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diff --git a/45309-h/45309-h.htm b/45309-h/45309-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a25c972 --- /dev/null +++ b/45309-h/45309-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2426 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava, by Thomas Morley</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava, by +Thomas Morley + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava + + +Author: Thomas Morley + + + +Release Date: April 2, 2014 [eBook #45309] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF +BALACLAVA*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org Many +thanks to Trish Gurney for lending her copy of original so that +this transcription could be made. </p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/coverb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"The graphical cover of the booklet" +title= +"The graphical cover of the booklet" +src="images/covers.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h1><span class="smcap">The Cause of the Charge of +Balaclava</span></h1> +<p style="text-align: right"> +<a href="images/p0b.jpg"> +<img class='floatleft' alt= +"Graphic of man on horse, shield with skull and crossbones etc." +title= +"Graphic of man on horse, shield with skull and crossbones etc." +src="images/p0s.jpg" /> +</a><span class="smcap">Oct</span> 25<sup>th</sup><br /> +1854</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>by</i></p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Thomas Morley</i></p> +<p style="text-align: right">17<span +class="GutSmall"><sup>TH</sup></span> <span +class="smcap">Lancers</span><br /> +The Man of the Hour</p> +<p>Entered at Stationers Hall. All Rights Reserved.</p> +<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>The Man +of the Hour!</h2> +<p style="text-align: center">(<i>SEE 19th CENTURY</i>, +<i>MAY</i>, <i>1892</i>.)</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/morleyb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Drawing of Thomas Morley" +title= +"Drawing of Thomas Morley" +src="images/morleys.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: right"><b>THOMAS MORLEY,</b></p> +<p style="text-align: right"><b>Late Sergeant of 17th +Lancers,</b><br /> +<b>Captain of Cavalry through American Civil War.</b></p> +<h2><a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +2</span>INTRODUCTION.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> charge of the Light Brigade, +one of the most magnificent assaults known in Military annals, +and one of the greatest blunders known to military tactics, has +never yet been properly described. This may be accounted +for by the party bias which has colored all accounts of the +battle according to the views entertained by the various +writers. Having seen so many of these accounts for the last +forty four years in various newspapers and Magazines, and having +been interviewed myself many times I have felt impelled to write +what I know about the action, and to give a plain unvarnished +account of the same without indulging in any fine language or in +technicalities, but using only soldiers’ phrases and giving +the details “with malice toward none” and the truth +about all.</p> +<p>The British Cavalry in the Crimea consisted of five heavy +regiments, called the Heavy Brigade, commanded by General +Scarlett, and five light regiments called the Light Brigade, +commanded by Lord Cardigan. Attached to the cavalry was one +troop of the Royal Horse Artillery comprising six guns, commanded +by Captain Maude. This Cavalry Division was commanded by +the Earl of Lucan who had his headquarters at Balaclava Harbour, +his command being in camp about two miles nearer to +Sebastopol. Their duty was to defend Balaclava, which was +the depot of supplies for the British Army engaged in the siege +of Sebastopol.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p>In addition to the Cavalry Division Sir Colin Campbell +commanded about eight hundred Highlanders (Scotch Infantry), and +in camp near Balaclava we had also some sailors and marines +stationed on the heights near the harbour and a British frigate +was moored so that her broadside could protect it. There +were in addition about twelve hundred irregular Turkish Infantry +commanded by Rustem Pasha, stationed in three redoubts, armed +with seven old British ship guns, a little more than a mile from +the supplies. There were also three other redoubts thrown +up to form a chain on the ridge of the Causeway Heights leading +to Sebastopol. The last three were not mounted with +guns. All these precautions were taken by Lord Raglan in +case the Russians should make a descent on Balaclava in force, +which they did before daybreak on the 25th of October, 1854.</p> +<h2><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>THE +ATTACK.</h2> +<p>Lord Lucan knew that the Russians were in strong force near +his pickets, and yet he did not strengthen them or patrol the +small front he had to protect, while his cavalry pickets knew +nothing of the Russian advance until the Turks opened fire, they +just saved themselves from capture or annihilation by being +better mounted than the enemy.</p> +<p>The Turkish General seemed to have understood his duty better +than either Lord Lucan or Sir Colin Campbell, for he advanced his +pickets, sent out patrols, and hoisted ensigns in his three +redoubts to signal to the British that the Russians were +advancing. Lord Lucan and Sir Colin Campbell and staffs and +others riding near the Turkish redoubts before daybreak observed +ensigns flying on their parapets and asked one another what it +meant, thus exposing their ignorance, but they did not take the +trouble to find out the meaning of it, and no one can learn from +any history thus far published how long these ensigns had been +flying. They had very likely been flying all night. +Had Sir Colin Campbell but thrown out a Corporal’s guard to +watch the redoubts it might have been the means of getting +re-enforcements down from Sebastopol before daylight and +preventing us from losing the guns and redoubts and the +annihilation of the Light Brigade, and the loss of the only road +for supplies. Lord Lucan with his attendant staff went +riding round till break of day, when the Turks opened fire, being +the first to find the Russians and the first to attack +them. Lord Paget was with Lord Lucan’s staff and when +the Turks opened fire he galloped to the Light Brigade and took +command in the absence of Lord Cardigan, who was on board his +private yacht then lying in Balaclava Harbour.</p> +<p>The British forces, as was the custom, turned out every +morning about two hours before daylight, and on this eventful +morning the men of the Cavalry Division were standing to their +horses for nearly two hours, shivering in the cold fog.</p> +<p>But at the first or second shot fired they mounted, and the +heavy Brigade advanced at a trot followed by the Light Brigade +and Horse Artillery. The Light Brigade halted near number 3 +redoubt and the heavy Brigade halted two hundred yards in advance +of it.</p> +<p>The Horse Artillery took up position just before it came to +number 3 redoubt and opened fire on the Russian Artillery, +nothing but smoke from their guns being perceived. The +heavy Brigade moved first to its left, then back again to its +right, several times. Lord Lucan calls that a +demonstration. They could not see the Russians, and the +Russians could neither see nor hear the heavy Brigade. If +they had, they would not have been firing at the white smoke +above the black fog of the Turkish redoubts and our Horse +Artillery, but would have sent a volley into the heavy +Brigade. Our Artillery was only wasting the ammunition, and +when they finally saw the Russians they had no ammunition, and +had made no provision to get any. Daylight was now +approaching and Lord Cardigan arrived fresh from off his +yacht. To think of a General with an important command +during an active campaign sleeping on his yacht while his command +was about to fight the enemy!</p> +<p>Think of his vessel taking up such valuable space in the +harbour, while we could not get ammunition landed nor even +medicine! He no sooner arrived at his Brigade than he +ordered it to retire by alternate Regiments, leaving Lucan and +his “demonstration” to their fate. This was +done without orders. We were then supporting the heavy +Brigade. The Light Brigade retired past the Horse Artillery +position just as Captain Maude was being carried off on a +stretcher severely wounded. We retired about one hundred +yards past his command and remained in that position watching the +Artillery fire all its ammunition away. When it did finally +retire, the heavy Brigade also retired. Lord Lucan had now +found out that an army of Russians had manoeuvred <a +name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>around his +cavalry pickets, and that thirty guns and ten thousand Infantry +had taken up position within one and half mile of Balaclava and +supplies, and opened fire on the three Turkish redoubts before +his cavalry pickets were aware of it.</p> +<p>The Russian General could not see any troops near the three +redoubts, as Lord Lucan had retired with his fifteen hundred +cavalry and troop of Horse Artillery and left the poor badly +armed Turks to themselves. No one had sense enough to order +the Turks to fall back to the three redoubts which had not yet +been armed. We had plenty of Artillery Horses (without +ammunition for their guns) which could have removed the seven +guns and the ammunition out of the first three redoubts into the +three redoubts without guns. Had this been done we should +not have lost any guns, but our victory would have been complete +and the Light Brigade would not have been destroyed. The +Russians had thirty guns and eight pieces of heavy calibre firing +at number 1 redoubt with three guns, yet the Turks held on until +the Russians stormed it with some thousands of Infantry. +Kinglake says thirty guns opened upon numbers 2 and 3 redoubts +and eleven battallions of Infantry stormed them; the same guns +opened fire on 2 and 3 redoubts. If five hundred Turks were +defending number 1 redoubt only seven hundred Turks would be in +numbers 2 and 3 redoubts of two guns each. These ran away +before the Russians got near them and also left their guns +unspiked.</p> +<h2>CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE.</h2> +<p>The British Army and the Turkish Infantry were in the south +valley. The Russian General, not seeing the enemy in his +front, thought he had a clear road to Balaclava Harbour. He +began to advance his army toward it. He sent four strong +squadrons of cavalry from near number 1 redoubt which he had just +captured to reconnoitre, and they advanced toward Balaclava +Harbour. Sir Colin Campbell commanding the Infantry, had +taken up his position on a knoll and ordered his command to lie +down, the commanding officer of the four squadrons of Russian +Cavalry could not see them because of the long grass and +brush. Sir Colin Campbell was between Balaclava Harbour and +the Russian Cavalry. When they arrived within firing +distance Sir Colin ordered his command to form a single line two +deep and from that position they fired a volley into the four +squadrons of Russian Cavalry advancing. It took them by +such surprise that it seemed to paralyse them by the sudden +shock. They all wheeled about and retired in a kind of +circle back to the point from which they advanced. Their +loss, however, was but slight. The British Cavalry was on +the slopes of the Causeway heights in the south valley, looking +on at Sir Colin Campbell, and his few Highlanders instead of +assisting him with our Horse Artillery. We had a +sailor’s battery near the Harbour on the hills. They +fired at the Russians, but I could not see at whom. The +British Frigate lying across the harbour of Balaclava also opened +fire on the Russians. After this for some time everything +seemed to be quiet.</p> +<p>Sir Colin Campbell’s command and the Turkish Infantry +were ordered to take position at Kadikoe, to defend the approach +to Balaclava Harbour.</p> +<p>The Heavy Brigade’s camp was situated between the 5th +redoubt and the Vineyard on the slope of the Causeway heights in +the south valley.</p> +<p>The camp lying in a very exposed position, Lord Lucan ordered +it to be removed in great haste to the south side of the vineyard +for safety.</p> +<p>At the same time the Light Brigade took up position at the top +end of the South Valley about five hundred yards from the +vineyard.</p> +<p>The first line consisted of the 17th Lancers on the right, the +13th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed it, and +remained mounted commanded by Lord Cardigan.</p> +<p><a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span>The +second line were the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars +commanded by Lord Paget—they were dismounted. Lord +Cardigan was ordered to watch the enemy and attack anything but +columns of Infantry. No one could see the enemy and the +enemy could not see the Cavalry Division, and not a single picket +or sentry was posted to give warning. The Heavy Brigade was +allowed to go to the back of the Vineyard to hunt up their camp +equipments, while parts of regiments began to water their +horses. The Horse Artillery being in some hidden place I +never saw them again after clear daylight. Lord Lucan being +absent from his command made things worse at this critical +time. Lord Raglan and staff, and a French General and staff +assembled on the height at the top end of the two valleys which +had to be ascended to get to Sebastopol.</p> +<p>Both commanders-in-chief could observe all the movements of +the Russian Army, their Infantry massing and a large column of +cavalry marching up the valley of death. Lord Raglan could +see the Light Brigade part dismounted, yet he could not see the +Heavy Brigade, most of them being back of the Vineyard. He +sent one of his staff officers to inform Lord Lucan that a large +force of Russian Cavalry was advancing up the North Valley, but +he could not be found with his Division. General Scarlett +assumed command in Lucan’s absence, and sent staff officers +to hunt up the Regiments. General Scarlett tried to +assemble his Brigade at the east end of the vineyard, the Light +Brigade camp standing in front of those he assembled. The +Russian General had military sense enough to advance a line of +mounted skirmishers half a mile in advance of his main body up +the North Valley. Neither Lucan, Cardigan, nor Scarlett +knew anything of this force marching up the North Valley till +informed by the commander-in-chief’s aide-de-camp. +When the Russian skirmishers arrived near the top of the North +Valley, about 30 rode over the Causeway height and came within +thirty yards of the Light Brigade position. A Russian +officer who was directing that part of the line of Russian +skirmishers was killed, sword in hand, in front of the 13th Light +Dragoons by one of their officers. Lord Cardigan did not +trouble himself to go or send one of his staff officers 30 +yards—had he done so he would have seen the Russian column +marching up the valley. The Russian General found out from +the commander of the skirmishers where the British Cavalry was in +position. He immediately marched his column to the top of +the Causeway heights, advancing toward the Light Brigade. +The Russian General saw the Heavy Brigade assembling at the end +of the Vineyard, which was nearer to his command. He made +an oblique movement at a trot toward General Scarlett, advancing +down the Causeway heights through the camp ground of the Heavy +Brigade that had only just been removed out of danger. I +believe Lord Cardigan never saw the Russian skirmishers or the +Russian columns crown the heights. But Captain Morris +commanding 17th Lancers did, and like a flash he ordered the 17th +forward. As we were advancing toward the Russian column, +Lord Cardigan saw the 17th Lancers moving, halted us, and ordered +us back, wishing to know where we were going, and who ordered us +to move. The consequence was, we never did attack the +Russians. When the Russian column arrived within 50 yards +of the vineyard, the Russian General saw he had to cross a large +ditch, extending on the side of the vineyard, and that he had +also to advance through the Light Brigade camp, with picket ropes +standing with sick and lame horses tied to the ropes before he +could attack the heavy Brigade. The Russian General thought +he was being led into a trap. He then halted his column +with his right flank exposed toward the Light Brigade. Then +Lord Cardigan had the opportunity to attack and cover himself +with glory. No General had or ever will have a better or +more favourable opportunity. He had the ground in his +favor, and not 500 yards to advance to the Russian Cavalry +column, and part of the Heavy Brigade mounted only 50 yards from +the Russian column to assist. But no, he would not attack, +and how he could sit on his horse, and see the Heavy Brigade +fight such great odds, and never attempt to give them a helping +hand, passes understanding. The Russian column, and not +more than 50 yards away General Scarlett’s few hundred in +line of battle, stood looking at each other. Kinglake says, +Lord Lucan told Scarlett to take the four squadrons to attack the +Russian column (it was only <a name="page6"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 6</span>three squadrons however.) +General Scarlett ordered all he had assembled under such trying +circumstances to advance to the attack. In passing through +the Light Brigade camp, standing together with sick and lame +horses still tied to the picket ropes, two officers’ horses +fell over the ropes and camp utensils, one being seriously hurt, +to say nothing of a trooper falling in clearing the camp. +The command had to jump a wide ditch at the end of the vineyard +which so scattered them that they were nearly in single line, and +not more than 30 or 40 yards from the Russian column. In +five seconds officers and men were in their places. General +Scarlett then ordered his trumpeter to sound the charge. It +was repeated by the other trumpeters. They had to advance +up the slope of the Causeway heights. The consequence was +they never arrived at a charging speed. The command began +to cheer and could be heard all over the South Valley, the Light +Brigade helping them to cheer with faces pale with rage at having +to sit on their horses and not be allowed to give their brave +comrades a helping hand. General Scarlett led his command +about the centre of the Russian column, going straight through +it, and re-found what was left of his command the other side of +the column. Just as General Scarlett was entering the +column, Colonel Hodge advanced around the east end of the +vineyard with the 4th Dragoon Guards in column of troop at a +brisk trot. On they advanced, clearing the Russians column +right flank 40 yards. Colonel Hodge then gave the word of +command “right wheel into line” and ordered the +charge to be sounded. Already at a trot, they got into +charging speed at once, going through the Russian column, +scattering them in all directions, the Light Brigade cheering +with them till the 4th Dragoon Guards came out of the Russians +left flank. General Scarlett’s command had rallied +and charged back through the Russian scattered column. +After receiving these three charges in rapid succession the +Russian column was so disorganised that we could see them +wheeling about, and almost before General Scarlett’s +command had got through the Russian column a second time it began +to retire at a trot back over the Causeway heights leaving their +killed and wounded. Kinglake says, 78 of the Heavy Brigade +were killed and wounded all by the sword. I consider +Colonel Hodge proved himself the best cavalry officer in the +division. Had Lord Cardigan assisted with the Light +Brigade, the balance of the Heavy Brigade not engaged would have +given a helping hand. It would have been one of the most +crowning victories in the annals of Cavalry History.</p> +<p>When the Russian column had retreated over the Causeway height +and down the North Valley, Lord Cardigan mounted Lord +Paget’s command, advanced the Light Brigade in column of +troops from the right at a trot, making a circle of a mile in the +South Valley below the battle ground, arriving back at the Light +Brigade camp. We were then dismounted.</p> +<p>Lord Raglan saw the Russians trying to remove the guns out of +the redoubts they had captured from the Turks, and also making a +different disposition of their army. Raglan also saw the +inaction of his cavalry, the Light Brigade being +dismounted. He sent some of his staff officers down to it, +and we were ordered in great haste to mount. The first +regiment mounted was the 11th Hussars, and was led by a staff +officer of Lord Raglan’s to the North Valley. The +next regiment was the 17th Lancers, and we were formed in line on +the 11th Hussars. The next regiment was the 13th Light +Dragoons. This completed the first line of the Light +Brigade in the new formation. The second line consisted of +the 4th Light Dragoons and 8th Hussars, commanded by Lord +Paget. Lord Cardigan never knew that the formation of his +brigade was altered. He did not know that Lord Raglan +ordered the Light Brigade to the North Valley till informed, and +this is the only time Lord Raglan ever interfered with the +Cavalry—then he could not find any leaders. Our +formation before this was the 17th Lancers on the right of the +first line, the 13th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed +it, commanded by Cardigan. The second line was the 4th +Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars, commanded by Lord Paget.</p> +<p>In his book Lord Paget states that he could never understand +how the 8th Hussars got into his command in place of the 11th +Hussars. The reason was, that he and Cardigan were with the +Heavy Brigade taking some refreshments and congratulating <a +name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>the leading +officers. When Lord Cardigan joined his Brigade in the +North Valley, he wanted to know by whose authority they were +placed there. He was informed by order of Lord Raglan.</p> +<p>The Russian General seeing the allied infantry marching down +from Sebastopol knew then he could not take Balaclava, so he +began to remove the guns he had captured from the Turks, out of +the redoubts. Lord Raglan and the French Commander-in-chief +came to the conclusion to bring on a general engagement, and try +to take back the guns that the Turks had lost, and also regain +the redoubts and key to Balaclava Harbour—our good military +road we had lost which was the cause of the suffering of the +British Army in the winter of 1854. Lord Raglan ordered the +cavalry division to attack the Russians to prevent them from +carrying off the guns. Lord Lucan did not understand the +movements of armies or orders. Order after order was sent +to him, and, during the delay the Russians were making additional +alterations in their Army. The third order was for +“the cavalry to advance and take advantage of any +opportunity to recover the Heights, and they would be supported +by infantry which had been ordered to advance on two +fronts.” Lord Raglan ordered the Duke of Cambridge to +advance his division of Infantry and Artillery down the South +Valley, which he did some distance in line of battle. Sir +George Cathcart was ordered to advance his division of Infantry +and Artillery down the North Valley. Every soldier in the +Cavalry Division knew what heights we had lost. The whole +Cavalry Division saw the Russians take the heights, and redoubts, +with guns in them.</p> +<p>After Lucan received the third order, he must have read it +backward, for he thought he was to support the Infantry, and +prepared the cavalry for it without seeing the Infantry or +knowing where they were, which he states, and never made any +attempt to advance.</p> +<p>Lord Raglan then selected Captain Nolan to take the fourth and +last order, but during all this delay of 40 minutes, the +Russians, seeing the allied Infantry taking possession of both +valleys, concentrated their Army and removed the captured guns +which Lord Raglan wanted to prevent them from doing. Not +one of the four orders suggested that the cavalry should +charge. Lord Raglan knew it would be annihilation for them +to do so with the Russian Army in such a strong and commanding +position. At the end of the North Valley the Russians put +in position their best Artillery, supported by five or six +thousand Cavalry, their Infantry also being in position on all +the commanding hills. The three redoubts they captured were +full of Infantry and Artillery, with riflemen on the commanding +positions near the redoubts on our right. On our left they +had six guns placed in position supported by Infantry and +riflemen armed with needle guns.</p> +<h2>CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE.</h2> +<p>Captain Nolan after receiving the last order galloped down the +steep heights from the position of Lord Raglan and staff, finding +Lord Lucan the Cavalry Commander with the Heavy Brigade in the +South Valley near the scene of their engagement of two hours +before. The Causeway Heights were between the two Brigades +so that they were out of sight of each other though only five +hundred yards apart. The Light Brigade were in position at +the head of the North Valley, with the Chasseurs d’Afrique +stationed about 250 yards at the left.</p> +<p>Lord Lucan describes the arrival of the order +thus:—“The Cavalry was formed to support an intended +movement of the Infantry when Captain Nolan came up at speed and +placed in my hands this written information—‘Lord +Raglan wishes the Cavalry to advance rapidly to the front and try +to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns. Troop of Horse +Artillery may accompany. French Cavalry on your +left.’” He said to Captain Nolan after reading +the order “Attack sir, attack what, what guns +sir?” Captain Nolan pointed with his <a +name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>sword, +“There, my Lord, is your enemy, there are your +guns.” This conversation must have occurred in the +South Valley where the Heavy Cavalry were formed to support the +Infantry and where neither guns nor enemy were in sight. +Captain Nolan probably pointed with his sword to the Causeway +Heights, where the nearest guns of the enemy lay, and which was +the point of attack intended by Lord Raglan. Had they been +on top of these heights the redoubts would have been in sight, +had the speakers been in the North Valley the words would have +been an absurdity, for the direction of the Russian Army did not +require to be pointed out with a sword. Several batteries +were plainly in sight across the valley and at each side, with +thousands and thousands of troops. It is recorded that Lord +Lucan made some insulting remarks to Nolan, telling him to quiet +himself. Both of them moved over to the Light Brigade, and +Lord Lucan informed Lord Cardigan that it was Lord Raglan’s +order for the Light Brigade to charge the Russians in the +Valley. There is probably no doubt that Cardigan called +Lucan’s attention to the fact that there were batteries in +front and on each flank, and that the ground was covered with +riflemen. This of course I did not hear. I first saw +Lord Lucan riding about the attacking line and was aware that we +were about to charge. I also noticed the Chasseurs over at +our left preparing to move at the same time. I saw very +distinctly what does not appear in any history, Lord Cardigan +gallop on perhaps three hundred yards in front and to the right +to a piece of slightly rising ground, evidently to reconnoitre +the position of the Russian Army and the best way-ground for his +brigade. We were now in line thus:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">*<br /> +Lord Cardigan.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>11th Hussars.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>17th Lancers.</p> +</td> +<td><p>13th Light Dragoons</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">*<br /> +Lord George Paget.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">4th Light +Dragoons.</p> +</td> +<td><p>8th Hussars.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Almost at the moment that Lord Cardigan had left us Colonel +Douglas, commanding the 11th Hussars was ordered by Lord Lucan to +fall back to support the 17th which they did, altering the +attacking line so that we went on in this formation.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>17th Lancers.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>13th Light Dragoons.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>11th Hussars.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="4"><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>4th Light Dragoons.</p> +</td> +<td colspan="2"><p>8th Hussars.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>This movement was executed simply by the 11th Hussars waiting +for us to advance until they were at proper supporting distance +when they began to move, for we were getting under way at the +time. I never heard the word of command to go forward from +any officer. If given at all it must have been by Lord +Lucan, for Cardigan was, as I said, in advance of us planning the +line of movement and evidently did not see what went on in his +attacking line at the moment of advance. The whole movement +was executed in the greatest haste and we were quickly off at a +trot.</p> +<p>Then in the very beginning of the Charge, when the direction +we were taking just became evident, occurred Captain +Nolan’s movement that has been the cause of so much +controversy. I was only about seventy yards from Captain +Nolan and distinctly saw every movement. Captain Nolan was +in front of the 13th Light Dragoons, who took their dressing and +interval and speed by the 17th Lancers, the regiment of +direction. As soon as the brigade was fairly in motion, so +that its direction down the valley was evident, Nolan rode away +from the 13th at speed to the front of the 17th Lancers, reached +a position in front of the centre of the 17th, gave his order +“three’s right” with his horse’s head +facing the regiment, at the same time waving his sword to the +right, which signified “take ground to the right,” +then turned his horse and galloped towards the Causeway Heights, +still pointing with his sword in that direction. At that +moment a <a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +9</span>shell exploded and a piece of it struck him in the left +breast near the heart. Probably the unearthly scream which +rang in our ears above the roar of the opening cannonade was a +dying effort to make us follow his direction.</p> +<p>He remained in the saddle until the horse had cleared the +right flank of the first squadron of the 17th, in column of +threes, when the horse, finding the rider had no control over it, +turned sharp to the right—the way home—throwing the +lifeless body head-first to the ground.</p> +<p>The 17th had instantly followed his direction and gone +“three’s right.” The 13th had gone +straight on instead of checking, as they should have done to +respond to our movements. They were perhaps 25 or 30 yards +in front of us when Nolan fell. At that juncture I heard +Sergeant-Major J. Nunnerley, of the 1st Squadron—now living +at Ormskirk, Lancashire—shout in a loud voice, “17th +Lancers, (Three’s Left) or Front forward!” (I +belonged to the second Squadron). We went three’s +left, the right flank of the second squadron lapping the left +flank of the first one-fourth its front or more, so that the two +flanks became merged together. At that instant, the Russian +Artillery in position across the valley, fired a volley into the +17th, which seemed to paralyse it, killing and wounding a number +of officers and men. It seemed to me a troop of horses +fell, myself and horse being knocked down with them. I +remounted and followed the shattered line. All this time I +never saw Lord Cardigan at all. Kinglake’s account of +him as such a conspicuous figure on his white-legged horse, +riding in front of his command and constantly checking the speed +by orders to “keep steady,” does not agree with my +observation, although he is said to have been just in front of +our regiment.</p> +<p>From the time I saw him ride ahead and to one side of his +command to reconnoitre, I never saw him again till we had passed +the Russian guns. He probably joined some portion of the +13th Dragoons as they came up with him, but that regiment +scattered completely, going down into skirmish line, having lost +their base, the 17th Lancers.</p> +<p>No squad of it held together to pass the guns or to +return. In the tremendous uproar and confusion of such +cannonading it was impossible to have any very distinct +impression. I observed everything clearly up to the moment +the volley burst in our ranks and knocked me down. After +that I simply scrambled on my horse and rode on pell-mell, and I +believe Lord Cardigan did the same. The smoke prevented +anyone from seeing any distance and the noise from hearing, so I +never heard an officer’s voice from the time Nolan +fell. It was the order of the brave Nunnerley that brought +us to front forward as stated, and I heard no further orders +after that.</p> +<p>The Russian gunners were well drilled. There was none of +that crackling sound I have often heard in the American War and +other places, where one gun goes a little ahead and the others +follow, having the effect of a bunch of fire-crackers popping in +quick succession.</p> +<p>In such case the smoke of the first gun obscures the aim of +the rest. The Russian Artillery at Balaclava went off at +the word of command, all together. One tremendous volley +was heard with flashes of flame through the rolling smoke. +While they reloaded the smoke lifted so that they could see to +take aim again. There were probably twenty cannon at our +right firing at us, and two batteries—twelve guns—in +front. The batteries at the left on the Fedioukine Heights +were in action, but their fire probably did not affect the first +lines. Their fire was directed on the Chasseurs +d’Afrique, who moved toward them simultaneously with our +move forward. The direction was such, however, that the +shells would fall among the supports, Colonel Douglas’ and +Lord Paget’s lines. If we had been moving over uneven +ground we should have had some slight protection in the necessary +uncertainty of aim of the guns, but moving as we did in compact +bodies on smooth ground directly in range, the gunners had an +admirable target and every volley came with terrible effect.</p> +<p>There is a natural instinct to dodge cannon balls. In +such fire as we were under it changed to an impulse to +hurry. There was no time to look right or left, and the <a +name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>guns in front +were what I looked out for. They were visible as streaks of +fire about two feet long, and a foot thick in the centre of a +gush of thick white smoke, marking about every three hundred +yards of the way, as they would reload in 30 or 40 seconds. +The last volley went off when we were close on them. The +flame, the smoke, the roar were in our faces. It is not an +exaggeration to compare the sensation to that of riding into the +mouth of a volcano, but those who did not fall were through the +guns in an instant and full of fight. The action of the +scattered troops behind the battery and on the way back was +sufficient proof that they were not frightened or demoralized, +even by the proceeding—unheard of for Cavalry—of +attacking batteries in front.</p> +<p>Before we reached the guns every officer of my squadron, the +second, was either killed or wounded, leaving no one to command +us.</p> +<p>Thirty of the men followed Troop Sergeant Major O’Hara, +and fifteen followed Colonel Mayow, chief of Cardigan’s +Staff. As I said before the 13th Light Dragoons were so +scattered, that a group did not enter the enemy’s lines +together. The 11th Hussars was ordered to support us, the +17th Lancers, and we never saw them in the fight. Colonel +Douglas, 11th Hussars, Lord George Paget, 4th Light Dragoons, +Colonel Shewell, 8th Hussars, all managed to keep groups of their +commands together, to enter the line of guns. Lord Paget +commanded the 4th Light Dragoons and 8th Hussars, yet he lost the +8th and found the 11th Hussars (our supports). The ride +down the valley could not have occupied five minutes. I +could have run it on foot in seven minutes, as I was champion +runner in those days, but the formation of the brigade with which +we started had been destroyed, probably within three minutes.</p> +<p>Our arrival at the battery silenced it instantly, and the +gunners began to try to move the cannon away. The gospel of +Russian fighting was always to save the guns.</p> +<p>My first thought after we were through the line was to look +for an officer to see what we were to do, I saw Lord Cardigan at +first but I had no impulse to join him. I think no British +soldier ever had. He lead 670 and none relied on him. +I saw troopers riding past him to the right and left. He +was about 50 yards beyond the guns on their extreme left. I +turned to look for some one of my own regiment and mistook +Lieutenant Jarvis, of the 13th Dragoons, for one of my officers, +as the uniforms of both regiments being very similar. +Lieutenant (now Major) Jarvis is, I believe, still living. +He was about 200 yards to my left front, riding to his right +towards a cannon that was retreating to the rear. I +galloped up to him and informed him that Lord Cardigan was above, +pointing my sword to the place, my lance having been shot away at +the last volley as we charged the guns. He replied +“Never mind, let’s capture that gun!” We +raced towards it. He said, “Cut down the +gunners!” He shot one of the horse’s in the +head bringing it to a sudden stop. The gunners disappeared +between the horses and gun-carriage as we slashed at them. +We both dismounted and took out the dead horse while more of the +Brigade gathered about to assist us. Private John Smith, +who died in a London Workhouse about the end of January, 1899, +mounted one of the horses attached to the gun, and I believe +there is another soldier living who mounted another horse of the +gun.</p> +<p>We started back off the field at a gallop with the mounted +cannon, and were near the place where I had seen Lord Cardigan, +when a large body of Cossacks charged, who appeared from behind a +hill and surrounded our group. I was riding on the right of +the gun, the direction in which the Cossacks attacked us. +In the melee I got through the wrong end and had to ride back +again down the valley. I was pursued by seven of them until +they fairly chased me into a body of Russian Cavalry with its +back to me. There was no alternative but to ride through or +surrender to the Cossacks. I put spurs to my horse and +bolted into the line. I got through with a knock on the +head from a Russian officer, that would have wounded me but for +my dress cap, which I eventually lost, but the lines saved +it. More members of the Light Brigade were riding +about—some of them wounded—fighting as best they +could.</p> +<p>Corporal Hall, of my own troop, had his lance trailing about +and covered with blood. <a name="page11"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 11</span>I told him to throw it away and +wanted to pick it up myself, as I needed one, but there was no +time. Hall was captured and died of amputation of a +leg.</p> +<p>During the melee, about 40 stragglers of the Brigade were +driving a line of Russian Hussars down the valley in close +column. I rode in the rear of them and began to order the +men back. I ordered Private Clifford of my own troop to +halt, instead of which he charged into the solid column and was +cut and pierced to death before my eyes. The column came to +a trot, and walk, and then wheeled about. I turned my horse +about and saw a line of Lancers marching down the valley and +instantly thought they were the French Lancers, as they carried +flags on their lances. I rode to them, and when within 30 +yards they fired at me. I then saw their long grey cloaks +and knew they were Russian. It was in fact the Jeropkine +Lancers just formed in close line across the valley, cutting off +our retreat. I turned back to my scattered comrades, who +were riding about like myself in all directions, not seeing which +way to go. I raised my sword and shouted to them to fall +in. They galloped to me from all directions, and I hastily +formed them in lines, putting those with lances in front. I +believe there were eight of the 17th Lancers in the front rank, +with members of other regiments forming a second line. The +Russian Lancers were not more than 40 yards from us when I +ordered them to cheer and charge. The Brigade of Russian +Hussars were marching up the valley about 50 yards behind and +there were Cossacks on each flank. The Russians must have +thought we were assembling to surrender, and when we yelled and +charged into the centre of their line, they seemed to be +paralysed.</p> +<p>The point of a lance through my sword hilt tore the flesh off +my middle finger, and this trifling wound was the only injury I +received in that immortal fight. Three of the men in my +group fell in the charge but I seemed to have more when I got +through the lines, other stragglers having rushed through the +opening we made or rode round the flanks. We galloped off +on our way back, pursued by some of the Cossacks, firing at us, +until we came to a square of infantry on rising ground with +muskets and fixed bayonets pointing at us. They yelled +something in Russian, I suppose calling us to surrender. +When they saw that we was not going to surrender, they fired a +volley point blank at us and at the shortest range. This +was fearfully destructive, and only a few of my little squad were +left. Weightman and Marshall together with others of the +17th were captured here, one with 13 wounds and the other with 9, +and were prisoners for a year. We found the guns again +re-manned and in position again across the valley, and after we +had charged through them from the rear they opened fire on us +again, as well as the infantry.</p> +<p>There were no more of the enemy in front and I told the men to +separate. James Cope, 17th Lancers, and George McGregor, +4th Light Dragoons, opened out each side of myself, and we made +the best of our way back up the valley. Cope and I reported +together to the regiment which had assembled, numbered off, and +been complimented by Lord Cardigan before we got there. We +were the last squad to return, and the only squad that rallied +through the guns.</p> +<p>The engagement may be summed up thus: There were five groups +which charged into the guns. The first two were 17th +Lancers, one group commanded by Colonel Mayow, chief of Lord +Cardigan’s staff, the other by Troop Sergeant Major +O’Hara. The third group was the 11th Hussars under +Colonel Douglas. The fourth group were 4th Light Dragoons, +commanded by Lord Paget. The fifth group, 8th Hussars, +Colonel Shewell and the last regiment to enter the +batteries. These five groups charged the masses of Russian +Cavalry that were supporting the artillery, time and time again, +driving them some hundred yards down the valley. This seems +almost incredible, but it must be recalled that we had no idea of +the colossal blunder of which we were victims. Our natural +thought of course was that we would be immediately followed and +supported by the Heavy Brigade and Infantry, both of which were +stationed close in our rear. The French Cavalry we know had +moved and I thought they were there with us until I had ridden +nearly into a body of Russians, taking them for the French. +Of course, the Russians <a name="page12"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 12</span>shared our impression that this was +the beginning of a general attack, which accounts for their +temporary confusion and partial retreat.</p> +<p>While these five groups were going on fighting as best they +could, scattering the Russian Cavalry, the General ordered out +the Jeropkine Lancers—fresh troops who had not been engaged +in the attack on the Heavy Brigade two hours before. These +Lancers took their position between the guns across the valley, +apparently cutting off the retreat of all the Light Brigade by +forming across their rear.</p> +<p>The officers commanding the different groups now realised that +they were unsupported and in great danger. There was a +hasty effort to join forces to make the best of their way +back. Lord Paget, happening to be near the 11th Hussars, +ordered Colonel Douglas to join his command. He refused at +first, but seeing himself cut off did so, and a wordy controversy +as to who was technically in command takes up many pages in +Paget’s book. Probably, at the time, neither gave +thought to anything but getting out of the trap. Colonel +Mayow and Sergeant-Major O’Hara joined with the 8th +Hussars, making two groups fighting and charging the Russian +Lancers. Some squads of the Light Brigade had not time to +wheel about, but just time to go three’s about, and charge +with rear rank in front to prevent the Russian Cavalry from +charging their flanks. Not all the Brigade had fallen into +these larger groups which first cut their way out. After +the remnants of these groups had escaped the Jeropkine Lancers, +six squadrons strong were formed in line to prevent the +stragglers from escaping.</p> +<p>The Brigade of Hussars seeing the Lancers marching down the +valley and only a few scattered enemy, halted, wheeled about, and +marched up the valley. It was just at this time and between +these two bodies that I rallied my little squad.</p> +<p>It is a singular thing that every authority on the Charge of +the Light Brigade gives a different number of killed and wounded, +but they substantially agree as to the number 198 which reported +mounted after the engagement.</p> +<p>Lord Cardigan gives 195. James Cope, 17th Lancers, +McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, and myself reported after the roll +was called.</p> +<p>I am only certain of the figures for my own regiment. +The 17th Lancers went into the engagement 145 and came out 45 +mounted. Every officer of my squadron was killed or +wounded. We lost 13 prisoners, only one of them unwounded, +and he was dismounted, his horse having been killed. Of +these only 3 lived to return to the English ranks, two of them +from my squad—Weightman and Marshall. Weightman, who +is still living as a retired officer, had thirteen wounds, and +Marshall nine wounds.</p> +<h2><a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>THE +CAUSE OF THE CHARGE.</h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p13b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Lord Lucan (on horse)" +title= +"Lord Lucan (on horse)" +src="images/p13s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> phrase “Someone had +blundered” is familiar to every one, but the condition of +affairs which precipitated the blunder are not known and have +never been stated in history.</p> +<p>After the Heavy Brigade made their glorious charge, the Light +Brigade was placed in the North valley by order of Lord Raglan, +Lords Lucan and Cardigan being absent congratulating the Heavy +Brigade officers. Both Commanders-in-chief and Staffs had +assembled at the top of Sebastopol Heights and were watching the +Russian Army. They decided to force a general engagement +and recapture the guns and heights the Turks had lost. The +Russian General could see the allied armies—the French +massing on the heights of Sebastopol and the British Infantry and +Artillery marching down both valleys. The Russians, +recognising the uselessness of trying to take Balaclava, ordered +their army on the Causeway Heights to retreat and abandon the +captured guns. Lord Raglan sent General Airey, +Quarter-master General, to give Lord Lucan instructions to which +he paid no attention. The third order was, “The +Cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to +recover the heights; they will be supported by Infantry which has +been ordered to advance on two fronts.” <a +name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>Now the +trouble commenced. Lord Lucan could see that Lord Raglan +intended the whole cavalry to advance in one body, but he could +not give the word of command for his two brigades to move +together, not knowing the drill in vogue. Again, how could +he ask the cavalry to advance with the Artillery without +ammunition? How far could he advance against the Russian +Artillery? It would be simple slaughter to charge. +Lord Lucan had invaded the Crimea without any supply for his +cannon. He admits that he did not leave the forts till he +had used all his ammunition, and that was before daylight. +He was then only one mile from Balaclava Harbour, the only place +for supply, and he could have sent his ammunition wagons for +it. His artillery being only six-pounders—the +smallest in the Crimea—it was impossible to draw or borrow +it. So the humbug went on, and instead of him informing +Lord Raglan he had no supply of ammunition in the +Crimea—which was his first duty to his Queen and +country—he prepared the Heavy Brigade to support infantry +at the top of the South valley, quite reversing the third +order.</p> +<p>The two commanders-in-chief had their infantry ready for the +general engagement; the French infantry massed on the top of +Sebastopol heights to support the English; and the French Cavalry +was ordered to report to General Lord Lucan, the English Cavalry +commander. The Duke of Cambridge had his division on top of +Sebastopol heights the first and could see the Russian army +retreating on the Causeway heights and abandoning the captured +cannon. The Duke waited some time for Lord Lucan to get a +move upon his command, then marched his troops down the heights +of Sebastopol to the South valley, seeing no signs of the cavalry +advancing, ordered his infantry and artillery in line of battle +and marched them towards the Causeway heights. I am of the +opinion—and always have been—that if Lord Lucan had +continued his humbug for ten minutes longer, the Duke of +Cambridge would have attacked the retreating Russians on the +Causeway heights.</p> +<p>The Commander-in-Chief, worn out with Lord Lucan’s delay +of nearly 40 minutes, despatched the fourth and last order, viz., +“Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the +front and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns. +Troop of Horse Artillery may accompany. French Cavalry on +your left. Immediate.” Captain Nolan was +selected specially to see this order carried out, being one of +the best cavalry officers in the British Army. When the +order was given he started and galloped down the steep heights to +the South valley to Lord Lucan, saluted him and gave him the +order. I suppose he read it, but knowing what took place +after, I rather doubt it. Lord Lucan says after he read the +order he said to Captain Nolan, “Attack! Sir! Attack +what? What guns, sir?” and he states also that +Captain Nolan, pointing, said, “There, my Lord, is your +enemy, and there are your guns.” Captain Nolan did +not tell him to attack and he had no proof to show he did.</p> +<p>Lord Lucan left the largest part of his command in the South +valley prepared to support infantry he had never seen. The +first thing he did was to inform Lord Cardigan that Lord Raglan +had ordered the Light Brigade to charge the guns, telling a lie +in the Commander-in-Chief’s name. Lord Lucan then +ordered Colonel Douglass to fall back and support the 17th +Lancers, and none of the Regimental Commanders or Lord Cardigan +were informed of the alteration, although just going into the +most deadly charge ever made. Captain Nolan placed himself +in front of the 13th Light Dragoons. Seeing one-third of +the cavalry going down the valley to be sacrificed, they having +to charge one mile and a half, leaving army and supports, and the +commander of the Brigade away, Captain Nolan rode in front of the +17th Lancers, the regiment that gave the speed and direction, +taking Lord Cardigan’s place. He knew the enemy were +on the Causeway Heights retreating and abandoning the captured +guns, not more than half a mile from the Light Brigade, and no +danger to the Brigade to get where Lord Raglan intended. +Captain Nolan knew the guns we were going to charge were sent to +that position to cover the Russians’ retreat from the +Causeway heights. After Captain Nolan had galloped about +forty or fifty yards in the front and centre of the 17th Lancers +(he did not know that the 11th Hussars were ordered to fall back) +he gave the word of command “Threes right,” waving +his sword and turning to his <a name="page15"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 15</span>left. At the same moment the +Russians opened fire and a piece of shell struck him in the +breast near his heart. Had he not have turned he would have +been struck in the back or possibly have been missed +altogether. When he gave that word of command he intended +the whole attacking line to move by it. Though killed his +body still remained in the saddle, the horse, seeing the opening +on the right, turned sharply in that direction and flung the +corpse to the ground.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p15b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th, +1854" +title= +"The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th, +1854" +src="images/p15s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>The dress worn in the charge by +the 17th Lancers, October 25th, 1854.</b></p> +<p>The Russians having opened fire, the 13th Light Dragoons did +not hear the word of command but advanced. If +Sergeant-Major Nunnerley had not given the word of command +“Three’s Left” (or front forward), it is a +question how far we should have taken ground towards the Causeway +heights. The 13th Light Dragoons had their commanding +officer, Captain Oldham killed, and all the regiment so scattered +that a group of men never held together. The 11th Hussars, +through the 17th Lancers taking ground to the right, lost them +entirely. The 8th Hussars that were in the 2-line under +Lord Paget, with the 4th Light Dragoons, got separated and joined +part of the 17th Lancers, after fighting through the guns. +Lord Paget, with the 4th Light Dragoons, found the 11th Hussars +through the guns, and Colonel Douglas commanding would not obey +Lord Paget because Lord Lucan had given him the command of the +regiment to support the 17th Lancers, although Lord Paget was the +senior officer. Yet they had to join together to fight +their way out.</p> +<p>In the meantime, Sir George Cathcart marched his division down +the heights of Sebastopol and across the North valley near the +5th redoubt, (without guns) on the top of the Causeway +heights. He could see the Light Brigade charging 12 to 20 +guns in front and receiving flank fire from 20 other cannon, +being the Russian field artillery and the seven ship guns the +Turks had lost, together with ammunition in the three +redoubts. Sir George could also see the French Cavalry +charging a battery of field artillery of six guns on our +left. The Russian cannon were all brass polished, 12 and 24 +pounds. Their infantry were in square, and the commanding +hill covered with the Needle riflemen. Sir George saw all +this destruction of life and he could see the Heavy Brigade and +Horse Artillery had not even been ordered from the South valley +to support or assist the Light Brigade or French Cavalry. +Sir George said it would be dangerous to advance further. +Lord Lucan brought up two regiment and yet Cathcart would not +budge an inch. I believe I saw the whole of the +regiments—five in all. (See Lord Raglan’s +letter where he states only two regiments).</p> +<p>The Duke of Cambridge is the only General living that +commanded a division in the battles of Alma, Balaclava and +Inkerman, and he knows what I have written is the living truth in +every particular. He saw over 400 horses killed in less +than 15 minutes after receiving the order to charge. The +combined forces who took part in the Charge numbered 670 all +told, of whom only 198 returned mounted.</p> +<p><a name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>Lord +Lucan only gave one order to the Light Brigade, and that led to +its destruction, sooner than inform the Commander-in-Chief that +he had no ammunition for his artillery. If Lord Raglan had +known, there would not have required any order or A.D.C., and +there would not have been any murderous charge by order of Lord +Lucan. Had Lord Raglan had known there was no ammunition, +he would not have ordered the Horse Artillery to accompany, (see +his letter for proof). Lord Lucan allowed the Russian +cavalry to advance at a trot through the camp ground of the Heavy +Brigade, and none of the commanders knew about it till informed +by the Commander-in-Chief. Lord Lucan could not be found, +and in consequence it was left to five regiments, under General +Scarlett, to engage and defeat the Russians, who numbered seven +to one. Lord Cardigan asserts there were only three +regiments engaged. And that seven regiments were mere +spectators, and yet Lord Lucan asserts he was not taken by +surprise. If so, it is an amazing thing that a commander +should permit a Russian cavalry force (3500) to make its way, in +broad daylight, directly through the camp ground of his own +troops.</p> +<p>After the charge Lord Lucan ordered the remnant of the Light +Brigade six miles off on the hills near Inkerman to +recuperate. In a few days the rain came down and every +thing became a mass of mud, impossible to procure either meat, +drink, or clothing. All the water we could get to drink was +ladled off the ground. The supply consisted of small holes +the horses made with their feet and all kinds of filth being on +the ground helped to make things worse. We were left to die +without having any medicine or even a cup of hot water. +Several weeks elapsed before Lord Lucan found it out, for +everyone seemed afraid of him and Cardigan, and these two never +talked together. Lord Lucan occupied all the houses in +Balaclava Harbour, while Lord Cardigan lived on his yacht seven +miles from his command, and never visited them, although they +were dying of hunger and starvation, and even when we went into +action at Balaclava and Inkerman he still lived aboard. It +was twelve o’clock when he arrived at Inkerman and his +command never went under fire again during his service.</p> +<p>At last a storm came on the 14th of November, 1854, which +continued for three days, and not a tent could be made to stand +up. Some were blown away and never found again. Think +of men dying under such conditions. The horses also were +dying of hunger some of them eating all the hair off their +bodies. If it had not been for Lord George Paget I do not +know what would have become of us. He marched us down to +Balaclava but the journey proved too much for our horses, over +100 stuck fast and died in the mud. The Light Brigade +received several hundred horses that broke loose on from the +Russians on the night of October 25th, 1854, or I would not be +counting horses by the hundred. (See Lord George +Paget’s Book for proof.)</p> +<p>Lord Cardigan died serenely satisfied because he had destroyed +his command in obedience to orders, after stating in the +<i>Times</i>, “No one man surpassed another in +gallantry.” He is the only officer who had a command +that returned back mounted, and that did not give a helping +hand. He lost the whole of his command, five regiments and +staff, and returned back by himself. He states in +<i>Kinglake</i>, “I rode slowly up the hill and met General +Scarlett. I said to him, ‘What do you think, General, +of the aide de camp after such an order being brought to us which +has destroyed the Light Brigade, riding to the rear and screaming +like a woman’? Sir J. Scarlett replied, ‘Do not +say any more, for I have ridden over his body.’”</p> +<p>Lord Cardigan, in less than six months after, published a +letter in the <i>Times</i> newspaper, dated April 6th, 1855, +viz.:—“The Light Brigade had not advanced more than +100 yards when they were fired upon, and Captain Nolan, who had +placed himself in front of a squadron of the 13th Light Dragoons, +was killed.” Lord Cardigan’s statement to +Kinglake, published in the appendix 14 years after the charge, +viz.:—“After advancing about eighty yards a shell +fell within reach of my horse’s feet, and Captain Nolan, +who was riding across the front retreating with his arms up +through the interval of the brigade.”</p> +<p>I should like to know which statement is true about Captain +Nolan. It was impossible for him to be killed in front of +the 13th Light Dragoons. It was impossible for him to be +retreating with his arms up through the interval in front of Lord +Cardigan. The interval was in the rear of him, and he would +have to look back. Did Nolan scream in front or rear of +Cardigan? How did he get in <a name="page17"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 17</span>front of Lord Cardigan without him +seeing him go? Lord Cardigan was in front of his command a +minute or less before the attacking line commenced the charge, +and this is why so many saw him. Captain Nolan would not +dare take command if Lord Cardigan had been there. What +kind of leading was he doing not to see him; and the 17th Lancers +go “threes’ right” and take ground to the +right. Many things I should like to explain if I had +space.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<h2><span class="smcap">Lord Raglan</span> <i>re</i> <span +class="smcap">Lord Lucan</span>.</h2> +<p style="text-align: center">Before Sebastopol,</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">Dec. 16th, 1854.</p> +<p>Field-Marshall Lord Raglan</p> +<p style="text-align: right">to Duke of Newcastle, Sec. for +War.</p> +<p>My Lord Duke,</p> +<p>I regret to be under the necessity of forwarding to your Grace +the copy of a letter which has been addressed to me by Lieutenant +General the Earl of Lucan.</p> +<p>When I received it I placed it in the hands of +Brigadier-General Airey, the Quartermaster-General, and requested +him to suggest to his lordship to withdraw the communication, +considering that it would not lead to his advantage in the +slightest degree; but Lord Lucan having declined to take the step +recommended, I have but one course to pursue—that of laying +the letter before Your Grace and submitting to you such +observations upon it as I am bound, in justice to myself, to put +you in possession of.</p> +<p>Lieutenant General the Earl of Lucan complains that in my +dispatch to Your Grace of the 28th of October, I stated that, +“from some misconception of the instruction to advance, the +Lieutenant General considered that he was bound to attack at all +hazards.” His Lordship conceives this statement to be +a grave charge and an imputation reflecting seriously on his +professional character, and he deems it incumbent upon him to +state those facts which he cannot doubt must clear him from what +he respectfully submits as altogether unmerited.</p> +<p>I have referred to my dispatch and far from being willing to +recall one word of it, I am prepared to declare, that not only +did the Lieutenant General misconceive the written instruction +that was sent him, but that there was nothing in that instruction +which called upon him to attack at all hazards, or to undertake +the operation which led to such a brilliant display of gallantry +on the part of the Light Brigade, and unhappily, at the same time +occasioned such lamentable casualties in every regiment composing +it.</p> +<p>In his lordship’s letter he is wholly silent with +respect to a previous order which had been sent him. He +merely says that the cavalry was formed to support an intended +movement of the infantry.</p> +<p>This previous order was in the following +words:—“The cavalry to advance and take advantage of +any opportunity to recover the heights. They will be +supported by infantry which has been ordered to advance on two +fronts.”</p> +<p>This order did not seem to me to have been attended to, and +therefore it was that the instruction by Captain Nolan was +forwarded to him. Lord Lucan must have read the first order +with very little attention for he now states that the cavalry was +formed to support the infantry, whereas he was told by Brigadier +General Airey, “that the cavalry was to advance and take +advantage of any opportunity to recover the heights, and that +they would be supported by infantry.” Not that they +were to support the infantry; and so little had he sought to do +as he had been directed, that he had no men in advance of his +main body, made no attempt to regain the heights, and was so +little informed of the position of the enemy, that he ask Captain +Nolan, “where and what he was to attack, as neither enemy +nor guns were in sight?”</p> +<p>This, Your Grace will observe, is the Lieutenant +General’s own admission. The result of his +inattention to the first order was, that it never occurred to him +that the second was connected with, and a repetition of the +first. He viewed it only as a positive order to attack at +all hazards (the word “attack” be it observed was not +made use of in General Airy’s note). An unseen enemy, +whose position, numbers and composition he was wholly +unacquainted with, and whom, in consequence of a previous order, +he had taken no steps whatever to watch.</p> +<p><a name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>I +undoubtedly had no intention that he should make such an +attack—there was nothing in the instructions to require it; +and therefore I conceive I was fully justified in stating to Your +Grace what was the exact truth, that the charge arose from the +misconception of the order for the advance which Lord Lucan +considered obliged him to attack at all hazards.</p> +<p>I wish I could say with his lordship that, having decided +against his conviction to make the movement, he did all he could +to render it as little perilous as possible. This, indeed, +is far from being the case in my judgment. He was told that +the Horse Artillery might accompany the cavalry. He did not +bring it up. He was informed that the French cavalry was on +the left. He did not invite their co-operation. He +had the whole of the heavy cavalry at his disposal. He +mentions having brought up only two regiments in support, and he +omits all other precautions, either from want of due +consideration, or from the supposition that the unseen enemy was +not in such great force as he apprehended, notwithstanding that +he was warned of it by Lord Cardigan, after the latter had +received the order to attack. I am much concerned, My Lord +Duke, to have to submit these observations to Your Grace. I +entertain no wish to disparage the Earl of Lucan in your opinion, +or to cast a slur upon professional reputation; but having been +accused by his lordship of having stated of him what was +unmentioned in my dispatch, I have felt obliged to enter into the +subject, and trouble Your Grace at more length than I could have +wished, in vindication of a report of Your Grace in which I had +strictly confined myself to that which I knew to be true and had +indulged in no observations whatever, or in any expression which +could be viewed either as harsh or in any way grating to the +feelings of his lordship.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I have etc.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) RAGLAN.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p18b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"The Gun that Lieutenant Jarvis and myself captured" +title= +"The Gun that Lieutenant Jarvis and myself captured" +src="images/p18s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h2>SWORN STATEMENT FOR VICTORIA<br /> +CROSS IN SUPREME COURT,<br /> +UNITED STATES.</h2> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>To Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">909, <span class="smcap">Steuben +Street</span>, N.W.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D.C., U.S.A.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">November</span> 12th, 1896.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p> +<p>I beg leave to renew my application for the Victoria Cross, +basing my claim upon gallantry of conduct during the Charge of +the Light Brigade, 25th October, 1854, and the Battle of +Inkerman, and will give proofs that corroborate my own +statements.</p> +<p>My previous applications for the Cross have been brief. +With your Lordship’s permission I will now give a more +detailed statement.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">First as to the Charge of the +600:—</p> +<p>My squadron was nearly annihilated before we reached the +Russian battery, every officer being either killed or +wounded. Myself and horse had been knocked down <a +name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>once and my +lance shot away. After our passing through and silencing +the guns my first thought was to look for directions from an +officer, and I rode to Lieut. E. L. Jarvis, still living I +believe a retired Major, of the 13th Light Dragoons, as his +uniform was so nearly like that of the 17th Lancers, that I first +thought he belonged to my regiment. Lieut. Jarvis pointed +to a cannon that was being taken off at a gallop towards our +right rear, and said, “Let’s capture that +gun.” We immediately charged upon it. Jarvis +shot one of the horses in the head, bringing it to a stop. +I cut down the gunners with my sword. We both dismounted +and took out the dead horse, when more stragglers of the Brigade +came to our assistance. Private John Smith, C Troop, 17th +Lancers, now living in London, mounted one of the horses to the +gun carriage and we started off the field with it when a large +body of Cossacks charged upon us completely surrounding us. +I fought my way through and was pursued down the valley by seven +of them into a body of Russian Hussars re-forming. I had no +alternative but to charge through their line, which I did, an +officer striking my head with the sword, my lance hat saving my +head except for a bad bruise. A brigade of Russian Hussars +were retreating down the valley pursued by about forty of our +men. I rode from the right flank to the left flank of the +rear rank calling to the men to fall back. Private Clifford +of my troop rode into the column and was cut to pieces before my +eyes. The Hussars came about and we were then between two +large bodies of cavalry, one marching up the valley, the other +down, so that the few of our Brigade who were farthest beyond the +Russian guns were now completely hemmed in by a great body of +Russians. At this critical moment, when there was no +officer to command us and we were apparently lost, I beg leave to +introduce the words of a comrade still living describing my +conduct.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p19b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"The Only Squad Rallied Through The Guns" +title= +"The Only Squad Rallied Through The Guns" +src="images/p19s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p>J. W. Wightman, late 17th Lancers, in <i>Nineteenth +Century</i>, May, 1892.—“We heard the familiar voice +of Corporal Morley, of our regiment, a great, rough, bellowing +man from Nottingham. He had lost his lance hat, and his +long hair was flying out in the wind as he roared, ‘Coom +’ere! coom ’ere! Fall in, lads, fall +in!’ Well, with shouts and oaths he had collected +some twenty troopers of various regiments. We fell in with +the handful this man of the hour had rallied to him, and there +joined us also under his leadership Sergeant-Major Ranson and +Private John Penn, of the 17th. Penn, a tough old warrior +who had served with the 3rd Light in the Sikh war, had killed a +Russian officer, dismounted, and with great deliberation +accoutred himself with the belt and sword of the defunct, in +which he made a great show. A body of Russians blocked our +way. Morley, roaring Nottingham oaths by way of +encouragement, led us straight at them, and we went through and +out at the other side as if they had been made of tinsel +paper. As we rode up the valley, pursued by some Hussars +and Cossacks, my horse was wounded by a bullet in the shoulder, +and I had hard work to push the poor beast along. Presently +we were abreast of the Infantry who had blazed into our right as +we went down; and we had to take their fire again, this time on +our left. Their firing was very impartial; their own +Hussars and Cossacks following close on us suffering from it as +well as we. Not many of Corporal Morley’s party got +back.”</p> +<p>After Wightman fell I kept a group together through the +battery, again in position and then ordered them to separate for +safety. Private James Cope died in India, and James +McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, since dead, reported to our +regiment with me. We were the last to get back to the +regiment.</p> +<p>The names of Cope and McGregor are appended to my first +application, 17th October, 1856.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Second as to the battle of +Inkerman:—</p> +<p>At the battle of Inkerman, November 5th, Cornet Cleveland was +mortally wounded. He fell from his horse in front of me +just as the regiment was ordered to retire. After we had +retired some distance I rode to the commanding officer of the +regiment and asked to be allowed to fall out to go back for +Cornet Cleveland. He told me to go to the Sergeant-major +and tell him to send two men to assist me. He told his +brother James O’Hara and went himself. In the act of +carrying Cornet Cleveland off the field, both James O’Hara +and myself had our dress hats shot off our heads by a cannon +ball. I annex <a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +21</span>a letter from Lord Tredegar, commanding officer, in +support of this statement:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="smcap">Terdegar Park</span>, <span +class="smcap">Newport</span>, <span +class="smcap">England</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">April</span> 6th, 1889</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Morley</span>,</p> +<p>I remember quite well that on the field of Inkerman you asked +permission to fall out to go and try and bring in Cornet +Cleveland, who had been seriously wounded a short time +previously. I gave you permission and you went with two +other men, and brought Cornet Cleveland into camp. I also +know that you displayed great gallantry in the Light Cavalry +charge at Balaclava.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Yours sincerely,<br /> +TREDEGAR,<br /> +<i>Late Captain 17th Lancers</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p21b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland, +mortally wounded" +title= +"Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland, +mortally wounded" +src="images/p21s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bringing out of the thickest of +the fire, Cornet Cleveland, mortally wounded.</b></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">Third as to the Baida +Valley:—</p> +<p>In my first application I made a statement as to the +occurrence in the Baida Valley, viz.—“Whilst my +regiment was stationed in Balaclava I was one of the detachment +ordered on duty in the Baida Valley. I was engaged on one +particular occasion in the reconnoitreing party in advance of the +party that took possession of Prince Chatteloff’s house +near the Woronzoff road. Two of the Land Transport Corps +were wounded and it was with great difficulty and caution that I +was enabled to bring the videttes into the main body upon which +we had to retire.” This statement was dismissed by +Colonel Benson, who wrote to H.R.H. Duke of Cambridge that he was +not aware of any such occurrence taking place. With your +Lordship’s permission I will make this occurrence more +clear and show that there is ample proof of the truth of the +statement.</p> +<p>Major Peel, 11th Hussars, was in charge of the command, +consisting of three squadrons viz., 8th Hussars, 11th Hussars, +and 17th Lancers. Now General Sir Drury C. Lowe, K.C.B., +commanded the 17th Lancers. I was sergeant of the rear +guard. The main body were near the house dismounted. +The Land Transport Corps were at the gate the only entrance +leading into the house. The rear of the 17th Lancers were +within 40 yards of the gate just around a bend of the road. +The Russian Infantry fired a volley into the Transport Corps I +saw them running from their wagons, some of them wounded. I +formed a line across the road and charged <a +name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>down to the +Russians who had not time to reload. When they saw us they +jumped over a stone wall on the left of the gate into the steep +woods. We might have captured some of them but their fire +had killed a mule in one of the transport wagons, blocking up the +gate. The remainder of the wagons were in the road leading +to the Woronzoff road which the main body had to retire +upon. I at once placed videttes upon the all the +roads. Sir Drury Lowe rode up to me and asked “where +are the Russians?” as I was watching the place where they +had jumped over the wall. I told him and he said +“Come further back, they will shoot you. You have +done perfectly right.” There can be no exaggeration +in this statement as Sir Drury Low is still living. +Sergeant-Major J. Nunnerly, late 17th Lancers, was a sergeant +with the squadron and aware of the occurrence, as must be every +survivor, in spite of Colonel Benson’s discrediting my +statement by saying he knew of no such occurrence.</p> +<p>I wish to repeat the statement in my former application that +“I embarked at the commencement of the war. I served +under Lord Cardigan at Devna and Yenebazaar at the time when +disease prevailed to a great extent. During the time I had +the honour to be selected as Corporal of a letter party stationed +at Varna. The whole of the dispatches of the army were at +times conveyed by this party, and I was compelled in consequence +of the sickness of the men to ride day and night without any rest +to set a good example to the men under my charge and keep out of +their minds that too much fatigue would kill them.”</p> +<p>Allow me to add that this was Lord Raglan’s letter party +and that I continually reported at his headquarters to receive +the dispatches. The party consisted of myself, and Privates +Wm. Purvis, P. Murphy, Burkemore, and H. Gallimore. All +these went into hospital with cholera and Gallimore died. +Wm. Purvis is still living at 105, Rutter Street, Walsall.</p> +<p>In conclusion allow me to say that I served twenty-two years +in the 17th Lancers and Yeomanry. I have only one son old +enough for army service and he is Sergeant-Instructor in the +British Army.</p> +<p>I beg that my claim may be impartially looked into on its +merits at this time. When action was taken on it before the +claim was thrown out on the statements of Col. Benson, who +through carelessness or indifference reported adversely on +circumstances of which he had no knowledge. The testimony +of Lieut. Wightman and Lord Tredegar, still living, ought to be +sufficient as to the Charge of the 600 and the Battle of +Inkerman. The occurrence in the Baida Valley is not so +important, but is mentioned to show that I was always quick in +action and forgetful of any personal danger. If there is +any doubt as to the correctness of my account I have no doubt +that Sir Drury Lowe will add his statement to mine.</p> +<p>I have my Lord, the honor to be,</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Your obedient servant,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">THOMAS MORLEY,<br /> +<i>Late Sergeant 17th Lancers</i>,</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D.C.,<br /> + <span class="smcap">United +States</span>.</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Subscribed and sworn to before +me</i>, <i>Nov.</i> 12<i>th</i>, 1896.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">John R. +Young</span>,</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Clerk Supreme Court</i>, +<i>D.C.</i></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>By</i></p> +<p style="text-align: right">S. J. <span +class="smcap">Merrys</span>,<br /> +<i>Junior Assistant Clerk</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">[Blocks not in Sworn +Statement.]</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<h2><i>TIMES</i>, <i>APRIL 24th</i>, <i>1857</i>.<br /> +THE CROSS OF VALOUR.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I am a sergeant of +nearly three years, lately retired from the 17th Lancers, at the +early age of 25 years, solely in consequence of being passed over +most unjustly in the rewards and honours that have been +bestowed. I am now made drill sergeant in the Sherwood +Rangers, Mansfield, by its noble colonel, His Grace the Duke of +Newcastle, and, wishing my fellowmen to know how unjustly I have +been treated, I beg of you to allow me a place in your columns, +so generously open to private as well as public grievances, to +state my service as briefly as possible.</p> +<p><a name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>After +being at Alma, I was present with my regiment in every engagement +that took place. I charged at Balaklava with my squadron +until it was nearly annihilated, my own lance being shot +away. Drawing my sword I galloped on to the Russian guns, +and assisted in cutting down the gunners. On the right of +our forming line I observed one particular gun going away as fast +as the horses could take it. I went after it with Captain +Jervis, of the 13th Light Dragoons, who shot one of the horses +and delayed its progress. On this I engaged two of the +gunners, who both fell. It now became a struggle for our +lives, a large body of Cossacks surrounded us. I succeeded +in working my way through them, and galloped in the direction of +what I judged to be our own Hussars. I found they were +Russians reforming. I forced my way on full speed through +them, unhurt. A regiment of Polish Lancers, 800 strong, had +formed across the valley. I halted a moment to look +around. Perceiving several of our cavalry in the same +dilemma, I called to them, and being then a corporal, I used what +authority I had to form them as well as I could. We +gathered 12, and charged their centre; most of us got +through. I believe three fell. These men were 4th and +13th Light Dragoons, and 17th Lancers; one was of the 8th +Hussars. I received the point of a lance in the right hand; +the wound was slight. The Russian infantry now opened a +heavy fire upon us and after galloping through the guns of the +enemy in advance of us, each one separated, trusting to +fate. Private James Cope and Private James Wightman, now +corporals of the 17th Lancers, were of the number. Wightman +was severely wounded, and taken prisoner for twelve months.</p> +<p>On the 5th of November, 1854, I was at the battle of Inkerman, +and under fire. Cornet Cleveland was shot; and when our +regiment was ordered to retire, I asked Captain Morgan to allow +me to fall out of the ranks to assist in carrying Mr. Cleveland +off the field. Troop Sergeant-Major O’Hara and +Private James O’Hara of the same regiment, also fell out +for that purpose. In performing that act, James +O’Hara and myself had both our dress caps shot off our +heads by a cannon ball. We still pursued our duty till out +of range, when the cornet wished to be laid down till a stretcher +could be procured. This officer died. While stationed +at Balaclava I was one of the detachment ordered for the Baider +Valley. On one occasion I was engaged in the reconnoitering +party in advance of the party that took possession of General +Chateloof’s house, near the Woronzoff Road. Two of +the Land Transport Corps and several mules were wounded and one +killed, when the corps deserted the wagons, and I was the +sergeant who led a detachment of my regiment to the spot when the +Russians, on our approach, fled into the wood, and I placed my +men on vidette, which the main body had to retire upon. I +may further add that I embarked with the regiment at the first +commencement of the war. I served under Lord Cardigan at +Devno Yeni-Bazar at the time when disease greatly +prevailed. At this time I had the honour to be selected as +corporal of a letter party stationed at Varna. The whole of +the army despatches were conveyed by our party, and I was often +compelled in consequence of the sickness of the men, to ride day +and night without rest.</p> +<p>I was present in every skirmish in which my regiment was +engaged, and I returned home when the campaign ended. When +in Ireland with my regiment I inquired of my troop officer why I +did not get a medal for distinguished conduct. He told me +he was very sorry I did not, but it lay to the commanding +officer’s discretion. So it appears they are not +“distinguished conduct medals” but “discretion +medals!” There are several men in the 17th Lancers +who wear medals for distinguished conduct on the field of battle +who never crossed swords with a Russian.</p> +<p>This is my simple and truthful statement; and I think I have +reason to complain that I am not decorated with a cross of +valour—not to wear as a matter of vanity, but alone +prizable to me as a mark that, though a young, I have not been an +unworthy soldier.</p> +<p>I have the honour to be,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Yours truly,<br /> +THOMAS MORLEY.</p> +<h2><a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>THE +CROSS OF VALOUR. <a name="citation24"></a><a href="#footnote24" +class="citation">[24]</a></h2> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>To the Editor of the +Nottinghamshire Advertiser</i>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Having perused in your +last week’s impression, a letter under the above heading, +from the pen of a participator in the perils of the late war, +complaining of the neglect he had suffered at the hands of those +who must, or ought to be, well acquainted with the incidents he +relates. I am inclined to think with him, that the strictly +“discretoniary decorations” will, after all, form a +too striking constituent in our modern system of distributing +military rewards, for, presuming Mr. Morley to have one of the +ordinary Crimean medals, it scarcely, in his case, seems an +adequate recognition of services rendered under very trying +circumstances, and by so young a man. Indeed, it appears an +exceedingly questionable policy to pass over, comparatively +unheeded, one who could, at a conjuncture—such as is stated +to have occurred at Balaclava—rally a dozen men, mere +fugitives racing for their lives, and inspire them with +confidence sufficient to bear down upon, and literally rend +assunder an entire regiment of the enemy. This, when regard +is had to the fact, that they were just emerging from a most +fearful storm of shot, poured upon them by the Russian artillery, +was a display of no ordinary intrepidity and daring in men, who, +previously to that campaign, had never crossed swords with an +enemy, and well worthy, I think, of some special mark of +approbation,—the more so, when we reflect that he was +thereby instrumental in saving eight or nine lives of the flower +of the army, who would, in all probability, have been shot down, +or lanced piecemeal, had they not at that critical moment acted +in perfect concert.</p> +<p>The fact of our Lord Lieutenant having given Sergeant Morley +an appointment in the Sherwood Rangers, is a sufficient guarantee +for the truth of his statements, and many, doubtless, who have +read his very interesting letter, will join me in congratulating +him upon obtaining the favour of such a man.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir, respectfully yours,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">EVARDUS.</p> +<p>Nottingham, April 29, 1857.</p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p>I have proved by living officers, generals, and noblemen that +my statement is the living truth to-day, although 43 years have +passed. Yet this Colonel Benson was allowed to turn Her +Majesty’s and Prince Consort’s Noble Order and the +Royal Warrant into mockery and the Victoria Cross into a +sham. He was the cause of me receiving an official letter, +dated 8th October, 1857, stating that all claims for the Victoria +Cross must be founded upon facts. This Colonel Benson wrote +the most cruel false statements to the Commander-in-Chief, and +was the cause of me purchasing my discharge out of the 17th +Lancers, and then losing promotion in the Yeomanry. He made +false statements respecting my being promoted to sergeant. +I can prove I was promoted in November, 1854, and he did not +arrive in the Crimea till 22nd February, 1855. I have +received all kinds of official letters telling me they see no +reason to open my case. I received an official letter dated +22nd February, 1892, stating that the case cannot now be +opened. If a brave British soldier cannot be heard by the +authorities, what can he do but appeal to his countrymen? +Truth never dies.</p> +<p>The royal warrant states, that for the Victoria Cross there +shall be no preference of age or rank, and the youngest soldier +shall be rewarded for valour.</p> +<p>My next article will be to prove that all claims for the +Victoria Cross are not founded upon facts. Yet they wear it +just the same. I will also prove by their own official +letters I never had an investigation.</p> +<p>For myself I have the proud consciousness of having done my +duty to Queen and country.</p> +<h2><a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 25</span>Fought +Under Two Flags,<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">AND A RECORD SECOND TO NONE FOR +VALOUR.</span></h2> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p25b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Death or glory flags, skull etc." +title= +"Death or glory flags, skull etc." +src="images/p25s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p><span class="smcap">No</span> British soldier that I ever read +about did more distinguished proved valour. I received a +letter from Major Jervis, late 13th Light Dragoons, dated +December 5th, 1876. He says amongst other things +“that he well remembers a young corporal of the 17th +Lancers helping him to take the gun,” and from the fact +named in my letter, it could be none other than myself.</p> +<p>I received a letter from Lord Tredegar, dated December 9th, +1876. In which he says, “that he well remembers, +after the regiment had retired a short distance, I asked +permission to go back and bring in Cornet Cleveland who lay in +the thickest of the fire, mortally wounded.” See his +other letter, in my sworn claim for the Victoria Cross, General +Sir Drury Lowe, K.C.B., in answering a letter to me said +“if he could do me any service he would be happy to do +it,” several officers wrote me at the same time to the same +effect. I was holding the position of Regimental +Sergeant-Major in the Yeomanry, and in charge of head quarters +and stores. I explained this to them and thanked them, +telling them I was well off. I am Sir Drury Lowe’s +oldest Non-Commissioned Officer, I served under him all the time +he was in the Crimea and in Ireland, and when he commanded a +detachment in Clonmel. In the Baida Valley he came to my +assistance several times, once at Prince Challertoff’s +residence, when I charged the Russians and took back the waggons +of the Land Transport. I was on picquet duty with +Lieutenant Barbour, some Greeks came into the picquets on little +ponies, and explained to us the Russians were stealing. +Lieutenant Barbour took all the picquet and left me in charge of +the Videtts; being absent longer than I liked, I sent a man who +was very sick into camp, explaining the matter to now Sir Drury +Lowe, who commanded the 17th, telling him I had <a +name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>no men to +patrole with, he did not send any reinforcements, but came +himself with the regiment. He lost no time in getting to me +and remained in command till Lieutenant Barbour returned with two +Russian Greek spies, who tried to decoy his command into a +village in which the Russian Cavalry were hiding. Sir Drury +Lowe was loved by all men and I never heard or knew an enlisted +man to say any thing but kindness respecting him. I was in +Aldershot when he commanded the regiment, and I was in the +Sergeants Mess. I heard Sergeant-Major Davis repeat that he +would sooner soldier under Colonel Lowe without pay than any +other officer with pay and the rest shouted “hear +hear.”</p> +<p>There is an old proverb that “Comparisons are +odious” and it cannot be better proved than by Colonel +Drury Lowe and Colonel Benson, both commanded the 17th +Lancers. The latter was never under fire in the +Crimea. He was the only officer that flogged the +soldiers. I saw him flog three at once at Ismid, who rode +in the charge of the “600,” one of them had 17 wounds +upon his back, all bleeding, through the lashes of the Cat +o’ Nine Tails. I saw tears running down the officers +cheeks. This Colonel Benson is the only officer that +drummed out any men of the 17th Lancers, some of whom had ridden +in the charge of the “600.”</p> +<p>Sir Drury Lowe, when Colonel, had a Regimental Sergeant-Major +in the name of Brown, every soldier in the 17th Lancers had the +greatest respect for him and officers too.</p> +<p>Colonel Benson had a Regimental Sergeant-Major Wooden, a +foreigner, that could not speak the English language when he +joined the regiment, went by the name of Tish-me. Colonel +Benson went by the name of Dosey, he always looked as if he was +asleep. But when he played at cards with young officers +they found he was not dreaming. Colonel Benson and this +Wooden, their teeth fit in their jaws like Hyenas. Every +officer and soldier feared them.</p> +<p>Sergeant-Major Wooden was allowed to insult officers, one +leaving the regiment through the bad language he used to +him. I can name three sergeants out of one troop that left +the 17th Lancers through him, and they all rode in the +“Charge of the 600.” Colonel Benson procured +him quarter-master of the 5th Lancers, and the commanding officer +soon had him retired on the smallest allowance, 3/6 per +day. It was Colonel Benson who secured his promotion as +quarter-master of some infantry, but he soon got into debt and +shot himself. It was the same officer who procured him the +Victoria Cross and the French Order, although he never crossed +swords with a Russian, and all those who knew anything concerning +him, and who were in the “Charge of the 600,” say he +threw himself off his horse. It is a well-known fact that +he never went to the Battle of Inkerman, but drew our grog and +got dead drunk with it.</p> +<p>Sir Drury Lowe, purchased Regimental Sergeant-Major J. Brown a +commission, and appointed him adjutant of the regiment. I +will undertake to prove all I have said, and more, by officers +and soldiers now living.</p> +<p>Colonel Benson was the means of me losing promotion by writing +lies to the Duke of Cambridge. The Duke of Newcastle, my +commanding officer, read Benson’s letter and told me he +should believe Colonel Benson’s statement before +mine. He promised afterwards that if I would not write any +more letters something would be done for me. That promise +was never fulfilled, for he promoted a sergeant over my head in +the name of Smith.</p> +<p>Through General Charles Frederick Havelock, who became +Inspector of Cavalry at Washington, D.C., I left the regiment and +went to America. I went with him to inspect the 12th +Pennsylvanian Cavalry at the time the regiment had just been +mustered into the United States Service, and was appointed Drill +Instructor to the regiment.</p> +<p>At the battle of Bull Run I saved the regiment from being +captured, my horse being killed and myself taken prisoner. +When I returned to the regiment I received a commission and all +back pay and allowances which amounted to some hundreds of +pounds. They also paid me for horse and equipments. I +was in all the stirring engagements. I was second in +command in Dismounted Camp in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, to equip +all <a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +27</span>cavalry without horses, and was afterwards Assistant +Commissariat in Pleasant Valley. I was then appointed +Assistant Inspector of Cavalry, with Major Gordon, for the +department of Western Virginia. I was in Libby prison for +twelve months, and while I was there 109 made their escape by +making a tunnel. I was in when powder was laid down to blow +us all up.</p> +<p>During the time I was prisoner of war, General Cesnola saw me +compelled to be vaccinated. The matter turned out bad, my +left side and arm swelled to such a degree that I was compelled +to lay on the floor for months, my brother officers believing I +should die.</p> +<p>During the war I received a bullet in my head, and it remained +in for eight years.</p> +<p>One of the worst running fights I ever was in was when General +Max Weber sent me from Harper’s Ferry, Va., to Charlestown +to capture fifteen of the enemys cavalry. I was allowed to +pick thirty horses and men. After we had advanced about +five miles we saw them and pursued, we found two thousand with +two guns. Two squadrons charged us and we had a fight with +revolvers for four miles, till close to the forts. I lost +twenty-one out of the thirty men. This was on the 29th +June, 1864. The United States paid me for two horses killed +in battle.</p> +<p>I am the only officer that knew the plans which General Grant +used to capture Richmond in nine days. I also assisted +General L. P. Di Cesnola to make out these plans and forward them +to President Lincoln. I saved General Cesnola’s +life. My horse was killed in a charge in the night, and it +lay on me till the sun rose. Through being a freemason I +was bandaged up. I heard that General Cesnola was wounded +and I went to his assistance. He had a sword cut in the +head, was shot in the thick part of the arm, the point of a sword +through the palm of the hand, and horse killed whilst leading his +brigade in a charge. I attended to him and dressed his +wounds. I stayed with him, and managed to hire horses and +conveyances to travel a distance of 150 miles to Stanton +Va. He is now, and has been for years, Managing Director of +the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Central Park, New York. +He often writes thanking me for saving his life. I was +introduced to him when he was Colonel of the 4th New York +Cavalry, by Major-General C. F. Havelock, at Washington, who knew +him when he was on Field Marshal Marmouer’s +Commander-in-Chief’s Staff of the Italian Army, in the +Crimea. I received second and first lieutenant’s and +captain’s commissions on the field of battle, and have them +now.</p> +<p>I resigned after the war and returned home and joined the +Ayrshire Yeomanry as drill troop sergeant-major, 1st of January, +1868. In June 1871 I was promoted regimental sergeant-major +in charge of headquarters and stores. I remained with them +till June, 1877. I was so well liked in Ayr that they gave +me, an Englishman, the birth place of Robert Burns on lease, in +preference to hundreds of Scotchmen. In a few years the +place was sold to the gentleman of the county for thousands of +pounds more than they asked me for it. I was the last +lessee of the place. Only three persons were born in this +house, these being the poet himself and two of my children, one +of whom is still living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. I took +another business, but it did not do well, the rent being too +high—£600 a year.</p> +<p>I then went to America, and in a few years I thought I should +be better off under the government. In April 1884 I called +upon Senator Morrell, the father of the house of the Senate, and +went with him to interview the Hon. Robert Lincoln, the Secretary +for War, who informed me that he could not give me the first +place as he had promised it. In a few days I got an +appointment and received pay on it till the end of 1893. +Mr. Lincoln afterwards became Ambassador to England. On the +9th of May, 1863, I was employed in the government building, in +which President Lincoln was assassinated, when part of the +building fell, killing 25 and injuring nearly 200. I was +one of the latter, and being unable to perform my duties was +discharged. I applied to the Patriotic Fund in London for +aid out of the money the people of England subscribed—five +children depending upon me at the time. I received a reply +telling me I was not entitled to anything. This is the +first and only time in my life I ever asked for assistance.</p> +<p><a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>Some +time after I ceased to receive pay. I then took the +official letter of the Patriotic Fund, dated October 18th, 1894, +to Senator J. Hawley. He said, “Why did you not come +to me before, I would have put you back.” I told him +I was not able to do anything. “Then what can I do +for you?” he said. I replied that I wanted a place +for my wife in the Treasury. He said, “I am sorry for +your sake, I do not belong to that administration, but I will get +her a place.” Three days after she was employed in +the Treasury till we came to England. I have never been +able since the Ford Theatre disaster to do any employment. +I lived in Leek, Staffordshire, for sixteen months, and the chief +of police and several of the magistrates, doctors and chemists of +the town, know that I was sick in bed nearly all the time, and +have been sick in Nottingham this last five months, but the +climate seems to agree with me better, being my own native +place.</p> +<p>I shall ever be grateful to America. It is a Heaven for +a soldier. They never want, if a good record. If they +cannot work they have Soldiers Homes to retire in; better looking +than any Hotel in Nottingham. If they die their relatives +receive ten pound to carry them to the finest Cemetery in the +world; with marble head-stone, and their graves strewn with +flowers every 30th of May. Any soldier with a record can +get relief and forwarded to his destination. The Americans +are the finest comrades in the world, and they are the only +nation that can fight side by side with the British, they would +understand one another and be proper chums, while other nations +do not understand one another. You would require an +interpreter to understand their names; much more work together in +battle.</p> +<p>I have attended many fires and assisted to put them out, about +1860 I went to a fire at Mr. Hollins’ mills, near Pleasley, +Derbyshire, no finer mills in England. After the fire +engines were on some time, I told Mr. Hollins they were on the +wrong side, and he had them removed to the other side. I +told him the fire was on the top story and they put up ladders to +reach it. No one man seemed to be able to carry the hose +and leather pipes up. I told him it would be dangerous for +many to be up so high when the water was put on, it would make it +too heavy for the ladder. After several tried I took it up +myself, broke in the window with a hammer, put in the hose and in +half an hour or less I got inside, put out the fire and went down +the stairs. I then walked to Mr. Hollins’ House, +their dinner was on the table, and the room full of ladies and +gentlemen; no one seemed to be dining. After I told Mr. +Hollins I had put out the fire, I sat down and dined. He +wanted to reward me, but I would not receive anything, and he +placed me on his game list. I should not speak of this, +only there are plenty of ladies and gentlemen living who can bear +out this statement.</p> +<p>About 1874, I was walking up High Street, in Ayr, N.B., I saw +a great blaze in the second story of Mr. Semple’s the +largest Ironmonger in the town, and in the centre of the market +space. I procured a bag of salt and went up stairs with it, +the oil had caught fire in a large tank; in less than ten minutes +I had it out, only Robert Reed was in the room. Mr. Semple +sent me a handsome present.</p> +<p>If I was to give my life in full it would make a book. +If my health gets better I will write fuller.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p28b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative graphic" +title= +"Decorative graphic" +src="images/p28s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h2><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>Cause +of the “Charge of the 600”<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">BY THE “MAN OF THE +HOUR.”</span></h2> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Never before been +published.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/p29b.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Death or glory flags, skull etc." +title= +"Death or glory flags, skull etc." +src="images/p29s.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>To be obtained of all +Booksellers in the United Kingdom and</b><br /> +<b>United States of America.</b></p> + +<div class="gapmediumdoubleline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>PRICE SIXPENCE.</b></p> + +<div class="gapmediumdoubleline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>Post Free in the United Kingdom, +7d. United States, 14 cent. stamps.</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>WHOLESALE AND RETAIL OF</b></p> +<p style="text-align: center">THOS. MORLEY, 39, Dame Agnes +Street, Nottingham, England.</p> + +<div class="gapline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">Printed by Arthur Johnson, Maypole +Yard, Nottingham, England.</p> +<h2>Footnotes</h2> +<p><a name="footnote24"></a><a href="#citation24" +class="footnote">[24]</a> In the printed booklet +“1875” is printed just above the heading “THE +CROSS OF VALOUR.” However, it’s been crossed +through, and doesn’t agree with the date of the +letter. Perhaps it was meant for 1857?—DP.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF +BALACLAVA***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 45309-h.htm or 45309-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/5/3/0/45309 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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