with
+prominent incidents in the narrative of the Evangelists, not derived
+directly from the Gospels, but, as I believe, from miracle-plays and
+pictorial and sculptured representations such as would meet the eye of a
+mediaeval Jew at every turn.
+
+We have not to cast about far for a reason which shall account for the
+production of these anti-evangels.
+
+The persecution to which the Jews were subjected in the Middle Ages from
+the bigotry of the rabble or the cupidity of princes, fanned their dislike
+for Christianity into a flame of intense mortal abhorrence of the Founder
+of that religion whose votaries were their deadliest foes. The Toledoth
+Jeschu is the utterance of this deep-seated hatred,--the voice of an
+oppressed people execrating him who had sprung from the holy race, and
+whose blood was weighing on their heads.
+
+And it is not improbable that the Gospel record of the patient, loving
+life of Jesus may have exerted an influence on the young who ventured,
+with the daring curiosity of youth, to explore those peaceful pages. What
+answer had the Rabbis to make to those of their own religion who were
+questioning and wavering? They had no counter-record to oppose to the
+Gospels, no tradition wherewith to contest the history written by the
+Evangelists. The notices in the Talmud were scanty, incomplete. It was
+open to dispute whether these notices really related to Christ Jesus.
+
+Under such circumstances, a book which professed to give a true account of
+Jesus was certain to be hailed and accepted without too close a scrutiny
+as to its authenticity; much as in the twelfth century Joseph Ben Gorion's
+"Jewish War" was assumed to be authentic.
+
+The Toledoth Jeschu or "Birth of Jesus" boldly identified the Jesus of the
+Gospels with the Jeschu of the Talmud, and attempted to harmonize the
+Rabbinic and the Christian stories.
+
+There is a certain likeness between the two counter-Gospels, but this
+arises solely from each author being actuated by the same motives as the
+other, and from both deriving from common sources,--the Talmud and Jewish
+misrepresentations of Gospel events.
+
+But if there be a likeness, there is sufficient dissimilarity to make it
+evident that the two authors wrote independently, and had no common
+written text to amplify and adorn.
+
+
+
+
+VI. The First Toledoth Jeschu.
+
+
+We will take first the WAGENSEIL edition of the TOLEDOTH JESCHU,(108) and
+give an outline of the story, only suppressing the most offensive
+particulars, and commenting on the narrative as we proceed. Wagenseil's
+Toledoth Jeschu begins as follows:
+
+
+    "In the year of the world 4671, in the days of King Jannaeus, a
+    great misfortune befel Israel. There arose at that time a scape-
+    grace, a wastrel and worthless fellow, of the fallen race of
+    Judah, named Joseph Pandira. He was a well-built man, strong and
+    handsome, but he spent his time in robbery and violence. His
+    dwelling was at Bethlehem, in Juda. And there lived near him a
+    widow with her daughter, whose name was Mirjam; and this is the
+    same Mirjam who dressed and curled women's hair, who is mentioned
+    several times in the Talmud."
+
+
+It is remarkable that the author begins with the very phrase found in
+Josephus. He calls the appearance of our Lord "a great misfortune which
+befel Israel." Josephus, after the passage which has been intruded into
+his text relative to the miracles and death of Christ, says, "About this
+time another great misfortune set the Jews in commotion;" from which it
+appears as if Josephus regarded the preaching of Christ as a great
+misfortune. That he made no such reference has been already shown.
+
+The author also places the birth of Jesus, in accordance with the Talmud,
+in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, who reigned from B.C. 106 to B.C. 79.
+He reckons from the creation of the world, and gives the year as 4671
+(B.C. 910). This manner of reckoning was only introduced among the Jews in
+the fourth century after Christ, and did not become common till the
+twelfth century.
+
+The Wagenseil Toledoth goes on to say that the widow engaged Mirjam to an
+amiable, God-fearing youth, named Jochanan (John), a disciple of the Rabbi
+Simeon, son of Shetach (fl. B.C. 70); but he went away to Babylon, and she
+became the mother of Jeschu by Joseph Pandira. The child was named Joshua,
+after his uncle, and was given to the Rabbi Elchanan to be instructed in
+the Law.
+
+One day Jeschu, when a boy, passed before the Rabbi Simeon Ben Shetach and
+other members of the Sanhedrim without uncovering his head and bowing his
+knee. The elders were indignant. Three hundred trumpets were blown, and
+Jeschu was excommunicated and cast out of the Temple. Then he went away to
+Galilee, and spent there several years.
+
+
+    "Now at this time the unutterable Name of God was engraved in the
+    Temple on the corner-stone. For when King David dug the
+    foundations, he found there a stone in the ground on which the
+    Name of God was engraved, and he took it and placed it in the Holy
+    of Holies.
+
+    "But as the wise men feared lest some inquisitive youth should
+    learn this Name, and be able thereby to destroy the world, which
+    God avert! they made, by magic, two brazen lions, which they set
+    before the entrance to the Holy of Holies, one on the right, the
+    other on the left.
+
+    "Now if any one were to go within, and learn the holy Name, then
+    the lions would begin to roar as he came out, so that, out of
+    alarm and bewilderment, he would lose his presence of mind and
+    forget the Name.
+
+    "And Jeschu left Upper Galilee, and came secretly to Jerusalem,
+    and went into the Temple and learned there the holy writing; and
+    after he had written the incommunicable Name on parchment, he
+    uttered it, with intent that he might feel no pain, and then he
+    cut into his flesh, and hid the parchment with its inscription
+    therein. Then he uttered the Name once more, and made so that his
+    flesh healed up again.
+
+    "And when he went out at the door, the lions roared, and he forgot
+    the Name. Therefore he hasted outside the town, cut into his
+    flesh, took the writing out, and when he had sufficiently studied
+    the signs he retained the Name in his memory."
+
+
+It is scarcely necessary here to point out the amazing ignorance of the
+author of the Toledoth Jeschu in making David the builder of the Temple,
+and in placing the images of lions at the entrance to the Holy of Holies.
+The story is introduced because Jeschu, son of Stada, in the Talmud is
+said to have made marks on his skin. But the author knew his Talmud very
+imperfectly. The Babylonian Gemara says, "Did not the son of Stada mark
+the magical arts on his skin, and bring them with him out of Egypt?" The
+story in the Talmud which accounted for the power of Jeschu to work
+miracles was quite different from that in the Toledoth Jeschu. In the
+Talmud he has power by bringing out of Egypt, secretly cut on his skin,
+the magic arts there privately taught; in the Toledoth he acquires his
+power by learning the incommunicable Name and hiding it under his flesh.
+
+However, the author says, "He could not have penetrated into the Holy of
+Holies without the aid of magic; for how would the holy priests and
+followers of Aaron have suffered him to enter there? This must certainly
+have been done by the aid of magic." But the author gives no account of
+how Jeschu learned magic. That we ascertain from the Huldrich text, where
+we are told that Jeschu spent many years in Egypt, the head-quarters of
+those who practised magic.
+
+Having acquired this knowledge, Jeschu went into Galilee and proclaimed
+himself to have been the creator of the world, and born of a virgin,
+according to the prophecy of Isaiah (vii. 14). As a sign of the truth of
+his mission, he said:
+
+
+    "Bring me here a dead man, and I will restore him to life. Then
+    all the people hasted and dug into a grave, but found nothing in
+    it but bones.
+
+    "Now when they told him that they had found only bones, he said,
+    Bring them hither to me.
+
+    "So when they had brought them, he placed the bones together, and
+    surrounded them with skin and flesh and muscles, so that the dead
+    man stood up alive on his feet.
+
+    "And when the people saw this, they wondered greatly; and he said,
+    Do ye marvel at this that I have done? Bring hither a leper, and I
+    will heal him.
+
+    "So when they had placed a leper before him, he gave him health in
+    like manner, by means of the incommunicable Name. And all the
+    people that saw this fell down before him, prayed to him and said,
+    Truly thou art the Son of God!
+
+    "But after five days the report of what had been done came to
+    Jerusalem, to the holy city, and all was related that Jeschu had
+    wrought in Galilee. Then all the people rejoiced greatly; but the
+    elders, the pious men, and the company of the wise men, wept
+    bitterly. And the great and the little Sanhedrim mourned, and at
+    length agreed that they would send a deputation to him.
+
+    "For they thought that, perhaps, with God's help, they might
+    overpower him, and bring him to judgment, and condemn him to
+    death.
+
+    "Therefore they sent unto him Ananias and Achasias, the noblest
+    men of the little council; and when they had come to him, they
+    bowed themselves before him reverently, in order to deceive him as
+    to their purpose. And he, thinking that they believed in him,
+    received them with smiling countenance, and placed them in his
+    assembly of profligates.
+
+    "They said unto him, The most pious and illustrious among the
+    citizens of Jerusalem sent us unto thee, to hear if it shall
+    please thee to go to them; for they have heard say that thou art
+    the Son of God.
+
+    "Then answered Jeschu and said, They have heard aright. I will do
+    all that they desire, but only on condition that both the great
+    and lesser Sanhedrim and all who have despised my origin shall
+    come forth to meet me, and shall honour and receive me as servants
+    of their Lord, when I come to them.
+
+    "Thereupon the messengers returned to Jerusalem and related all
+    that they had heard.
+
+    "Then answered the elders and the righteous men, We will do all
+    that he desires. Therefore these men went again to Jeschu, and
+    told him that it should be even as he had said.
+
+    "And Jeschu said, I will go forthwith on my way! And it came to
+    pass, when he had come as far as Nob,(109) nigh unto Jerusalem,
+    that he said to his followers, Have ye here a good and comely ass?
+
+    "They answered him that there was one even at hand. Therefore he
+    said, Bring him hither to me.
+
+    "And a stately ass was brought unto him, and he sat upon it, and
+    rode into Jerusalem. And as Jeschu entered into the city, all the
+    people went forth to meet him. Then he cried, saying, Of me did
+    the prophet Zacharias testify, Behold thy King cometh unto thee,
+    righteous and a Saviour, poor, and riding on an ass, and a colt
+    the foal of an ass!
+
+    "Now when they heard this, all wept bitterly and rent their
+    clothes. And the most righteous hastened to the Queen. She was the
+    Queen Helena, wife of King Jannaeus, and she reigned after her
+    husband's death. She was also called Oleina, and had a son, King
+    Mumbasus, otherwise called Hyrcanus, who was slain by his servant
+    Herod.(110)
+
+    "And they said to her, He stirreth up the people; therefore is he
+    guilty of the heaviest penalty. Give unto us full power, and we
+    will take him by subtlety.
+
+    "Then the Queen said, Call him hither before me, and I will hear
+    his accusation. But she thought to save him out of their hands
+    because he was related to her. But when the elders saw her
+    purpose, they said to her, Think not to do this, Lady and Queen!
+    and show him favour and good; for by his witchcraft he deceives
+    the people. And they related to her how he had obtained the
+    incommunicable Name....
+
+    "Then the Queen answered, In this will I consent unto you; bring
+    him hither that I may hear what he saith, and see with my eyes
+    what he doth; for the whole world speaks of the countless miracles
+    that he has wrought.
+
+    "And the wise men answered, This will we do as thou hast said. So
+    they sent and summoned Jeschu, and he came and stood before the
+    Queen."
+
+
+In the sight of Queen Helena, Jeschu then healed a leper and raised a dead
+man to life.
+
+
+    "Then Jeschu said, Of me did Isaiah prophesy: The lame shall leap
+    as a hart, and the tongue of the dumb shall sing.
+
+    "So the Queen turned to the wise men and said, How say ye that
+    this man is a magician? Have I not seen with my eyes the wonders
+    he has wrought as being the Son of God?
+
+    "But the wise men answered and said, Let it not come into the
+    heart of the Queen to say so; for of a truth he is a wizard.
+
+    "Then the Queen said, Away with you, and bring no such accusations
+    again before me!
+
+    "Therefore the wise men went forth with sad hearts, and one turned
+    to another and said, Let us use subtlety, that we may get him into
+    our hands. And one said to another, If it seems right unto you,
+    let one of us learn the Name, as he did, and work miracles, and
+    perchance thus we shall secure him. And this counsel pleased the
+    elders, and they said, He who will learn the Name and secure the
+    Fatherless One shall receive a double reward in the future life.
+
+    "And thereupon one of the elders stood up, whose name was Judas,
+    and spake unto them, saying, Are ye agreed to take upon you the
+    blame of such an action, if I speak the incommunicable Name? for
+    if so, I will learn it, and it may happen that God in His mercy
+    may bring the Fatherless One into my power.
+
+    "Then all cried out with one voice, The guilt be on us; but do
+    thou make the effort and succeed.
+
+    "Thereupon he went into the Holiest Place, and did what Jeschu had
+    done. And after that he went through the city and raised a cry,
+    Where are those who have proclaimed abroad that the Fatherless is
+    the Son of God? Cannot I, who am mere flesh and blood, do all that
+    Jeschu has done?
+
+    "And when this came to the ears of the Queen, Judas was brought
+    before her, and all the elders assembled and followed him. Then
+    the Queen summoned Jeschu, and said to him, Show us what thou hast
+    done last. And he began to work miracles before all the people.
+
+    "Thereat Judas spake to the Queen and to all the people, saying,
+    Let nothing that has been wrought by the Fatherless make you
+    wonder, for were he to set his nest between the stars, yet would I
+    pluck him down from thence!
+
+    "Then said Judas, Moses our teacher said:
+
+    "If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy
+    daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as
+    thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve
+    other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;
+
+    "Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh
+    unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth
+    even unto the other end of the earth;
+
+    "Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither
+    shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt
+    thou conceal him:
+
+    "But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon
+    him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the
+    people.
+
+    "And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he
+    hath sought to thrust thee away from the Lord thy God, which
+    brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.
+
+    "But the Fatherless One answered, Did not Isaias prophesy of me?
+    And my father David, did he not speak of me? The Lord said unto
+    me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee. Desire of me,
+    and I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance and the
+    uttermost part of the earth for thy possession. Thou shalt rule
+    them with a rod of iron, and break them in pieces like a potter's
+    vessel. And in like manner he speaks in another place, The Lord
+    said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine
+    enemies my footstool! And now, behold! I will ascend to my
+    Heavenly Father, and will sit me down at His right hand. Ye shall
+    see it with your eyes, but thou, Judas, shalt not prevail!
+
+    "And when Jeschu had spoken the incommunicable Name, there came a
+    wind and raised him between heaven and earth. Thereupon Judas
+    spake the same Name, and the wind raised him also between heaven
+    and earth. And they flew, both of them, around in the regions of
+    the air; and all who saw it marvelled.
+
+    "Judas then spake again the Name, and seized Jeschu, and thought
+    to cast him to the earth. But Jeschu also spake the Name, and
+    sought to cast Judas down, and they strove one with the other."
+
+
+Finally Judas prevails, and casts Jeschu to the ground, and the elders
+seize him, his power leaves him, and he is subjected to the tauntings of
+his captors. Then sentence of death was spoken against him.
+
+
+    "But when Jeschu found his power gone, he cried and said, Of me
+    did my father David speak, For thy sake are we killed all the day
+    long; we are counted as sheep for the slaughter.
+
+    "Now when the disciples of Jeschu saw this, and all the multitude
+    of sinners who had followed him, they fought against the elders
+    and wise men of Jerusalem, and gave Jeschu opportunity to escape
+    out of the city.
+
+    "And he hasted to Jordan; and when he had washed therein his power
+    returned, and with the Name he again wrought his former miracles.
+
+    "Thereafter he went and took two millstones, and made them swim on
+    the water; and he seated himself thereon, and caught fishes to
+    feed the multitudes that followed him."
+
+
+Before going any further, it is advisable to make a few remarks on what
+has been given of this curious story.
+
+The Queen Helena is probably the mother of Constantine, who went to
+Jerusalem in A.D. 326 to see the holy sites, and, according to an early
+legend, discovered the three crosses on Calvary. There are several
+incidents in the apocryphal story which bear a resemblance to the
+incidents in the Toledoth Jeschu.
+
+The Empress Helena favours the Christians against the Jews. Where three
+crosses are found, a person suffering from "a grievous and incurable
+disease" is applied to the crosses, and recovers on touching the true one.
+Then the same experiment is tried with a dead body, with the same
+success.(111) According to the Apocryphal Acts of St. Cyriacus, a Jew
+named Judas was brought before the Empress, and ordered to point out where
+the cross was buried. Judas resisted, but was starved in a well till he
+revealed the secret. The resemblance between the stories consists in the
+names of Helena and Judas, and the miracles of healing a leper, and
+raising a dead man to life.
+
+According to the Apocryphal Acts of St. Cyriacus, Judas was the grandson
+of Zacharias, and nephew of St. Stephen the protomartyr.(112)
+
+It is remarkable that Jeschu should be made to quote two passages in the
+Psalms as prophecies of himself, both of which are used in this manner in
+the New Testament: Ps. ii. 7, in Acts xiii. 33, and again Heb. i. 5, and
+v. 5; and Ps. cx. 1, in St. Matthew xxii. 44, and the corresponding
+passages in St. Mark and St. Luke; also in Acts ii. 34, in 1 Cor. xv. 25,
+and Heb. i. 13.
+
+The scene of the struggle in the air is taken from the contest of St.
+Peter with Simon Magus, and reminds one of the contest in the Arabian
+Nights between the Queen of Beauty and the Jin in the story of the Second
+Calender.
+
+The putting forth from land on a millstone on the occasion of the
+miraculous draught of fishes is probably a perversion of the incident of
+Jesus entering into the boat of Peter--the stone--before the miracle was
+performed, according to St. Luke, v. 1-8. In the Toledoth Jeschu there are
+two millstones which our Lord sets afloat, and he mounts one, and then the
+fishes are caught; in St. Luke's Gospel there are two boats.
+
+
+    "He saw two ships standing by the lake.... And he entered into one
+    of the ships, which was Simon's, and prayed him that he would
+    thrust out a little from the land. And he sat down and taught the
+    people out of the ship. Now when he had left speaking, he said
+    unto Simon, Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a
+    draught."
+
+
+It was standing on the swimming-stone, according to the Huldrich version,
+that Jeschu preached to the people, and declared to them his divine
+mission.
+
+The story goes on. The Sanhedrim, fearing to allow Jeschu to remain at
+liberty, send Judas after him to Jordan. Judas pronounces a great
+incantation, which obliges the Angel of Sleep to seal the eyes of Jeschu
+and his disciples. Then, whilst they sleep, he comes and cuts from the arm
+of Jeschu a scrap of parchment on which the Name of Jehovah is written,
+and which was concealed under the flesh. Jeschu awakes, and a spirit
+appears to him and vexes him sore. Then he feels that his power is gone,
+and he announces to his disciples that his hour is come when he must be
+taken by his enemies.
+
+The disciples, amongst whom is Judas, who unobserved, has mingled with
+them, are sorely grieved; but Jeschu encourages them, and bids them
+believe in him, and they will obtain thrones in heaven. Then he goes with
+them to the Paschal Feast, in hopes of again being able to penetrate into
+the Holy of Holies, and reading again the incommunicable Name, and of thus
+recovering his power. But Judas forewarns the elders, and as Jeschu enters
+the Temple he is attacked by armed men. The Jewish servants do not know
+Jeschu from his disciples. Accordingly Judas flings himself down before
+him, and thus indicates whom they are to take. Some of the disciples offer
+resistance, but are speedily overcome, and take to flight to the
+mountains, where they are caught and executed.
+
+
+    "But the elders of Jerusalem led Jeschu in chains into the city,
+    and bound him to a marble pillar, and scourged him, and said,
+    Where are now all the miracles thou hast wrought? And they plaited
+    a crown of thorns and set it on his head. Then the Fatherless was
+    in anguish through thirst, and he cried, saying, Give me water to
+    drink! So they gave him acid vinegar; and after he had drunk
+    thereof he cried, Of me did my father David prophesy, They gave me
+    gall to eat, and in my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.(113)
+    But they answered, If thou wert God, why didst thou not know it
+    was vinegar before tasting of it? Now thou art at the brink of the
+    grave, and changest not. But Jeschu wept and said, My God, my God!
+    why hast thou forsaken me? And the elders said, If thou be God,
+    save thyself from our hands. But Jeschu answered, saying, My blood
+    is shed for the redemption of the world, for Isaiah prophesied of
+    me, He was wounded for our transgression and bruised for our
+    iniquities; our chastisement lies upon him that we may have peace,
+    and by his wounds we are healed.(114) Then they led Jeschu forth
+    before the greater and the lesser Sanhedrim, and he was sentenced
+    to be stoned, and then to be hung on a tree. And it was the eve of
+    the Passover and of the Sabbath. And they led him forth to the
+    place where the punishment of stoning was wont to be executed, and
+    they stoned him there till he was dead. And after that, the wise
+    men hung him on the tree; but no tree would bear him; each brake
+    and yielded. And when even was come the wise men said, We may not,
+    on account of the Fatherless, break the letter of the law (which
+    forbids that one who is hung should remain all night on the tree).
+    Though he may have set at naught the law, yet will not we.
+    Therefore they buried the Fatherless in the place where he was
+    stoned. And when, midnight was come, the disciples came and seated
+    themselves on the grave, and wept and lamented him. Now when Judas
+    saw this, he took the body away and buried it in his garden under
+    a brook. He diverted the water of the brook elsewhere; but when
+    the body was laid in its bed, he brought its waters back again
+    into their former channel.
+
+    "Now on the morrow, when the disciples had assembled and had
+    seated themselves weeping, Judas came to them and said, Why weep
+    you? Seek him who was buried. And they dug and sought, and found
+    him not, and all the company cried, He is not in the grave; he is
+    risen and ascended into heaven, for, when he was yet alive, he
+    said, He would raise him up, Selah!"
+
+
+When the Queen heard that the elders had slain Jeschu and had buried him,
+and that he was risen again, she ordered them within three days to produce
+the body or forfeit their lives. In sore alarm, the elders seek the body,
+but cannot find it. They therefore proclaim a fast.
+
+
+    "Now there was amongst them an elder whose name was Tanchuma; and
+    he went forth in sore distress, and wandered in the fields, and he
+    saw Judas sitting in his garden eating. Then Tanchuma drew near to
+    him, and said to him, What doest thou, Judas, that thou eatest
+    meat, when all the Jews fast and are in grievous distress?
+
+    "Then Judas was astonished, and asked the occasion of the fast.
+    And the Rabbi Tanchuma answered him, Jeschu the Fatherless is the
+    occasion, for he was hung up and buried on the spot where he was
+    stoned; but now is he taken away, and we know not where he is
+    gone. And his worthless disciples cry out that he is ascended into
+    heaven. Now the Queen has condemned us Israelites to death unless
+    we find him.
+
+    "Judas asked, And if the Fatherless One were found, would it be
+    the salvation of Israel? The Rabbi Tanchuma answered that it would
+    be even so.
+
+    "Then spake Judas, Come, and I will show you the man whom ye seek;
+    for it was I who took the Fatherless from his grave. For I feared
+    lest his disciples should steal him away, and I have hidden him in
+    my garden and led a water-brook over the place.
+
+    "Then the Rabbi Tanchuma hasted to the elders of Israel, and told
+    them all. And they came together, and drew him forth, attached to
+    the tail of a horse, and brought him before the Queen, and said,
+    See! this is the man who, they say, has ascended into heaven!
+
+    "Now when the Queen saw this, she was filled with shame, and
+    answered not a word.
+
+    "Now it fell out, that in dragging the body to the place, the hair
+    was torn off the head; and this is the reason why monks shave
+    their heads. It is done in remembrance of what befel Jeschu.
+
+    "And after this, in consequence thereof, there grew to be strife
+    between the Nazarenes and the Jews, so that they parted asunder;
+    and when a Nazarene saw a Jew he slew him. And from day to day the
+    distress grew greater, during thirty years. And the Nazarenes
+    assembled in thousands and tens of thousands, and hindered the
+    Israelites from going up to the festivals at Jerusalem. And then
+    there was great distress, such as when the golden calf was set up,
+    so that they knew not what to do.
+
+    "And the belief of the opposition grew more and more, and spread
+    on all sides. Also twelve godless runagates separated and
+    traversed the twelve realms, and everywhere in the assemblies of
+    the people uttered false prophecies.
+
+    "Also many Israelites adhered to them, and these were men of high
+    renown, and they strengthened the faith in Jeschu. And because
+    they gave themselves out to be messengers of him who was hung, a
+    great number followed them from among the Israelites.
+
+    "Now when the wise men saw the desperate condition of affairs, one
+    said to another, Woe is unto us! for we have deserved it through
+    our sins. And they sat in great distress, and wept, and looked up
+    to heaven and prayed.
+
+    "And when they had ended their prayer, there rose up a very aged
+    man of the elders, by name Simon Cephas, who understood prophecy,
+    and he said to the others, Hearken to me, my brethren! and if ye
+    will consent unto my advice, I will separate these wicked ones
+    from the company of the Israelites, that they may have neither
+    part nor lot with Israel. But the sin do ye take upon you.
+
+    "Then answered they all and said, The sin be on us; declare unto
+    us thy counsel, and fulfil thy purpose.
+
+    "Therefore Simon, son of Cephas, went into the Holiest Place and
+    wrote the incommunicable Name, and cut into his flesh and hid the
+    parchment therein. And when he came forth out of the Temple he
+    took forth the writing, and when he had learned the Name he betook
+    himself to the chief city of the Nazarenes,(115) and he cried
+    there with a loud voice, Let all who believe in Jeschu come unto
+    me, for I am sent by him to you!
+
+    "Then there came to him multitudes as the sand on the sea-shore,
+    and they said to him, Show us a sign that thou art sent! And he
+    said, What sign? They answered him, Even the signs that Jeschu
+    wrought when he was alive."
+
+
+Accordingly he heals a leper and restores a dead man to life. And when the
+people saw this, they submitted to him, as one sent to them by Jeschu.
+
+
+    Then said Simon Cephas to them, Yea, verily, Jeschu did send me to
+    you, and now swear unto me that ye will obey me in all things that
+    I command you.
+
+    "And they swore to him, We will do all things that thou
+    commandest.
+
+    "Then Simon Cephas said, Ye know that he who hung on the tree was
+    an enemy to the Israelites and the Law, because of the prophecy of
+    Isaiah, Your new moons and festivals my soul hateth.(116) And that
+    he had no pleasure in the Israelites, according to the saying of
+    Hosea, Ye are not my people.(117) Now, although it is in his power
+    to blot them in the twinkling of an eye from off the face of the
+    earth, yet will he not root them out, but will keep them ever in
+    the midst of you as a witness to his stoning and hanging on the
+    tree. He endured these pains and the punishment of death, to
+    redeem your souls from hell. And now he warns and commands you to
+    do no harm to any Jew. Yea, even should a Jew say to a Nazarene,
+    Go with me a mile, he shall go with him twain; or should a
+    Nazarene be smitten by a Jew on one cheek, let him turn to him the
+    other also, that the Jews may enjoy in this world their good
+    things, for in the world to come they must suffer their punishment
+    in hell. If ye do these things, then shall ye merit to sit with
+    them (_i.e._ the apostles) on their thrones.(118)
+
+    "And this also doth he require of you, that ye do not celebrate
+    the Feast of Unleavened Bread, but that ye keep holy the day on
+    which he died. And in place of the Feast of Pentecost, that ye
+    keep the fortieth day after his stoning, on which he went up into
+    heaven. And in place of the Feast of Tabernacles, that ye keep the
+    day of his Nativity, and eight days after that ye shall celebrate
+    his Circumcision."
+
+
+The Christians promised to do as Cephas commanded them, but they desired
+him to reside in the midst of them in their great city.
+
+To this he consented. "I will dwell with you," said he, "if ye will
+promise to permit me to abstain from all food, and to eat only the bread
+of poverty and drink the water of affliction. Ye must also build me a
+tower in the midst of the city, wherein I may spend the rest of my days."
+
+This was done. The tower was built and called "Peter," and in this Cephas
+dwelt till his death six years after. "In truth, he served the God of our
+fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and composed many beautiful hymns,
+which he dispersed among the Jews, that they might serve as a perpetual
+memorial of him; and he divided all his hymns among the Rabbis of Israel."
+
+On his death he was buried in the tower.
+
+After his death, a man named Elias assumed the place of messenger of
+Jeschu, and he declared that Simon Cephas had deceived the Christians, and
+that he, Elias, was an apostle of Jeschu, rather than Cephas, and that the
+Christians should follow him. The Christians asked for a sign.
+
+Elias said "What sign do ye ask?" Then a stone fell from the tower Peter,
+and smote him that he died. "Thus," concludes this first version of the
+Toledoth Jeschu, "may all Thine enemies perish, O Lord; but may those that
+love Thee be as the sun when it shineth in its strength!"
+
+Thus ends this wonderful composition, which carries its own condemnation
+with it.
+
+The two captures and sentences of Jeschu are apparently two forms of
+Jewish legend concerning Christ's death, which the anonymous writer has
+clumsily combined.
+
+The scene in Gethsemane is laid on the other side of Jordan. It is
+manifestly imitated from the Gospels, but not directly, probably from some
+mediaeval sculptured representation of the Agony in the Garden, common
+outside every large church.(119) In place of an angel appearing to comfort
+Christ, an evil spirit vexes him. The kiss of Judas is transformed into a
+genuflexion or prostration before him, and takes place, not in the Garden
+but in the Temple. The resistance of the disciples is mentioned. Jeschu is
+bound to a marble pillar and scourged. Of this the Gospels say nothing;
+but the pillar is an invariable feature in artistic representations of the
+scourging. Two of the sayings on the Cross are correctly given. In
+agreement with the account in the Talmud, Jeschu is stoned, and then, to
+identify the son of Panthera with the son of Mary, is hung on a tree. The
+tree breaks, and he falls to the ground. The visitor to Oberammergau
+Passion Play will remember the scene of Judas hanging himself, and the
+tree snapping. The Toledoth Jeschu does not say that Jeschu was crucified,
+but that he was hung. The suicide of Judas was identified with the death
+of Jesus. If the author of the anti-evangel saw the scene of the breaking
+bough in a miracle-play, he would perhaps naturally transfer it to Christ.
+
+The women seated late at night by the sepulchre, or coming early with
+spices, a feature in miracle-plays of the Passion, are transformed into
+the disciples weeping above the grave. The angel who addresses them, in
+the Toledoth Jeschu, becomes Judas.
+
+In miracle-plays, Claudia Procula, the wife of Pilate, assumes a
+prominence she does not occupy in the Gospels; she may have originated the
+idea in the mind of the author of Wagenseil's Toledoth, of the Queen
+Helena. That he confounded the Queen of King Jannaeus with the mother of
+Constantine is not wonderful. The latter was the only historical princess
+who showed sympathy with the Christians at Jerusalem, and of whose
+existence the anonymous author was aware, probably through the popular
+mediaeval romance of Helena, "La belle Helene." He therefore fell without
+a struggle into the gross anachronism of making the Empress Helena the
+wife of Jannaeus, and contemporary with Christ.
+
+In the Toledoth Jeschu of Wagenseil, Simon Peter is represented as a Jew
+ruling the Christians in favour of the Jews. The Papacy must have been
+fully organized when this anti-evangel was written, and the Jews must have
+felt the protection accorded them by the Popes against their persecutors.
+St. Gregory the Great wrote letters, in 591 and 598, in behalf of the Jews
+who were maltreated in Italy and Sicily. Alexander II., in 1068, wrote a
+letter to the Bishops of Gaul exhorting them to protect the Jews against
+the violence of the Crusaders, who massacred them on their way to the
+East. He gave as his reason for their protection the very one put into
+Simon Cephas' mouth in the Toledoth Jeschu, that God had preserved them
+and scattered them in all countries as witnesses to the truth of the
+Gospel. In the cruel confiscation of their goods, and expulsion from
+France by Philip Augustus, and the simultaneous persecution they underwent
+in England, Innocent III. took their side, and insisted, in 1199, on their
+being protected from violence. Gregory IX. defended them when maltreated
+in Spain and in France by the Crusaders in 1236, on their appeal to him
+for protection. In 1246, the Jews of Germany appealed to the Pope,
+Innocent IV., against the ecclesiastical and secular princes who pillaged
+them on false charges. Innocent wrote, in 1247, ordering those who had
+wronged them to indemnify them for their losses.
+
+In 1417, the Jews of Constance came to meet Martin V., as their protector,
+on his coronation, with hymns and torches, and presented him with the
+Pentateuch, which he had the discourtesy to refuse, saying that they might
+have the Law, but they did not understand it.
+
+The claim made in the Toledoth Jeschu that the Papacy was a government in
+the interest of the Jews against the violence of the Christians, points to
+the thirteenth century as the date of the composition of this book, a
+century when the Jews suffered more from Christian brutality than at any
+other period, when their exasperation against everything Christian was
+wrought to its highest pitch, and when they found the Chair of Peter their
+only protection against extermination by the disciples of Christ.
+
+Some dim reference may be made to the anti-pope of Jewish blood, Peter
+Leonis, who took the name of Anacletus II., and who survives in modern
+Jewish legend as the Pope Elchanan. Anacletus II. (A.D. 1130-1138)
+maintained his authority in Rome against Innocent II., and from his refuge
+in the tower of St. Angelo, defied the Emperor Lothair, who had marched to
+Rome to install Innocent. Anacletus was accused of showing favour to the
+Jews, whose blood he inherited--his father was a Jewish usurer. When
+Christians shrank from robbing the churches of their silver and golden
+ornaments, required by Anacletus to pay his mercenaries and bribe the
+venal Romans, he is said to have entrusted the odious task to the Jews.
+
+Jewish legend has converted the Jewish anti-pope into the son of the Rabbi
+Simeon Ben Isaac, of Mainz, who died A.D. 1096. According to the story,
+the child Elchanan was stolen from his father and mother by a Christian
+nurse, was taken charge of by monks, grew up to be ordained priest, and
+finally was elected Pope.
+
+As a child he had been wont to play chess with his father, and had learned
+from him a favourite move whereby to check-mate his adversary.
+
+The Jews of Germany suffered from oppression, and appointed the Rabbi
+Simeon to bear their complaints to the Pope. The old Jew went to Rome and
+was introduced to the presence of the Holy Father. Elchanan recognized him
+at once, and sent forth all his attendants, then proposed a game of chess
+with the Rabbi. When the Pope played the favourite move of the old Jew,
+Simeon Ben Isaac sprang up, smote his brow, and cried out, "I thought none
+knew this move save I and my long-lost child." "I am that child," answered
+the Pope, and he flung himself into the arms of the aged Jew.(120)
+
+That the Wagenseil Toledoth Jeschu was written in the eleventh, twelfth or
+thirteenth century appears probable from the fact stated, that it was in
+these centuries that the Jews were more subjected to persecution,
+spoliation and massacre than in any other; and the Toledoth Jeschu is the
+cry of rage of a tortured people,--a curse hurled at the Founder of that
+religion which oppressed them.
+
+In the eleventh century the Jews in the great Rhine cities were massacred
+by the ferocious hosts of Crusaders under Ernico, Count of Leiningen, and
+the priests Folkmar and Goteschalk. At the voice of their leaders (A.D.
+1096), the furious multitude of red-crossed pilgrims spread through the
+cities of the Rhine and the Moselle, massacring pitilessly all the Jews
+that they met with in their passage. In their despair, a great number
+preferred being their own destroyers to awaiting certain death at the
+hands of their enemies. Several shut themselves up in their houses, and
+perished amidst flames their own hands had kindled; some attached heavy
+stones to their garments, and precipitated themselves and their treasures
+into the Rhine or Moselle. Mothers stifled their children at the breast,
+saying that they preferred sending them to the bosom of Abraham to seeing
+them torn away to be nurtured in a religion which bred tigers.
+
+Some of the ecclesiastics behaved with Christian humanity. The Bishops of
+Worms and Spires ran some risk in saving as many as they could of this
+defenceless people. The Archbishop of Treves, less generous, gave refuge
+to such only as would consent to receive baptism, and coldly consigned the
+rest to the knives and halters of the Christian fanatics. The Archbishop
+of Mainz was more than suspected of participation in the plunder of his
+Jewish subjects. The Emperor took on himself the protection and redress of
+the wrongs endured by the Jews, and it was apparently at this time that
+the Jews were formally taken under feudal protection by the Emperor. They
+became his men, owing to him special allegiance, and with full right
+therefore to his protection.
+
+The Toledoth Jeschu of Wagenseil was composed by a German Jew; that is
+apparent from its mention of the letter of the synagogue of Worms to the
+Sanhedrim. Had it been written in the eleventh century, it would not have
+represented the Pope as the refuge of the persecuted Jews, for it was the
+Emperor who redressed their wrongs.
+
+But it was in the thirteenth century that the Popes stood forth as the
+special protectors of the Jews. On May 1, 1291, the Jewish bankers
+throughout France were seized and imprisoned by order of Philip the Fair,
+and forced to pay enormous mulcts. Some died under torture, most yielded,
+and then fled the inhospitable realm. Five years after, in one day, all
+the Jews in France were taken, their property confiscated to the Crown,
+the race expelled the realm.
+
+In 1320, the Jews of the South of France, notwithstanding persecution and
+expulsion, were again in numbers and perilous prosperity. On them burst
+the fury of the Pastoureaux. Five hundred took refuge in the royal castle
+of Verdun on the Garonne. The royal officers refused to defend them. The
+shepherds set fire to the lower stories of a lofty tower; the Jews slew
+each other, having thrown their children to the mercy of their assailants.
+Everywhere, even in the great cities, Auch, Toulouse, Castel Sarrazen, the
+Jews were left to be remorselessly massacred and their property pillaged.
+The Pope himself might have seen the smoke of the fires that consumed them
+darkening the horizon from the walls of Avignon. But John XXII., cold,
+arrogant, rapacious, stood by unmoved. He launched his excommunication,
+not against the murderers of the inoffensive Jews, but against all who
+presumed to take the Cross without warrant of the Holy See. Even that same
+year he published violent bulls against the poor persecuted Hebrews, and
+commanded the Bishops to destroy their Talmud, the source of their
+detestable blasphemies; but he bade those who should submit to baptism to
+be protected from pillage and massacre.
+
+The Toledoth Jeschu, therefore, cannot have been written at the beginning
+of the fourteenth century, when the Jews had such experience of the
+indifference of a Pope to their wrongs. We are consequently forced to look
+to the thirteenth century as its date. And the thirteenth century will
+provide us with instances of persecution of the Jews in Germany, and Popes
+exerting themselves to protect them.
+
+In 1236, the Jews were the subject of an outburst of popular fury
+throughout Europe, but especially in Spain, where a fearful carnage took
+place. In France, the Crusaders of Guienne, Poitou, Anjou and Brittany
+killed them, without sparing the women and children. Women with child were
+ripped up. The unfortunate Jews were thrown down, and trodden under the
+feet of horses. Their houses were ransacked, their books burned, their
+treasures carried off. Those who refused baptism were tortured or killed.
+The unhappy people sent to Rome, and implored the Pope to extend his
+protection to them. Gregory IX. wrote at once to the Archbishop of
+Bordeaux, the Bishops of Saintes, Angouleme and Poictiers, forbidding
+constraint to be exercised on the Jews to force them to receive baptism;
+and a letter to the King entreating him to exert his authority to repress
+the fury of the Crusaders against the Jews.
+
+In 1240, the Jews were expelled from Brittany by the Duke John, at the
+request of the Bishops of Brittany.
+
+In 1246, the persecution reached its height in Germany. Bishops and nobles
+vied with each other in despoiling and harassing the unfortunate Hebrews.
+They were charged with killing Christian children and devouring their
+hearts at their Passover. Whenever a dead body was found, the Jews were
+accused of the murder. Hosts were dabbled in blood, and thrown down at
+their doors, and the ignorant mob rose against such profanation of the
+sacred mysteries. They were stripped of their goods, thrown into prison,
+starved, racked, condemned to the stake or to the gallows. From the German
+towns miserable trains of yellow-girdled and capped exiles issued, seeking
+some more hospitable homes. If they left behind them their wealth, they
+carried with them their industry.
+
+A deputation of German Rabbis visited the Pope, Innocent IV., at Lyons,
+and laid the complaints of the Jews before him. Innocent at once took up
+their cause. He wrote to all the bishops of Germany, on July 5th, 1247,
+ordering them to favour the Jews, and insist on the redress of the wrongs
+to which they had been subjected, whether at the hands of ecclesiastics or
+nobles. A similar letter was then forwarded by him to all the bishops of
+France.
+
+At this period it was in vain for the Jews to appeal to the Emperor.
+Frederick II. was excommunicated, and Germany in revolt, fanned by the
+Pope, against him. A new Emperor had been proposed at a meeting at Budweis
+to the electors of Austria, Bohemia and Bavaria, but the proposition had
+been rejected. Henry of Thuringia, however, set up by Innocent, and
+supported by the ecclesiastical princes of Germany, had been crowned at
+Hochem. A crusade was preached against the Emperor Frederick; Henry of
+Thuringia was defeated and died. The indefatigable Innocent, clinging to
+the cherished policy of the Papal See to ruin the unity of Germany by
+stirring up intestine strife, found another candidate in William of
+Holland. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, October 3, 1247. From this
+time till his death, four years after, the cause of Frederick declined.
+Frederick was mostly engaged in wars in Italy, and had not leisure, if he
+had the power, to attend to and right the wrongs of his Jewish vassals.
+
+It was at this period that I think we may conclude the Toledoth Jeschu of
+Wagenseil was written.
+
+Another consideration tends to confirm this view. The Wagenseil Toledoth
+Jeschu speaks of Elias rising up after the death of Simon Cephas, and
+denouncing him as having led the Christians away.
+
+Was there any Elias at the close of the thirteenth century who did thus
+preach against the Pope? There was. Elias of Cortona, second General of
+the Franciscan Order, the leader of a strong reactionary party opposed to
+the Spirituals or Caesarians, those who maintained the rule in all its
+rigour, had been deposed, then carried back into the Generalship by a
+recoil of the party wave, then appealed against to the Pope, deposed once
+more, and finally excommunicated. Elias joined the Emperor Frederick, the
+deadly foe of Innocent IV., and, sheltered under his wing, denounced the
+venality, the avarice, the extortion of the Papacy. As a close attendant
+on the German Emperor, his adviser, as one who encouraged him in his
+opposition to a Pope who protected the Jews, the German Jews must have
+heard of him. But the stone of excommunication firing at him struck him
+down, and he died in 1253, making a death-bed reconciliation with Rome.
+
+But though it is thus possible to give an historical explanation of the
+curious circumstance that the Toledoth Jeschu ranges the Pope among the
+friends of Judaism and the enemies of Christianity, and provide for the
+identification of Elias with the fallen General of the Minorites,--the
+story points perhaps to a dim recollection of Simon Peter being at the
+head of the Judaizing Church at Jerusalem and Rome, which made common
+cause with the Jews, and of Paul, here designated Elias, in opposition to
+him.
+
+
+
+
+VII. The Second Toledoth Jeschu.
+
+
+We will now analyze and give extracts from the second anti-evangel of the
+Jews, the TOLEDOTH JESCHU OF HULDRICH.(121)
+
+It begins thus: "In the reign of King Herod the Proselyte, there lived a
+man named Papus Ben Jehuda. To him was betrothed Mirjam, daughter of
+Kalphus; and her brother's name was Simeon. He was a Rabbi, the son of
+Kalphus. This Mirjam, before her betrothal, was a hair-dresser to
+women.... She was surpassing beautiful in form. She was of the tribe of
+Benjamin."
+
+On account of her extraordinary beauty, she was kept locked up in a house;
+but she escaped through a window, and fled from Jerusalem to Bethlehem
+with Joseph Pandira, of Nazareth.
+
+As has been already said, Papus Ben Jehuda was a contemporary of Rabbi
+Akiba, and died about A.D. 140. In the Wagenseil Toledoth Jeschu, Mirjam
+is betrothed to a Jochanan. In the latter, Mary lives at Bethlehem; in the
+Toledoth of Huldrich, she resides at Jerusalem.
+
+Many years after, the place of the retreat of Mirjam and Joseph Pandira
+having been made known to Herod, he sent to Bethlehem orders for their
+arrest, and for the massacre of the children; but Joseph, who had been
+forewarned by a kinsman in the court of Herod, fled in time with his wife
+and children into Egypt.
+
+After many years a famine broke out in Egypt, and Joseph and Mirjam, with
+their son Jeschu and his brethren, returned to Canaan and settled at
+Nazareth.
+
+
+    "And Jeschu grew up, and went to Jerusalem to acquire knowledge,
+    in the school of Joshua, the son of Perachia (B.C. 90); and he
+    made there great advance, so that he learned the mystery of the
+    chariot and the holy Name.(122)
+
+    "One day it fell out that Jeschu was playing ball with the sons of
+    the priests, near the chamber Gasith, on the hill of the Temple.
+    Then by accident the ball fell into the Fish-valley. And Jeschu
+    was very grieved, and in his anger he plucked the hat from off his
+    head, and cast it on the ground and burst into lamentations.
+    Thereupon the boys warned him to put his hat on again, for it was
+    not comely to be with uncovered head. Jeschu answered, Verily,
+    Moses gave you not this law; it is but an addition of the lawyers,
+    and therefore need not be observed.
+
+    "Now there sat there, Rabbi Eliezer and Joshua Ben Levi (A.D.
+    220), and the Rabbi Akiba (A.D. 135) hard by, in the school, and
+    they heard the words that Jeschu had spoken.
+
+    "Then said the Rabbi Eliezer, That boy is certainly a Mamser. But
+    Rabbi Joshua, son of Levi, said, He is a Ben-hannidda. And the
+    Rabbi Akiba said also, He is a Ben-hannidda.(123) Therefore the
+    Rabbi Akiba went forth out of the school, and asked Jeschu in what
+    city he was born. Jeschu answered, I am of Nazareth; my father's
+    name is Mezaria,(124) and my mother's name is Karchat.
+
+    "Then the Rabbis Akiba, Eliezer and Joshua went into the school of
+    the Rabbi Joshua, son of Perachia, and seized Jeschu by the hair
+    and cut it off in a circle, and washed his head with the water
+    Boleth, so that the hair might not grow again."
+
+
+Ashamed at this humiliation, according to the Toledoth Jeschu of Huldrich,
+the boy returned to Nazareth, where he wounded his mother's breast.
+
+Probably the author of this counter-Gospel saw one of those common
+artistic representations of the Mater Dolorosa with a sword piercing her
+soul, and invented the story of Jesus wounding his mother's breast to
+account for it.
+
+When Jeschu was grown up, there assembled about him many disciples, whose
+names were Simon and Matthias, Elikus, Mardochai and Thoda, whose names
+Jeschu changed.
+
+
+    "He called Simon Peter, after the word Petrus, which in Hebrew
+    signifies the First. And Matthias he called Matthew; and Elikus he
+    called Luke, because he sent him forth among the heathen; and
+    Mardochai he named Mark, because he said, Vain men come to me; and
+    Thoda he named Pahul (Paul), because he bore witness of him.
+
+    "Another worthless fellow also joined them, named Jochanan, and he
+    changed his name to Jahannus on account of the miracles Jeschu
+    wrought through him by means of the incommunicable Name. This
+    Jahannus advised that all the men who were together should have
+    their heads washed with the water Boleth, that the hair might not
+    grow on them, and all the world might know that they were
+    Nazarenes.
+
+    "But the affair was known to the elders and to the King. Then he
+    sent his messengers to take Jeschu and his disciples, and to bring
+    them to Jerusalem. But out of fear of the people, they gave timely
+    warning to Jeschu that the King sought to take and kill him and
+    his companions. Therefore they fled into the desert of Ai
+    (Capernaum?). And when the servants of the King came and found
+    them not, with the exception of Jahannus they took him and led him
+    before the King. And the King ordered that Jahannus should be
+    executed with the sword. The servants of the King therefore went
+    at his command and slew Jahannus, and hung up his head at the gate
+    of Jerusalem.(125)
+
+    "About this time Jeschu assembled the inhabitants of Jerusalem
+    about him, and wrought many miracles. He laid a millstone on the
+    sea, and sailed about on it, and cried, I am God, the Son of God,
+    born of my mother by the power of the Holy Ghost, and I sprang
+    from her virginal brow.
+
+    "And he wrought many miracles, so that all the inhabitants of Ai
+    believed in him, and his miracles he wrought by means of the
+    incommunicable Name.
+
+    "Then Jeschu ordered the law to be done away with, for it is said
+    in the Psalm, It is time for thee, Lord, to lay too thine hand,
+    for they have destroyed thy law. Now, said he, is the right time
+    come to tear up the law, for the thousandth generation has come
+    since David said, He hath promised to keep his word to a thousand
+    generations (Ps. cviii. 8).
+
+    "Therefore they arose and desecrated the Sabbath.
+
+    "When now the elders and wise men heard of what was done, they
+    came to the King and consulted him and his council. Then answered
+    Judas, son of Zachar,(126) I am the first of the King's princes; I
+    will go myself and see if it be true what is said, that this man
+    blasphemeth.
+
+    "Therefore Judas went and put on other clothes like the men of Ai,
+    and spake to Jeschu and said, I also will learn your doctrine.
+    Then Jeschu had his head shaved in a ring and washed with the
+    water Boleth.
+
+    "After that they went into the wilderness, for they feared the
+    King lest he should take them if they tarried at Ai. And they lost
+    their way; and in the wilderness they lighted on a shepherd who
+    lay on the ground. Then Jeschu asked him the right way, and how
+    far it was to shelter. The shepherd answered, The way lies
+    straight before you; and he pointed it out with his foot.
+
+    "They went a little further, and they found a shepherd maiden, and
+    Jeschu asked her which way they must go. Then the maiden led them
+    to a stone which served as a sign-post. And Peter said to Jeschu,
+    Bless this maiden who has led us hither! And he blessed her, and
+    wished for her that she might become the wife of the shepherd they
+    had met on the road.
+
+    "Then said Peter, Wherefore didst thou so bless the maiden? He
+    answered, The man is slow, but she is lively. If he were left
+    without her activity, it would fare ill with him. For I am a God
+    of mercy, and make marriages as is best for man."
+
+
+This is a German story. There are many such of Jesus and St. Peter to be
+found in all collections of German household tales. They go together on a
+journey, and various adventures befal them, and the Lord orders things
+very differently from what Peter expects. To this follows another story,
+familiar to English school-boys. The apostles come with their Master to an
+inn, and ask for food. The innkeeper has a goose, and it is decided that
+he shall have the goose who dreams the best dream that night. When all are
+asleep, Judas gets up, plucks, roasts and eats the goose. Next morning
+they tell their dreams. Judas says, "Mine was the best of all, for I
+dreamt that in the night I ate the goose; and, lo! the goose is gone this
+morning. I think the dream must have been a reality." Among English
+school-boys, the story is told of an Englishman, and Scotchman, and an
+Irishman. The latter, of course, takes the place of Judas.
+
+Some equally ridiculous stories follow, inserted for the purpose of making
+our blessed Lord and his apostles contemptible, but not taken, like the
+two just mentioned, from German folk-lore.
+
+
+    "After that Judas went to Jerusalem, but Jeschu and Peter tarried
+    awaiting him (at Laish), for they trusted him. Now when Judas was
+    come to Jerusalem, he related to the King and the elders the words
+    and deeds of Jeschu, and how, through the power of the
+    incommunicable Name, he had wrought such wonders that the people
+    of Ai believed in him, and how that he had taken to wife the
+    daughter of Karkamus, chief ruler of Ai.
+
+    "Then the King and the elders asked counsel of Judas how they
+    might take Jeschu and his disciples. Judas answered, Persuade
+    Jagar Ben Purah, their host, to mix the water of forgetfulness
+    with their wine. We will come to Jerusalem for the Feast of
+    Tabernacles; and then do ye take him and his disciples. For Jager
+    Purah is the brother of the Gerathite Karkamus; but I will
+    persuade Jeschu that Jager Purah is the brother of Karkamus of Ai,
+    and he will believe my words, and they will all come up to the
+    Feast of Tabernacles. Now when they shall have drunk of that wine,
+    then will Jeschu forget the incommunicable Name, and so will be
+    unable to deliver himself out of your hands, so that ye can
+    capture him and hold him fast.
+
+    "Then answered the King and the elders, Thy counsel is good; go in
+    peace, and we will appoint a fast. Therefore Judas went his way on
+    the third of the month Tisri (October), and the great assembly in
+    Jerusalem fasted a great fast, and prayed God to deliver Jeschu
+    and his followers into their hands. And they undertook for
+    themselves and for their successors a fast to be hold annually on
+    the third of the month Tisri, for ever.
+
+    "When Judas had returned to Jeschu, he related to him, I have been
+    attentive to hear what is spoken in Jerusalem, and none so much as
+    wag their tongues against thee. Yea! when the King took Jahannus
+    to slay him, his disciples came in force and rescued him. And
+    Jahannus said to me, Go say to Jesus, our Lord, that he come with
+    his disciples, and we will protect him; and see! the host, Jager
+    Purah, is brother of Karkamus, ruler of Ai, and an uncle of thy
+    betrothed.
+
+    "Now when Jeschu heard the words of Judas, he believed them; for
+    the inhabitants of Jerusalem and their neighbours fasted
+    incessantly during the six days between the feast of the New Year
+    and the Day of Atonement,--yea, even on the Sabbath Day did some of
+    them fast. And when those men who were not in the secret asked
+    wherefore they fasted at this unusual time, when it was not
+    customary to fast save on the Day of Atonement, the elders
+    answered them, This is done because the King of the Gentiles has
+    sent and threatened us with war.
+
+    "But Jeschu and his disciples dressed themselves in the costume of
+    the men of Ai, that they might not be recognized in Jerusalem; and
+    in the fast, on the Day of Atonement, Jeschu came with his
+    disciples to Jerusalem, and entered into the house of Purah, and
+    said, Of me it is written, Who is this that cometh from Edom, with
+    dyed garments from Bozrah? I that speak in righteousness, mighty
+    to save. I have trodden the wine-press alone, and of the people
+    there was none with me.(127) For now am I come from Edom to the
+    house of Purah, and of thee, Purah, was it written, Jegar
+    Sahadutha!(128) For thou shalt be to us a hill of witness and
+    assured protection. But I have come here to Jerusalem to abolish
+    the festivals and the holy seasons and the appointed holy days.
+    And he that believeth in me shall have his portion in eternal
+    life. I will give forth a new law in Jerusalem, for of me was it
+    written, Out of Zion shall the law go forth, and the word of the
+    Lord from Jerusalem.(129) And their sins and unrighteousness will
+    I atone for with my blood. But after I am dead I will arise to
+    life again; for it is written, I kill and make alive; I bring down
+    to hell, and raise up therefrom again.(130)
+
+    "But Judas betook himself secretly to the King, and told him how
+    that Jeschu and his disciples were in the house of Purah.
+    Therefore the King sent young priests into the house of Purah, who
+    said unto Jeschu, We are ignorant men, and believe in thee and thy
+    word; but do this, we pray thee, work a miracle before our eyes.
+
+    "Then Jeschu wrought before them wonders by means of the
+    incommunicable Name.
+
+    "And on the great Day of Atonement he and his disciples ate and
+    drank, and fasted not; and they drank of the wine wherewith was
+    mingled the Water of Forgetfulness, and then betook themselves to
+    rest.
+
+    "And when midnight was now come, behold! servants of the King
+    surrounded the house, and to them Purah opened the door. And the
+    servants broke into the room where Jeschu and his disciples were,
+    and they cast them into chains.
+
+    "Then Jeschu directed his mind to the incommunicable Name; but he
+    could not recall it, for all had vanished from his recollection.
+
+    "And the servants of the King led Jeschu and his disciples to the
+    prison of the blasphemers. And in the morning they told the King
+    that Jeschu and his disciples were taken and cast into prison.
+    Then he ordered that they should be detained till the Feast of
+    Tabernacles.
+
+    "And on that feast all the people of the Lord came together to the
+    feast, as Moses had commanded them. Then the King ordered that
+    Jeschu's disciples should be stoned outside the city; and all the
+    Israelites looked on, and heaped stones on the disciples. And all
+    Israel broke forth into hymns of praise to the God of Israel, that
+    these men of Belial had thus fallen into their hands.
+
+    "But Jeschu was kept still in prison, for the King would not slay
+    him till the men of Ai had seen that his words were naught, and
+    what sort of a prophet he was proved to be.
+
+    "Also he wrote letters throughout the land to the councils of the
+    synagogues to learn from them after what manner Jeschu should be
+    put to death, and summoning all to assemble at Jerusalem on the
+    next feast of the Passover to execute Jeschu, as it is written,
+    Whosoever blasphemeth the name of the Lord, he shall surely be put
+    to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him.(131)
+
+    "But the people of Girmajesa (Germany) and all that country round,
+    what is at this day called Wormajesa (Worms) in the land of the
+    Emperor, and the little council in the town of Wormajesa, answered
+    the King in this wise, Let Jesus go, and slay him not! Let him
+    live till he die and perish.
+
+    "But when the feast of the Passover drew nigh, it was heralded
+    through all the land of Judaea, that any one who had aught to say
+    in favour, and for the exculpation, of Jeschu, should declare it
+    before the King. But all the people with one consent declared that
+    Jeschu must die.(132)
+
+    "Therefore, on the eve of the Passover, Jeschu was brought out of
+    the prison, and they cried before him, So may all thine enemies
+    perish, O Lord! And they hanged him on a tree outside of
+    Jerusalem, as the King and elders of Jerusalem had commanded.
+
+    "And all Israel looked on and praised and glorified God.
+
+    "Now when even was come, Judas took down the body of Jeschu from
+    the tree and laid it in his garden in a conduit.
+
+    "But when the people of Ai heard that Jeschu had been hung, they
+    became enemies to Israel. And the people of Ai attacked the
+    Israelites, and slew of them two thousand men. And the Israelites
+    could not go to the feasts because of the men of Ai. Therefore the
+    King proclaimed war against Ai; but he could not overcome it, for
+    mightily grew the multitude of those who believed in Jeschu, even
+    under the eyes of the King in Jerusalem.
+
+    "And some of these went to Ai, and declared that on the third day
+    after Jeschu had been hung, fire had fallen from heaven, which had
+    surrounded Jeschu, and he had arisen alive, and gone up into
+    heaven.(133)
+
+    "And the people of Ai believed what was said, and swore to avenge
+    on the children of Israel the crime they had committed in hanging
+    Jeschu. Now when Judas saw that the people of Ai threatened great
+    things, he wrote a letter unto them, saying, There is no peace to
+    the ungodly, saith the Lord; therefore do the people take counsel
+    together, and the Gentiles imagine a vain thing. Come to Jerusalem
+    and see your false prophet! For, lo! he is dead and buried in a
+    conduit.
+
+    "Now when they heard this, the men of Ai went to Jerusalem and saw
+    Jeschu lying where had been said. But, nevertheless, when they
+    returned to Ai, they said that all Judas had written was false.
+    For, lo! said they, when we came to Jerusalem we found that all
+    believed in Jeschu, and had risen and had expelled the King out of
+    the city because he believed not; and many of the elders have they
+    slain. Then the men of Ai believed these words of the messengers,
+    and they proclaimed war against Israel.
+
+    "Now when the King and the elders saw that the men of Ai were
+    about to encamp against them, and that the numbers of these
+    worthless men grow--they were the brethren and kinsmen of
+    Jeschu--they took counsel what they should do in such sore straits
+    as they were in.
+
+    "And Judas said, Lo! Jeschu has an uncle Simon, son of Kalpus, who
+    is now alive, and he is an honourable old man. Give him the
+    incommunicable Name, and let him work wonders in Ai, and tell the
+    people that he does them in the name of Jesus. And they will
+    believe Simon, because he is the uncle of Jeschu. But Simon must
+    make them believe that Jeschu committed to him all power to teach
+    them not to ill-treat the Israelites, and he has reserved them for
+    his own vengeance.
+
+    "This counsel pleased the King and the elders, and they went to
+    Simon and told him the matter.
+
+    "Then went Simon, when he had learned the Name, and drew nigh to
+    Ai, and he raised a cloud and thunder and lightning. And he seated
+    himself on the cloud, and as the thunder rolled he cried, Ye men
+    of Ai, gather yourselves together at the tower of Ai, and there
+    will I give you commandments from Jeschu.
+
+    "But when the people of Ai heard this voice, they were sore
+    afraid, and they assembled on all sides about the tower. And lo!
+    Simon was borne thither on the cloud; and he stepped upon the
+    tower. And the men of Ai fell on their faces before him.(134) Then
+    Simon said, I am Simon Ben Kalpus, uncle of Jeschu. Jeschu came
+    and sent me unto you to teach you his law, for Jesus is the Son of
+    God. And lo! I will give you the law of Jesus, which is a new
+    commandment.
+
+    "Then he wrought before them signs and wonders, and he said to the
+    people of Ai, Swear to me to obey all that I tell you. And they
+    swore to him. Then said Simon, Go to your own homes. And all the
+    people of Ai returned to their dwellings.
+
+    "Now Simon sat on the tower, and wrote the commandments even as
+    the King and elders had decided. And he changed the Alphabet, and
+    gave the letters new names, as secretly to protest that all he
+    taught written in those letters was lies. And this was the
+    Alphabet he wrote: A, Be, Ce, De, E, Ef, Cha, I, Ka, El, Em, En,
+    O, Pe, Ku, Er, Es, Te, U, Ix, Ejed, Zet.
+
+    "And this is the interpretation: My father is Esau, who was a
+    huntsman, and was weary; and lo! his sons believed in Jesus, who
+    lives, as God.
+
+    "And Simon composed for the deception of the people of Ai lying
+    books, and he called them 'Avonkelajon' (Evangelium), which, being
+    interpreted, is the End of Ungodliness. But they thought he said,
+    'Eben gillajon,' which means Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. He also
+    wrote books in the names of the disciples of Jeschu, and
+    especially in that of Johannes, and said that Jeschu had given him
+    these.
+
+    "But with special purpose he composed the Book of Johannes (the
+    Apocalypse), for the men of Ai thought it contained mysteries,
+    whereas it contained pure invention. For instance, he wrote in the
+    Book of Johannes that Johannes saw a beast with seven heads and
+    seven horns and seven crowns, and the name of the beast was
+    blasphemy, and the number of the beast 666. Now the seven heads
+    mean the seven letters which compose in Hebrew the words, 'Jeschu
+    of Nazareth.' And in like manner the number 666 is that which is
+    the sum of the letters composing this name. In like way did Simon
+    compose all the books to deceive the people, as the King and the
+    elders had bidden him.
+
+    "And on the sixth day of the third month Simon sat on the cloud,
+    and the people of Ai were gathered together before him to the
+    tower, and he gave them the book Avonkelajon, and said to them,
+    When ye have children born to you, ye must sprinkle them with
+    water, in token that Jeschu was washed with the water Boleth, and
+    ye must observe all the commandments that are written in the book
+    Avonkelajon. And ye must wage no war against the people of Israel,
+    for Jeschu has reserved them to avenge himself on them himself.
+
+    "Now when the people of Ai heard these words, they answered that
+    they would keep them. And Simon returned on his cloud to
+    Jerusalem. And all the people thought he had gone up in a cloud to
+    heaven to bring destruction on the Israelites.(135)
+
+    "Not long after this, King Herod died, and was succeeded by his
+    son in the kingdom of Israel. But when he had obtained the throne,
+    he heard that the people of Ai had made images in honour of Jesus
+    and Mary, and he wrote letters to Ai and ordered their
+    destruction; otherwise he would make war against them.
+
+    "Then the people of Ai sent asking help of the Emperor against the
+    King of Israel. But the Emperor would not assist them and war
+    against Israel. Therefore, when the people of Ai saw that there
+    was no help, they burned the images and bound themselves before
+    the sons of Israel.
+
+    "And about this time Mirjam, the mother of Jeschu, died. Then the
+    King ordered that she should be buried at the foot of the tree on
+    which Jeschu had hung; and there he also had the brothers and
+    sisters of Jeschu hung up. And they were hung, and a memorial
+    stone was set up on the spot.
+
+    "But the worthless men, their kinsmen, came and destroyed the
+    memorial stone, and set up another in its stead, on which they
+    wrote the words, 'Lo! this is a ladder set upon the earth, whose
+    head reaches to heaven, and the angels of God ascend and descend
+    upon it, and the mother rejoices here in her children, Allelujah!'
+
+    "Now when the King heard this, he destroyed the memorial they had
+    erected, and killed a hundred of the kindred of Jeschu.
+
+    "Then went Simon, son of Kalpus, to the King and said, Suffer me,
+    and I will draw away these people from Jerusalem. And the King
+    said, Be it so; go, and the Lord be with thee! Therefore Simon
+    went secretly to these worthless men, and said to them, Let us go
+    together to Ai, and there shall ye see wonders which I will work.
+    And some went to Ai, but others seated themselves beside Simon on
+    his cloud, and left Jerusalem with him. And on the way Simon cast
+    down those who sat on the cloud with him upon the earth, so that
+    they died.(136)
+
+    "And when Simon returned to Jerusalem, he told the King what he
+    had done, and the King rejoiced greatly. And Simon left not the
+    court of the King till his death. And when he died, all the Jews
+    observed the day as a fast, and it was the 9th of the month Teboth
+    (January).
+
+    "But those who had gone to Ai at the word of Simon believed that
+    Simon and those with him had gone up together into heaven on the
+    cloud.
+
+    "And when men saw what Simon had taught the people of Ai in the
+    name of Jesus, they followed them also, and they took them the
+    daughters of Ai to wife, and sent letters into the furthest
+    islands with the book Avonkelajon, and undertook for themselves,
+    and for their descendants, to hold to all the words of the book
+    Avonkelajon.
+
+    "Therefore they abolished the Law, and chose the first day of the
+    week as the Sabbath, for that was the birthday of Jesus, and they
+    ordained many other customs and bad feasts. Therefore have they no
+    part and lot in Israel. They are accursed in this world, and
+    accursed in the world to come. But the Lord bless his people
+    Israel with peace.
+
+    "These are the words of the Rabbi Jochanan, son of Saccai, in
+    Jerusalem."
+
+
+That this second version of the "Life of Jeschu" is later than the first
+one, I think there can be little doubt. It is more full of absurdities
+than the first, it adopts German household tales, and exhibits an
+ignorance of history even more astounding than in the first Life. The
+preachers of the "Evangelium" marry wives, and there is a burning of
+images of St. Mary and our Lord. These are _perhaps_ indications of its
+having been composed after the Reformation.
+
+Luther did not know anything of the Life published later by Huldrich. The
+only Toledoth Jeschu he was acquainted with was that afterwards published
+by Wagenseil.
+
+
+
+
+
+PART II. THE LOST PETRINE GOSPELS.
+
+
+Under this head are classed all those Gospels whose tendency is Judaizing,
+which sprang into existence in the Churches of Palestine and Syria.
+
+These may be ranged in two sub-classes--
+
+a. Those akin to the Gospel of St. Matthew.
+b. Those related to the Gospel of St. Mark.
+
+To the first class belong--
+
+1. The Gospel of the Twelve, or of the Hebrews.
+2. The Gospel of the Clementines.
+
+To the second class belong, probably--
+
+1. The Gospel of St. Peter.
+2. The Gospel of the Egyptians.
+
+
+
+
+I. The Gospel Of The Hebrews.
+
+
+
+1. The Fragments extant.
+
+
+Eusebius quotes Papias, Irenaeus and Origen, as authorities for his
+statement that St. Matthew wrote his Gospel first in Hebrew.
+
+Papias, a contemporary of Polycarp, who was a disciple of St. John, and
+who carefully collected all information he could obtain concerning the
+apostles, declares that "Matthew wrote his Gospel in the Hebrew
+dialect,(137) and that every one translated it as he was able."(138)
+
+Irenaeus, a disciple of Polycarp, and therefore also likely to have
+trustworthy information on this matter, says, "Matthew among the Hebrews
+wrote a Gospel in their own language, while Peter and Paul were preaching
+the gospel at Rome, and founding the Church there."(139)
+
+In a fragment, also, of Irenaeus, edited by Dr. Grabe, it is said that
+"the Gospel according to Matthew was written to the Jews, for they
+earnestly desired a Messiah of the posterity of David. Matthew, in order
+to satisfy them on this point, began his Gospel with the genealogy of
+Jesus".(140)
+
+Origen, in a passage preserved by Eusebius, has this statement: "I have
+learned by tradition concerning the four Gospels, which alone are received
+without dispute by the Church of God under heaven, that the first was
+written by St. Matthew, once a tax-gatherer, afterwards an apostle of
+Jesus Christ, who published it for the benefit of the Jewish converts,
+composed in the Hebrew language."(141) And again, in his Commentary on St.
+John, "We begin with Matthew, who, according to tradition, wrote first,
+publishing his Gospel to the believers who were of the circumcision."
+
+Eusebius, who had collected the foregoing testimonies on a subject which,
+in that day, seems to have been undisputed, thus records what he believed
+to be a well-authenticated historical fact: "Matthew, having first
+preached to the Hebrews, delivered to them, when he was preparing to
+depart to other countries, his Gospel composed in their native
+language."(142)
+
+St. Jerome follows Papias: "Matthew, who is also Levi, from a publican
+became an apostle, and he first composed his Gospel of Christ in Judaea,
+for those of the circumcision who believed, and wrote it in Hebrew words
+and characters; but who translated it afterwards into Greek is not very
+evident. Now this Hebrew Gospel is preserved to this day in the library at
+Caesarea which Pamphilus the martyr so diligently collected. I also
+obtained permission of the Nazarenes of Beraea in Syria, who use this
+volume, to make a copy of it. In which it is to be observed that,
+throughout, the Evangelist when quoting the witness of the Old Testament,
+either in his own person or in that of the Lord and Saviour, does not
+follow the authority of the Seventy translators, but the Hebrew
+Scriptures, from which he quotes these two passages, 'Out of Egypt have I
+called my Son,' and, 'Since he shall be called a Nazarene.' "(143) And
+again: "That Gospel which is called the Gospel of the Hebrews, and which
+has lately been translated by me into Greek and Latin, and was used
+frequently by Origen, relates," &c.(144) Again: "That Gospel which the
+Nazarenes and Ebionites make use of, and which I have lately translated
+into Greek from the Hebrew, and which by many is called the genuine Gospel
+of Matthew."(145) And once more: "The Gospel of the Hebrews, which is
+written in the Syro-Chaldaic tongue, and in Hebrew characters, which the
+Nazarenes make use of at this day, is also called the Gospel of the
+Apostles, or, as many think, is that of Matthew, is in the library of
+Caesarea."(146)
+
+St. Epiphanius is even more explicit. He says that the Nazarenes possessed
+the most complete Gospel of St. Matthew,(147) as it was written at first
+in Hebrew;(148) and "they have it still in Hebrew characters; but I do not
+know if they have cut off the genealogies from Abraham to Christ." "We may
+affirm as a certain fact, that Matthew alone among the writers of the New
+Testament wrote the history of the preaching of the Gospel in Hebrew, and
+in Hebrew characters."(149) This Hebrew Gospel, he adds, was known to
+Cerinthus and Carpocrates.
+
+The subscriptions of many MSS. and versions bear the same testimony.
+Several important Greek codices of St. Matthew close with the statement
+that he wrote in Hebrew; the Syriac and Arabic versions do the same. The
+subscription of the Peschito version is, "Finished is the holy Gospel of
+the preaching of Matthew, which he preached in Hebrew in the land of
+Palestine." That of the Arabic version reads as follows: "Here ends the
+copy of the Gospel of the apostle Matthew. He wrote it in the land of
+Palestine, by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, in the Hebrew language,
+eight years after the bodily ascension of Jesus the Messiah into heaven,
+and in the first year of the Roman Emperor, Claudius Caesar."
+
+The title of Gospel of the Hebrews was only given to the version known to
+Jerome and Epiphanius, because it was in use among the Hebrews. But
+amongst the Nazarenes it was called "The Gospel of the Apostles,"(150) or
+"The Gospel of the Twelve."(151) St. Jerome expressly says that "the
+Gospel used by the Nazarenes is also called the Gospel of the
+Apostles."(152) That the same Gospel should bear two names, one according
+to its reputed authors, the other according to the community which used
+it, is not surprising.
+
+Justin Martyr probably alludes to it under a slightly different name, "The
+Recollections of the Apostles."(153) He says that these Recollections were
+a Gospel.(154) He adopted the word used by Xenophon for his recollections
+of Socrates. What the Memorabilia of Xenophon were concerning the martyred
+philosopher, that the Memorabilia of the Apostles were concerning the
+martyred Redeemer.
+
+It is probable that this Hebrew Gospel of the Twelve was the only one with
+which Justin Martyr was acquainted.
+
+Justin Martyr was a native of Samaria, and his acquaintance with
+Christianity was probably made in the communities of Nazarenes scattered
+over Syria. By family he was a Greek, and was therefore by blood inclined
+to sympathize with the Gentile rather than the Jewish Christians. This
+double tendency is manifest in his writings. He judges the Ebionites, even
+the narrowest of their sectarian rings, with great tenderness; but he
+proclaims that Gentiledom had yielded better Christians than Jewdom.(155)
+Justin distinguishes between the Ebionites. There were those who in their
+own practice observed the Mosaic Law, believing in Christ as the flower
+and end of the Law, but without exacting the same observance of believing
+Gentiles; and there were those, who not only observed the Law themselves,
+but imposed it on their Gentile converts. His sympathies were with the
+former, whom he regards as the true followers of the apostles, and not
+with the latter.
+
+Justin's conversion took place circ. A.D. 133. He is a valuable testimony
+to the divisions among the Nazarenes or Ebionites in the second century,
+just when Gnostic views were infiltrating among the extreme Judaizing
+section.
+
+Justin Martyr's Christian training took place in the Nazarene Church, in
+the orthodox, milder section. He no doubt inherited the traditional
+prejudice against St. Paul, for he neither mentions him by name, nor
+quotes any of his writings. That he should have omitted to quote St. Paul
+in his Dialogue with Trypho the Jew is not surprising; but one cannot
+doubt that had he seen the Epistles of the Apostle of the Gentiles, he
+would have cited them, or shown that they had influenced the current of
+his thoughts in his two Apologies addressed to Gentiles. He quotes "the
+book that is called the Gospel" as if there were but one; but what Gospel
+was it? It has been frequently observed that the quotations of Justin are
+closer to the parallel passages in St. Matthew than to those of the other
+Canonical Gospels. But the only Gospel he names is the Gospel of the
+Twelve.
+
+Did Justin Martyr possess the Gospel of St. Matthew, or some other?
+
+It is observable that he diverges from the Gospel narrative in several
+particulars. It is inconceivable that this was caused by defect of memory.
+Two or three of those texts in which he differs from our Canonical Gospels
+occur several times in his writings, and always in the same form.(156)
+Would it not be strange that his memory should fail him each time, and on
+each of these passages? But though his memory may have been inaccurate in
+recording exact words, the differences that have been noticed between the
+citations of Justin Martyr and the Canonical Gospel of St. Matthew are not
+confined to words; they extend to particulars, to facts. Verbal
+differences are accountable for by lapse of memory, but it is not so with
+facts. One can understand how in quoting by memory the mode of expressing
+the same facts may vary, but not that the facts themselves should be
+different. If the facts cited are different, we are forced to conclude
+that the citations were derived from another source. And such is the case
+with Justin.
+
+Five or six times does he say that the Magi came from Arabia;(157) St.
+Matthew says only that they came from the East.(158)
+
+He says that our Lord was born in a cave(159) near Bethlehem; that, when
+he was baptized, a bright light shone over him; and he gives words which
+were heard from heaven, which are not recorded by any of the Evangelists.
+
+That our Lord was born in a cave is probable enough, but where did Justin
+learn it? Certainly not from St. Matthew's Gospel, which gives no
+particulars of the birth of Christ at Bethlehem. St. Luke says he was born
+in the stable of an inn. Justin, we are warranted in suspecting, derived
+the fact of the stable being a cave from the only Gospel with which he was
+acquainted, that of the Hebrews.
+
+The tradition of the scene of Christ's nativity having been a cave was
+peculiarly Jewish. It is found in the Apocryphal Gospels of the Nativity
+and the Protevangelium, both of which unquestionably grew up in Judaea.
+That Justin should endorse this tradition leads to the conclusion that he
+found it so stated in his Gospel.
+
+I shall speak of the light and voice at the baptism presently.
+
+St. Epiphanius says that the Ebionite Gospel began with, "In the days of
+Herod, Caiaphas being the high-priest, there was a man whose name was
+John," and so on, like the 3rd chap. St. Matthew. But this was the
+mutilated Gospel of the Hebrews used by the Gnostic Ebionites, who were
+heretical on the doctrine of the nativity of our Lord, and whom Justin
+Martyr speaks of as rejecting the supernatural birth of Christ.(160)
+
+Among the Nazarenes, orthodox and heretical, but one Gospel was
+recognized, and that the Hebrew Gospel of the Twelve; but the Gospel in
+use among the Gnostic Ebionites became more and more corrupt as they
+diverged further from orthodoxy.
+
+But the primitive Hebrew Gospel was held "in high esteem by those Jews who
+received the faith."(161) "It is the Gospel," says St. Jerome, "that the
+Nazarenes use at the present day."(162) "It is the Gospel of the Hebrews
+that the Nazarenes read," says Origen.(163)
+
+Was this Gospel of the Twelve, or of the Hebrews, the original of St.
+Matthew's Canonical Greek Gospel, or was it a separate compilation? This
+is a question to be considered presently.
+
+The statement of the Fathers that the Gospel of St. Matthew was first
+written in Hebrew, must of course be understood to mean that it was
+written in Aramaic or Palestinian Syriac.
+
+Now we have extant two versions of the Gospels, St. Matthew's included, in
+Syriac, the Peschito and the Philoxenian. The latter needs only a passing
+mention; it was avowedly made from the Greek, A.D. 508. But the Peschito
+is much more ancient. The title of "Peschito" is an emphatic Syrian term
+for that which is "simple," "uncorrupt" and "true;" and, applied from the
+beginning to this version, it strongly indicates the veneration and
+confidence with which it has ever been regarded by all the Churches of the
+East.(164) When this version was made cannot be decided by scholars. A
+copy in the Laurentian Library bears so early a date as A.D. 586; but it
+existed long before the translation was made by Philoxenus in 508. The
+first Armenian version from the Greek was made in 431, and the Armenians
+already, at that date, had a version from the Syriac, made by Isaac,
+Patriarch of Armenia, some twenty years previously, in 410. Still further
+back, we find the Peschito version quoted in the writings of St. Ephraem,
+who lived not later than A.D. 370.(165)
+
+Was this Peschito version founded on the Greek canonical text, or, in the
+case of St. Matthew, on the "Hebrew" Gospel? I think there can be little
+question that it was translated from the Greek. There can be no question
+that the Gospels of St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John, the Acts of the
+Apostles, the Epistles of St. Paul, and those of the other Epistles
+contained in this version,(166) are from the Greek, and it is probable
+that the version of St. Matthew was made at the same time from the
+received text. The Syrian churches were separated from the Nazarene
+community in sympathy; their acceptance of St. Paul's Epistles is a proof
+that they were so; and these Epistles were accepted by them at a very
+early age, as we gather from internal evidence in the translation.
+
+The Syrian churches would be likely, moreover, when seeking for copies of
+the Christian Scriptures, to ask for them from churches which were
+regarded as orthodox, rather than from a dwindling community which was
+thought to be heretical.
+
+The Peschito version of St. Matthew follows the canonical Greek text, and
+not the Gospel of the Hebrews, in such passages as can be compared;(167)
+not one of the peculiarities of the latter find their echo in the Peschito
+text.
+
+The Gospel of the Hebrews has not, therefore, been preserved to us in the
+Peschito St. Matthew. The translations made by St. Jerome in Greek and
+Latin have also perished. It is not difficult to account for the loss of
+the book. The work itself was in use only by converted Jews; it was in the
+exclusive possession of the descendants of those parties for whose use it
+had been written. The Greek Gospels, on the other hand, spread as
+Christianity grew. The Nazarenes themselves passed away, and their
+cherished Gospel soon ceased to be known among men.
+
+Some exemplars may have been preserved for a time in public libraries, but
+these would not survive the devastation to which the country was exposed
+from the Saracens and other invaders, and it is not probable that a
+solitary copy survives.
+
+But if the entire Gospel of the Hebrews has not been preserved to us, we
+have got sufficiently numerous fragments, cited by ancient ecclesiastical
+writers, to permit us, to a certain extent, to judge of the tendencies and
+character of that Gospel.
+
+It is necessary to observe, as preliminary to our quotations, that the
+early Fathers cited passages from this Gospel without the smallest
+prejudice against it either historically or doctrinally. They do not seem
+to have considered it apocryphal, as open to suspicion, either because it
+contained doctrine at variance with the Canonical Greek Gospels, or
+because it narrated circumstances not found in them. On the contrary, they
+refer to it as a good, trustworthy authority for the facts of our Lord's
+life, and for the doctrines he taught.
+
+St. Ignatius, in his Epistle to the Smyrnians,(168) has inserted in it a
+passage relative to the appearance of our Lord to his apostles after his
+resurrection, not found in the Canonical Gospels, and we should not know
+whence he had drawn it, had not St. Jerome noticed the fact and recorded
+it.(169)
+
+St. Clement of Alexandria speaks of the Gospel of the Hebrews in the same
+terms as he speaks of the writings of St. Paul and the books of the Old
+Testament.(170) Origen, who makes some quotations from this Gospel, does
+not, it is true, range it with the Canonical Gospels, but he speaks of it
+with great respect, as one highly esteemed by many Christians of his
+time.(171)
+
+In the fourth century, no agreement had been come to as to the value of
+this Gospel. Eusebius tells us that by some it was reckoned among the
+Antilegomena, that is, among those books which floated between the
+Canonical and the Apocryphal Gospels.(172)
+
+The Gospel of St. Matthew and the Gospel of the Hebrews were not
+identical. It is impossible to doubt this when we examine the passages of
+the latter quoted by ecclesiastical writers, the majority of which are not
+to be found in the former, and the rest differ from the Canonical Gospel,
+either in details or in the construction of the passages which correspond.
+
+Did the difference extend further? This is a question it is impossible to
+answer positively in one way or the other, since we only know those
+passages of the Gospel of the Nazarenes which have been quoted by the
+early Fathers.(173)
+
+But it is probable that the two Gospels did not differ from each other
+except in these passages; for if the divergence was greater, one cannot
+understand how St. Jerome, who had both under his eyes, could have
+supposed one to have been the Hebrew original of the other. And if both
+resembled each other closely, it is easy to suppose that the
+ecclesiastical writers who quoted from the Nazarene Gospel, quoted only
+those passages which were peculiar to it.
+
+Let us now examine the principal fragments of this Gospel that have been
+preserved.
+
+There are some twenty in all, and of these only two are in opposition to
+the general tone of the first Canonical Gospel.
+
+With one of these I shall begin the series of extracts.
+
+"_And straitway_," said Jesus, "_the Holy Spirit [my mother] took me, and
+bore me away to the great mountain called Thabor_."(174)
+
+Origen twice quotes this passage, once in a fuller form. "(She) _bore me
+by one of my hairs to the great mountain called Thabor_." The passage is
+also quoted by St. Jerome.(175) Origen and Jerome take pains to give this
+passage an orthodox and unexceptionable meaning. Instead of rejecting the
+passage as apocryphal, they labour to explain it away--a proof of the high
+estimation in which the Gospel of the Twelve was held. The words, "my
+mother," are, it can scarcely be doubted, a Gnostic interpolation, as
+probably are also the words, "by one of my hairs;" for on one of the
+occasions on which Origen quotes the passage, these words are omitted.
+Probably they did not exist in all the copies of the Gospel.
+
+Our Lord was "led by the Spirit into the wilderness" after his
+baptism.(176) Philip was caught away by the Spirit of the Lord from the
+road between Jerusalem and Gaza, and was found at Azotus.(177) The notion
+of transportation by the Spirit was therefore not foreign to the authors
+of the Gospels.
+
+The Holy Spirit was represented by the Elkesaites as a female
+principle.(178) The Elkesaites were certainly one with the Ebionites in
+their hostility to St. Paul, whose Epistles, as Origen tells us, they
+rejected.(179) And that they were a Jewish sect which had relations with
+Ebionitism appears from a story told by St. Epiphanius, that their
+supposed founder, Elxai, went over to the Ebionites in the time of
+Trajan.(180) They issued from the same fruitful field of converts, the
+Essenes.
+
+The term by which the Holy Spirit is designated in Hebrew is feminine, and
+lent itself to a theory of the Holy Spirit being a female principle, and
+this rapidly slid into identification of the Spirit with Mary.
+
+The Clementines insist on the universe being compounded of the male and
+the female elements. There are two sorts of prophecy, the male which
+speaks of the world to come, the female which deals with the world that
+is; the female principle rules this world, the body, all that is visible
+and material. Beside this female principle stands Christ, the male
+principle, ruling the spirits of men, and all that is invisible and
+immaterial.(181) The Holy Spirit, brooding over the deep and calling the
+world into being, became therefore the female principle in the Elkesaite
+Trinity.
+
+In Gnosticism, this deification of the female principle, which was
+represented as Prounikos or Sophia among the Valentinians, led to the
+incarnation of the principle in women who accompanied the heresiarchs
+Simon and Apelles. Thus the Eternal Wisdom was incarnate in Helena, who
+accompanied Dositheus and afterwards Simon Magus,(182) and in the fair
+Philoumena who associated with Apelles.
+
+The same influence seems imperceptibly to have been at work in the Church
+of the Middle Ages, and in the pictures and sculptures of the coronation
+of the Virgin. Mary seems in Catholic art to have assumed a position as
+one of the Trinity.
+
+In the original Gospel of the Hebrews, the passage probably stood thus:
+"And straightway the Holy Spirit took me, and bore me to the great
+mountain Thabor;" and Origen and Jerome quoted from a text corrupted by
+the Gnostic Ebionites. The words "bore me by one of my hairs" were added
+to assimilate the translation to that of Habbacuc by the angel, in the
+apocryphal addition to the Book of Daniel.
+
+We next come to a passage found in the Stromata of Clement of Alexandria,
+who compares it with a sentence from the Theaetetus of Plato: "_He who
+wondereth shall reign, and he who reigneth shall rest._"(183)
+
+This, like the preceding quotation, has a Gnostic hue; but it is
+impossible to determine its sense in the absence of the context. Nor does
+the passage in the Theaetetus throw any light upon it. The whole of the
+passage in St. Clement is this: "The beginning of (or search after) truth
+is admiration," says Plato. "And Matthias, in saying to us in his
+Traditions, Wonder at what is before you, proves that admiration is the
+first step leading upwards to knowledge. Therefore also it is written in
+the Gospel of the Hebrews, He who shall wonder shall reign, and he who
+reigns shall rest."
+
+What were these Traditions of Matthias? In another place St. Clement of
+Alexandria mentions them, and quotes a passage from them, an instruction
+of St. Matthias: "If he who is neighbour to one of the elect sins, the
+elect sins with him; for if he (the elect) had conducted himself as the
+Word requires, then his neighbour would have looked to his ways, and not
+have sinned."(184) And, again, he says that the followers of Carpocrates
+appealed to the authority of St. Matthias--probably, therefore, to this
+book, his Traditions--as an excuse for giving rein to their lusts.
+
+These Traditions of St. Matthias evidently contained another version of
+the same passage, or perhaps a portion of the same discourse attributed to
+our Lord, which ran somehow thus: "_Wonder at, what is before your eyes_
+(_i.e._ the mighty works that I do); _for he that wondereth shall reign,
+and he that reigneth shall rest_."
+
+It is not impossible that this may be a genuine reminiscence of part of
+our Lord's teaching.
+
+Justin Martyr, in his Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, says that Jesus
+exercised the trade of a carpenter, and that he made carts, yokes, and
+like articles.(185)
+
+Where did he learn this? Not from St. Matthew's Gospel; probably from the
+lost Gospel which he quotes.
+
+St. Jerome quotes as a saying of our Lord, "_Be ye proved money-
+changers._"(186) He has no hesitation in calling it a saying of the
+Saviour. It occurs again in the Clementine Homilies(187) and in the
+Recognitions.(188) It is cited much more fully by St. Clement of
+Alexandria in his Stromata: "_Be ye proved money-changers; retain that
+which is good metal, reject that which is bad._"(189) Neither St. Jerome,
+St. Clement of Alexandria, nor the author of the Clementines, give their
+authority for the statement they make, that this is a saying of the Lord;
+but we may, I think, fairly conclude that St. Jerome drew it from the
+Hebrew Gospel he knew so well, having translated it into Greek and Latin,
+and which he looked upon as an unexceptionable authority.
+
+Whence the passage came may be guessed by the use made of it by those who
+quote it. It probably followed our Lord's saying, "I am not come to
+destroy the Law, but to fulfil it." "Nevertheless, be ye proved
+exchangers; retain that which is good metal, reject that which is bad."
+
+Another passage is not given to us verbatim by St. Jerome; he merely
+alludes to it in one of his Commentaries, saying that Jesus had declared
+him guilty of a grievous crime who saddened the spirit of his
+brother.(190) It probably occurred in the portion of the Gospel of the
+Hebrews corresponding with the 18th chapter of St. Matthew, and may be
+restored somewhat as follows: "Woe unto the world because of offences! for
+it must needs be that offences come; _but woe to that man by whom the
+offence cometh, and the soul of his brother be made sore_. Wherefore if
+thy hand or thy foot offend thee," &c.
+
+Another passage is in perfect harmony with the teaching of our Lord, and,
+like that given last, may very possibly have formed part of his teaching.
+It is also given by St. Jerome, and therefore in Latin: "_Be never glad
+unless ye are in charity with your brother_."(191)
+
+St. Jerome, in his treatise against Pelagius, quotes from the Gospel of
+the Hebrews the following passage: "_If thy brother has sinned in word
+against thee, and has made satisfaction, forgive him unto seven times a
+day. Simon, his disciple, said unto him, Until seven times! The Lord
+answered, saying, Verily I say unto thee, until seventy times seven_;" and
+then probably, "_for I say unto thee, Be never glad till thou art in
+charity with thy brother_."(192)
+
+The Gospel of the Nazarenes supplied details not found in that of St.
+Matthew. It related of the man with the withered hand, healed by our
+Lord,(193) that he was a mason,(194) and gave the words of the appeal made
+to Jesus by the man invoking his compassion: "_I was a mason, working for
+my bread with my hands. I pray thee, Jesus, restore me to soundness, that
+I eat not my bread in disgrace._"(195)
+
+It relates, what is found in St. Mark and St. Luke, but not in St.
+Matthew, that Barabbas was cast into prison for sedition and murder;(196)
+and it gives the interpretation of the name, "Son of a Rabbi."(197) These
+particulars may be correct; there is no reason to doubt them. The
+interpretation of the name may be only a gloss which found its way into
+the text.
+
+Eusebius says that Papias "gives a history of a woman who had been accused
+of many sins before the Lord, which is also contained in the Gospel
+according to the Hebrews."(198) Of this we know nothing further, for the
+text is not quoted by any ancient writers; but probably it was the same
+story as that of the woman taken in adultery related in St. John's
+Gospel.(199) But then, why did not Eusebius say that Papias gave "the
+history of the woman accused of adultery, which is also related in the
+Gospel of St. John"? Why does he speak of that story as being found in a
+Gospel written in the Syro-Chaldaean tongue, with which he himself was
+unacquainted,(200) when the same story was in the well-known Canonical
+Greek Gospel of St. John? The conclusion one must arrive at is, either
+that the stories were sufficiently differently related for him not to
+recognize them as the same, or that the incident in St. John's Gospel is
+an excerpt from the Gospel of the Hebrews, or rather from a translation of
+it, grafted into the text of the Canonical Gospel. The latter opinion is
+favoured by some critics, who think that the story of the woman taken in
+adultery did not belong to the original text, but was inserted in it in
+the fourth or fifth century.
+
+Those passages of the Gospel of the Nazarenes which most resemble passages
+in the Gospel of St. Matthew are not, however, identical with them; some
+differ only in the wording, but others by the form in which they are
+given.
+
+And the remarkable peculiarity about them is, that the lessons in the
+Gospel of the Hebrews seem preferable to those in the Canonical Gospel.
+This was apparently the opinion of St. Jerome.
+
+In chap. vi. ver. 11 of St. Matthew's Gospel, we have the article of the
+Lord's Prayer, "Give us this day our daily bread." The words used in the
+Greek of St. Matthew are, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+is one met with nowhere else, and is peculiar. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} means
+originally that which is essential, and belongs to the true nature or
+property of things. In Stoic philosophy it had the same significance as
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, matter; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} would therefore seem most justly to be
+rendered by _supersubstantial_, the word employed by St. Jerome.
+
+"Give us this day our supernatural bread." But in the Gospel of the
+Nazarenes, according to St. Jerome, the Syro-Chaldaic word for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+was {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER HET~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}, which signifies "to-morrow's," that is, our "future," or "daily"
+bread. "_Give us this day the bread for the morrow_,"(201) certainly was
+synonymous with, "Give us this day our daily bread." It is curious that
+the Protestant Reformers, shrinking from translating the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+according to its apparently legitimate rendering, lest they should give
+colour to the Catholic idea of the daily bread of the Christian soul being
+the Eucharist, should have adopted a rendering more in accordance with an
+Apocryphal than with a Canonical Gospel.
+
+In St. Matthew, xxiii. 35, Jesus reproaches the Jews for their treatment
+of the prophets, and declares them responsible for all the blood shed upon
+the earth, "from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias,
+son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the Temple and the altar."
+
+Now the Zacharias to whom our Lord referred was Zechariah, son of
+Jehoiada, and not of Barachias, who was stoned "in the court of the house
+of the Lord" by order of Joash.(202) Zacharias, son of Barachias, was not
+killed till long after the death of our Lord. He was massacred by the
+zealots inside the Temple, shortly before the siege, _i.e._ about A.D. 69.
+
+Either, then, the Greek Gospel of St. Matthew was not written till after
+the siege of Jerusalem, and so this anachronism passed into it, or the
+error is due to a copyist, who, having heard of the murder of Zacharias,
+son of Barachias, but who knew nothing of the Zacharias mentioned in
+Chronicles, corrected the Jehoiada of the original into Barachias,
+thinking that thereby he was rectifying a mistake.
+
+Now in the Gospel of the Nazarenes the name stood correctly, and the
+passage read, "_from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of
+Zacharias, the son of Jehoiada_."(203)
+
+In both these last quoted passages, the preference is to be given to the
+Nazarene Gospel, and probably also in that relating to forgiveness of a
+brother. The lost Gospel in that passage requires the brother to make
+satisfaction. It is no doubt the higher course to forgive a brother,
+whether he repent or not, seventy times seven times in the day; but it may
+almost certainly be concluded that our Lord meant that the forgiveness
+should be conditional on his repentance, for in St. Luke's Gospel the
+repentance of the trespassing brother is distinctly required. "If thy
+brother trespass against thee, rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him.
+And if he trespass against thee seven times a day, and seven times in a
+day turn again to thee, saying, I repent; thou shalt forgive him."(204) In
+St. Luke this is addressed to all the disciples; in St. Matthew, to Peter
+alone; but there can be little doubt that both passages refer to the same
+instruction, and that the fuller accounts in St. Luke and the Gospel of
+the Hebrews are the more correct. There may be less elevation in the
+precept, subject to the two restrictions, first, that the offence should
+be a verbal one, and secondly, that it should be apologized for; but it
+brings it more within compass of being practised.
+
+We come next to a much longer fragment, which shall be placed parallel
+with the passage with which it corresponds in St. Matthew.
+
+THE GOSPEL OF THE HEBREWS.       ST. MATTHEW xix. 16-24
+"_Another rich man said unto     "And, behold, one came and
+him: Master, what good thing     said unto him, Good Master,
+shall I do that I may live? He   what good thing shall I do,
+said unto him: O man, fulfil     that I may have eternal life?
+the Laws and the Prophets. And   And he said unto him, Why
+he answered him, I have done     callest thous me good? there
+so. Then said he unto him, Go,   is none good but one, that is,
+sell all that thou hast, and     God: but if thou wilt enter
+give to the poor, and come,      into life, keep the
+follow me. Then the rich man     commandments. He saith unto
+began to smite his head, and     him, Which? Jesus said, Thou
+it pleased him not. And the      shalt do no murder, Thou shalt
+Lord said unto him, How sayest   not commit adultery, Thou
+thou, I have fulfilled the Law   shalt not steal, Thou shalt
+and the Prophets, when it is     not bear false witness. Honour
+written in the Law Thou shalt    thy father and thy mother:
+love thy neighbour as thyself;   and, Thou shalt love thy
+and lo! many of thy brethren,    neighbor as thyself. The young
+sons of Abraham, are covered     man saith unto him, All these
+with filth, and dying of         things have I kept from my
+hunger, and thy house is full    youth up; what lack I yet?
+of many good things, and         Jesus said unto him, If thou
+nothing therefrom goeth forth    wilt be perfect, go and sell
+at any time unto them. And       that thou hast, and give to
+turning himself about, he said   the poor, and thou shalt have
+unto Simon, his disciple,        treasure in heave: and come
+sitting near him, Simon, son     and follow me. But when the
+of Jonas, it is easier for a     young man heard that saying,
+camel to go through the eye of   he went away sorrowful: for he
+a needle, than for a rich man    had great possessions. Then
+to enter into the kingdom, of    said Jesus unto his disciples,
+heaven_."(205)                   Verily I say unto you, That a
+                                 rich man shall hardly enter
+                                 into the kingdom of heaven.
+                                 And again I say unto you, It
+                                 is easier for a camel to go
+                                 through the eye of a needle,
+                                 than for a rich man to enter
+                                 into the kingdom of God."
+
+The comparison of these two accounts is not favourable to that in the
+Canonical Gospel. It is difficult to understand how a Jew could have
+asked, as did the rich young man, what commandments he ought to keep in
+order that he might enter into life. The Decalogue was known by heart by
+every Jew. Moreover, the narrative in the lost Gospel is more connected
+than in the Canonical Gospel. The reproach made by our Lord is admirably
+calculated to bring home to the rich man's conscience the truth, that,
+though professing to observe the letter of the Law, he was far from
+practising its spirit; and this leads up quite naturally to the
+declaration of the difficulty of a rich man obtaining salvation, or rather
+to our Lord's repeating a proverb probably common at the time in the
+East.(206)
+
+And lastly, in the proverb addressed aside to Peter, instead of to the
+rich young man, that air of harshness which our Lord's words bear in the
+Canonical Gospel, as spoken to the young man in his sorrow, entirely
+disappears. The proverb is uttered, not in stern rebuke, but as the
+expression of sad disappointment, when the rich man has retired.
+
+Another fragment from the Gospel of the Hebrews relates to the baptism of
+our Lord.
+
+The Gospel of St. Matthew gives no explanation of the occasion, the
+motive, of Jesus coming to Jordan to the baptism of John. It says simply,
+"Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of
+him."(207) But the Nazarene Gospel is more explicit.
+
+"_Behold, his mother and his brethren said unto him, John the Baptist
+baptizeth for the remission of sins; let us go and be baptized of him. But
+he said unto them, What sin have I committed, that I should be baptized of
+him, unless it be that in saying this I am in ignorance?_"(208)
+
+This is a very singular passage. We do not know the context, but we may
+presume that our Lord yields to the persuasion of his mother. Such is the
+tradition preserved in another apocryphal work, the "Preaching of St.
+Paul," issuing from an entirely different source, from a school hostile to
+the Nazarenes.(209)
+
+Another fragment continues the account after a gap.
+
+"_And when the Lord went up out of the water, the whole fountain of the
+Holy Spirit descended and rested upon him, and said unto him, My Son, I
+looked for thee in all the prophets, that thou mightest come, and that I
+might __ rest upon thee. For thou art my rest, thou art my first-begotten
+Son, who shalt reign throughout eternity._"(210)
+
+But this is not the only version we have of the narrative in the Gospel of
+the Hebrews. St. Epiphanius gives us another, which shall be placed
+parallel with the corresponding account in St. Matthew.
+
+GOSPEL OF THE HEBREWS.           ST. MATTHEW iii 13-17.
+"_The people having been         "Then cometh Jesus from
+baptized, Jesus came also, and   Galilee to Jordan unto John,
+was baptized by John. And as     to be baptized of him. But
+he came out of the water, the    John forbad him saying, I have
+heavens opened, and he saw the   need to be baptized of thee,
+Holy Spirit of God descending    and cometh thou to me? And
+under the form of a dove, and    Jesus answering, said unto
+entering into him. And a voice   him, Suffer it to be so now:
+was heard from heaven, Thou      for thus it becometh us to
+art my beloved Son, and in       fulfill all righteousness.
+thee am I well pleased. And      Then he suffered him. And
+again, This day have I           Jesus, when he was baptized,
+begotten thee. And suddenly      went up straightway out of the
+there shone a great light in     water: and, lo, the heavens
+that place. And John seeing      were opened unto him, and he
+it, said, Who art thou, Lord?    saw the Spirit of God
+Then a voice was heard from      descending like a dove, and
+heaven, This is my beloved       lighting upon him: And lo a
+Son, in whom I am well           voice from heaven, saying,
+pleased. Thereat John fell at    This is my beloved Son, in
+his feet and said, I pray        whom I am well pleased."
+thee, Lord, baptize me. But,
+he would not, saying, Suffer
+it, for so it behoveth that
+all should be
+accomplished._"(211)
+
+That the Gospel stood as in this latter passage quoted in the second
+century among the orthodox Christians of Palestine is probable, because
+with it agrees the brief citation of Justin Martyr, who says that when our
+Lord was baptized, there shone a great light around, and a voice was heard
+from heaven, saying, "Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee."
+Both occur in the Ebionite Gospel; neither in the Canonical Gospel.(212)
+
+This Gospel was certainly known to the writer of the Canonical Epistle to
+the Hebrews, for he twice takes this statement as authoritative. "For unto
+which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son, this day, have I
+begotten thee?" and more remarkably, "Christ glorified not himself to be
+made an high-priest; but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to-day
+have I begotten thee."(213) In the latter passage the author is speaking
+of the calling of priests being miraculous and manifest; and then he cites
+this call of Christ to the priesthood as answering these requirements.
+
+The order of events is not the same in the Gospel of Twelve and in that of
+St. Matthew: verses 14 and 15 of the latter, modified in an important
+point, come in the Ebionite Gospel after verses 16 and 17.
+
+There is a serious discrepancy between the account of the baptism of our
+Lord in St. Matthew and in St. John. In the former Canonical Gospel, the
+Baptist forbids Christ to be baptized by him, saying, "I have need to be
+baptized of thee, and comest thou to me?" But Jesus bids him: "Suffer it
+to be so now, for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness." Then
+Jesus is baptized, and the heavens are opened. But in St. John's Gospel,
+the Baptist says, "I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with
+water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit
+descending, and remaining upon him, the same is he which baptizeth with
+the Holy Ghost. And I saw, and bare record, that this is the Son of
+God."(214)
+
+Now the account in the Gospel of the Twelve removes this discrepancy. John
+does not know Jesus till after the light and the descent of the dove and
+the voice, and then he asks to be baptized by Jesus.
+
+It is apparent that the passage in the lost Gospel is more correct than
+that in the Canonical one. In the latter there has been an inversion of
+verses destroying the succession of events, and thus producing discrepancy
+with the account in St. John's Gospel.
+
+With these passages from the Gospel of the Twelve may be compared a
+curious one from the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs. It occurs in the
+Testament of Levi, and is a prophecy of the Messiah. "The heavens shall
+open for thee, and from above the temple of glory the voice of the Father
+shall dispense sanctification upon him, as has been promised unto Abraham,
+the father of Isaac."
+
+The passage quoted by St. Epiphanius is wholly unobjectionable
+doctrinally. It is not so with that quoted by St. Jerome; it is of a very
+different character. It exhibits strongly the Gnostic ideas which infected
+the stricter sect of the Ebionites.
+
+It was precisely on the baptism of the Lord that they laid the greatest
+stress; and it is in the account of that event that we should expect to
+find the greatest divergence between the texts employed by the orthodox
+and the heretical Nazarenes. Before his baptism he was nothing. It was
+then only that the "full fount of the Holy Ghost" descended on him, his
+election to the Messiahship was revealed, and divine power was
+communicated to him to execute the mission entrusted to him. A marked
+distinction was drawn between two portions in the life of Jesus--before and
+after his baptism. In the first they acknowledged nothing but the mere
+human nature, to the entire exclusion of everything supernatural; while
+the sudden accruing of supernatural aid at the baptism marked the moment
+when he became the Messiah. Thus the baptism was the beginning of their
+Gospel.
+
+Before that, he is liable to sin, he suggests that his believing himself
+to be free from sin may have precipitated him into sin, the sin of
+ignorance. And "_even in the prophets, after they had received the unction
+of the Holy Ghost, there was found sinful speech_."(215) This quotation
+follows, in St. Jerome, immediately after the saying cited above enjoining
+forgiveness, but it in no way dovetails into it; the passage concerning
+the recommendation by St. Mary and the brethren that they should go up to
+be baptized of John for the remission of sins, comes in the same chapter,
+and there can be little doubt that this reference to the prophets as
+sinful formed part of the answer of the Virgin to Jesus when he spoke of
+his being sinless.
+
+St. Jerome obtained his copy of the Gospel of the Hebrews from Beraea in
+Syria, and not therefore from the purest source. Had he copied and
+translated the codex he found in the library of Pamphilus at Caesarea,
+instead of that he procured from Beraea, it is probable that he would have
+found it not to contain the passages of Gnostic tendency.
+
+These interpolations were made in the second century, when Gnostic ideas
+had begun to affect the Ebionites, and break them up into more or less
+heretical sects.
+
+Their copies of the Gospel of the Hebrews differed, for the Gnostic
+Ebionites curtailed it in some places, and amplified it in others.
+
+In reconstructing the primitive lost Gospel of the Nazarenes, it is very
+necessary to note these Gnostic passages, and to withdraw them from the
+text. We shall come to some more of their additions and alterations
+presently. It is sufficient for us to note here that the heretical Gospel
+in use among the Gnostic Ebionites was based on the orthodox Gospel of the
+Hebrews. The existence of these two versions explains the very different
+treatment their Gospel meets with at the hands of the Fathers of the
+Church. Some, and these the earliest, speak of this Gospel with reverence,
+and place it almost on a line with the Canonical Gospels; others speak of
+it with horror, as an heretical corruption of the Gospel of St. Matthew.
+The former saw the primitive text, the latter the curtailed and amplified
+version in use among the heretical Ebionites.
+
+St. Paul, in his first Epistle to the Corinthians, alludes to one of the
+appearances of our Lord after his resurrection, of which no mention is
+made in the Canonical Gospels: "After that, he was seen of James."(216)
+But according to his account, this appearance took place after several
+other manifestations, viz. after that to Cephas, that to the Twelve, and
+that to five hundred brethren at once. But it preceded another appearance
+to "all the apostles." If we take the first and second to have occurred on
+Easter-day, and the last to have been the appearance to them again "after
+eight days," when St. Thomas was present, then the appearance to St. James
+must have taken place between the "even" of Easter-day and Low Sunday.
+
+Now the Gospel of the Hebrews gives a particular account of this visit to
+James, which however, according to this account, took place early on
+Easter-day, certainly before Christ stood in the midst of the apostles in
+the upper room on Easter-evening.
+
+St. Jerome says, "The Gospel according to the Hebrews relates that after
+the resurrection of the Saviour, '_The Lord, after he had given the napkin
+to the servant of the priest, went to James, and appeared to him. Now
+James had sworn with an oath that he would not eat bread from that hour
+when he drank the cup of the Lord, till he should behold him rising from
+amidst them that sleep._' And again, a little after, '_The Lord said,
+Bring a table and bread_.' And then, '_He took bread and blessed and
+brake, and gave it to James the Just, and said unto __ him, My brother,
+eat thy bread, for the Son of Man is risen from among them that
+sleep._' "(217)
+
+This touching incident is quite in keeping with what we know about St.
+James, the Lord's brother.
+
+James the Just, according to Hegesippus, "neither drank wine nor fermented
+liquors, and abstained from animal food;"(218) and though the account of
+Hegesippus is manifestly fabulous in some of its details, still there is
+no reason to doubt that James belonged to the ascetic school among the
+Jews, as did the Baptist before him, and as did the orthodox Ebionites
+after him. The oath to abstain from food till a certain event was
+accomplished was not unusual.(219)
+
+What is meant by "the Saviour giving the napkin to the servant of the
+priest," it is impossible to conjecture without the context. The napkin
+was probably that which had covered his face in the tomb, but whether the
+context linked this on to the cycle of sacred sindones impressed with the
+portrait of the Saviour's suffering face, cannot be told. The designation
+of "the Just" as applied to James is for the purpose of distinguishing him
+from James the brother of John. He does not bear that name in the
+Canonical Gospels, but the title may have been introduced by St. Jerome to
+avoid confusion, or it may have been a marginal gloss to the text.
+
+The story of this appearance found its way into the writings of St.
+Gregory of Tours,(220) who no doubt drew it from St. Jerome; and thence it
+passed into the Legenda Aurea of Jacques de Voragine.
+
+If the Lord did appear to St. James on Easter-day, as related in this lost
+Gospel, then it may have been in the morning, and not after his appearance
+to the Twelve, or on his appearance in the evening he may have singled out
+and addressed James before all the others, as on that day week he
+addressed St. Thomas. In either case, St. Paul's version would be
+inaccurate as to the order of manifestations. The pseudo-Abdias, not in
+any way trustworthy, thus relates the circumstance:
+
+
+    "James the Less among the disciples was an object of special
+    attachment to the Saviour, and he was inflamed with such zeal for
+    his Master that he would take no meat when his Lord was crucified,
+    and would only eat again when he should see Christ arisen from the
+    dead; for he remembered that when Christ was alive he had given
+    this precept to him and to his brethren. That is why he, with Mary
+    Magdalene and Peter, was the first of all to whom Jesus Christ
+    appeared, in order to confirm his disciples in the faith; and that
+    he might not suffer him to fast any longer, a piece of an
+    honeycomb having been offered him, he invited James to eat
+    thereof."(221)
+
+
+Another fragment of the lost Gospel of the Hebrews also relates to the
+resurrection:
+
+"_And when he had come to [Peter and] those that were with Peter, he said
+unto them, Take, touch me, and see that I am not a bodiless spirit. And
+straightway they touched him and believed._"(222)
+
+St. Ignatius, who cites these words, excepting only those within brackets,
+does not say whence he drew them; but St. Jerome informs us that they were
+taken from the Gospel of the Hebrews. At the same time he gives the
+passage with greater fulness than St. Ignatius.
+
+The account in St. Matthew contains nothing at all like this; but St. Luke
+mentions these circumstances, though with considerable differences. The
+Lord having appeared in the midst of his disciples, they imagine that they
+see a spirit. Then he says, "Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts
+arise in your hearts? Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself:
+handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me
+have."(223)
+
+The narrative in St. Luke's Gospel is fuller than that in the Gospel of
+the Hebrews, and is not derived from it. In the Nazarene Gospel, as soon
+as the apostles see and touch, they believe. But in the Canonical Gospel
+of St. Luke, they are not convinced till they see Christ eat.
+
+Justin Martyr cites a passage now found in the Canonical Gospel of St.
+John, but not exactly as there, evidently therefore obtaining it from an
+independent source, and that source was the Gospel of the Twelve, the only
+one with which he was acquainted, the only one then acknowledged as
+Canonical in the Nazarene Church.
+
+The passage is, "_Christ has said, Except ye be regenerate, ye cannot
+enter into the kingdom of heaven._"(224)
+
+In St. John's Gospel the parallel passage is couched in the third person:
+"Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God."(225) The
+difference stands out more clearly in the Greek than in English.
+
+We may conjecture that the primitive Gospel of the Hebrews contained an
+account of the interview of Nicodemus with our Lord. When we come to
+consider the Gospel used by the author of the Clementine Homilies and
+Recognitions, we shall find that the instruction on new birth made to
+Nicodemus was familiar to him, but not exactly in the form in which it is
+recorded by St. John.
+
+St. Jerome informs us that the lost Gospel we are considering did not
+relate that the veil of the Temple was rent in twain when Jesus gave up
+the ghost, but that the lintel stone, a huge stone, fell down.(226)
+
+That this tradition may be true is not unlikely. The rocks were rent, and
+the earth quaked, and it is probable enough that the Temple was so shaken
+that the great lintel stone fell.
+
+St. Epiphanius gives us another fragment:
+
+"_I am come to abolish the sacrifices: if ye cease not from sacrificing,
+the wrath of God will not cease from weighing upon you._"(227)
+
+In the Clementine Recognitions, a work issuing from the Ebionite anti-
+Gnostic school, we find that the abolition of the sacrifices was strongly
+insisted on. The abomination of idolatry is first exposed, and the strong
+hold that Egyptian idolatry had upon the Israelites is pointed out; then
+we are told Moses received the Law, and, in consideration of the
+prejudices of the people, tolerated sacrifice:
+
+
+    "When Moses perceived that the vice of sacrificing to idols had
+    been deeply ingrained into the people from their association with
+    the Egyptians, and that the root of this evil could not be
+    extracted from them, he allowed them to sacrifice indeed, but
+    permitted it to be done only to God, that by any means he might
+    cut off one half of the deeply ingrained evil, leaving the other
+    half to be corrected by another, and at a future time; by him,
+    namely, concerning whom he said himself, A prophet shall the Lord
+    your God raise unto you, whom ye shall hear, even as myself,
+    according to all things which he shall say to you. Whosoever shall
+    not hear that prophet, his soul shall be cut off from his
+    people."(228)
+
+
+In another place the Jewish sacrifices are spoken of as sin.(229)
+
+This hostility to the Jewish sacrificial system by Ebionites who observed
+all the other Mosaic institutions was due to their having sprung out of
+the old sect of the Essenes, who held the sacrifices in the same
+abhorrence.(230)
+
+That our Lord may have spoken against the sacrifices is possible enough.
+The passage may have stood thus: "Think not that I am come to destroy the
+Law and the Prophets; I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil;
+nevertheless, I tell you the truth, I am come to destroy the sacrifices.
+But be ye approved money-changers, choose that which is good metal, reject
+that which is bad."
+
+It is probable that in the original Hebrew Gospel there was some such
+passage, for St. Paul, or whoever was the author of the Epistle to the
+Hebrews, apparently alludes to it twice. He says, "When he cometh into the
+world he saith, Sacrifice and offering thou wouldst not, but a body hast
+thou prepared me."(231) The plain meaning of which is, not that David had
+used those words centuries before, in prophecy, but that Jesus had used
+them himself when he came into the world. If the writer of the Epistle did
+quote a passage from the Hebrew Gospel, it will have been the second from
+the same source.
+
+In the Ebionite Gospel, "by a criminal fraud," says St. Epiphanius, a
+protestation has been placed in the mouth of the Lord against the Paschal
+Sacrifice of the Lamb, by changing a positive phrase into a negative one.
+
+When the disciples ask Jesus where they shall prepare the Passover, he is
+made to reply, not, as in St. Luke, that with desire he had desired to eat
+this Passover, but, "_Have I then any desire to eat the flesh of the
+Paschal Lamb with you?_"(232)
+
+The purpose of this interpolation of two words is clear. The Samaritan
+Ebionites, like the Essenes, did not touch meat, regarding all animal food
+with the greatest repugnance.(233) By the addition of two words they were
+able to convert the saying of our Lord into a sanction of their
+superstition. But this saying of Jesus is now found only in St. Luke's
+Gospel. It must have stood originally without the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the
+Gospel of the Twelve.
+
+Another of their alterations of the Gospel was to the same intent. Instead
+of making St. John the Baptist eat locusts and wild honey, they gave him
+for his nourishment wild honey only, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+The passage in which this curious change was made is remarkable. It served
+as the introduction to the Gospel in use among the Gnostic Ebionites.
+
+"_A certain man, named Jesus, being about thirty years of age, hath chosen
+us; and having come to Capernaum, he entered into the house of Simon,
+whose surname was Peter, and he said unto him, As I passed by the Sea of
+Tiberias, I chose John and James, the sons of Zebedee, Simon and Andrew,
+Thaddaeus, Simon Zelotes and Judas Iscariot; and thee, Matthew, when thou
+wast sitting at thy tax-gatherer's table, then I called thee, and thou
+didst follow me. And you do I choose to be my twelve apostles to bear
+witness unto Israel._
+
+"_John baptized; and the Pharisees came to him, and they were baptized of
+him, and all Jerusalem also. He had a garment of camels' hair, and a
+leathern girdle about his loins, and his meat was wild honey, and the
+taste thereof was as manna, and as a cake of oil._"
+
+Apparently after this announcement of his choice of the apostles there
+followed something analogous to the preface in St. Luke's Gospel, to the
+effect that these apostles, having assembled together, had taken in hand
+to write down those things that they remembered concerning Christ and his
+teaching. And it was on this account that the Gospel obtained the name of
+the "Recollections of the Apostles," or the "Gospel of the Twelve."
+
+The special notice taken of St. Matthew, who is singled out from the
+others in this address, is significant of the relation supposed to exist
+between the Gospel and the converted publican. If we had the complete
+introduction, we should probably find that in it he was said to have been
+the scribe who wrote down the apostolic recollections.
+
+
+
+2. Doubtful Fragments.
+
+
+There are a few fragments preserved by early ecclesiastical writers which
+we cannot say for certain belonged to the Gospel of the Hebrews, but which
+there is good reason to believe formed a part of it.
+
+Origen, in his Commentary on St. Matthew, quotes a saying of our Lord
+which is not to be found in the Canonical Gospels. Origen, we know, was
+acquainted with, and quoted respectfully, the Gospel of the Hebrews. It is
+therefore probable that this quotation is taken from it: "_Jesus said, For
+the sake of the weak I became weak, for the sake of the hungry I hungered,
+for the sake of the thirsty I thirsted_."(234)
+
+That this passage, full of beauty, occurred after the words, "This kind
+goeth not out but by prayer and fasting," in commenting on which Origen
+quotes it, is probable. It is noteworthy that it is quoted in comment on
+St. Matthew's Gospel, the one to which the lost Gospel bore the closest
+resemblance, and one which Origen would probably consult whilst compiling
+his Commentary on St. Matthew.(235)
+
+The saying is so beautiful, and so truly describes the love of our Lord,
+that we must wish to believe it comes to us on such high authority as the
+Gospel of the Twelve.
+
+Another saying of Christ is quoted both by Clement of Alexandria and by
+Origen, without saying whence they drew it, but by both as undoubted
+sayings of the Saviour. It ran:
+
+"_Seek those things that are great, and little things will be added to
+you._" "_And seek ye heavenly things, and the things of this world will be
+added to you._"(236)
+
+It will be seen, the form as given by St. Clement is better and simpler
+than that given by Origen. It is probable, however, that they both formed
+members of the same saying, following the usual Hebrew arrangement of
+repeating a maxim, giving it a slightly different turn, or a wider
+expansion. In two passages in other places Origen makes allusion to this
+saying without quoting it directly.(237)
+
+In the Acts of the Apostles, St. Luke puts into the mouth of St. Paul a
+saying of Christ, which is not given by any evangelist, in these words:
+"Remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, _It is more blessed to
+give than to receive_."(238) It is curious that this saying should not
+have been inserted by St. Luke in his Gospel. Whether this saying found
+its way into the Hebrew Gospel it is impossible to tell.
+
+In the Epistle of St. Barnabas another utterance of Christ is given. This
+Epistle is so distinctly of a Judaizing character, so manifestly belongs
+to the Nazarene school, that such a reference in it makes it more than
+probable that it was taken from the Gospel received as Canonical among the
+Nazarenes. The saying of St. Barnabas is, "All the time of our life and of
+our faith will not profit us, if we have not in abhorrence the evil one
+and future temptation, even as the Son of God said, _Resist all iniquity
+and hold it in abhorrence_."(239) Another saying in the Epistle of St.
+Barnabas is, "_They who would see me, and attain to my kingdom, must
+possess me through afflictions and suffering_."(240)
+
+In the second Epistle of St. Clement of Rome to the Corinthians occurs a
+very striking passage: "Wherefore to us doing such things the Lord said,
+_If ye were with me, gathered together in my bosom, and did not keep my
+commandments, I would cast you out, and say unto you, Depart from me, I
+know not whence ye are, ye workers of iniquity_."(241)
+
+We can well understand this occurring in an anti-Pauline Gospel.
+
+Again. "The Lord said, _Be ye as lambs in the midst of wolves. Peter
+answered and said unto him, But what if the wolves shall rend the lambs?
+Jesus said unto Peter, The lambs fear not the wolves after their death;
+and ye also, do not ye fear them that kill you, and after that have
+nothing that they can do to you, but fear rather him who, after ye are
+dead, has power to cast your soul and body into hell fire._"(242)
+
+This is clearly another version of the passage, Matt. x. 16-26. In one
+particular it is fuller than in the Canonical Gospel; it introduces St.
+Peter as speaking and drawing forth the exhortation not to fear those who
+kill the body only. But it is without the long exhortation contained in
+the 17-27th verses of St. Matthew.
+
+Another saying from the same source is, "This, therefore, the Lord said,
+_Keep the flesh chaste and the seal undefiled, and ye shall receive
+eternal life_."(243) The seal is the unction of confirmation completing
+baptism, and in the primitive Church united with it. It is the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} so
+often spoken of in the Epistles of St. Paul.(244)
+
+Justin Martyr contributes another saying. We have already seen that in all
+likelihood he quoted from the Gospel of the Hebrews, or the Recollections
+of the Twelve, as he called it. He says, "On this account also our Lord
+Jesus Christ said, _In those things in which I shall overtake you, in
+those things will I judge you_."(245) Clement of Alexandria makes the same
+quotation, slightly varying the words. Justin and Clement apparently both
+translated from the original Hebrew, but did not give exactly the same
+rendering of words, though they gave the same sense.
+
+Clement gives us another saying, but does not say from what Gospel he drew
+it. "The Lord commanded in a certain Gospel, _My secret is for me and for
+the children of my home_."(246)
+
+
+
+3. The Origin of the Gospel of the Hebrews.
+
+
+We come now to a question delicate, and difficult to answer--the Origin of
+the Gospel of the Hebrews; delicate, because it involves another, the
+origin of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark; difficult, because of
+the nature of the evidence on which we shall have to form our opinion.
+
+Because the Gospel of the Hebrews is not preserved, is not in the Canon,
+it does not follow that its value was slight, its accuracy doubtful. Its
+disappearance is due partly to the fact of its having been written in
+Aramaic, but chiefly to that of its having been in use by an Aramaic-
+speaking community which assumed first a schismatical, then a heretical
+position, so that the disfavour which fell on the Nazarene body enveloped
+and doomed its Gospel as well.
+
+The four Canonical Gospels owe their preservation to their having been in
+use among those Christian communities which coalesced under the moulding
+hands of St. John. Those parties which were reluctant to abandon their
+peculiar features were looked upon with coldness, then aversion, lastly
+abhorrence. They became more and more isolated, eccentric, prejudiced,
+impracticable. Whilst the Church asserted her catholicity, organized her
+constitution, established her canon, formulated her creed, adapted herself
+to the flux of ideas, these narrow sects spent their petty lives in
+accentuating their peculiarities till they grew into monstrosities; and
+when they fell and disappeared, there fell and disappeared with them those
+precious records of the Saviour's words and works which they had
+preserved.
+
+The Hebrew Gospel was closely related to the Gospel of St. Matthew; that
+we know from the testimony of St. Jerome, who saw, copied and translated
+it. That it was not identical with the Canonical first Gospel is also
+certain. Sufficient fragments have been preserved to show that in many
+points it was fuller, in some less complete, than the Greek Gospel of St.
+Matthew. The two Gospels were twin sisters speaking different tongues. Was
+the Greek of the first Gospel acquired, or was it original? This is a
+point deserving of investigation before we fix the origin and determine
+the construction of the Hebrew Gospel.
+
+According to a fragment of a lost work by Papias, written about the middle
+of the second century, under the title of "Commentary on the Sayings of
+the Lord,"(247) the apostle Matthew was the author of a collection of the
+"sayings," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, of our blessed Lord. The passage has been already given,
+but it is necessary to quote it again here: "Matthew wrote in the Hebrew
+dialect the sayings, and every one interpreted them as best he was
+able."(248) These "logia" could only be, according to the signification of
+the word (Rom. iii. 2; Heb. v. 12; Pet. iv. 11; Acts vii. 38), a
+collection of the sayings of the Saviour that were regarded as oracular,
+as "the words of God." That they were the words of Jesus, follows from the
+title given by Papias to his commentary, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}.
+
+This brief notice is sufficient to show that Matthew's collection was not
+the Gospel as it now stands. It was no collection of the acts, no
+biography, of the Saviour; it was solely a collection of his discourses.
+
+This is made clearer by what Papias says in the same work on St. Mark. He
+relates that the latter wrote not only what Jesus had _said_, but also
+what he _did_;(249) whereas St. Matthew wrote only what had been
+_said_.(250)
+
+The work of Matthew, therefore, contained no doings, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, but only
+sayings, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, which were, according to Papias, written in Hebrew,
+_i.e._ the vernacular Aramaic, and which were translated into Greek by
+every one as best he was able.
+
+This notice of Papias is very ancient. The Bishop of Hierapolis is called
+by Irenaeus "a very old man."(251) and by the same writer is said to have
+been "a friend of Polycarp," and "one who had heard John."(252) That this
+John was the apostle is not certain. It was questioned by Eusebius in his
+mention of the Prooemium of Papias. John the priest and John the apostle
+were both at Ephesus, and both lived there at the close of the first
+century. Some have thought the Apocalypse to have been the work of the
+priest John, and not of the apostle. Others have supposed that there was
+only one John. However this may be, it is certain that Papias lived at a
+time when it was possible to obtain correct information relating to the
+origin of the sacred books in use among the Christians.
+
+According to the Prooemium of Papias, which Eusebius has preserved, the
+Bishop of Hierapolis had obtained his knowledge, not directly from the
+apostles, nor from the apostle John, but from the mouths of men who had
+companied with old priests and disciples of the apostles, and who had
+related to him what Andrew, Peter, Philip, Thomas, James, John and other
+disciples of the Lord had said ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Besides the testimony of these
+priests, Papias appealed further to the evidence of Aristion and the
+priest John, disciples of the Lord,(253) still alive and bearing testimony
+when he wrote. "And," says Papias, "I do not think that I derived so much
+benefit from books as from the living voice of those that are still
+surviving."(254)
+
+Papias, therefore, had his information about the apostles second-hand,
+from those "who followed them about." Nevertheless, his evidence is quite
+trustworthy. He takes pains to inform us that he used great precaution to
+obtain the truth about every particular he stated, and the means of
+obtaining the truth were at his disposal. That Papias was a man "of a
+limited comprehension"(255) does not affect the trustworthiness of his
+statement. Eusebius thus designates him because he believed in the
+Millennium; but so did most of the Christians of the first age, as well as
+in the immediate second coming of Christ, till undeceived by events.
+
+The statement of Papias does not justify us in supposing that Matthew
+wrote the Gospel in Hebrew, but only a collection of the logia, the
+sayings of Jesus. Eusebius did not mistake the Sayings for the Gospel, for
+he speaks separately of the Hebrew Gospel,(256) without connecting it in
+any way with the testimony of Papias.
+
+According to Eusebius, Papias wrote his Commentary in five books.(257) It
+is not improbable, therefore, that the "Logia" were broken into five parts
+or grouped in five discourses, and that he wrote an explanation of each
+discourse in a separate book or chapter.
+
+The statement of Papias, if it does not refer to the Gospel of St. Matthew
+as it now stands, does refer to one of the constituent parts of that
+Gospel, and does explain much that would be otherwise inexplicable.
+
+1. St. Matthew's Gospel differs from St. Mark's in that it contains long
+discourses, sayings and parables, which are wanting or only given in a
+brief form in the second Canonical Gospel. It is therefore probable that
+in its composition were used the "Logia of the Lord," written by Matthew.
+
+2. If the collection of "Sayings of the Lord" consisted, as has been
+suggested, of five parts, then we find traces in the Canonical Matthew of
+five groups of discourses, concluded by the same formulary: "And it came
+to pass when Jesus had ended these sayings" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), or
+"parables," vii. 28, xi. 1, xiii. 53,. xix. 1, xxvi. 1. It is not,
+however, possible to restore all the "logia" to their primitive positions,
+for they have been dispersed through the Canonical Gospel, and arranged in
+connection with the events which called them forth. In the "Sayings of the
+Lord" of Matthew, these events were not narrated; but all the sayings were
+placed together, like the proverbs in the book of Solomon.
+
+3. The "Logia" of the Lord were written by Matthew in Hebrew, _i.e._ in
+the vernacular Aramaic. If they have formed the groundwork, or a composite
+part of the Canonical Gospel, we are likely to detect in the Greek some
+traces of their origin. And this, in fact, we are able to do.
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. In the first place, we have the introduction of Aramaic words, as Raka
+(v. 22),(258) Mammon (vi. 22),(259) Gehenna (v. 22),(260) Amen (v.
+18).(261) Many others might be cited, but these will suffice.
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}. Next, we have the use of illustrations which are only comprehensible by
+Hebrews, as "One jot and one tittle shall in no wise fall." The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of
+the Greek text is the Aramaic Jod (v. 18); but the "one tittle" is more
+remarkable. In the Greek it is "one horn," or "stroke."(262) The idea is
+taken from the Aramaic orthography. A stroke distinguishes one consonant
+from another, as {~HEBREW LETTER HET~} and {~HEBREW LETTER HE~} from {~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}. With this the Greeks had nothing that
+corresponded.
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}. We find Hebraisms in great number in the discourses of our Lord given
+by St. Matthew.(263)
+
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}. We find mistranslations. The Greek Canonical text gives a wrong
+meaning, or no meaning at all, through misunderstanding of the Aramaic. By
+restoration of the Aramaic text we can rectify the translation. Thus:
+
+Matt. vii. 6, "Give not that which is holy to dogs, neither cast ye your
+pearls before swine." The word "holy," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, is a misinterpretation of
+the Aramaic {~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, a gold jewel for the ear, head or neck.(264) The
+translator mistook the word for {~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, or {~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER SHIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} without {~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} "the holy." The
+sentence in the original therefore ran, "Give not a gold jewel to dogs,
+neither cast pearls before swine."
+
+Matt. v. 37, "Let your conversation be Yea, yea, Nay, nay." This is
+meaningless. But if we restore the construction in Aramaic we have {~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}
+{~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER KAF~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~} {~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~} {~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~}, {~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} {~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}, and the meaning is, "In your conversation let your yea
+be yea, and your nay be nay." The yea, yea, and nay, nay, in the Hebrew
+come together, and this misled the translator. St. James quotes the saying
+rightly (v. 12), "Let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay; lest ye fall
+into condemnation." It is a form of a Rabbinic maxim, "The yea of the
+righteous is yea, and their nay is nay." It is an injunction to speak the
+truth.
+
+We have therefore good grounds for our conjecture that St. Matthew's
+genuine "Sayings of the Lord" form a part of the Canonical Gospel.
+
+We have next to consider, Whence came the rest of the material, the record
+of the "doings of the Lord," which the compiler interwove with the
+"Sayings"?
+
+We have tolerably convincing evidence that the compiler placed under
+contribution both Aramaic and Greek collections.
+
+For the citations from the Old Testament are not taken exclusively from
+the Hebrew Scriptures, nor from the Greek translation of the Seventy; but
+some are taken from the Greek translation, and some are taken from the
+Hebrew, or from a Syro-Chaldaean Targum or Paraphrase, probably in use at
+the time.
+
+Matt. i. 23, "A virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son."
+This is quoted as a prophecy of the miraculous conception. But it is only
+a prophecy in the version of the LXX., which renders the Hebrew word
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "virgin." The Hebrew word does not mean virgin exclusively, but
+"a young woman." We may therefore conclude that verses 22, 23, were
+additions by the Greek compiler of the Gospel, unacquainted with the
+original Hebrew text.
+
+Matt. ii. 15, "Out of Egypt have I called my son." This is quoted
+literally from the Hebrew text. That of the LXX. has, "Out of Egypt have I
+called my children," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. This made the saying of Hosea no prophecy
+of our Lord; consequently he who inserted this reference can have known
+only the Hebrew text, and not the Greek version. But in ii. 18, the
+compiler follows the LXX. And again, ii. 23, "He shall be called a
+Nazarene," {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The Hebrew is {~HEBREW LETTER KAF~}{~HEBREW LETTER ZAYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~} of which {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is no
+translation. The LXX. have {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The compiler was caught by the
+similarity of sounds.
+
+Matt. iii. 3. Here the construction of the LXX. is followed, which unites
+"in the wilderness" with "the voice of one crying." The Hebrew was
+therefore not known by the compiler.
+
+Matt. iv. 15. Here the LXX. is not followed, for the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} is used in
+place of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The quotation is not, moreover, taken exactly from Isaiah,
+but apparently from a Targum.
+
+Matt. viii. 17. This quotation is nearer the original Hebrew than the
+rendering of the LXX.
+
+Matt. xii. 18-21. In this citation we have an incorrect rendering of the
+Hebrew {~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~} "at his teaching," made by the LXX. "in his name," adopted
+without hesitation by the compiler. He also accepts the erroneous
+rendering of "islands," made "nation," "Gentiles," by the LXX.
+
+But, on the other hand, "till he send forth judgment unto victory," is
+taken from neither the original Hebrew nor from the LXX., and is probably
+derived from a Targum.
+
+Thus in this passage we have apparently a combination of two somewhat
+similar accounts--the one in Greek, the other in Aramaic.
+
+Matt. xiii. 35. This also is a compound text. The first half is from the
+LXX., but the second member is from a Hebrew Targum.
+
+Matt. xxvii. 3. In the Hebrew, the field is not a "potter's," nor is it in
+the LXX., who use {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} "the smelting-furnace." The word in the
+Hebrew signifies "treasury." The composer of the Gospel, therefore must
+have quoted from a Targum, and been ignorant both of the genuine Hebrew
+Scriptures and of the Greek translation of the Seventy.
+
+These instances are enough to show that the material used for the
+compilation of the first Canonical Gospel was very various; that the
+author had at his disposal matter in both Aramaic and Greek.
+
+We shall find, on looking further, that he inserted two narratives of the
+same event in his Gospel in different places, if they differed slightly
+from one another, when coming to him from different sources.
+
+The following are parallel passages:
+
+iv. 23 And Jesus went about      ix. 35 And Jesus went about
+all Galilee, teaching in their   all the cities and villages,
+synagogues, and preaching the    teaching in their synagogues,
+gospel of the kingdom, and       and preaching the gospel of
+healing all manner of sickness   the kingdom, and healing every
+and all manner of disease        sickness and every disease
+among the people.                among the people.
+v. 29 And if thy right eye       xviii. 9 And if thine eye
+offend thee, pluck it out, and   offend thee, pluck it out, and
+cast it from thee: for it is     cast it from thee: it is
+profitable for thee that one     better for thee to enter into
+of thy members should perish,    life with one eye, rather than
+and not that thy whole body      having two eyes to be cast
+should be cast into hell.        into hell fire.
+30 And if thy right hand         8 Wherefore if thy hand or thy
+offend thee, cut it off, and     foot offend thee, cut them
+cast it from thee: for it is     off, and cast them from thee:
+profitable for thee that one     it is better for thee to enter
+of thy members should perish,    into life halt or maimed,
+and not that thy whole body      rather than having two hands
+should be cast into hell.        or two feet to be cast into
+                                 everlasting fire.
+32 But I say unto you, That      xix. 9 And I say unto you,
+whosoever shall put away his     Whosoever shall put away his
+wife, saving for the cause of    wife, except it be for
+fornication, causeth her to      fornication, and shall marry
+commit adultery: and whosoever   another, committeth adultery:
+shall marry her that is          and whoso marrieth her which
+divorced committeth adultery.    is put away doth commit
+                                 adultery.
+vi. 14 For if ye forgive men     xviii. 35 So likewise shall my
+their trespasses, your           heavenly Father do also unto
+heavenly Father will also        you, if ye from your hearts
+forgive you:                     forgive not every one his
+                                 brother their trespasses.
+15 But if ye forgive not men
+their trespasses, neither will
+your Father forgive your
+trespasses.
+vii. 16 Ye shall know them by    xii. 33 Either make the tree
+their fruits. Do men gather      good, and his fruit good; or
+grapes of thorns, or figs of     else make the tree corrupt,
+thistles?                        and his fruit corrupt: for the
+                                 tree is known by his fruit.
+17 Even so every good tree
+bringeth forth good fruit; but
+a corrupt tree bringeth forth
+evil fruit.
+18 A good tree cannot bring
+forth evil fruit, neither can
+a corrupt tree bring forth
+good fruit.
+ix. 13 But go ye and learn       what this meaneth, I will have
+what that meaneth, I will have   mercy, and not sacrifice.
+mercy, and not sacrifice.
+ix. 34 But the Pharisees said,   xii. 24 But when the Pharisees
+He casteth out devils through    heard it, they said, This
+the prince of the devils.        fellow doth not cast out
+                                 devils, but by Beelzebub the
+                                 prince of the devils.
+x. 15 Verily I say unto you,     xi. 24. But I say unto you,
+It shall be more tolerable for   That it shall be more
+the land of Sodom and Gomorrha   tolerable for the land of
+in the day of judgment, than     Sodom in the day of judgment,
+for that city.                   than for thee.
+17 But beware of men: for they   xxiv. 9 Then shall they
+will deliver you up to the       deliver you up to be
+councils, and they will          afflicted, and shall kill you:
+scourge you in their             and ye shall be hated of all
+synagogues;                      nations for my name's sake.
+22 And ye shall be hated of
+all men for my name's sake.
+xii. 39 But he answered and      xvi. 4 A wicked and adulterous
+said unto them, An evil and      generation seeketh after a
+adulterous generation seeketh    sign; and there shall no sign
+after a sign; and there shall    be given unto it, but the sign
+no sign be given to it; but      of the prophet Jonas.
+the sign of the prophet Jonas.
+xiii.12 For whosoever hath, to   xxv. 29 For unto every one
+him shall be given, and he       that hath shall be given, and
+shall have more abundance: but   he shall have abundance: but
+whosoever hath not, from him     from him that hath not shall
+shall be taken away even that    be taken away even that which
+he hath.                         he hath.
+xiv. 5 And when he would have    xxi. 26 But if we shall say,
+put him to death, he feared      Of men; we fear the people;
+the multitude, because they      for all hold John as a
+counted him as a prophet.        prophet.
+xvi. 19 And I will give unto     xviii. 18 Verily I say unto
+thee the keys of the kingdom     you, Whatsoever ye shall bind
+of heaven: and whatsoever thou   on earth shall be bound in
+shalt bind on earth shall be     heaven: and whatsoever ye
+bound in heaven: and             shall loose on earth shall be
+whatsoever thou shalt loose on   loosed in heaven.
+earth shall be loosed in
+heaven.
+xvii. 20 And Jesus said unto     xxi. 21 Jesus answered and
+them, Because of your            said unto them, Verily I say
+unbelief: for verily I say       unto you, If ye have faith and
+unto you, If ye have faith as    doubt not, ye shall not only
+a grain of mustard seed, ye      do this which is done to the
+shall say unto this mountain,    fig tree, but also if ye shall
+Remove hence to yonder place;    say unto this mountain, Be
+and it shall remove; and         thou removed, and be thou cast
+nothing shall be impossible      into the sea; it shall be
+unto you.                        done.
+xxiv. 11  And many false         xxiv. 24 For there shall arise
+prophets shall rise, and shall   false Christs, and false
+deceive many.                    prophets and shall shew great
+                                 signs and wonders: insomuch
+                                 that, if it were possible,
+                                 they should deceive the very
+                                 elect.
+xxiv. 23 Then if any man shall   xxiv. 26 Wherefore if they
+say unto you, Lo, here is        shall say unto you, Behold, he
+Christ, or there; believe it     is in the desert, go not
+not.                             forth: behold, he is in the
+                                 secret chamber; believe it
+                                 not.
+
+The existence in the first Canonical Gospel of these duplicate passages
+proves that the editor of it in its present form made use of materials
+from different sources, which he worked together into a complete whole.
+And these duplicate passages are the more remarkable, because, where his
+memory does not fail him, he takes pains to avoid repetition.
+
+It would seem therefore plain that the compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel
+made use of, first, a Collection of the Sayings of the Lord, of undoubted
+genuineness, drawn up by St. Matthew; second, of two or more Collections
+of the Sayings and Doings of the Lord, also, no doubt, genuine, but not
+necessarily by St. Matthew.
+
+One of these sources was made use of also by St. Mark in the composition
+of his Gospel.
+
+According to the testimony of Papias:
+
+
+    "John the Priest said this: Mark being the interpreter of Peter,
+    whatsoever he recorded he wrote with great accuracy, but not,
+    however, in the order in which it was spoken or done by our Lord,
+    for he neither heard nor followed our Lord, but, as before said,
+    he was in company with Peter, who gave him such instruction as
+    occasion called forth, but did not study to give a history of our
+    Lord's discourses; wherefore Mark has not erred in anything, by
+    writing this and that as he has remembered them; for he was
+    carefully attentive to one thing, not to pass by anything that he
+    heard, nor to state anything falsely in these accounts."(265)
+
+
+It has been often asked and disputed, whether this statement applies to
+the Gospel of St. Mark received by the Church into her sacred canon.
+
+It can hardly be denied that the Canonical Gospel of Mark does answer in
+every particular to the description of its composition by John the Priest.
+John gives five characteristics to the work of Mark:
+
+1. A striving after accuracy.(266)
+
+2. Want of chronological succession in his narrative, which had rather the
+character of a string of anecdotes and sayings than of a biography.(267)
+
+3. It was composed of records of both the sayings and the _doings_ of
+Jesus.(268)
+
+4. It was no syntax of sayings ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), like the work of
+Matthew.(269)
+
+5. It was the composition of a companion of Peter.(270)
+
+These characteristic features of the work of Mark agree with the Mark
+Gospel, some of the special features of which are:
+
+1. Want of order: it is made up of a string of episodes and anecdotes, and
+of sayings manifestly unconnected.
+
+2. The order of events is wholly different from that in Matthew, Luke and
+John.
+
+3. Both the sayings and the doings of Jesus are related in it.
+
+4. It contains no long discourses, like the Gospel of St. Matthew,
+arranged in systematic order.
+
+5. It contains many incidents which point to St. Peter as the authority
+for them, and recall his preaching.
+
+To this belong--the manner in which the Gospel opens with the baptism of
+John, just as St. Peter's address (Acts x. 37-41) begins with that event
+also; the many little incidents mentioned which give token of having been
+related by an eye-witness, and in which the narrative of St. Matthew is
+deficient.(271) St. Mark's Gospel is also rich in indications of the
+feelings of the people toward Jesus, such as an eye-witness must have
+observed,(272) and of notices of movements of the body--small significant
+acts, which could not escape one present who described what he had
+seen.(273)
+
+That the composer of St. Matthew's Gospel made use of the material out of
+which St. Mark compiled his, that is, of the memorabilia of St. Peter, is
+evident. Whole passages of St. Mark's Gospel occur word for word, or
+nearly so, in the Gospel of St. Matthew.(274)
+
+Moreover, it is apparent that sometimes the author of St. Matthew's Gospel
+misunderstood the text. A few instances must suffice here.
+
+Mark ii. 18: "And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees were fasting.
+And they came to him and said to him, Why do the disciples of John, and
+the disciples of the Pharisees, fast, and thy disciples fast not?" It is
+clear that it was then a fasting season, which the disciples of Jesus were
+not observing. The "they" who came to him does not mean "the disciples of
+John and of the Pharisees," but certain other persons. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} is so
+used in St. Mark's Gospel in several places, like the French "on venait."
+
+But the compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel did not understand this use of
+the verb without a subject expressed, and he made "the disciples of John"
+ask the question.
+
+Mark vi. 10: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. That is, "Wherever (_i.e._ in whatsoever town or village) ye
+enter into a house, therein remain (i.e. in that house) till ye go away
+thence (_i.e._ from that city or village)." By leaving out the word
+_house_, Matthew loses the sense of the command (x. 11), "Into whatsoever
+town or village ye enter--remain in it till ye go out of it."
+
+Mark vii. 27, 28. The Lord answers the Syro-Phoenician woman, "Let the
+children first be filled: for it is not meet to take the children's bread,
+and to cast it unto the dogs." The woman answers, "Yes, Lord; yet the dogs
+under the table eat of the children's crumbs." The meaning is, God gives
+His grace and mercy first to the Jews (the children); and this must not be
+taken from the Jews to be given to the heathen (the dogs). True, answers
+the woman; but the heathen do partake of the blessings that overflow from
+the portion of the Jews.
+
+But the so-called Matthew did not catch the signification, and the point
+is lost in his version (xv. 27). He makes the woman answer, "The dogs eat
+of the crumbs which fall from _their masters'_ table."
+
+Mark x. 13. According to St. Mark, parents brought their children to
+Christ, probably with some superstitious idea, to be touched. This
+offended the disciples. "They rebuked those that brought them." But Jesus
+was displeased, and said to the disciples, "Suffer the little children to
+come unto me." And instead of fulfilling the superstitious wishes of the
+parents, he took the children in his arms and blessed them. But the text
+used by St. Matthew's compilator was probably defective at the end of
+verse 13, and ended, "and his disciples rebuked...." The compiler
+therefore completed it with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and then
+misunderstood verse 14, and applied the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} differently: "Let go the
+children, and do not hinder them from coming to me." In St. Mark, the
+disciples rebuke the parents; in St. Matthew, they rebuke the children,
+and intercept them on their way to Christ.
+
+Mark xii. 8: "They slew him and cast him out," _i.e._ cast out the dead
+body. The compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel did not see this. He could not
+understand how that the son was killed and then cast out of the vineyard;
+so he altered the order into, "They cast him out and slew him" (xxi.
+38).(275)
+
+Examples might be multiplied, but these must suffice. If I am not
+mistaken, they go far to prove that the author of St. Matthew's Gospel
+used the material, or some of the material, out of which St. Mark's Gospel
+was composed.
+
+But there are also other proofs. The text of St. Mark has been taken into
+that of St. Matthew's Gospel, but not without some changes, corrections
+which the compiler made, thinking the words of the text in his hands were
+redundant, vulgar, or not sufficiently explicit.
+
+Thus Mark i. 5: "The whole Jewish land and all they of Jerusalem," he
+changed into, "Jerusalem and all Judaea."
+
+Mark i. 12: "The Spirit driveth," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, he softened into "led,"
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.
+
+Mark iii. 4: "He saith, Is it lawful to do good on the Sabbath-days, or to
+do evil?" In St. Matthew's Gospel, before performing a miracle, Christ
+argues the necessity of showing mercy on the Sabbath-day, and supplies
+what is wanting in St. Mark--the conclusion, "Wherefore it is lawful to do
+well on the Sabbath-days" (xii. 12).
+
+Mark iv. 12: "That seeing they might not see, and hearing they might not
+hear." This seemed harsh to the compiler of St. Matthew. It was as if
+unbelief and blindness were fatally imposed by God on men. He therefore
+alters the tenor of the passage, and attributes the blindness of the
+people, and their incapability of understanding, to their own grossness of
+heart (xiii. 14, 15).
+
+Mark v. 37: "The ship was freighted," in St. Matthew, is altered into,
+"the ship was covered" with the waves (viii. 34).
+
+Mark vi. 9 "Money in the girdle," changed into, "money in the girdles" (x.
+9).
+
+Mark ix. 42: "A millstone were put on his neck," changed to, "were hung
+about his neck" (xviii. 6).
+
+Mark x. 17: "Sell all thou hast;" Matt. xix. 21, "all thy possessions."
+
+Mark xii. 30: "He took a woman;" Matt. xxii. 25, "he married."
+
+But if it be evident that the author of St. Matthew's Gospel laid under
+contribution the material used by St. Mark, it is also clear that he did
+not use St. Mark's Gospel as it stands. He had the fragmentary memorabilia
+of which it was made up, or a large number of them, but unarranged. He
+sorted them and wove them in with the "Logia" written by St. Matthew, and
+_afterwards_, independently, without knowledge, probably, of what had been
+done by the compiler of the first Gospel, St. Mark compiled his. Thus St.
+Matthew's is the first Gospel in order of composition, though much of the
+material of St. Mark's Gospel was written and in circulation first.
+
+This will appear when we see how independently of one another the compiler
+of St. Matthew and St. Mark arrange their "memorabilia."
+
+It is unnecessary to do more to illustrate this than to take the contents
+of Matt. iv.--xiii.
+
+According to St. Matthew, after the Sermon on the Mount, Christ heals the
+leper, then enters Capernaum, where he receives the prayer of the
+centurion, and forthwith enters into Peter's house, where he cures the
+mother-in-law, and the same night crosses the sea.
+
+But according to St. Mark, Christ cast out the unclean spirit in the
+synagogue at Capernaum, then healed Peter's wife's mother, and, not the
+same night but long after, crossed the sea. On his return he went through
+the villages preaching, and then healed the leper.
+
+The accounts are the same, but the order is altogether different. The
+deutero-Matthew must have had the material used by Mark under his eye, for
+he adopts it into his narrative; but he cannot have had St. Mark's Gospel,
+or he would not have so violently disturbed the order of events.
+
+The compiler has been guilty of an inaccuracy in the use of "Gergesenes"
+instead of Gadarenes. St. Mark is right. Gadara was situated near the
+river Hieromax, east of the Sea of Galilee, over against Scythopolis and
+Tiberias, and capital of Peraea. This agrees exactly with what is said in
+the Gospels of the miracle performed in the "country of the Gadarenes."
+The swine rushed violently down a steep place and perished in the lake.
+Jesus had come from the N.W. shore of the Sea to Gadara in the S.E. But
+the country of the Gergesenes can hardly be the same as that of the
+Gadarenes. Gerasa, the capital, was on the Jabbok, some days' journey
+distant from the lake. The deutero-Matthew was therefore ignorant of the
+topography of the neighbourhood whence Levi, that is Matthew, was called.
+
+St. Mark says that Christ healed one demoniac in the synagogue of
+Capernaum, then crossed the lake, and healed the second in Gadara. But St.
+Matthew, or rather the Greek compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel, has fused
+these two events into one, and makes Christ heal both possessed men in the
+country of the Gergesenes. In like manner we have twice the healing of two
+blind men (ix. 27 and xx. 30), whereas the other evangelists know of only
+single blind men being healed on both occasions. How comes this? The
+compiler had two accounts of each miracle of healing the blind, slightly
+varying. He thought they referred to the same occasion, but to different
+persons, and therefore made Christ heal two men, whereas he had given
+sight to but one.
+
+In the former case the compiler had not such a circumstantial account of
+the restoration to sound mind of the demoniac in the synagogue as St. Mark
+had received from St. Peter. He knew only that on the occasion of Christ's
+visit to the Sea of Tiberias he had recovered two men who were possessed,
+and so he made the healing of both take place simultaneously at the same
+spot.
+
+An equally remarkable instance of the fact that St. Matthew's Gospel was
+made up of fragmentary "recollections" by various eye-witnesses, is that
+of the dumb man possessed with a devil, in ix. 32. At Capernaum, after
+having restored Jairus' daughter to life and healed the two blind men, the
+same day the dumb man is brought to him. The devil is cast out, the dumb
+speaks, and the Pharisees say, "He casteth out devils through the prince
+of the devils."
+
+This is exactly the same account which has been used by St. Luke (xi. 14).
+But in xii. 22 we have the same incident over again. There is brought unto
+Christ one possessed with a devil, blind and dumb; him Christ heals;
+whereupon the Pharisees say, "This fellow doth not cast out devils but by
+Beelzebub the prince of the devils." Then follows the solemn warning
+against blasphemy.
+
+It is clear that the Greek compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel must have had
+two independent accounts of this miracle, one with the warning against
+blasphemy appended to it, the other without. He gives both accounts, one
+as occurring at Capernaum, the other much later, after Jesus had gone
+about Galilee preaching, and the Pharisees had conspired against him.
+
+St. Matthew says that after the healing of Peter's wife's mother, Jesus,
+that same evening, cured many sick, and in the night crossed to the
+country of the Gergesenes. But St. Mark says that he remained that night
+at Capernaum, and rose early next morning before day, and went into a
+solitary place. According to him, this crossing over the sea did not occur
+till long after.
+
+The following table will show how remarkably discordant is the arrangement
+of events in the two evangels. The order of succession differs, but not
+the events and teaching recorded; surely a proof that both writers
+composed these Gospels out of similar but fragmentary accounts available
+to both. The following table will show this disagreement at a glance.
+
+ST. MATTHEW.                     ST. MARK.
+(At Capernaum), iv. 13.          (At Capernaum), i. 21.
+1. Goes about preaching in the   Heals man with unclean spirit
+villages of Galilee (23), 1.     (23-28).
+2. Sermon on the Mount           5. Peter's mother-in-law
+(v.-vii.).                       healed (30, 31).
+3. Leper cleansed (viii. 2-4).   6. At even heals the sick
+                                 (32-34).
+4. Centurion's servant healed
+(5-13).
+5. Peter's wife's mother         Next day rises early and goes
+healed (14, 15).                 into a solitary place (35-37).
+                                 (Leaves Capernaum).
+6. At even cures the sick        1. Goes about the villages of
+(16).                            Galilee (38-39).
+7. Same night crosses the sea    3.  Heals the leper (40, 41).
+(18-27).
+(In the country of               (Outside the town of
+Gergesenes).                     Capernaum), 45.
+8.  Heals two demoniacs
+(28-39).
+(Returns to Capernaum), ix. 1.   (Returns to Capernaum), ii. 1.
+9. Sick of the palsy healed      9. Sick of the palsy healed
+(2-8).                           (2-13).
+10. Calls Matthew (9).
+11. Hemorrhitess cured           10. Levi called (14).
+(20-22).
+12. Jairus' daughter restored    19.  Plucks the ears of corn
+(18-26).                         (23-28).
+13. Two blind men healed         20.  Heals the withered hand
+(27-30).                         (iii. 1-5).
+14. Dumb man healed (32, 33).    21.  Consultation against
+                                 Jesus (6). (Leaves Capernaum),
+                                 7.
+15. Warning against blasphemy    6. Heals many sick (10-12).
+(34).
+(Goes about Galilee), 35 and     Goes into a mountain and
+xi. 1.
+16. Sends out the Twelve (x).    chooses the Twelve (13-19).
+(Probably at Capernaum).         15, 23.  The Pharisees
+                                 blaspheme;
+17. John's disciples come to     warning against blasphemy
+him (xi. 2-6).                   (22-30).
+18. Denunciation of cities of    24.  Mother and brethren seek
+Galilee (20-24).                 him (31-35).
+19. Plucks the ears of com       25. Teaches from the ship;
+(xii. 1-9).                      parable of the sower (iv.
+                                 1-20).
+20. Heals the withered hand      7. Crosses the lake in a storm
+(10-13).                         (35-41).
+21. Consultation against Jesus   (In the country of Gadarenes).
+(14).
+(Leaves Capernaum), 15.          8.  Heals the demoniac (v.
+                                 1-20).
+22. Heals deaf and dumb man      (Returns to Capernaum), 21.
+(22).
+23. Denunciation of blasphemy    11. Hemorrhitess healed
+(24-32).                         (25-34).
+                                 12. Jairus' daughter restored
+                                 (22-43).
+24. Mother and brethren seek     16. Sends out the Twelve (vi.
+Jesus (46-50).                   7-13).
+25. Teaches from the ship;
+parable of sower (xiii. 1-12).
+(Returns to his own country),
+53.
+
+The order in St. Luke is again different. Jesus calls Levi, chooses the
+Twelve, preaches the sermon on the plain, heals the Centurion's servant,
+goes then from place to place preaching. Then occurs the storm on the
+lake, and after having healed the demoniac Jesus returns to Capernaum,
+cures the woman with the bloody flux, raises Jairus' daughter and sends
+out the Twelve.
+
+In the Gospel of St. Mark, the parable of the sower is spoken on "the same
+day" on which, in the evening, Jesus crosses the lake in a storm.
+
+In the Gospel of St. Matthew, this parable is spoken long after, on "the
+same day" as his mother and brethren seek him, and this is after he has
+been in the country of the Gadarenes, has returned to Capernaum, gone
+about Galilee preaching, come back again to Capernaum, but has been driven
+away again by the conspiracy of the Pharisees.
+
+It would appear from an examination of the two Gospels that articles 23,
+24 and 25 composed one document, for both St. Matthew and St. Mark used it
+as it is, in a block, only they differ as to where to build it in.
+
+19, 20 and 21 formed another block of Apostolic Memorabilia, and was built
+in by the deutero-Matthew in one place and by St. Mark in another. 5 and
+6, and again 9 and 10, were smaller compound recollections which the
+compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel and St. Mark obtained in their concrete
+forms. On the other hand, 3 and 16 formed recollections consisting of but
+one member, and are thrust into the narrative where the two compilers
+severally thought most suitable. We are therefore led by the comparison of
+the order in which events in our Lord's life are related by St. Matthew
+and St. Mark, to the conclusion, that the author of the first Gospel as it
+stands had not St. Mark's Gospel in its complete form before him when he
+composed his record.
+
+We have yet another proof that this was so.
+
+St. Matthew's Gospel is not so full in its account of some incidents in
+our Lord's life as is the Gospel of St. Mark.
+
+The compiler of the first Gospel has shown throughout his work the
+greatest anxiety to insert every particular he could gather relating to
+the doings and sayings of Jesus. This has led him into introducing the
+same event or saying over a second time if he found more than one version
+of it. Had he all the material collected in St. Mark's Gospel at his
+disposal, he would not have omitted any of it.
+
+But we do not find in St. Matthew's Gospel the following passages:
+
+Mark iv. 26-29, the parable of the seed springing up, a type of the growth
+of the Gospel without further labour to the minister than that of
+spreading it abroad. The meaning of this parable is different from that in
+Matt. xii. 24-30, and therefore the two parables are not to be regarded as
+identical.
+
+Mark viii. 22-26. By omitting the narrative of what took place at
+Bethsaida, an apparent gap occurs in the account of St. Matthew after xvi.
+4-12. The journey across the sea leads one to expect that Christ and his
+disciples will land somewhere on the coast. But Matthew, without any
+mention of a landing at Bethsaida, translates Jesus and the apostolic band
+to Caesarea Philippi. But in Mark, Jesus and his disciples land at
+Bethsaida, and after having performed a miracle of healing there on a
+blind man--a miracle, the particulars of which are very full and
+interesting--they go on foot to Caesarea Philippi (viii. 27). That the
+compiler of the first Gospel should have left this incident out
+deliberately is not credible.
+
+Mark ix. 38, 39. In St. Matthew's collection of the Logia of our Lord
+there existed probably the saying of Christ, "He that is not with me is
+against me" (Matt. xii. 30). St. Mark narrates the circumstances which
+called forth this remark. But the deutero-Matthew evidently did not know
+of these circumstances; he therefore leaves the saying in his record
+without explanation.(276)
+
+Mark xii. 41-44. The beautiful story of the poor widow throwing her two
+mites into the treasury, and our blessed Lord's commendation of her
+charity, is not to be found in St. Matthew's Gospel. Is it possible that
+he could have omitted such an exquisite anecdote had he possessed it?
+
+Mark xiv. 51, 52. The account of the young man following, having the linen
+cloth cast about his naked body, who, when caught, left the linen cloth in
+the hands of his captors and ran off naked--an account which so
+unmistakably exhibits the narrative to have been the record of some eye-
+witness of the scene, is omitted in St. Matthew. On this no stress,
+however, can be laid. The deutero-Matthew may have thought the incident
+too unimportant to be mentioned.
+
+Enough has been said to show conclusively that the deutero-Matthew, if we
+may so term the compiler of the first Canonical Gospel, had not St. Mark's
+Gospel before him when he wrote his own, that he did not cut up the Gospel
+of Mark, and work the shreds into his own web.
+
+Both Gospels are mosaics, composed in the same way. But the Gospel of St.
+Mark was composed only of the "recollections" of St. Peter, whereas that
+of St. Matthew was more composite. Some of the pieces which were used by
+Mark were used also by the deutero-Matthew. This is patent: how it was so
+needs explanation.
+
+It is probable that when the apostles founded churches, their instructions
+on the sayings and doings of Jesus were taken down, and in the absence of
+the apostles were read by the president of the congregation. The Epistles
+which they sent were, we know, so read,(277) and were handed on from one
+church to another.(278) But what was far more precious to the early
+believers than any letters of the apostles about the regulation of
+controversies, were their recollections of the Lord, their Memorabilia, as
+Justin calls them. The earliest records show us the Gospels read at the
+celebration of the Eucharist.(279) The ancient Gospels were not divided
+into chapters, but into the portions read on Sundays and festivals, like
+our "Church Services." Thus the Peschito version in use in the Syrian
+churches was divided in this manner: "Fifth day of the week of the
+Candidates" (Matt. ix. 5-17), "For the commemoration of the Dead" (18-26),
+"Friday in the fifth week in the Fast" (27-38), "For the commemoration of
+the Holy Apostles" (36-38, x. 1-15), "For the commemoration of Martyrs"
+(16-33), "Lesson for the Dead" (34-42), "Oblation for the beheading of
+John" (xi. 1-15), "Second day in the third week of the Fast" (16-24).
+
+To these fragmentary records St. Luke alludes when he says that "many had
+taken in hand to arrange in a consecutive account ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~})
+those things which were most fully believed" amongst the faithful. These
+he "traced up from the beginning accurately one after another"
+({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). Here we have clearly the
+existence of records disconnected originally, which many strung together
+in consecutive order, and St. Luke takes pains, as he tells us, to make
+this order chronological.
+
+Some Churches had certain Memorabilia, others had a different set. That of
+Antioch had the recollections of St. Peter, that of Jerusalem the
+recollections of St. James, St. Simeon and St. Jude. St. Luke indicates
+the source whence he drew his account of the nativity and early years of
+the Lord,--the recollections of St. Mary, the Virgin Mother, communicated
+to him orally. He speaks of the Blessed Virgin as keeping the things that
+happened in her heart and pondering on them.(280) Another time it is
+contemporaries, Mary certainly included.(281) On both occasions it is in
+reference to events connected with our Lord's infancy. Why did he thus
+insist on her having taken pains to remember these things? Surely to show
+whence he drew his information. He narrates these events on the testimony
+of her word; and her word is to be relied on; for these things, he assures
+us, were deeply impressed on her memory.
+
+The "Memorabilia" in use in the different Churches founded by the apostles
+would probably be strung together in such order as they were generally
+read. How early the Church began to have a regulated order of seasons, an
+ecclesiastical year, cannot be ascertained with certainty; but every
+consideration leads us to suspect that it grew up simultaneously with the
+constitution of the Church. With the Church of the Hebrews this was
+unquestionably the case. The Jews who believed had grown up under a system
+of fasts and festivals in regular series, and, as we know, they observed
+these even after they were believers in Christ. Paul, who broke with the
+Law in so many points, did not venture to dispense with its sacred cycle
+of festivals. He hasted to Jerusalem to attend the feast of
+Pentecost.(282) At Ephesus, even, he observed it.(283) St. Jerome assures
+us that Lent was instituted by the apostles.(284) The Apostolic
+Constitutions order the observance of the Sabbath, the Lord's-day,
+Pentecost, Christmas, Epiphany, the days of the Apostles, that of St.
+Stephen, and the anniversaries of the Martyrs.(285) Indeed, the observance
+of the Lord's-day, instituted probably by St. Paul, involves the principle
+which would include all other sacred commemorations; for if one day was to
+be set apart as a memorial of the resurrection, it is probable that others
+would be observed in memory of the nativity, the passion, the ascension,
+&c.
+
+As early as there was any sort of ecclesiastical year observed, so early
+would the "Memorabilia" of the apostles be arranged as appropriate to
+these seasons. But such an arrangement would not be chronological;
+therefore many took in hand, as St. Luke tells us, to correct this, and he
+took special care to give the succession of events as they occurred, not
+as they were read, by obtaining information from the best sources
+available.
+
+It is probable that the "Recollections" of St. Peter, written in
+disjointed notes by St. Mark, were in circulation through many Churches
+before St. Mark composed his Gospel out of them. From Antioch to Rome they
+were read at the celebration of the divine mysteries; and some of them,
+found in the Churches of Asia Minor, have been taken by St. Luke into his
+Gospel. Others circulating in Palestine were in the hands of the deutero-
+Matthew, and grafted into his compilation. But as St. Luke, St. Mark, and
+the composer of the first Gospel, acted independently, their chronological
+sequences differ. Their Gospels are three kaleidoscopic groups of the same
+pieces.(286)
+
+Had St. Matthew any other part in the composition of the first Canonical
+Gospel than contributing to it his "Syntax of the Lord's Sayings"? Of that
+we can say nothing for certain. It is possible enough that many of the
+"doings" of Jesus contained in the Gospel may be memorabilia of St.
+Matthew, circulating in _anecdota_.
+
+A critical examination of St. Matthew's Gospel reveals _four_ sources
+whence it was drawn, three threads of different texture woven into one.
+These are:
+
+1. The "Memorabilia" of St. Peter, used afterwards by St. Mark. These the
+compiler of the first Gospel attached mechanically to the rest of his
+material by such formularies as "in those days," "at that time," "then,"
+"after that," "when he had said these things."
+
+2. The "Logia of the Lord," composed by St. Matthew.
+
+3. Another series of sayings and doings, from which the following passages
+were derived: iii. 7-10, 12, iv. 3-11, viii. 19-22, ix. 27, 32-34, xi.
+2-19. Some of these were afterwards used by St. Luke.(287) Were these by
+St. Matthew? It is possible.
+
+4. To the fourth category belong chapters i. and ii., iii. 3, xiv. 15, the
+redaction of iv. 12, 13, 14, 15, v. 1, 2, 19, vii. 22, 23, viii. 12, 17,
+x. 5, 6, xi. 2, xii. 17-21, xiii. 35-43, 49, 50, the redaction of xiv.
+13_a_, xiv. 28-31, xv. 24, xvii. 24_b_-27, xix. 17_a_, 19_b_, 28, xx. 16,
+xxi. 2, 7, xxi. 4, 5, xxiii. 10, 13, 15, 23, 25, 27, 29, 35, the redaction
+of xxiv. 3, 20, 51_b_, xxv. 30_b_, xxvi. 2, 15, 25, xxvii. 51-53, xxvii.
+62-66, xxviii. 1_a_, 2-4, 8, 9, 11-15.
+
+Was this taken from a collection of the recollections of St. Matthew, and
+the series 3 from another set of Apostolic Memorabilia? That it is not
+possible to decide.
+
+Into the reasons which have led to this separation of the component parts
+3, 4, the peculiarities of diction which serve to distinguish them, we
+cannot enter here; it would draw us too far from the main object of our
+inquiry.(288)
+
+The theory that the Synoptical Gospels were composed of various
+disconnected materials, variously united into consecutive biographies, was
+accepted by Bishop Marsh, and it is the only theory which relieves the
+theologian from the unsatisfactory obligation of making "harmonies" of the
+Gospels. If we adopt the received popular conception of the composition of
+the Synoptical Gospels, we are driven to desperate shifts to fit them
+together, to reconcile their discrepancies.
+
+The difficulty, the impossibility, of effecting such a harmony of the
+statements of the evangelists was felt by the early Christian writers.
+Origen says that the attempt to reconcile them made him giddy. Among the
+writings of Tatian was a Diatessaron or harmony of the Gospels. Eusebius
+adventured on an explanation, "of the discords of the Evangelists." St.
+Ambrose exercised his pen on a concordance of St. Matthew with St. Luke;
+St. Augustine wrote "De consensu Evangelistarum," and in his effort to
+force them into agreement was driven to strange suppositions--as that when
+our Lord went through Jericho there was a blind man by the road-side
+leading into the city, and another by the road-side leading out of it, and
+that both were healed under very similar circumstances.
+
+Apollinaris, in the famous controversy about Easter, declared that it was
+irreconcilable with the Law that Christ should have suffered on the great
+feast-day, as related by St. Matthew, but that the Gospels disagreed among
+themselves on the day upon which he suffered.(289) The great Gerson sought
+to remove the difficulties in a "Concordance of the Evangelists," or
+"Monotessaron."
+
+Such an admission as that the Synoptical Gospels were composed in the
+manner I have pointed out, in no way affects their incomparable value.
+They exhibit to us as in a mirror what the apostles taught and what their
+disciples believed. Faith does not depend on the chronological sequence of
+events, but on the verity of those events. "See!" exclaimed St.
+Chrysostom, "how through the contradictions in the evangelical history in
+minor particulars, the truth of the main facts transpires, and the
+trustworthiness of the authors is made manifest!"
+
+In everything, both human and divine, there is an union of infallibility
+in that which is of supreme importance, and of fallibility in that which
+concerns not salvation. The lenses through which the light of the world
+shone to remote ages were human scribes liable to error. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, was the motto Tholuck inscribed on his copy of the Sacred
+Oracles.
+
+Having established the origin of the Gospel of St. Matthew, we are able
+now to see our way to establishing that of the Gospel of the Twelve, or
+Gospel of the Hebrews.
+
+No doubt it also was a mosaic made out of the same materials as the Gospel
+of St. Matthew. There subsisted side by side in Palestine a Greek-speaking
+and an Aramaic-speaking community of Christians, the one composed of
+proselytes from among the Gentiles, the other of converts from among the
+Jews. This Gentile Church in Palestine was scarcely influenced by St.
+Paul; it was under the rule of St. Peter, and therefore was more united to
+the Church at Jerusalem in habits of thought, in religious customs, in
+reverence for the Law, than the Churches of "Asia" and Greece. There was
+no antagonism between them. There was, on the contrary, close intercourse
+and mutual sympathy.
+
+Each community, probably, had its own copies of Apostolic Memorabilia, not
+identical, but similar. Some of the "recollections" were perhaps written
+only in Aramaic, or only in Greek, so that the collection of one community
+may have been more complete in some particulars than the collection of the
+other. The necessity to consolidate these Memorabilia into a consecutive
+narrative became obvious to both communities, and each composed "in order"
+the scraps of record of our Lord's sayings and doings they possessed and
+read in their sacred mysteries. St. Matthew's "Logia of the Lord" was used
+in the compilation of the Hebrew Gospel; one of the translations of it,
+which, according to Papias, were numerous, formed the basis also of the
+Greek Gospel.
+
+The material used by both communities, the motive actuating both
+communities, were the same; the results were consequently similar. That
+they were not absolutely identical was the consequence of their having
+been compiled independently.
+
+Thus the resemblance was sufficient to make St. Jerome suppose the Hebrew
+Gospel to be the same as the Greek first Gospel; nevertheless, the
+differences were as great as has been pointed out in the preceding pages.
+
+
+
+
+II. The Clementine Gospel.
+
+
+We have now considered all the fragments of the Gospel of the Hebrews that
+have been preserved to us in the writings of Justin Martyr, Origen, Jerome
+and Epiphanius.
+
+But there is another storehouse of texts and references to a Gospel
+regarded as canonical at a very early date by the Nazarene or Ebionite
+Church. This storehouse is that curious collection of the sayings and
+doings of St. Peter, the Clementine Recognitions and Homilies.
+
+That the Gospel used by the author or authors of the Clementines was that
+of the Hebrews cannot be shown; but it is probable that it was so.
+
+The Clementines were a production of the Judaizing party in the Primitive
+Church, and it was this party which, we know, used the Gospel of the
+Twelve, or of the Hebrews.
+
+The doctrine in the Clementine Recognitions and Homilies bears close
+relations to that of the Jewish Essenes. The sacrificial system of the
+Jewish Church is rejected. It was not part of the revelation to Moses, but
+a tradition of the elders.(290)
+
+Distinction in meats is an essential element of religion. Through unclean
+meats devils enter into men, and produce disease. To eat of unclean meats
+places men in the power of evil spirits, who lead them to idolatry and all
+kinds of wickedness. So long as men abstain from these, so long are the
+devils powerless against them.(291)
+
+The observance of times is also insisted on--times at which the procreation
+of children is lawful or unlawful; and disease and death result from
+neglect of this distinction. "In the beginning of the world men lived
+long, and had no diseases. But when through carelessness they neglected
+the observance of the proper times ... they placed their children under
+innumerable afflictions."(292) It is this doctrine that is apparently
+combated by St. Paul.(293) He relaxes the restraints which Nazarene
+tradition imposed on marital intercourse.
+
+The rejection of sacrifices obliged the Nazarene Church to discriminate
+between what is true and false in the Scriptures; and, with the Essenes,
+they professed liberty to judge the Scriptures and reject what opposed
+their ideas. Thus they refused to acknowledge that "Adam was a
+transgressor, Noah drunken, Abraham guilty of having three wives, Jacob of
+cohabiting with two sisters, Moses was a murderer," &c.(294)
+
+The moral teaching of the Clementines is of the most exalted nature.
+Chastity is commended in a glowing, eloquent address of St. Peter.(295)
+Poverty is elevated into an essential element of virtue. Property is, in
+itself, an evil. "To all of us possessions are sins. The deprivation of
+these is the removal of sins." "To be saved, no one should possess
+anything; but since many have possessions, or, in other words, sins, God
+sends, in love, afflictions ... that those with possessions, but yet
+having some measure of love to God, may, by temporary inflictions, be
+saved from eternal punishments."(296)
+
+"Those who have chosen the blessings of the future kingdom have no right
+to regard the things here as their own, since they belong to a foreign
+king (_i.e._ the prince of this world), with the exception only of water
+and bread, and those things procured by the sweat of the brow, necessary
+for the maintenance of life, and also one garment."(297)
+
+Thus St. Peter is represented as living on water, bread and olives, and
+having but one cloak and tunic.(298) And Hegesippus, as quoted by
+Eusebius, describes St. James, first bishop of Jerusalem, as "drinking
+neither wine nor fermented liquors, and abstaining from animal food. A
+razor never came upon his head, he never anointed himself with oil, and
+never used a bath. He never wore woollen, but linen garments."(299)
+
+The Ebionites looked upon Christ as the Messiah rather than as God
+incarnate. They gave him the title of Son of God, and claimed for him the
+highest honour, but hesitated to term him God. In their earnest
+maintenance of the Unity of the Godhead against Gnosticism, they shrank
+from appearing to divide the Godhead. Thus, in the Clementines, St. Peter
+says, "Our Lord neither asserted that there were gods except the Creator
+of all, nor did he proclaim himself to be God, but he pronounced him
+blessed who called him the Son of that God who ordered the universe."(300)
+
+The Ebionitism of the Clementines is controversial. It was placed face to
+face with Gnosticism. Simon Magus, the representative of Gnosticism, as
+St. Peter is the representative of orthodoxy, in the Recognitions and
+Homilies, contends that the God of the Jews, the Demiurge, the Creator of
+the world, is evil. He attempts to prove this by showing that the world is
+full of pain and misery. The imperfections of the world are tokens of
+imperfection in the Creator. He takes the Old Testament. He shows from
+texts that the God of the Jews is represented as angry, jealous,
+repentant; that those whom He favours are incestuous, adulterers,
+murderers.
+
+This doctrine St. Peter combats by showing that present evils are
+educative, curative, disguised blessings; and by calling all those
+passages in Scripture which attribute to God human passions, corruptions
+of the sacred text in one of its many re-editions. "God who created the
+world has not in reality such a character as the Scriptures assign Him,"
+says St. Peter; "for such a character is contrary to the nature of God,
+and therefore manifestly is falsely attributed to Him."(301)
+
+From this brief sketch of the doctrines of the Ebionite Church from which
+the Clementines emanated, it will be seen that its Gospel must have
+resembled that of the Hebrews, or have been founded on it. The
+"Recollections of the Twelve" probably existed in several forms, some more
+complete than others, some purposely corrupted. The Gospel of the Hebrews
+was in use in the orthodox Nazarene Church. The Gospel used by the author
+of the Clementines was in use in the same community. It is therefore
+natural to conclude their substantial identity.
+
+But though substantially the same, and both closely related to the
+Canonical Gospel of St. Matthew, they were not completely identical; for
+the Clementine Gospel diverged from the received text of St. Matthew more
+widely than we are justified in concluding did that of the Gospel of the
+Hebrews.
+
+That it was in Greek and not in Hebrew is also probable. The converts to
+Christianity mentioned in the Recognitions and Homilies are all made from
+Heathenism, and speak Greek. It is at Caesarea, Tripolis, Laodicaea, that
+the churches are established which are spoken of in these books,--churches
+filled, not with Jews, but with Gentile converts, and therefore requiring
+a Gospel in Greek.
+
+The Clementine Gospel was therefore probably a sister compilation to that
+of the Hebrews and of St. Matthew. The Memorabilia of the Apostles had
+circulated in Hebrew in the communities of pure Jews, in Greek in those of
+Gentile proselytes. These Memorabilia were collected into one book by the
+Hebrew Church, by the Nazarene proselytes, and by the compiler of the
+Canonical Gospel of St. Matthew. This will explain their similarity and
+their differences.
+
+From what has been said of the Clementines, it will be seen that their
+value is hardly to be over-estimated as a source of information on the
+religious position of the Petrine Church. Hilgenfeld says: "There is
+scarcely any single writing which is of such importance for the history of
+the earliest stage of Christianity, and which has yielded such brilliant
+disclosures at the hands of the most careful critics, with regard to the
+earliest history of the Christian Church, as the writings ascribed to the
+Roman Clement, the Recognitions and the Homilies."(302)
+
+No conclusion has been reached in regard to the author of the Clementines.
+It is uncertain whether the Homilies and the Recognitions are from the
+same hand. Unfortunately, the Greek of the Recognitions is lost. We have
+only a Latin translation by Rufinus of Aquileia (d. 410), who took
+liberties with his text, as he informs Bishop Gaudentius, to whom he
+addressed his preface. He found that the copies of the book he had
+differed from one another in some particulars. Portions which he could not
+understand he omitted. There is reason to suspect that he altered such
+quotations as he found in it from the Gospel used by the author, and
+brought them, perhaps unconsciously, into closer conformity to the
+received text. In examining the Gospel employed by the author of the
+Clementines, we must therefore trust chiefly to those texts quoted in the
+Homilies.
+
+Various opinions exist as to the date of the Clementines. They have been
+attributed to the first, second, third and fourth centuries. If we were to
+base our arguments on the work as it stands, the date to be assigned to it
+is the first half of the third century. A passage from the Recognitions is
+quoted by Origen in his Commentary on Genesis, written in A.D. 231; and
+mention is made in the work of the extension of the Roman franchise to all
+nations under the dominion of Rome, an event which took place in the reign
+of Caracalla (A.D. 211). The Recognitions also contain an extract from the
+work _De Fato_, ascribed to Bardesanes, but which was really written by
+one of his scholars. But it has been thought, not without great
+probability, that this passage did not originally belong to the
+Recognitions, but was thrust into the text about the middle of the third
+century.(303)
+
+I have already pointed out the fact that the Church in the Clementines is
+never called "Christian;" that the word is never employed. It belonged to
+the community established by Paul, and with it the Church of Peter had no
+sympathy. To believe in the mission of Christ is, in the Clementine
+Homilies, to become a Jew. The convert from Gentiledom by passing into the
+Church passes under the Law, becomes, as we are told, a Jew. But the
+convert is made subject not to the Law as corrupted by the traditions of
+the elders, but to the original Law as re-proclaimed by Christ.
+
+The author of the Recognitions twice makes St. Peter say that the only
+difference existing between him and the Jews is in the manner in which
+they view Christ. To the apostles he is the Messiah come in humility, to
+come again in glory. But the Jews deny that the Messiah was to have two
+manifestations, and therefore reject Christ.(304)
+
+Although we cannot rely on the exact words of the quotations from the
+Gospel in the "Recognitions," there are references to the history of our
+Lord which give indications of narratives contained in the Gospel used by
+the pseudo-Clement, therefore by the Ebionite Christians whose views he
+represents. We will go through all such passages in the order in which
+they occur in the "Recognitions."
+
+The first allusion to a text parallel to one in the Canonical Gospels is
+this: "Not only did they not believe, but they added blasphemy to
+unbelief, saying he was a gluttonous man and slave of his belly, and that
+he was influenced by a demon."(305) The parallel passage is in St. Matthew
+xi. 18, 19. It is curious to notice that in the Recognitions the order is
+inverted. In St. Matthew, "they say, He hath a devil.... They say, Behold
+a man gluttonous, and a wine-bibber;" and that the term "wine-bibber" is
+changed into "slave of his belly." Probably therefore in this instance the
+author of the Clementines borrowed from a different text from St. Matthew.
+
+In the very next chapter the Recognitions approaches St. Matthew closer
+than the lost Gospel. For in the account of the crucifixion it is said
+that "the veil of the Temple was rent," whereas the Gospel of the Hebrews
+stated that the lintel of the Temple had fallen. But here I suspect we
+have the hand of Rufinus the translator. We can understand how, finding in
+the text an inaccuracy of quotation, as he supposed, he altered it.
+
+The next passage relates to the resurrection. "For some of them, watching
+the place with all care, when they could not prevent his rising again,
+_said that he was a magician_; others pretended that he was stolen
+away."(306) The Canonical Gospels say nothing about this difference of
+opinion among the Jews, but St. Matthew states that it was commonly
+reported among them that his disciples had stolen his body away. Not a
+word about any suspicion that he had exercised witchcraft, a charge which
+we know from Celsus was brought against Christ later.
+
+The next passage is especially curious. It relates to the unction of
+Christ. "He was the Son of God, and the beginning of all things; he became
+man; _him God anointed with oil that was taken from the wood of the Tree
+of Life_; and from this anointing he is called Christ."(307) Then St.
+Peter goes on to argue: "In the present life, Aaron, the first high-
+priest, was anointed with a composition of chrism, which was made after
+the pattern of that spiritual ointment of which we have spoken before....
+But if any one else was anointed with the same ointment, as deriving
+virtue from it, he became either king, or prophet, or priest. If, then,
+this temporal grace, compounded by men, had such efficacy, _consider __
+how potent was that ointment extracted by God from a branch of the Tree of
+Life_, when that which was made by men could confer so excellent dignities
+among men."
+
+Here we have trace of an apparent myth relating to the unction of Jesus at
+his baptism. Was there any passage to this effect in the Hebrew Gospel
+translated by St. Jerome? It is hard to believe it. Had there been, we
+might have expected him to allude to it.
+
+But that there was some unction of Christ mentioned in the early Gospels,
+I think is probable. If there were not, how did Jesus, so early, obtain
+the name of Christ, the Anointed One? That name was given to him before
+his divinity was wholly believed in, and when he was regarded only as the
+Messiah--nay, even before the apostles and disciples had begun to see in
+him anything higher than a teacher sent from God, a Rabbi founding a new
+school. It is more natural to suppose that the surname of the Anointed One
+was given to him because of some event in his life with which they were
+acquainted, than because they applied to him prophecies at a time when
+certainly they had no idea that such prophecies were spoken of him.
+
+If some anointing did really accompany the baptism, then one can
+understand the importance attached to the baptism by the Elkesaites and
+other Gnostic sects; and how they had some ground for their doctrine that
+Jesus became the Christ only on his baptism. It is remarkable that,
+according to St. John's Gospel, it is directly after the baptism that
+Andrew tells his brother Simon, "We have found the Messias, which is ...
+the Anointed."(308) Twice in the Acts is Jesus spoken of as the Anointed:
+"Thy holy child Jesus, whom Thou hast anointed."(309) The second occasion
+is remarkable, for it again apparently associates the anointing with the
+baptism. St. Peter "opened his mouth and said ... The word which God sent
+unto the children of Israel ... that word ye know, which was published
+throughout all Judaea, and began from Galilee after the baptism which John
+preached; how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with
+power."(310) I do not say that such an anointing did take place, but that
+it is probable it did. When Gnosticism fixed on this anointing as the
+communication to Christ of his divine mission and Messiahship, then
+mention of it was cut out of the Gospels in possession of the Church, and
+consequently the Canonical Gospels are without it to this day. But the
+Christian ceremonial of baptism, which was founded on what took place at
+the baptism of the Lord, maintained this unction as part of the sacrament,
+in the Eastern Church never to be dissociated from the actual baptism, but
+in the Western Church to be separated from it and elevated into a separate
+sacrament--Confirmation.
+
+But if in the original Hebrew Gospel there was mention of the anointing of
+Jesus at or after his baptism, as I contend is probable, this mention did
+not include an account of the oil being expressed from the branch of the
+Tree of Life; that is a later addition, in full agreement with the
+fantastic ideas which were gradually permeating and colouring Judaic
+Christianity.
+
+After the baptism, "_Jesus put out_, by the grace of baptism, _that fire
+which the priest kindled for sins_; for, from the time when he appeared,
+the chrism has ceased, by which the priesthood or the prophetic or the
+kingly office was conferred."(311) The Homilies are more explicit: "He put
+out the fire on the altars."(312) There was therefore in the Gospel used
+by the author of the Clementines an account of our Lord, after his
+anointing, entering into the Temple and extinguishing the altar fires.
+
+In St. John's Gospel, on which we may rely for the chronological sequence
+of events with more confidence than we can on the Synoptical Gospels, the
+casting of the money-changers out of the Temple took place not long after
+the baptism. In St. Matthew's account it took place at the close of the
+ministry, in the week of the Passion. That this exhibition of his
+authority marked the opening of his three years' ministry rather than the
+close is most probable, and then it was, no doubt, that he extinguished
+the fires on the altar, according to the Gospel used by the author of the
+Clementines. Whether this incident occurred in the Gospel of the Hebrews
+it is not possible to say.
+
+We are told that "James and John, the sons of Zebedee, had a command ...
+not to enter into their cities (_i.e._ the cities of the Samaritans), nor
+to bring the word of preaching to them."(313) "And when our Master sent us
+forth to preach, he commanded us, But into whatsoever city or house we
+should enter, we should say, Peace be to this house. And if, said he, a
+son of peace be there, your peace shall come upon him; but if there be
+not, your peace shall return unto you. Also, that going from house to
+city, we should shake off upon them the very dust which adhered to our
+feet. But it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrha in
+the day of judgment than for that city or house."(314) The Gospel of the
+Clementines, it is plain, contained an account of the sending forth of the
+apostles almost identical with that in St. Matthew, x.
+
+"And ... Jesus himself declared that John was greater than all men and all
+the prophets."(315) The corresponding passage is in St. Matthew.(316)
+
+The Beatitudes, or some of them, were in it. "He said, _Blessed are the
+poor_; and promised earthly rewards; and promised that those who maintain
+righteousness shall be satisfied with meat and drink."(317) "Our Master,
+inviting his disciples to patience, impressed on them the blessing of
+peace, which was to be preserved with the labour of patience.... He
+charges (the believers) to have peace among themselves, and says to them,
+_Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the very sons of
+God_."(318) "The Father, whom only those can see who are pure in
+heart."(319) Again strong similarity with slight difference. "He said, _I
+am not come to send peace on earth, but a sword; and henceforth you shall
+see father separated from son, son from father, husband from wife, and
+wife from husband, mother from daughter, and daughter from mother, brother
+from brother, father-in-law from daughter-in-law, friend from
+friend_."(320) This is fuller than the corresponding passage in St.
+Matthew.(321)
+
+"_It is enough for the disciple to be as his master._"(322) "He mourned
+over those who lived in riches and luxury, and bestowed nothing upon the
+poor; showing that they must render an account, because they did not pity
+their neighbours, even when they were in poverty, whom they ought to love
+as themselves."(323) "In like manner he charged the Scribes and Pharisees
+during the last period of his teaching ... with hiding the key of
+knowledge which they had handed down to them from Moses, by which the gate
+of the heavenly kingdom might be opened."(324) The key of knowledge occurs
+only in St. Luke's Gospel. Had the author of the Clementines any knowledge
+of that Gospel? I do not think so, or we should find other quotations from
+St. Luke. St. Matthew says, "Woe unto you, Scribes and Pharisees,
+hypocrites! for ye shut up ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}) the kingdom of heaven."(325) St. Luke
+says, "Ye have taken away the key ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) of knowledge."(326) The
+author of the Clementines says, "Ye have hidden the key," not "taken
+away." I do not think, when the expression in St. Matthew suggests the
+"key," that we need suppose that the author of the Recognitions quoted
+from St. Luke; rather, I presume, from his own Gospel, which in this
+passage resembled the words in St. Luke rather than those in St. Matthew,
+without, however, being exactly the same.(327)
+
+"_Every kingdom divided against itself shall not stand._"(328) "_Seek ye
+first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things shall
+be added to you._"(329) The writer knew, in the same terms as St. Matthew,
+our Lord's sayings: "_Give not that which is holy to dogs, neither cast
+your pearls before swine._"(330) "_Whosoever shall look upon a woman to
+lust after her, hath committed adultery with her in his heart.... If thy
+right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee; for it is
+profitable for thee that one of thy members perish, rather than thy whole
+body be cast into hell-fire._"(331)
+
+The woes denounced on the Scribes and Pharisees,(332) and the saying that
+the Queen of the South should "rise in judgment against this
+generation,"(333) are given in the Recognitions as in St. Matthew, as also
+that "the harvest is plenteous,"(334) "that no man can serve two
+masters,"(335) and the saying on the power of faith to move
+mountains.(336)
+
+We have the parables of the goodly pearl,(337) of the marriage
+supper,(338) and of the tares,(339) but also that of the sower,(340) which
+does not occur in St. Matthew, but in St. Luke. This therefore was found
+in the Gospel used by the author of the Recognitions. There are two other
+apparent quotations from St. Luke: "_I have come to send fire on the
+earth, and how I wish that it were kindled_";(341) and the story of the
+rich fool.(342) The first, however, is differently expressed from St.
+Luke. There are just two more equally questionable quotations: "_Be ye
+merciful, as also your heavenly Father is merciful, who makes his sun to
+rise upon the good and the evil, and rains upon the just and the
+unjust._"(343) We have the Greek in one of the Homilies.(344) In St. Luke
+it runs, "Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful."(345)
+In St. Matthew, "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to
+them that hate you, and pray for them that despitefully use you, and
+persecute you; that ye may be the children of your Father which is in
+heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and
+sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust."(346) Is it not clear that
+either the pseudo-Clement condensed the direction, "Love your enemies,
+bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for
+them that despitefully use you, and persecute you," into the brief maxim,
+"Be ye good and merciful,"--or that, and this is more probable, there were
+concurrent traditional accounts of our Lord's saying, and that St.
+Matthew, St. Luke, and the writer of the Gospel used by the pseudo-
+Clement, made use of independent texts in their compilations?
+
+The next passage is a saying of our Lord on the cross, which is given in
+the Recognitions: "_Father, forgive them their sin, for they know not what
+they do._"(347) In the Homilies we have the original Greek: "Father,
+forgive them their sins, for they know not what they do."(348) Rufinus has
+unconsciously altered the text in translating it by making "sins" singular
+instead of plural.
+
+It is not necessary to note the insignificant difference of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} in
+the Homily and the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} in the Gospel. But who cannot see that the
+addition of the words, "their sins," completely changes the thought of the
+Saviour? Jesus prays God to forgive the Jews the crime they commit in
+crucifying him, and not to pardon all the sins of their lives that they
+have committed. The addition of these two words not merely modify the
+thought; they represent another of an inferior order. They would not have
+been introduced into the text if the author of the Gospel used by the
+pseudo-Clement had had the Gospel of St. Luke before him. These words were
+certainly not derived from St. Luke; they are due to a separate
+recollection or tradition of the sayings of the Saviour on the cross.
+Those sayings we may well believe were cherished in the memory of the
+early disciples. Tradition always modifies, weakens, renders commonplace
+the noblest thoughts and most striking sayings, and colours the most
+original with a tint of triviality.(349)
+
+We find in both the Recollections and Homilies a passage which has been
+thought to be a quotation from St. John: "_Verily I say unto you, That
+unless a man is born again of water, he shall not enter into the kingdom
+of heaven._"(350) Here, again, the hand of Rufinus is to be traced. The
+same quotation is made in the Homilies, and it stands there thus: "_Verily
+I say unto you, Unless ye be born again of the water of life_ (or _the
+living water_) _in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
+Ghost, ye cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven._"(351)
+
+That the narrative of the interview with Nicodemus was in the Gospel of
+the Hebrews, we learned from Justin Martyr quoting it. We will place the
+parallel passages opposite each other:
+
+GOSPEL OF THE HEBREWS.           GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN.
+JUSTIN MARTYR, 1 Apol. 61.       c. iii. 3, 5.
+"_Christ said, Except ye be      "3. Jesus answered and said
+born again, ye cannot enter      unto him, Verily, verily, I
+into the kingdom of heaven._"    say unto thee, Except a man be
+                                 born again, he cannot see the
+                                 kingdom of God."
+PSEUDO-CLEMENT, Hom. xi. 26.
+"_And Christ said (with an       "5. Jesus answered, Verily,
+oath),_(_352_)_ Verily I say     verily, I say unto thee,
+unto you, Unless ye are born     Except a man be born of water
+again of the water of life (in   and spirit, he cannot enter
+the name of the Father, and of   into the kingdom of God."
+the Son, and of the Holy
+Ghost), ye cannot enter into
+the kingdom of Heaven._"
+
+The fragment in the Homilies clearly belongs to the same narrative as the
+fragment in Justin's Apology. Both are addressed in the second person
+plural, "Except ye be born again;" in the Gospel of St. John the first is,
+"Except a man be born again;" the second, "Except a man be born of water
+and spirit;" both in the third person singular. The form of the first
+answer in Justin differs from that in St. John: "he cannot enter the
+kingdom," "he cannot see the kingdom."
+
+That these are independent accounts I can hardly doubt. The words, "in the
+name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost," are an obvious
+interpolation, perhaps a late one, in the text of the Homilies; for
+Rufinus would hardly have omitted to translate this, though he did allow
+himself to make short verbal alterations.
+
+There is another apparent quotation from St. John in the fifth book of the
+Recognitions: "_Every one is made the servant of him to whom he yields
+subjection._"(353) But here again the quotation is very questionable. St.
+John's version of our Lord's saying is, "Whosoever committeth sin is the
+servant of sin." St. Paul is much nearer: "Know ye not, that to whom ye
+yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey;
+whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness?"(354)
+
+The quotation in the Recognitions is not from St. Paul, for the author
+expressly declares it is a saying of our Lord. St. Paul could not have had
+St. John's Gospel under his eye when he wrote, for that Gospel was not
+composed till long after he wrote the Epistle to the Romans. He gives no
+hint that he is quoting a saying of our Lord traditionally known to the
+Roman Christians. He apparently makes appeal to their experience when he
+says, "Know ye not." Yet this fragment of an ancient lost Gospel in the
+Clementine Recognitions gives another colour to his words; they may be
+paraphrased, "Know ye not that saying of Christ, To whom ye yield
+yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are?" It appears, therefore,
+that this is an earlier recorded reminiscence of our Lord's saying than
+that of St. John.
+
+There is one, and only one, apparent quotation from St. Paul in the
+Recognitions: "In God's estimation, he is not a Jew who is a Jew among
+men, nor is he a Gentile that is called a Gentile, but he who, believing
+in God, fulfils his law and does his will, though he be not
+circumcised."(355) St. Paul's words are: "He is not a Jew which is one
+outwardly; neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh; but
+he is a Jew which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart,
+in the spirit, and not in the letter."
+
+There is no doubt a resemblance between these passages. But it is probable
+that the resemblance is due solely to community of thought in the minds of
+both writers. It would be extraordinary if this were a quotation, for the
+author of the Recognitions nowhere quotes from any Epistle, not even from
+those of St. Peter; and that he, an Ebionite, should quote St. Paul, whose
+Epistles the Ebionites rejected, is scarcely credible.
+
+The Recognitions mention the temptation: "The prince of wickedness ...
+presumed that he should be worshipped by him by whom he knew that he was
+to be destroyed. Therefore our Lord, confirming the worship of one God,
+answered him, It is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him
+only shalt thou serve. And he, terrified by this answer, and fearing lest
+the true religion of the one and true God should be restored, hastened
+straightway to send forth into this world false prophets and false
+apostles and false teachers, who should speak, indeed, in the name of
+Christ, but should accomplish the will of the demon."(356) Here we have
+Christ indicated as the one who was to restore that true worship of God
+which Moses had instituted, but which the Ebionites, with their Essene
+ancestors, asserted had been defaced and corrupted by false traditions.
+And in opposition to this, the devil sends out false apostles, false
+teachers, to undo this work, calling themselves, however, apostles of
+Christ. There can be little doubt who is meant. The reference is to St.
+Paul, Silas, and those who accepted his views, in opposition to those of
+St. James and St. Peter.
+
+In Homily xii. is a citation which seems to indicate the use of the third
+Canonical Gospel. At first sight it appears to be a combination of a
+passage of St. Matthew and a parallel passage of St. Luke. It is preceded
+in the Homily by a phrase not found in the Canonical Gospels, but which is
+given, together with what follows, as a declaration of the Saviour. The
+three passages are placed side by side for comparison:
+
+HOMILY xii. 19.        MATT. xviii. 7.        LUKE xvii. 1.
+"_It must be that      "It must needs be      "It is impossible
+good things come,      that offences come;    but that offences
+and happy is he by     but woe to that man    will come; but woe
+whom they come. In     by whom the offence    to him through whom
+like manner it must    cometh."               they come."
+be that evil things
+come, but woe to him
+by whom they
+come._"(357)
+
+The passage in the Homily is more complete than those in St. Matthew and
+St. Luke. The two Canonical Evangelists made use of imperfect fragments
+destitute of one member of the sentence. One cannot but wish to believe
+that our Lord pronounced a benediction on those who did good in their
+generation.
+
+"There is amongst us," says St. Peter in his second Homily, "one Justa, a
+Syro-Phoenician, a Canaanite by race, whose daughter was oppressed with a
+grievous disease. And she came to our Lord, crying out and entreating that
+he would heal her daughter. But he, being asked by us also, said, '_It is
+not lawful to heal the Gentiles, who are like unto dogs on account of
+their using various meats and practices, while the table in the kingdom
+has been given to the sons of Israel._' But she, hearing this, and begging
+to partake as a dog of the crumbs that fall from this table, having
+changed what she was (_i.e._ having given up the use of forbidden food),
+by living like the sons of the kingdom, obtained healing for her daughter
+as she asked. For she being a Gentile, and remaining in the same course of
+life, he would not have healed her had she persisted to live as do the
+Gentiles, on account of its not being lawful to heal a Gentile."(358)
+
+That the Ebionites perverted the words of our Lord to make them support
+their tenets on distinction of meats is obvious.
+
+In the Clementine Homilies we have thrice repeated a saying of our Lord
+which we know of from St. Jerome and St. Clement of Alexandria, who speak
+of it as undoubtedly a genuine saying of Christ, "_Be ye good money-
+changers_."(359)
+
+This text is used by the author of the Clementines to prove the necessity
+of distinguishing between the gold and the dross in Holy Scripture. And to
+this he adds the quotation, "_Ye do therefore err, not knowing the true
+things of the Scriptures; and for this reason ye are ignorant also of the
+power of God_."(360)
+
+The following are some more fragments from the Clementine Homilies:
+
+"_He said, I am he of whom Moses prophesied, saying, A prophet shall the
+Lord your God raise unto you of your brethren, like unto me: him hear ye
+in all things; and whosoever will not hear the prophet shall die._"(361)
+This saying of Moses is quoted by both St. Peter and St. Stephen in their
+addresses, as recorded in the Acts. It is probable, therefore, that our
+Lord had claimed this prophecy to have been spoken of him. But St. Luke
+had never heard that he had done so, as he makes no allusion to it in his
+Gospel or in the speeches he puts in the mouths of Peter and Stephen in
+the Acts.
+
+"_It is thine, O man, said he, to prove my words, as silver and money are
+proved by the exchangers._"(362)
+
+"_Give none occasion to the evil one._"(363)
+
+Twice repeated we have the text, "_Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God, and
+him only shalt thou serve_."(364)
+
+In St. Matthew's Gospel (iv. 10) it runs, "Thou shalt worship the Lord thy
+God, and him only shalt thou serve."
+
+In the Clementines: "He alleged that it was right to present to him who
+strikes you on one cheek the other also, and to give to him who takes away
+your cloak your _hood_ also, and to go two miles with him who compels you
+to go one."(365) This differs from the account in St. Matthew, by using
+for the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, "tunic," of the Canonical Gospel, the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},
+"hood."
+
+There are other passages identical with, or almost identical with, the
+received text in St. Matthew's Gospel, which it is not necessary to enter
+upon separately.
+
+They are: Matt. v. 3, 8, 17, 18, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, vi. 8, 13, vii.
+7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, viii. 11, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, ix.
+13, x. 28, 34, xi. 25, 27, 28, xii. 7, 26, 34, 42, xiii. 17, 39, xv. 13,
+xvi. 13, 18, xix. 8, 17, xxii. 2, 32, xxiii. 25, xxiv. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,
+50, xxv. 41. In all, some fifty-five verses, almost and often quite the
+same as in St. Matthew's Gospel.
+
+There is just one text supposed to be taken from St. Mark's Gospel, four
+from St. Luke's, and two from St. John's. But I do not think we are
+justified in concluding that these quotations are taken from the three
+last-named Canonical Gospels. That they are not taken from St. Luke we may
+be almost certain, for that Gospel was not received by the Judaizing
+Christians. When we examine the passages, the probability of their being
+quotations from the Canonical Gospels disappears.
+
+We find, "He, the true Prophet, said, _I am the gate of life; he that
+entereth through me entereth into life_."(366) The words in St. John's
+Gospel are, "I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be
+saved."(367) The idea is the same, but the mode of expression is
+different.
+
+"Again he said, _My sheep hear my voice_."(368)
+
+The quotation from St. Mark is too brief for us to be able to form any
+well-founded opinion upon it. It is this: "But to those who were misled to
+imagine many gods, as the Scriptures say, he said, _Hear, O Israel; the
+Lord your God is one Lord_."(369)
+
+No prejudice would exist among the Ebionites against the Gospel of St.
+Mark, but the Christology of the Johannine Gospel, its doctrine of the
+Logos, would not accord with their low views of Christ. The Ebionites who
+denied the Godhead of Jesus could hardly acknowledge as canonical a Gospel
+which contained the words, "And the Word was with God, and the Word was
+God."
+
+HOM. xix. 22.                    JOHN ix. 1-3.
+"Our Master replied to those     "And as Jesus passed by, he
+who asked him concerning him     saw a man which was blind from
+that was born blind, and to      his birth. And his disciples
+whom he restored sight, if it    asked him, saying, Master, who
+was he or his parents who had    did sin, this man, or his
+sinned, in that he was born      parents, that he was born
+blind. _It is not that he hath   blind? Jesus answered, Neither
+sinned in anywise, nor his       hath this man sinned, nor his
+parents; but in order that the   parents: but that the works of
+power of God may be              God should be made manifest in
+manifested, who healeth sins     him."
+of ignorance._"(370)
+
+The resemblance is striking. Nevertheless I do not think we have a right
+to conclude that this passage in the Clementine Homilies is necessarily a
+citation from St. John.
+
+The text is quoted in connection with the peculiar Ebionite doctrine of
+seasons and days already alluded to. When our Lord says that he heals the
+sins of ignorance, he is made in the Clementine Gospel to assert that the
+blindness of the man was the result of disregard by his parents of the new
+moons and sabbaths, not wilfully, but through ignorance. "The afflictions
+you mentioned," says St. Peter in connection with this quotation, "are the
+result of ignorance, but assuredly not of wickedness. Give me the man who
+sins not, and I will show you the man who suffers not."
+
+But though this is the interpretation put on the words of our Lord by the
+Clementine Ebionite, it by no means flows naturally from them; it is
+rather wrung out of them.
+
+The words, I think, mean that the blindness of the man is symbolical; its
+mystical meaning is ignorance. Our Lord by opening the eyes of the blind
+exhibits himself as the spiritual enlightener of mankind. He is come to
+unclose men's eyes to the true light that he sheds abroad in the world.
+
+In St. John's Gospel, after having declared that blindness was not the
+punishment of sin in the man or his parents, our Lord continues, "I must
+work the works of Him that sent me, while it is day; the night cometh,
+when no man can work. As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the
+world."
+
+Put this last declaration in connection with the saying, "I am come to
+heal the sins of ignorance," and the connection of ideas is at once
+apparent. The blindness of the man is symbolical of the ignorance of the
+world. "I am the light of the world, and I have come to dispel the
+darkness of the ignorance of the world." And so saying, "he spat on the
+ground, and made clay of the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the
+blind man with the clay."
+
+A few important words in Christ's teaching had escaped the memory of St.
+John. But they had been noted down by some other apostle, and the
+recollections of the latter were embodied in the Gospel in use among the
+Ebionites.
+
+The texts resembling passages in St. Luke are four, but all of them are
+found in St. Matthew's Gospel as well.
+
+"_Blessed is that man whom his Lord shall appoint to the ministry of his
+fellow-servants._"(371)
+
+"_The Queen of the South shall rise up with this generation, and shall
+condemn it; because she came from the extremities of the earth to hear the
+wisdom of Solomon; and behold, a greater than Solomon is here, and ye do
+not believe him._
+
+"_The men of Nineveh shall rise up with this generation and shall condemn
+it, for they heard and repented at the preaching of Jonas: and behold, a
+greater is here, and no one believes._"(372)
+
+The compiler of St. Matthew's Gospel had this striking passage in an
+imperfect condition. St. Luke had it with both its members. So had also
+the compiler of the Clementine Gospel. The wording is not exactly
+identical with that in St. Luke, but the difference is not material, "Ye
+do not believe him," "And no one believes," exist in the Ebionite, not in
+the Canonical text.
+
+"_For without the will of God, not even a sparrow can fall into a gin.
+Thus even the hairs of the righteous are numbered by God._"(373)
+
+
+
+
+III. The Gospel Of St. Peter.
+
+
+Serapion, Bishop of Antioch, in 190, on entering his see, learned that
+there was a Gospel attributed to St. Peter read in the sacred services of
+the church of Rhosus, in Cilicia. Taking it for granted, as he says, that
+all in his diocese held the same faith, without perusing this Gospel, he
+sanctioned its use, saying, "If this be the only thing that creates
+difference among you, let it be read."
+
+But he was speedily made aware that this Gospel was not orthodox in its
+tendency. It favoured the opinions of the Docetae. It was whispered that
+if it had an apostolic parentage, it had heretical sponsors. Serapion
+thereupon borrowed the Gospel, read it, and found it was even as had been
+reported. "Peter," said he, "we receive with the other apostles as Christ
+himself," but this Gospel was, if not apocryphal as to its facts, at all
+events heretical as to its teaching.
+
+Thereupon Serapion, regretting his precipitation in sanctioning the use of
+the Gospel, wrote a book upon it, "in refutation of its false
+assertions."(374)
+
+This book unfortunately has been lost, so that we are not able to learn
+much more about the Gospel. What was its origin? Was it a forgery from
+beginning to end? This is by no means probable.
+
+The Gospel of St. Mark, as we have seen, was due to St. Peter, and by some
+went by the name of the Gospel of St. Peter. It was a Gospel greatly
+affected by the Docetae and Elkesaites. "Those who distinguish Jesus from
+Christ, and who say that Christ was impassible, but that Jesus endured the
+sufferings of his passion, prefer the Gospel of Mark," says Irenaeus.(375)
+
+It was likely that they should prefer it, for it began at the baptism, and
+this event it stated, or was thought to state, was the beginning of the
+Gospel; to Docetic minds an admission, an assertion rather, that all that
+preceded was of no importance; Jesus was but a man as are other men, till
+the plenitude of the Spirit descended on him. The early history might be
+matter of curiosity, but not of edification.
+
+That matter is evil is a doctrine which in the East has proved the fertile
+mother of heresies. Those infected with this idea--and it is an idea, like
+Predestinarianism, which, when once accepted and assimilated, pervades the
+whole tissue of belief and determines its form and complexion--could not
+acknowledge frankly and with conviction the dogma of the Incarnation. That
+God should have part with matter, was as opposed to their notions as a
+concord of light with darkness. Carried by the current setting strongly
+that way, they found themselves landed in Christianity. They set to work
+at once to mould Christianity in accordance with their theory of the
+inherent evil in matter. Christ, an emanation from the Pleroma, the
+highest, purest wave that swept from the inexhaustible fountain of Deity,
+might overshadow, but could not coalesce with, the human Jesus. The
+nativity and the death of our Lord were repugnant to their consciences.
+They evaded these facts by considering that he was born and died as man,
+but that the bright overshadowing cloud of the Divinity, of the Christ,
+reposed on him for a brief period only; it descended at the baptism, it
+withdrew before the passion.
+
+Such were the party--they were scarcely yet a sect--who used the Gospel of
+St. Peter. Was this Gospel a corrupted edition of St. Mark? Probably not.
+We have not much ground on which to base an opinion, but there is just
+sufficient to make it likely that such was not the case.
+
+To the Docetae, the nativity of our Lord was purely indifferent; it was
+not in their Gospel; that it was miraculous they would not allow. To admit
+that Christ was the Son of God when born of Mary, was to abandon their
+peculiar tenets. It was immaterial to them whether Jesus had brothers and
+sisters, or whether James and Jude were only his cousins. The Canonical
+Gospels speak of the brothers and sisters of Christ, and we are not told
+that they were not the children of Mary.(376) When the Memorabilia were
+committed to writing, there was no necessity for doing so. The
+relationship was known to every one. Catholics, maintaining the perpetual
+virginity of the mother of Jesus, asserted that they were children of
+Joseph by a former wife, or cousins. The Gospel of St. Peter declared them
+to be the children of Joseph by an earlier marriage. Origen says, "There
+are persons who assure us that the brothers of Jesus were the sons whom
+Joseph had by his first wife, before he married Mary. They base their
+opinion on either the Gospel entitled the Gospel of Peter, or on the Book
+of James (the Protevangelium)."(377)
+
+Such a statement would not have been intruded into the Gospel by the
+Docetae, as it favoured no doctrine of theirs. It must therefore have
+existed in the Gospel before it came into their hands.
+
+We know how St. Mark's Gospel was formed. After the death of his master,
+the evangelist compiled all the fragmentary "Recollections" of St. Peter
+concerning our Lord. But these recollections had before this circulated
+throughout the Church. We have evidence of this in the incorporation of
+some of them into the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke. Others, besides
+St. Mark, may have strung these fragments together. One such tissue would
+be the Gospel of St. Peter. It did not, perhaps, contain as many articles
+as that of St. Mark, but it was less select. Like those of St. Matthew and
+St. Luke, on the thread were probably strung memorabilia of other apostles
+and disciples, but also, perhaps, some of questionable authority.
+
+This collection was in use at Rhosus. It may have been in use there since
+apostolic days; perhaps it was compiled by some president of the church
+there. But it had not been suffered to remain without interpolations which
+gave it a Docetic character.
+
+Its statement of the relationship borne by the "brothers and sisters" to
+our Lord is most valuable, as it is wholly unprejudiced and of great
+antiquity. The Gospel, held in reverence as sacred in the second century
+at Rhosus, was probably brought thither when that church was founded, not
+perhaps in a consecutive history, but in paragraphs. The church was a
+daughter of the church of Antioch, and therefore probably founded by a
+disciple of St. Peter.
+
+
+
+
+IV. The Gospel Of The Egyptians.
+
+
+The Gospel known by this name is mentioned by several of the early
+Fathers.(378) It existed in the second half of the second century; and as
+it was then in use and regarded as canonical by certain Christian sects,
+it must have been older. We shall not be far out if we place its
+composition at the beginning of the second century.
+
+To form an idea of its tendency, we must have recourse to two different
+sources, the second Epistle of Clemens Romanus, the author of which seems
+to have made use of no other Gospel than that of the Egyptians, and
+Clement of Alexandria, who quotes three passages from it, and refutes the
+theories certain heretics of his time derived from them.
+
+The second Epistle of St. Clement of Rome is a Judaizing work, as
+Schneckenburg has proved incontestably.(379) It is sufficient to remark
+that the Chiliast belief which transpires in more than one place, the
+analogy of ideas and of expressions which it bears to the Clementine
+Homilies, and finally the selection of Clement of Rome, a personage as
+dear to the Ebionites as the apostles James and Peter, to place the
+composition under his venerated name, are as many indications of the
+Judaeo-Christian character and origin of this apocryphal work.
+
+The Gospel cited by the author of this Epistle, except in two or three
+phrases which are not found in any of our Canonical Gospels, recalls that
+of St. Matthew. Nevertheless, it is certain that the quotations are from
+the Gospel of the Egyptians, for one of the passages cited in this Epistle
+is also quoted by Clement of Alexandria, who tells us whence it comes--from
+the Egyptian Gospel. We may conclude from this that the Gospel of the
+Egyptians presented great analogy to our first Canonical Gospel, without
+being identical with it, and consequently that it was related closely to
+the Gospel of the Hebrews.
+
+If the second Epistle of Clement of Rome determines for us the family to
+which this Gospel belonged, the passages we shall extract from the
+Stromata of Clement of Alexandria will determine its order. There are
+three of these passages, and very curious ones they are.
+
+The first is cited by both Clement of Rome and Clement of Alexandria, by
+one more fully than by the other.
+
+"_The Lord, having been asked by Salome when his kingdom would come,
+replied, When you shall have trampled under foot the garment of shame,
+when two shall be one, when that which is without shall be like that which
+is within, and when the male with the female shall be neither male nor
+female._"(380)
+
+The explanation of this singular passage by Clement of Rome is, "Two shall
+be one when we are truthful with each other, and when in two bodies there
+will be but one soul, without dissimulation and without disguise. That
+which is without is the body; that which is within is the soul. Just as
+your body appears externally, so should your soul manifest itself by good
+works." The explanation of the last member of the phrase is wanting, as
+the Epistle has not come down to us entire.
+
+But this is certainly not the real meaning of the passage. Its true
+signification is to be found in the bloodless, passionless exaltation at
+which the ascetic aimed who held all matter to be evil, the body to be a
+clog to the soul, marriage to be abominable, meats to be abstained from.
+It points to that condition as one of perfection in which the soul shall
+forget her union with the body, and, sexless and ethereal, shall be
+supreme.
+
+It was in this sense that the heretics took it. Julius Cassianus, "chief
+of the sect of the Docetae,"(381) invoked this text against the union of
+the sexes. This interpretation manifestly embarrassed St. Clement of
+Alexandria, and he endeavours to escape from the difficulty by weakening
+the authority of the text.
+
+He does this by pointing out that the saying of our Lord is found only in
+the Gospel of the Egyptians, and not in those four generally received. But
+as Julius Cassianus appealed at the same time to a saying of St. Paul, the
+authenticity of which was not to be contested, the Alexandrine doctor did
+not consider that he could avoid discussing the question; and he gives, on
+his side, an interpretation of the saying of Jesus in the Apocryphal
+Gospel, and of that of St. Paul, associated with it by Julius Cassianus.
+The words of St. Paul quoted by the heretic were those in Galatians (iii.
+28): "There is neither Jew nor Greek, neither bond nor free, male or
+female." Cassianus paid no regard to the general sense of the passage,
+which is, that the privileges of the gospel are common to all of every
+degree and nation and sex, but fastening on the words "neither male nor
+female," contended that this was a prohibition of marriage. St. Clement
+pays every whit as little regard to the plain sense of the passage, and
+gives the whole an absurd mystic signification, as far removed from the
+thought of the apostle as the explanation of Julius Cassianus. "By male,"
+says he, "understand anger, folly. By female understand lust; and when
+these are carried out, the result is penitence and shame."
+
+It has been thought that the words "when two shall be one" recall the
+philosophic doctrine of the Pythagoreans on the subject of numbers and the
+dualism which was upheld by many of the Gnostics. St. Mark, according to
+Irenaeus, taught that everything had sprung out of the monad and
+dyad.(382) But it is not so. The teaching was not philosophic, but
+practical. It may be thus paraphrased: "The kingdom of heaven shall have
+come when the soul shall have so broken with the passions and feelings of
+the body, that it will no longer be sensible of shame. The body will be
+lost in the soul, so that the two shall become one; the body which is
+without shall be like the soul within, and the male with the female shall
+be insensible to passion."
+
+It was a doctrine which infected whole bodies of men later: the
+independence of the soul from the body led to wild asceticism and frantic
+sensuality running hand in hand. Holding this doctrine, the Fraticelli in
+the thirteenth century flung themselves into the most fiery temptations,
+placed themselves in the most perilous positions; if they fell, it
+mattered not, the soul was not stained by the deeds of the body; if they
+remained unmoved, the body was indeed mastered, "the two had become one."
+
+The garment of shame is to be trampled under foot. Julius Cassianus
+explains this singular expression. It is the apron of skins wherewith our
+first parents were clothed, when they blushed at their nakedness. They
+blushed because they were in sin; when men and women shall cease to blush
+at their nudity, then they have attained to the spiritual condition of
+unfallen man.
+
+We see in embryo the Adamites of the Middle Ages, the Anabaptists of the
+Reformation.
+
+But the garment of skin has a deeper signification. Philo taught(383) that
+it symbolized the human body that clothed the nakedness of the Spirit.
+Gnosticism caught at the idea. Unfallen man was pure spirit. Man had
+fallen, and his fall consisted in being clothed in flesh. This garment of
+skin must be trodden under foot, that the soul may arise above it, be
+emancipated from its bonds.
+
+The second passage is quite in harmony with the first: "_Salome having
+asked how long men should die, the Lord answered and said, As long as you
+women continue to bear children._(_384_)_ Then she said, I have done well,
+I have never borne a child. The Lord answered, Eat of every herb, but not
+of that containing in itself bitterness._"(385)
+
+Cassian appealed to this text also in proof that marriage was forbidden.
+But Clement of Alexandria refused to understand it in this sense. He is
+perhaps right when he argues that the first answer of our Lord means, that
+as long as there are men born, so long men will die. But the meaning of
+the next answer entirely escapes him. When our Lord says, "Eat of every
+herb save that in which is bitterness," he means, says Clement, that
+marriage and continence are left to our choice, and that there is no
+command one way or the other; man may eat of every tree, the tree of
+celibacy, or the tree of marriage, only he must abstain from the tree of
+evil.
+
+But this is not what was meant. Under a figurative expression, the writer
+of this passage conveyed a warning against marriage. Death is the fruit of
+birth, birth is the fruit of marriage. Abstain from eating of the tree of
+marriage, and death will be destroyed.
+
+That this is the meaning of this remarkable saying is proved conclusively
+by another extract from the Gospel of the Egyptians, also made by Clement
+of Alexandria; it is put in the mouth of our Lord. "_I am come to destroy
+the works of the woman; of the woman, that is, of concupiscence, whose
+works are generation and death._"(386) This quotation bears on the face of
+it marks of having been touched and explained by a later hand. "Of the
+woman,--that is, concupiscence, whose works are generation and death," are
+a gloss added by an Encratite, which was adopted into the text received
+among the Egyptian Docetae. The words, "I am come to destroy the works of
+the woman," _i.e._ Eve, may have been spoken by our Lord. By Eve came sin
+and death into the world, and these works Christ did indeed come to
+destroy.
+
+But the gloss, as is obvious, alters the meaning of the saying. The woman
+is no longer Eve, but womankind in general; and by womankind, that is, by
+concupiscence, generation and death exist.
+
+Clement of Alexandria was incapable of seizing the plain meaning of these
+words. He says, "The Lord has not deceived us, for he has indeed destroyed
+the works of concupiscence, viz. love of money, of strife, glory, of women
+... now the birth of these vices is the death of the soul, for we die
+indeed by our sins."
+
+We must look to Philo for the key. The woman, Eve, means, as he says, the
+sense; Adam, the intellectual spirit. The union of soul and body is the
+degradation of the soul, the fertile parent of corruption and death.(387)
+Out of Philo's doctrine grew a Manichaeanism in the Christian community
+before Manes was born.
+
+The work of Jesus was taught to be the emancipation of the soul, the
+rational spirit, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from the restraints of the body, its restoration to
+its primitive condition. Death would cease when the marriage was dissolved
+that held the spirit fettered in the prison-house of flesh.
+
+Philonian philosophy remained vigorous at Alexandria in the circle of
+enlightened Jews. It struck deep root, and blossomed in the Christian
+Church.
+
+A Gospel, _which_ we do not know--it may have been that of Mark--was brought
+into Egypt. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, an Epistle clearly
+addressed to the Alexandrine Jews, prepared their minds to fuse Philonism
+with Christianity. We see its influence in the Gospel of St. John. That
+evangelist adopted Philo's doctrine of the Logos; the author of the Gospel
+of the Egyptians, that of the bondage of the spirit in matter.
+
+The conceptions contained in the three passages which Clement of
+Alexandria has preserved are closely united. They all are referable to a
+certain theosophy, the exposition of which is to be found in the writings
+of Philo, and which may be in vain sought elsewhere at that period. Not
+only are there to be found here the theosophic system of the celebrated
+Alexandrine Jew, but also, what is a still clearer index of the source
+whence the Egyptian Gospel drew its mystic asceticism, we find the quaint
+expressions and forms of speech which belonged to Philo, and to none but
+him. No one but Philo had thought to find in the first chapters of Genesis
+the history of the fall of the soul into the world of sense, and to make
+of Eve, of the woman, the symbol of the human body, and starting from this
+to explain how the soul could return to its primitive condition, purely
+spiritual, by shaking off the sensible to which in its present state it is
+attached. When we shall have trampled under foot our tunics of skins
+wherewith we have been covered since the fall, this garment, given to us
+because we were ashamed of our nakedness,--when the body shall have become
+like the soul,--when the union of the soul with the body, _i.e._ of the
+male and the female, shall exist no more,--when the woman, that is the
+body, shall be no more productive, shall no more produce generation and
+death,--when its works are destroyed, then we shall not die any more; we
+shall be as we were before our fall, pure spirits; and this will be the
+kingdom of the Lord. And to prepare for this transformation, what is to be
+done? Eat of every herb, nourish ourselves on the fruit of every tree of
+paradise,--that is, cultivate the soul, and not occupy it with anything but
+that which will make it live; but abstain from the herb of bitterness,--the
+tree of the knowledge of good and evil, that is,--reject all that can weave
+closer the links binding the soul to the body, retain it in its prison,
+its grave.(388)
+
+It is easy to see how Philonian ideas continued to exert their influence
+in Egypt, when absorbed into Christianity. It was these ideas which
+peopled the deserts of Nitria and Scete with myriads of monks wrestling
+with their bodies, those prison-houses of their souls, struggling to die
+to the world of matter, that their ethereal souls might shake themselves
+free. Their spirits were like moths in a web, bound by silken threads; the
+spirit would be choked by these fetters, unless it could snap them and
+sail away.
+
+
+
+
+
+PART III. THE LOST PAULINE GOSPELS.
+
+
+Under this head are classed such Gospels as have a distinct anti-
+Judaizing, Antinomian tendency. They were in use among the Churches of
+Asia Minor, and eventually found their way into Egypt.
+
+This class may probably be subdivided into those which bore a strong
+affinity to the Canonical Gospel of St. Luke, and those which were
+independent compilations.
+
+To the first class belongs--
+
+1. The Gospel of the Lord.
+
+To the second class--
+
+1. The Gospel of Eve.
+2. The Gospel of Perfection.
+3. The Gospel of Philip.
+4. The Gospel of Judas.
+
+
+
+
+I. The Gospel Of The Lord.
+
+
+The Gospel of the Lord, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, was the banner under which
+the left of the Christian army marched, as the right advanced under that
+of the Gospel of the Hebrews.
+
+The Gospel of the Lord was used by Marcion, and apparently before him by
+Cerdo.(389)
+
+In opposition to Ebionitism, with its narrow restraints and its low
+Christology, stood an exclusive Hellenism. Ebionitism saw in Jesus the Son
+of David, come to re-edit the Law, to provide it with new sanction, after
+he had winnowed the chaff from the wheat in it. Marcionism looked to the
+Atonement, the salvation wrought by Christ for all mankind, to the
+revelation of the truth, the knowledge ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) of the mysteries of the
+Godhead made plain to men, through God the good and merciful, who sent His
+Son to bring men out of ignorance into light, out of the bondage of the
+Law into the freedom of the Gospel.(390)
+
+The Gospel, in the eyes of Marcion and the extreme followers of St. Paul,
+represented free grace, overflowing goodness, complete reconciliation with
+God.
+
+But such goodness stood contrasted with the stern justice of the Creator,
+as revealed in the books of the Old Testament; infinite, unconditioned
+forgiveness was incompatible with the idea of God as a Lawgiver and a
+Judge. The restraint of the Law and the freedom of the Gospel could no
+more emanate from the same source than sweet water and bitter.
+
+Therefore the advanced Pauline party were led on to regard the God who is
+revealed in the Old Testament as a different God from the God revealed by
+Christ. Cerdo first, and Marcion after him, represented the God of this
+world, the Demiurge, to be the author of evil; but the author of evil only
+in so far as that his nature being incomplete, his work was incomplete
+also. He created the world, but the world, partaking in his imperfection,
+contains evil mixed with good. He created the angel-world, and part of it,
+through defect in the divinity of their first cause, fell from heaven.
+
+The germs of this doctrine, it was pretended, were to be found in St.
+Paul's Epistles. In the second to the Corinthians, after speaking of the
+Jews as blinded to the revelation of the Gospel by the veil which is on
+their faces, the apostle says: "The God of this world hath blinded the
+minds of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of
+Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them."(391) St. Paul
+had no intention of representing the God of the Jews who veiled their eyes
+as opposed to Christ; but it is easy to see how readily those who followed
+his doctrine of antagonism between the Law and the Gospel would be led to
+suppose that he did identify the God of the Law with the principle of
+obstructiveness and of evil.
+
+So also St. Paul's teaching that sin was produced by the Law, that it had
+no positive existence, but was called into being by the imposition of the
+Commandments, lent itself with readiness to Marcion's system. "The Law
+entered, that the offence might abound."(392) "The motions of sins are by
+the Law."(393) "I had not known sin, but by the Law: for I had not known
+lust, except the Law had said, Thou shalt not covet."(394)
+
+This Law, imposed by the God of the Jews, is then the source of sin. It is
+imposed, not on the spirit, but on the flesh. In opposition to it stands
+the revelation of Jesus Christ, which repeals the Law of the Jews. "The
+Law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law
+of sin and death."(395) "Therefore we conclude that a man is justified
+without the deeds of the Law."(396) "Before faith came, we were kept under
+the Law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.
+Wherefore the Law was our schoolmaster to bring us to Christ, that we
+might be justified by faith; but after that faith is come, we are no
+longer under a schoolmaster."(397)
+
+We find in St. Paul's writings all the elements of Marcion's doctrine, but
+not compacted into a system, because St. Paul never had worked out such a
+theory, and would have shrunk from the conclusions which might be drawn
+from his words, used in the heat of argument, for the purpose of opposing
+an error, not of establishing a dogmatic theory.
+
+The whole world lay, according to Marcion, under the dispensation of the
+Demiurge, and therefore under a mixed government of good and evil. To the
+Jewish nation this Demiurge revealed himself. His revelation was stern,
+uncompromising, imperfect. Then the highest God, the God of love and
+mercy, who stood opposed to the inferior God, the Creator, the God of
+justice and severity, sent Jesus Christ for the salvation of all (ad
+salutem omnium gentium) to overthrow and destroy (arguere, redarguere,
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) "the Law and the Prophets," the revelation of the
+world-God, the God of the Jews.
+
+The highest God, whose realm and law were spiritual, had been an unknown
+God (deus ignotus) till Christ came to reveal Him. The God of this world
+and of the Jews had a carnal realm, and a law which was also carnal. They
+formed an antithesis, and true Christianity consisted in emancipation from
+the carnal law. The created world under the Demiurge was bad; matter was
+evil; spirit alone was pure. Thus the chain unrolled, and lapsed into
+Manichaeism. Cerdo and Marcion stood in the same relation to Manes that
+Paul stood in to them. Manichaeism was not yet developed; it was
+developing.
+
+Gnosticism, with easy impartiality, affected Ebionitism on one side and
+Marcionism on the other, intensifying their opposition. It was like oxygen
+combining here to form an alkali, there to generate an acid.
+
+The God of love, according to Marcion, does not punish. His dealings with
+man are, all benevolence, communication of free grace, bestowal of ready
+forgiveness. For if sin be merely violation of the law of the God of this
+world, it is indifferent to the highest God, who is above the Demiurge,
+and regards not his vexatious restrictions on the liberty of man.
+
+Yet Marcion was not charged by his warmest antagonists with immorality.
+They could not deny that the Marcionites entirely differed from other
+Pauline Antinomians in their moral conduct--that, for example, in their
+abhorrence of heathen games and pastimes they came fully up to the
+standard of the most rigid Catholic Christians. While many of the
+disciples of St. Paul, who held that an accommodation with prevailing
+errors was allowable, that no importance was to be attached to externals,
+found no difficulty in evading the obligation to become martyrs, the
+Marcionites readily, fearlessly, underwent the interrogations of the
+judges and the tortures of the executioner.(398)
+
+Marcion, there is no doubt, regarded St. Paul as the only genuine apostle,
+the only one who remained true to his high calling. He taught that Christ,
+after revealing himself in his divine power to the God of this world, and
+confounding him unto submission, manifested himself to St. Paul,(399) and
+commissioned him to preach the gospel.
+
+He rejected all the Scriptures now accounted canonical, except the
+Epistles of St. Paul, which formed with him an "Apostolicon," in which
+they were arranged in the following order:--The Epistle to the Galatians,
+the First and Second to the Corinthians, the Epistles to the Romans, the
+Thessalonians, Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, and to the
+Philippians.(400)
+
+Besides the Epistles of St. Paul, he made use of an original Gospel, which
+he asserted was the evangelical record cited and used by Paul himself. The
+other Canonical Gospels he rejected as corrupted by Judaizers.
+
+This Gospel bore a close resemblance to that of St. Luke. "Marcion," says
+Irenaeus, "has disfigured the entire Gospel, he has reconstructed it after
+his own fancy, and then boasts that he possesses the true Gospel."(401)
+
+Tertullian assures us that Marcion had cut out of St. Luke's Gospel
+whatever opposed his own doctrines, and retained only what was in favour
+of them.(402) This statement, as we shall see presently, was not strictly
+true.
+
+Epiphanius is more precise. He goes most carefully over the Gospel used by
+Marcion, and discusses every text which, he says, was modified by the
+heretic.(403)
+
+The charge of mutilating the Canonical Gospels was brought by the orthodox
+Fathers against both the Ebionites on one side, and the Marcionites and
+Valentinians on the other, because the Gospels they used did not exactly
+agree with those employed by the middle party in the Church which
+ultimately prevailed. But the extreme parties on their side made the same
+charge against the Catholics.(404) It is not necessary to believe these
+charges in every case.
+
+If the Gospels(405) were compiled as in the manner I have contended they
+were, such discrepancies must have occurred. Every Church had its own
+collection of the "Logia" and of the "Practhenta" of Christ. The more
+voluminous of these collections, those better strung together, thrust the
+earlier, less complete, collections into the back-ground. And these
+collections were continually being augmented by the acquisition of fresh
+material; and this new material was squeezed into the existing text, often
+without much consideration for the chain of story or teaching which it
+broke and dislocated.
+
+Marcion was too conscientious and earnest a man wilfully to corrupt a
+Gospel. He probably brought with him to Rome the Gospel in use at Sinope
+in Pontus, of which city, according to one account, his father was bishop.
+The Church in Sinope had for its first bishop, Philologus, the friend of
+St. Paul, if we may trust the pseudo-Hippolytus and Dorotheus. It is
+probable that the Church of Sinope, when founded, was furnished by St.
+Paul with a collection of the records of Christ's life and teaching such
+as he supplied to other "Asiatic" churches. And this collection was, no
+doubt, made by his constant companion Luke.
+
+Thus the Gospel of Marcion may be Luke's original Gospel. But there is
+every reason to believe that Luke's Gospel went through considerable
+alteration, probably passed through a second edition with considerable
+additions to it made by the evangelist's own hand, before it became what
+it now is, the Canonical Luke.
+
+He may have found reason to alter the arrangement of certain incidents; to
+insert whole paragraphs which had come to him since he had composed his
+first rough sketch; to change certain expressions where he found a
+difference in accounts of the same sayings, or to combine several.
+
+Moreover, the first edition was published in the full heat of the Pauline
+controversy. Its strong Paulinianism lies on the surface. But afterwards,
+when this excitement had passed away, and the popular misconception of
+Pauline sola-fidianism had become a general offence to morals and
+religion, then Luke came under the influence of St. John, and tempered his
+Gospel by adding to it incidents Paul did not care to have inserted in the
+Gospel he wished his converts to receive, or the accuracy of which, as
+disagreeing with his own views, he was disposed to question.
+
+Of this I shall have more to say presently. It is necessary, in the first
+place, briefly to show that Marcion's Gospel contained a different
+arrangement of the narrative from the Canonical Luke, and was without many
+passages which it is not possible to believe he wilfully excluded. For
+instance, in Marcion's Gospel: "And as he entered into a certain village,
+there met him ten men that were lepers, which stood afar off: and they
+lifted up their voices, and said, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us. And
+when he saw them, he said unto them, Go, show yourselves unto the priests.
+And it came to pass, that as they went, they were cleansed. And many
+lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the prophet; and none of them
+was cleansed saving Naaman the Syrian. And one of them, when he saw that
+he was healed," &c. Here the order is Luke xvii. 12, 13, 14, iv. 27, xvii.
+15. Such a disturbance of the text in the Canonical Gospel could serve no
+purpose, would not support any peculiar view of Marcion, and cannot
+therefore have been a wilful alteration. And in the first chapter of
+Marcion's Gospel this is the sequence of verses whose parallels in St.
+Luke are: iii. 1, iv. 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 16, 20 21, 22,
+23, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44.
+
+Thus the order of events is different in the two Gospels. Christ goes
+first to Capernaum in the "Gospel of the Lord," and afterwards to
+Nazareth, an inversion of the order as given in the Gospel of St. Luke.
+Again, in this instance, no purpose was served by this transposition. It
+is unaccountable on the theory that Marcion corrupted the Gospel of Luke;
+but if we suppose that Luke revised the arrangement of his Gospel after
+its first publication, the explanation is simple enough.
+
+But what is far more conclusive of the originality of Marcion's Gospel is,
+that his Gospel was without several passages which occur in St. Luke, and
+which do apparently favour his views. Such are Luke xi. 51, xiii. 30 and
+34, xx. 9-16. These contain strong denunciations of the Jews by Jesus
+Christ, and a positive declaration that they had fallen from their place
+as the elect people. Marcion insisted on the abrogation of the Old
+Covenant; it was a fundamental point in his system; he would consequently
+have found in these passages powerful arguments in favour of his thesis.
+He certainly would not have excluded them from his Gospel, had he tampered
+with the text, as Irenaeus and Tertullian declare.
+
+Yet Marcion would not scruple to use the knife upon a Gospel that came
+into his hands, if he found in it passages that wholly upset his doctrine
+of the Demiurge and of asceticism. For when the Church was full of
+Gospels, and none were as yet settled authoritatively as canonical,
+private opinion might, unrebuked, choose one Gospel and reject the others,
+or subject any Gospel to critical supervision. The manner in which the
+Gospels were composed laid them open to criticism. Any Church might
+hesitate to accept a saying of our Lord, and incorporate it with the
+Gospel with which it was acquainted, till satisfied that the saying was a
+genuine, apostolic tradition. And how was a Church to be satisfied? By
+internal evidence of genuineness, when the apostles themselves had passed
+away. Consequently, each Church was obliged to exert its critical faculty
+in the composition of its Gospel. And that the churches did exert their
+judgment freely is evidenced by the mass of apocryphal matter which
+remains, the dross after the refining, piled up in the Gospels of
+Nicodemus, of the Infancy of Thomas, and of Joseph the Carpenter. All of
+which was deliberately rejected as resting on no apostolic authority, as
+not found in any Church to be read at the sacred mysteries, but as mere
+folk-tales buzzed about, nowhere producing credentials of authenticity.
+
+Marcion, following St. Paul, declared that the Judaizing Church had
+"corrupted the word of God,"(406) meaning such "logia" as, "I am not come
+to destroy the Law or the Prophets." "Till heaven and earth pass, one jot
+or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the Law, till all is
+fulfilled."(407) These texts would naturally find no place in the original
+Pauline Gospels used by the Churches he had founded. In St. Luke's Gospel,
+accordingly, the Law and the Prophets are said to have been until John,
+and since then the Gospel, "the kingdom of God."(408) But the following
+verse in St. Luke's Gospel is, "It is easier for heaven and earth to pass,
+than one tittle of the Law to fail"--a contradiction of the immediately
+preceding verse, which declares that the Law has ceased with the
+proclamation of the Gospel. This verse, therefore, cannot have existed in
+its present form in the original Gospel of St. Luke, and must have been
+modified when a reconciliation had been effected between Petrine and
+Pauline Christianity.
+
+It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that the verse should read
+differently in Marcion's Gospel, which contains the uncorrupted original
+passage, and runs thus "It is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than
+for one tittle of my words to fail;" or perhaps, "It is easier for heaven
+and earth to pass, than one tittle of the words of the Lord to fail;" for
+in this instance we have not the exact words.(409)
+
+But though Marcion certainly endured the presence of texts in his Gospel
+which militated against his system, he may have cut out other passages.
+Passages, or words only, which he thought had crept into the text without
+authority. This can scarcely be denied when the texts are examined which
+are wanting in his Gospel. No strong conservative attachment to any
+particular Gospels had grown up in the Church as yet; no texts had been
+authoritatively sanctioned. As late as the end of the second century (A.D.
+190), the Church of Rhossus was using its own Gospel attributed to Peter,
+till Serapion, bishop of Antioch, thinking that it contained Docetic
+errors, probably because of omissions, suppressed it,(410) and substituted
+for it, in all probability, one of the more generally approved Gospels.
+
+The Church of Rhossus was neither heretical nor schismatical; it formed
+part of the Catholic Church, and, no objection was raised against its use
+of a Gospel of its own, till it was suggested that this Gospel contained
+errors of doctrine. No question was raised whether it was an authentic
+Gospel by Peter or not; the standard by which it was measured was the
+traditional faith of the Church. It did not agree with this standard, and
+was therefore displaced. St. Epiphanius and St. Jerome assert, probably
+unjustifiably, that the orthodox did not hesitate to amend their Gospels,
+if they thought there were passages in them objectionable or doubtful.
+Thus they altered the passage in which Jesus is said to have wept over
+Jerusalem (Luke xix. 41). St. Epiphanius frankly tells us so. "The
+orthodox," says he, "have eliminated these words, urged to it by fear, and
+not feeling either their purpose or force."(411) But it is more likely
+that the weeping of Jesus over Jerusalem was inserted by Luke in his
+Gospel at the time of reconciliation under St. John, so as to make the
+Pauline Gospel exhibit Jesus moved with sympathy for the holy city, the
+head-quarters of the Law. The passage is not in Marcion's Gospel; and
+though it is possible he may have removed it, it is also possible that he
+did not find it in the Pauline Gospel of the Church at Sinope.
+
+St. Jerome says that Luke xxii. 43, 44, were also eliminated from some
+copies of the Canonical Gospel. "The Greeks have taken the liberty of
+extracting from their texts these two verses, for the same reason that
+they removed the passage in which it is said he wept.... This can only
+come from superstitious persons, who think that Jesus Christ could not
+have become as weak as is represented."(412) St. Hilary says that these
+verses were not found in many Greek texts, or in some Latin ones.(413)
+
+But here, also, the assertion of St. Jerome and St. Hilary cannot be taken
+as a statement of fact, but rather as a conclusion drawn by them from the
+fact that all copies of the Gospel of St. Luke did not contain these two
+verses. They are wanting in the Gospel of our Lord, and may be an addition
+made to the Gospel of St. Luke, after it had been first circulated. There
+is reason to suppose that after St. Luke had written his Gospel,
+additional matter may have been provided him, and that he published a
+second, and enlarged, edition of his Gospel. Thus some Churches would be
+in possession of the first edition, and others of the second, and Jerome
+and Epiphanius, not knowing this, would conclude that those in possession
+of the first had tampered with their text.
+
+The Gospel of Marcion has been preserved to us almost in its entirety.
+Tertullian regarded Marcionism as the most dangerous heresy of his day. He
+wrote against it, and carefully went through the Marcionite Gospel to show
+that it maintained the Catholic faith, though it differed somewhat from
+the Gospel acknowledged by Tertullian, and that therefore Marcion's
+doctrine was untenable.(414) He does not charge Marcion with having
+interpolated or curtailed a Canonical Gospel, for Marcion was ready to
+retort the charge against the Gospel used by Tertullian.(415)
+
+It is not probable that Tertullian passed over any passage in the "Gospel
+of the Lord" which could by any means be made to serve against Marcion's
+system. This is the more probable, because Tertullian twists the texts to
+serve his purpose which in the smallest degree lend themselves to being so
+treated.(416)
+
+St. Epiphanius has gone over much the same ground as Tertullian, but in a
+different manner. He attempts to show how wickedly Marcion had corrupted
+the Word of God, and how ineffectual his attempt had been, inasmuch as
+passages in his corrupted Gospel served to destroy his system.
+
+With these two purposes he went through the whole of the "Gospel of the
+Lord," and accompanied it with a string of notes, indicating all the
+alterations and omissions he found in it. Each text from Marcion's Gospel,
+or Scholion, is accompanied by a refutation. Epiphanius is very
+particular. He professes to disclose "the fraud of Marcion from beginning
+to end." And the pains he took to do this thoroughly appear from the
+minute differences between the Gospels which he notices.(417) At the same
+time, he does not extract long passages entire from the Gospel, but
+indicates their subject, where they agreed exactly with the received text.
+It is possible, therefore, that other slight differences may have existed
+which escaped his eye, but the differences can only have been slight.
+
+The following table gives the contents of the Gospel of Marcion. It
+contains nothing that is not found in St. Luke's Gospel. But some of the
+passages do not agree exactly with the parallel passages in the Canonical
+Gospel.
+
+THE GOSPEL ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).(418)
+
+Chap. i.(419)
+
+1. Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius
+Pilate ruling in Judea, Jesus came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee,
+and straightway on the Sabbath days, going into the synagogue, he
+taught.(420)
+
+2. And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his word was with power.
+
+3. And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an unclean
+devil, and cried out with a loud voice,
+
+4. Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, Jesus?(421) Art
+thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art; the Holy One of God.
+
+5. And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And
+when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him, and hurt
+him not.
+
+6. And they were all amazed, and spake among themselves, saying, What a
+word is this! for with authority and power he commandeth the unclean
+spirits, and they come out.
+
+7. And he arose out of the synagogue,(422) and entered into Simon's house.
+And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever; and they besought
+him for her.
+
+8. And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever, and it left her: and
+immediately she arose and ministered unto them.
+
+9. And the fame of him went out into every place of the country round
+about.
+
+10. And he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all.(423)
+
+11. And he came to Nazareth;(424) and, as his custom was, he went into the
+synagogue on the Sabbath day,(425) and he began to preach to them.(426)
+
+12. And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which
+proceeded out of his mouth.(427)
+
+13. And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb,
+Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do
+also here.(428)
+
+14. But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days of
+Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when great
+famine was throughout the land;
+
+15. But unto none of them was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of
+Sidon, unto a woman that was a widow.
+
+16. And many lepers were in the time of Eliseus the prophet in
+Israel,(429) and none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian.
+
+17. And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were
+filled with wrath,
+
+18. And rose up, and thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow
+of the hill whereon their city was built, that they might cast him down
+headlong.
+
+19. But he passing through the midst of them, went his way to
+Capernaum.(430)
+
+20. And when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers
+diseases brought them unto him, &c. (as St. Luke iv. 40-44).
+
+Chap. ii.
+
+Same as St. Luke v.
+
+Verse 14 differed slightly. For {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Marcion's Gospel had
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, "that this may be a testimony to you."
+
+Chap. iii.
+
+Same as St. Luke vi.
+
+Verse 17, for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Marcion read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; "among them" for "with
+them."
+
+Chap. iv.
+
+Same as St. Luke vii.
+
+Verses 29-35 omitted.
+
+Chap. v.
+
+Same as St. Luke viii.
+
+But verse 19 was omitted by Marcion.
+
+And verse 21 read: "And he answering, said unto them, Who is my mother,
+and who are my brethren?(431) My mother and my brethren are these which
+hear the word of God, and do it."
+
+Chap vi.
+
+Same as St. Luke ix.
+
+But verse 31 was omitted.
+
+Chap. vii.
+
+Same as St. Luke x.
+
+But verse 21 read: "In that hour he rejoiced in the Spirit, and said, I
+praise and thank thee, Lord of Heaven, that those things which were hidden
+from the wise and prudent thou hast revealed to babes: even so, Father;
+for so it seemed good in thy sight."(432)
+
+And verse 22 ran: "All things are delivered to me of my Father, and no man
+hath known the Father save the Son, nor the Son save the Father, and he to
+whom the Son hath revealed;"(433) in place of, "All things are delivered
+to me of my Father; and no man knoweth who the Son is, but the Father; and
+who the Father is, but the Son, and he to whom the Son will reveal him."
+
+And verse 25: "Doing what shall I obtain life?" "eternal," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, being
+omitted.
+
+Chap. viii.
+
+Same as St. Luke xi.
+
+But verse 2: "When ye pray, say, Father, may thy Holy Spirit come to us,
+thy kingdom come," &c., in place of "Hallowed be thy name."(434)
+
+Verse 29: in Marcion's Gospel it ended, "This is an evil generation: they
+seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it." What follows in St.
+Luke's Gospel, "but the sign of Jonas the prophet," and verses 30-32, were
+omitted.
+
+Verse 42: "Woe unto you, Pharisees! ye tithe mint and rue and all manner
+of herbs, and pass over the calling(435) and the love of God," &c.
+
+Verses 49-51 were omitted by Marcion.
+
+Chap. ix.
+
+Same as St. Luke xii.
+
+But verses 6, 7, and "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}" in 8 and 9 omitted.
+
+Verse 32 read: "Fear not, little flock; for it is the Father's good
+pleasure to give you the kingdom."(436)
+
+And verse 38 ran thus: "And if he shall come in the evening watch, and
+find thus, blessed are those servants."(437)
+
+Chap. x.
+
+Same as St. Luke xiii. 11-28.
+
+Marcion's Gospel was without verses 1-10.
+
+Verse 28: for "Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets," Marcion
+read, "all the righteous,"(438) and added "held back" after "cast."(439)
+
+Verses 29-35 of St. Luke's chapter were not in Marcion's Gospel.
+
+Chap. xi.
+
+Same as St. Luke xiv.
+
+Verses 7-11 omitted.
+
+Chap. xii.
+
+Same as St. Luke xv. 1-10.
+
+Verses 11-32 omitted.
+
+Chap. xiii.
+
+Same as St. Luke xvi.
+
+But verse 12: "If ye have not been faithful in that which is another
+man's, who will give you that which is mine?"(440)
+
+And verse 17: for "One tittle of the Law shall not fall," Marcion read,
+"One tittle of my words shall not fall."(441)
+
+Chap. xiv.
+
+Same as St. Luke xvii.
+
+But verse 2: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},(442) "if he had not been
+born, or if a mill-stone," &c.
+
+Verses 9, 10: Marcion's Gospel had, "Doth he thank that servant because he
+did the things that were commanded him? I trow not. So likewise do ye,
+when ye shall have done all those things that are commanded you."
+Omitting, "Say, We are unprofitable servants; we have done that which was
+our duty to do."
+
+Verse 14: "And he sent them away, saying, Go show yourselves unto the
+priests," &c., in place of, "And when he saw them, he said unto them,"
+&c.(443)
+
+Verse 18 ran: "These are not found returning to give glory to God. And
+there were many lepers in the time of Eliseus the prophet in Israel; and
+none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian."(444)
+
+Chap. xv.
+
+Same as St. Luke xviii. 1-30, 35-43.
+
+Verse 19: "Jesus said to him, Do not call me good; one is good, the
+Father."(445)
+
+Verses 31-34 were absent from Marcion's Gospel.
+
+Chap. xvi.
+
+Same as St. Luke xix. 1-28.
+
+Verses 29-48 absent.
+
+Verse 9: "For that he also is a son of Abraham," was not in Marcion's
+text.
+
+Chap. xvii.
+
+Same as St. Luke xx. 1-8, 19-36, 39-47.
+
+Verses 9-18 not in Marcion's Gospel.
+
+Verse 19: "They perceived that he had spoken this parable against them,"
+not in Marcion's text.
+
+Verse 35: "But they which shall be accounted worthy of God to obtain that
+world," &c.(446)
+
+Verses 37, 38, omitted.
+
+Chap. xviii.
+
+Same as St. Luke xxi. 1-17, 19, 20, 23-38.
+
+Verses 18, 21, 22, were not in Marcion's Gospel.
+
+Chap. xix.
+
+Same as St. Luke xxii. 1-15, 19-27, 31-34, 39-48, 52-71.
+
+Verses absent were therefore 16-18, 28-30, 35-38, 45-51.
+
+Chap. xx.
+
+Same as St. Luke xxiii.
+
+Verse 2: "And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this one
+perverting the nation, and destroying the Law and the Prophets, and
+forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, and leading away the women and
+children."(447)
+
+Verse 43: "Verily I say unto thee, To-day shalt thou be with me."(448)
+
+Chap. xxi.
+
+Same as St. Luke xxiv. 1-26, 28-51.
+
+Verse 25: "O fools and sluggish-hearted in believing all those things
+which he said to you," in place of, "in believing all those things which
+the prophets spake."(449)
+
+Verse 27 was omitted.
+
+Verse 32: "And while he opened to us the Scriptures," omitted.
+
+Verse 44: "These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet
+with you." What follows in St. Luke, "that all things must be fulfilled,
+which were written in the Law of Moses, and the Prophets, and the Psalms,
+concerning me," was omitted.
+
+Verse 45 was omitted.
+
+Verse 46 ran: "That thus it behoved Christ to suffer," &c.; so that the
+whole sentence read, "These are the words which I spake unto you, while I
+was yet with you, That thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from
+the dead the third day."
+
+Verses 52 and 53 were omitted.
+
+I shall now make a few remarks on some of the passages absent from
+Marcion's Gospel, or which, in it, differ from the Canonical Gospel of St.
+Luke.
+
+1. It was not attributed to St. Luke. It was {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}
+{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Tertullian explicitly says, "Marcion inscribes no name on his
+Gospel,"(450) and in the "Dialogue on the Right Faith" it is asserted that
+he protested his Gospel was _the_ Gospel, the only one; and that the
+multiplicity of Gospels used by Catholics, and their discrepancies, were a
+proof that none of these other Gospels were genuine. He even went so far
+as to assert that his Gospel was written by Christ,(451) and when closely
+pressed on this point, and asked whether Christ wrote the account of his
+own passion and resurrection, he said it was so, but afterwards hesitated,
+and asserted that it was probably added by St. Paul.
+
+This shows plainly enough that Marcion had received the Gospel, probably
+from the Church of Sinope, where it was the only one known, and that he
+had heard nothing about St. Luke as its author; indeed, knew nothing of
+its origin. He treated it with the utmost veneration, and in his
+veneration for it attributed its authorship to the Lord himself; supposing
+the words of St. Paul, "the Gospel of Christ,"(452) "the Gospel of his
+Son,"(453) "the Gospel of God,"(454) to mean that Jesus Christ was the
+actual author of the book.
+
+Marcion, it may be remarked, would have had no objection to acknowledging
+St. Luke as the compiler of the Gospel, as that evangelist was a devoted
+follower of St. Paul. If he did not do so, it was because at Sinope the
+Gospel read in the Church was not known by his name.
+
+2. Marcion's Gospel was without the Preface, Luke i. 1-4.
+
+This Preface is certainly by St. Luke, but was added, we may conjecture,
+after the final revision of his Gospel, when he issued the second edition.
+Its absence from Marcion's Gospel shows that it did not accompany the
+first edition.
+
+3. The narrative of the nativity, Luke i. ii., is not in Marcion's Gospel.
+
+It has been supposed by critics that he omitted this narrative purposely,
+because his Christ was descended from the highest God, had no part with
+the world of the Demiurge, and had therefore no earthly mother.(455) But
+if so, why did Marcion suffer the words, "Thy mother and thy brethren
+stand without desiring to see thee" (Luke viii. 20), to remain in his
+Gospel?
+
+And it does not appear that Marcion denied the incarnation _in toto_, and
+went to the full extreme of Docetic doctrine. On the contrary, he taught
+that Christ deceived the God of this World, by coming into it as a man.
+The Demiurge trusted he would be his Messiah, to confirm the Law for ever.
+But when he saw that Christ was destroying the Law, he inflicted on him
+death. And this was only possible, because Christ was, through his human
+nature, subject to his power.
+
+It is a less violent supposition that in the Church of Sinope the Gospel
+was, like that of St. Mark, without a narrative of the nativity and
+childhood of Jesus. It is probable, moreover, that the first two chapters
+of St. Luke's Gospel were added at a later period. The account of the
+nativity and childhood is taken from the mouths of the blessed Virgin
+Mary, of eye-witnesses, or contemporaries. "Mary kept all these things and
+pondered them in her heart," and "His mother kept all these sayings in her
+heart."(456) This is our guaranty that the story is true. Mary kept them
+in memory, and the evangelist appeals to her memory for them. So with
+regard to the account of the nativity of the Baptist, "All they that heard
+these things laid them up in their hearts."(457) To their recollections
+also the evangelist appeals as his authority.
+
+Now it is not probable that St. Luke or St. Paul were brought in contact
+with the Virgin and the people about Hebron, relatives of the Baptist.
+Their lives were spent in Asia Minor. But St. John, we know, became the
+guardian of the blessed Virgin after the death of Christ.(458) Greek
+ecclesiastical tradition declares that she accompanied him to Ephesus. But
+be that as it may, St. John almost certainly would have tenderly and
+reverently collected the "memorabilia" of the blessed Mother concerning
+her Divine Son's birth and infancy.
+
+St. John had the organizing and disciplining of the "Asiatic" churches
+founded by St. Paul after the removal of the Apostle of the Gentiles. When
+he came to Ephesus, and went through the Churches of Asia Minor, he found
+a Gospel compiled by St. Luke in general use. To this he added such
+particulars as were expedient to complete it, amongst others the
+"recollections" of St. Mary, and the relatives of the Baptist. It is most
+probable that he gave them to St. Luke to work into his narrative, and
+thus to form a second edition of his Gospel.(459) That the Gospel of St.
+Luke was retouched after the abatement of the anti-legal excitement can
+hardly be doubted. We shall see instances as we proceed.
+
+4. The section relating to the Baptist (Luke iii. 2-19), with which the
+most ancient Judaizing Gospels opened, was absent from that of Marcion.
+
+John belonged to the Old Covenant; he could not therefore be regarded as
+revealing the Gospel of the unknown God. This is thought by Baur,
+Hilgenfeld and Volckmar, to be the reason of the omission. But the
+explanation is strained. I think it probable, as stated above, that St.
+Luke when with St. Paul had not got the narrative of those who had heard
+and seen the birth of the Baptist and his preaching beyond Jordan. Had
+Marcion, moreover, objected to the Baptist as belonging to the Old
+Covenant, he would not have suffered the presence in his Gospel of the
+passage, Luke vii. 24-28, containing the high commendation of John, "This
+is he of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face,
+which shall prepare the way before thee."
+
+5. There is no mention in Marcion's Gospel of the baptism of our Lord
+(Luke iii. 21, 22). This is given very briefly in St. Luke's Gospel. To
+the Nazarene Church this event was of the utmost importance; it was
+regarded as the beginning of the mission of Jesus, the ratification by God
+of his Messiahship, and therefore the Gospels of Mark and of the Hebrews
+opened with it. But the significance was not so deeply felt by the Gentile
+converts, and therefore the circumstance is despatched in a few words.
+
+6. The genealogy of Joseph is not given (Luke iii. 23-38). This is not to
+be wondered at. It is an evidently late interpolation, clumsily foisted
+into the sacred text, rudely interrupting the narrative.
+
+(21): "Now when all the people were baptized, it came to pass that Jesus
+also being baptized, and praying, the heaven opened, (22) and the Holy
+Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him, and a voice came
+from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well
+pleased. (iv. 1): And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from
+Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness." Such is the
+natural order. But it is interrupted by the generation of Joseph, the
+supposed father of Jesus, from Adam. This generation does not concern
+Jesus at all, but it came through some Jewish Christians into the hands of
+the Church in Asia Minor, and was forced between the joints of the sacred
+text, to the interruption of the narrative and the succession of
+ideas.(460) Marcion had it not in the Gospel brought from Pontus.
+
+7. The narrative of the Temptation is not in Marcion's Gospel. It can have
+been no omission of his, for it would have tallied admirably with his
+doctrine. He held that the God of this world believed Christ at first to
+be the Messiah, but finally was undeceived. In the narrative of the
+Temptation the devil offers Christ all the kingdoms of the world and the
+glory of them. He takes the position which in Marcion's scheme was
+occupied by the Demiurge. Had he possessed the record of the Temptation,
+it would have mightily strengthened his position.
+
+8. The "Gospel of our Lord" opens with the words, "In the fifteenth year
+of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate ruling in Judaea ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in
+place of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, an unimportant difference), Jesus came down to
+Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and straightway on the Sabbath days, going
+into the synagogue, he taught" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} in
+place of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), again an unimportant
+variation.
+
+9. The words "Jesus of Nazareth"(461) are in Marcion's Gospel simply
+"Jesus." This may have been done by Marcion on purpose. But there is no
+evidence that it was omitted in xxiv. 19.
+
+10. The order of events, as given in Luke iv., is changed. Jesus, in
+Marcion's Gospel, goes first to Capernaum, and then to Nazareth, reversing
+the order in St. Luke.
+
+THE GOSPEL OF THE LORD.          THE GOSPEL OF ST. LUKE, iv.
+                                 14-40.
+9. Christ goes to Capernaum,     1. Christ comes into Galilee,
+and enters the synagogue to      and the fame of him goes round
+teach.                           about (14).
+10. All are astonished at his    2. He teaches in the
+doctrine and power.              synagogues of Galilee, being
+                                 glorified of all (15).
+11. He heals the demoniac.
+12. All are amazed at his        3. He comes to Nazareth, and
+power.                           goes into the synagogue (16).
+14. He enters Simon's house,     4. He opens Esaias, and
+and heals his wife's mother.     interprets his prophecy
+                                 (17-21).
+13. His fame spreads.
+2. He teaches in the             5. All bare him witness, and
+synagogues, being glorified of   wonder at his gracious words,
+all.                             but ask if he is not Joseph's
+                                 son (22).
+3. He comes to Nazareth, and
+goes into the synagogue.
+5. All bare him witness, and     6. Christ quotes a proverb,
+wonder at his gracious words.    and combats it (23-27).
+6. Christ quotes a proverb,      7. The Nazarenes seek to throw
+and combats it.                  him down a precipice (28, 29).
+7. The Nazarenes seek to throw
+him down a precipice.
+8. He escapes, and goes to       8. He escapes, and goes to
+Capernaum.                       Capernaum (30, 31).
+15. At sunset he heals the       9. He teaches in the synagogue
+sick.                            at Capernaum (31).
+                                 10. All are astonished at his
+                                 doctrine and power (32).
+                                 11. He heals the demoniac
+                                 (33-35).
+                                 12. All are amazed at his
+                                 power (36).
+                                 13. His fame spreads (37).
+                                 14. He enters Simon's house,
+                                 and heals his wife's mother
+                                 (38, 39).
+                                 15. At sunset he heals the
+                                 sick (40).
+
+By placing the subject-matter of the two narratives side by side, and
+numbering that of St. Luke consecutively, and giving the corresponding
+paragraphs, with their numbers as in Luke's order, arranged in the
+Marcionite succession, the reader is able at once to see the difference.
+No doctrinal question was touched by this transposition. The only
+explanation of it which is satisfactory is that each Gospel contained
+fragments which were pieced together differently. One block consisted of
+paragraphs 2-8; another, of paragraphs 9-14; another 15. Besides these
+blocks, there were chips, splinters, the paragraphs 1, 13, 15. Marcion's
+Gospel was without 1 and 4.
+
+Par. 2, verse 15: "He taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all,"
+was common to both Gospels. In Marcion's, most appropriately, it came
+after Christ has performed miracles; less judiciously in Luke's does it
+come before the performance of miracles.
+
+Par. 13: "And the fame of him went out into every place of the country
+round about." St. Luke put this after Christ had taught in Nazareth and
+Capernaum; in Marcion's Gospel it was before he had been to Nazareth, but
+immediately after the healing of Simon's wife's mother. It ought probably
+to occupy the place assigned it in Marcion's text. The fame of Christ
+spreads. They in Nazareth hear of it, and say, "What we have heard done in
+Capernaum, do also here."
+
+Par. 15: "Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with
+divers diseases brought them unto him," &c., as in St. Luke iv. 40, 41.
+This Marcion's Gospel has immediately after the healing of the sick wife
+of Simon, as though the rumour of the miracle attracted all who had sick
+relations to bring them to Christ. No doubt the paragraph should rightly
+stand in connection with this miracle of healing the fevered woman.
+
+But there are omissions supposed to have been made purposely by Marcion.
+In verse 16 of St. Luke's Gospel, c. iv.: "He came to Nazareth, where he
+had been brought up," in the "Gospel of the Lord" ran, "He came to
+Nazareth" only. But it is not improbable that "where he had been brought
+up" was a gloss which crept into the text after the addition of the
+narrative of the early years of Christ had been added to the Canonical
+Gospel.
+
+All the reading from the prophet Esaias, and the exposition of the
+prophecy (Luke iv. 17-21) was omitted, there can be small question, by
+Marcion, because it mutilated against his views touching the prophets as
+ministers, not of the God of Christ, but of the God of this world.
+
+Luke iv. 23: "Do also here in thy country," changed into, "Do also here."
+It is possible that "in thy country" may be a gloss which has crept into a
+later text of St. Luke's Gospel, or was inserted by Luke in his second
+edition.
+
+11. Luke vii. 29-35 are wanting in Marcion's Gospel. That verses 29-32
+should have been purposely excluded, it is impossible to suppose, as they
+favoured Marcion's tenets. It has been argued that the rest of the verses,
+33-35, were cut out by Marcion because in verse 34 it is said, "The Son of
+Man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a gluttonous man and a
+winebibber." But the "Gospel of the Lord" contained Luke v. 33: "Why do
+the disciples of John fast often, and make long prayers, and likewise the
+disciples of the Pharisees; but thine eat and drink;" and the example of
+Christ going to the feast prepared by Levi is retained (v. 29).
+
+12. Luke viii. 19: "Then came to him his mother and his brethren," &c.,
+omitted; but the next verse, "And it was told him by certain which said,
+Thy mother and thy brethren stand without, desiring to see thee." This
+cannot be admitted as a mutilation by Marcion. Had he cut out verse 19, he
+would also have removed verse 20. Rather is verse 19 an amplification of
+the original text. The "saying" of Jesus was known in the "Asiatic"
+churches; and when Luke wove it into the text of his Gospel, he introduced
+it with the words, "Then came to him his mother and his brethren, and
+could not come at him for the press," words not necessary, but deducible
+from the preserved text, and useful as introducing it.
+
+13. Luke x. 21: "In that hour he rejoiced in the spirit, and said, I
+praise and thank thee, Lord of heaven, that those things which are hidden
+from the wise and prudent thou hast revealed to babes." The version in
+Luke's Gospel may have been tampered with by Marcion, lest God should
+appear harsh in hiding "those things from the wise and prudent." But it is
+more likely that Marcion's text is the correct one. Why should Christ
+thank God that he has hidden the truth from the wise and prudent? The
+reading in Marcion's Gospel is not only a better one, but it also appears
+to be an independent one. He has, "I praise and thank thee." The received
+text differs in different codices; in some, Jesus rejoices "in the
+Spirit;" in others, "in the Holy Spirit."
+
+14. Luke x. 22: "All things are delivered to me of my Father, and no man
+hath known the Father save the Son, nor the Son save the Father, and he to
+whom the Son hath revealed him." No doctrinal purpose was effected by the
+change. It is therefore probable that the Sinope Gospel ran as in
+Marcion's text.
+
+15. Luke x. 25: "Doing what shall I obtain life?" "eternal" being omitted,
+it is thought, lest Jesus should seem to teach that eternal life was to be
+obtained by fulfilling the Law.(462) But Marcion did not alter the same
+question when asked by the ruler, in Luke xviii. 18; for then Christ,
+after he has referred him to the Law, goes on to impose on him a higher
+law--that of love. But "eternal" may be an addition to Luke's text in the
+second edition.
+
+16. The first petition in the Lord's Prayer differs in Marcion's Gospel
+from that in St. Luke. Marcion has, "Father! may thy Holy Spirit come to
+us, Thy kingdom come," &c., instead of, "Father! (which art in heaven--not
+in the most ancient copies of St. Luke) Hallowed be thy name," &c. No
+purpose was served by this difference; and we must not attribute to
+Marcion in this instance wilful alteration of the sacred text. It is
+apparent that several versions of the Lord's Prayer existed in the first
+age of the Church, and that this was the form in which it was accepted and
+used in Pontus, perhaps throughout Asia Minor.
+
+That the Lord's Prayer in St. Luke's Gospel stood originally as in
+Marcion's Gospel is made almost certain by verse 13. After giving the form
+of prayer, xi. 2-4, Christ instructs his disciples on the readiness of God
+to answer prayer. "And," he continues, "if ye then, being evil, know how
+to give good gifts unto your children; how much more shall your heavenly
+Father give the Holy Spirit to them that ask him?" How ready will He be to
+give that which you have learned to ask in the first petition of the
+prayer I have just taught you! The petition was altered in the received
+text later, to accommodate it to the form given in St. Matthew's Gospel.
+
+17. Luke xi. 29: "There shall no sign be given." What follows in St.
+Luke's Gospel, "but the sign of the prophet Jonas," and verses 30-32, were
+not found in Marcion's Gospel. Perhaps all this was inserted in the second
+edition of St. Luke's Gospel. But also perhaps the allusions to the
+Ninevites and the Queen of the South were omitted, because of the
+condemnation pronounced on the generation which received not Christ
+through them; and Jesus was not the manifestation of the God of judgment,
+but of the God of mercy.
+
+18. So also "judgment" was turned into "calling," in verse 42; and also
+the verses 49-51, in which the blood of the prophets is said to be
+"required of this generation."
+
+19. Luke xii. 38: "The evening watch" is perhaps an earlier reading than
+the received one: "If he shall come in the second watch, or come in the
+third watch;" which has the appearance of an expansion of the simpler
+text.
+
+The evening watch was the first watch. The Christians in the first age
+thought that our Lord would come again immediately. But as he did not
+return again in glory in the first watch, they altered the text to "the
+second watch or the third watch." Consequently Marcion's text is the
+original unaltered one.
+
+20. Luke xii. 6, 7: "Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not
+one of them is forgotten before God? But even the very hairs of your head
+are all numbered. Fear not therefore; ye are of more value than many
+sparrows." Perhaps Marcion omitted this because he did not hold that the
+Supreme God concerned Himself with the fate of men's bodies.
+
+But more probably the passage did not occur in the original Pauline
+Gospel, but was grafted into it afterwards when St. Matthew's Gospel came
+into the hands of the Asiatic Christians, when it was transferred from it
+(x. 29-31) verbatim to Luke's Gospel.
+
+21. Marcion's Gospel was without Luke xiii. 1-10.
+
+The absence of the account of the Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had
+mingled with their sacrifices, and of those on whom the tower in Siloam
+fell, which occurs in the received text, removes a difficulty. St. Luke
+says, "There were present at that season some that told him of the
+Galilaeans, whose blood," &c., as though it were a circumstance which had
+just taken place, whereas this act of barbarity was committed when
+Quirinus, not Pilate, was governor, twenty-four years before the
+appearance of Jesus. And no tower in Siloam is mentioned in any account of
+Jerusalem. The mention of the Galilaeans in the canonical text has the
+appearance of an anachronism, and probably did not exist in the Gospel
+which Marcion received, and was a late addition to the Gospel of Luke.
+
+The parable of the fig-tree which follows may, however, have been removed
+by Marcion lest the Supreme God should appear as a God of judgment against
+those who produced no fruit, _i.e._ did no works. But it is more probable
+that this parable, which has an anti-Pauline moral, was not in the
+original edition of Luke's Gospel.
+
+22. Luke xii. i 28: "There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye
+shall see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the
+kingdom of God, and you yourselves thrust out," altered into, "when ye
+shall see all the righteous in the kingdom of God, and ye yourselves cast
+and held back without."(463)
+
+The change of "the righteous" into "Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob," in the
+deutero-Luke, clearly disturbs the train of thought. Ye Jews shall weep
+when ye see the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, those made righteous through faith, by the
+righteousness which is _not_ of the Law, Gentiles from East and West, in
+the kingdom, and ye yourselves cast out.
+
+Hilgenfeld thinks that the account of the Judgment by St. Matthew and St.
+Luke is couched in terms coloured by the respective parties to which the
+evangelists belonged, and that the sentences on the lost are sharpened to
+pierce the antagonistic party. Thus, in the Gospel of St. Luke, Christ
+dooms to woe those who are workers of unrighteousness, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},(464) using the Pauline favourite expression to designate those
+who are cast out to weeping and gnashing of teeth, as men who have not
+received the righteousness which is of faith; whereas, in St. Matthew it
+is the workers of anomia, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},(465) by which
+Hilgenfeld thinks the Pauline anti-legalists are not obscurely hinted at,
+who are hurled into outer darkness. In St. Luke it is curious to notice
+how the lost are described as Jews: "We have eaten and drunk in thy
+presence, and thou hast taught in our streets;" whereas the elect who "sit
+down in the kingdom of God" come "from the east and from the west, and
+from the north and from the south," that is to say, are Gentiles.
+
+In Marcion's text we have therefore the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} shut and cast out, and
+the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} sitting overthroned in the kingdom of God. It can scarcely be
+doubted that this is the correct reading, and that "Abraham, Isaac and
+Jacob," was substituted for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at a later period with a conciliatory
+purpose.
+
+The rest of the chapter, 31-35, is not to be found in Marcion's Gospel.
+The first who are to be last, and the last first, not obscurely means that
+the Gentiles shall precede the Jews. This was in the "Gospel of the Lord,"
+which was, however, without the warning given to Christ, "Get thee out,
+and depart hence; for Herod will kill thee," and the lamentation of the
+Saviour over the holy city, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the
+prophets," &c. Why Marcion should omit this is not clear. It was probably
+not in the Gospel of Sinope.
+
+23. Luke xiv. 7-11. The same may be said of the parable put forth to those
+bidden to a feast, when Christ marked how they chose out the chief rooms.
+It has been supposed by critics that Marcion omitted it, lest Jesus should
+seem to sanction feasting; but this reason is far-fetched, and it must be
+remembered that he did retain Luke v. 29 and 33.
+
+24. Luke xv. 11-32. The parable of the Prodigal Son is omitted. That it is
+left out, as is suggested by some critics, because the elder son signifies
+mystically the Jewish Church, and the prodigal son represents the Heathen
+world, is to transfer such allegorical interpretations back to an earlier
+age than we are justified in doing. Marcion was not bound to admit such an
+interpretation of the parable, if received in his day. Marcion, moreover,
+opposed allegorizing the sayings of Scripture, and insisted on their
+literal interpretation. Neander says, "The other Gnostics united with
+their theosophical idealism a mystical, allegorizing interpretation of the
+Scriptures. Marcion, simple in heart, was decidedly opposed to this
+artificial method of interpretation. He was a zealous advocate of the
+literal interpretation which prevailed among the antagonists of
+Gnosticism."(466) It is therefore most improbable that a popular
+interpretation of this parable, if such an interpretation existed at that
+time, should have induced Marcion to omit the parable.
+
+25. Luke xvi. 12: "If ye have not been faithful in that which is another
+man's, who will give you that which is mine?" Surely a reading far
+preferable to that in the Canonical Gospel, "who will give you that which
+is your own?"
+
+26. Luke, xvi. 17: "One tittle of my words shall not fall," in place of,
+"One tittle of the Law shall not fall." As has been already remarked, the
+reading in St. Luke is evidently corrupt, altered deliberately by the
+party of conciliation. Marcion's is the genuine text.
+
+27. Luke xvii. 9, 10. The saying, "We are unprofitable servants; we have
+done that which was our duty to do," was perhaps omitted by Marcion, lest
+the Gospel should seem to sanction the idea that any obligation whatever
+rested on the believer. The received text is thoroughly Pauline,
+inculcating the worthlessness of man's righteousness. Hahn and Ritschl
+argue that the whole of the parable, 7-10, was not in Marcion's Gospel;
+and this is probable, though St. Epiphanius only says that Marcion cut
+out, "We are unprofitable servants; we have done that which was our duty
+to do."(467) The whole Parable has such a Pauline ring, that it would
+probably have been accepted in its entirety by Marcion, if his Gospel had
+contained it; and the parable is divested of its point and meaning if only
+the few words are omitted which St. Epiphanius mentions as deficient.
+
+28. Luke xvii. 18: "There are not found returning to give glory to God.
+And there were many lepers in the time of Eliseus the prophet in Israel;
+and none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian." In the Gospel of
+the Lord, this passage concerning the lepers in the time of Eliseus occurs
+_twice_; once in chap. i. v. 15, as already given, and again here. It has
+been preserved in St. Luke's Gospel in only one place, in that
+corresponding with Marcion i. 15, viz. Luke iv. 27.
+
+It is clear that this was a fragmentary saying of our Lord drifting about,
+which the compiler of the Sinope Gospel inserted in two places where it
+thought it would fit in with other passages. When St. Luke's Gospel was
+revised, it was found that this passage occurred twice, and that it was
+without appropriateness in chap. xvii. after verse 18, and was therefore
+cut out. But in Marcion's Gospel it remained, a monument of the manner in
+which the Gospels were originally constructed.
+
+29. Luke xviii. 19. Marcion had: "Jesus said to him, Do not call me good;
+one is good, the Father;" another version of the text, not a deliberate
+alteration.
+
+30. Luke xviii. 31-34. The prophecies of the passion omitted by Marcion.
+
+31. Luke xix. 29-46. The ride into Jerusalem on an ass, and the expulsion
+of the buyers and sellers from the Temple, are omitted.
+
+Why the Palm-Sunday triumphal entry should have been excluded does not
+appear. In St. Luke's Gospel Jesus is not hailed as "King of the Jews" and
+"Son of David." Had this been the case, these two titles, we may conclude,
+would have been eliminated from the narrative; but we see no reason why
+the whole account should be swept away. It probably did not exist in the
+original Gospel Marcion obtained in Pontus.
+
+Did Marcion cut out the narrative of the expulsion of the buyers and
+sellers from the Temple? I think not. St. John, in his Gospel, gives that
+event in his second chapter as occurring, not at the close of the ministry
+of Christ, but at its opening.
+
+St. John is the only evangelist who can be safely relied upon for giving
+the chronological order of events. St. Matthew, as has been already shown,
+did not write the acts of our Lord, but his sayings only; and St. Mark was
+no eye-witness.
+
+A Pauline Gospel would not contain the account of the purifying of the
+Temple, and the saying, "My house is the house of prayer." But when St.
+Matthew's Gospel, or St. Mark's, found its way into Asia Minor, this
+passage was extracted from one of them, and interpolated in the Lucan
+text, in the same place where it occurred in those Gospels--at the end of
+the ministry, and therefore in the wrong place.
+
+32. Luke xx. 9-18. The parable of the vineyard and the husbandmen. This
+Marcion probably omitted because it made the Lord of the vineyard, who
+sent forth the prophets, the same as the Lord who sent his son. The lord
+of the vineyard to Marcion was the Demiurge, but the Supreme Lord sent
+Christ.
+
+33. Luke xx. 37, 38, omitted by Marcion, because a reference to Moses, and
+God, as the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
+
+34. Luke xxi. 18: "There shall not an hair of your head perish," omitted,
+perhaps, lest the God of heaven, whom Christ revealed, should appear to
+concern himself about the vile bodies of men, under the dominion of the
+God of this world; but more probably this verse did not exist in the
+original text. The awkwardness of its position has led many critics to
+reject it as an interpolation,(468) and the fact of Marcion's Gospel being
+without it goes far to prove that the original Luke Gospel was without it.
+
+35. Luke xxi. 21, 22. The warning given by our Lord to his disciples to
+flee from Jerusalem when they see it encompassed with armies. Verse 21 was
+omitted no doubt because of the words, "These be the days of vengeance,
+that all things which are written may be fulfilled." This jarred with
+Marcion's conception of the Supreme God as one of mercy, and of Jesus as
+proclaiming blessings and forgiveness, in place of the vengeance and
+justice of the World-God.
+
+36. Luke xxii. 16-18. The distribution of the paschal cup among the
+disciples is omitted.
+
+37. Luke xxii. 28-30. The promise that the apostles should eat and drink
+in Christ's kingdom and judge the twelve tribes, was omitted by Marcion,
+as inconsistent with his views of the spiritual nature of the heavenly
+kingdom; and that judgment should be committed by the God of free
+forgiveness to the apostles, was in his sight impossible. Why Luke xxiii.
+43, 47-49, were not in Marcion's Gospel does not appear; they can hardly
+have been omitted purposely.
+
+38. Luke xxiii. 2. In Marcion's Gospel it ran: "And they began to accuse
+him, saying, We found this one perverting the nation, and destroying the
+Law and the Prophets, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, and
+leading away the women and children."
+
+It is not possible that Marcion should have forced the words "destroying
+the Law and the Prophets" into the text, for these are the accusations of
+_false_ witnesses. And this is precisely what Marcion taught that Christ
+had come to do. Both this accusation and that other, that he drew away
+after him the women and children from their homes and domestic duties and
+responsibilities, most probably did exist in the original text. It is not
+improbable that they were both made to disappear from the authorized text
+later, when the conciliatory movement began.
+
+39. Luke xxiv. 43. In Marcion's Gospel, either the whole of the verse,
+"Verily, I say unto thee, To-day shalt thou be with me in Paradise," was
+omitted, or more probably only the words "in Paradise." Marcion would not
+have purposely cut out such an instance of free acceptance of one who had
+all his life transgressed the Law, but he may have cancelled the words "in
+Paradise."
+
+40. Luke xxiv. 25 stood in Marcion's Gospel, "O fools, and in heart slow
+to believe all that he spake unto you;" and 27 and 45, which relate that
+Jesus explained to the two disciples out of Moses and the Prophets how he
+must suffer, and that he opened their understanding to understand the
+Scriptures, were both absent.
+
+41. Luke xxiv. 46. Instead of Christ appealing to the Prophets, Marcion
+made him say, "These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet
+with you, that thus it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead
+the third day." This was possibly Marcion's doing.
+
+The other differences between Marcion's Gospel and the Canonical Gospel of
+St. Luke are so small, that the reader need not be troubled with them
+here. For a fuller and more particular account of Marcion's Gospel he is
+referred to the works indicated in the footnote.(469)
+
+It will be seen from the list of differences between the "Gospel of our
+Lord" and the Gospel of St. Luke, that all the apparent omissions cannot
+be attributed to Marcion. The Gospel he had he regarded with supreme awe;
+it was because his Gospel was so ancient, so hallowed by use through many
+years, that it was invested by him with sovereign authority, and that he
+regarded the other Gospels as apocryphal, or at best only deutero-
+canonical.
+
+It is by no means certain that even where his Gospel has been apparently
+tampered with to suit his views, his hands made the alterations in it.
+What amplifications St. Luke's Gospel passed through when it underwent
+revision for a second edition, we cannot tell.
+
+The Gospel of our Lord, if not the original Luke Gospel--and this is
+probable--was the basis of Luke's compilation. But that it was Luke's first
+edition of his Gospel, drawn up when St. Paul was actively engaged in
+founding Asiatic Churches, is the view I am disposed to take of it. As
+soon as a Church was founded, the need of a Gospel was felt. To satisfy
+this want, Paul employed Luke to collect memorials of the Lord's life, and
+weave them together into an historical narrative.
+
+The Gospel of our Lord contains nothing which is not found in that of St.
+Luke. The arrangement is so similar, that we are forced to the conclusion
+that it was either used by St. Luke, or that it was his original
+composition. If he used it, then his right to the title of author of the
+third Canonical Gospel falls to the ground, as what he added was of small
+amount. Who then composed the Gospel? We know of no one to whom tradition
+even at that early age attributed it.
+
+St. Luke was the associate of St. Paul; ecclesiastical tradition
+attributes to him a Gospel. That of "Our Lord" closely resembles the
+Canonical Luke's Gospel, and bears evidence of being earlier in
+composition, whilst that which is canonical bears evidence of later
+manipulation. All these facts point to Marcion's Gospel as the original
+St. Luke--not, however, quite as it came to Marcion, but edited by the
+heretic.
+
+That the first edition of Luke bore a stronger Pauline impress than the
+second is also probable. The Canonical Luke has the Pauline stamp on it
+still, but beside it is the Johannite seal. More fully than any other
+Gospel does it bring out the tenderness of Christ towards sinners, a
+feature which has ever made it exceeding precious to those who have been
+captives and blind and bruised, and to whom that Gospel proclaims Christ
+as their deliverer, enlightener and healer.(470)
+
+It is not necessary here to point out the finger-mark of Paul in this
+Gospel; it has been often and well done by others. It is an established
+fact, scarcely admitting dispute, that to him it owes its colour, and that
+it reflects his teaching.(471)
+
+And it was this Gospel, in its primitive form, before it had passed under
+the hands of St. John, or had been recast by its author, that I think we
+may be satisfied Marcion possessed. That he made a few erasures is
+probable, I may almost say certain; but that he ruthlessly carved it to
+suit his purpose cannot be established.
+
+Of the value of Marcion's Gospel for determining the original text of the
+third Gospel, it is difficult to speak too highly.
+
+
+
+
+II. The Gospel Of Truth.
+
+
+Valentine, by birth an Egyptian, probably of Jewish descent, it may be
+presumed received his education at Alexandria. From this city he travelled
+to Rome (circ. A.D. 140); in both places he preached the Catholic faith,
+and then retired to Cyprus.(472) A miserable bigotry which refused to see
+in a heretic any motives but those which are evil, declared that in
+disgust at not obtaining a bishopric which he coveted, and to which a
+confessor was preferred, Valentine lapsed into heresy. We need no such
+explanation of the cause of his secession from orthodoxy. He was a man of
+an active mind and ardent zeal. Christian doctrine was then a system of
+facts; theology was as yet unborn. What philosophic truths lay at the
+foundation of Christian belief was unsuspected. Valentine could not thus
+rest. He strove to break through the hard facts to the principles on which
+they reposed. He was a pioneer in Christian theology.
+
+And for his venturous essay he was well qualified. His studies at
+Alexandria had brought him in contact with Philonism and with Platonism.
+He obtained at Cyprus an acquaintance with the doctrines of Basilides. His
+mind caught fire, his ideas expanded. The Gnostic seemed to him to open
+gleams of light through the facts of the faith he had hitherto professed
+with dull, unintelligent submission; and he placed himself under the
+inspiration and instruction of Basilides.
+
+But he did not follow him blindly. The speculations of the Gnostic kindled
+a train of ideas which were peculiarly Valentine's own.
+
+The age was not one to listen patiently to his theorizing. Men were called
+on to bear testimony by their lives to facts. They could endure the rack,
+the scourge, the thumbscrew, the iron rake, for facts, not for ideas. That
+Jesus had lived and died and mounted to heaven, was enough for their
+simple minds. They cared nothing, they made no effort to understand, what
+were the causes of evil, what its relation to matter.
+
+Consequently Valentine met with cold indifference, then with hot
+abhorrence. He was excommunicated. Separation embittered him. His respect
+for orthodoxy was gone; its hold upon him was lost; and he allowed himself
+to drift in the wide sea of theosophic speculation wherever his ideas
+carried him.
+
+Valentine taught that in the Godhead, exerting creative power were
+manifest two motions--a positive, the evolving, creative, life-giving
+element; and the negative, which determined, shaped and localized the
+creative force. From the positive force came life, from the negative the
+direction life takes in its manifestation.
+
+The world is the revelation of the divine ideas, gradually unfolding
+themselves, and Christ and redemption are the perfection and end of
+creation. Through creation the idea goes forth from God; through Christ
+the idea perfected returns to the bosom of God. Redemption is the recoil
+wave of creation, the echo of the fiat returning to the Creator's ear.
+
+The manifestation of the ideas of God is in unity; but in opposition to
+unity exists anarchy; in antagonism with creation emerges the principle of
+destruction. The representative of destruction, disunion, chaos, is Satan.
+The work of creation is infinite differentiation in perfect harmony. But
+in the midst of this emerges discord, an element of opposition which seeks
+to ruin the concord in the manifestation of the divine ideas. Therefore
+redemption is necessary, and Christ is the medium of redemption, which
+consists in the restoration to harmony and unity of that which by the
+fraud of Satan is thrown into disorder and antagonism.
+
+But how comes it that in creation there should be a disturbing element?
+That element must issue in some manner from the Creator; it must arise
+from some defect in Him. Therefore, Valentinian concluded, the God who
+created the world and gave source to the being of Satan cannot have been
+the supreme, all-good, perfect God.
+
+But if redemption be the perfecting of man, it must be the work of the
+only perfect God, who thereby counteracts the evil that has sprung up
+through the imperfection of the Demiurge.
+
+Therefore Jesus Christ is an emanation from the Supreme God, destroying
+the ill effects produced in the world by the faulty nature of the Creator,
+undoing the discord and restoring all to harmony.
+
+Jesus was formed by the Demiurge of a wondrously constituted ethereal
+body, visible to the outward sense. This Jesus entered the world through
+man, as a sunbeam enters a chamber through the window. The Demiurge
+created Jesus to redeem the people from the disorganizing, destructive
+effects of Satan, to be their Messiah.
+
+But the Supreme God had alone power perfectly to accomplish this work;
+therefore at the baptism of Christ, the Saviour (Soter) descended on him,
+consecrating him to be the perfect Redeemer of mankind, conveying to him a
+mission and power which the Demiurge could not have given.
+
+In all this we see the influence of Marcion's ideas.
+
+We need not follow out this fundamental principle of his theosophy into
+all its fantastic formularies. If Valentine was the precursor of Hegel in
+the enunciation of the universal antinomy, he was like Hegel also in
+involving his system in a cloud of incomprehensible terminology, in
+producing bewilderment where he sought simplicity.
+
+Valentine accepted the Old Testament, but only in the same light as he
+regarded the great works of the heathen writers to be deserving of
+regard.(473) Both contained good, noble examples, pure teaching; but in
+both also was the element of discord, contradictory teaching, and bad
+example. Ptolemy, the Valentinian who least sacrificed the moral to the
+theosophic element, scarcely dealt with the Old Testament differently from
+St. Paul. He did not indeed regard the Old Testament as the work of the
+Supreme God; the Mosaic legislation seemed to him to be the work of an
+inferior being, because, as he said, it contained too many imperfections
+to be the revelation of the Highest God, and too many excellences to be
+attributed to an evil spirit. But, like the Apostle of the Gentiles, he
+saw in the Mosaic ceremonies only symbols of spiritual truth, and, like
+him, he thought that the symbol was no longer necessary when the idea it
+revealed was manifested in all its clearness. Therefore, when the ideas
+these symbols veiled had reached and illumined men's minds, the necessity
+for them--husks to the idea, letters giving meaning to the thought--was at
+an end.
+
+Like St. Paul, therefore, he treated the Old Testament as a preparation
+for the New one, but as nothing more. We ascertain Ptolemy's views from a
+letter of his to Flora, a Catholic lady whom he desired to convert to
+Valentinianism.(474)
+
+In this letter he laboured to show that the God of this world (the
+Demiurge) was not the Supreme God, and that the Old Testament Scriptures
+were the revelation of the Demiurge, and not of the highest God. To prove
+the first point, Ptolemy appealed to apostolic tradition--no doubt to
+Pauline teaching--which had come down to him, and to the words of the
+Saviour, by which, he admits, all doctrine must be settled. In this letter
+he quotes largely from St. Paul's Epistles, and from the Gospels of St.
+Matthew and St. John.
+
+Like Marcion, Ptolemy insisted that the Demiurge, the God of this world,
+was also the God who revealed himself in the Old Testament, and that to
+this God belonged justice, wrath and punishment; whereas to the Supreme
+Deity was attributed free forgiveness, absolute goodness. The Saviour
+abolished the Law, therefore he abolished all the system of punishment for
+sin, that the reign of free grace might prevail.
+
+According to Ptolemy, therefore, retributive justice exercised by the
+State was irreconcilable with the nature of the Supreme God, and the
+State, accordingly, was under the dominion of the Demiurge.
+
+To the revelation of the old Law belonged ordinances of ceremonial and of
+seasons. These also are done away by Christ, who leads from the bondage of
+ceremonial to spiritual religion.
+
+Another Valentinian of note was Heracleon, who wrote a Commentary on the
+Gospel of St. John, of which considerable fragments have been preserved by
+Origen; and perhaps, also, a Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke. Of the
+latter, only a single fragment, the exposition of Luke xii. 8, has been
+preserved by Clement of Alexandria.(475)
+
+Heracleon was a man of deep spiritual piety, and with a clear
+understanding. He held Scripture in profound reverence, and derived his
+Valentinian doctrines from it. So true is the saying:
+
+
+    "Hic liber est in quo quaerit sua dogmata quisque,
+    Invenit pariter dogmata quisque sua."
+
+
+His interpretation of the narrative of the interview of the Saviour with
+the woman of Samaria will illustrate his method of dealing with the sacred
+text.
+
+Heracleon saw in the woman of Samaria a type of all spiritual natures
+attracted by that which is heavenly, godlike; and the history represents
+the dealings of the Supreme God through Christ with these spiritual
+natures ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}).
+
+For him, therefore, the words of the woman have a double meaning: that
+which lies on the surface of the sacred record, with the intent and
+purpose which the woman herself gave to them; and that which lay beneath
+the letter, and which was mystically signified. "The water which our
+Saviour gives," says he, "is his spirit and power. His gifts and grace are
+what can never be taken away, never exhausted, can never fail to those who
+have received them. They who have received what has been richly bestowed
+on them from above, communicate again of the overflowing fulness which
+they enjoy to the life of others."
+
+But the woman asks, "Give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come
+hither to draw"--hither--that is, to Jacob's well, the Mosaic Law from which
+hitherto she had drunk, and which could not quench her thirst, satisfy her
+aspirations. "She left her water-pot behind her" when she went to announce
+to others that she had found the well of eternal life. That is, she left
+the vessel, the capacity for receiving the Law, for she had now a
+spiritual vessel which could hold the spiritual water the Saviour gave.
+
+It will be seen that Valentinianism, like Marcionism, was an exaggerated
+Paulinism, infected with Gnosticism, clearly antinomian. Though the
+Valentinians are not accused of licentiousness, their ethical system was
+plainly immoral, for it completely emancipated the Christian from every
+restraint, and the true Christian was he who lived by faith only. He had
+passed by union with Christ from the dominion of the God of this World, a
+dominion in which were punishments for wrong-doing, into the realm of
+Grace, of sublime indifference to right and wrong, to a region in which no
+acts were sinful, no punishments were dealt out.
+
+If Valentinianism did not degenerate into the frantic licentiousness of
+the earlier Pauline heretics, it was because the doctrine of Valentine was
+an intellectual, theosophical system, quite above the comprehension of
+vulgar minds, and therefore only embraced by exalted mystics and cold
+philosophers.
+
+The Valentinians were not accused of mutilating the Scriptures, but of
+evaporating their significance. "Marcion," says Tertullian, "knife in
+hand, has cut the Scriptures to pieces, to give support to his system;
+Valentine has the appearance of sparing them, and of trying rather to
+accommodate his errors to them, than of accommodating them to his errors.
+Nevertheless, he has curtailed, interpolated more than did Marcion, by
+taking from the words their force and natural value, to give them forced
+significations."(476)
+
+The Pauline filiation of the sect can hardly be mistaken. The relation of
+Valentine's ideas to those of Marcion, and those of Marcion to the
+doctrines of St. Paul, are fundamental. But, moreover, they claimed a
+filiation more obvious than that of ideas--they asserted that they derived
+their doctrines from Theodas, disciple of the Apostle of the
+Gentiles.(477) The great importance they attributed to the Epistles of St.
+Paul is another evidence of their belonging to the anti-judaizing family
+of heretics, if another proof be needed.
+
+The Valentinians possessed a number of apocryphal works. "Their number is
+infinite," says Irenaeus.(478) But this probably applies not to the first
+Valentinians, but to the Valentinian sects, among whom apocryphal works
+did abound. Certain it is, that in all the extracts made from the writings
+of Valentine, Ptolemy and Heracleon, by Origen, Epiphanius, Tertullian,
+&c., though they abound in quotations from St. Paul's Epistles and from
+the Canonical Gospels, there are none from any other source.
+
+Nevertheless, Irenaeus attributes to them possession of a "Gospel of
+Truth" (Evangelium Veritatis). "This Scripture," says he, "does not in any
+point agree with our four Canonical Gospels."(479) To this also, perhaps,
+Tertullian refers, when he says that the Valentinians possessed "their own
+Gospel in addition to ours."(480)
+
+Epiphanius, however, makes no mention of this Gospel; he knew the writings
+of the Valentinians well, and has inserted extracts in his work on
+heresies.
+
+
+
+
+III. The Gospel Of Eve.
+
+
+The immoral tendency of Valentinianism broke out in coarse, flagrant
+licentiousness as soon as the doctrines of the sect had soaked down out of
+the stratum of educated men to the ranks of the undisciplined and vulgar.
+
+Valentinianism assumed two forms, broke into two sects,--the Marcosians and
+the Ophites.
+
+Mark, who lived in the latter half of the second century, came probably
+from Palestine, as we may gather from his frequent use of forms from the
+Aramaean liturgy. But he did not bring with him any of the Judaizing
+spirit, none of the grave reverence for the moral law, and decency of the
+Nazarene, Ebionite and kindred sects sprung from the ruined Church of the
+Hebrews.
+
+He was followed by trains of women whom he corrupted, and converted into
+prophetesses. His custom was, in an assembly to extend a chalice to a
+woman saying to her, "The grace of God, which excels all, and which the
+mind cannot conceive or explain, fill all your inner man, and increase his
+knowledge in you, dropping the grain of mustard-seed into good
+ground."(481) A scene like a Methodist revival followed. The woman was
+urged to speak in prophecy; she hesitated, declared her inability; warm,
+passionate appeals followed closely one on another, couched in equivocal
+language, exciting the religious and natural passions simultaneously. The
+end was a convulsive fit of incoherent utterings, and the curtain fell on
+the rapturous embraces of the prophet and his spiritual bride.
+
+Mark possessed a Gospel, and "an infinite number of apocryphal
+Scriptures," says Irenaeus. The Gospel contained a falsified life of
+Christ. One of the stories from it he quotes. When Jesus was a boy, he was
+learning letters. The master said, "Say Alpha." Jesus repeated after him,
+"Alpha." Then the master said, "Say Beta." But Jesus answered, "Nay, I
+will not say Beta till you have explained to me the meaning of
+Alpha."(482) The Marcosians made much of the hidden mysteries of the
+letters of the alphabet, showing that Mark had brought with him from
+Palestine something akin to the Cabbalism of the Jewish rabbis.
+
+This story is found in the apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas. It runs
+somewhat differently in the different versions of that Gospel, and is
+repeated twice in each with slight variations.
+
+In the Syriac:
+
+
+    "Zacchaeus the teacher said to Joseph, I will teach the boy Jesus
+    whatever is proper for him to learn. And he made him go to school.
+    And he, going in, was silent. But Zacchaeus the scribe began to
+    tell him (the letters) from Alaph, and was repeating to him many
+    times the whole alphabet. And he says to him that he should answer
+    and say after him; but he was silent. Then the scribe became
+    angry, and struck him with his hand upon his head. And Jesus said,
+    A smith's anvil, being beaten, can (not) learn, and it has no
+    feeling; but I am able to say those things, recited by you, with
+    knowledge and understanding (unbeaten)."(483)
+
+
+In the Greek:
+
+
+    "Zacchaeus said to Joseph ... Give thy son to me, that he may
+    learn letters, and with his letters I will teach him some
+    knowledge, and chiefly this, to salute all the elders, and to
+    venerate them as grandfathers and fathers, and to love those of
+    his own age. And he told him all the letters from Alpha to Omega.
+    Then, looking at the teacher Zacchaeus, he said to him, Thou that
+    knowest not Alpha naturally, how canst thou teach Beta to others?
+    Thou hypocrite! if thou knowest, teach Alpha first, and then we
+    shall believe thee concerning Beta."(484)
+
+
+Or, according to another Greek version, after Jesus has been delivered
+over by Joseph to Zacchaeus, the preceptor
+
+
+    "--wrote the alphabet in Hebrew, and said to him, Alpha. And the
+    child said, Alpha. And the teacher said again, Alpha. And the
+    child said the same. Then again a third time the teacher said,
+    Alpha. Then Jesus, looking at the instructor, said, Thou knowest
+    not Alpha; how wilt thou teach another the letter Beta? And the
+    child, beginning at Alpha, said of himself the twenty-two letters.
+    Then he said again, Hearken, teacher, to the arrangement of the
+    first letter, and know how many accessories and lines it hath, and
+    marks which are common, transverse and connected. And when
+    Zacchaeus heard such accounts of one letter, he was amazed, and
+    could not answer him."(485)
+
+
+Another version of the same story is found in the Gospel of the pseudo-
+Matthew:
+
+
+    "Joseph and Mary coaxing Jesus, led him to the school, that he
+    might be taught his letters by the old man, Levi. When he entered
+    he was silent; and the master, Levi, told one letter to Jesus, and
+    beginning at the first, Aleph, said to him, Answer. But Jesus was
+    silent, and answered nothing. Wherefore, the preceptor Levi, being
+    angry, took a rod of a storax-tree, and smote him on the head. And
+    Jesus said to the teacher Levi, Why dost thou smite me? Know in
+    truth that he who is smitten teacheth him that smiteth, rather
+    than is taught by him.... And Jesus added, and said to Levi, Every
+    letter from Aleph to Tau is known by its order; thou, therefore,
+    say first what is Tau, and I will tell thee what Aleph is. And he
+    added, They who know not Aleph, how can they say Tau, ye
+    hypocrites? First say what Aleph is, and I shall then believe you
+    when you say Beth. And Jesus began to ask the names of the
+    separate letters, and said, Let the teacher of the Law say what
+    the first letter is, or why it hath many triangles, scalene,
+    acute-angled, equilinear, curvi-linear," &c.(486)
+
+
+At the root of Mark's teaching there seems to have been a sort of
+Pantheism. He taught that all had sprung from a great World-mother,
+partook of her soul and nature; but over against this female principle
+stood the Deity, the male element.
+
+Man represents the Deity, woman the world element; and it is only through
+the union of the divine and the material that the material can be
+quickened into spiritual life. In accordance with this theory, they had a
+ceremonial of what he called spiritual, but was eminently carnal,
+marriage, which is best left undescribed.
+
+Not widely removed from the Marcosians was the Valentinian sect of the
+Ophites. Valentinianism mingled with the floating superstition, the
+fragments of the wreck of Sabianism, which was to be found among the lower
+classes.
+
+The Ophites represented the Demiurge in the same way as did the
+Valentinians. They called the God of this world and of the Jews by the
+name of Jaldaboth. He was a limited being, imposing restraint on all his
+creatures; he exercised his power by imposing law. As long as his
+creatures obeyed law, they were subject to his dominion. But above
+Jaldaboth in the sublime region without limit reigns the Supreme God. When
+Adam broke the Law of the World-God, he emancipated himself from his
+bondage, he passed out of his realm, he placed himself in relation to the
+Supreme God.
+
+The world is made by Jaldaboth, but in the world is infused a spark of
+soul, emanated from the highest God. This divine soul strives after
+emancipation from the bonds imposed by connection with matter, created by
+the God of this world. This world-soul under the form of a serpent urged
+Eve to emancipate herself from thraldom, and pass with Adam, by an act of
+transgression, into the glorious liberty of the sons of the Supreme God.
+
+The doctrine of the Ophites with respect to Christ was that of Valentine.
+Christ came to break the last chains of Law by which man was bound, and to
+translate him into the realm of grace where sin does not exist.
+
+The Ophites possessed a Gospel, called the "Gospel of Eve." It contained,
+no doubt, an account of the Fall from their peculiar point of view. St.
+Epiphanius has preserved two passages from it. They are so extraordinary,
+and throw such a light on the doctrines of this Gospel, that I quote them.
+The first is:
+
+
+    "I was planted on a lofty mountain, and lo! I beheld a man of
+    great stature, and another who was mutilated. And then I heard a
+    voice like unto thunder. And when I drew near, he spake with me
+    after this wise: I am thou, and thou art I. And wheresoever thou
+    art, there am I, and I am dispersed through all. And wheresoever
+    thou willest, there canst thou gather me; but in gathering me,
+    thou gatherest thyself."(487)
+
+
+The meaning of this passage is not doubtful. It expresses the doctrine of
+absolute identity between Christ and the believer, the radiation of divine
+virtue through all souls, destroying their individuality, that all may be
+absorbed into Christ. Individualities emerge out of God, and through
+Christ are drawn back into God.
+
+The influence of St. Paul's ideas is again noticeable. We are not told
+that the perfect man who speaks with a voice of thunder, and who is placed
+in contrast with the mutilated man, is Christ, and that the latter is the
+Demiurge, but we can scarcely doubt it. It is greatly to be regretted that
+we have so little of this curious book preserved.(488) The second passage,
+with its signification, had better repose in a foot-note, and in Greek. It
+allows us to understand the expression of St. Ephraem, "They shamelessly
+boast of their Gospel of Eve."(489)
+
+
+
+
+IV. The Gospel Of Perfection.
+
+
+The Gospel of Perfection was another work regarded as sacred by the
+Ophites. St. Epiphanius says: "Some of them (_i.e._ of the Gnostics) there
+are who vaunt the possession of a certain fictitious, far-fetched poem
+which they call the Gospel of Perfection, whereas it is not a Gospel, but
+the perfection of misery. For the bitterness of death is consummated in
+that production of the devil. Others without shame boast their Gospel of
+Eve."
+
+St. Epiphanius calls this Gospel of Perfection a poem, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. But M.
+Nicolas justly observes that the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is used here, not to describe
+the work as a poetical composition, but as a fiction. In a passage of
+Irenaeus,(490) of which only the Latin has been preserved, the Gospel of
+Judas is called "confictio," and it is probable that the Greek word
+rendered by "confictio" was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.(491)
+
+Baur thinks that the Gospel of Perfection was the same as the Gospel of
+Eve.(492) But this can hardly be. The words of St. Epiphanius plainly
+distinguish them: "Some vaunt the Gospel of Perfection ... others boast
+... the Gospel of Eve;" and elsewhere he speaks of their books in the
+plural.(493)
+
+
+
+
+V. The Gospel Of St. Philip.
+
+
+This Gospel belonged to the same category as those of Perfection and of
+Eve, and belonged, if not to the Ophites, to an analogous sect, perhaps
+that of the Prodicians. St. Philip passed, in the early ages of
+Christianity, as having been, like St. Paul, an apostle of the
+Gentiles,(494) and perhaps as having agreed with his views on the Law and
+evangelical liberty. But tradition had confounded together Philip the
+apostle and Philip the deacon of Caesarea, who, after having been a member
+of the Hellenist Church at Jerusalem, and having been driven thence after
+the martyrdom of Stephen, was the first to carry the Gospel beyond the
+family of Israel, and to convert the heathen to Christ.(495) His zeal and
+success caused him to be called an Evangelist.(496) In the second century
+it was supposed that an Evangelist meant one who had written a Gospel. And
+as no Gospel bearing his name existed, one was composed for him and
+attributed to him or to the apostle--they were not distinguished.
+
+St. Epiphanius has preserved one passage from it:
+
+
+    "The Lord has revealed to me the words to be spoken by the soul
+    when it ascends into heaven, and how it has to answer each of the
+    celestial powers. The soul must say, I have known myself, and I
+    have gathered myself from all parts. I have not borne children to
+    Archon (the prince of this world); but I have plucked up his
+    roots, and I have gathered his dispersed members. I have learned
+    who thou art; for I am, saith the soul, of the number of the
+    celestial ones. But if it is proved that the soul has borne a son,
+    she must return downwards, till she has recovered her children,
+    and has absorbed them into herself."(497)
+
+
+It is not altogether easy to catch the meaning of this singular passage,
+but it apparently has this signification. The soul trammelled with the
+chains of matter, created by the Archon, the Creator of the world, has to
+emancipate itself from all material concerns. Each thought, interest,
+passion, excited by anything in the world, is a child borne by the soul to
+Archon, to which the soul has contributed animation, the world, form. The
+great work of life is the disengagement of the soul from all concern in
+the affairs of the world, in the requirements of the body. When the soul
+has reached the most exalted perfection, it is cold, passionless,
+indifferent; then it comes before the Supreme God, passing through the
+spheres guarded by attendant aeons or angels, and to each it protests its
+disengagement. But should any thought or care for mundane matters be found
+lurking in the recesses of the soul, it has to descend again, and remain
+in exile till it has re-absorbed all the life it gave, the interest it
+felt, in such concerns, and then again make its essay to reach God.
+
+The conception of Virtues guarding the concentric spheres surrounding the
+Most High is found among the Jews. When Moses went into the presence of
+God to receive the tables of stone, he met first the angel Kemuel, chief
+of the angels of destruction, who would have slain him, but Moses
+pronounced the incommunicable Name, and passed through. Then he came to
+the sphere governed by the angel Hadarniel, and by virtue of the Name
+passed through. Next he came to the sphere over which presided the angel
+Sandalfon, and penetrated by means of the same Name. Next he traversed the
+river of flame, called Riggon, and stood before the throne.(498)
+
+St. Paul held the popular Rabbinic notion of the spheres surrounding the
+throne of God, for he speaks of having been caught up into the third
+heaven.(499) In the apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah there are seven heavens
+that the prophet traverses.
+
+The Rabbinic ideas on the spheres were taken probably from the Chaldees,
+and from the same source, perhaps, sprang the conception of the soul
+making her ascension through the angel-guarded spheres, which we find in
+the fragment of the Gospel of St. Philip.
+
+Unfortunately, we have not sufficient of the early literature of the
+Chaldees and Assyrians to be able to say for certain that it was so. But a
+very curious sacred poem has been preserved on the terra-cotta tablets of
+the library of Assurbani-Pal, which exhibits a similar belief as prevalent
+anciently in Assyria.
+
+This poem represents the descent of Istar into the Immutable Land, the
+nether world, divided into seven circles. The heavenly world of the
+Chaldees was also divided into seven circles, each ruled by a planet. The
+poem therefore exhibits a descent instead of an ascent. But there is
+little reason to doubt that the passage in each case would have been
+analogous. We have no ancient Assyrian account of an ascent; we must
+therefore content ourselves with what we have.
+
+Istar descends into the lower region, and as she traverses each circle is
+despoiled of one of her coverings worn in the region above, till she
+stands naked before Belith, the Queen of the Land of Death.
+
+i. "At the first gate, as I made her enter, I despoiled her; I took the
+crown from off her head.
+
+" 'Hold, gatekeeper! Thou hast taken the crown from off my head.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+ii. "At the second gate I made her enter; I despoiled her, and took from
+off her the earrings from her ears.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of the earrings from
+my ears.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+iii. "At the third gate I made her enter; I despoiled her of the precious
+jewels on her neck.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of the jewels of my
+neck.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+iv. "At the fourth gate I made her enter; I despoiled her of the brooch of
+jewels upon her breast.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of the brooch of
+jewels upon my breast.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+V. "At the fifth gate I made her enter; I despoiled her of the belt of
+jewels about her waist.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of the belt of jewels
+about my waist.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+vi. "At the sixth gate I made her enter; I despoiled her of her armlets
+and bracelets.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of my armlets and
+bracelets.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this stage of the
+circles.'
+
+vii. "At the seventh gate I made her enter; I despoiled her of her skirt.
+
+" 'Hold, keeper of the gate! Thou hast despoiled me of my skirt.'
+
+" 'Enter into the empire of the Lady of the Earth, to this degree of
+circles.' "(500)
+
+We have something very similar in the judgment of souls in the Egyptian
+Ritual of the Dead. From Chaldaea or from Egypt the Gnostics who used the
+Gospel of St. Philip drew their doctrine of the soul traversing several
+circles, and arrested by an angel at the gate of each.
+
+The soul, a divine element, is in the earth combined with the body, a work
+of the Archon. But her aspirations are for that which is above; she
+strives to "extirpate his roots." All her "scattered members," her
+thoughts, wishes, impulses, are gathered into one up-tapering flame. Then
+only does she "know (God) for what He is," for she has learned the nature
+of God by introspection.
+
+Such, if I mistake not, is the meaning of the passage quoted by St.
+Epiphanius. The sect which used such a Gospel must have been mystical and
+ascetic, given to contemplation, and avoiding the indulgence of their
+animal appetites. It was that, probably, of Prodicus, strung on the same
+Pauline thread as the heresies of Marcion, Nicolas, Valentine, Marcus, the
+Ophites, Carpocratians and Cainites.
+
+Prodicus, on the strength of St. Paul's saying that all Christians are a
+chosen generation, a royal priesthood, maintained the sovereignty of every
+man placed under the Gospel. But a king is above law, is not bound by law.
+Therefore the Christian is under no bondage of Law, moral or ceremonial.
+He is lord of the Sabbath, above all ordinances. Prodicus made the whole
+worship of God to consist in the inner contemplation of the essence of
+God.
+
+External worship was not required of the Christian; that had been imposed
+by the Demiurge on the Jews and all under his bondage, till the time of
+the fulness of the Gospel had come.(501) The Prodicians did not constitute
+an important, widely-extended sect, and were confounded by many of the
+early Fathers with other Pauline-Gnostic sects.
+
+
+
+
+VI. The Gospel Of Judas.
+
+
+The Pauline Protestantism of the first two centuries of the Church had not
+exhausted itself in Valentinianism. The fanatics who held free
+justification and emancipation from the Law were ready to run to greater
+lengths than Marcion, Valentine, or even Marcus, was prepared to go.
+
+Men of ability and enthusiasm rose and preached, and galvanized the latent
+Paulinian Gnosticism into temporary life and popularity, and then
+disappeared; the great wave of natural common-sense against which they
+battled returned and overwhelmed their disciples, till another heresiarch
+arose, made another effort to establish permanently a religion without
+morality, again to fail before the loudly-expressed disgust of mankind,
+and the stolid conviction inherent in human nature that pure morals and
+pure religion are and must be indissolubly united.
+
+Carpocrates was one of these revivalists. Everything except faith, all
+good works, all exterior observances, all respect for human laws, were
+indifferent, worse than indifferent, to the Christian: these exhibited,
+where found, an entanglement of the soul in the web woven for it by the
+God of this world, of the Jews, of the Law. The body was of the earth, the
+soul of heaven. Here, again, Carpocrates followed and distorted the
+teaching of St. Paul; the body was under the Law, the soul was free.
+Whatsoever was done in the body did not affect the soul. "It is no more I
+that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me."(502)
+
+
+    "All depends upon faith and love," said Carpocrates; "externals
+    are altogether matters of indifference. He who ascribes moral
+    worth to these makes himself their slave, subjects himself to
+    those spirits of the world from whom all religious and political
+    ordinances have proceeded; he cannot, after death, pass out of the
+    sphere of the metempsychosis. But he who can abandon himself to
+    every lust without being affected by any, who can thus bid
+    defiance to the laws of those earthly spirits, will after death
+    rise to the unity of that Original One, with whom he has, by
+    uniting himself, freed himself, even in this present life, from
+    all fetters."(503)
+
+
+Epiphanes, the son of Carpocrates, a youth of remarkable ability, who died
+young, exhausted by the excesses to which his solifidianism exposed him,
+wrote a work on Justification by Faith, in which he said:
+
+
+    "All nature manifests a striving after unity and fellowship; the
+    laws of man contradicting these laws of nature, and yet unable to
+    subdue the appetites implanted in human nature by the Creator
+    himself--these first introduced sin."(504)
+
+
+With Epiphanes, St. Epiphanius couples Isidore, and quotes from his
+writings directions how the Faithful are to obtain disengagement from
+passion, so as to attain union with God. Dean Milman, in his "History of
+Christianity," charitably hopes that the licentiousness attributed to
+these sects was deduced by the Fathers from their writings, and was not
+actually practised by them. But the extracts from the books of Isidore,
+Epiphanes and Carpocrates, are sufficient to show that their doctrines
+were subversive of morality, and that, when taught as religious truths to
+men with human passions, they could not fail to produce immoral results.
+An extract from Isidore, preserved by Epiphanius, giving instructions to
+his followers how to conduct themselves, was designed to be put in
+practice. It is impossible even to quote it, so revolting is its
+indecency. In substance it is this: No man can approach the Supreme God
+except when perfectly disengaged from earthly passion. This disengagement
+cannot be attained without first satisfying passion; therefore the
+exhaustion of desire consequent on the gratification of passion is the
+proper preparation for prayer.(505)
+
+To the same licentious class of Antinomians belonged the sect of the
+Antitactes. They also held the distinction between the Supreme God and the
+Demiurge, the God of the Jews,(506) of the Law, of the World. The body,
+the work of the God of creation, is evil; it "serves the law of sin;" nay,
+it is the very source of sin, and imprisons, degrades, the soul entangled
+in it. Thus the soul serves the law of God, the body the law of sin,
+_i.e._ of the Demiurge. But the Demiurge has imposed on men his law, the
+Ten Commandments. If the soul consents to that law, submits to be in
+bondage under it, the soul passes from the liberty of its ethereal
+sonship, under the dominion of a God at enmity with the Supreme Being.
+Therefore the true Christian must show his adherence to the Omnipotent by
+breaking the laws of the Decalogue,--the more the better.(507)
+
+Was religious fanaticism capable of descending lower? Apparently it was
+so. The Cainites exhibit Pauline antinomianism in its last, most
+extravagant, most grotesque expression. Their doctrine was the extreme
+development of an idea in itself originally containing an element of
+truth.
+
+Paul had proclaimed the emancipation of the Christian from the Law.
+Perhaps he did not at first sufficiently distinguish between the moral and
+the ceremonial law; he did not, at all events, lay down a broad, luminous
+principle, by which his disciples might distinguish between moral
+obligation to the Decalogue and bondage to the ceremonial Law. If both
+laws were imposed by the same God, to upset one was to upset the other.
+And Paul himself broke a hole in the dyke when he opposed the observance
+of the Sabbath, and instituted instead the Lord's-day.
+
+Through that gap rushed the waves, and swept the whole Decalogue away.
+
+Some, to rescue jeoparded morality, maintained that the Law contained a
+mixture of things good and bad; that the ceremonial law was bad, the moral
+law was good. Some, more happily, asserted that the whole of the Law was
+good, but that part of it was temporary, provisional, intended only to be
+temporary and provisional, a figure of that which was to be; and the rest
+of the Law was permanent, of perpetual obligation.
+
+The ordinances of the Mosaic sanctuary were typical. When the fulfilment
+of the types came, the shadows were done away. This was the teaching of
+the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, called forth by the disorders
+which had followed indiscriminating denunciation of the Law by the Pauline
+party.
+
+But a large body of men could not, or would not, admit this distinction.
+St. Paul had proclaimed the emancipation of the Christian from the Law.
+They, having been Gentiles, had never been under the ceremonial Law of
+Moses. How then could they be set at liberty from it? The only freedom
+they could understand was freedom from the natural law written on the
+fleshy tables of their hearts by the same finger that had inscribed the
+Decalogue on the stones in Sinai. The God of the Jews was, indeed, the God
+of the world. The Old Testament was the revelation of his will. Christ had
+emancipated man from the Law. The Law was at enmity to Christ; therefore
+the Christian was at enmity to the Law. The Law was the voice of the God
+of the Jews; therefore the Christian was at enmity to the God of the Jews.
+Jesus was the revelation of the All-good God, the Old Testament the
+revelation of the evil God.
+
+Looking at the Old Testament from this point of view, the extreme wing of
+the Pauline host, the Cainites, naturally came to regard the Patriarchs as
+being under the protection, the Prophets as being under the inspiration,
+of the God of the Jews, and therefore to hold them in abhorrence, as
+enemies of Christ and the Supreme Deity. Those, on the other hand, who
+were spoken of in the Old Testament as resisting God, punished by God,
+were true prophets, martyrs of the Supreme Deity, forerunners of the
+Gospel. Cain became the type of virtue; Abel, on the contrary, of error
+and perversity. The inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah were pioneers of
+Gospel freedom; Corah, Dathan and Abiram, martyrs protesting against
+Mosaism.
+
+In this singular rehabilitation, Judas Iscariot was relieved from the
+anathema weighing upon him. This man, who had sold his Master, was no
+longer regarded as a traitor, but as one who, inspired by the Spirit of
+Wisdom, had been an instrument in the work of redemption. The other
+apostles, narrowed by their prejudices, had opposed the idea of the death
+of Christ, saying, "Be it far from thee, Lord; this shall not be unto
+thee."(508) But Judas, having a clearer vision of the truth, and the
+necessity for the redemption of the world by the death of Christ, took the
+heroic resolution to make that precious sacrifice inevitable. Rising above
+his duties as disciple, in his devotion to the cause of humanity, he
+judged it necessary to prevent the hesitations of Christ, who at the last
+moment seemed to waver; to render inevitable the prosecution of his great
+work. Judas therefore went to the chiefs of the synagogue, and covenanted
+with them to deliver up his Master to their will, knowing that by his
+death the salvation of the world could alone be accomplished.(509)
+
+Judas therefore became the chief apostle to the Cainites. They composed a
+Gospel under his name, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.(510) Irenaeus also mentions
+it;(511) it must therefore date from the second century. Theodoret
+mentions it likewise. But none of the ancient Fathers quote it. Not a
+single fragment of this curious work has been preserved.
+
+"It is certainly to be regretted," says M. Nicolas, "that this monument of
+human folly has completely disappeared. It should have been carefully
+preserved as a monument, full of instruction, of the errors into which man
+is capable of falling, when he abandons himself blindly to theological
+dogmatism."(512)
+
+In addition to the Gospel of Judas, the Cainites possessed an apocryphal
+book relating to that apostle whom they venerated scarcely second to
+Judas, viz. St. Paul. It was entitled the "Ascension of Paul," {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~},(513) and related to his translation into the third heaven, and the
+revelation of unutterable things he there received.(514)
+
+An "Apocalypse of Paul" has been preserved, but it almost certainly is a
+different book from the Anabaticon. It contains nothing favouring the
+heretical views of the Cainites, and was read in some of the churches of
+Palestine. This Apocalypse in Greek has been published by Dr. Tischendorf
+in his Apocalypses Apocryphae (Lips. 1866), and the translation of a later
+Syriac version in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. VIII.
+1864.(515)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 Joseph. Antiq. xii. 5; 1 Maccab. i. 11-15, 43, 52; 2 Maccab. iv.
+      9-16.
+
+    2 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Antiq. xiii. 4, xii. 10.
+
+    3 Baba-Kama, fol. 82; Menachoth, fol. 64; Sota, fol. 49; San-Baba,
+      fol. 90.
+
+    4 Menachoth, fol. 99.
+
+    5 Baba-Kama, fol. 63.
+
+    6 Mass. Sopherim, c. i. in Othonis Lexicon Rabbin. p. 329.
+
+    7 Philo is not mentioned by name once in the Talmud, nor has a single
+      sentiment or interpretation of an Alexandrine Jew been admitted into
+      the Jerusalem or Babylonish Talmud.
+
+    8 Aristobulus wrote a book to prove that the Greek sages drew their
+      philosophy from Moses, and addressed his book to Ptolemy Philometor.
+
+    9 Gal. iv. 24, 25.
+
+   10 Col. i. 16.
+
+   11 1 Cor. x. 21.
+
+   12 Dante, Parad. xiv.
+
+   13 See the question carefully discussed in M. F. Delaunay's Moines et
+      Sibylles; Paris, 1874, pp. 28 sq.
+
+   14 See, on this curious topic, C. Aubertin: Seneque et St. Paul; Paris,
+      1872.
+
+   15 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. ii. 17. The Bishop of Caesarea is quoting from
+      Philo's account of the Therapeutae, and argues that these
+      Alexandrine Jews must have been Christians, because their manner of
+      life, religious customs and doctrines, were identical with those of
+      Christians. "Their meetings, the distinction of the sexes at these
+      meetings, the religious exercises performed at them, _are still in
+      vogue among us at the present day_, and, especially at the
+      commemoration of the Saviour's passion, we, like them, pass the time
+      in fasting and vigil, and in the study of the divine word. All these
+      the above-named author (Philo) has accurately described in his
+      writings, and _are the same customs that are observed by us alone_,
+      at the present day, particularly the vigils of the great Feast, and
+      the exercises in them, and the hymns that are commonly recited among
+      us. He states that, whilst one sings gracefully with a certain
+      measure, the others, listening in silence, join in at the final
+      clauses of the hymns; also that, on the above-named days, they lie
+      on straw spread on the ground, and, to use his own words, abstain
+      altogether from wine and from flesh. Water is their only drink, and
+      the relish of their bread salt and hyssop. Besides this, he
+      describes the grades of dignity among those who administer the
+      ecclesiastical functions committed to them, those of deacons, and
+      the presidencies of the episcopate as the highest. Therefore,"
+      Eusebius concludes, "it is obvious to all that Philo, when he wrote
+      these statements, _had in view the first heralds of the gospel, and
+      the original practices handed down from the apostles_."
+
+   16 It is deserving of remark that the turning to the East for prayer,
+      common to the Essenes and primitive Christians, was forbidden by the
+      Mosaic Law and denounced by prophets. When the Essenes diverged from
+      the Law, the Christians followed their lead.
+
+   17 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Lib. xviii. c. iii. 3.
+
+   18 Hist. Eccl. lib. i. c. 11; Demonst. Evang. lib. iii.
+
+   19 He indeed distinctly affirms that Josephus did not believe in
+      Christ, Contr. Cels. i.
+
+   20 Juvenal, Satir. vi. 546. "Aere minuto qualiacunque voles Judaei
+      somnia vendunt." The Emperors, later, issued formal laws against
+      those who charmed away diseases (Digest. lib. i. tit. 13, i. 1).
+      Josephus tells the story of Eleazar dispossessing a demon by
+      incantations. De Bello Jud. lib. vii. 6; Antiq. lib. viii. c. 2.
+
+   21 Hist. Eccl. i. 11.
+
+   22 Contr. Cels. i. 47; and again, ii. 13: "This (destruction), as
+      Josephus writes, 'happened upon account of James the Just, the
+      brother of Jesus, called the Christ;' but in truth on account of
+      Christ Jesus, the Son of God."
+
+   23 Acts xxiii.
+
+   24 Bibliothec. cod. 33.
+
+   25 Plin. Hist. Nat. v. 17; Epiphan. adv. Haeres. xix. 1.
+
+   26 Epiphan. adv. Haeres. x.
+
+   27 For information on the Essenes, the authorities are, Philo, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and Josephus, De Bello Judaico, and
+      Antiq.
+
+   28 Compare Luke x. 4; John xii. 6, xiii. 29; Matt. xix. 21; Acts ii.
+      44, 45, iv. 32, 34, 37.
+
+   29 Compare Matt. vi. 28-34; Luke xii. 22-30.
+
+   30 Compare Matt. v. 34.
+
+   31 Compare Matt. vi. 25, 31; Luke xii. 22, 23.
+
+   32 Compare Matt. xv. 15-22.
+
+   33 Compare Matt. vi. 1-18.
+
+   34 From {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}, meaning the same as the Greek Therapeutae.
+
+   35 Compare Luke x. 25-37; Mark vii. 26.
+
+   36 Matt. iv. 16, v. 14, 16, vi. 22; Luke ii. 32, viii. 16, xi. 23, xvi.
+      8; John i. 4-9, iii. 19-21, viii. 12, ix. 5, xi. 9, 10, xii. 35-46.
+
+   37 Luke viii. 10; Mark iv. 12; Matthew xiii. 11-15.
+
+   38 Clem. Homil. xix. 20.
+
+   39 Compare Matt. xv. 3, 6.
+
+   40 The reference to salt as an illustration by Christ (Matt. v. 13;
+      Mark ix. 49, 50; Luke xiv. 34) deserves to be noticed in connection
+      with this.
+
+   41 Clem. Homil. xiv. 1: "Peter came several hours after, and breaking
+      bread for the Eucharist, and putting salt upon it, gave it first to
+      our mother, and after her, to us, her sons."
+
+   42 Acts xx. 7; 1 Cor. xvi. 2; Rev. i. 9.
+
+   43 Const. Apost. lib. viii. 33.
+
+   44 Acts ii. 46, iii. 1, v. 42.
+
+   45 Acts xv.
+
+   46 Acts i. 22, iv. 2, 33, xxiii. 6.
+
+   47 Acts xxiii. 7.
+
+   48 Acts xv. 5.
+
+   49 Acts xv. 29.
+
+   50 Clem. Homil. vii. 8.
+
+   51 Col. ii. 21.
+
+   52 Gal. iv. 10. When it is seen in the Clementines how important the
+      observance of these days was thought, what a fundamental principle
+      it was of Nazarenism, I think it cannot be doubted that it was
+      against this that St. Paul wrote.
+
+   53 Col. ii. 16.
+
+   54 Clement. Homil. xix. 22.
+
+   55 Gal. v. 2-4.
+
+   56 1 Cor. v. 1.
+
+   57 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii. 29.
+
+   58 _Ibid._
+
+   59 "Lies der Papisten Buecher, hoere ihre Predigen, so wirst du finden,
+      dass diess ihr einziger Grund ist, darauf sie stehen wider uns
+      pochen und trotzen, da sie vorgeben, es sei nichts Gutes aus unserer
+      Lehre gekommen. Denn alsbald, da unser Evangelium anging und sie
+      hoeren liess, folgte der graeuliche Aufruhr, es erhuben sich in der
+      Kirche Spaltung und Sekten, es ward Ehrbarkeit, Disziplin und Zucht
+      zerruettet, und Jedermann wolte vogelfrei seyn und thun, was ihm
+      geluestet nach allem seinen Muthwillen und Gefallen, als waeren alle
+      Gesetze, Rechte und Ordnung gans aufhoben, wie es denn leider allzu
+      wahr ist. Denn der Muthwille in allen Staenden, mit allerlei Laster,
+      Suenden und Schanden ist jetzt viel groesser denn zuvor, da die Leute,
+      und sonderlich der Poebel, doch etlichermassen in Furcht und in Zaum
+      gehalten waren, welches nun wie ein zaumlos Pferd lebt und thut
+      Alles, was es nur geluestet ohne allen Scheu."--Ed. Walch, v. 114. For
+      a very full account of the disorders that broke out on the preaching
+      of Luther, see Doellinger's Die Reformation in ihre Entwicklung.
+      Regensb. 1848.
+
+   60 Epistolas, 1528, ii. 192.
+
+   61 1 Cor. xi. 1.
+
+   62 Acts xxi. 23, 24.
+
+   63 James ii. 20.
+
+   64 It is included by Eusebius in the Antilegomena, and, according to
+      St. Jerome, was rejected as a spurious composition by the majority
+      of the Christian world.
+
+   65 Rev. ii. 1, 14, 15.
+
+   66 {~HEBREW LETTER BET~}{~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~}, _destruction of the people_, from {~HEBREW LETTER BET~}{~HEBREW LETTER LAMED~}{~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}, _to swallow up_, and
+      {~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~}, _people_ = {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+   67 2 Pet. ii. 21.
+
+   68 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--Clem.
+      Homil. xx. ed. Dressel, p. 4. The whole passage is sufficiently
+      curious to be quoted. St. Peter writes: "There are some from among
+      the Gentiles who have rejected my legal preaching, attaching
+      themselves to certain lawless and trifling preaching of the man who
+      is my enemy. And these things some have attempted while I am still
+      alive, to transform my words by certain various interpretations, in
+      order to the dissolution of the Law; as though I also myself were of
+      such a mind, but did not freely proclaim it, which God forbid! For
+      such a thing were to act in opposition to the law of God, which was
+      spoken by Moses, and was borne witness to by our Lord in respect of
+      its eternal continuance; for thus he spoke: The heavens and the
+      earth shall pass away, but one jot or one tittle shall in no wise
+      pass from the law."
+
+   69 "Apostolum Paulum recusantes, apostatam eum legis dicentes."--Iren.
+      Adv. Haeres. i. 26. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.--Theod.
+      Fabul. Haeret. ii. 1.
+
+   70 Hom. xi. 85.
+
+   71 Hom. iv. 22.
+
+   72 Clem. Homil. ii. 38-40, 48, iii. 50, 51.
+
+   73 Of course I mean the designation given to the Pauline sect, not the
+      religion of Christ.
+
+   74 Adv. Haeres. i. 24.
+
+   75 Origen, Contr. Cels. lib. viii.
+
+   76 _Ibid._ lib. vi.
+
+   77 Contra Cels. lib. i.
+
+   78 _Ibid._ lib. ii.
+
+   79 Amongst others, Clemens: Jesus von Nazareth, Stuttgart, 1850; Von
+      der Alme: Die Urtheile heidnischer und juedischer Schriftsteller,
+      Leipzig, 1864.
+
+   80 Adv. Haer. lib. iii; Haer. lxviii. 7.
+
+   81 "Quantae traditiones Pharisaeorum sint, quas hodie vocant
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} et quam aniles fabulae, evolvere nequeo: neque enim
+      libri patitur magnitudo, et pleraque tam turpia sunt ut erubescam
+      dicere."
+
+   82 Haeres. xiii.
+
+   83 Beracoth, xi. _a_.
+
+   84 Tract. Sanhedrim, fol. 107, and Sota, fol. 47.
+
+   85 Bartolocci: Bibliotheca Maxima Rabbinica, sub. nom.
+
+   86 Sepher Nizzachon, n. 337.
+
+   87 Eisenmenger: Neuentdecktes Judenthum, I. pp. 231-7. Koenigsberg,
+      1711.
+
+   88 Tract. Sabbath, fol. 67.
+
+   89 _Ibid._ fol. 104.
+
+   90 The passage is not easy to understand. I give three Latin
+      translations of it, one by Cl. Schickardus, the second quoted from
+      Scheidius (Loca Talm. i. 2). "Filius Satdae, filius Pandeirae fuit.
+      Dixit Raf Chasda: Amasius Pandeirae, maritus Paphos filius Jehudae
+      fuit. At quomodo mater ejus Satda? Mater ejus Mirjam, comptrix
+      mulierum fuit." "Filius Stadae filius Pandirae est. Dixit Rabbi
+      Chasda: Maritus seu procus matris ejus fuit Stada, iniens Pandiram.
+      Maritus Paphus filius Judae ipse est, mater ejus Stada, mater ejus
+      Maria," &c. Lightfoot, Matt. xxvii. 56, thus translates it:
+      "Lapidarunt filium Satdae in Lydda, et suspenderunt eum in vespera
+      Paschatis. Hic autem filius Satdae fuit filius Pandirae. Dixit
+      quidem Rabb Chasda, Maritus (matris ejus) fuit Satda, maritus
+      Pandira, maritus Papus filius Judae: sed tamen dico matrem ejus
+      fuisse Satdam, Mariam videlicet, plicatricem capillorum mulierum:
+      sicut dicunt in Panbeditha, Declinavit ista a marito suo."
+
+   91 {~HEBREW LETTER PE~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER DALET~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}. As a man's name it occurs in 2 Targum, Esther vii.
+
+   92 Avoda Sava, fol. 27.
+
+   93 Talmud, Tract. Beracoth, ix. fol. 61, _b_.
+
+   94 Gittin, fol. 90, _a_.
+
+   95 Chajigah, fol. 4, _b_.
+
+   96 Calla, fol. 18, _b_.
+
+   97 Son of Levi, according to the Toledoth Jeschu of Huldrich.
+
+   98 In the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas, Jesus as a boy behaves without
+      respect to his master and the elders; thence possibly this story was
+      derived.
+
+   99 Fol. 114.
+
+  100 Justin Mart. Dialog. cum Tryph. c. 17 and 108.
+
+  101 Cont. Cels. lib. iii.
+
+  102 Lettres sur les Juifs. OEuvres, I. 69, p. 36.
+
+  103 Luther's Works, Wittemberg, 1556, T. V. pp. 509-535. The passage
+      quoted is on p. 513.
+
+  104 Lib. viii. 33.
+
+  105 Martyrol. Rom. ad. 1 Januar.
+
+  106 Fabricius, Codex Apocryph. N.T. ii. p. 493.
+
+  107 Whereas the bitter conflict of Simon Peter and Simon Magus was a
+      subject well known in early Christian tradition.
+
+  108 Wagenseil: Tela ignea Satanae. Hoc est arcani et horribiles
+      Judaeorum adversus Christum Deum et Christianam religionem libri
+      anecdoti; Altdorf, 1681.
+
+  109 Nob was a city of Benjamin, situated on a height near Jerusalem, on
+      one of the roads which led from the north to the capital, and within
+      sight of it, as is certain from the description of the approach of
+      the Assyrian army in Isaiah (x. 28-32).
+
+  110 Herod put Alexander Hyrcanus to death B.C. 30. Alexandra, the mother
+      of Hyrcanus, reigned after the death of Jannaeus, from B.C. 79 to
+      B.C. 71.
+
+  111 Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. ii. 1.
+
+  112 Acta Sanct. Mai. T. I. pp. 445-451.
+
+  113 Ps. lxix. 22.
+
+  114 Isa. liii. 5.
+
+  115 Rome. Simon Cephas is Simon Peter, but the miraculous power
+      attributed to him perhaps belongs to the story of Simon Magus.
+
+  116 Isa. i. 14.
+
+  117 Hosea i. 9.
+
+  118 Matt. xix. 28.
+
+  119 The Oelberg was especially characteristic of German churches, and
+      was erected chiefly in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. They
+      remain at Nuernberg, Xanten, Worms, Marburg, Donauwoerth, Landshut,
+      Wasserburg, Ratisbon, Klosterneuburg, Wittenberg, Merseburg,
+      Lucerne, Bruges, &c.
+
+  120 Maase, c. 188. I have told the story more fully in the Christmas
+      Number of "Once a Week," 1868.
+
+  121 Joh. Jac. Huldricus: Historia Jeschuae Nazareni, a Judaeis blaspheme
+      corrupta; Leyden, 1705.
+
+  122 The mystery of the chariot is that of the chariot of God and the
+      cherubic beasts, Ezekiel i. The Jews wrote the name of God without
+      vowels, Jhvh; the vowel points taken from the name Adonai (Lord)
+      were added later.
+
+  123 The story is somewhat different in the Talmudic tract Calla, as
+      already related.
+
+  124 From Mizraim, Egypt.
+
+  125 Evidently the author confounds John the Baptist with John the
+      Apostle.
+
+  126 Judas Iscarioth. In St. John's Gospel he is called the son of Simon
+      (vi. 71, xiii. 2, 26). Son of Zachar is a corruption of Iscarioth.
+      The name Iscarioth is probably from Kerioth, his native village, in
+      Judah.
+
+  127 Isa. lxiii. 1-3. Singularly enough, this passage is chosen for the
+      Epistle in the Roman and Anglican Churches for Monday in Holy Week,
+      with special reference to the Passion.
+
+  128 Gen. xxxi. 47.
+
+  129 Isa. ii. 3.
+
+  130 1 Sam. ii. 6.
+
+  131 Lev. xxiv. 16.
+
+  132 This is taken from Sanhedrim, fol. 43.
+
+  133 It is worth observing how these two false witnesses disagree in
+      almost every particular about our blessed Lord's birth and passion.
+
+  134 This is probably taken from the story of Simon Magus in the Pseudo-
+      Linus. Simon flies from off a high tower. In the Apocryphal Book of
+      the Death of the Virgin, the apostles come to her death-bed riding
+      on clouds. Ai is here Rome, not Capernaum.
+
+  135 The author probably saw representations of the Ascension and of the
+      Last Judgment, with Christ seated with the Books of Life and Death
+      in his hand on a great white cloud, and composed this story out of
+      what he saw, associating the pictures with the floating popular
+      legend of Simon Magus.
+
+  136 In the story of Simon the Sorcerer, it is at the prayer of Simon
+      Peter that the Sorcerer falls whilst flying and breaks all his
+      bones. Perhaps the author saw a picture of the Judgment with saints
+      on the cloud with Jesus, and the lost falling into the flames of
+      hell.
+
+  137 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+  138 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. iii. c. 39.
+
+  139 _Ibid._ lib. v. c. 8.
+
+  140 Spicileg. Patrum, Tom. I.
+
+  141 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 25.
+
+  142 _Ibid._ iii. 24.
+
+  143 St. Hieron. De vir. illust., s.v. Matt.
+
+  144 _Ibid._ s.v. Jacobus.
+
+  145 _Ibid._ in Matt. xii. 13.
+
+  146 _Ibid._ Contra. Pelag. iii. 1.
+
+  147 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.--Haer. xxix. 9.
+
+  148 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.--_Ibid._
+
+  149 _Ibid._ xxx. 3.
+
+  150 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  151 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Origen calls it "The Gospel of the
+      Twelve Apostles," Homil. i. in Luc. St. Jerome the same, in his
+      Prooem. in Comment. sup. Matt.
+
+  152 Adv. Pelag. iii. 10.
+
+  153 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  154 "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}." And "{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}," when speaking of these
+      Reminiscences, Dialog. cum Tryphon. §11. Just. Mart. Opera, ed.
+      Cologne, p. 227.
+
+  155 1 Apol. ii.
+
+  156 Justin Mart. Opp. ed. Cologne; 2 Apol. p. 64; Dialog. cum Tryph. p.
+      301; _ibid._ p. 253; 2 Apol. p. 64; Dial. cum Tryph. p. 326; 2 Apol.
+      pp. 95, 96.
+
+  157 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Dialog. cum Tryph. pp.
+      303, 315, 328, 330, 334, &c.
+
+  158 Matt. ii. 1.
+
+  159 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--Dialog. cum. Tryph. pp.
+      303, 304.
+
+  160 Dial. cum Tryph. p. 291.
+
+  161 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii. 25.
+
+  162 Adv. Pelag. iii. 1.
+
+  163 Comm. in Ezech. xxiv. 7.
+
+  164 "De versione Syriaca testatur Sionita, quod ut semper in summa
+      veneratione et auctoritate habita erat apud omnes populos qui
+      Chaldaica sive Syriaca utuntur lingua, sic publice in omnibus eorum
+      ecclesiis antiquissimis, constitutis in Syria, Mesopotamia,
+      Chaldaea, Aegypto, et denique in universis Orientis partibus
+      dispersis ac disseminatis accepta ac lecta fuit."--Walton: London
+      Polyglott, 1657.
+
+  165 In Matt. iii. 17; Luke i. 71; John i. 3; Col. iii. 5.
+
+  166 It omits the 2nd and 3rd Epistles of St. John, the Epistle of Jude,
+      and the Apocalypse.
+
+  167 As in the food of the Baptist, in the narrative of the baptism, in
+      the mention of Zacharias, son of Barachias, in place of Zacharias,
+      son of Jehoiada, the instruction to Peter on fraternal forgiveness,
+      &c. It interprets the name Emmanuel.
+
+  168 Ignat. Ad. Smyrn. c. 3.
+
+  169 Catal. Script. Eccl. 15.
+
+  170 Clem. Alex. Strom. ii. 9.
+
+  171 Hom. xv. in Jerem.
+
+  172 Hist. Eccl. iii. 25. Some of those books of the New Testament now
+      regarded as Canonical were also then reckoned among the
+      Antilegomena.
+
+  173 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}.--Origen: Hom. xv. in
+      Jerem., and in Johan.
+
+  174 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}.--Origen: Hom. xv. in
+      Jerem., and in Johan.
+
+  175 "Modo tulit me mater mea Spiritus Sanctus in uno capillorum
+      meorum."--Hieron. in Mich. vii. 6.
+
+  176 Matt. iv. 1.
+
+  177 Acts viii. 39.
+
+  178 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.--Hippolyt. Refut. ix. 13, ed.
+      Dunker, p. 462. So also St. Epiphanius, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Haeres. xix. 4, liii. 1.
+
+  179 Ap. Euseb. Hist. Eccles. vi. 38.
+
+  180 Haeres. xix. 1, xxx. 17.
+
+  181 Homilies, iii. 20-27.
+
+  182 In the "Refutation of Heresies" attributed by the Chevalier Bunsen
+      and others to St. Hippolytus, Helena is said in Simonian Gnosticism
+      to have been the "lost sheep" of the Gospels, the incarnation of the
+      world principle--found, recovered, redeemed, by Simon, the
+      incarnation of the divine male principle.
+
+  183 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+      Clem. Alex. Stromata, i. 9.
+
+  184 Strom. lib. vii. This was exaggerated in the doctrine of the
+      Albigenses in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The "Perfects,"
+      the ministers of the sect, "reconciled" the converted. But if one of
+      the Perfect sinned (_i.e._ ate meat or married), all whom he had
+      reconciled fell with him from grace, even those who were dead and in
+      heaven.
+
+  185 Dial. cum Tryph. § 88.
+
+  186 "Sicut illud apostoli libenter audire: Omnia probate; quod bonum est
+      tenete; et Salvatoris verba dicentis: Esto probati
+      nummularii."--Epist. ad Minervium et Alexandrum.
+
+  187 Homil. ii. 51, iii. 50, xviii. 20. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  188 Recog. ii. 51.
+
+  189 Stromat. i. 28.
+
+  190 "Inter maxima ponitur crimina qui fratris sui spiritum
+      contristaverit." St. Hieron. Comm. in Ezech. xvi. 7.
+
+  191 "Nunquam laeti sitis nisi cum fratrem vestrum videritis in
+      charitate."
+
+  192 "Si peccaverit frater tuus in verbo, et satis tibi fecerit, septies
+      in die suscipe eum. Dixit illi Simon discipulus ejus: Septies in
+      die? Respondit Dominus et dixit ei: Etiam ego dico tibi, usque
+      septuagies septies."--Adv. Pelag. i. 3.
+
+  193 Matt. xxvii. 16.
+
+  194 "Homo iste qui aridam habet manum in Evangelio quo utuntur Nazaraei
+      caementarius scribitur."--Hieron. Comm. in Matt. xii. 13.
+
+  195 "Homo iste ... scribitur istius modi auxilium precans, Caementarius
+      eram, manibus victum quaeritans; precor te, Jesu, ut mihi restituas
+      sanitatem, ne turpiter manducem cibos."--_Ibid._
+
+  196 _Ibid._ xxvii. 16.
+
+  197 "Filius Magistri eorum interpretatus."--_Ibid._
+
+  198 Hist. Eccl. iii. 39.
+
+  199 viii. 3-11.
+
+  200 He probably knew it through a translation.
+
+  201 Comm. in Matt. i. 6.
+
+  202 2 Chron. xxiv. 20.
+
+  203 "In Evangelis quo utuntur Nazareni, pro filio Barachiae, filium
+      Jojadae reperimus scriptum."--Hieron. in Matt. xxiii. 35.
+
+  204 Luke xvii. 3, 4.
+
+  205 "Dixit ad eum alter divitum: Magister, quid bonum faciens vivam?
+      Dixit ei: Homo, leges et prophetas fac. Respondit ad eum: Feci.
+      Dixit ei: Vade, vende omnia quae possides et divide pauperibus, et
+      veni, sequere me. Caepit autem dives scalpere caput suum et non
+      placuit ei. Et dixit ad eum Dominus: Quomodo dicis: Legem feci et
+      prophetas, quoniam scriptum est in lege: Dilige proximum tuum sicut
+      teipsum, et ecce multi fratres tui filii Abrahae amicti sunt
+      stercore, morientes prae fame, et domus tua plena est multis bonis
+      et non egreditur omnino aliquid ex ea ad eos. Et conversus dixit
+      Simoni discipulo suo sedenti apud se: Simon fili Joannae, facilius
+      eat camelum intrare per foramen acus quam divitem in regnum
+      coelorum."--Origen, Tract. viii. in Matt. xix. 19. The Greek text has
+      been lost.
+
+  206 It is found in the Talmud, Beracoth, fol. 55, _b_; Baba Metsia, fol.
+      38, _b_; and it occurs in the Koran, Sura vii. 38.
+
+  207 Matt. iii. 13.
+
+  208 "In Evangelio juxta Hebraeos ... narrat historia: Ecce, mater Domini
+      et fratres ejus dicebant ei, Joannes Baptista baptizat in
+      remissionem peccatorum, eamus et baptizemur ab eo. Dixit autem eis;
+      quid peccavi, ut vadam et baptizer ab eo? Nisi forte hoc ipsum, quod
+      dixi, ignorantia est."--Cont. Pelag. iii. 2.
+
+  209 "Ad accipiendum Joannis baptisma paene invitum a Matre sua Maria
+      esse compulsum."--In a treatise on the re-baptism of heretics,
+      published by Rigault at the end of his edition of St. Cyprian.
+
+  210 "Factum est autem cum ascendisset Dominus de aqua, descendit fons
+      omnis Spiritus Sancti, et requievit super eum et dixit illi, Fili
+      mi, in omnibus prophetis expectabam te, ut venires et requiescerem
+      in te. Tu es enim requies mea, tu es filius meus primogenitus, qui
+      regnas in sempiternum."--In Mich. vii. 6.
+
+  211 St. Epiph. Haeres. xxx. § 13. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}? {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  212 I put them in apposition:
+
+      _Justin._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.--Dial. cum Tryph. § 88.
+
+      _Epiphan._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.--Haeres. xxx. §
+      13.
+
+      _Justin._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--Dial. cum Tryph.
+      § 88 and 103.
+
+      _Epiphan._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--Haeres. xxx. § 13.
+
+  213 Heb. i. 5, v. 5.
+
+  214 John i. 29-34.
+
+  215 "Etiam in prophetis quoque, postquam uncti sunt Spiritu sancto,
+      inventus est sermo peccati."--Contr. Pelag. iii. 2.
+
+  216 1 Cor. xv. 7.
+
+  217 "Evangelium ... secundum Hebraeos ... post resurrectionem Salvatoris
+      refert:--Dominus autem, cum dedisset sindonem servo sacerdotis, ivit
+      ad Jacobum et apparuit ei. Juraverat enim Jacobus, se non comesturum
+      panem ab illa hora, qua biberat calicem Domini, donec videret eum
+      resurgentem a dormientibus.--Rursusque post paululum: Afferte, ait
+      Dominus, mensam et panem. Statimque additur:--Tulit panem et
+      benedixit, ac fregit, et dedit Jacobo justo, et dixit ei: Frater mi,
+      comede panem tuum, quia resurrexit Filius hominis a
+      dormientibus."--Hieron. De viris illustribus, c. 2.
+
+  218 Euseb. H. E. lib. ii. c. 23.
+
+  219 Acts xxiii. 14.
+
+  220 Hist. Eccl. Francorum, i. 21.
+
+  221 The "History of the Apostles" purports to have been written by
+      Abdias B. of Babylon, disciple of the apostles, in Hebrew. It was
+      translated into Greek, and thence, it was pretended, into Latin by
+      Julius Africanus. That it was rendered from Greek has been
+      questioned by critics. As we have it, it belongs to the ninth
+      century; but the publication of Syriac versions of the legends on
+      which the book of Abdias was founded, Syriac versions of the fourth
+      century, which were really translated from the Greek, show that some
+      Greek originals must have existed at an early age which are now
+      lost.
+
+  222 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Ignat. Ep. ad Smyrn. c. 3. St. Jerome also:
+      "Et quando venit ad Petrum et ad eos qui cum Petro erant, dixit eis:
+      Ecce palpate me et videte quia non sum daemonium incorporale. Et
+      statim tetigerunt eum et crediderunt."--De Script. Eccl. 16. Eusebius
+      quotes the passage after Ignatius. Hist. Eccl. iii. 37.
+
+  223 Luke xxiv. 37-39.
+
+  224 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--1 Apolog. § 61. Oper. p. 94.
+
+  225 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.--John iii. 3.
+
+  226 "In Evangelio ... legimus non velum templi scissum, sed
+      superliminare templi mirae magnitudinis corruisse."--Epist. 120, Ad
+      Helibiam.
+
+  227 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}.--Epiphan. Haeres. xxx. § 16.
+
+  228 Recog. i. 36.
+
+  229 Recog. i. 54.
+
+  230 Joseph. Antiq. xviii. 1, 5; Philo Judaeus. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. See what has been said on this subject already, p.
+      16.
+
+  231 Heb. x. 5.
+
+  232 ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~};
+      Epiph. Heraes. xxx. 22. The words added to those in St. Luke are
+      placed in brackets; cf. Luke xxii. 15.
+
+  233 Epiphan. Haeres. xxx. 15.
+
+  234 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. In Matt. xvii. 21.
+
+  235 Perhaps this passage was in the mind of St. Paul when he wrote of
+      himself, "To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak."
+      1 Cor. ix. 22.
+
+  236 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+      Clemens Alex. Stromatae, i. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.--Origen, De Orat. 2 and 43.
+
+  237 Cont. Cels. vii. and De Orat. 53.
+
+  238 Acts xi. 35. It is also quoted as a saying of our Lord in the
+      Apostolic Constitutions, iv. 3.
+
+  239 Ep. 4.
+
+  240 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--Ep. 7.
+
+  241 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK KORONIS~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+      2 Ep. ad Corinth. 4.
+
+  242 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}? {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+      _Ibid._ 5.
+
+  243 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.--_Ibid._ 8.
+
+  244 Rom. iv. 11 2 Cor. i. 22; Eph. i. 13, iv. 30; 2 Tim. ii. 19.
+
+  245 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}.--Just. Mart. in
+      Dialog. c. Trypho. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}. Clem. Alex. Quis dives salv. 40.
+
+  246 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.--Clem. Alex. Strom.
+      v.
+
+  247 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  248 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  249 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  250 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  251 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}.
+
+  252 Iren. c. Haeres. v. 33.
+
+  253 Scarcely actual disciples and eye-witnesses.
+
+  254 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii. 39.
+
+  255 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  256 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. H. E. iii. 25, 27, 39; iv. 22.
+
+  257 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}.
+
+  258 Aram. {~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}.
+
+  259 Aram. {~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}.
+
+  260 Aram. {~HEBREW LETTER GIMEL~}{~HEBREW LETTER HE~}{~HEBREW LETTER NUN~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM~}.
+
+  261 Aram. {~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~}{~HEBREW LETTER MEM~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN~}.
+
+  262 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Aram. {~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI~} or {~HEBREW LETTER AYIN~}{~HEBREW LETTER VAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER QOF~}{~HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI~}.
+
+  263 vi. 7, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; v. 5, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; v. 2, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; v. 3, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}; v. 9, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}; v. 12, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; v.
+      39, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}; vi. 25; x. 28, 39, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, for life; vi. 22, 23, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, sound and sick; vi. 11, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, for general food; the
+      "birds of heaven," in vi. 25, &c. &c.
+
+  264 Targum, Gen. xxiv. 22, 47; Job xlii. 11; Exod. xxxii. 2; Judges
+      viii. 24; Prov. xi. 22, xxv. 12; Hos. ii. 13.
+
+  265 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii. 39.
+
+  266 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  267 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  268 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  269 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}--. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  270 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  271 Mark i. 20, "they left their father Zebedee in the ship _with the
+      day-labourers;_" i. 31, "_he took her by the hand_;" ii. 3, "a
+      paralytic _borne of four_;" 4, "they broke up the roof and let down
+      the bed;" iii. 10, "they pressed upon him to touch him;" iii. 20,
+      "they could not so much as eat bread;" iii. 32, "the multitude sat
+      about him;" iv. 36, "they took him _even as he was_," without his
+      going home first to get what was necessary; iv. 38, "_on a pillow_;"
+      v. 3-5, v. 25-34, vi. 40, the ranks, the hundreds, the green grass;
+      vi. 53-56, x. 17, there came one running, and kneeled to him; x. 50,
+      "casting away his robe;" xi. 4, "a colt tied by the door without in
+      a place where two ways met;" xi. 12-14, xi. 16, xiii. 1, the
+      disciples notice the _great stones_ of which the temple was built;
+      xiv. 3, 5, 8, xiv. 31, "he spoke yet more vehemently;" xiv. 51, 52,
+      66, "he warmed himself at the fire;" xv. 21, "coming out of the
+      country;" xv. 40, 41, Salome named.
+
+  272 Mark i. 33, 45, ii. 2, 13, iii. 9, 20, 32, iv. 10, v. 21, 24, 31,
+      vi. 31, 55, viii. 34, xi. 18.
+
+  273 Mark i. 7, "he bowed himself;" iii. 5, "he looked round with anger;"
+      ix. 38, "he sat down;" x. 16, "he took them up in his arms, and laid
+      his hands on them;" x. 23, "Jesus looked round about;" xiv. 3, "she
+      broke the box;" xiv. 4, "they murmured;" xiv. 40, "they knew not
+      what to answer him;" xiv. 67, &c.
+
+  274 Compare Mark iv. 4 sq.;  viii. 1 sq.; x. 42 sq.; xiii. 28 sq.; xiv.
+      43 sq. &c. Matt. xiii 4 sq.; xv. 32 sq.; xx. 28 sq.; xxiv. 32 sq.;
+      xxvi. 47 sq. &c.
+
+  275 For more examples, see Scholten, Das aelteste Evangelium, Elberfeld,
+      1869, pp. 66-78.
+
+  276 Mark ix. 37-50 is another instance of difference of order of sayings
+      between him and St. Matthew.
+
+      With Mark ix. 37 corresponds Matt. x. 40.
+      With Mark ix. 40 corresponds Matt. xii. 30.
+      With Mark ix. 41 corresponds Matt. x. 42.
+      With Mark ix. 42 corresponds Matt. xviii. 6.
+      With Mark ix. 43 corresponds Matt. v. 29 and xviii. 8.
+      With Mark ix. 47 corresponds Matt. xvii. 9.
+      With Mark ix. 50 corresponds Matt. v. 13.
+
+  277 Col. iv. 16; 1 Thess. v. 27.
+
+  278 Col. iv. 16.
+
+  279 Apost. Const. viii. 5.
+
+  280 Luke ii. 19, 51.
+
+  281 Luke i. 66.
+
+  282 Acts xx. 16.
+
+  283 1 Cor. xvi. 8.
+
+  284 Epist. xxvii. ad Marcellam.
+
+  285 Apost. Const. viii. 33.
+
+  286 St. Luke, however, has much that was not available to the deutero-
+      Matthew, and St. Mark rigidly confined himself to the use of St.
+      Peter's recollections only.
+
+  287 St. Luke's Gospel contains Hebraisms, yet he was not a Jew (Col. iv.
+      11, 14). This can only be accounted for by his using Aramaic texts
+      which he translated. From these the Acts of the Apostles are free.
+
+  288 Cf. Scholten: Das aelteste Evangelium; Elberfeld, 1869. See also on
+      St. Matthew's and St. Mark's Gospels, Saunier: Ueber der Quellen des
+      Evang. Marc., Berlin, 1825; De Wette: Lehrb. d. Hist. Krit. Einleit.
+      in d. N.T., Berl. 1848; Baur: Der Ursprung der Synop. Evang.,
+      Stuttg. 1843; Koestlin: Das Markus Evang., Leipz. 1850; Wilke: Der
+      Urevang., Dresd. 1838; Reville: Etudes sur l'Evang. selon St. Matt.,
+      Leiden, 1862, &c.
+
+  289 Chron. Paschale, p. 6, ed. Ducange. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  290 Homil. iii. 45.
+
+  291 Homil. ix. 9-12.
+
+  292 Homil. xix. 22.
+
+  293 Gal. iv. 10.
+
+  294 Homil. ii. 38, 50, 52.
+
+  295 Homil. xiii. 13-21.
+
+  296 Homil. xv. 9; see also 7.
+
+  297 Homil. xv. 7.
+
+  298 Homil. xii. 6.
+
+  299 Hist. Eccl. ii. 23.
+
+  300 Homil. xvi. 15.
+
+  301 Homil. xviii. 22.
+
+  302 Hilgenfeld: Die Clementinischen Recognitionen und Homilien; Jena,
+      1848. Compare also Uhlhorn: Die Homilien und Recognitionen;
+      Goettingen, 1854; and Schliemann: Die Clementinen; Hamburg, 1844.
+
+  303 Merx, Bardesanes von Edessa, Halle, 1863, p. 113. That the
+      "Recognitions" have undergone interpolation at different times is
+      clear from Book iii., where chapters 2-12 are found in some copies,
+      but not in the best MSS.
+
+  304 Recog. i. 43, 50.
+
+  305 _Ibid._ i. 40.
+
+  306 Recog. i. 42.
+
+  307 _Ibid._ 45.
+
+  308 John i. 41.
+
+  309 Acts iv. 27.
+
+  310 Acts x. 34-38.
+
+  311 Recog. i. c. 48.
+
+  312 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Homil. iii. 26.
+
+  313 Recog. i. c. 57.
+
+  314 _Ibid._ ii. 30, also ii. 3.
+
+  315 Recog. i. c. 60.
+
+  316 Matt. xi. 9, 11.
+
+  317 Recog. i. c. 61, ii. c. 28.
+
+  318 _Ibid._ ii. 27, 29.
+
+  319 _Ibid._ ii. 22, 28.
+
+  320 _Ibid._ ii. 28, 32.
+
+  321 Matt. x. 34-36.
+
+  322 Recog. ii. 27; Matt. x. 25.
+
+  323 _Ibid._ 29.
+
+  324 Recog. ii. 30.
+
+  325 Matt. xxiii. 13.
+
+  326 Luke xi. 52.
+
+  327 Recog. ii. c. 46: "They must seek his kingdom and righteousness
+      which the Scribes and Pharisees, having received the key of
+      knowledge, have not shut in but shut out." The same Syro-Chaldaic
+      expression has been variously rendered in Greek by St. Matthew and
+      St. Luke. See Lightfoot: Horae Hebraicae in Luc. xi. 52.
+
+  328 Recog. ii. 31, 35.
+
+  329 _Ibid._ iii. 41, 37, 20.
+
+  330 _Ibid._ iii. i.
+
+  331 _Ibid._ vii. 37.
+
+  332 Recog. vi. 11.
+
+  333 _Ibid._ vi. 14.
+
+  334 _Ibid._ iv. 4.
+
+  335 _Ibid._ v. 9.
+
+  336 _Ibid._ v. 2.
+
+  337 _Ibid._ iii. 62.
+
+  338 _Ibid._ iv. 35.
+
+  339 _Ibid._ iii. 38.
+
+  340 _Ibid._ iii. 14.
+
+  341 _Ibid._ vi. 4.
+
+  342 _Ibid._ x. 45.
+
+  343 _Ibid._ v. 13, iii. 38.
+
+  344 Hom. iii. 57.
+
+  345 Luke vi. 36.
+
+  346 Matt. v. 44-46.
+
+  347 Recog. vi. 5.
+
+  348 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Hom.
+      xi. 20. In St. Luke it runs, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.--Luke xxiii. 34.
+
+  349 M. Nicolas: Etudes sur les Evangiles Apocryphes, pp. 72, 73.
+
+  350 Recog. vi. 9.
+
+  351 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (in another place
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Homil. xi. 26.
+
+  352 Recognitions vi. 9: "For thus hath the true prophet testified to us
+      with an oath: Verily I say unto you," &c. The oath is, of course,
+      the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  353 Recog. v. 13; John viii. 34.
+
+  354 Rom. vi. 16.
+
+  355 Recog. v. 34; Rom. ii. 28.
+
+  356 Recog. iv. 34. The same in the Homilies, xi. 35.
+
+  357 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  358 Hom. ii. 19.
+
+  359 _Ibid._ ii. 51.
+
+  360 _Ibid._ ii. 51, xviii. 20.
+
+  361 _Ibid._ ii. 53.
+
+  362 Homil. ii. 61.
+
+  363 _Ibid._ xix. 2.
+
+  364 _Ibid._ viii. 21. In the Hebrew {~HEBREW LETTER TAV~}{~HEBREW LETTER YOD~}{~HEBREW LETTER RESH~}{~HEBREW LETTER ALEF~} rendered by the LXX. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.
+      The word in St. Matthew is {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  365 _Ibid._ xv. 5.
+
+  366 Homil. iii. 52.
+
+  367 John x. 9.
+
+  368 Homil. iii. 52; cf. John x. 16.
+
+  369 _Ibid._ iii. 57; Mark xii. 29.
+
+  370 HOMIL. ix. 27.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+      JOHN. ix. 3.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+  371 Homil. iii. 64; cf. Luke xii. 43, but also Matt. xxiv. 46.
+
+  372 _Ibid._ xi. 33; cf. Luke xi. 31, 32, but also Matt. xii. 42, 41. The
+      order in Matt. reversed.
+
+  373 Homil. xii. 31; cf. Matt. x. 29, 30; Luke xii. 6, 7.
+
+  374 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 12.
+
+  375 "Qui Jesum separant a Christo et impassibilem perseverasse Christum,
+      passum vero Jesum dicunt, id quod secundum Marcum est praeferunt
+      Evangelium."--Iren. adv. Haeres. iii. 2. The Greek is lost.
+
+  376 Matt. xii. 47, 48, xiii. 55; Mark iii. 32; Luke viii. 20; John vii.
+      5.
+
+  377 Origen, Comment. in Matt. c. ix.
+
+  378 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; Epiphan. Haeres. lxii. 2; Evangelium
+      secundum AEgyptios; Origen, Hom. i. in luc.; Evangelium juxta
+      Aegyptios; Hieron. Prolog. in Comm. super Matth.
+
+  379 Schneckenburg, Ueber das Evangelium der Aegypter; Berne, 1834.
+
+  380 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. Stromat. iii. 12.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+      CLEMENT OF ROME. 2 Epist. c. 12.
+
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}?
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+  381 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Stromat. iii. 13.
+
+  382 Adv. Haeres. i. 11.
+
+  383 "Ad mentem vero tunica pellicea symbolice est pellis naturalis, id
+      est corpus nostrum. Deus enim intellectum condens primum, vocavit
+      illum Adam; deinde sensum, cui vitae (Eva) nomen dedit; tertio ex
+      necessitate corpus quoque facit, tunicam pelliceam, illud per
+      symbolum dicens. Oportebat enim ut intellectus et sensus velut
+      tunica cutis induerent corpus."--Philo: Quaest. et Solut. in Gen. i.
+      53, trans. from the Armenian by J. B. Aucher; Venice, 1826.
+
+  384 Clem. Alex. Stromat. iii. 6.
+
+  385 _Ibid._ 9.
+
+  386 Clem. Alex. Stromat. iii. 9.
+
+  387 "Sensus, quae symbolice mulier est."--Philo: Quaest. et Solut. i. 52.
+      "Generatio ut sapientum fert sententia, corruptionis est
+      principium."--_Ibid._ 10.
+
+  388 Nicolas: Etudes sur les Evangiles apocryphes, pp. 128-130. M.
+      Nicolas was the first to discover the intimate connection that
+      existed between the Gospel of the Egyptians and Philonian
+      philosophy.
+
+      The relation in which Philo stood to Christian theology has not, as
+      yet, so far as I am aware, been thoroughly investigated. Dionysius
+      the Areopagite, the true father of Christian theosophy, derives his
+      ideas and terminology from Philo. Aquinas developed Dionysius, and
+      on the Summa of the Angel of the Schools Catholic theology has long
+      reposed.
+
+  389 Tert. De praescr. haeretica, c. 51. "Cerdon solum Lucae Evangelium,
+      nec tamen totum recipit."
+
+  390 For an account of the doctrines of Marcion, the authorities are, The
+      Apologies of Justin Martyr; Tertullian's treatise against Marcion,
+      i.-v.; Irenaeus against Heresies, i. 28; Epiphanius on Heresies,
+      xlii. 1-3; and a "Dialogus de recta in Deum fide," printed with
+      Origen's Works, in the edition of De la Rue, Paris, 1733, though not
+      earlier than the fourth century.
+
+  391 1 Cor. iv. 4.
+
+  392 Rom. v. 20.
+
+  393 Rom. vi. 5.
+
+  394 Rom. vii. 7.
+
+  395 Rom. viii. 2.
+
+  396 Rom. iii. 28.
+
+  397 Gal. iii. 23-25.
+
+  398 Euseb. Hist. Eccles. iv. 15, vii. 12. De Martyr. Palaest. 10.
+
+  399 Cf. 1 Col. ix. 1, xv. 8; 2 Cor. xii.
+
+  400 Epiphan. Haeres. xlii. 11.
+
+  401 Iren. adv. Haeres. iii. 11.
+
+  402 "Contraria quaeque sententiae emit, competentia autem sententiae
+      reservarit."--Tertul. adv. Marcion, iv. 6.
+
+  403 Epiphan. Haeres. xlvii. 9-12.
+
+  404 "Ego meum, (Evangelium) dico verum, Marcion suum. Ego Marcionis
+      affirmo adulteratum, Marcion meum. Quis inter nos
+      disceptabit?"--Tert. adv. Marcion, iv. 4.
+
+  405 Not St. John's Gospel; that is unique; a biography by an eye-
+      witness, not a composition of distinct notices.
+
+  406 2 Cor. ii. 17, and iv. 2.
+
+  407 Matt. v. 17, 18.
+
+  408 Luke xvi. 16.
+
+  409 Tert.: "Transeat coelum et terra citius quam unus apex verborum
+      Domini;" but Tertullian is not quoting directly, so that the words
+      may have been, and probably were, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}.
+
+  410 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 12; Theod. Fabul. haeret. ii. 2.
+
+  411 Epiphan. Ancor. 31.
+
+  412 Hieron. adv. Pelag. ii.
+
+  413 Hilar. De Trinit. x.
+
+  414 "Christus Jesus in evangelio tuo meus est."
+
+  415 See note 4 on p. 240.
+
+  416 As xix. 10 "Filius hominis venit, salvum facere quod perfit ...
+      elisa est sententia haereticorum negantium _carnis_
+      salutem;--pollicebatur (Jesus) _totius_ hominis salutem."
+
+  417 Sch. 4. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Sch. 1, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Sch. 26,
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Sch. 34, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c.
+
+  418 Marcion called his Gospel "The Gospel," as the only one he knew and
+      recognized, or "The Gospel of the Lord."
+
+  419 The division into chapters is, of course, arbitrary.
+
+  420 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (St. Luke, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} (St. Luke,
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}).
+
+  421 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} omitted.
+
+  422 St. Luke iv. 37 omitted here, and inserted after iv. 39.
+
+  423 Luke iv. 15 inserted here.
+
+  424 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} omitted.
+
+  425 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} omitted, and Luke iv. 17-20.
+
+  426 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. St. Luke has, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  427 The rest of the verse (22) omitted.
+
+  428 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} omitted.
+
+  429 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} after {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+  430 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}. St. Luke has, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}.
+
+  431 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}.
+
+  432 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. St. Luke has,
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c.
+
+  433 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.
+
+  434 In some of the most ancient codices of St. Luke, "which art in
+      heaven" is not found. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.
+
+  435 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  436 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} omitted.
+
+  437 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}.
+
+  438 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  439 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}.
+
+  440 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  441 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  442 Some codices of St. Luke have, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; others, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.
+
+  443 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  444 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} omitted; the previous question, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}.{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}., made positive; and Luke iv. 27 inserted.
+
+  445 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}.
+
+  446 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} inserted.
+
+  447 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} after {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} after {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.
+
+  448 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} omitted. Possibly the whole verse was omitted.
+
+  449 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, instead of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Volckmar thinks
+      that in v. 19, "of Nazareth" was omitted, but neither St. Epiphanius
+      nor Tertullian say so.
+
+  450 Tert. adv. Marcion, iv. 2. "Marcion evangelio scilicet suo nullum
+      adscribit nomen."
+
+  451 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+
+  452 Rom. i. 16, xv. 19, 29; 1 Cor. ix. 12, 18; 2 Cor. iv. 4, ix. 13;
+      Gal. i. 7.
+
+  453 Rom. i. 9.
+
+  454 Rom. i. 1, xv. 16; 1 Thess. ii. 2, 9; 1 Tim. i. 11.
+
+  455 Volckmar: Das Evangelium Marcions; Leipzig, 1852, p. 54.
+
+  456 Luke ii. 19, 51.
+
+  457 Luke i. 66.
+
+  458 John xix. 26.
+
+  459 This was some time prior to the composition of St. John's Gospel.
+      The first two chapters of St. Luke's Gospel were written apparently
+      by the same hand which wrote the rest. Similarities, identity of
+      expression, almost prove this. Compare i. 10 and ii. 13 with viii.
+      37, ix. 37, xxiii. 1; also i. 10 with xiv. 17, xxii. 14; i. 20 with
+      xxii. 27, and i. 20 with xii. 3, xix. 44; i. 22 with xxiv. 23; i. 44
+      with vii. 1, ix. 44; also i. 45 with x. 23, xi. 27, 28; also i. 48
+      with ix. 38; i. 66 with ix. 44; i. 80 with ix. 51; ii. 6 with iv. 2;
+      ii. 9 with xxiv. 4; ii. 10 with v. 10; ii. 14 with xix. 18; ii. 20
+      with xix. 37; ii. 25 with xxiii. 50; ii. 26. with ix. 20.
+
+  460 The descent of the Holy Ghost in bodily shape explains why in iv. 1
+      he is said to have been full of the Holy Ghost. I suspect the
+      narrative of the unction occurred here. This was removed to cut off
+      occasion to Docetic error, and the gap was clumsily filled with an
+      useless genealogy.
+
+  461 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} omitted.
+
+  462 Tertul. adv. Marcion, iv. c. 25, "ut doctor de ea vita videatur
+      consuluisse quae in lege promittitur longaeva."
+
+  463 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}.--Epiph. Schol. 40; Tertul. c. 30.
+
+  464 Luke xiii. 25-30.
+
+  465 Matt. vii. 13.
+
+  466 Hist. of the Christian Religion, tr. Bohn, ii. p. 131.
+
+  467 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Sch. 47.
+
+  468 Baur calls it an "ungeschickte Zusatz."
+
+  469 The Gospel is printed in Thilo's Codex Apocryph. Novi Testamenti,
+      Lips. 1832, T.I. pp. 401-486. For critical examinations of it see
+      Ritschl: Das Evangelium Marcions und das Kanonische Ev. Lucas,
+      Tuebingen, 1846. Baur: Kritische Untersuchungen ueber die Kanonischen
+      Evangelien, Tuebingen, 1847, p. 393 sq. Gratz: Krit. Untersuchungen
+      ueber Marcions Evangelium, Tuebing. 1818. Volckmar: Das Evangelium
+      Marcions, Leipz. 1852. Nicolas: Etudes sur les Evangiles Apocryphes,
+      Paris, 1866, pp. 147-160.
+
+  470 Luke iv. 18.
+
+  471 Luke iv. 28; compare vi. 13 with Matt. x. and Luke x. 1-16, vii.
+      36-50, x. 38-42, xvii. 7-10, xvii. 11-19, x. 30-37, xv. 11-32; Luke
+      xiii. 25-30, compared with Matt. vii. 13; Luke vii. 50, viii. 48,
+      xviii. 42, &c.
+
+  472 He died about A.D. 160.
+
+  473 Clem. Alex. Strom. vi.
+
+  474 Epiphan. Haeres. xxx. 3-7.
+
+  475 Strom. iv.
+
+  476 Tertul. De Praescrip. 49.
+
+  477 Tertul. De Praescrip. 38.
+
+  478 Iren. Adv. Haeres. i. 20.
+
+  479 _Ibid._ iii. 11.
+
+  480 "Suum praeter haec nostra."--Tertull. de Praescrip. 49.
+
+  481 Epiphan. Haeres. xxxiv. 1; Iren. Haer. i. 9.
+
+  482 Iren. i. 26.
+
+  483 Wright: Syriac Apocrypha, Lond. 1865, pp. 8-10.
+
+  484 Tischendorf: Codex Apocr. N. T.; Evang. Thom. i. c. 6, 14.
+
+  485 _Ibid._ ii. c. 7; Latin Evang. Thom. iii. c. 6, 12.
+
+  486 Pseud. Matt. c. 31.
+
+  487 Epiph. Haeres. xxvi. 3.
+
+  488 The second passage and its meaning are: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.
+      {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--Epiph. Haeres. xxvi. 5.
+
+  489 Epiphan. Haeres. xxvi. 2. He says, moreover: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}
+      {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.
+
+  490 Iren. Haeres. i. 35.
+
+  491 Nicolas: Etudes sur les Evangiles Apocryphes, p. 168.
+
+  492 Baur: Die Christliche Gnosis, p. 193.
+
+  493 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--Haeres. xxvi. 5.
+
+  494 Euseb. Hist. Eccl. ii. 1.
+
+  495 Acts viii. 5, 13, 27-39, xxi. 8.
+
+  496 Acts xxi. 8.
+
+  497 Epiphan. Haeres. xxvi. 13.
+
+  498 Jalkut Rubeni, fol. 107. See my "Legends of Old Testament
+      Characters," II. pp. 108, 109.
+
+  499 2 Cor. xii. 2.
+
+  500 The cuneiform text in Lenormant, Textes cuneiformes inedits, No. 30.
+      The translation in Lenormant: Les premieres civilizations, 1. pp.
+      87-89.
+
+  501 Clem. Alex. Stromata, i. f. 304; iii. f. 438; vii. f. 722.
+
+  502 Rom. vii. 17.
+
+  503 Iren. Haeres. i. 25.
+
+  504 Compare Rom. iii. 20. Epiphanes died at the age of seventeen.
+      Epiphan. Haeres. xxxii. 3.
+
+  505 Epiphan. xxxii. 4.
+
+  506 Clem. Strom. iii. fol. 526.
+
+  507 It is instructive to mark how the enunciation of the same principles
+      led to the same results after the lapse of twelve centuries. The
+      proclamation of free grace, emancipation from the Law, justification
+      by faith only, in the sixteenth century quickened into being
+      heresies which had lain dead through long ages. Bishop Barlow, the
+      Anglican Reformer, and one of the compilers of our Prayer-book, thus
+      describes the results of the enunciation of these doctrines in
+      Germany and Switzerland, results of which he was an eye-witness:
+      "There be some which hold opinion that all devils and damned souls
+      shall be saved at the day of doom. Some of them persuade themselves
+      that _the serpent which deceived Eve was Christ_. Some of them grant
+      to every man and woman two souls. Some affirm lechery to be no sin,
+      and that one may use another man's wife without offence. Some take
+      upon them to be soothsayers and prophets of wonderful things to
+      come, and have prophesied the day of judgment to be at hand, some
+      within three months, some within one month, some within six days.
+      Some of them, both men and women, at their congregations for a
+      mystery show themselves naked, affirming that they be in the state
+      of innocence. Also, some hold that no man ought to be punished or
+      suffer execution for any crime or trespass, be it ever so horrible"
+      (A Dyalogue describing the orygynall ground of these Lutheran
+      faccyons, 1531). We are in presence once more of Marcosians,
+      Ophites, Carpocratians. Had these sects lingered on through twelve
+      centuries? Possibly only; but it is clear that the dissemination of
+      the same doctrines caused the production of these obscene sects by
+      inevitable logical necessity, whether an historical filiation be
+      established or not.
+
+  508 Matt. xvi. 21, 22; Mark vii. 31.
+
+  509 Ideas reproduce themselves singularly. There is an essay by De
+      Quincy advocating the same view of the character and purpose of
+      Judas.
+
+  510 Epiphan. Haeres. xxxviii. 1.
+
+  511 Iren. Adv. Haeres. i. 31.
+
+  512 Etudes, p. 176.
+
+  513 Epiphan. Haeres. xxxviii. 2.
+
+  514 2 Cor. xii. 4.
+
+  515 Reprinted in the Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record,
+      p. 372.
+
+
+
+
+
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