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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Querist, by George Berkley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Querist
+
+Author: George Berkley
+
+Posting Date: August 8, 2009 [EBook #4543]
+Release Date: October, 2003
+First Posted: February 6, 2002
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE QUERIST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo.  HTML version by Al Haines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Querist
+
+by
+
+George Berkley
+
+1735
+
+
+
+The Querist Containing Several Queries Proposed to the Consideration
+of the Public
+
+
+
+
+
+Part I
+
+
+
+
+Query 1.
+
+Whether there ever was, is, or will be, an industrious nation poor,
+or an idle rich?
+
+2. Qu. Whether a people can be called poor, where the common sort
+are well fed, clothed, and lodged?
+
+3. Qu. Whether the drift and aim of every wise State should not be,
+to encourage industry in its members? And whether those who employ
+neither heads nor hands for the common benefit deserve not to be
+expelled like drones out of a well-governed State?
+
+4. Qu. Whether the four elements, and man's labour therein, be not
+the true source of wealth?
+
+5. Qu. Whether money be not only so far useful, as it stirreth up
+industry, enabling men mutually to participate the fruits of each
+other's labour?
+
+6. Qu. Whether any other means, equally conducing to excite and
+circulate the industry of mankind, may not be as useful as money.
+
+7. Qu. Whether the real end and aim of men be not power? And whether
+he who could have everything else at his wish or will would value
+money?
+
+8. Qu. Whether the public aim in every well-govern'd State be not
+that each member, according to his just pretensions and industry,
+should have power?
+
+9. Qu. Whether power be not referred to action; and whether action
+doth not follow appetite or will?
+
+10. Qu. Whether fashion doth not create appetites; and whether the
+prevailing will of a nation is not the fashion?
+
+11. Qu. Whether the current of industry and commerce be not
+determined by this prevailing will?
+
+12. Qu. Whether it be not owing to custom that the fashions are
+agreeable?
+
+13. Qu. Whether it may not concern the wisdom of the legislature to
+interpose in the making of fashions; and not leave an affair of so
+great influence to the management of women and fops, tailors and
+vintners?
+
+14. Qu. Whether reasonable fashions are a greater restraint on
+freedom than those which are unreasonable?
+
+15. Qu. Whether a general good taste in a people would not greatly
+conduce to their thriving? And whether an uneducated gentry be not
+the greatest of national evils?
+
+16. Qu. Whether customs and fashions do not supply the place of
+reason in the vulgar of all ranks? Whether, therefore, it doth not
+very much import that they should be wisely framed?
+
+17. Qu. Whether the imitating those neighbours in our fashions, to
+whom we bear no likeness in our circumstances, be not one cause of
+distress to this nation?
+
+18. Qu. Whether frugal fashions in the upper rank, and comfortable
+living in the lower, be not the means to multiply inhabitants?
+
+19. Qu. Whether the bulk of our Irish natives are not kept from
+thriving, by that cynical content in dirt and beggary which they
+possess to a degree beyond any other people in Christendom?
+
+20. Qu. Whether the creating of wants be not the likeliest way to
+produce industry in a people? And whether, if our peasants were
+accustomed to eat beef and wear shoes, they would not be more
+industrious?
+
+21. Qu. Whether other things being given, as climate, soil, etc.,
+the wealth be not proportioned to the industry, and this to the
+circulation of credit, be the credit circulated or transferred by
+what marks or tokens soever?
+
+22. Qu. Whether, therefore, less money swiftly circulating, be not,
+in effect, equivalent to more money slowly circulating? Or, whether,
+if the circulation be reciprocally as the quantity of coin, the
+nation can be a loser?
+
+23. Qu. Whether money is to be considered as having an intrinsic
+value, or as being a commodity, a standard, a measure, or a pledge,
+as is variously suggested by writers? And whether the true idea of
+money, as such, be not altogether that of a ticket or counter?
+
+24. Qu. Whether the value or price of things be not a compounded
+proportion, directly as the demand, and reciprocally as the plenty?
+
+25. Qu. Whether the terms crown, livre, pound sterling, etc., are
+not to be considered as exponents or denominations of such
+proportion? And whether gold, silver, and paper are not tickets or
+counters for reckoning, recording, and transferring thereof?
+
+26. Qu. Whether the denominations being retained, although the
+bullion were gone, things might not nevertheless be rated, bought,
+and sold, industry promoted, and a circulation of commerce
+maintained?
+
+27. Qu. Whether an equal raising of all sorts of gold, silver, and
+copper coin can have any effect in bringing money into the kingdom?
+And whether altering the proportions between the kingdom several
+sorts can have any other effect but multiplying one kind and
+lessening another, without any increase of the sum total?
+
+28. Qu. Whether arbitrary changing the denomination of coin be not a
+public cheat?
+
+29. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, the damage would be very
+considerable, if by degrees our money were brought back to the
+English value there to rest for ever?
+
+30. Qu. Whether the English crown did not formerly pass with us for
+six shillings? And what inconvenience ensued to the public upon its
+reduction to the present value, and whether what hath been may not
+be?
+
+31. Qu. What makes a wealthy people? Whether mines of gold and
+silver are capable of doing this? And whether the negroes, amidst
+the gold sands of Afric, are not poor and destitute?
+
+32. Qu. Whether there be any vertue in gold or silver, other than as
+they set people at work, or create industry?
+
+33. Qu. Whether it be not the opinion or will of the people,
+exciting them to industry, that truly enricheth a nation? And
+whether this doth not principally depend on the means for counting,
+transferring, and preserving power, that is, property of all kinds?
+
+34. Qu. Whether if there was no silver or gold in the kingdom, our
+trade might not, nevertheless, supply bills of exchange, sufficient
+to answer the demands of absentees in England or elsewhere?
+
+35. Qu. Whether current bank notes may not be deemed money? And
+whether they are not actually the greater part of the money of this
+kingdom?
+
+36. Qu. Provided the wheels move, whether it is not the same thing,
+as to the effect of the machine, be this done by the force of wind,
+or water, or animals?
+
+37. Qu. Whether power to command the industry of others be not real
+wealth? And whether money be not in truth tickets or tokens for
+conveying and recording such power, and whether it be of great
+consequence what materials the tickets are made of?
+
+38. Qu. Whether trade, either foreign or domestic, be in truth any
+more than this commerce of industry?
+
+39. Qu. Whether to promote, transfer, and secure this commerce, and
+this property in human labour, or, in other words, this power, be
+not the sole means of enriching a people, and how far this may be
+done independently of gold and silver?
+
+40. Qu. Whether it were not wrong to suppose land itself to be
+wealth? And whether the industry of the people is not first to be
+consider'd, as that which constitutes wealth, which makes even land
+and silver to be wealth, neither of which would have, any value but
+as means and motives to industry?
+
+41. Qu. Whether in the wastes of America a man might not possess
+twenty miles square of land, and yet want his dinner, or a coat to
+his back?
+
+42. Qu. Whether a fertile land, and the industry of its inhabitants,
+would not prove inexhaustible funds of real wealth, be the counters
+for conveying and recording thereof what you will, paper, gold, or
+silver?
+
+43. Qu. Whether a single hint be sufficient to overcome a prejudice?
+And whether even obvious truths will not sometimes bear repeating?
+
+44. Qu. Whether, if human labour be the true source of wealth, it
+doth not follow that idleness should of all things be discouraged in
+a wise State?
+
+45. Qu. Whether even gold or silver, if they should lessen the
+industry of its inhabitants, would not be ruinous to a country? And
+whether Spain be not an instance of this?
+
+46. Qu. Whether the opinion of men, and their industry consequent
+thereupon, be not the true wealth of Holland and not the silver
+supposed to be deposited in the bank at Amsterdam?
+
+47. Qu. Whether there is in truth any such treasure lying dead? And
+whether it be of great consequence to the public that it should be
+real rather than notional?
+
+48. Qu. Whether in order to understand the true nature of wealth and
+commerce, it would not be right to consider a ship's crew cast upon
+a desert island, and by degrees forming themselves to business and
+civil life, while industry begot credit, and credit moved to
+industry?
+
+49. Qu. Whether such men would not all set themselves to work?
+Whether they would not subsist by the mutual participation of each
+other's industry? Whether, when one man had in his way procured more
+than he could consume, he would not exchange his superfluities to
+supply his wants? Whether this must not produce credit? Whether, to
+facilitate these conveyances, to record and circulate this credit,
+they would not soon agree on certain tallies, tokens, tickets, or
+counters?
+
+50. Qu. Whether reflection in the better sort might not soon remedy
+our evils? And whether our real defect be not a wrong way of
+thinking?
+
+51. Qu. Whether it would not be an unhappy turn in our gentlemen, if
+they should take more thought to create an interest to themselves in
+this or that county, or borough, than to promote the real interest
+of their country?
+
+52. Qu. Whether it be not a bull to call that making an interest,
+whereby a man spendeth much and gaineth nothing?
+
+53. Qu. Whether if a man builds a house he doth not in the first
+place provide a plan which governs his work? And shall the pubic act
+without an end, a view, a plan?
+
+54. Qu. Whether by how much the less particular folk think for
+themselves, the public be not so much the more obliged to think for
+them?
+
+55. Qu. Whether cunning be not one thing and good sense another? and
+whether a cunning tradesman doth not stand in his own light?
+
+56. Qu. Whether small gains be not the way to great profit? And if
+our tradesmen are beggars, whether they may not thank themselves for
+it?
+
+57. Qu. Whether some way might not be found for making criminals
+useful in public works, instead of sending them either to America,
+or to the other world?
+
+58. Qu. Whether we may not, as well as other nations, contrive
+employment for them? And whether servitude, chains, and hard labour,
+for a term of years, would not be a more discouraging as well as a
+more adequate punishment for felons than even death itself?
+
+59. Qu. Whether there are not such things in Holland as bettering
+houses for bringing young gentlemen to order? And whether such an
+institution would be useless among us?
+
+60. Qu. Whether it be true that the poor in Holland have no resource
+but their own labour, and yet there are no beggars in their streets?
+
+61. Qu. Whether he whose luxury consumeth foreign products, and
+whose industry produceth nothing domestic to exchange for them, is
+not so far forth injurious to his country?
+
+62. Qu. Whether, consequently, the fine gentlemen, whose employment
+is only to dress, drink, and play, be not a pubic nuisance?
+
+63. Qu. Whether necessity is not to be hearkened to before
+convenience, and convenience before luxury?
+
+64. Qu. Whether to provide plentifully for the poor be not feeding
+the root, the substance whereof will shoot upwards into the
+branches, and cause the top to flourish?
+
+65. Qu. Whether there be any instance of a State wherein the people,
+living neatly and plentifully, did not aspire to wealth?
+
+66. Qu. Whether nastiness and beggary do not, on the contrary,
+extinguish all such ambition, making men listless, hopeless, and
+slothful?
+
+67. Qu. Whether a country inhabited by people well fed, clothed and
+lodged would not become every day more populous? And whether a
+numerous stock of people in such circumstances would? and how far
+the product of not constitute a flourishing nation; our own country
+may suffice for the compassing of this end?
+
+68. Qu. Whether a people who had provided themselves with the
+necessaries of life in good plenty would not soon extend their
+industry to new arts and new branches of commerce?
+
+69. Qu. Whether those same manufactures which England imports from
+other countries may not be admitted from Ireland? And, if so,
+whether lace, carpets, and tapestry, three considerable articles of
+English importation, might not find encouragement in Ireland? And
+whether an academy for design might not greatly conduce to the
+perfecting those manufactures among us?
+
+70. Qu. Whether France and Flanders could have drawn so much money
+from England for figured silks, lace, and tapestry, if they had not
+had academies for designing?
+
+71. Qu. Whether, when a room was once prepared, and models in
+plaster of Paris, the annual expense of such an academy need stand
+the pubic in above two hundred pounds a year?
+
+72. Qu. Whether our linen-manufacture would not find the benefit of
+this institution? And whether there be anything that makes us fall
+short of the Dutch in damasks, diapers, and printed linen, but our
+ignorance in design?
+
+73. Qu. Whether those specimens of our own manufacture, hung up in a
+certain public place, do not sufficiently declare such our
+ignorance? and whether for the honour of the nation they ought not
+to be removed?
+
+74. Qu. Whether those who may slight this affair as notional have
+sufficiently considered the extensive use of the art of design, and
+its influence in most trades and manufactures, wherein the forms of
+things are often more regarded than the materials?
+
+75. Qu. Whether there be any art sooner learned than that of making
+carpets? And whether our women, with little time and pains, may not
+make more beautiful carpets than those imported from Turkey? And
+whether this branch of the woollen manufacture be not open to us?
+
+76. Qu. Whether human industry can produce, from such cheap
+materials, a manufacture of so great value by any other art as by
+those of sculpture and painting?
+
+77. Qu. Whether pictures and statues are not in fact so much
+treasure? And whether Rome and Florence would not be poor towns
+without them?
+
+78. Qu. Whether they do not bring ready money as well as jewels?
+Whether in Italy debts are not paid, and children portioned with
+them, as with gold and silver?
+
+79. Qu. Whether it would not be more prudent, to strike out and
+exert ourselves in permitted branches of trade, than to fold our
+hands, and repine that we are not allowed the woollen?
+
+80. Qu. Whether it be true that two millions are yearly expended by
+England in foreign lace and linen?
+
+81. Qu. Whether immense sums are not drawn yearly into the Northern
+countries, for supplying the British navy with hempen manufactures?
+
+82. Qu. Whether there be anything more profitable than hemp? And
+whether there should not be great premiums for encouraging our
+hempen trade? What advantages may not Great Britain make of a
+country where land and labour are so cheap?
+
+83. Qu. Whether Ireland alone might not raise hemp sufficient for
+the British navy? And whether it would not be vain to expect this
+from the British Colonies in America, where hands are so scarce, and
+labour so excessively dear?
+
+84. Qu. Whether, if our own people want will or capacity for such an
+attempt, it might not be worth while for some undertaking spirits in
+England to make settlements, and raise hemp in the counties of Clare
+and Limerick, than which, perhaps, there is not fitter land in the
+world for that purpose? And whether both nations would not find
+their advantage therein?
+
+85. Qu. Whether if all the idle hands in this kingdom were employed
+on hemp and flax, we might not find sufficient vent for these
+manufactures?
+
+86. Qu. How far it may be in our own power to better our affairs,
+without interfering with our neighbours?
+
+87. Qu. Whether the prohibition of our woollen trade ought not
+naturally to put us on other methods which give no jealousy?
+
+88. Qu. Whether paper be not a valuable article of commerce? And
+whether it be not true that one single bookseller in London yearly
+expended above four thousand pounds in that foreign commodity?
+
+89. Qu. How it comes to pass that the Venetians and Genoese, who
+wear so much less linen, and so much worse than we do, should yet
+make very good paper, and in great quantity, while we make very
+little?
+
+90. Qu. How long it will be before my countrymen find out that it is
+worth while to spend a penny in order to get a groat?
+
+91. Qu. If all the land were tilled that is fit for tillage, and all
+that sowed with hemp and flax that is fit for raising them, whether
+we should have much sheep-walk beyond what was sufficient to supply
+the necessities of the kingdom?
+
+92. Qu. Whether other countries have not flourished without the
+woollen trade?
+
+93. Qu. Whether it be not a sure sign or effect of a country's
+inhabitants? And, thriving, to see it well cultivated and full of;
+if so, whether a great quantity of sheep-walk be not ruinous to a
+country, rendering it waste and thinly inhabited?
+
+94. Qu. Whether the employing so much of our land under sheep be not
+in fact an Irish blunder?
+
+95. Qu. Whether our hankering after our woollen trade be not the
+true and only reason which hath created a jealousy in England
+towards Ireland? And whether anything can hurt us more than such
+jealousy?
+
+96. Qu. Whether it be not the true interest of both nations to
+become one people? And whether either be sufficiently apprised of
+this?
+
+97. Qu. Whether the upper part of this people are not truly English,
+by blood, language, religion, manners, inclination, and interest?
+
+98. Qu. Whether we are not as much Englishmen as the children of old
+Romans, born in Britain, were still Romans?
+
+99. Qu. Whether it be not our true interest not to interfere with
+them; and, in every other case, whether it be not their true
+interest to befriend us?
+
+100. Qu. Whether a mint in Ireland might not be of great convenience
+to the kingdom; and whether it could be attended with any possible
+inconvenience to Great Britain? And whether there were not mints in
+Naples and Sicily, when those kingdoms were provinces to Spain or
+the house of Austria?
+
+101. Qu. Whether anything can be more ridiculous than for the north
+of Ireland to be jealous of a linen manufacturer in the south?
+
+102. Qu. Whether the county of Tipperary be not much better land
+than the county of Armagh; and yet whether the latter is not much
+better improved and inhabited than the former?
+
+103. Qu. Whether every landlord in the kingdom doth not know the
+cause of this? And yet how few are the better for such their
+knowledge?
+
+104. Qu. Whether large farms under few hands, or small ones under
+many, are likely to be made most of? And whether flax and tillage do
+not naturally multiply hands, and divide land into small holdings,
+and well-improved?
+
+105. Qu. Whether, as our exports are lessened, we ought not to
+lessen our imports? And whether these will not be lessened as our
+demands, and these as our wants, and these as our customs or
+fashions? Of how great consequence therefore are fashions to the
+public?
+
+106. Qu. Whether it would not be more reasonable to mend our state
+than to complain of it; and how far this may be in our own power?
+
+107. Qu. What the nation gains by those who live in Ireland upon the
+produce of foreign Countries?
+
+108. Qu. How far the vanity of our ladies in dressing, and of our
+gentlemen in drinking, contributes to the general misery of the
+people?
+
+109. Qu. Whether nations, as wise and opulent as ours, have not made
+sumptuary laws; and what hinders us from doing the same?
+
+110. Qu. Whether those who drink foreign liquors, and deck
+themselves and their families with foreign ornaments, are not so far
+forth to be reckoned absentees?
+
+111. Qu. Whether, as our trade is limited, we ought not to limit our
+expenses; and whether this be not the natural and obvious remedy?
+
+112. Qu. Whether the dirt, and famine, and nakedness of the bulk of
+our people might not be remedied, even although we had no foreign
+trade? And whether this should not be our first care; and whether,
+if this were once provided for, the conveniences of the rich would
+not soon follow?
+
+113. Qu. Whether comfortable living doth not produce wants, and
+wants industry, and industry wealth?
+
+114. Qu. Whether there is not a great difference between Holland and
+Ireland? And whether foreign commerce, without which the one could
+not subsist, be so necessary for the other?
+
+115. Qu. Might we not put a hand to the plough, or the spade,
+although we had no foreign commerce?
+
+116. Qu. Whether the exigencies of nature are not to be answered by
+industry on our own soil? And how far the conveniences and comforts
+of life may be procured by a domestic commerce between the several
+parts of this kingdom?
+
+117. Qu. Whether the women may not sew, spin, weave, embroider
+sufficiently for the embellishment of their persons, and even enough
+to raise envy in each other, without being beholden to foreign
+countries?
+
+118. Qu. Suppose the bulk of our inhabitants had shoes to their
+feet, clothes to their backs, and beef in their bellies, might not
+such a state be eligible for the public, even though the squires
+were condemned to drink ale and cider?
+
+119. Qu. Whether, if drunkenness be a necessary evil, men may not as
+well drink the growth of their own country?
+
+120. Qu. Whether a nation within itself might not have real wealth,
+sufficient to give its inhabitants power and distinction, without
+the help of gold and silver?
+
+121. Qu. Whether, if the arts of sculpture and painting were
+encouraged among us, we might not furnish our houses in a much
+nobler manner with our own manufactures?
+
+122. Qu. Whether we have not, or may not have, all the necessary
+materials for building at home?
+
+123. Qu. Whether tiles and plaster may not supply the place of
+Norway fir for flooring and wainscot?
+
+124. Qu. Whether plaster be not warmer, as well as more secure, than
+deal? And whether a modern fashionable house, lined with fir, daubed
+over with oil and paint, be not like a fire-ship, ready to be
+lighted up by all accidents?
+
+125. Qu. Whether larger houses, better built and furnished, a
+greater train of servants, the difference with regard to equipage
+and table between finer and coarser, more and less elegant, may not
+be sufficient to feed a reasonable share of vanity, or support all
+proper distinctions? And whether all these may not be procured by
+domestic industry out of the four elements, without ransacking the
+four quarters of the globe?
+
+126. Qu. Whether anything is a nobler ornament, in the eye of the
+world, than an Italian palace, that is, stone and mortar skilfully
+put together, and adorned with sculpture and painting; and whether
+this may not be compassed without foreign trade?
+
+127. Qu. Whether an expense in gardens and plantations would not be
+an elegant distinction for the rich, a domestic magnificence
+employing many hands within, and drawing nothing from abroad?
+
+128. Qu. Whether the apology which is made for foreign luxury in
+England, to wit, that they could not carry on their trade without
+imports as well as exports, will hold in Ireland?
+
+129. Qu. Whether one may not be allowed to conceive and suppose a
+society or nation of human creatures, clad in woollen cloths and
+stuffs, eating good bread, beef and mutton, poultry and fish, in
+great plenty, drinking ale, mead, and cider, inhabiting decent
+houses built of brick and marble, taking their pleasure in fair
+parks and gardens, depending on no foreign imports either for food
+or raiment? And whether such people ought much to be pitied?
+
+130. Qu. Whether Ireland be not as well qualified for such a state
+as any nation under the sun?
+
+131. Qu. Whether in such a state the inhabitants may not contrive to
+pass the twenty-four hours with tolerable ease and cheerfulness? And
+whether any people upon earth can do more?
+
+132. Qu. Whether they may not eat, drink, play, dress, visit, sleep
+in good beds, sit by good fires, build, plant, raise a name, make
+estates, and spend them?
+
+133. Qu. Whether, upon the whole, a domestic trade may not suffice
+in such a country as Ireland, to nourish and clothe its inhabitants,
+and provide them with the reasonable conveniences and even comforts
+of life?
+
+134. Qu. Whether a general habit of living well would not produce
+numbers and industry' and whether, considering the tendency of human
+kind, the consequence thereof would not be foreign trade and riches,
+how unnecessary soever?
+
+135. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, it be a crime to inquire how far we
+may do without foreign trade, and what would follow on such a
+supposition?
+
+136. Qu. Whether the number and welfare of the subjects be not the
+true strength of the crown?
+
+137. Qu. Whether in all public institutions there should not be an
+end proposed, which is to be the rule and limit of the means?
+Whether this end should not be the well-being of the whole? And
+whether, in order to this, the first step should not be to clothe
+and feed our people?
+
+138. Qu. Whether there be upon earth any Christian or civilized
+people so beggarly, wretched, and destitute as the common Irish?
+
+139. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, there is any other people whose
+wants may be more easily supplied from home?
+
+140. Qu. Whether, if there was a wall of brass a thousand cubits
+high round this kingdom, our natives might not nevertheless live
+cleanly and comfortably, till the land, and reap the fruits of it?
+
+141. Qu. What should hinder us from exerting ourselves, using our
+hands and brains, doing something or other, man, woman, and child,
+like the other inhabitants of God's earth?
+
+142. Qu. Be the restraining our trade well or ill advised in our
+neighbours, with respect to their own interest, yet whether it be
+not plainly ours to accommodate ourselves to it?
+
+143. Qu. Whether it be not vain to think of persuading other people
+to see their interest, while we continue blind to our own?
+
+144. Qu. Whether there be any other nation possess'd of so much good
+land, and so many able hands to work it, which yet is beholden for
+bread to foreign countries?
+
+145. Qu. Whether it be true that we import corn to the value of two
+hundred thousand pounds in some years?
+
+146. Qu. Whether we are not undone by fashions made for other
+people? And whether it be not madness in a poor nation to imitate a
+rich one?
+
+147. Qu. Whether a woman of fashion ought not to be declared a
+public enemy?
+
+148. Qu. Whether it be not certain that from the single town of Cork
+were exported, in one year, no less than one hundred and seven
+thousand one hundred and sixty-one barrels of beef; seven thousand
+three hundred and seventy-nine barrels of pork; thirteen thousand
+four hundred and sixty-one casks, and eighty-five thousand seven
+hundred and twenty-seven firkins of butter? And what hands were
+employed in this manufacture?
+
+149. Qu. Whether a foreigner could imagine that one half of the
+people were starving, in a country which sent out such plenty of
+provisions?
+
+150. Qu. Whether an Irish lady, set out with French silks and
+Flanders lace, may not be said to consume more beef and butter than
+a hundred of our labouring peasants?
+
+151. Qu. Whether nine-tenths of our foreign trade be not carried on
+singly to support the article of vanity?
+
+152. Qu. Whether it can be hoped that private persons will not
+indulge this folly, unless restrained by the public?
+
+153. Qu. How vanity is maintained in other countries? Whether in
+Hungary, for instance, a proud nobility are not subsisted with small
+imports from abroad?
+
+154. Qu. Whether there be a prouder people upon earth than the noble
+Venetians, although they all wear plain black clothes?
+
+155. Qu. Whether a people are to be pitied that will not sacrifice
+their little particular vanities to the public good? And yet,
+whether each part would not except their own foible from this public
+sacrifice, the squire his bottle, the lady her lace?
+
+156. Qu. Whether claret be not often drank rather for vanity than
+for health, or pleasure?
+
+157. Qu. Whether it be true that men of nice palates have been
+imposed on, by elder wine for French claret, and by mead for palm
+sack?
+
+158. Qu. Do not Englishmen abroad purchase beer and cider at ten
+times the price of wine?
+
+159. Qu. How many gentlemen are there in England of a thousand
+pounds per annum who never drink wine in their own houses? Whether
+the same may be said of any in Ireland who have even? one hundred
+pounds per annum.
+
+160. Qu. What reasons have our neighbours in England for
+discouraging French wines which may not hold with respect to us
+also?
+
+161. Qu. How much of the necessary sustenance of our people is
+yearly exported for brandy?
+
+162. Qu. Whether, if people must poison themselves, they had not
+better do it with their own growth?
+
+163. Qu. If we imported neither claret from France, nor fir from
+Norway, what the nation would save by it?
+
+164. Qu. When the root yieldeth insufficient nourishment, whether
+men do not top the tree to make the lower branches thrive?
+
+165. Qu. Whether, if our ladies drank sage or balm tea out of Irish
+ware, it would be an insupportable national calamity?
+
+166. Qu. Whether it be really true that such wine is best as most
+encourages drinking, i.e., that must be given in the largest dose to
+produce its effect? And whether this holds with regard to any other
+medicine?
+
+167. Qu. Whether that trade should not be accounted most pernicious
+wherein the balance is most against us? And whether this be not the
+trade with France?
+
+168. Qu. Whether it be not even madness to encourage trade with a
+nation that takes nothing of our manufacture?
+
+169. Qu. Whether Ireland can hope to thrive if the major part of her
+patriots shall be found in the French interest?
+
+170. Qu. Why, if a bribe by the palate or the purse be in effect the
+same thing, they should not be alike infamous?
+
+171. Qu. Whether the vanity and luxury of a few ought to stand in
+competition with the interest of a nation?
+
+172. Qu. Whether national wants ought not to be the rule of trade?
+And whether the most pressing wants of the majority ought not to be
+first consider'd?
+
+173. Qu. Whether it is possible the country should be well improved,
+while our beef is exported, and our labourers live upon potatoes?
+
+174. Qu. If it be resolved that we cannot do without foreign trade,
+whether, at least, it may not be worth while to consider what
+branches thereof deserve to be entertained, and how far we may be
+able to carry it on under our present limitations?
+
+175. Qu. What foreign imports may be necessary for clothing and
+feeding the families of persons not worth above one hundred pounds a
+year? And how many wealthier there are in the kingdom, and what
+proportion they bear to the other inhabitants?
+
+176. Qu. Whether trade be not then on a right foot, when foreign
+commodities are imported in exchange only for domestic superfluities?
+
+177. Qu. Whether the quantities of beef, butter, wool, and leather,
+exported from this island, can be reckoned the superfluities of a
+country, where there are so many natives naked and famished?
+
+178. Qu. Whether it would not be wise so to order our trade as to
+export manufactures rather than provisions, and of those such as
+employ most hands?
+
+179. Qu. Whether she would not be a very vile matron, and justly
+thought either mad or foolish, that should give away the necessaries
+of life from her naked and famished children, in exchange for pearls
+to stick in her hair, and sweetmeats to please her own palate?
+
+180. Qu. Whether a nation might not be consider'd as a family?
+
+181. Qu. Whether other methods may not be found for supplying the
+funds, besides the custom on things imported?
+
+182. Qu. Whether any art or manufacture be so difficult as the
+making of good laws?
+
+183. Qu. Whether our peers and gentlemen are born legislators? Or,
+whether that faculty be acquired by study and reflection?
+
+184. Qu. Whether to comprehend the real interest of a people, and
+the means to procure it, doth not imply some fund of knowledge,
+historical, moral, and political, with a faculty of reason improved
+by learning?
+
+185. Qu. Whether every enemy to learning be not a Goth? And whether
+every such Goth among us be not an enemy to the country?
+
+186. Qu. Whether, therefore, it would not be an omen of ill presage,
+a dreadful phenomenon in the land, if our great men should take it
+in their heads to deride learning and education?
+
+187. Qu. Whether, on the contrary, it should not seem worth while to
+erect a mart of literature in this kingdom, under wiser regulations
+and better discipline than in any other part of Europe? And whether
+this would not be an infallible means of drawing men and money into
+the kingdom?
+
+188. Qu. Whether the governed be not too numerous for the governing
+part of our college? And whether it might not be expedient to
+convert thirty natives-places into twenty fellowships?
+
+189. Qu. Whether, if we had two colleges, there might not spring a
+useful emulation between them? And whether it might not be contrived
+so to divide the fellows, scholars, and revenues between both, as
+that no member should be a loser thereby?
+
+190. Qu. Whether ten thousand pounds well laid out might not build a
+decent college, fit to contain two hundred persons; and whether the
+purchase money of the chambers would not go a good way towards
+defraying the expense?
+
+191. Qu. Where this college should be situated?
+
+192. Qu. Whether it is possible a State should not thrive, whereof
+the lower part were industrious, and the upper wise?
+
+193. Qu. Whether the collected wisdom of ages and nations be not
+found in books, improved and applied by study?
+
+194. Qu. Whether it was not an Irish professor who first opened the
+public schools at Oxford? Whether this island hath not been
+anciently famous for learning? And whether at this day it hath any
+better chance for being considerable?
+
+195. Qu. Whether we may not with better grace sit down and complain,
+when we have done all that lies in our power to help ourselves?
+
+196. Qu. Whether the gentleman of estate hath a right to be idle;
+and whether he ought not to be the great promoter and director of
+industry among his tenants and neighbours?
+
+197. Qu. Whether the real foundation for wealth must not be laid in
+the numbers, the frugality, and the industry of the people? And
+whether all attempts to enrich a nation by other means, as raising
+the coin, stock-jobbing, and such arts are not vain?
+
+198. Qu. Whether a door ought not to be shut against all other
+methods of growing rich, save only by industry and merit? And
+whether wealth got otherwise would not be ruinous to the public?
+
+199. Qu. Whether the abuse of banks and paper-money is a just
+objection against the use thereof? And whether such abuse might not
+easily be prevented?
+
+200. Qu. Whether national banks are not found useful in Venice,
+Holland, and Hamburg? And whether it is not possible to contrive one
+that may be useful also in Ireland?
+
+201. Qu. Whether any nation ever was in greater want of such an
+expedient than Ireland?
+
+202. Qu. Whether the banks of Venice and Amsterdam are not in the
+hands of the public?
+
+203. Qu. Whether it may not be worth while to inform ourselves in
+the nature of those banks? And what reason can be assigned why
+Ireland should not reap the benefit of such public banks as well as
+other countries?
+
+204. Qu. Whether a bank of national credit, supported by public
+funds and secured by Parliament, be a chimera or impossible thing?
+And if not, what would follow from the supposal of such a bank?
+
+205. Qu. Whether the currency of a credit so well secured would not
+be of great advantage to our trade and manufactures?
+
+206. Qu. Whether the notes of such public bank would not have a more
+general circulation than those of private banks, as being less
+subject to frauds and hazards?
+
+207. Qu. Whether it be not agreed that paper hath in many respects
+the advantage above coin, as being of more dispatch in payments,
+more easily transferred, preserved, and recovered when lost?
+
+208. Qu. Whether, besides these advantages, there be not an evident
+necessity for circulating credit by paper, from the defect of coin
+in this kingdom?
+
+209. Qu. Whether the public may not as well save the interest which
+it now pays?
+
+210. Qu. What would happen if two of our banks should break at once?
+And whether it be wise to neglect providing against an event which
+experience hath shewn us not to be impossible?
+
+211. Qu. Whether such an accident would not particularly affect the
+bankers? And therefore whether a national bank would not be a
+security even to private bankers?
+
+212. Qu. Whether we may not easily avoid the inconveniencies
+attending the paper-money of New England, which were incurred by
+their issuing too great a quantity of notes, by their having no
+silver in bank to exchange for notes, by their not insisting upon
+repayment of the loans at the time prefixed, and especially by their
+want of manufactures to answer their imports from Europe?
+
+213. Qu. Whether a combination of bankers might not do wonders, and
+whether bankers know their own strength?
+
+214. Qu. Whether a bank in private hands might not even overturn a
+government? and whether this was not the case of the Bank of St.
+George in Genoa? [Footnote: See the Vindication and Advancement of
+our national Constitution and Credit. Printed in London 1710.]
+
+215. Qu. Whether we may not easily prevent the ill effects of such a
+bank as Mr Law proposed for Scotland, which was faulty in not
+limiting the quantum of bills, and permitting all persons to take
+out what bills they pleased, upon the mortgage of lands, whence by a
+glut of paper, the prices of things must rise? Whence also the
+fortunes of men must increase in denomination, though not in value;
+whence pride, idleness, and beggary?
+
+216. Qu. Whether such banks as those of England and Scotland might
+not be attended with great inconveniences, as lodging too much power
+in the hands of private men, and giving handle for monopolies,
+stock-jobbing, and destructive schemes?
+
+217. Qu. Whether the national bank, projected by an anonymous writer
+in the latter end of Queen Anne's reign, might not on the other hand
+be attended with as great inconveniencies by lodging too much power
+in the Government?
+
+218. Qu. Whether the bank projected by Murray, though it partake, in
+many useful particulars, with that of Amsterdam, yet, as it placeth
+too great power in the hands of a private society, might not be
+dangerous to the public?
+
+219. Qu. Whether it be rightly remarked by some that, as banking
+brings no treasure into the kingdom like trade, private wealth must
+sink as the bank riseth? And whether whatever causeth industry to
+flourish and circulate may not be said to increase our treasure?
+
+220. Qu. Whether the ruinous effects of Mississippi, South Sea, and
+such schemes were not owing to an abuse of paper money or credit, in
+making it a means for idleness and gaming, instead of a motive and
+help to industry?
+
+221. Qu. Whether those effects could have happened had there been no
+stock-jobbing? And whether stock-jobbing could at first have been
+set on foot, without an imaginary foundation of some improvement to
+the stock by trade? Whether, therefore, when there are no such
+prospects, or cheats, or private schemes proposed, the same effects
+can be justly feared?
+
+222. Qu. Whether by a national bank, be not properly understood a
+bank, not only established by public authority as the Bank of
+England, but a bank in the hands of the public, wherein there are no
+shares: whereof the public alone is proprietor, and reaps all the
+benefit?
+
+223. Qu. Whether, having considered the conveniencies of banking and
+paper-credit in some countries, and the inconveniencies thereof in
+others, we may not contrive to adopt the former, and avoid the
+latter?
+
+224. Qu. Whether great evils, to which other schemes are liable, may
+not be prevented, by excluding the managers of the bank from a share
+in the legislature?
+
+225. Qu. Whether the rise of the bank of Amsterdam was not purely
+casual, for the security and dispatch of payments? And whether the
+good effects thereof, in supplying the place of coin, and promoting
+a ready circulation of industry and commerce may not be a lesson to
+us, to do that by design which others fell upon by chance?
+
+226. Qu. Whether the bank proposed to be established in Ireland,
+under the notion of a national bank, by the voluntary subscription
+of three hundred thousand pounds, to pay off the national debt, the
+interest of which sum to be paid the subscribers, subject to certain
+terms of redemption, be not in reality a private bank, as those of
+England and Scotland, which are national only in name, being in the
+hands of particular persons, and making dividends on the money paid
+in by subscribers? [Footnote: See a Proposal for the Relief of
+Ireland, &c. Printed in Dublin A. D. 1734]
+
+227. Qu. Whether plenty of small cash be not absolutely necessary
+for keeping up a circulation among the people; that is, whether
+copper be not more necessary than gold?
+
+228. Qu. Whether it is not worth while to reflect on the expedients
+made use of by other nations, paper-money, bank-notes, public funds,
+and credit in all its shapes, to examine what hath been done and
+devised to add to our own animadversions, and upon the whole offer
+such hints as seem not unworthy the attention of the public?
+
+229. Qu. Whether that, which increaseth the stock of a nation be not
+a means of increasing its trade? And whether that which increaseth
+the current credit of a nation may not be said to increase its
+stock?
+
+230. Qu. Whether it may not be expedient to appoint certain funds or
+stock for a national bank, under direction of certain persons,
+one-third whereof to be named by the Government, and one-third by
+each House of Parliament?
+
+231. Qu. Whether the directors should not be excluded from sitting
+in either House, and whether they should not be subject to the audit
+and visitation of a standing committee of both Houses?
+
+232. Qu. Whether such committee of inspectors should not be changed
+every two years, one-half going out, and another coming in by
+ballot?
+
+233. Qu. Whether the notes ought not to be issued in lots, to be let
+at interest on mortgaged lands, the whole number of lots to be
+divided among the four provinces, rateably to the number of hearths
+in each?
+
+234. Qu. Whether it may not be expedient to appoint four
+counting-houses, one in each province, for converting notes into
+specie?
+
+235. Qu. Whether a limit should not be fixed, which no person might
+exceed, in taking out notes?
+
+236. Qu. Whether, the better to answer domestic circulation, it may
+not be right to issue notes as low as twenty shillings?
+
+237. Qu. Whether all the bills should be issued at once, or rather
+by degrees, that so men may be gradually accustomed and reconciled
+to the bank?
+
+238. Qu. Whether the keeping of the cash, and the direction of the
+bank, ought not to be in different hands, and both under public
+control?
+
+239. Qu. Whether the same rule should not alway be observed, of
+lending out money or notes, only to half the value of the mortgaged
+land? and whether this value should not alway be rated at the same
+number of years' purchase as at first?
+
+240. Qu. Whether care should not be taken to prevent an undue rise
+of the value of land?
+
+241. Qu. Whether the increase of industry and people will not of
+course raise the value of land? And whether this rise may not be
+sufficient?
+
+242. Qu. Whether land may not be apt to rise on the issuing too
+great plenty of notes?
+
+243. Qu. Whether this may not be prevented by the gradual and slow
+issuing of notes, and by frequent sales of lands?
+
+244. Qu. Whether interest doth not measure the true value of land;
+for instance, where money is at five per cent, whether land is not
+worth twenty years' purchase?
+
+245. Qu. Whether too small a proportion of money would not hurt the
+landed man, and too great a proportion the monied man? And whether
+the quantum of notes ought not to bear proportion to the pubic
+demand? And whether trial must not shew what this demand will be?
+
+246. Qu. Whether the exceeding this measure might not produce divers
+bad effects, one whereof would be the loss of our silver?
+
+247. Qu. Whether interest paid into the bank ought not to go on
+augmenting its stock?
+
+248. Qu. Whether it would or would not be right to appoint that the
+said interest be paid in notes only?
+
+249. Qu. Whether the notes of this national bank should not be
+received in all payments into the exchequer?
+
+250. Qu. Whether on supposition that the specie should fail, the
+credit would not, nevertheless, still pass, being admitted in all
+payments of the public revenue?
+
+251. Qu. Whether the pubic can become bankrupt so long as the notes
+are issued on good security?
+
+252. Qu. Whether mismanagement, prodigal living, hazards by trade,
+which often affect private banks, are equally to be apprehended in a
+pubic one?
+
+253. Qu. Whether as credit became current, and this raised the value
+of land, the security must not of course rise?
+
+254. Qu. Whether, as our current domestic credit grew, industry
+would not grow likewise; and if industry, our manufactures; and if
+these, our foreign credit?
+
+255. Qu. Whether by degrees, as business and people multiplied, more
+bills may not be issued, without augmenting the capital stock,
+provided still, that they are issued on good security; which further
+issuing of new bills, not to be without consent of Parliament?
+
+256. Qu. Whether such bank would not be secure? Whether the profits
+accruing to the pubic would not be very considerable? And whether
+industry in private persons would not be supplied, and a general
+circulation encouraged?
+
+257. Qu. Whether such bank should, or should not, be allowed to
+issue notes for money deposited therein? And, if not, whether the
+bankers would have cause to complain?
+
+258. Qu. Whether, if the public thrives, all particular persons must
+not feel the benefit thereof, even the bankers themselves?
+
+259. Qu. Whether, beside the Bank-Company, there are not in England
+many private wealthy bankers, and whether they were more before the
+erecting of that company?
+
+260. Qu. Whether as industry increased, our manufactures would not
+flourish; and as these flourished, whether better returns would not
+be made from estates to their landlords, both within and without the
+kingdom?
+
+261. Qu. Whether we have not paper-money circulating among, whether,
+therefore, we might not as well have that us already which is
+secured by the public, and whereof the pubic reaps the benefit?
+
+262. Qu. Whether there are not two general ways of circulating
+money, to wit, play and traffic? and whether stock-jobbing is not to
+be ranked under the former?
+
+263. Qu. Whether there are more than two things that might draw
+silver out of the bank, when its credit was once well established,
+to wit, foreign demands and small payments at home?
+
+264. Qu. Whether, if our trade with France were checked, the former
+of these causes could be supposed to operate at all? and whether the
+latter could operate to any great degree?
+
+265. Qu. Whether the sure way to supply people with tools and
+materials, and to set them at work, be not a free circulation of
+money, whether silver or paper?
+
+266. Qu. Whether in New England all trade and business is not as
+much at a stand, upon a scarcity of paper-money, as with us from the
+want of specie?
+
+267. Qu. Whether paper-money or notes may not be issued from the
+national bank, on the security of hemp, of linen, or other
+manufactures whereby the poor might be supported in their industry?
+
+268. Qu. Whether it be certain that the quantity of silver in the
+bank of Amsterdam be greater now than at first; but whether it be
+not certain that there is a greater circulation of industry and
+extent of trade, more people, ships, houses, and commodities of all
+sorts, more power by sea and land?
+
+269. Qu. Whether money, lying dead in the bank of Amsterdam, would
+not be as useless as in the mine?
+
+270. Qu. Whether our visible security in land could be doubted? And
+whether there be anything like this in the bank of Amsterdam?
+
+271. Qu. Whether it be just to apprehend danger from trusting a
+national bank with power to extend its credit, to circulate notes
+which it shall be felony to counterfeit, to receive goods on loans,
+to purchase lands, to sell also or alienate them, and to deal in
+bills of exchange; when these powers are no other than have been
+trusted for many years with the bank of England, although in truth
+but a private bank?
+
+272. Qu. Whether the objection from monopolies and an overgrowth of
+power, which are made against private banks, can possibly hold
+against a national one?
+
+273. Qu. Whether banks raised by private subscription would be as
+advantageous to the public as to the subscribers? and whether risks
+and frauds might not be more justly apprehended from them?
+
+274. Qu. Whether the evil effects which of late years have attended
+paper-money and credit in Europe did not spring from subscriptions,
+shares, dividends, and stock-jobbing?
+
+275. Qu. Whether the great evils attending paper-money in the
+British Plantations of America have not sprung from the overrating
+their lands, and issuing paper without discretion, and from the
+legislators breaking their own rules in favour of themselves, thus
+sacrificing the public to their private benefit? And whether a
+little sense and honesty might not easily prevent all such
+inconveniences?
+
+276. Qu. Whether an argument from the abuse of things, against the
+use of them, be conclusive?
+
+277. Qu. Whether he who is bred to a part be fitted to judge of the
+whole?
+
+278. Qu. Whether interest be not apt to bias judgment? and whether
+traders only are to be consulted about trade, or bankers about
+money?
+
+279. Qu. Whether the subject of Freethinking in religion be not
+exhausted? And whether it be not high time for our freethinkers to
+turn their thoughts to the improvement of their country?
+
+280. Qu. Whether any man hath a right to judge, that will not be at
+the pains to distinguish?
+
+281. Qu. Whether there be not a wide difference between the profits
+going to augment the national stock, and being divided among private
+sharers? And whether, in the former case, there can possibly be any
+gaming or stock-jobbing?
+
+282. Qu. Whether it must not be ruinous for a nation to sit down to
+game, be it with silver or with paper?
+
+283. Qu. Whether, therefore, the circulating paper, in the late
+ruinous schemes of France and England, was the true evil, and not
+rather the circulating thereof without industry? And whether the
+bank of Amsterdam, where industry had been for so many years
+subsisted and circulated by transfers on paper, doth not clearly
+decide this point?
+
+284. Qu. Whether there are not to be seen in America fair towns,
+wherein the people are well lodged, fed, and clothed, without a
+beggar in their streets, although there be not one grain of gold or
+silver current among them?
+
+285. Qu. Whether these people do not exercise all arts and trades,
+build ships and navigate them to all parts of the world, purchase
+lands, till and reap the fruits of them, buy and sell, educate and
+provide for their children? Whether they do not even indulge
+themselves in foreign vanities?
+
+286. Qu. Whether, whatever inconveniences those people may have
+incurred from not observing either rules or bounds in their paper
+money, yet it be not certain that they are in a more flourishing
+condition, have larger and better built towns, more plenty, more
+industry, more arts and civility, and a more extensive commerce,
+than when they had gold and silver current among them?
+
+287. Qu. Whether a view of the ruinous effects of absurd schemes and
+credit mismanaged, so as to produce gaming and madness instead of
+industry, can be any just objection against a national bank
+calculated purely to promote industry?
+
+288. Qu. Whether a scheme for the welfare of this nation should not
+take in the whole inhabitants? And whether it be not a vain attempt,
+to project the flourishing of our Protestant gentry, exclusive of
+the bulk of the natives?
+
+289. Qu. Whether, therefore, it doth not greatly concern the State,
+that our Irish natives should be converted, and the whole nation
+united in the same religion, the same allegiance, and the same
+interest? and how this may most probably be effected?
+
+290. Qu. Whether an oath, testifying allegiance to the king, and
+disclaiming the pope's authority in temporals, may not be justly
+required of the Roman Catholics? And whether, in common prudence or
+policy, any priest should be tolerated who refuseth to take it?
+
+291. Qu. Whether there have not been Popish recusants? and, if so,
+whether it would be right to object against the foregoing oath, that
+all would take it, and none think themselves bound by it?
+
+292. Qu. Whether those of the Church of Rome, in converting the
+Moors of Spain or the Protestants of France, have not set us an
+example which might justify a similar treatment of themselves, if
+the laws of Christianity allowed thereof?
+
+293. Qu. Whether compelling men to a profession of faith is not the
+worst thing in Popery, and, consequently, whether to copy after the
+Church of Rome therein, were not to become Papists ourselves in the
+worst sense?
+
+294. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, we may not imitate the Church of
+Rome, in certain places, where Jews are tolerated, by obliging our
+Irish Papists, at stated times, to hear Protestant sermons? and
+whether this would not make missionaries in the Irish tongue useful?
+
+295. Qu. Whether the mere act of hearing, without making any
+profession of faith, or joining in any part of worship, be a
+religious act; and, consequently, whether their being obliged to
+hear, may not consist with the toleration of Roman Catholics?
+
+296. Qu. Whether, if penal laws should be thought oppressive, we may
+not at least be allowed to give premiums? And whether it would be
+wrong, if the public encouraged Popish families to become hearers,
+by paying their hearth-money for them?
+
+297. Qu. Whether in granting toleration, we ought not to distinguish
+between doctrines purely religious, and such as affect the State?
+
+298. Qu. Whether the case be not very different in regard to a man
+who only eats fish on Fridays, says his prayers in Latin, or
+believes transubstantiation, and one who professeth in temporals a
+subjection to foreign powers, who holdeth himself absolved from all
+obedience to his natural prince and the laws of his country? who is
+even persuaded, it may be meritorious to destroy the powers that
+are?
+
+299. Qu. Whether, therefore, a distinction should not be made
+between mere Papists and recusants? And whether the latter can
+expect the same protection from the Government as the former?
+
+300. Qu. Whether our Papists in this kingdom can complain, if they
+are allowed to be as much Papists as the subjects of France or of
+the Empire?
+
+301. Qu. Whether there is any such thing as a body of inhabitants,
+in any Roman Catholic country under the sun, that profess an
+absolute submission to the pope's orders in matters of an
+indifferent nature, or that in such points do not think it their
+duty to obey the civil government?
+
+302. Qu. Whether since the peace of Utrecht, mass was not celebrated
+and the sacraments administered in divers dioceses of Sicily,
+notwithstanding the Pope's interdict?
+
+303. Qu. Whether every plea of conscience is to be regarded?
+Whether, for instance, the German Anabaptists, Levellers, or Fifth
+Monarchy men would be tolerated on that pretence?
+
+304. Qu. Whether Popish children bred in charity schools, when bound
+out in apprenticeship to Protestant masters, do generally continue
+Protestants?
+
+305. Qu. Whether a Sum, which would go but a little way towards
+erecting hospitals for maintaining and educating the children of the
+native Irish, might not go far in binding them out apprentices to
+Protestant masters, for husbandry, useful trades, and the service of
+families?
+
+306. Qu. Whether if the parents are overlooked, there can be any
+great hopes of success in converting the children?
+
+307. Qu. Whether there be any instance, of a people's being
+converted in a Christian sense, otherwise than by preaching to them
+and instructing them in their own language?
+
+308. Qu. Whether catechists in the Irish tongue may not easily be
+procured and subsisted? And whether this would not be the most
+practicable means for converting the natives?
+
+309. Qu. Whether it be not of great advantage to the Church of Rome,
+that she hath clergy suited to all ranks of men, in gradual
+subordination from cardinals down to mendicants?
+
+310. Qu. Whether her numerous poor clergy are not very useful in
+missions, and of much influence with the people?
+
+311. Qu. Whether, in defect of able missionaries, persons conversant
+in low life, and speaking the Irish tongue, if well instructed in
+the first principles of religion, and in the popish controversy,
+though for the rest on a level with the parish clerks, or the
+school-masters of charity-schools, may not be fit to mix with and
+bring over our poor illiterate natives to the Established Church?
+Whether it is not to be wished that some parts of our liturgy and
+homilies were publicly read in the Irish language? And whether, in
+these views, it may not be right to breed up some of the better sort
+of children in the charity-schools, and qualify them for
+missionaries, catechists, and readers?
+
+312. Qu. Whether there be any nation of men governed by reason? And
+yet, if there was not, whether this would be a good argument against
+the use of reason in pubic affairs?
+
+313. Qu. Whether, as others have supposed an Atlantis or Utopia, we
+also may not suppose an Hyperborean island inhabited by reasonable
+creatures?
+
+314. Qu. Whether an indifferent person, who looks into all hands,
+may not be a better judge of the game than a party who sees only his
+own?
+
+315. Qu. Whether one, whose end is to make his countrymen think, may
+not gain his end, even though they should not think as he doth?
+
+316. Qu. Whether he, who only asks, asserts? and whether any man can
+fairly confute the querist?
+
+317. Qu. Whether the interest of a part will not always be preferred
+to that of the whole?
+
+
+FINIS
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+Page 10. Line 17. for inexhaustable r. inexhaustible P. 14 L. 22.
+for Helpless r. Hopeless. P. 16 L. ult for than r. as.
+
+
+
+
+
+Part II
+
+
+
+
+Query 1.
+
+Whether there be any country in Christendom more capable of
+improvement than Ireland?
+
+2. Qu. Whether we are not as far before other nations with respect
+to natural advantages, as we are behind them with respect to arts
+and industry?
+
+3. Qu. Whether we do not live in a most fertile soil and temperate
+climate, and yet whether our people in general do not feel great
+want and misery?
+
+4. Qu. Whether my countrymen are not readier at finding excuses than
+remedies?
+
+5. Qu. Whether it can be reasonably hoped, that our state will mend,
+so long as property is insecure among us?
+
+6. Qu. Whether in that case the wisest government, or the best laws
+can avail us?
+
+7. Qu. Whether a few mishaps to particular persons may not throw
+this nation into the utmost confusion?
+
+8. Qu. Whether the public is not even on the brink of being undone
+by private accidents?
+
+9. Qu. Whether the wealth and prosperity of our country do not hang
+by a hair, the probity of one banker, the caution of another, and
+the lives of all?
+
+10. Qu. Whether we have not been sufficiently admonished of this by
+some late events?
+
+11. Qu. Whether therefore it be not high time to open our eyes?
+
+12. Qu. Whether a national bank would not at once secure our
+properties, put an end to usury, facilitate commerce, supply the
+want of coin, and produce ready payments in all parts of the
+kingdom?
+
+13. Qu. Whether the use or nature of money, which all men so eagerly
+pursue, be yet sufficiently understood or considered by all?
+
+14. Qu. Whether mankind are not governed by Citation rather than by
+reason?
+
+15. Qu. Whether there be not a measure or limit, within which gold
+and silver are useful, and beyond which they may be hurtful?
+
+16. Qu. Whether that measure be not the circulating of industry?
+
+17. Qu. Whether a discovery of the richest gold mine that ever was,
+in the heart of this kingdom, would be a real advantage to us?
+
+18. Qu. Whether it would not tempt foreigners to prey upon us?
+
+19. Qu. Whether it would not render us a lazy, proud, and dastardly
+people?
+
+20. Qu. Whether every man who had money enough would not be a
+gentleman? And whether a nation of gentlemen would not be a wretched
+nation?
+
+21. Qu. Whether all things would not bear a high price? And whether
+men would not increase their fortunes without being the better for
+it?
+
+22. Qu. Whether the same evils would be apprehended from paper-money
+under an honest and thrifty regulation?
+
+23. Qu. Whether, therefore, a national bank would not be more
+beneficial than even a mine of gold?
+
+24. Qu. Whether private ends are not prosecuted with more attention
+and vigour than the public? And yet, whether all private ends are
+not included in the pubic?
+
+25. Qu. Whether banking be not absolutely necessary to the pubic
+weal?
+
+26. Qu. Whether even our private banks, though attended with such
+hazards as we all know them to be, are not of singular use in defect
+of a national bank?
+
+27. Qu. Whether without them what little business and industry there
+is would not stagnate? But whether it be not a mighty privilege for
+a private person to be able to create a hundred pounds with a dash
+of his pen?
+
+28. Qu. Whether the mystery of banking did not derive its original
+from the Italians? Whether this acute people were not, upon a time,
+bankers over all Europe? Whether that business was not practised by
+some of their noblest families who made immense profits by it, and
+whether to that the house of Medici did not originally owe its
+greatness?
+
+29. Qu. Whether the wise state of Venice was not the first that
+conceived the advantage of a national bank?
+
+30. Qu. Whether at Venice all payments of bills of exchange and
+merchants' contracts are not made in the national or pubic bank, the
+greatest affairs being transacted only by writing the names of the
+parties, one as debtor the other as creditor in the bank-book?
+
+31. Qu. Whether nevertheless it was not found expedient to provide a
+chest of ready cash for answering all demands that should happen to
+be made on account of payments in detail?
+
+32. Qu. Whether this offer of ready cash, instead of transfers in
+the bank, hath not been found to augment rather than diminish the
+stock thereof?
+
+33. Qu. Whether at Venice, the difference in the value of bank money
+above other money be not fixed at twenty per cent?
+
+34. Qu. Whether the bank of Venice be not shut up four times in the
+year twenty days each time?
+
+35. Qu. Whether by means of this bank the public be not mistress of
+a million and a half sterling?
+
+36. Qu. Whether the great exactness and integrity with which this
+bank is managed be not the chief support of that republic?
+
+37. Qu. Whether we may not hope for as much skill and honesty in a
+Protestant Irish Parliament as in a Popish Senate of Venice?
+
+38. Qu. Whether the bank of Amsterdam was not begun about one
+hundred and thirty years ago, and whether at this day its stock be
+not conceived to amount to three thousand tons of gold, or thirty
+millions sterling?
+
+39. Qu. Whether besides coined money, there be not also great
+quantities of ingots or bars of gold and silver lodged in this bank?
+
+40. Qu. Whether all payments of contracts for goods in gross, and
+letters of exchange, must not be made by transfers in the
+bank-books, provided the sum exceed three hundred florins?
+
+41. Qu. Whether it be not true, that the bank of Amsterdam never
+makes payments in cash?
+
+42. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, it be not also true, that no man who
+hath credit in the bank can want money from particular persons, who
+are willing to become creditors in his stead?
+
+43. Qu. Whether any man thinks himself the poorer, because his money
+is in the bank?
+
+44. Qu. Whether the creditors of the bank of Amsterdam are not at
+liberty to withdraw their money when they please, and whether this
+liberty doth not make them less desirous to use it?
+
+45. Qu. Whether this bank be not shut up twice in the year for ten
+or fifteen days, during which time the accounts are balanced?
+
+46. Qu. Whether it be not owing to this bank that the city of
+Amsterdam, without the least confusion, hazard, or trouble,
+maintains and every day promotes so general and quick a circulation
+of industry?
+
+47. Qu. Whether it be not the greatest help and spur to commerce
+that property can be so readily conveyed and so well secured by a
+compte en banc, that is, by only writing one man's name for
+another's in the bank-book?
+
+48. Qu. Whether, at the beginning of the last century, those who had
+lent money to the public during the war with Spain were not
+satisfied by the sole expedient of placing their names in a compte
+en banc, with liberty to transfer their claims?
+
+49. Qu. Whether the example of those easy transfers in the compte en
+banc, thus casually erected, did not tempt other men to become
+creditors to the public, in order to profit by the same secure and
+expeditious method of keeping and transferring their wealth?
+
+50. Qu. Whether this compte en banc hath not proved better than a
+mine of gold to Amsterdam?
+
+51. Qu. Whether that city may not be said to owe her greatness to
+the unpromising accident of her having been in debt more than she
+was able to Pay?
+
+52. Qu. Whether it be known that any State from such small
+beginnings, in so short a time, ever grew to so great wealth and
+power as the province of Holland hath done; and whether the bank of
+Amsterdam hath not been the real cause of such extraordinary growth?
+
+53. Qu. Whether we are by nature a more stupid people than the
+Dutch? And yet whether these things are sufficiently considered by
+our patriots?
+
+54. Qu. Whether anything less than the utter subversion of those
+Republics can break the banks of Venice and Amsterdam?
+
+55. Qu. Whether at Hamburgh the citizens have not the management of
+the bank, without the meddling or inspection of the Senate?
+
+56. Qu. Whether the directors be not four principal burghers chosen
+by plurality of voices, whose business is to see the rules observed,
+and furnish the cashiers with money?
+
+57. Qu. Whether the book-keepers are not obliged to balance their
+accounts every week, and exhibit them to the controllers or
+directors?
+
+58. Qu. Whether any besides the citizens are admitted to have compte
+en banc at Hamburgh?
+
+59. Qu. Whether there be not a certain limit, under which no sum can
+be entered into the bank?
+
+60. Qu. Whether each particular person doth not pay a fee in order
+to be admitted to a compte en banc at Hamburgh and Amsterdam?
+
+61. Qu. Whether the effects lodged in the bank of Hamburgh are
+liable to be seized for debt or forfeiture?
+
+62. Qu. Whether this bank doth not lend money upon pawns at low
+interest and only for half a year, after which term, in default of
+payment, the pawns are punctually sold by auction?
+
+63. Qu. Whether the book-keepers of the bank of Hamburgh are not
+obliged upon oath never to reveal what sums of money are paid in or
+out of the bank, or what effects any particular person has therein?
+
+64. Qu. Whether, therefore, it be possible to know the state or
+stock of this bank; and yet whether it be not of the greatest
+reputation and most established credit throughout the North?
+
+65. Qu. Whether the success of those public banks in Venice,
+Amsterdam and Hamburg would not naturally produce in other States an
+inclination to the same methods?
+
+66. Qu. Whether an absolute monarchy be so apt to gain credit, and
+whether the vivacity of some humours could so well suit with the
+slow steps and discreet management which a bank requires?
+
+67. Qu. Whether the bank called the general bank of France,
+contrived by Mr Law, and established by letters patent in May, 1716,
+was not in truth a particular and not a national bank, being in the
+hands of a particular company privileged and protected by the
+Government?
+
+68. Qu. Whether the Government did not order that the notes of this
+bank should pass on a par with ready money in all payments of the
+revenue?
+
+69. Qu. Whether this bank was not obliged to issue only such notes
+as were payable at sight?
+
+70. Qu. Whether it was not made a capital crime to forge the notes
+of this bank?
+
+71. Qu. Whether this bank was not restrained from trading either by
+sea or land, and from taking up money upon interest?
+
+72. Qu. Whether the original stock thereof was not six millions of
+livres, divided into actions of a thousand crowns each?
+
+73. Qu. Whether the proprietors were not to hold general assemblies
+twice in the year, for the regulating of their affairs?
+
+74. Qu. Whether the accompts of this bank were not balanced twice
+every year?
+
+75. Qu. Whether there were not two chests belonging to this bank,
+the one called the general chest containing their specie, their
+bills and their copper plates for the printing of those bills, under
+the custody of three locks, whereof the keys were kept by the
+director, the inspector and treasurer, also another called the
+ordinary chest, containing part of the stock not exceeding two
+hundred thousand crowns, under the key of the treasurer?
+
+76. Qu. Whether out of this last mentioned sum, each particular
+cashier was not to be intrusted with a share not exceeding the value
+of twenty thousand crowns at a time, and that under good security?
+
+77. Qu. Whether the Regent did not reserve to himself the power of
+calling this bank to account, so often as he should think good, and
+of appointing the inspector?
+
+78. Qu. Whether in the beginning of the year 1719 the French King
+did not convert the general bank of France into a Banque Royale,
+having himself purchased the stock of the company and taken it into
+his own hands, and appointed the Duke of Orleans chief manager
+thereof?
+
+79. Qu. Whether from that time, all matters relating to the bank
+were not transacted in the name, and by the sole authority, of the
+king?
+
+80. Qu. Whether his Majesty did not undertake to receive and keep
+the cash of all particular persons, subjects, or foreigners, in his
+said Royale Banque, without being paid for that trouble? And whether
+it was not declared, that such cash should not be liable to seizure
+on any pretext, not even on the king's own account?
+
+81. Qu. Whether the treasurer alone did not sign all the bills,
+receive all the stock paid into the bank, and keep account of all
+the in-goings and out-goings?
+
+82. Qu. Whether there were not three registers for the enregistering
+of the bills kept in the Banque Royale, one by the inspector,
+another by the controller, and a third by the treasurer?
+
+83. Qu. Whether there was not also a fourth register, containing the
+profits of the bank, which was visited, at least once a week, by the
+inspector and controller?
+
+84. Qu. Whether, beside the general bureau or compter in the city of
+Paris, there were not also appointed five more in the towns of
+Lyons, Tours, Rochelle, Orleans, and Amiens, each whereof was
+provided with two chests, one of specie for discharging bills at
+sight, and another of bank bills to be issued as there should be
+demand?
+
+85. Qu. Whether, in the above mentioned towns, it was not prohibited
+to make payments in silver, exceeding the sum of six hundred livres?
+
+86. Qu. Whether all creditors were not empowered to demand payment
+in bank bills instead of specie?
+
+87. Qu. Whether, in a short compass of time, this bank did not
+undergo many new changes and regulations by several successive acts
+of council?
+
+88. Qu. Whether the untimely, repeated, and boundless fabrication of
+bills did not precipitate the ruin of this bank?
+
+89. Qu. Whether it be not true, that before the end of July, 1719,
+they had fabricated four hundred millions of livres in bank-notes,
+to which they added the sum of one hundred and twenty millions more
+on the twelfth of September following, also the same sum of one
+hundred and twenty millions on the twenty-fourth of 3 October, and
+again on the twenty-ninth of December, in the same year, the farther
+sum of three hundred and sixty millions, making the whole, from an
+original stock of six millions, mount, within the compass of one
+year, to a thousand millions of livres?
+
+90. Qu. Whether on the twenty-eighth of February, 1720, the king did
+not make an union of the bank with the united company of the East
+and West Indies, which from that time had the administration and
+profits of the Banque Royale?
+
+91. Qu. Whether the king did not still profess himself responsible
+for the value of the bank bills, and whether the company were not
+responsible to his Majesty for their management?
+
+92. Qu. Whether sixteen hundred millions of livres, lent to his
+majesty by the company, was not a sufficient pledge to indemnify the
+king?
+
+93. Qu. Whether the new directors were not prohibited to make any
+more bills without an act of council?
+
+94. Qu. Whether the chests and books of the Banque were not
+subjected to the joint inspection of a Counsellor of State, and the
+Prevot des Marchands, assisted by two Echevins, a judge, and a
+consul, who had power to visit when they would and without warning?
+
+95. Qu. Whether in less than two years the actions or shares of the
+Indian Company (first established for Mississippi, and afterwards
+increased by the addition of other compares and further? and whether
+this privileges) did not rise to near 2000 per cent must be ascribed
+to real advantages of trade, or to mere frenzy?
+
+96. Qu. Whether, from first to last, there were not fabricated bank
+bills, of one kind or other, to the value of more than two thousand
+and six hundred millions of livres, or one hundred and thirty
+millions sterling?
+
+97. Qu. Whether the credit of the bank did not decline from its
+union with the Indian Company?
+
+98. Qu. Whether, notwithstanding all the above-mentioned
+extraordinary measures, the bank bills did not still pass at par
+with gold and silver to May, 1720, when the French king thought fit,
+by a new act of council, to make a reduction of their value, which
+proved a fatal blow, the effects whereof, though soon retracted, no
+subsequent skill or management could ever repair?
+
+99. Qu. Whether, what no reason, reflexion, or foresight could do,
+this simple matter of fact (the most powerful argument with the
+multitude) did not do at once, to wit, open the eyes of the people?
+
+100. Qu. Whether the dealers in that sort of ware had ever troubled
+their heads with the nature of credit, or the true use and end of
+banks, but only considered their bills and actions as things, to
+which the general demand gave a price?
+
+101. Qu. Whether the Government was not in great perplexity to
+contrive expedients for the getting rid of those bank bills, which
+had been lately multiplied with such an unlimited passion?
+
+102. Qu. Whether notes to the value of about ninety millions were
+not sunk by being paid off in specie, with the cash of the Compagnie
+des Indes, with that of the bank, and that of the Hotels des
+Monnoyes? Whether five hundred and thirty millions were not
+converted into annuities at the royal treasury? Whether several
+hundred millions more in bank bills were not extinguished and
+replaced by annuities on the City of Paris, on taxes throughout the
+provinces, &c., &c?
+
+103. Qu. Whether, after all other shifts, the last and grand
+resource for exhausting that ocean, was not the erecting of a compte
+en banc in several towns of France?
+
+104. Qu. Whether, when the imagination of a people is thoroughly
+wrought upon and heated by their own example, and the arts of
+designing men, this doth not produce a sort of enthusiasm which
+takes place of reason, and is the most dangerous distemper in a
+State?
+
+105. Qu. Whether this epidemical madness should not be always before
+the eyes of a legislature, in the framing of a national bank?
+
+106. Qu. Whether, therefore, it may not be fatal to engraft trade on
+a national bank, or to propose dividends on the stock thereof?
+
+107. Qu. Whether it be possible for a national bank to subsist and
+maintain its credit under a French government?
+
+108. Qu. Whether it may not be as useful a lesson to consider the
+bad management of some as the good management of others?
+
+109. Qu. Whether the rapid and surprising success of the schemes of
+those who directed the French bank did not turn their brains?
+
+110. Qu. Whether the best institutions may not be made subservient
+to bad ends?
+
+111. Qu. Whether, as the aim of industry is power, and the aim of a
+bank is to circulate and secure this power to each individual, it
+doth not follow that absolute power in one hand is inconsistent with
+a lasting and a flourishing bank?
+
+112. Qu. Whether our natural appetites, as well as powers, are not
+limited to their respective ends and uses? But whether artificial
+appetites may not be infinite?
+
+113. Qu. Whether the simple getting of money, or passing it from
+hand to hand without industry, be an object worthy of a wise
+government?
+
+114. Qu. Whether, if money be considered as an end, the appetite
+thereof be not infinite? But whether the ends of money itself be not
+bounded?
+
+115. Qu. Whether the mistaking of the means for the end was not a
+fundamental error in the French councils?
+
+116. Qu. Whether the total sum of all other powers, be it of
+enjoyment or action, which belong to man, or to all mankind
+together, is not in truth a very narrow and limited quantity? But
+whether fancy is not boundless?
+
+117. Qu. Whether this capricious tyrant, which usurps the place of
+reason, doth not most cruelly torment and delude those poor men, the
+usurers, stockjobbers, and projectors, of content to themselves from
+heaping up riches, that is, from gathering counters, from
+multiplying figures, from enlarging denominations, without knowing
+what they would be at, and without having a proper regard to the use
+or end or nature of things?
+
+118. Qu. Whether the ignis fatuus of fancy doth not kindle
+immoderate desires, and lead men into endless pursuits and wild
+labyrinths?
+
+119. Qu. Whether counters be not referred to other things, which, so
+long as they keep pace and proportion with the counters, it must be
+owned the counters are useful; but whether beyond that to value or
+covet counters be not direct folly?
+
+120. Qu. Whether the public aim ought not to be, that men's industry
+should supply their present wants, and the overplus be converted
+into a stock of power?
+
+121. Qu. Whether the better this power is secured, and the more
+easily it is transferred, industry be not so much the more
+encouraged?
+
+122. Qu. Whether money, more than is expedient for those purposes,
+be not upon the whole hurtful rather than beneficial to a State?
+
+123. Qu. Whether there should not be a constant care to keep the
+bills at par?
+
+124. Qu. Whether, therefore, bank bills should at any time be
+multiplied but as trade and business were also multiplied?
+
+125. Qu. Whether it was not madness in France to mint bills and
+actions, merely to humour the people and rob them of their cash?
+
+126. Qu. Whether we may not profit by their mistakes, and as some
+things are to be avoided, whether there may not be others worthy of
+imitation in the conduct of our neighbours?
+
+127. Qu. Whether the way be not clear and open and easy, and whether
+anything but the will is wanting to our legislature?
+
+128. Qu. Whether jobs and tricks are not detested on all hands, but
+whether it be not the joint interest of prince and people to promote
+industry?
+
+129. Qu. Whether, all things considered, a national bank be not the
+most practicable, sure, and speedy method to mend our affairs, and
+cause industry to flourish among us?
+
+130. Qu. Whether a compte en banc or current bank bills would best
+answer our occasions?
+
+131. Qu. Whether a public compte en banc, where effects are
+received, and accounts kept with particular persons, be not an
+excellent expedient for a great city?
+
+132. Qu. What effect a general compte en banc would have in the
+metropolis of this kingdom with one in each province subordinate
+thereunto?
+
+133. Qu. Whether it may not be proper for a great kingdom to unite
+both expedients, to wit, bank notes and a compte en banc?
+
+134. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, it would be advisable to begin with
+both at once, or rather to proceed first with the bills, and
+afterwards, as business multiplied, and money or effects flowed in,
+to open the compte en banc?
+
+135. Qu. Whether, for greater security, double books of compte en
+banc should not be kept in different places and hands?
+
+136. Qu. Whether it would not be right to build the compters and
+public treasuries, where books and bank notes are kept, without
+wood, all arched and floored with brick or stone, having chests also
+and cabinets of iron?
+
+137. Qu. Whether divers registers of the bank notes should not be
+kept in different hands?
+
+138. Qu. Whether there should not be great discretion in the
+uttering of bank notes, and whether the attempting to do things per
+saltum be not often the way to undo them?
+
+139. Qu. Whether the main art be not by slow degrees and cautious
+measures to reconcile the bank to the public, to wind it insensibly
+into the affections of men, and interweave it with the constitution?
+
+140. Qu. Whether the promoting of industry should not be always in
+view, as the true and sole end, the rule and measure, of a national
+bank? And whether all deviations from that object should not be
+carefully avoided?
+
+141. Qu. Whether a national bank may not prevent the drawing of
+specie out of the country (where it circulates in small payments),
+to be shut up in the chests of particular persons?
+
+142. Qu. Whether it may not be useful, for supplying manufactures
+and trade with stock, for regulating exchange, for quickening
+commerce, for putting spirit into the people?
+
+143. Qu. Whether tenants or debtors could have cause to complain of
+our monies being reduced to the English value if it were withal
+multiplied in the same, or in a greater proportion? and whether this
+would not be the consequence of a nation al bank?
+
+144. Qu. If there be an open sure way to thrive, without hazard to
+ourselves or prejudice to our neighbours, what should hinder us from
+putting it in practice?
+
+145. Qu. Whether in so numerous a Senate, as that of this kingdom,
+it may not be easie to find men of pure hands and clear heads fit to
+contrive and model a public bank?
+
+146. Qu. Whether a view of the precipice be not sufficient, or
+whether we must tumble headlong before we are roused?
+
+147. Qu. Whether in this drooping and dispirited country, men are
+quite awake?
+
+148. Qu. Whether we are sufficiently sensible of the peculiar
+security there is in having a bank that consists of land and paper,
+one of which cannot be exported, and the other is in no danger of
+being exported?
+
+149. Qu. Whether it be not delightful to complain? And whether there
+be not many who had rather utter their complaints than redress their
+evils?
+
+150. Qu. Whether, if 'the crown of the wise be their riches' (Prov.,
+xiv.24), we are not the foolishest people in Christendom?
+
+151. Qu. Whether we have not all the while great civil as well as
+natural advantages?
+
+152. Qu. Whether there be any people who have more leisure to
+cultivate the arts of peace, and study the public weal?
+
+153. Qu. Whether other nations who enjoy any share of freedom, and
+have great objects in view, be not unavoidably embarrassed and
+distracted by factions? But whether we do not divide upon trifles,
+and whether our parties are not a burlesque upon politics?
+
+154. Qu. Whether it be not an advantage that we are not embroiled in
+foreign affairs, that we hold not the balance of Europe, that we are
+protected by other fleets and armies, that it is the true interest
+of a powerful people, from whom we are descended, to guard us on all
+sides?
+
+155. Qu. Whether England doth not really love us and wish well to
+us, as bone of her bone, and flesh of her flesh? And whether it be
+not our part to cultivate this love and affection all manner of
+ways?
+
+156. Qu. Whether, if we do not reap the benefits that may be made of
+our country and government, want of will in the lower people, or
+want of wit in the upper, be most in fault?
+
+157. Qu. What sea-ports or foreign trade have the Swisses; and yet
+how warm are those people, and how well provided?
+
+158. Qu. Whether there may not be found a people who so contrive as
+to be impoverished by their trade? And whether we are not that
+people?
+
+159. Qu. Whether it would not be better for this island, if all our
+fine folk of both sexes were shipped off, to remain in foreign
+countries, rather than that they should spend their estates at home
+in foreign luxury, and spread the contagion thereof through their
+native land?
+
+160. Qu. Whether our gentry understand or have a notion of
+magnificence, and whether for want thereof they do not affect very
+wretched distinctions?
+
+161. Qu. Whether there be not an art or skill in governing human
+pride, so as to render it subservient to the pubic aim?
+
+162. Qu. Whether the great and general aim of the public should not
+be to employ the people?
+
+163. Qu. What right an eldest son hath to the worst education?
+
+164. Qu. Whether men's counsels are not the result of their
+knowledge and their principles?
+
+165. Qu. Whether an assembly of freethinkers, petit maitres, and
+smart Fellows would not make an admirable Senate?
+
+166. Qu. Whether there be not labour of the brains as well as of the
+hands, and whether the former is beneath a gentleman?
+
+167. Qu. Whether the public be more interested to protect the
+property acquired by mere birth than that which is the Mediate fruit
+of learning and vertue?
+
+168. Qu. Whether it would not be a poor and ill-judged project to
+attempt to promote the good of the community, by invading the rights
+of one part thereof, or of one particular order of men?
+
+169. Qu. Whether the public happiness be not proposed by the
+legislature, and whether such happiness doth not contain that of the
+individuals?
+
+170. Qu. Whether, therefore, a legislator should be content with a
+vulgar share of knowledge? Whether he should not be a person of
+reflexion and thought, who hath made it his study to understand the
+true nature and interest of mankind, how to guide men's humours and
+passions, how to incite their active powers, how to make their
+several talents co-operate to the mutual benefit of each other, and
+the general good of the whole?
+
+171. Qu. Whether it doth not follow that above all things a
+gentleman's care should be to keep his own faculties sound and
+entire?
+
+172. Qu. Whether the natural phlegm of this island needs any
+additional stupefier?
+
+173. Qu. Whether all spirituous liquors are not in truth opiates?
+
+174. Qu. Whether our men of business are not generally very grave by
+fifty?
+
+175. Qu. Whether there be really among us any parents so silly, as
+to encourage drinking in their children?
+
+176. Qu. Whence it is, that our ladies are more alive, and bear age
+so much better than our gentlemen?
+
+177. Qu. Whether all men have not faculties of mind or body which
+may be employed for the public benefit?
+
+178. Qu. Whether the main point be not to multiply and employ our
+people?
+
+179. Qu. Whether hearty food and warm clothing would not enable and
+encourage the lower sort to labour?
+
+180. Qu. Whether, in such a soil as ours, if there was industry,
+there could be want?
+
+181. Qu. Whether the way to make men industrious be not to let them
+taste the fruits of their industry? And whether the labouring ox
+should be muzzled?
+
+182. Qu. Whether our landlords are to be told that industry and
+numbers would raise the value of their lands, or that one acre about
+the Tholsel is worth ten thousand acres in Connaught?
+
+183. Qu. Whether our old native Irish are not the most indolent and
+supine people in Christendom?
+
+184. Qu. Whether they are yet civilized, and whether their
+habitations and furniture are not more sordid than those of the
+savage Americans?
+
+185. Qu. Whether this be altogether their own fault?
+
+186. Qu. Whether it be not a sad circumstance to live among lazy
+beggars? And whether, on the other hand, it would not be delightful
+to live in a country swarming, like China, with busy people?
+
+187. Qu. Whether we should not cast about, by all manner of means,
+to excite industry, and to remove whatever hinders it? And whether
+every one should not lend a helping hand?
+
+188. Qu. Whether vanity itself should not be engaged in this good
+work? And whether it is not to be wished that the finding of
+employment for themselves and others were a fashionable distinction
+among the ladies?
+
+189. Qu. Whether idleness be the mother or the daughter of spleen?
+
+190. Qu. Whether it may not be worth while to publish the
+conversation of Ischomachus and his wife in Xenophon, for the use of
+our ladies?
+
+191. Qu. Whether it is true that there have been, upon a time, one
+hundred millions of people employed in China, without the woollen
+trade, or any foreign commerce?
+
+192. Qu. Whether the natural inducements to sloth are not greater in
+the Mogul's country than in Ireland, and yet whether, in that
+suffocating and dispiriting climate, the Banyans are not all, men,
+women, and children, constantly employed?
+
+193. Qu. Whether it be not true that the great Mogul's subjects
+might undersell us even in our own markets, and clothe our people
+with their stuffs and calicoes, if they were imported duty free?
+
+194. Qu. Whether there can be a greater reproach on the leading men
+and the patriots of a country, than that the people should want
+employment? And whether methods may not be found to employ even the
+lame and the blind, the dumb, the deaf, and the maimed, in some or
+other branch of our manufactures?
+
+195. Qu. Whether much may not be expected from a biennial
+consultation of so many wise men about the public good?
+
+196. Qu. Whether a tax upon dirt would not be one way of encouraging
+industry?
+
+197. Qu. Whether it may not be right to appoint censors in every
+parish to observe and make returns of the idle hands?
+
+198. Qu. Whether a register or history of the idleness and industry
+of a people would be an useless thing?
+
+199. Qu. Whether we are apprized, of all the uses that may be made
+of political arithmetic?
+
+200. Qu. Whether it would be a great hardship if every parish were
+obliged to find work for their poor?
+
+201. Qu. Whether children especially should not be inured to labour
+betimes?
+
+202. Qu. Whether there should not be erected, in each province, an
+hospital for orphans and foundlings, at the expense of old
+bachelors?
+
+203. Qu. Whether it be true that in the Dutch workhouses things are
+so managed that a child four years old may earn its own livelihood?
+
+204. Qu. What a folly is it to build fine houses, or establish
+lucrative posts and large incomes, under the notion of providing for
+the poor?
+
+205. Qu. Whether the poor, grown up and in health, need any other
+provision but their own industry, under public inspection?
+
+206. Qu. Whether the poor-tax in England hath lessened or increased
+the number of the poor?
+
+207. Qu. Why the workhouse in Dublin, with so good an endowment,
+should yet be of so little use? and whether this may not be owing to
+that very endowment?
+
+208. Qu. Whether that income might not, by this time, have gone
+through the whole kingdom, and erected a dozen workhouses in every
+county?
+
+209. Qu. Whether workhouses should not be made at the least expense,
+with clay floors, and walls of rough stone, without plastering,
+ceiling, or glazing?
+
+210. Qu. Whether the tax on chairs or hackney coaches be not paid,
+rather by the country gentlemen, than the citizens of Dublin?
+
+211. Qu. Whether it be an impossible attempt to set our people at
+work, or whether industry be a habit which, like other habits, may
+by time and skill be introduced among any people?
+
+212. Qu. Whether all manner of means should not be employed to
+possess the nation in general with an aversion and contempt for
+idleness and all idle folk?
+
+213. Qu. Whether it would be a hardship on people destitute of all
+things, if the public furnished them with necessaries which they
+should be obliged to earn by their labour?
+
+214. Qu. Whether other nations have not found great benefit from the
+use of slaves in repairing high roads, making rivers navigable,
+draining bogs, erecting public buildings, bridges, and manufactures?
+
+215. Qu. Whether temporary servitude would not be the best cure for
+idleness and beggary?
+
+216. Qu. Whether the public hath not a right to employ those who
+cannot or who will not find employment for themselves?
+
+217. Qu. Whether all sturdy beggars should not be seized and made
+slaves to the public for a certain term of years?
+
+218. Qu. Whether he who is chained in a jail or dungeon hath not,
+for the time, lost his liberty? And if so, whether temporary slavery
+be not already admitted among us?
+
+219. Qu. Whether a state of servitude, wherein he should be well
+worked, fed, and clothed, would not be a preferment to such a
+fellow?
+
+220. Qu. Whether criminals in the freest country may not forfeit
+their liberty, and repair the damage they have done the public by
+hard labour?
+
+221. Qu. What the word 'servant' signifies in the New Testament?
+
+222. Qu. Whether the view of criminals chained in pairs and kept at
+hard labour would not be very edifying to the multitude?
+
+223. Qu. Whether the want of such an institution be not plainly seen
+in England, where the disbelief of a future state hardeneth rogues
+against the fear of death, and where, through the great growth of
+robbers and housebreakers, it becomes every day more necessary?
+
+224. Qu. Whether it be not easier to prevent than to remedy, and
+whether we should not profit by the example of others?
+
+225. Qu. Whether felons are not often spared, and therefore
+encouraged, by the compassion of those who should prosecute them?
+
+226. Qu. Whether many that would not take away the life of a thief
+may not nevertheless be willing to bring him to a more adequate
+punishment?
+
+227. Qu. Whether there should not be a difference between the
+treatment of criminals and that of other slaves?
+
+228. Qu. Whether the most indolent would be fond of idleness, if
+they regarded it as the sure road to hard labour?
+
+229. Qu. Whether the industry of the lower part of our people doth
+not much depend on the expense of the upper?
+
+230. Qu. What would be the consequence if our gentry affected to
+distinguish themselves by fine houses rather than fine clothes?
+
+231. Qu. Whether any people in Europe are so meanly provided with
+houses and furniture, in proportion to their incomes, as the men of
+estates in Ireland?
+
+232. Qu. Whether building would not peculiarly encourage all other
+arts in this kingdom?
+
+233. Qu. Whether smiths, masons, bricklayers, plasterers,
+carpenters, joiners, tilers, plumbers, and glaziers would not all
+find employment if the humour of building prevailed?
+
+234. Qu. Whether the ornaments and furniture of a good house do not
+employ a number of all sorts of artificers, in iron, wood, marble,
+brass, pewter, copper, wool, flax, and divers other materials?
+
+235. Qu. Whether in buildings and gardens a great number of
+day-labourers do not find employment?
+
+236. Qu. Whether by these means much of that sustenance and wealth
+of this nation which now goes to foreigners would not be kept at
+home, and nourish and circulate among our own people?
+
+237. Qu. Whether, as industry produced good living, the number of
+hands and mouths would not be increased; and in proportion
+thereunto, whether there would not be every day more occasion for
+agriculture? And whether this article alone would not employ a world
+of people?
+
+238. Qu. Whether such management would not equally provide for the
+magnificence of the rich, and the necessities of the poor?
+
+239. Qu. Whether an expense in building and improvements doth not
+remain at home, pass to the heir, and adorn the public? And whether
+any of those things can be said of claret?
+
+240. Qu. Whether fools do not make fashions, and wise men follow
+them?
+
+241. Qu. Whether, for one who hurts his fortune by improvements,
+twenty do not ruin themselves by foreign luxury?
+
+242. Qu. Whether in proportion as Ireland was improved and
+beautified by fine seats, the number of absentees would not
+decrease?
+
+243. Qu. Whether he who employs men in buildings and manufactures
+doth not put life in the country, and whether the neighbourhood
+round him be not observed to thrive?
+
+244. Qu. Whether money circulated on the landlord's own lands, and
+among his own tenants, doth not return into his own pocket?
+
+245. Qu. Whether every squire that made his domain swarm with busy
+hands, like a bee-hive or ant-hill, would not serve his own
+interest, as well as that of his country?
+
+246. Qu. Whether a gentleman who hath seen a little of the world,
+and observed how men live elsewhere, can contentedly sit down in a
+cold, damp, sordid habitation, in the midst of a bleak country,
+inhabited by thieves and beggars?
+
+247. Qu. Whether, on the other hand, a handsome seat amidst
+well-improved lands, fair villages, and a thriving neighbourhood may
+not invite a man to dwell on his own estate, and quit the life of an
+insignificant saunterer about town for that of a useful
+country-gentleman?
+
+248. Qu. Whether it would not be of use and ornament if the towns
+throughout this kingdom were provided with decent churches,
+townhouses, workhouses, market-places, and paved streets, with some
+order taken for cleanliness?
+
+249. Qu. Whether, if each of these towns were addicted to some
+peculiar manufacture, we should not find that the employing many
+hands together on the same work was the way to perfect our workmen?
+And whether all these things might not soon be provided by a
+domestic industry, if money were not wanting?
+
+250. Qu. Whether money could ever be wanting to the demands of
+industry, if we had a national bank?
+
+251. Qu. Whether when a motion was made once upon a time to
+establish a private bank in this kingdom by public authority, divers
+gentlemen did not shew themselves forward to embark in that design?
+
+252. Qu. Whether it may not now be hoped, that our patriots will be
+as forward to examine and consider the proposal of a public bank
+calculated only for the public good?
+
+253. Qu. Whether any people upon earth shew a more early zeal for
+the service of their country, greater eagerness to bear a part in
+the legislature, or a more general parturiency with respect to
+politics and public counsels?
+
+254. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, a light and ludicrous vein be not
+the reigning humour; but whether there was ever greater cause to be
+serious?
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+ERRATUM
+
+
+Qu. 168, for Indulg'd, read ill judg'd.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Part III
+
+
+
+
+Query 1.
+
+Whether the fable of Hercules and the carter ever suited any
+nation like this nation of Ireland?
+
+2. Qu. Whether it be not a new spectacle under the sun, to behold,
+in such a climate and such a soil, and under such a gentle
+government, so many roads untrodden, fields untilled, houses
+desolate, and hands unemployed?
+
+3. Qu. Whether there is any country in Christendom, either kingdom
+or republic, depending or independent, free or enslaved, which may
+not afford us a useful lesson?
+
+4. Qu. Whether the frugal Swisses have any other commodities but
+their butter and cheese and a few cattle, for exportation; whether,
+nevertheless, the single canton of Berne hath not in her public
+treasury two millions sterling?
+
+5. Qu. Whether that small town of Berne, with its scanty barren
+territory, in a mountainous corner, without sea-ports, without
+manufactures, without mines, be not rich by mere dint of frugality?
+
+6. Qu. Whether the Swisses in general have not sumptuary laws,
+prohibiting the use of gold, jewels, silver, silk, and lace in their
+apparel, and indulging the women only to wear silk on festivals,
+weddings, and public solemnities?
+
+7. Qu. Whether there be not two ways of growing rich, sparing and
+getting? But whether the lazy spendthrift must not be doubly poor?
+
+8. Qu. Whether money circulating be not the life of industry; and
+whether the want thereof doth not render a State gouty and inactive?
+
+9. Qu. But whether, if we had a national bank, and our present cash
+(small as it is) were put into the most convenient shape, men should
+hear any public complaints for want of money?
+
+10. Qu. Whether all circulation be not alike a circulation of
+credit, whatsoever medium (metal or paper) is employed, and whether
+gold be any more than credit for so much power?
+
+11. Qu. Whether the wealth of the richest nations in Christendom
+doth not consist in paper vastly more than in gold and silver?
+
+12. Qu. Whether Lord Clarendon doth not aver of his own knowledge,
+that the Prince of Orange, with the best credit, and the assistance
+of the richest men in Amsterdam, was above ten days endeavouring to
+raise L20,000 in specie, without being able to raise half the sum in
+all that time? (See Clarendon's History, BK. XII)
+
+13. Qu. Whether the whole city of Amsterdam would not have been
+troubled to have brought together twenty thousand pounds in one
+room?
+
+14. Qu. Whether it be not absolutely necessary that there must be a
+bank and must be a trust? And, if so, whether it be not the most
+safe and prudent course to have a national bank and trust the
+legislature?
+
+15. Qu. Whether objections against trust in general avail, when it
+is allowed there must be a trust, and the only question is where to
+place this trust, whether in the legislature or in private hands?
+
+16. Qu. Whether it can be expected that private persons should have
+more regard to the public than the public itself?
+
+17. Qu. Whether, if there be hazards from mismanagement, those may
+not be provided against in the framing of a pubic bank; but whether
+any provision can be made against the mismanagement of private banks
+that are under no check, control, or inspection?
+
+18. Qu. Whatever may be said for the sake of objecting, yet, whether
+it be not false in fact, that men would prefer a private security to
+a public security?
+
+19. Qu. Whether a national bank ought to be considered as a new
+experiment; and whether it be not a motive to try this scheme that
+it hath been already tried with success in other countries?
+
+20. Qu. If power followeth money, whether this can be anywhere more
+properly and securely placed, than in the same hands wherein the
+supreme power is already placed?
+
+21. Qu. Whether there be more danger of abuse in a private than in a
+public management?
+
+22. Qu. Whether the proper usual remedy for abuses of private banks
+be not to bring them before Parliament, and subject them to the
+inspection of a committee; and whether it be not more prudent to
+prevent than to redress an evil?
+
+23. Qu. Supposing there had been hitherto no such thing as a bank,
+and the question were now first proposed, whether it would be safer
+to circulate unlimited bills in a private credit, or bills to a
+limited value on the public credit of the community, what would men
+think?
+
+24. Qu. Whether experience and example be not the plainest proof;
+and whether any instance can be assigned where a national bank hath
+not been attended with great advantage to the public?
+
+25. Qu. Whether the evils apprehended from a national bank are not
+much more to be apprehended from private banks; but whether men by
+custom are not familiarized and reconciled to common dangers, which
+are therefore thought less than they really are?
+
+26. Qu. Whether it would not be very hard to suppose all sense,
+honesty, and public spirit were in the keeping of only a few private
+men, and the public was not fit to be trusted?
+
+27. Qu. Whether it be not ridiculous to suppose a legislature should
+be afraid to trust itself?
+
+28. Qu. But, whether a private interest be not generally supported
+and pursued with more zeal than a public?
+
+29. Qu. Whether the maxim, 'What is everybody's business is
+nobody's,' prevails in any country under the sun more than in
+Ireland?
+
+30. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, the community of danger, which lulls
+private men asleep, ought not to awaken the public?
+
+31. Qu. Whether there be not less security where there are more
+temptations and fewer checks?
+
+32. Qu. If a man is to risk his fortune, whether it be more prudent
+to risk it on the credit of private men, or in that of the great
+assembly of the nation?
+
+33. Qu. Where is it most reasonable to expect wise and punctual
+dealing, whether in a secret impenetrable recess, where credit
+depends on secrecy, or in a public management regulated and
+inspected by Parliament?
+
+34. Qu. Whether a supine security be not catching, and whether
+numbers running the same risk, as they lessen the caution, may not
+increase the danger?
+
+35. Qu. What real objection lies against a national bank erected by
+the legislature, and in the management of public deputies, appointed
+and inspected by the legislature?
+
+36. Qu. What have we to fear from such a bank, which may not be as
+well feared without it?
+
+37. Qu. How, why, by what means, or for what end, should it become
+an instrument of oppression?
+
+38. Qu. Whether we can possibly be on a more precarious foot than we
+are already? Whether it be not in the power of any particular person
+at once to disappear and convey himself into foreign parts? or
+whether there can be any security in an estate of land when the
+demands upon it are unknown?
+
+39. Qu. Whether the establishing of a national bank, if we suppose a
+concurrence of the government, be not very practicable?
+
+40. Qu. But, whether though a scheme be never so evidently
+practicable and useful to the pubic, yet, if conceived to interfere
+with a private interest, it be not forthwith in danger of appearing
+doubtful, difficult, and impracticable?
+
+41. Qu. Whether the legislative body hath not already sufficient
+power to hurt, if they may be supposed capable of it, and whether a
+bank would give them any new power?
+
+42. Qu. What should tempt the pubic to defraud itself?
+
+43. Qu. Whether, if the legislature destroyed the public, it would
+not be felo de se; and whether it be reasonable to suppose it bent
+on its own destruction?
+
+44. Qu. Whether the objection to a pubic national bank, from want of
+secrecy, be not in truth an argument for it?
+
+45. Qu. Whether the secrecy of private banks be not the very thing
+that renders them so hazardous? and whether, without that, there
+could have been of late so many sufferers?
+
+46. Qu. Whether when all objections are answered it be still
+incumbent to answer surmises?
+
+47. Qu. Whether it were just to insinuate that gentlemen would be
+against any proposal they could not turn into a job?
+
+48. Qu. Suppose the legislature passed their word for any private
+banker, and regularly visited his books, would not money lodged in
+his bank be therefore reckoned more secure?
+
+49. Qu. In a country where the legislative body is not fit to be
+trusted, what security can there be for trusting any one else?
+
+50. Qu. If it be not ridiculous to question whether the pubic can
+find cash to circulate bills of a limited value when private bankers
+are supposed to find enough to circulate them to an unlimited value?
+
+51. Qu. Whether the united stock of a nation be not the best
+security? And whether anything but the ruin of the State can produce
+a national bankruptcy?
+
+52. Qu. Whether the total sum of the public treasure, power, and
+wisdom, all co-operating, be not most likely to establish a bank of
+credit, sufficient to answer the ends, relieve the wants, and
+satisfy the scruples of all people?
+
+53. Qu. Whether those hazards that in a greater degree attend
+private banks can be admitted as objections against a public one?
+
+54. Qu. Whether that which is an objection to everything be an
+objection to anything; and whether the possibility of an abuse be
+not of that kind?
+
+55. Qu. Whether, in fact, all things are not more or less abused,
+and yet notwithstanding such abuse, whether many things are not upon
+the whole expedient and useful?
+
+56. Qu. Whether those things that are subject to the most general
+inspection are not the least subject to abuse?
+
+57. Qu. Whether, for private ends, it may not be sometimes expedient
+to object novelty to things that have been often tried, difficulty
+to the plainest things, and hazard to the safest?
+
+58. Qu. Whether some men will not be apt to argue as if the question
+was between money and credit, and not (as in fact it is) which ought
+to be preferred, private credit or public credit?
+
+59. Qu. Whether they will not prudently overlook the evils felt, or
+to be feared, on one side?
+
+60. Qu. Whether, therefore, those that would make an impartial
+judgment ought not to be on their guard, keeping both prospects
+always in view, balancing the inconveniencies on each side and
+considering neither absolutely?
+
+61. Qu. Whether wilful mistakes, examples without a likeness, and
+general addresses to the passions are not often more successful than
+arguments?
+
+62. Qu. Whether there be not an art to puzzle plain cases as well as
+to explain obscure ones?
+
+63. Qu. Whether private men are not often an over-match for the
+public; want of weight being made up for by activity?
+
+64. Qu. If we suppose neither sense nor honesty in our leaders or
+representatives, whether we are not already undone, and so have
+nothing further to fear?
+
+65. Qu. Suppose a power in the government to hurt the pubic by means
+of a national bank, yet what should give them the will to do this?
+Or supposing a will to do mischief, yet how could a national bank,
+modelled and administered by Parliament, put it in their power?
+
+66. Qu. Whether even a wicked will entrusted with power can be
+supposed to abuse it for no end?
+
+67. Qu. Whether it be not much more probable that those who maketh
+such objections do not believe them?
+
+68. Qu. Whether it be not vain to object that our fellow-subjects of
+Great Britain would malign or obstruct our industry when it is
+exerted in a way which cannot interfere with their own?
+
+66. Qu. Whether it is to be supposed they should take delight in the
+dirt and nakedness and famine of our people, or envy them shoes for
+their feet and beef for their belies?
+
+70. Qu. What possible handle or inclination could our having a
+national bank give other people to distress us?
+
+71. Qu. Whether it be not ridiculous to conceive that a project for
+cloathing and feeding our natives should give any umbrage to
+England?
+
+72. Qu. Whether such unworthy surmises are not the pure effect of
+spleen?
+
+73. Qu. Whether London is not to be considered as the metropolis of
+Ireland? And whether our wealth (such as it is) doth not circulate
+through London and throughout all England, as freely as that of any
+part of his Majesty's dominions?
+
+74. Qu. Whether therefore it be not evidently the interest of the
+people of England to encourage rather than to oppose a national bank
+in this kingdom, as well as every other means for advancing our
+wealth which shall not impair their own?
+
+75. Qu. Whether it is not our interest to be useful to them rather
+than rival them; and whether in that case we may not be sure of
+their good offices?
+
+76. Qu. Whether we can propose to thrive so long as we entertain a
+wrongheaded distrust of England?
+
+77. Qu. Whether, as a national bank would increase our industry, and
+that our wealth, England may not be a proportionable gainer; and
+whether we should not consider the gains of our mother-country as
+some accession to our own?
+
+78. Qu. Whether the Protestant colony in this kingdom can ever
+forget what they owe to England?
+
+79. Qu. Whether there ever was in any part of the world a country in
+such wretched circumstances, and which, at the same time, could be
+so easily remedied, and nevertheless the remedy not applied?
+
+80. Qu. What must become of a people that can neither see the
+plainest things nor do the easiest?
+
+81. Qu. Be the money lodged in the bank what it will, yet whether an
+Act to make good deficiencies would not remove all scruples?
+
+82. Qu. If it be objected that a national bank must lower interest,
+and therefore hurt the monied man, whether the same objection would
+not hold as strong against multiplying our gold and silver?
+
+83. Qu. But whether a bank that utters bills, with the sole view of
+promoting the public weal, may not so proportion their quantity as
+to avoid several inconveniencies which might attend private banks?
+
+84. Qu. Whether there be any difficulty in comprehending that the
+whole wealth of the nation is in truth the stock of a national bank?
+And whether any more than the right comprehension of this be
+necessary to make all men easy with regard to its credit?
+
+85. Qu. Whether any Thing be more reasonable than that the pubic,
+which makes the whole profit of the bank, should engage to make good
+its credit?
+
+86. Qu. Whether the prejudices about gold and silver are not strong,
+but whether they are not still prejudices?
+
+87. Qu. Whether paper doth not by its stamp and signature acquire a
+local value, and become as precious and as scarce as gold? And
+whether it be not much fitter to circulate large sums, and therefore
+preferable to gold?
+
+88. Qu. Whether, in order to make men see and feel, it be not often
+necessary to inculcate the same thing, and place it in different
+lights?
+
+89. Qu. Whether it doth not much import to have a right conception
+of money? And whether its true and just idea be not that of a
+ticket, entitling to power, and fitted to record and transfer such
+power?
+
+90. Qu. Whether the managers and officers of a national bank ought
+to be considered otherwise than as the cashiers and clerks of
+private banks? Whether they are not in effect as little trusted,
+have as little power, are as much limited by rules, and as liable to
+inspection?
+
+91. Qu. Whether the mistaking this point may not create some
+prejudice against a national bank, as if it depended on the credit,
+or wisdom, or honesty, of private men, rather than on the pubic,
+which is really the sole proprietor and director thereof, and as
+such obliged to support it?
+
+92. Qu. Though the bank of Amsterdam doth very rarely, if at all,
+pay out money, yet whether every man possess'd of specie be not
+ready to convert it into paper, and act as cashier to the bank? And
+whether, from the same motive, every monied man throughout this
+kingdom would not be cashier to our national bank?
+
+93. Qu. Whether a national bank would not be the great means and
+motive for employing our poor in manufactures?
+
+94. Qu. Whether money, though lent out only to the rich, would not
+soon circulate among the poor? And whether any man borrows but with
+an intent to circulate?
+
+95. Qu. Whether both government and people would not in the event be
+gainers by a national bank? And whether anything but wrong
+conceptions of its nature can make those that wish well to either
+averse from it?
+
+96. Qu. Whether it may not be right to think, and to have it
+thought, that England and Ireland, prince and people, have one and
+the same interest?
+
+97. Qu. Whether, if we had more means to set on foot such
+manufactures and such commerce as consists with the interest of
+England, there would not of course be less sheep-walk, and less wool
+exported to foreign countries? And whether a national bank would not
+supply such means?
+
+98. Qu. Whether we may not obtain that as friends which it is in
+vain to hope for as rivals?
+
+99. Qu. Whether in every instance by which we prejudice England, we
+do not in a greater degree prejudice ourselves? See Part II. qu. 153
+and 154.
+
+100. Qu. Whether in the rude original of society the first step was
+not the exchanging of commodities; the next a substituting of metals
+by weight as the common medium of circulation; after this the making
+use of coin; lastly, a further refinement by the use of paper with
+proper marks and signatures? And whether this, as it is the last, so
+it be not the greatest improvement?
+
+101. Qu. Whether we are not in fact the only people who may be said
+to starve in the midst of plenty?
+
+102. Qu. Whether business in general doth not languish among us?
+Whether our land is not untilled? Whether its inhabitants are not
+upon the wing?
+
+103. Qu. Whether there can be a worse sign than that people should
+quit their country for a livelihood? Though men often leave their
+country for health, or pleasure, or riches, yet to leave it merely
+for a livelihood, whether this be not exceeding bad, and sheweth
+some peculiar mismanagement?
+
+104. Qu. Whether our circumstances do not call aloud for some
+present remedy? And whether that remedy be not in our power?
+
+105. Qu. Whether, in order to redress our evils, artificial helps
+are not most wanted in a land where industry is most against the
+natural grain of the people?
+
+106. Qu. Whether, of all the helps to industry that ever were
+invented, there be any more secure, more easy, and more effectual
+than a national bank?
+
+107. Qu. Whether medicines do not recommend themselves by
+experience, even though their reasons be obscure? But whether reason
+and fact are not equally clear in favour of this political medicine?
+
+108. Qu. Whether, although the prepossessions about gold and silver
+have taken deep root, yet the example of our Colonies in America
+doth not make it as plain as day-light that they are not so
+necessary to the wealth of a nation as the vulgar of all ranks
+imagine?
+
+109. Qu. Whether it be not evident that we may maintain a much
+greater inward and outward commerce, and be five times richer than
+we are, nay, and our bills abroad be of far greater credit, though
+we had not one ounce of gold or silver in the whole island?
+
+110. Qu. Whether wrongheaded maxims, customs, and fashions are not
+sufficient to destroy any people which hath so few resources as the
+inhabitants of Ireland.
+
+111. Qu. Whether it would not be a horrible thing to see our matrons
+make dress and play their chief concern?
+
+112. Qu. Whether our ladies might not as well endow monasteries as
+wear Flanders lace? And whether it be not true that Popish nuns are
+maintained by Protestant contributions?
+
+113. Qu. Whether England, which hath a free trade, whatever she
+remits for foreign luxury with one hand, doth not with the other
+receive much more from abroad? Whether, nevertheless, this nation
+would not be a gainer, if our women would content themselves with
+the same moderation in point of expense as the English ladies?
+
+114. Qu. But whether it be not a notorious truth that our Irish
+ladies are on a foot, as to dress, with those of five times their
+fortune in England?
+
+115. Qu. Whether it be not even certain that the matrons of this
+forlorn country send out a greater proportion of its wealth, for
+fine apparel, than any other females on the whole surface of this
+terraqueous globe?
+
+116. Qu. Whether the expense, great as it is, be the greatest evil;
+but whether this folly may not produce many other follies, an entire
+derangement of domestic life, absurd manners, neglect of duties, bad
+mothers, a general corruption in both sexes?
+
+117. Qu. Whether therefore a tax on all gold and silver in apparel,
+on all foreign laces and silks, may not raise a fund for the bank,
+and at the same time have other salutary effects on the public?
+
+118. Qu. But, if gentlemen had rather tax themselves in another way,
+whether an additional tax of ten shillings the hogshead on wines may
+not supply a sufficient fund for the national bank, all defects to
+be made good by Parliament?
+
+119. Qu. Whether upon the whole it may not be right to appoint a
+national bank?
+
+120. Qu. Whether the stock and security of such bank would not be,
+in truth, the national stock, or the total sum of the wealth of this
+kingdom?
+
+121. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, there should not be a particular
+fund for present use in answering bills and circulating credit?
+
+122. Qu. Whether for this end any fund may not suffice, provided an
+Act be passed for making good deficiencies?
+
+123. Qu. Whether the sole proprietor of such bank should not be the
+public, and the sole director the legislature?
+
+124. Qu. Whether the managers, officers, and cashiers should not be
+servants of the pubic, acting by orders and limited by rules of the
+legislature?
+
+125. Qu. Whether there should not be a standing number of
+inspectors, one-third men in great office, the rest members of both
+houses, half whereof to go out, and half to come in every session?
+
+126. Qu. Whether those inspectors should not, all in a body, visit
+twice a year, and three as often as they pleased?
+
+127. Qu. Whether the general bank should not be in Dublin, and
+subordinate banks or compters one in each province of Munster,
+Ulster, and Connaught?
+
+128. Qu. Whether there should not be such provisions of stamps,
+signatures, checks, strong boxes, and all other measures for
+securing the bank notes and cash, as are usual in other banks?
+
+129. Qu. Whether these ten or a dozen last queries may not easily be
+converted into heads of a bill?
+
+130. Qu. Whether any one concerns himself about the security or
+funds of the banks of Venice or Amsterdam? And whether in a little
+time the case would not be the same as to our bank?
+
+131. Qu. Whether the first beginning of expedients do not always
+meet with prejudices? And whether even the prejudices of a people
+ought not to be respected?
+
+132. Qu. Whether a national bank be not the true philosopher's stone
+in a State?
+
+133. Qu. Whether it be not the most obvious remedy for all the
+inconveniencies we labour under with regard to our coin?
+
+134. Qu. Whether it be not agreed on all hands that our coin is on
+very bad foot, and calls for some present remedy?
+
+135. Qu. Whether the want of silver hath not introduced a sort of
+traffic for change, which is purchased at no inconsiderable discount
+to the great obstruction of our domestic commerce?
+
+136. Qu. Whether, though it be evident silver is wanted, it be yet
+so evident which is the best way of providing for this want? Whether
+by lowering the gold, or raising the silver, or partly one, partly
+the other?
+
+137. Qu. Whether a partial raising of one species be not, in truth,
+wanting a premium to our bankers for importing such species? And
+what that species is which deserves most to be encouraged?
+
+138. Qu. Whether it be not just, that all gold should be alike rated
+according to its weight and fineness?
+
+139. Qu. Whether this may be best done, by lowering some certain
+species of gold, or by raising others, or by joining both methods
+together?
+
+140. Qu. Whether all regulations of coin should not be made with a
+view to encourage industry, and a circulation of commerce,
+throughout the kingdom?
+
+141. Qu. Whether the North and the South have not, in truth, one and
+the same interest in this matter?
+
+142. Qu. Whether to oil the wheels of commerce be not a common
+benefit? And whether this be not done by avoiding fractions and
+multiplying small silver?
+
+143. Qu. But, whether a pubic benefit ought to be obtained by unjust
+methods, and therefore, whether any reduction of coin should be
+thought of which may hurt the properties of private men?
+
+144. Qu. Whether those parts of the kingdom where commerce doth most
+abound would not be the greatest gainers by having our coin placed
+on a right foot?
+
+145. Qu. Whether, in case a reduction of coin be thought expedient,
+the uttering of bank bills at the same time may not prevent the
+inconveniencies of such a reduction?
+
+146. Qu. But, whether any pubic expediency could countervail a real
+pressure on those who are least able to bear it, tenants and
+debtors?
+
+147. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, the political body, as well as the
+natural, must not sometimes be worse in order to be better?
+
+148. Qu. Whether, all things considered, a general raising the value
+of gold and silver be not so far from bringing greater quantities
+thereof into the kingdom that it would produce a direct contrary
+effect, inasmuch as less, in that case, would serve, and therefore
+less be wanted? And whether men do not import a commodity in
+proportion to the demand or want of it?
+
+149. Qu. Whether the lowering of our gold would not create a fever
+in the State? And whether a fever be not sometimes a cure, but
+whether it be not the last cure a man would choose?
+
+150. Qu. What if our other gold were raised to a par with Portugal
+gold, and the value of silver in general raised with regard to that
+of gold?
+
+151. Qu. Whether the pubic ends may or may not be better answered by
+such augmentation, than by a reduction of our coin?
+
+152. Qu. Provided silver is multiplied, be it by raising or
+diminishing the value of our coin, whether the great end is not
+answered?
+
+153. Qu. Whether raising the value of a particular species will not
+tend to multiply such species, and to lessen others in proportion
+thereunto? And whether a much less quantity of cash in silver would
+not, in reality, enrich the nation more than a much greater in gold?
+
+154. Qu. Whether, if a reduction be thought necessary, the obvious
+means to prevent all hardships and injustice be not a national bank?
+
+155. Qu. Upon supposition that the cash of this kingdom was five
+hundred thousand pounds, and by lowering the various species each
+one-fifth of its value the whole sum was reduced to four hundred
+thousand pounds, whether the difficulty of getting money, and
+consequently of paying rents, would not be increased in the
+proportion of five to four?
+
+156. Qu. Whether such difficulty would not be a great and unmerited
+distress on all the tenants in the nation? But if at the same time
+with the aforesaid reduction there were uttered one hundred thousand
+pounds additional to the former current stock, whether such
+difficulty or inconvenience would then be felt?
+
+157. Qu. Whether, ceteris paribus, it be not true that the prices of
+things increase as the quantity of money increaseth, and are
+diminished as that is diminished? And whether, by the quantity of
+money is not to be understood the amount of the denominations, all
+contracts being nominal for pounds, shillings, and pence, and not
+for weights of gold or silver?
+
+158. Qu. Whether in any foreign market, twopence advance in a
+kilderkin of corn could greatly affect our trade?
+
+159. Qu. Whether in regard of the far greater changes and
+fluctuations of prices from the difference of seasons and other
+accidents, that small rise should seem considerable?
+
+160. Qu. Whether our exports do not consist of such necessaries as
+other countries cannot well be without?
+
+161. Qu. Whether upon the circulation of a national bank more land
+would not be tilled, more hands employed, and consequently more
+commodities exported?
+
+162. Qu. Whether, setting aside the assistance of a national bank,
+it will be easy to reduce or lower our coin without some hardship
+(at least for the present) on a great number of particular persons?
+
+163. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, the scheme of a national bank doth
+not entirely stand clear of this question; and whether such bank may
+not completely subsist and answer its ends, although there should be
+no alteration at all made in the value of our coin?
+
+164. Qu. Whether, if the ill state of our coin be not redressed,
+that scheme would not be still more necessary, inasmuch as a
+national bank, by putting new life and vigour into our commerce, may
+prevent our feeling the ill effects of the want of such redress?
+
+165. Qu. Whether men united by interest are not often divided by
+opinion; and whether such difference in opinion be not an effect of
+misapprehension?
+
+166. Qu. Whether two things are not manifest, first, that some
+alteration in the value of our coin is highly expedient, secondly,
+that whatever alteration is made, the tenderest care should be had
+of the properties of the people, and even a regard paid to their
+prejudices?
+
+167. Qu. Whether our taking the coin of another nation for more than
+it is worth be not, in reality and in event, a cheat upon ourselves?
+
+168. Qu. Whether a particular coin over-rated will not be sure to
+flow in upon us from other countries beside that where it is coined?
+
+169. Qu. Whether, in case the wisdom of the nation shall think fit
+to alter our coin, without erecting a national bank, the rule for
+lessening or avoiding present inconvenience should not be so to
+order matters, by raising the silver and depressing the gold, as
+that the total sum of coined cash within the kingdom shall, in
+denomination, remain the same, or amount to the same nominal value,
+after the change that it did before?
+
+170. Qu. Whether all inconvenience ought not to be lessened as much
+as may be; but after, whether it would be prudent, for the sake of a
+small inconvenience, to obstruct a much greater good? And whether it
+may not sometimes happen that an inconvenience which in fancy and
+general discourse seems great shall, when accurately inspected and
+cast up, appear inconsiderable?
+
+171. Qu. Whether in public councils the sum of things, here and
+there, present and future, ought not to be regarded?
+
+172. Qu. Whether silver and small money be not that which circulates
+the quickest, and passeth through all hands, on the road, in the
+market, at the shop?
+
+173. Qu. Whether, all things considered, it would not be better for
+a kingdom that its cash consisted of half a million in small silver,
+than of five times that sum in gold?
+
+174. Qu. Whether there be not every day five hundred lesser payments
+made for one that requires gold?
+
+175. Qu. Whether Spain, where gold bears the highest value, be not
+the laziest, and China, where it bears the lowest, be not the most
+industrious country in the known world?
+
+176. Qu. Money being a ticket which entitles to power and records
+the title, whether such power avails otherwise than as it is exerted
+into act?
+
+177. Qu. Whether it be not evidently the interest of every State,
+that its money should rather circulate than stagnate?
+
+178. Qu. Whether the principal use of cash be not its ready passing
+from hand to hand, to answer common occasions of the common people,
+and whether common occasions of all sorts of people are not small
+ones?
+
+179. Qu. Whether business at fairs and markets is not often at a
+stand and often hindered, even though the seller hath his
+commodities at hand and the purchaser his gold, yet for want of
+change?
+
+180. Qu. Whether beside that value of money which is rated by
+weight, there be not also another value consisting in its aptness to
+circulate?
+
+181. Qu. As wealth is really power, and coin a ticket conveying
+power, whether those tickets which are the fittest for that use
+ought not to be preferred?
+
+182. Qu. Whether those tickets which singly transfer small shares of
+power, and, being multiplied, large shares, are not fitter for
+common use than those which singly transfer large shares?
+
+183. Qu. Whether the public is not more benefited by a shilling that
+circulates than a pound that lies dead?
+
+184. Qu. Whether sixpence twice paid be not as good as a shilling
+once paid?
+
+185. Qu. Whether the same shilling circulating in a village may not
+supply one man with bread, another with stockings, a third with a
+knife, a fourth with paper, a fifth with nails, and so answer many
+wants which must otherwise have remained unsatisfied?
+
+186. Qu. Whether facilitating and quickening the circulation of
+power to supply wants be not the promoting of wealth and industry
+among the lower people? And whether upon this the wealth of the
+great doth not depend?
+
+187. Qu. Whether, without the proper means of circulation, it be not
+vain to hope for thriving manufacturers and a busy people?
+
+188. Qu. Whether four pounds in small cash may not circulate and
+enliven an Irish market, which many four-pound pieces would permit
+to stagnate?
+
+189. Qu. Whether a man that could move nothing less than a
+hundred-pound weight would not be much at a loss to supply his
+wants; and whether it would not be better for him to be less strong
+and more active?
+
+190. Qu. Whether the natural body can be in a state of health and
+vigour without a due circulation of the extremities, even? And
+whether the political body, any in the fingers and toes more than
+the natural, can thrive without a proportionable circulation through
+the minutest and most inconsiderable parts thereof?
+
+191. Qu. If we had a mint for coining only shillings, sixpences, and
+copper-money, whether the nation would not soon feel the good
+effects thereof?
+
+192. Qu. Whether the greater waste by wearing of small coins would
+not be abundantly overbalanced by their usefulness?
+
+193. Qu. Whether it be not the industry of common people that feeds
+the State, and whether it be possible to keep this industry alive
+without small money?
+
+194. Qu. Whether the want of this be not a great bar to our
+employing the people in these manufactures which are open to us, and
+do not interfere with Great Britain?
+
+195. Qu. Whether therefore such want doth not drive men into the
+lazy way of employing land under sheep-walk?
+
+196. Qu. Whether the running of wool from Ireland can so effectually
+be prevented as by encouraging other business and manufactures among
+our people?
+
+197. Qu. Whatever commodities Great Britain importeth which we might
+supply, whether it be not her real interest to import them from us
+rather than from any other people?
+
+198. Qu. Whether the apprehension of many among us (who for that
+very reason stick to their wool), that England may hereafter
+prohibit, limit, or discourage our linen trade, when it hath been
+once, with great pains and expense, thoroughly introduced and
+settled in this land, be not altogether groundless and unjust?
+
+199. Qu. Whether it is possible for this country, which hath neither
+mines of gold nor a free trade, to support for any time the sending
+out of specie?
+
+200. Qu. Whether in fact our payments are not made by bills? And
+whether our foreign credit doth not depend on our domestic industry,
+and our bills on that credit?
+
+201. Qu. Whether, in order to mend it, we ought not first to know
+the peculiar wretchedness of our state? And whether there be any
+knowing of this but by comparison?
+
+202. Qu. Whether there are not single market towns in England that
+turn more money in buying and selling than whole counties (perhaps
+provinces) with us?
+
+203. Qu. Whether the small town of Birmingham alone doth not, upon
+an average, circulate every week, one way or other, to the value of
+fifty thousand pounds? But whether the same crown may not be often
+paid?
+
+204. Qu. Whether there be any woollen manufacture in Birmingham?
+
+205. Qu. Whether bad management may not be worse than slavery? And
+whether any part of Christendom be in a more languishing condition
+than this kingdom?
+
+206. Qu. Whether any kingdom in Europe be so good a customer at
+Bordeaux as Ireland?
+
+207. Qu. Whether the police and economy of France be not governed by
+wise councils? And whether any one from this country, who sees their
+towns, and manufactures, and commerce, will not wonder what our
+senators have been doing?
+
+208. Qu. What variety and number of excellent manufactures are to be
+met with throughout the whole kingdom of France?
+
+209. Qu. Whether there are not everywhere some or other mills for
+many uses, forges and furnaces for iron-work, looms for tapestry,
+glass-houses, and so forth?
+
+210. Qu. What quantities of paper, stockings, hats; what
+manufactures of wool, silk, linen, hemp, leather, wax, earthenware,
+brass, lead, tin, &c?
+
+211. Qu. Whether the manufactures and commerce of the single town of
+Lyons do not amount to a greater value than all the manufactures and
+all the trade of this kingdom taken together?
+
+212. Qu. Whether it be not true, that within the compass of one year
+there flowed from the South Sea, when that commerce was open, into
+the single town of St. Malo's, a sum in gold and silver equal to
+four times the whole specie of this kingdom? And whether that same
+part of France doth not at present draw from Cadiz, upwards of two
+hundred thousand pounds per annum?
+
+213. Qu. Whether, in the anniversary fair at the small town of
+Beaucaire upon the Rhone, there be not as much money laid out as the
+current cash of this kingdom amounts to?
+
+214. Qu. Whether it be true that the Dutch make ten millions of
+livres, every return of the flota and galleons, by their sales at
+the Indies and at Cadiz?
+
+215. Qu. Whether it be true that England makes at least one hundred
+thousand pounds per annum by the single article of hats sold in
+Spain?
+
+216. Qu. Whether the very shreds shorn from woollen cloth, which are
+thrown away in Ireland, do not make a beautiful tapestry in France?
+
+217. Qu. Whether the toys of Thiers do not employ five thousand
+families?
+
+218. Qu. Whether there be not a small town Or two in France which
+supply all Spain with cards?
+
+219. Qu. Whether there be not French towns subsisted merely by
+making pins?
+
+220. Qu. Whether the coarse fingers of those very women, those same
+peasants who one part of the year till the ground and dress the
+vineyards, are not another employed in making the finest French
+point?
+
+221. Qu. Whether there is not a great number of idle fingers among
+the wives and daughters of our peasants?
+
+222. Qu. Whether, about twenty-five years ago, they did not first
+attempt to make porcelain in France; and whether, in a few years,
+they did not make it so well, as to rival that which comes from
+China?
+
+223. Qu. Whether the French do not raise a trade from saffron,
+dyeing drugs, and the like products, which may do with us as well as
+with them?
+
+224. Qu. Whether we may not have materials of our own growth to
+supply all manufactures, as well as France, except silk, and whether
+the bulk of what silk even France manufactures be not imported?
+
+225. Qu. Whether it be possible for this country to grow rich, so
+long as what is made by domestic industry is spent in foreign
+luxury?
+
+226. Qu. Whether part of the profits of the bank should not be
+employed in erecting manufactures of several kinds, which are not
+likely to be set on foot and carried on to perfection without great
+stock, public encouragement, general regulations, and the
+concurrence of many hands?
+
+227. Qu. Whether our natural Irish are not partly Spaniards and
+partly Tartars, and whether they do not bear signatures of their
+descent from both these nations, which is also confirmed by all
+their histories?
+
+228. Qu. Whether the Tartar progeny is not numerous in this land?
+And whether there is an idler occupation under the sun than to
+attend flocks and herds of cattle?
+
+229. Qu. Whether the wisdom of the State should not wrestle with
+this hereditary disposition of our Tartars, and with a high hand
+introduce agriculture?
+
+230. Qu. Whether it were not to be wished that our people shewed
+their descent from Spain, rather by their honour and honesty than
+their pride, and if so, whether they might not easily insinuate
+themselves into a larger share of the Spanish trade?
+
+231. Qu. Whether once upon a time France did not, by her linen
+alone, draw yearly from Spain about eight millions of livres?
+
+232. Qu. Whether the French have not suffered in their linen trade
+with Spain, by not making their cloth of due breadth; and whether
+any other people have suffered, and are still likely to suffer,
+through the same prevarication?
+
+233. Qu. Whether the Spaniards are not rich and lazy, and whether
+they have not a particular inclination and favour for the
+inhabitants of this island? But whether a punctual people do not
+love punctual dealers?
+
+234. Qu. Whether about fourteen years ago we had not come into a
+considerable share of the linen trade with Spain, and what put a
+stop to this?
+
+235. Qu. Whether we may not, with common industry and common
+honesty, undersell any nation in Europe?
+
+236. Qu. Whether, if the linen manufacture were carried on in the
+other provinces as well as in the North, the merchants of Cork,
+Limerick, and Galway would not soon find the way to Spain?
+
+237. Qu. Whether the woollen manufacture of England is not divided
+into several parts or branches, appropriated to particular places,
+where they are only or principally manufactured; fine cloths in
+Somersetshire, coarse in Yorkshire, long ells at Exeter, saies at
+Sudbury, crapes at Norwich, linseys at Kendal, blankets at Witney,
+and so forth?
+
+238. Qu. Whether the united skill, industry, and emulation of many
+together on the same work be not the way to advance it? And whether
+it had been otherwise possible for England to have carried on her
+woollen manufacture to so great perfection?
+
+239. Qu. Whether it would not on many accounts be right if we
+observed the same course with respect to our linen manufacture; and
+that diapers were made in one town or district, damasks in another,
+sheeting in a third, fine wearing linen in a fourth, coarse in a
+fifth, in another cambrics, in another thread and stockings, in
+others stamped linen, or striped linen, or tickings, or dyed linen,
+of which last kinds there is so great a consumption among the
+seafaring men of all nations?
+
+240. Qu. Whether it may not be worth while to inform ourselves of
+the different sorts of linen which are in request among different
+people?
+
+241. Qu. Whether we do not yearly consume of French wines about a
+thousand tuns more than either Sweden or Denmark, and yet whether
+those nations pay ready money as we do?
+
+242. Qu. Whether they are not the Swiss that make hay and gather in
+the harvest throughout Alsatia?
+
+243. Qu. Whether it be not a custom for some thousands of Frenchmen
+to go about the beginning of March into Spain, and having tilled the
+lands and gathered the harvest of Spain, to return home with money
+in their pockets about the end of November?
+
+244. Qu. Whether of late years our Irish labourers do not carry on
+the same business in England to the great discontent of many there?
+But whether we have not much more reason than the people of England
+to be displeased at this commerce?
+
+245. Qu. Whether, notwithstanding the cash supposed to be brought
+into it, any nation is, in truth, a gainer by such traffic?
+
+246. Qu. Whether the industry of our people employed in foreign
+lands, while our own are left uncultivated, be not a great loss to
+the country?
+
+247. Qu. Whether it would not be much better for us, if, instead of
+sending our men abroad, we could draw men from the neighbouring
+countries to cultivate our own?
+
+248. Qu. Whether, nevertheless, we are not apt to think the money
+imported by our labourers to be so much clear gains to this country,
+but whether a little reflexion and a little political arithmetic may
+not shew us our mistake?
+
+249. Qu. Whether our prejudices about gold and silver are not very
+apt to infect or misguide our judgments and reasonings about the
+public weal?
+
+250. Qu. Whether it be not a good rule whereby to judge of the trade
+of any city, and its usefulness, to observe whether there is a
+circulation through the extremities, and whether the people round
+about are busy and warm?
+
+251. Qu. Whether we had not, some years since, a manufacture of hats
+at Athlone, and of earthenware at Arklow, and what became of those
+manufactures?
+
+252. Qu. Why we do not make tiles of our own, for flooring and
+roofing, rather than bring them from Holland?
+
+253. Qu. What manufactures are there in France and Venice of
+gilt-leather, how cheap and how splendid a furniture?
+
+254. Qu. Whether we may not, for the same use, manufacture divers
+things at home of more beauty and variety than wainscot, which is
+imported at such expense from Norway?
+
+255. Qu. Whether the use and the fashion will not soon make a
+manufacture?
+
+256. Qu. Whether, if our gentry used to drink mead and cider, we
+should not soon have those liquors in the utmost perfection and
+plenty?
+
+257. Qu. Whether it be not wonderful that with such pastures, and so
+many black cattle, we do not find ourselves in cheese?
+
+258. Qu. Whether great profits may not be made by fisheries; but
+whether those of our Irish who live by that business do not contrive
+to be drunk and unemployed one half of the year?
+
+259. Qu. Whether it be not folly to think an inward commerce cannot
+enrich a State, because it doth not increase its quantity of gold
+and silver? And whether it is possible a country should? not thrive,
+while wants are supplied, and business goes on?
+
+260. Qu. Whether plenty of all the necessaries and comforts of life
+be not real wealth?
+
+261. Qu. Whether Lyons, by the advantage of her midland situation
+and the rivers Rhone and Saone, be not a great magazine or mart for
+inward commerce? And whether she doth not maintain a constant trade
+with most parts of France; with Provence for oils and dried fruits,
+for wines and cloth with Languedoc, for stuffs with Champagne, for
+linen with Picardy, Normandy, and Brittany, for corn with Burgundy?
+
+262. Qu. Whether she doth not receive and utter all those
+commodities, and raise a profit from the distribution thereof, as
+well as of her own manufactures, throughout the kingdom of France?
+
+263. Qu. Whether the charge of making good roads and navigable
+rivers across the country would not be really repaid by an inward
+commerce?
+
+264. Qu. Whether, as our trade and manufactures increased, magazines
+should not be established in proper places, fitted by their
+situation, near great roads and navigable rivers, lakes, or canals,
+for the ready reception and distribution of all sorts of commodities
+from and to the several parts of the kingdom; and whether the town
+of Athlone, for instance, may not be fitly situated for such a
+magazine, or centre of domestic commerce?
+
+265. Qu. Whether an inward trade would not cause industry to
+flourish, and multiply the circulation of our coin, and whether this
+may not do as well as multiplying the coin itself?
+
+266. Qu. Whether the benefits of a domestic commerce are
+sufficiently understood and attended to; and whether the cause
+thereof be not the prejudiced and narrow way of thinking about gold
+and silver?
+
+267. Qu. Whether there be any other more easy and unenvied method of
+increasing the wealth of a people?
+
+268. Qu. Whether we of this island are not from our peculiar
+circumstances determined to this very commerce above any other, from
+the number of necessaries and good things that we possess within
+ourselves, from the extent and variety of our soil, from the
+navigable rivers and good roads which we have or may have, at a less
+expense than any people in Europe, from our great plenty of
+materials for manufactures, and particularly from the restraints we
+lie under with regard to our foreign trade?
+
+269. Qu. Whether commissioners of trade or other proper persons
+should not be appointed to draw up plans of our commerce both
+foreign and domestic, and lay them at the beginning of every session
+before the Parliament?
+
+270. Qu. Whether registers of industry should not be kept, and the
+pubic from time to time acquainted what new manufactures are
+introduced, what increase or decrease of old ones?
+
+271. Qu. Whether annual inventories should not be published of the
+fairs throughout the kingdom, in order to judge of the growth of its
+commerce?
+
+272. Qu. Whether there be not every year more cash circulated at the
+card tables of Dublin than at all the fairs of Ireland?
+
+273. Qu. Whether the wealth of a country will not bear proportion to
+the skill and industry of its inhabitants?
+
+274. Qu. Whether foreign imports that tend to promote industry
+should not be encouraged, and such as have a tendency to promote
+luxury should not be discouraged?
+
+275. Qu. Whether the annual balance of trade between Italy and Lyons
+be not about four millions in favour of the former, and yet, whether
+Lyons be not a gainer by this trade?
+
+276. Qu. Whether the general rule, of determining the profit of a
+commerce by its balance, doth not, like other general rules, admit
+of exceptions?
+
+277. Qu. Whether it would not be a monstrous folly to import nothing
+but gold and silver, supposing we might do it, from every foreign
+part to which we trade? And yet, whether some men may not think this
+foolish circumstance a very happy one?
+
+278. Qu. But whether we do not all see the ridicule of the Mogul's
+subjects, who take from us nothing but our silver, and bury it under
+ground, in order to make sure thereof against the resurrection?
+
+279. Qu. Whether he must not be a wrongheaded patriot or politician,
+whose ultimate view was drawing money into a country, and keeping it
+there?
+
+280. Qu. Whether it be not evident that not gold but industry
+causeth a country to flourish?
+
+281. Qu. Whether it would not be a silly project in any nation to
+hope to grow rich by prohibiting the exportation of gold and silver?
+
+282. Qu. Whether there can be a greater mistake in politics than to
+measure the wealth of the nation by its gold and silver?
+
+283. Qu. Whether gold and silver be not a drug, where they do not
+promote industry? Whether they be not even the bane and undoing of
+an idle people?
+
+284. Qu. Whether gold will not cause either industry or vice to
+flourish? And whether a country, where it flowed in without labour,
+must not be wretched and dissolute like an island inhabited by
+buccaneers?
+
+285. Qu. Whether arts and vertue are not likely to thrive, where
+money is made a means to industry? But whether money without this
+would be a blessing to any people?
+
+286. Qu. Whether therefore Mississippi, South Sea, and such like
+schemes were not calculated for pubic ruin?
+
+287. Qu. Whether keeping cash at home, or sending it abroad, just as
+it most serves to promote industry, be not the real interest of
+every nation?
+
+288. Qu. Whether commodities of all kinds do not naturally flow
+where there is the greatest demand? Whether the greatest demand for
+a thing be not where it is of most use? Whether money, like other
+things, hath not its proper use? Whether this use be not to
+circulate? Whether therefore there must not of course be money where
+there is a circulation of industry?
+
+289. Qu. Whether all such princes and statesmen are not greatly
+deceived who imagine that gold and silver, any way got, will enrich
+a country?
+
+290. Qu. Whether it is not a great point to know what we would be
+at? And whether whole States, as well as private persons, do not
+often fluctuate for want of this knowledge?
+
+291. Qu. Whether gold may not be compared to Sejanus's horse, if we
+consider its passage through the world, and the fate of those
+nations which have been successively possess'd thereof?
+
+292. Qu. Whether the effect is not to be considered more than the
+kind or quantity of money?
+
+293. Qu. Whether means are not so far useful as they answer the end?
+And whether, in different circumstances, the same ends are not
+obtained by different means?
+
+294. Qu. If we are a poor nation, abounding with very poor people,
+will it not follow that a far greater proportion of our stock should
+be in the smallest and lowest species than would suit with England?
+
+295. Qu. Whether, therefore, it would not be highly expedient if our
+money were coined of peculiar values, best fitted to the
+circumstances and uses of our own country; and whether any other
+people could take umbrage at our consulting our own convenience, in
+an affair entirely domestic, and that lies within ourselves?
+
+296. Qu. Whether every man doth not know, and hath not long known,
+that the want of a mint causeth many other wants in this kingdom?
+
+297. Qu. What harm did England sustain about three centuries ago,
+when silver was coined in this kingdom?
+
+298. Qu. What harm was it to Spain that her provinces of Naples and
+Sicily had all along mints of their own?
+
+299. Qu. Whether those who have the interests of this kingdom at
+heart, and are concerned in the councils thereof, ought not to make
+the most humble and earnest representations to his Majesty, that he
+may vouchsafe to grant us that favour, the want of which is ruinous
+to our domestic industry, and the having of which would interfere
+with no interest of our fellow-subjects?
+
+300. Qu. Whether it may not be presumed that our not having a
+privilege which every other kingdom in the world enjoys, be not
+owing to our want of diligence and unanimity in soliciting for it?
+
+301. Qu. Whether his most gracious Majesty hath ever been addressed
+on this head in a proper manner, and had the case fairly stated for
+his royal consideration, and if not, whether we may not blame
+ourselves?
+
+302. Qu. If his Majesty would be pleased to grant us a mint, whether
+the consequences thereof may not prove a valuable consideration to
+the crown?
+
+303. Qu. Whether it be not the interest of England that we should
+cultivate a domestic commerce among ourselves? And whether it could
+give them any possible jealousy, if our small sum of cash was
+contrived to go a little further, if there was a little more life in
+our markets, a little more buying and selling in our shops, a little
+better provision for the backs and bellies of so many forlorn
+wretches throughout the towns and villages of this island?
+
+304. Qu. Whether Great Britain ought not to promote the prosperity
+of her Colonies, by all methods consistent with her own? And whether
+the Colonies themselves ought to wish or aim at it by others?
+
+305. Qu. Whether the remotest parts from the metropolis, and the
+lowest of the people, are not to be regarded as the extremities and
+capillaries of the political body?
+
+306. Qu. Whether, although the capillary vessels are small, yet
+obstructions in them do not produce great chronical diseases?
+
+307. Qu. Whether faculties are not enlarged and improved by
+exercise?
+
+308. Qu. Whether the sum of the faculties put into act, or, in other
+words, the united action of a whole people, doth not constitute the
+momentum of a State?
+
+309. Qu. Whether such momentum be not the real stock or wealth of a
+State; and whether its credit be not proportional thereunto?
+
+310. Qu. Whether in every wise State the faculties of the mind are
+not most considered?
+
+311. Qu. Whether every kind of employment or business, as it implies
+more skill and exercise of the higher powers, be not more valued?
+
+312. Qu. Whether the momentum of a State doth not imply the whole
+exertion of its faculties, intellectual and corporeal; and whether
+the latter without the former could act in concert?
+
+313. Qu. Whether the divided force of men, acting singly, would not
+be a rope of sand?
+
+314. Qu. Whether the particular motions of the members of a State,
+in opposite directions, will not destroy each other, and lessen the
+momentum of the whole; but whether they must not conspire to produce
+a great effect?
+
+315. Qu. Whether the ready means to put spirit into this State, to
+fortify and increase its momentum, would not be a national bank, and
+plenty of small cash?
+
+316. Qu. Whether private endeavours without assistance from the
+public are likely to advance our manufactures and commerce to any
+great degree? But whether, as bills uttered from a national bank
+upon private mortgages would facilitate the purchases and projects
+of private men, even so the same bills uttered on the public
+security alone may not answer pubic ends in promoting new works and
+manufactures throughout the kingdom?
+
+317. Qu. Whether that which employs and exerts the force of a
+community deserves not to be well considered and well understood?
+
+318. Qu. Whether the immediate mover, the blood and spirits, be not
+money, paper, or metal; and whether the soul or will of the
+community, which is the prime mover that governs and directs the
+whole, be not the legislature?
+
+319. Qu. Supposing the inhabitants of a country quite sunk in sloth,
+or even fast asleep, whether, upon the gradual awakening and
+exertion, first of the sensitive and locomotive faculties, next of
+reason and reflexion, then of justice and piety, the momentum of
+such country or State would not, in proportion thereunto, become
+still more and more considerable?
+
+320. Qu. Whether that which in the growth is last attained, and is
+the finishing perfection of a people, be not the first thing lost in
+their declension?
+
+321. Qu. Whether force be not of consequence, as it is exerted; and
+whether great force without great wisdom may not be a nuisance?
+
+322. Qu. Whether the force of a child, applied with art, may not
+produce greater effects than that of a giant? And whether a small
+stock in the hands of a wise State may not go further, and produce
+more considerable effects, than immense sums in the hands of a
+foolish one?
+
+323. Qu. Whether as many as wish well to their country ought not to
+aim at increasing its momentum?
+
+324. Qu. Whose fault is it if poor Ireland still continues poor?
+
+
+FINIS
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+Page 4. Line 13 for Silklace, read Silk, Lace, p. 30 l. 7 r. 61
+Prices. p. 32 l. 21 r. to be. p. 39, l. 8 r. as Mills.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Querist, by George Berkley
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