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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava, by
+Thomas Morley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava
+
+
+Author: Thomas Morley
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 2, 2014  [eBook #45309]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF
+BALACLAVA***
+
+
+Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org  Many thanks to Trish
+Gurney for lending her copy of original so that this transcription could
+be made.
+
+              [Picture: The graphical cover of the booklet]
+
+
+
+
+
+                   THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF BALACLAVA
+
+
+ [Picture: Graphic of man on horse, shield with skull and crossbones etc.]
+                                                                  OCT 25th
+                                                                      1854
+
+                                   _by_
+
+                                                           _Thomas Morley_
+
+                                                              17TH LANCERS
+                                                       The Man of the Hour
+
+Entered at Stationers Hall.  All Rights Reserved.
+
+
+
+
+The Man of the Hour!
+
+
+                   (_SEE 19th CENTURY_, _MAY_, _1892_.)
+
+                   [Picture: Drawing of Thomas Morley]
+
+                                                            THOMAS MORLEY,
+
+                                            Late Sergeant of 17th Lancers,
+                            Captain of Cavalry through American Civil War.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+THE charge of the Light Brigade, one of the most magnificent assaults
+known in Military annals, and one of the greatest blunders known to
+military tactics, has never yet been properly described.  This may be
+accounted for by the party bias which has colored all accounts of the
+battle according to the views entertained by the various writers.  Having
+seen so many of these accounts for the last forty four years in various
+newspapers and Magazines, and having been interviewed myself many times I
+have felt impelled to write what I know about the action, and to give a
+plain unvarnished account of the same without indulging in any fine
+language or in technicalities, but using only soldiers’ phrases and
+giving the details “with malice toward none” and the truth about all.
+
+The British Cavalry in the Crimea consisted of five heavy regiments,
+called the Heavy Brigade, commanded by General Scarlett, and five light
+regiments called the Light Brigade, commanded by Lord Cardigan.  Attached
+to the cavalry was one troop of the Royal Horse Artillery comprising six
+guns, commanded by Captain Maude.  This Cavalry Division was commanded by
+the Earl of Lucan who had his headquarters at Balaclava Harbour, his
+command being in camp about two miles nearer to Sebastopol.  Their duty
+was to defend Balaclava, which was the depot of supplies for the British
+Army engaged in the siege of Sebastopol.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+In addition to the Cavalry Division Sir Colin Campbell commanded about
+eight hundred Highlanders (Scotch Infantry), and in camp near Balaclava
+we had also some sailors and marines stationed on the heights near the
+harbour and a British frigate was moored so that her broadside could
+protect it.  There were in addition about twelve hundred irregular
+Turkish Infantry commanded by Rustem Pasha, stationed in three redoubts,
+armed with seven old British ship guns, a little more than a mile from
+the supplies.  There were also three other redoubts thrown up to form a
+chain on the ridge of the Causeway Heights leading to Sebastopol.  The
+last three were not mounted with guns.  All these precautions were taken
+by Lord Raglan in case the Russians should make a descent on Balaclava in
+force, which they did before daybreak on the 25th of October, 1854.
+
+
+
+
+THE ATTACK.
+
+
+Lord Lucan knew that the Russians were in strong force near his pickets,
+and yet he did not strengthen them or patrol the small front he had to
+protect, while his cavalry pickets knew nothing of the Russian advance
+until the Turks opened fire, they just saved themselves from capture or
+annihilation by being better mounted than the enemy.
+
+The Turkish General seemed to have understood his duty better than either
+Lord Lucan or Sir Colin Campbell, for he advanced his pickets, sent out
+patrols, and hoisted ensigns in his three redoubts to signal to the
+British that the Russians were advancing.  Lord Lucan and Sir Colin
+Campbell and staffs and others riding near the Turkish redoubts before
+daybreak observed ensigns flying on their parapets and asked one another
+what it meant, thus exposing their ignorance, but they did not take the
+trouble to find out the meaning of it, and no one can learn from any
+history thus far published how long these ensigns had been flying.  They
+had very likely been flying all night.  Had Sir Colin Campbell but thrown
+out a Corporal’s guard to watch the redoubts it might have been the means
+of getting re-enforcements down from Sebastopol before daylight and
+preventing us from losing the guns and redoubts and the annihilation of
+the Light Brigade, and the loss of the only road for supplies.  Lord
+Lucan with his attendant staff went riding round till break of day, when
+the Turks opened fire, being the first to find the Russians and the first
+to attack them.  Lord Paget was with Lord Lucan’s staff and when the
+Turks opened fire he galloped to the Light Brigade and took command in
+the absence of Lord Cardigan, who was on board his private yacht then
+lying in Balaclava Harbour.
+
+The British forces, as was the custom, turned out every morning about two
+hours before daylight, and on this eventful morning the men of the
+Cavalry Division were standing to their horses for nearly two hours,
+shivering in the cold fog.
+
+But at the first or second shot fired they mounted, and the heavy Brigade
+advanced at a trot followed by the Light Brigade and Horse Artillery.
+The Light Brigade halted near number 3 redoubt and the heavy Brigade
+halted two hundred yards in advance of it.
+
+The Horse Artillery took up position just before it came to number 3
+redoubt and opened fire on the Russian Artillery, nothing but smoke from
+their guns being perceived.  The heavy Brigade moved first to its left,
+then back again to its right, several times.  Lord Lucan calls that a
+demonstration.  They could not see the Russians, and the Russians could
+neither see nor hear the heavy Brigade.  If they had, they would not have
+been firing at the white smoke above the black fog of the Turkish
+redoubts and our Horse Artillery, but would have sent a volley into the
+heavy Brigade.  Our Artillery was only wasting the ammunition, and when
+they finally saw the Russians they had no ammunition, and had made no
+provision to get any.  Daylight was now approaching and Lord Cardigan
+arrived fresh from off his yacht.  To think of a General with an
+important command during an active campaign sleeping on his yacht while
+his command was about to fight the enemy!
+
+Think of his vessel taking up such valuable space in the harbour, while
+we could not get ammunition landed nor even medicine!  He no sooner
+arrived at his Brigade than he ordered it to retire by alternate
+Regiments, leaving Lucan and his “demonstration” to their fate.  This was
+done without orders.  We were then supporting the heavy Brigade.  The
+Light Brigade retired past the Horse Artillery position just as Captain
+Maude was being carried off on a stretcher severely wounded.  We retired
+about one hundred yards past his command and remained in that position
+watching the Artillery fire all its ammunition away.  When it did finally
+retire, the heavy Brigade also retired.  Lord Lucan had now found out
+that an army of Russians had manoeuvred around his cavalry pickets, and
+that thirty guns and ten thousand Infantry had taken up position within
+one and half mile of Balaclava and supplies, and opened fire on the three
+Turkish redoubts before his cavalry pickets were aware of it.
+
+The Russian General could not see any troops near the three redoubts, as
+Lord Lucan had retired with his fifteen hundred cavalry and troop of
+Horse Artillery and left the poor badly armed Turks to themselves.  No
+one had sense enough to order the Turks to fall back to the three
+redoubts which had not yet been armed.  We had plenty of Artillery Horses
+(without ammunition for their guns) which could have removed the seven
+guns and the ammunition out of the first three redoubts into the three
+redoubts without guns.  Had this been done we should not have lost any
+guns, but our victory would have been complete and the Light Brigade
+would not have been destroyed.  The Russians had thirty guns and eight
+pieces of heavy calibre firing at number 1 redoubt with three guns, yet
+the Turks held on until the Russians stormed it with some thousands of
+Infantry.  Kinglake says thirty guns opened upon numbers 2 and 3 redoubts
+and eleven battallions of Infantry stormed them; the same guns opened
+fire on 2 and 3 redoubts.  If five hundred Turks were defending number 1
+redoubt only seven hundred Turks would be in numbers 2 and 3 redoubts of
+two guns each.  These ran away before the Russians got near them and also
+left their guns unspiked.
+
+
+
+
+CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE.
+
+
+The British Army and the Turkish Infantry were in the south valley.  The
+Russian General, not seeing the enemy in his front, thought he had a
+clear road to Balaclava Harbour.  He began to advance his army toward it.
+He sent four strong squadrons of cavalry from near number 1 redoubt which
+he had just captured to reconnoitre, and they advanced toward Balaclava
+Harbour.  Sir Colin Campbell commanding the Infantry, had taken up his
+position on a knoll and ordered his command to lie down, the commanding
+officer of the four squadrons of Russian Cavalry could not see them
+because of the long grass and brush.  Sir Colin Campbell was between
+Balaclava Harbour and the Russian Cavalry.  When they arrived within
+firing distance Sir Colin ordered his command to form a single line two
+deep and from that position they fired a volley into the four squadrons
+of Russian Cavalry advancing.  It took them by such surprise that it
+seemed to paralyse them by the sudden shock.  They all wheeled about and
+retired in a kind of circle back to the point from which they advanced.
+Their loss, however, was but slight.  The British Cavalry was on the
+slopes of the Causeway heights in the south valley, looking on at Sir
+Colin Campbell, and his few Highlanders instead of assisting him with our
+Horse Artillery.  We had a sailor’s battery near the Harbour on the
+hills.  They fired at the Russians, but I could not see at whom.  The
+British Frigate lying across the harbour of Balaclava also opened fire on
+the Russians.  After this for some time everything seemed to be quiet.
+
+Sir Colin Campbell’s command and the Turkish Infantry were ordered to
+take position at Kadikoe, to defend the approach to Balaclava Harbour.
+
+The Heavy Brigade’s camp was situated between the 5th redoubt and the
+Vineyard on the slope of the Causeway heights in the south valley.
+
+The camp lying in a very exposed position, Lord Lucan ordered it to be
+removed in great haste to the south side of the vineyard for safety.
+
+At the same time the Light Brigade took up position at the top end of the
+South Valley about five hundred yards from the vineyard.
+
+The first line consisted of the 17th Lancers on the right, the 13th Light
+Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed it, and remained mounted commanded
+by Lord Cardigan.
+
+The second line were the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars commanded by
+Lord Paget—they were dismounted.  Lord Cardigan was ordered to watch the
+enemy and attack anything but columns of Infantry.  No one could see the
+enemy and the enemy could not see the Cavalry Division, and not a single
+picket or sentry was posted to give warning.  The Heavy Brigade was
+allowed to go to the back of the Vineyard to hunt up their camp
+equipments, while parts of regiments began to water their horses.  The
+Horse Artillery being in some hidden place I never saw them again after
+clear daylight.  Lord Lucan being absent from his command made things
+worse at this critical time.  Lord Raglan and staff, and a French General
+and staff assembled on the height at the top end of the two valleys which
+had to be ascended to get to Sebastopol.
+
+Both commanders-in-chief could observe all the movements of the Russian
+Army, their Infantry massing and a large column of cavalry marching up
+the valley of death.  Lord Raglan could see the Light Brigade part
+dismounted, yet he could not see the Heavy Brigade, most of them being
+back of the Vineyard.  He sent one of his staff officers to inform Lord
+Lucan that a large force of Russian Cavalry was advancing up the North
+Valley, but he could not be found with his Division.  General Scarlett
+assumed command in Lucan’s absence, and sent staff officers to hunt up
+the Regiments.  General Scarlett tried to assemble his Brigade at the
+east end of the vineyard, the Light Brigade camp standing in front of
+those he assembled.  The Russian General had military sense enough to
+advance a line of mounted skirmishers half a mile in advance of his main
+body up the North Valley.  Neither Lucan, Cardigan, nor Scarlett knew
+anything of this force marching up the North Valley till informed by the
+commander-in-chief’s aide-de-camp.  When the Russian skirmishers arrived
+near the top of the North Valley, about 30 rode over the Causeway height
+and came within thirty yards of the Light Brigade position.  A Russian
+officer who was directing that part of the line of Russian skirmishers
+was killed, sword in hand, in front of the 13th Light Dragoons by one of
+their officers.  Lord Cardigan did not trouble himself to go or send one
+of his staff officers 30 yards—had he done so he would have seen the
+Russian column marching up the valley.  The Russian General found out
+from the commander of the skirmishers where the British Cavalry was in
+position.  He immediately marched his column to the top of the Causeway
+heights, advancing toward the Light Brigade.  The Russian General saw the
+Heavy Brigade assembling at the end of the Vineyard, which was nearer to
+his command.  He made an oblique movement at a trot toward General
+Scarlett, advancing down the Causeway heights through the camp ground of
+the Heavy Brigade that had only just been removed out of danger.  I
+believe Lord Cardigan never saw the Russian skirmishers or the Russian
+columns crown the heights.  But Captain Morris commanding 17th Lancers
+did, and like a flash he ordered the 17th forward.  As we were advancing
+toward the Russian column, Lord Cardigan saw the 17th Lancers moving,
+halted us, and ordered us back, wishing to know where we were going, and
+who ordered us to move.  The consequence was, we never did attack the
+Russians.  When the Russian column arrived within 50 yards of the
+vineyard, the Russian General saw he had to cross a large ditch,
+extending on the side of the vineyard, and that he had also to advance
+through the Light Brigade camp, with picket ropes standing with sick and
+lame horses tied to the ropes before he could attack the heavy Brigade.
+The Russian General thought he was being led into a trap.  He then halted
+his column with his right flank exposed toward the Light Brigade.  Then
+Lord Cardigan had the opportunity to attack and cover himself with glory.
+No General had or ever will have a better or more favourable opportunity.
+He had the ground in his favor, and not 500 yards to advance to the
+Russian Cavalry column, and part of the Heavy Brigade mounted only 50
+yards from the Russian column to assist.  But no, he would not attack,
+and how he could sit on his horse, and see the Heavy Brigade fight such
+great odds, and never attempt to give them a helping hand, passes
+understanding.  The Russian column, and not more than 50 yards away
+General Scarlett’s few hundred in line of battle, stood looking at each
+other.  Kinglake says, Lord Lucan told Scarlett to take the four
+squadrons to attack the Russian column (it was only three squadrons
+however.)  General Scarlett ordered all he had assembled under such
+trying circumstances to advance to the attack.  In passing through the
+Light Brigade camp, standing together with sick and lame horses still
+tied to the picket ropes, two officers’ horses fell over the ropes and
+camp utensils, one being seriously hurt, to say nothing of a trooper
+falling in clearing the camp.  The command had to jump a wide ditch at
+the end of the vineyard which so scattered them that they were nearly in
+single line, and not more than 30 or 40 yards from the Russian column.
+In five seconds officers and men were in their places.  General Scarlett
+then ordered his trumpeter to sound the charge.  It was repeated by the
+other trumpeters.  They had to advance up the slope of the Causeway
+heights.  The consequence was they never arrived at a charging speed.
+The command began to cheer and could be heard all over the South Valley,
+the Light Brigade helping them to cheer with faces pale with rage at
+having to sit on their horses and not be allowed to give their brave
+comrades a helping hand.  General Scarlett led his command about the
+centre of the Russian column, going straight through it, and re-found
+what was left of his command the other side of the column.  Just as
+General Scarlett was entering the column, Colonel Hodge advanced around
+the east end of the vineyard with the 4th Dragoon Guards in column of
+troop at a brisk trot.  On they advanced, clearing the Russians column
+right flank 40 yards.  Colonel Hodge then gave the word of command “right
+wheel into line” and ordered the charge to be sounded.  Already at a
+trot, they got into charging speed at once, going through the Russian
+column, scattering them in all directions, the Light Brigade cheering
+with them till the 4th Dragoon Guards came out of the Russians left
+flank.  General Scarlett’s command had rallied and charged back through
+the Russian scattered column.  After receiving these three charges in
+rapid succession the Russian column was so disorganised that we could see
+them wheeling about, and almost before General Scarlett’s command had got
+through the Russian column a second time it began to retire at a trot
+back over the Causeway heights leaving their killed and wounded.
+Kinglake says, 78 of the Heavy Brigade were killed and wounded all by the
+sword.  I consider Colonel Hodge proved himself the best cavalry officer
+in the division.  Had Lord Cardigan assisted with the Light Brigade, the
+balance of the Heavy Brigade not engaged would have given a helping hand.
+It would have been one of the most crowning victories in the annals of
+Cavalry History.
+
+When the Russian column had retreated over the Causeway height and down
+the North Valley, Lord Cardigan mounted Lord Paget’s command, advanced
+the Light Brigade in column of troops from the right at a trot, making a
+circle of a mile in the South Valley below the battle ground, arriving
+back at the Light Brigade camp.  We were then dismounted.
+
+Lord Raglan saw the Russians trying to remove the guns out of the
+redoubts they had captured from the Turks, and also making a different
+disposition of their army.  Raglan also saw the inaction of his cavalry,
+the Light Brigade being dismounted.  He sent some of his staff officers
+down to it, and we were ordered in great haste to mount.  The first
+regiment mounted was the 11th Hussars, and was led by a staff officer of
+Lord Raglan’s to the North Valley.  The next regiment was the 17th
+Lancers, and we were formed in line on the 11th Hussars.  The next
+regiment was the 13th Light Dragoons.  This completed the first line of
+the Light Brigade in the new formation.  The second line consisted of the
+4th Light Dragoons and 8th Hussars, commanded by Lord Paget.  Lord
+Cardigan never knew that the formation of his brigade was altered.  He
+did not know that Lord Raglan ordered the Light Brigade to the North
+Valley till informed, and this is the only time Lord Raglan ever
+interfered with the Cavalry—then he could not find any leaders.  Our
+formation before this was the 17th Lancers on the right of the first
+line, the 13th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed it, commanded
+by Cardigan.  The second line was the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th
+Hussars, commanded by Lord Paget.
+
+In his book Lord Paget states that he could never understand how the 8th
+Hussars got into his command in place of the 11th Hussars.  The reason
+was, that he and Cardigan were with the Heavy Brigade taking some
+refreshments and congratulating the leading officers.  When Lord Cardigan
+joined his Brigade in the North Valley, he wanted to know by whose
+authority they were placed there.  He was informed by order of Lord
+Raglan.
+
+The Russian General seeing the allied infantry marching down from
+Sebastopol knew then he could not take Balaclava, so he began to remove
+the guns he had captured from the Turks, out of the redoubts.  Lord
+Raglan and the French Commander-in-chief came to the conclusion to bring
+on a general engagement, and try to take back the guns that the Turks had
+lost, and also regain the redoubts and key to Balaclava Harbour—our good
+military road we had lost which was the cause of the suffering of the
+British Army in the winter of 1854.  Lord Raglan ordered the cavalry
+division to attack the Russians to prevent them from carrying off the
+guns.  Lord Lucan did not understand the movements of armies or orders.
+Order after order was sent to him, and, during the delay the Russians
+were making additional alterations in their Army.  The third order was
+for “the cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to
+recover the Heights, and they would be supported by infantry which had
+been ordered to advance on two fronts.”  Lord Raglan ordered the Duke of
+Cambridge to advance his division of Infantry and Artillery down the
+South Valley, which he did some distance in line of battle.  Sir George
+Cathcart was ordered to advance his division of Infantry and Artillery
+down the North Valley.  Every soldier in the Cavalry Division knew what
+heights we had lost.  The whole Cavalry Division saw the Russians take
+the heights, and redoubts, with guns in them.
+
+After Lucan received the third order, he must have read it backward, for
+he thought he was to support the Infantry, and prepared the cavalry for
+it without seeing the Infantry or knowing where they were, which he
+states, and never made any attempt to advance.
+
+Lord Raglan then selected Captain Nolan to take the fourth and last
+order, but during all this delay of 40 minutes, the Russians, seeing the
+allied Infantry taking possession of both valleys, concentrated their
+Army and removed the captured guns which Lord Raglan wanted to prevent
+them from doing.  Not one of the four orders suggested that the cavalry
+should charge.  Lord Raglan knew it would be annihilation for them to do
+so with the Russian Army in such a strong and commanding position.  At
+the end of the North Valley the Russians put in position their best
+Artillery, supported by five or six thousand Cavalry, their Infantry also
+being in position on all the commanding hills.  The three redoubts they
+captured were full of Infantry and Artillery, with riflemen on the
+commanding positions near the redoubts on our right.  On our left they
+had six guns placed in position supported by Infantry and riflemen armed
+with needle guns.
+
+
+
+
+CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE.
+
+
+Captain Nolan after receiving the last order galloped down the steep
+heights from the position of Lord Raglan and staff, finding Lord Lucan
+the Cavalry Commander with the Heavy Brigade in the South Valley near the
+scene of their engagement of two hours before.  The Causeway Heights were
+between the two Brigades so that they were out of sight of each other
+though only five hundred yards apart.  The Light Brigade were in position
+at the head of the North Valley, with the Chasseurs d’Afrique stationed
+about 250 yards at the left.
+
+Lord Lucan describes the arrival of the order thus:—“The Cavalry was
+formed to support an intended movement of the Infantry when Captain Nolan
+came up at speed and placed in my hands this written information—‘Lord
+Raglan wishes the Cavalry to advance rapidly to the front and try to
+prevent the enemy carrying away the guns.  Troop of Horse Artillery may
+accompany.  French Cavalry on your left.’”  He said to Captain Nolan
+after reading the order “Attack sir, attack what, what guns sir?”
+Captain Nolan pointed with his sword, “There, my Lord, is your enemy,
+there are your guns.”  This conversation must have occurred in the South
+Valley where the Heavy Cavalry were formed to support the Infantry and
+where neither guns nor enemy were in sight.  Captain Nolan probably
+pointed with his sword to the Causeway Heights, where the nearest guns of
+the enemy lay, and which was the point of attack intended by Lord Raglan.
+Had they been on top of these heights the redoubts would have been in
+sight, had the speakers been in the North Valley the words would have
+been an absurdity, for the direction of the Russian Army did not require
+to be pointed out with a sword.  Several batteries were plainly in sight
+across the valley and at each side, with thousands and thousands of
+troops.  It is recorded that Lord Lucan made some insulting remarks to
+Nolan, telling him to quiet himself.  Both of them moved over to the
+Light Brigade, and Lord Lucan informed Lord Cardigan that it was Lord
+Raglan’s order for the Light Brigade to charge the Russians in the
+Valley.  There is probably no doubt that Cardigan called Lucan’s
+attention to the fact that there were batteries in front and on each
+flank, and that the ground was covered with riflemen.  This of course I
+did not hear.  I first saw Lord Lucan riding about the attacking line and
+was aware that we were about to charge.  I also noticed the Chasseurs
+over at our left preparing to move at the same time.  I saw very
+distinctly what does not appear in any history, Lord Cardigan gallop on
+perhaps three hundred yards in front and to the right to a piece of
+slightly rising ground, evidently to reconnoitre the position of the
+Russian Army and the best way-ground for his brigade.  We were now in
+line thus:—
+
+                                                  *
+                                           Lord Cardigan.
+11th Hussars.     17th Lancers.                  13th Light Dragoons
+                       *
+              Lord George Paget.
+     4th Light Dragoons.        8th Hussars.
+
+Almost at the moment that Lord Cardigan had left us Colonel Douglas,
+commanding the 11th Hussars was ordered by Lord Lucan to fall back to
+support the 17th which they did, altering the attacking line so that we
+went on in this formation.
+
+                  17th Lancers.               13th Light Dragoons.
+11th Hussars.
+4th Light Dragoons.             8th Hussars.
+
+This movement was executed simply by the 11th Hussars waiting for us to
+advance until they were at proper supporting distance when they began to
+move, for we were getting under way at the time.  I never heard the word
+of command to go forward from any officer.  If given at all it must have
+been by Lord Lucan, for Cardigan was, as I said, in advance of us
+planning the line of movement and evidently did not see what went on in
+his attacking line at the moment of advance.  The whole movement was
+executed in the greatest haste and we were quickly off at a trot.
+
+Then in the very beginning of the Charge, when the direction we were
+taking just became evident, occurred Captain Nolan’s movement that has
+been the cause of so much controversy.  I was only about seventy yards
+from Captain Nolan and distinctly saw every movement.  Captain Nolan was
+in front of the 13th Light Dragoons, who took their dressing and interval
+and speed by the 17th Lancers, the regiment of direction.  As soon as the
+brigade was fairly in motion, so that its direction down the valley was
+evident, Nolan rode away from the 13th at speed to the front of the 17th
+Lancers, reached a position in front of the centre of the 17th, gave his
+order “three’s right” with his horse’s head facing the regiment, at the
+same time waving his sword to the right, which signified “take ground to
+the right,” then turned his horse and galloped towards the Causeway
+Heights, still pointing with his sword in that direction.  At that moment
+a shell exploded and a piece of it struck him in the left breast near the
+heart.  Probably the unearthly scream which rang in our ears above the
+roar of the opening cannonade was a dying effort to make us follow his
+direction.
+
+He remained in the saddle until the horse had cleared the right flank of
+the first squadron of the 17th, in column of threes, when the horse,
+finding the rider had no control over it, turned sharp to the right—the
+way home—throwing the lifeless body head-first to the ground.
+
+The 17th had instantly followed his direction and gone “three’s right.”
+The 13th had gone straight on instead of checking, as they should have
+done to respond to our movements.  They were perhaps 25 or 30 yards in
+front of us when Nolan fell.  At that juncture I heard Sergeant-Major J.
+Nunnerley, of the 1st Squadron—now living at Ormskirk, Lancashire—shout
+in a loud voice, “17th Lancers, (Three’s Left) or Front forward!”  (I
+belonged to the second Squadron).  We went three’s left, the right flank
+of the second squadron lapping the left flank of the first one-fourth its
+front or more, so that the two flanks became merged together.  At that
+instant, the Russian Artillery in position across the valley, fired a
+volley into the 17th, which seemed to paralyse it, killing and wounding a
+number of officers and men.  It seemed to me a troop of horses fell,
+myself and horse being knocked down with them.  I remounted and followed
+the shattered line.  All this time I never saw Lord Cardigan at all.
+Kinglake’s account of him as such a conspicuous figure on his
+white-legged horse, riding in front of his command and constantly
+checking the speed by orders to “keep steady,” does not agree with my
+observation, although he is said to have been just in front of our
+regiment.
+
+From the time I saw him ride ahead and to one side of his command to
+reconnoitre, I never saw him again till we had passed the Russian guns.
+He probably joined some portion of the 13th Dragoons as they came up with
+him, but that regiment scattered completely, going down into skirmish
+line, having lost their base, the 17th Lancers.
+
+No squad of it held together to pass the guns or to return.  In the
+tremendous uproar and confusion of such cannonading it was impossible to
+have any very distinct impression.  I observed everything clearly up to
+the moment the volley burst in our ranks and knocked me down.  After that
+I simply scrambled on my horse and rode on pell-mell, and I believe Lord
+Cardigan did the same.  The smoke prevented anyone from seeing any
+distance and the noise from hearing, so I never heard an officer’s voice
+from the time Nolan fell.  It was the order of the brave Nunnerley that
+brought us to front forward as stated, and I heard no further orders
+after that.
+
+The Russian gunners were well drilled.  There was none of that crackling
+sound I have often heard in the American War and other places, where one
+gun goes a little ahead and the others follow, having the effect of a
+bunch of fire-crackers popping in quick succession.
+
+In such case the smoke of the first gun obscures the aim of the rest.
+The Russian Artillery at Balaclava went off at the word of command, all
+together.  One tremendous volley was heard with flashes of flame through
+the rolling smoke.  While they reloaded the smoke lifted so that they
+could see to take aim again.  There were probably twenty cannon at our
+right firing at us, and two batteries—twelve guns—in front.  The
+batteries at the left on the Fedioukine Heights were in action, but their
+fire probably did not affect the first lines.  Their fire was directed on
+the Chasseurs d’Afrique, who moved toward them simultaneously with our
+move forward.  The direction was such, however, that the shells would
+fall among the supports, Colonel Douglas’ and Lord Paget’s lines.  If we
+had been moving over uneven ground we should have had some slight
+protection in the necessary uncertainty of aim of the guns, but moving as
+we did in compact bodies on smooth ground directly in range, the gunners
+had an admirable target and every volley came with terrible effect.
+
+There is a natural instinct to dodge cannon balls.  In such fire as we
+were under it changed to an impulse to hurry.  There was no time to look
+right or left, and the guns in front were what I looked out for.  They
+were visible as streaks of fire about two feet long, and a foot thick in
+the centre of a gush of thick white smoke, marking about every three
+hundred yards of the way, as they would reload in 30 or 40 seconds.  The
+last volley went off when we were close on them.  The flame, the smoke,
+the roar were in our faces.  It is not an exaggeration to compare the
+sensation to that of riding into the mouth of a volcano, but those who
+did not fall were through the guns in an instant and full of fight.  The
+action of the scattered troops behind the battery and on the way back was
+sufficient proof that they were not frightened or demoralized, even by
+the proceeding—unheard of for Cavalry—of attacking batteries in front.
+
+Before we reached the guns every officer of my squadron, the second, was
+either killed or wounded, leaving no one to command us.
+
+Thirty of the men followed Troop Sergeant Major O’Hara, and fifteen
+followed Colonel Mayow, chief of Cardigan’s Staff.  As I said before the
+13th Light Dragoons were so scattered, that a group did not enter the
+enemy’s lines together.  The 11th Hussars was ordered to support us, the
+17th Lancers, and we never saw them in the fight.  Colonel Douglas, 11th
+Hussars, Lord George Paget, 4th Light Dragoons, Colonel Shewell, 8th
+Hussars, all managed to keep groups of their commands together, to enter
+the line of guns.  Lord Paget commanded the 4th Light Dragoons and 8th
+Hussars, yet he lost the 8th and found the 11th Hussars (our supports).
+The ride down the valley could not have occupied five minutes.  I could
+have run it on foot in seven minutes, as I was champion runner in those
+days, but the formation of the brigade with which we started had been
+destroyed, probably within three minutes.
+
+Our arrival at the battery silenced it instantly, and the gunners began
+to try to move the cannon away.  The gospel of Russian fighting was
+always to save the guns.
+
+My first thought after we were through the line was to look for an
+officer to see what we were to do, I saw Lord Cardigan at first but I had
+no impulse to join him.  I think no British soldier ever had.  He lead
+670 and none relied on him.  I saw troopers riding past him to the right
+and left.  He was about 50 yards beyond the guns on their extreme left.
+I turned to look for some one of my own regiment and mistook Lieutenant
+Jarvis, of the 13th Dragoons, for one of my officers, as the uniforms of
+both regiments being very similar.  Lieutenant (now Major) Jarvis is, I
+believe, still living.  He was about 200 yards to my left front, riding
+to his right towards a cannon that was retreating to the rear.  I
+galloped up to him and informed him that Lord Cardigan was above,
+pointing my sword to the place, my lance having been shot away at the
+last volley as we charged the guns.  He replied “Never mind, let’s
+capture that gun!”  We raced towards it.  He said, “Cut down the
+gunners!”  He shot one of the horse’s in the head bringing it to a sudden
+stop.  The gunners disappeared between the horses and gun-carriage as we
+slashed at them.  We both dismounted and took out the dead horse while
+more of the Brigade gathered about to assist us.  Private John Smith, who
+died in a London Workhouse about the end of January, 1899, mounted one of
+the horses attached to the gun, and I believe there is another soldier
+living who mounted another horse of the gun.
+
+We started back off the field at a gallop with the mounted cannon, and
+were near the place where I had seen Lord Cardigan, when a large body of
+Cossacks charged, who appeared from behind a hill and surrounded our
+group.  I was riding on the right of the gun, the direction in which the
+Cossacks attacked us.  In the melee I got through the wrong end and had
+to ride back again down the valley.  I was pursued by seven of them until
+they fairly chased me into a body of Russian Cavalry with its back to me.
+There was no alternative but to ride through or surrender to the
+Cossacks.  I put spurs to my horse and bolted into the line.  I got
+through with a knock on the head from a Russian officer, that would have
+wounded me but for my dress cap, which I eventually lost, but the lines
+saved it.  More members of the Light Brigade were riding about—some of
+them wounded—fighting as best they could.
+
+Corporal Hall, of my own troop, had his lance trailing about and covered
+with blood.  I told him to throw it away and wanted to pick it up myself,
+as I needed one, but there was no time.  Hall was captured and died of
+amputation of a leg.
+
+During the melee, about 40 stragglers of the Brigade were driving a line
+of Russian Hussars down the valley in close column.  I rode in the rear
+of them and began to order the men back.  I ordered Private Clifford of
+my own troop to halt, instead of which he charged into the solid column
+and was cut and pierced to death before my eyes.  The column came to a
+trot, and walk, and then wheeled about.  I turned my horse about and saw
+a line of Lancers marching down the valley and instantly thought they
+were the French Lancers, as they carried flags on their lances.  I rode
+to them, and when within 30 yards they fired at me.  I then saw their
+long grey cloaks and knew they were Russian.  It was in fact the
+Jeropkine Lancers just formed in close line across the valley, cutting
+off our retreat.  I turned back to my scattered comrades, who were riding
+about like myself in all directions, not seeing which way to go.  I
+raised my sword and shouted to them to fall in.  They galloped to me from
+all directions, and I hastily formed them in lines, putting those with
+lances in front.  I believe there were eight of the 17th Lancers in the
+front rank, with members of other regiments forming a second line.  The
+Russian Lancers were not more than 40 yards from us when I ordered them
+to cheer and charge.  The Brigade of Russian Hussars were marching up the
+valley about 50 yards behind and there were Cossacks on each flank.  The
+Russians must have thought we were assembling to surrender, and when we
+yelled and charged into the centre of their line, they seemed to be
+paralysed.
+
+The point of a lance through my sword hilt tore the flesh off my middle
+finger, and this trifling wound was the only injury I received in that
+immortal fight.  Three of the men in my group fell in the charge but I
+seemed to have more when I got through the lines, other stragglers having
+rushed through the opening we made or rode round the flanks.  We galloped
+off on our way back, pursued by some of the Cossacks, firing at us, until
+we came to a square of infantry on rising ground with muskets and fixed
+bayonets pointing at us.  They yelled something in Russian, I suppose
+calling us to surrender.  When they saw that we was not going to
+surrender, they fired a volley point blank at us and at the shortest
+range.  This was fearfully destructive, and only a few of my little squad
+were left.  Weightman and Marshall together with others of the 17th were
+captured here, one with 13 wounds and the other with 9, and were
+prisoners for a year.  We found the guns again re-manned and in position
+again across the valley, and after we had charged through them from the
+rear they opened fire on us again, as well as the infantry.
+
+There were no more of the enemy in front and I told the men to separate.
+James Cope, 17th Lancers, and George McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, opened
+out each side of myself, and we made the best of our way back up the
+valley.  Cope and I reported together to the regiment which had
+assembled, numbered off, and been complimented by Lord Cardigan before we
+got there.  We were the last squad to return, and the only squad that
+rallied through the guns.
+
+The engagement may be summed up thus: There were five groups which
+charged into the guns.  The first two were 17th Lancers, one group
+commanded by Colonel Mayow, chief of Lord Cardigan’s staff, the other by
+Troop Sergeant Major O’Hara.  The third group was the 11th Hussars under
+Colonel Douglas.  The fourth group were 4th Light Dragoons, commanded by
+Lord Paget.  The fifth group, 8th Hussars, Colonel Shewell and the last
+regiment to enter the batteries.  These five groups charged the masses of
+Russian Cavalry that were supporting the artillery, time and time again,
+driving them some hundred yards down the valley.  This seems almost
+incredible, but it must be recalled that we had no idea of the colossal
+blunder of which we were victims.  Our natural thought of course was that
+we would be immediately followed and supported by the Heavy Brigade and
+Infantry, both of which were stationed close in our rear.  The French
+Cavalry we know had moved and I thought they were there with us until I
+had ridden nearly into a body of Russians, taking them for the French.
+Of course, the Russians shared our impression that this was the beginning
+of a general attack, which accounts for their temporary confusion and
+partial retreat.
+
+While these five groups were going on fighting as best they could,
+scattering the Russian Cavalry, the General ordered out the Jeropkine
+Lancers—fresh troops who had not been engaged in the attack on the Heavy
+Brigade two hours before.  These Lancers took their position between the
+guns across the valley, apparently cutting off the retreat of all the
+Light Brigade by forming across their rear.
+
+The officers commanding the different groups now realised that they were
+unsupported and in great danger.  There was a hasty effort to join forces
+to make the best of their way back.  Lord Paget, happening to be near the
+11th Hussars, ordered Colonel Douglas to join his command.  He refused at
+first, but seeing himself cut off did so, and a wordy controversy as to
+who was technically in command takes up many pages in Paget’s book.
+Probably, at the time, neither gave thought to anything but getting out
+of the trap.  Colonel Mayow and Sergeant-Major O’Hara joined with the 8th
+Hussars, making two groups fighting and charging the Russian Lancers.
+Some squads of the Light Brigade had not time to wheel about, but just
+time to go three’s about, and charge with rear rank in front to prevent
+the Russian Cavalry from charging their flanks.  Not all the Brigade had
+fallen into these larger groups which first cut their way out.  After the
+remnants of these groups had escaped the Jeropkine Lancers, six squadrons
+strong were formed in line to prevent the stragglers from escaping.
+
+The Brigade of Hussars seeing the Lancers marching down the valley and
+only a few scattered enemy, halted, wheeled about, and marched up the
+valley.  It was just at this time and between these two bodies that I
+rallied my little squad.
+
+It is a singular thing that every authority on the Charge of the Light
+Brigade gives a different number of killed and wounded, but they
+substantially agree as to the number 198 which reported mounted after the
+engagement.
+
+Lord Cardigan gives 195.  James Cope, 17th Lancers, McGregor, 4th Light
+Dragoons, and myself reported after the roll was called.
+
+I am only certain of the figures for my own regiment.  The 17th Lancers
+went into the engagement 145 and came out 45 mounted.  Every officer of
+my squadron was killed or wounded.  We lost 13 prisoners, only one of
+them unwounded, and he was dismounted, his horse having been killed.  Of
+these only 3 lived to return to the English ranks, two of them from my
+squad—Weightman and Marshall.  Weightman, who is still living as a
+retired officer, had thirteen wounds, and Marshall nine wounds.
+
+
+
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE.
+
+
+                     [Picture: Lord Lucan (on horse)]
+
+THE phrase “Someone had blundered” is familiar to every one, but the
+condition of affairs which precipitated the blunder are not known and
+have never been stated in history.
+
+After the Heavy Brigade made their glorious charge, the Light Brigade was
+placed in the North valley by order of Lord Raglan, Lords Lucan and
+Cardigan being absent congratulating the Heavy Brigade officers.  Both
+Commanders-in-chief and Staffs had assembled at the top of Sebastopol
+Heights and were watching the Russian Army.  They decided to force a
+general engagement and recapture the guns and heights the Turks had lost.
+The Russian General could see the allied armies—the French massing on the
+heights of Sebastopol and the British Infantry and Artillery marching
+down both valleys.  The Russians, recognising the uselessness of trying
+to take Balaclava, ordered their army on the Causeway Heights to retreat
+and abandon the captured guns.  Lord Raglan sent General Airey,
+Quarter-master General, to give Lord Lucan instructions to which he paid
+no attention.  The third order was, “The Cavalry to advance and take
+advantage of any opportunity to recover the heights; they will be
+supported by Infantry which has been ordered to advance on two fronts.”
+Now the trouble commenced.  Lord Lucan could see that Lord Raglan
+intended the whole cavalry to advance in one body, but he could not give
+the word of command for his two brigades to move together, not knowing
+the drill in vogue.  Again, how could he ask the cavalry to advance with
+the Artillery without ammunition?  How far could he advance against the
+Russian Artillery?  It would be simple slaughter to charge.  Lord Lucan
+had invaded the Crimea without any supply for his cannon.  He admits that
+he did not leave the forts till he had used all his ammunition, and that
+was before daylight.  He was then only one mile from Balaclava Harbour,
+the only place for supply, and he could have sent his ammunition wagons
+for it.  His artillery being only six-pounders—the smallest in the
+Crimea—it was impossible to draw or borrow it.  So the humbug went on,
+and instead of him informing Lord Raglan he had no supply of ammunition
+in the Crimea—which was his first duty to his Queen and country—he
+prepared the Heavy Brigade to support infantry at the top of the South
+valley, quite reversing the third order.
+
+The two commanders-in-chief had their infantry ready for the general
+engagement; the French infantry massed on the top of Sebastopol heights
+to support the English; and the French Cavalry was ordered to report to
+General Lord Lucan, the English Cavalry commander.  The Duke of Cambridge
+had his division on top of Sebastopol heights the first and could see the
+Russian army retreating on the Causeway heights and abandoning the
+captured cannon.  The Duke waited some time for Lord Lucan to get a move
+upon his command, then marched his troops down the heights of Sebastopol
+to the South valley, seeing no signs of the cavalry advancing, ordered
+his infantry and artillery in line of battle and marched them towards the
+Causeway heights.  I am of the opinion—and always have been—that if Lord
+Lucan had continued his humbug for ten minutes longer, the Duke of
+Cambridge would have attacked the retreating Russians on the Causeway
+heights.
+
+The Commander-in-Chief, worn out with Lord Lucan’s delay of nearly 40
+minutes, despatched the fourth and last order, viz., “Lord Raglan wishes
+the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front and try to prevent the enemy
+carrying away the guns.  Troop of Horse Artillery may accompany.  French
+Cavalry on your left.  Immediate.”  Captain Nolan was selected specially
+to see this order carried out, being one of the best cavalry officers in
+the British Army.  When the order was given he started and galloped down
+the steep heights to the South valley to Lord Lucan, saluted him and gave
+him the order.  I suppose he read it, but knowing what took place after,
+I rather doubt it.  Lord Lucan says after he read the order he said to
+Captain Nolan, “Attack! Sir!  Attack what?  What guns, sir?” and he
+states also that Captain Nolan, pointing, said, “There, my Lord, is your
+enemy, and there are your guns.”  Captain Nolan did not tell him to
+attack and he had no proof to show he did.
+
+Lord Lucan left the largest part of his command in the South valley
+prepared to support infantry he had never seen.  The first thing he did
+was to inform Lord Cardigan that Lord Raglan had ordered the Light
+Brigade to charge the guns, telling a lie in the Commander-in-Chief’s
+name.  Lord Lucan then ordered Colonel Douglass to fall back and support
+the 17th Lancers, and none of the Regimental Commanders or Lord Cardigan
+were informed of the alteration, although just going into the most deadly
+charge ever made.  Captain Nolan placed himself in front of the 13th
+Light Dragoons.  Seeing one-third of the cavalry going down the valley to
+be sacrificed, they having to charge one mile and a half, leaving army
+and supports, and the commander of the Brigade away, Captain Nolan rode
+in front of the 17th Lancers, the regiment that gave the speed and
+direction, taking Lord Cardigan’s place.  He knew the enemy were on the
+Causeway Heights retreating and abandoning the captured guns, not more
+than half a mile from the Light Brigade, and no danger to the Brigade to
+get where Lord Raglan intended.  Captain Nolan knew the guns we were
+going to charge were sent to that position to cover the Russians’ retreat
+from the Causeway heights.  After Captain Nolan had galloped about forty
+or fifty yards in the front and centre of the 17th Lancers (he did not
+know that the 11th Hussars were ordered to fall back) he gave the word of
+command “Threes right,” waving his sword and turning to his left.  At the
+same moment the Russians opened fire and a piece of shell struck him in
+the breast near his heart.  Had he not have turned he would have been
+struck in the back or possibly have been missed altogether.  When he gave
+that word of command he intended the whole attacking line to move by it.
+Though killed his body still remained in the saddle, the horse, seeing
+the opening on the right, turned sharply in that direction and flung the
+corpse to the ground.
+
+[Picture: The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th,
+                                  1854]
+
+  The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th, 1854.
+
+The Russians having opened fire, the 13th Light Dragoons did not hear the
+word of command but advanced.  If Sergeant-Major Nunnerley had not given
+the word of command “Three’s Left” (or front forward), it is a question
+how far we should have taken ground towards the Causeway heights.  The
+13th Light Dragoons had their commanding officer, Captain Oldham killed,
+and all the regiment so scattered that a group of men never held
+together.  The 11th Hussars, through the 17th Lancers taking ground to
+the right, lost them entirely.  The 8th Hussars that were in the 2-line
+under Lord Paget, with the 4th Light Dragoons, got separated and joined
+part of the 17th Lancers, after fighting through the guns.  Lord Paget,
+with the 4th Light Dragoons, found the 11th Hussars through the guns, and
+Colonel Douglas commanding would not obey Lord Paget because Lord Lucan
+had given him the command of the regiment to support the 17th Lancers,
+although Lord Paget was the senior officer.  Yet they had to join
+together to fight their way out.
+
+In the meantime, Sir George Cathcart marched his division down the
+heights of Sebastopol and across the North valley near the 5th redoubt,
+(without guns) on the top of the Causeway heights.  He could see the
+Light Brigade charging 12 to 20 guns in front and receiving flank fire
+from 20 other cannon, being the Russian field artillery and the seven
+ship guns the Turks had lost, together with ammunition in the three
+redoubts.  Sir George could also see the French Cavalry charging a
+battery of field artillery of six guns on our left.  The Russian cannon
+were all brass polished, 12 and 24 pounds.  Their infantry were in
+square, and the commanding hill covered with the Needle riflemen.  Sir
+George saw all this destruction of life and he could see the Heavy
+Brigade and Horse Artillery had not even been ordered from the South
+valley to support or assist the Light Brigade or French Cavalry.  Sir
+George said it would be dangerous to advance further.  Lord Lucan brought
+up two regiment and yet Cathcart would not budge an inch.  I believe I
+saw the whole of the regiments—five in all.  (See Lord Raglan’s letter
+where he states only two regiments).
+
+The Duke of Cambridge is the only General living that commanded a
+division in the battles of Alma, Balaclava and Inkerman, and he knows
+what I have written is the living truth in every particular.  He saw over
+400 horses killed in less than 15 minutes after receiving the order to
+charge.  The combined forces who took part in the Charge numbered 670 all
+told, of whom only 198 returned mounted.
+
+Lord Lucan only gave one order to the Light Brigade, and that led to its
+destruction, sooner than inform the Commander-in-Chief that he had no
+ammunition for his artillery.  If Lord Raglan had known, there would not
+have required any order or A.D.C., and there would not have been any
+murderous charge by order of Lord Lucan.  Had Lord Raglan had known there
+was no ammunition, he would not have ordered the Horse Artillery to
+accompany, (see his letter for proof).  Lord Lucan allowed the Russian
+cavalry to advance at a trot through the camp ground of the Heavy
+Brigade, and none of the commanders knew about it till informed by the
+Commander-in-Chief.  Lord Lucan could not be found, and in consequence it
+was left to five regiments, under General Scarlett, to engage and defeat
+the Russians, who numbered seven to one.  Lord Cardigan asserts there
+were only three regiments engaged.  And that seven regiments were mere
+spectators, and yet Lord Lucan asserts he was not taken by surprise.  If
+so, it is an amazing thing that a commander should permit a Russian
+cavalry force (3500) to make its way, in broad daylight, directly through
+the camp ground of his own troops.
+
+After the charge Lord Lucan ordered the remnant of the Light Brigade six
+miles off on the hills near Inkerman to recuperate.  In a few days the
+rain came down and every thing became a mass of mud, impossible to
+procure either meat, drink, or clothing.  All the water we could get to
+drink was ladled off the ground.  The supply consisted of small holes the
+horses made with their feet and all kinds of filth being on the ground
+helped to make things worse.  We were left to die without having any
+medicine or even a cup of hot water.  Several weeks elapsed before Lord
+Lucan found it out, for everyone seemed afraid of him and Cardigan, and
+these two never talked together.  Lord Lucan occupied all the houses in
+Balaclava Harbour, while Lord Cardigan lived on his yacht seven miles
+from his command, and never visited them, although they were dying of
+hunger and starvation, and even when we went into action at Balaclava and
+Inkerman he still lived aboard.  It was twelve o’clock when he arrived at
+Inkerman and his command never went under fire again during his service.
+
+At last a storm came on the 14th of November, 1854, which continued for
+three days, and not a tent could be made to stand up.  Some were blown
+away and never found again.  Think of men dying under such conditions.
+The horses also were dying of hunger some of them eating all the hair off
+their bodies.  If it had not been for Lord George Paget I do not know
+what would have become of us.  He marched us down to Balaclava but the
+journey proved too much for our horses, over 100 stuck fast and died in
+the mud.  The Light Brigade received several hundred horses that broke
+loose on from the Russians on the night of October 25th, 1854, or I would
+not be counting horses by the hundred.  (See Lord George Paget’s Book for
+proof.)
+
+Lord Cardigan died serenely satisfied because he had destroyed his
+command in obedience to orders, after stating in the _Times_, “No one man
+surpassed another in gallantry.”  He is the only officer who had a
+command that returned back mounted, and that did not give a helping hand.
+He lost the whole of his command, five regiments and staff, and returned
+back by himself.  He states in _Kinglake_, “I rode slowly up the hill and
+met General Scarlett.  I said to him, ‘What do you think, General, of the
+aide de camp after such an order being brought to us which has destroyed
+the Light Brigade, riding to the rear and screaming like a woman’?  Sir
+J. Scarlett replied, ‘Do not say any more, for I have ridden over his
+body.’”
+
+Lord Cardigan, in less than six months after, published a letter in the
+_Times_ newspaper, dated April 6th, 1855, viz.:—“The Light Brigade had
+not advanced more than 100 yards when they were fired upon, and Captain
+Nolan, who had placed himself in front of a squadron of the 13th Light
+Dragoons, was killed.”  Lord Cardigan’s statement to Kinglake, published
+in the appendix 14 years after the charge, viz.:—“After advancing about
+eighty yards a shell fell within reach of my horse’s feet, and Captain
+Nolan, who was riding across the front retreating with his arms up
+through the interval of the brigade.”
+
+I should like to know which statement is true about Captain Nolan.  It
+was impossible for him to be killed in front of the 13th Light Dragoons.
+It was impossible for him to be retreating with his arms up through the
+interval in front of Lord Cardigan.  The interval was in the rear of him,
+and he would have to look back.  Did Nolan scream in front or rear of
+Cardigan?  How did he get in front of Lord Cardigan without him seeing
+him go?  Lord Cardigan was in front of his command a minute or less
+before the attacking line commenced the charge, and this is why so many
+saw him.  Captain Nolan would not dare take command if Lord Cardigan had
+been there.  What kind of leading was he doing not to see him; and the
+17th Lancers go “threes’ right” and take ground to the right.  Many
+things I should like to explain if I had space.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+LORD RAGLAN _re_ LORD LUCAN.
+
+
+                            Before Sebastopol,
+
+                                                          Dec. 16th, 1854.
+
+    Field-Marshall Lord Raglan
+
+                                       to Duke of Newcastle, Sec. for War.
+
+    My Lord Duke,
+
+    I regret to be under the necessity of forwarding to your Grace the
+    copy of a letter which has been addressed to me by Lieutenant General
+    the Earl of Lucan.
+
+    When I received it I placed it in the hands of Brigadier-General
+    Airey, the Quartermaster-General, and requested him to suggest to his
+    lordship to withdraw the communication, considering that it would not
+    lead to his advantage in the slightest degree; but Lord Lucan having
+    declined to take the step recommended, I have but one course to
+    pursue—that of laying the letter before Your Grace and submitting to
+    you such observations upon it as I am bound, in justice to myself, to
+    put you in possession of.
+
+    Lieutenant General the Earl of Lucan complains that in my dispatch to
+    Your Grace of the 28th of October, I stated that, “from some
+    misconception of the instruction to advance, the Lieutenant General
+    considered that he was bound to attack at all hazards.”  His Lordship
+    conceives this statement to be a grave charge and an imputation
+    reflecting seriously on his professional character, and he deems it
+    incumbent upon him to state those facts which he cannot doubt must
+    clear him from what he respectfully submits as altogether unmerited.
+
+    I have referred to my dispatch and far from being willing to recall
+    one word of it, I am prepared to declare, that not only did the
+    Lieutenant General misconceive the written instruction that was sent
+    him, but that there was nothing in that instruction which called upon
+    him to attack at all hazards, or to undertake the operation which led
+    to such a brilliant display of gallantry on the part of the Light
+    Brigade, and unhappily, at the same time occasioned such lamentable
+    casualties in every regiment composing it.
+
+    In his lordship’s letter he is wholly silent with respect to a
+    previous order which had been sent him.  He merely says that the
+    cavalry was formed to support an intended movement of the infantry.
+
+    This previous order was in the following words:—“The cavalry to
+    advance and take advantage of any opportunity to recover the heights.
+    They will be supported by infantry which has been ordered to advance
+    on two fronts.”
+
+    This order did not seem to me to have been attended to, and therefore
+    it was that the instruction by Captain Nolan was forwarded to him.
+    Lord Lucan must have read the first order with very little attention
+    for he now states that the cavalry was formed to support the
+    infantry, whereas he was told by Brigadier General Airey, “that the
+    cavalry was to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to
+    recover the heights, and that they would be supported by infantry.”
+    Not that they were to support the infantry; and so little had he
+    sought to do as he had been directed, that he had no men in advance
+    of his main body, made no attempt to regain the heights, and was so
+    little informed of the position of the enemy, that he ask Captain
+    Nolan, “where and what he was to attack, as neither enemy nor guns
+    were in sight?”
+
+    This, Your Grace will observe, is the Lieutenant General’s own
+    admission.  The result of his inattention to the first order was,
+    that it never occurred to him that the second was connected with, and
+    a repetition of the first.  He viewed it only as a positive order to
+    attack at all hazards (the word “attack” be it observed was not made
+    use of in General Airy’s note).  An unseen enemy, whose position,
+    numbers and composition he was wholly unacquainted with, and whom, in
+    consequence of a previous order, he had taken no steps whatever to
+    watch.
+
+    I undoubtedly had no intention that he should make such an
+    attack—there was nothing in the instructions to require it; and
+    therefore I conceive I was fully justified in stating to Your Grace
+    what was the exact truth, that the charge arose from the
+    misconception of the order for the advance which Lord Lucan
+    considered obliged him to attack at all hazards.
+
+    I wish I could say with his lordship that, having decided against his
+    conviction to make the movement, he did all he could to render it as
+    little perilous as possible.  This, indeed, is far from being the
+    case in my judgment.  He was told that the Horse Artillery might
+    accompany the cavalry.  He did not bring it up.  He was informed that
+    the French cavalry was on the left.  He did not invite their
+    co-operation.  He had the whole of the heavy cavalry at his disposal.
+    He mentions having brought up only two regiments in support, and he
+    omits all other precautions, either from want of due consideration,
+    or from the supposition that the unseen enemy was not in such great
+    force as he apprehended, notwithstanding that he was warned of it by
+    Lord Cardigan, after the latter had received the order to attack.  I
+    am much concerned, My Lord Duke, to have to submit these observations
+    to Your Grace.  I entertain no wish to disparage the Earl of Lucan in
+    your opinion, or to cast a slur upon professional reputation; but
+    having been accused by his lordship of having stated of him what was
+    unmentioned in my dispatch, I have felt obliged to enter into the
+    subject, and trouble Your Grace at more length than I could have
+    wished, in vindication of a report of Your Grace in which I had
+    strictly confined myself to that which I knew to be true and had
+    indulged in no observations whatever, or in any expression which
+    could be viewed either as harsh or in any way grating to the feelings
+    of his lordship.
+
+                                 I have etc.
+
+                                                          (Signed) RAGLAN.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+      [Picture: The Gun that Lieutenant Jarvis and myself captured]
+
+
+
+
+SWORN STATEMENT FOR VICTORIA
+CROSS IN SUPREME COURT,
+UNITED STATES.
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+To Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief.
+
+                                                909, STEUBEN STREET, N.W.,
+                                                 WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A.,
+                                                      NOVEMBER 12th, 1896.
+
+MY LORD,
+
+I beg leave to renew my application for the Victoria Cross, basing my
+claim upon gallantry of conduct during the Charge of the Light Brigade,
+25th October, 1854, and the Battle of Inkerman, and will give proofs that
+corroborate my own statements.
+
+My previous applications for the Cross have been brief.  With your
+Lordship’s permission I will now give a more detailed statement.
+
+                   First as to the Charge of the 600:—
+
+My squadron was nearly annihilated before we reached the Russian battery,
+every officer being either killed or wounded.  Myself and horse had been
+knocked down once and my lance shot away.  After our passing through and
+silencing the guns my first thought was to look for directions from an
+officer, and I rode to Lieut. E. L. Jarvis, still living I believe a
+retired Major, of the 13th Light Dragoons, as his uniform was so nearly
+like that of the 17th Lancers, that I first thought he belonged to my
+regiment.  Lieut. Jarvis pointed to a cannon that was being taken off at
+a gallop towards our right rear, and said, “Let’s capture that gun.”  We
+immediately charged upon it.  Jarvis shot one of the horses in the head,
+bringing it to a stop.  I cut down the gunners with my sword.  We both
+dismounted and took out the dead horse, when more stragglers of the
+Brigade came to our assistance.  Private John Smith, C Troop, 17th
+Lancers, now living in London, mounted one of the horses to the gun
+carriage and we started off the field with it when a large body of
+Cossacks charged upon us completely surrounding us.  I fought my way
+through and was pursued down the valley by seven of them into a body of
+Russian Hussars re-forming.  I had no alternative but to charge through
+their line, which I did, an officer striking my head with the sword, my
+lance hat saving my head except for a bad bruise.  A brigade of Russian
+Hussars were retreating down the valley pursued by about forty of our
+men.  I rode from the right flank to the left flank of the rear rank
+calling to the men to fall back.  Private Clifford of my troop rode into
+the column and was cut to pieces before my eyes.  The Hussars came about
+and we were then between two large bodies of cavalry, one marching up the
+valley, the other down, so that the few of our Brigade who were farthest
+beyond the Russian guns were now completely hemmed in by a great body of
+Russians.  At this critical moment, when there was no officer to command
+us and we were apparently lost, I beg leave to introduce the words of a
+comrade still living describing my conduct.
+
+            [Picture: The Only Squad Rallied Through The Guns]
+
+J. W. Wightman, late 17th Lancers, in _Nineteenth Century_, May,
+1892.—“We heard the familiar voice of Corporal Morley, of our regiment, a
+great, rough, bellowing man from Nottingham.  He had lost his lance hat,
+and his long hair was flying out in the wind as he roared, ‘Coom ’ere!
+coom ’ere!  Fall in, lads, fall in!’  Well, with shouts and oaths he had
+collected some twenty troopers of various regiments.  We fell in with the
+handful this man of the hour had rallied to him, and there joined us also
+under his leadership Sergeant-Major Ranson and Private John Penn, of the
+17th.  Penn, a tough old warrior who had served with the 3rd Light in the
+Sikh war, had killed a Russian officer, dismounted, and with great
+deliberation accoutred himself with the belt and sword of the defunct, in
+which he made a great show.  A body of Russians blocked our way.  Morley,
+roaring Nottingham oaths by way of encouragement, led us straight at
+them, and we went through and out at the other side as if they had been
+made of tinsel paper.  As we rode up the valley, pursued by some Hussars
+and Cossacks, my horse was wounded by a bullet in the shoulder, and I had
+hard work to push the poor beast along.  Presently we were abreast of the
+Infantry who had blazed into our right as we went down; and we had to
+take their fire again, this time on our left.  Their firing was very
+impartial; their own Hussars and Cossacks following close on us suffering
+from it as well as we.  Not many of Corporal Morley’s party got back.”
+
+After Wightman fell I kept a group together through the battery, again in
+position and then ordered them to separate for safety.  Private James
+Cope died in India, and James McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, since dead,
+reported to our regiment with me.  We were the last to get back to the
+regiment.
+
+The names of Cope and McGregor are appended to my first application, 17th
+October, 1856.
+
+                  Second as to the battle of Inkerman:—
+
+At the battle of Inkerman, November 5th, Cornet Cleveland was mortally
+wounded.  He fell from his horse in front of me just as the regiment was
+ordered to retire.  After we had retired some distance I rode to the
+commanding officer of the regiment and asked to be allowed to fall out to
+go back for Cornet Cleveland.  He told me to go to the Sergeant-major and
+tell him to send two men to assist me.  He told his brother James O’Hara
+and went himself.  In the act of carrying Cornet Cleveland off the field,
+both James O’Hara and myself had our dress hats shot off our heads by a
+cannon ball.  I annex a letter from Lord Tredegar, commanding officer, in
+support of this statement:—
+
+                                          TERDEGAR PARK, NEWPORT, ENGLAND,
+                                                           APRIL 6th, 1889
+
+    MORLEY,
+
+    I remember quite well that on the field of Inkerman you asked
+    permission to fall out to go and try and bring in Cornet Cleveland,
+    who had been seriously wounded a short time previously.  I gave you
+    permission and you went with two other men, and brought Cornet
+    Cleveland into camp.  I also know that you displayed great gallantry
+    in the Light Cavalry charge at Balaclava.
+
+                                                          Yours sincerely,
+                                                                 TREDEGAR,
+                                              _Late Captain 17th Lancers_.
+
+  [Picture: Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland,
+                            mortally wounded]
+
+   Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland, mortally
+                                 wounded.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                      Third as to the Baida Valley:—
+
+In my first application I made a statement as to the occurrence in the
+Baida Valley, viz.—“Whilst my regiment was stationed in Balaclava I was
+one of the detachment ordered on duty in the Baida Valley.  I was engaged
+on one particular occasion in the reconnoitreing party in advance of the
+party that took possession of Prince Chatteloff’s house near the
+Woronzoff road.  Two of the Land Transport Corps were wounded and it was
+with great difficulty and caution that I was enabled to bring the
+videttes into the main body upon which we had to retire.”  This statement
+was dismissed by Colonel Benson, who wrote to H.R.H. Duke of Cambridge
+that he was not aware of any such occurrence taking place.  With your
+Lordship’s permission I will make this occurrence more clear and show
+that there is ample proof of the truth of the statement.
+
+Major Peel, 11th Hussars, was in charge of the command, consisting of
+three squadrons viz., 8th Hussars, 11th Hussars, and 17th Lancers.  Now
+General Sir Drury C. Lowe, K.C.B., commanded the 17th Lancers.  I was
+sergeant of the rear guard.  The main body were near the house
+dismounted.  The Land Transport Corps were at the gate the only entrance
+leading into the house.  The rear of the 17th Lancers were within 40
+yards of the gate just around a bend of the road.  The Russian Infantry
+fired a volley into the Transport Corps I saw them running from their
+wagons, some of them wounded.  I formed a line across the road and
+charged down to the Russians who had not time to reload.  When they saw
+us they jumped over a stone wall on the left of the gate into the steep
+woods.  We might have captured some of them but their fire had killed a
+mule in one of the transport wagons, blocking up the gate.  The remainder
+of the wagons were in the road leading to the Woronzoff road which the
+main body had to retire upon.  I at once placed videttes upon the all the
+roads.  Sir Drury Lowe rode up to me and asked “where are the Russians?”
+as I was watching the place where they had jumped over the wall.  I told
+him and he said “Come further back, they will shoot you.  You have done
+perfectly right.”  There can be no exaggeration in this statement as Sir
+Drury Low is still living.  Sergeant-Major J. Nunnerly, late 17th
+Lancers, was a sergeant with the squadron and aware of the occurrence, as
+must be every survivor, in spite of Colonel Benson’s discrediting my
+statement by saying he knew of no such occurrence.
+
+I wish to repeat the statement in my former application that “I embarked
+at the commencement of the war.  I served under Lord Cardigan at Devna
+and Yenebazaar at the time when disease prevailed to a great extent.
+During the time I had the honour to be selected as Corporal of a letter
+party stationed at Varna.  The whole of the dispatches of the army were
+at times conveyed by this party, and I was compelled in consequence of
+the sickness of the men to ride day and night without any rest to set a
+good example to the men under my charge and keep out of their minds that
+too much fatigue would kill them.”
+
+Allow me to add that this was Lord Raglan’s letter party and that I
+continually reported at his headquarters to receive the dispatches.  The
+party consisted of myself, and Privates Wm. Purvis, P. Murphy, Burkemore,
+and H. Gallimore.  All these went into hospital with cholera and
+Gallimore died.  Wm. Purvis is still living at 105, Rutter Street,
+Walsall.
+
+In conclusion allow me to say that I served twenty-two years in the 17th
+Lancers and Yeomanry.  I have only one son old enough for army service
+and he is Sergeant-Instructor in the British Army.
+
+I beg that my claim may be impartially looked into on its merits at this
+time.  When action was taken on it before the claim was thrown out on the
+statements of Col. Benson, who through carelessness or indifference
+reported adversely on circumstances of which he had no knowledge.  The
+testimony of Lieut. Wightman and Lord Tredegar, still living, ought to be
+sufficient as to the Charge of the 600 and the Battle of Inkerman.  The
+occurrence in the Baida Valley is not so important, but is mentioned to
+show that I was always quick in action and forgetful of any personal
+danger.  If there is any doubt as to the correctness of my account I have
+no doubt that Sir Drury Lowe will add his statement to mine.
+
+I have my Lord, the honor to be,
+
+                          Your obedient servant,
+
+                                                            THOMAS MORLEY,
+                                             _Late Sergeant 17th Lancers_,
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C.,
+      UNITED STATES.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+        _Subscribed and sworn to before me_, _Nov._ 12_th_, 1896.
+
+                              JOHN R. YOUNG,
+
+                                             _Clerk Supreme Court_, _D.C._
+
+                                   _By_
+
+                                                             S. J. MERRYS,
+                                                 _Junior Assistant Clerk_.
+
+                     [Blocks not in Sworn Statement.]
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+_TIMES_, _APRIL 24th_, _1857_.
+THE CROSS OF VALOUR.
+
+
+SIR,—I am a sergeant of nearly three years, lately retired from the 17th
+Lancers, at the early age of 25 years, solely in consequence of being
+passed over most unjustly in the rewards and honours that have been
+bestowed.  I am now made drill sergeant in the Sherwood Rangers,
+Mansfield, by its noble colonel, His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and,
+wishing my fellowmen to know how unjustly I have been treated, I beg of
+you to allow me a place in your columns, so generously open to private as
+well as public grievances, to state my service as briefly as possible.
+
+After being at Alma, I was present with my regiment in every engagement
+that took place.  I charged at Balaklava with my squadron until it was
+nearly annihilated, my own lance being shot away.  Drawing my sword I
+galloped on to the Russian guns, and assisted in cutting down the
+gunners.  On the right of our forming line I observed one particular gun
+going away as fast as the horses could take it.  I went after it with
+Captain Jervis, of the 13th Light Dragoons, who shot one of the horses
+and delayed its progress.  On this I engaged two of the gunners, who both
+fell.  It now became a struggle for our lives, a large body of Cossacks
+surrounded us.  I succeeded in working my way through them, and galloped
+in the direction of what I judged to be our own Hussars.  I found they
+were Russians reforming.  I forced my way on full speed through them,
+unhurt.  A regiment of Polish Lancers, 800 strong, had formed across the
+valley.  I halted a moment to look around.  Perceiving several of our
+cavalry in the same dilemma, I called to them, and being then a corporal,
+I used what authority I had to form them as well as I could.  We gathered
+12, and charged their centre; most of us got through.  I believe three
+fell.  These men were 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, and 17th Lancers; one
+was of the 8th Hussars.  I received the point of a lance in the right
+hand; the wound was slight.  The Russian infantry now opened a heavy fire
+upon us and after galloping through the guns of the enemy in advance of
+us, each one separated, trusting to fate.  Private James Cope and Private
+James Wightman, now corporals of the 17th Lancers, were of the number.
+Wightman was severely wounded, and taken prisoner for twelve months.
+
+On the 5th of November, 1854, I was at the battle of Inkerman, and under
+fire.  Cornet Cleveland was shot; and when our regiment was ordered to
+retire, I asked Captain Morgan to allow me to fall out of the ranks to
+assist in carrying Mr. Cleveland off the field.  Troop Sergeant-Major
+O’Hara and Private James O’Hara of the same regiment, also fell out for
+that purpose.  In performing that act, James O’Hara and myself had both
+our dress caps shot off our heads by a cannon ball.  We still pursued our
+duty till out of range, when the cornet wished to be laid down till a
+stretcher could be procured.  This officer died.  While stationed at
+Balaclava I was one of the detachment ordered for the Baider Valley.  On
+one occasion I was engaged in the reconnoitering party in advance of the
+party that took possession of General Chateloof’s house, near the
+Woronzoff Road.  Two of the Land Transport Corps and several mules were
+wounded and one killed, when the corps deserted the wagons, and I was the
+sergeant who led a detachment of my regiment to the spot when the
+Russians, on our approach, fled into the wood, and I placed my men on
+vidette, which the main body had to retire upon.  I may further add that
+I embarked with the regiment at the first commencement of the war.  I
+served under Lord Cardigan at Devno Yeni-Bazar at the time when disease
+greatly prevailed.  At this time I had the honour to be selected as
+corporal of a letter party stationed at Varna.  The whole of the army
+despatches were conveyed by our party, and I was often compelled in
+consequence of the sickness of the men, to ride day and night without
+rest.
+
+I was present in every skirmish in which my regiment was engaged, and I
+returned home when the campaign ended.  When in Ireland with my regiment
+I inquired of my troop officer why I did not get a medal for
+distinguished conduct.  He told me he was very sorry I did not, but it
+lay to the commanding officer’s discretion.  So it appears they are not
+“distinguished conduct medals” but “discretion medals!”  There are
+several men in the 17th Lancers who wear medals for distinguished conduct
+on the field of battle who never crossed swords with a Russian.
+
+This is my simple and truthful statement; and I think I have reason to
+complain that I am not decorated with a cross of valour—not to wear as a
+matter of vanity, but alone prizable to me as a mark that, though a
+young, I have not been an unworthy soldier.
+
+I have the honour to be,
+
+                                                              Yours truly,
+                                                            THOMAS MORLEY.
+
+
+
+
+THE CROSS OF VALOUR. {24}
+
+
+            _To the Editor of the Nottinghamshire Advertiser_.
+
+SIR,—Having perused in your last week’s impression, a letter under the
+above heading, from the pen of a participator in the perils of the late
+war, complaining of the neglect he had suffered at the hands of those who
+must, or ought to be, well acquainted with the incidents he relates.  I
+am inclined to think with him, that the strictly “discretoniary
+decorations” will, after all, form a too striking constituent in our
+modern system of distributing military rewards, for, presuming Mr. Morley
+to have one of the ordinary Crimean medals, it scarcely, in his case,
+seems an adequate recognition of services rendered under very trying
+circumstances, and by so young a man.  Indeed, it appears an exceedingly
+questionable policy to pass over, comparatively unheeded, one who could,
+at a conjuncture—such as is stated to have occurred at Balaclava—rally a
+dozen men, mere fugitives racing for their lives, and inspire them with
+confidence sufficient to bear down upon, and literally rend assunder an
+entire regiment of the enemy.  This, when regard is had to the fact, that
+they were just emerging from a most fearful storm of shot, poured upon
+them by the Russian artillery, was a display of no ordinary intrepidity
+and daring in men, who, previously to that campaign, had never crossed
+swords with an enemy, and well worthy, I think, of some special mark of
+approbation,—the more so, when we reflect that he was thereby
+instrumental in saving eight or nine lives of the flower of the army, who
+would, in all probability, have been shot down, or lanced piecemeal, had
+they not at that critical moment acted in perfect concert.
+
+The fact of our Lord Lieutenant having given Sergeant Morley an
+appointment in the Sherwood Rangers, is a sufficient guarantee for the
+truth of his statements, and many, doubtless, who have read his very
+interesting letter, will join me in congratulating him upon obtaining the
+favour of such a man.
+
+                      I am, Sir, respectfully yours,
+
+                                                                  EVARDUS.
+
+Nottingham, April 29, 1857.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+I have proved by living officers, generals, and noblemen that my
+statement is the living truth to-day, although 43 years have passed.  Yet
+this Colonel Benson was allowed to turn Her Majesty’s and Prince
+Consort’s Noble Order and the Royal Warrant into mockery and the Victoria
+Cross into a sham.  He was the cause of me receiving an official letter,
+dated 8th October, 1857, stating that all claims for the Victoria Cross
+must be founded upon facts.  This Colonel Benson wrote the most cruel
+false statements to the Commander-in-Chief, and was the cause of me
+purchasing my discharge out of the 17th Lancers, and then losing
+promotion in the Yeomanry.  He made false statements respecting my being
+promoted to sergeant.  I can prove I was promoted in November, 1854, and
+he did not arrive in the Crimea till 22nd February, 1855.  I have
+received all kinds of official letters telling me they see no reason to
+open my case.  I received an official letter dated 22nd February, 1892,
+stating that the case cannot now be opened.  If a brave British soldier
+cannot be heard by the authorities, what can he do but appeal to his
+countrymen?  Truth never dies.
+
+The royal warrant states, that for the Victoria Cross there shall be no
+preference of age or rank, and the youngest soldier shall be rewarded for
+valour.
+
+My next article will be to prove that all claims for the Victoria Cross
+are not founded upon facts.  Yet they wear it just the same.  I will also
+prove by their own official letters I never had an investigation.
+
+For myself I have the proud consciousness of having done my duty to Queen
+and country.
+
+
+
+
+Fought Under Two Flags,
+AND A RECORD SECOND TO NONE FOR VALOUR.
+
+
+               [Picture: Death or glory flags, skull etc.]
+
+NO British soldier that I ever read about did more distinguished proved
+valour.  I received a letter from Major Jervis, late 13th Light Dragoons,
+dated December 5th, 1876.  He says amongst other things “that he well
+remembers a young corporal of the 17th Lancers helping him to take the
+gun,” and from the fact named in my letter, it could be none other than
+myself.
+
+I received a letter from Lord Tredegar, dated December 9th, 1876.  In
+which he says, “that he well remembers, after the regiment had retired a
+short distance, I asked permission to go back and bring in Cornet
+Cleveland who lay in the thickest of the fire, mortally wounded.”  See
+his other letter, in my sworn claim for the Victoria Cross, General Sir
+Drury Lowe, K.C.B., in answering a letter to me said “if he could do me
+any service he would be happy to do it,” several officers wrote me at the
+same time to the same effect.  I was holding the position of Regimental
+Sergeant-Major in the Yeomanry, and in charge of head quarters and
+stores.  I explained this to them and thanked them, telling them I was
+well off.  I am Sir Drury Lowe’s oldest Non-Commissioned Officer, I
+served under him all the time he was in the Crimea and in Ireland, and
+when he commanded a detachment in Clonmel.  In the Baida Valley he came
+to my assistance several times, once at Prince Challertoff’s residence,
+when I charged the Russians and took back the waggons of the Land
+Transport.  I was on picquet duty with Lieutenant Barbour, some Greeks
+came into the picquets on little ponies, and explained to us the Russians
+were stealing.  Lieutenant Barbour took all the picquet and left me in
+charge of the Videtts; being absent longer than I liked, I sent a man who
+was very sick into camp, explaining the matter to now Sir Drury Lowe, who
+commanded the 17th, telling him I had no men to patrole with, he did not
+send any reinforcements, but came himself with the regiment.  He lost no
+time in getting to me and remained in command till Lieutenant Barbour
+returned with two Russian Greek spies, who tried to decoy his command
+into a village in which the Russian Cavalry were hiding.  Sir Drury Lowe
+was loved by all men and I never heard or knew an enlisted man to say any
+thing but kindness respecting him.  I was in Aldershot when he commanded
+the regiment, and I was in the Sergeants Mess.  I heard Sergeant-Major
+Davis repeat that he would sooner soldier under Colonel Lowe without pay
+than any other officer with pay and the rest shouted “hear hear.”
+
+There is an old proverb that “Comparisons are odious” and it cannot be
+better proved than by Colonel Drury Lowe and Colonel Benson, both
+commanded the 17th Lancers.  The latter was never under fire in the
+Crimea.  He was the only officer that flogged the soldiers.  I saw him
+flog three at once at Ismid, who rode in the charge of the “600,” one of
+them had 17 wounds upon his back, all bleeding, through the lashes of the
+Cat o’ Nine Tails.  I saw tears running down the officers cheeks.  This
+Colonel Benson is the only officer that drummed out any men of the 17th
+Lancers, some of whom had ridden in the charge of the “600.”
+
+Sir Drury Lowe, when Colonel, had a Regimental Sergeant-Major in the name
+of Brown, every soldier in the 17th Lancers had the greatest respect for
+him and officers too.
+
+Colonel Benson had a Regimental Sergeant-Major Wooden, a foreigner, that
+could not speak the English language when he joined the regiment, went by
+the name of Tish-me.  Colonel Benson went by the name of Dosey, he always
+looked as if he was asleep.  But when he played at cards with young
+officers they found he was not dreaming.  Colonel Benson and this Wooden,
+their teeth fit in their jaws like Hyenas.  Every officer and soldier
+feared them.
+
+Sergeant-Major Wooden was allowed to insult officers, one leaving the
+regiment through the bad language he used to him.  I can name three
+sergeants out of one troop that left the 17th Lancers through him, and
+they all rode in the “Charge of the 600.”  Colonel Benson procured him
+quarter-master of the 5th Lancers, and the commanding officer soon had
+him retired on the smallest allowance, 3/6 per day.  It was Colonel
+Benson who secured his promotion as quarter-master of some infantry, but
+he soon got into debt and shot himself.  It was the same officer who
+procured him the Victoria Cross and the French Order, although he never
+crossed swords with a Russian, and all those who knew anything concerning
+him, and who were in the “Charge of the 600,” say he threw himself off
+his horse.  It is a well-known fact that he never went to the Battle of
+Inkerman, but drew our grog and got dead drunk with it.
+
+Sir Drury Lowe, purchased Regimental Sergeant-Major J. Brown a
+commission, and appointed him adjutant of the regiment.  I will undertake
+to prove all I have said, and more, by officers and soldiers now living.
+
+Colonel Benson was the means of me losing promotion by writing lies to
+the Duke of Cambridge.  The Duke of Newcastle, my commanding officer,
+read Benson’s letter and told me he should believe Colonel Benson’s
+statement before mine.  He promised afterwards that if I would not write
+any more letters something would be done for me.  That promise was never
+fulfilled, for he promoted a sergeant over my head in the name of Smith.
+
+Through General Charles Frederick Havelock, who became Inspector of
+Cavalry at Washington, D.C., I left the regiment and went to America.  I
+went with him to inspect the 12th Pennsylvanian Cavalry at the time the
+regiment had just been mustered into the United States Service, and was
+appointed Drill Instructor to the regiment.
+
+At the battle of Bull Run I saved the regiment from being captured, my
+horse being killed and myself taken prisoner.  When I returned to the
+regiment I received a commission and all back pay and allowances which
+amounted to some hundreds of pounds.  They also paid me for horse and
+equipments.  I was in all the stirring engagements.  I was second in
+command in Dismounted Camp in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, to equip all
+cavalry without horses, and was afterwards Assistant Commissariat in
+Pleasant Valley.  I was then appointed Assistant Inspector of Cavalry,
+with Major Gordon, for the department of Western Virginia.  I was in
+Libby prison for twelve months, and while I was there 109 made their
+escape by making a tunnel.  I was in when powder was laid down to blow us
+all up.
+
+During the time I was prisoner of war, General Cesnola saw me compelled
+to be vaccinated.  The matter turned out bad, my left side and arm
+swelled to such a degree that I was compelled to lay on the floor for
+months, my brother officers believing I should die.
+
+During the war I received a bullet in my head, and it remained in for
+eight years.
+
+One of the worst running fights I ever was in was when General Max Weber
+sent me from Harper’s Ferry, Va., to Charlestown to capture fifteen of
+the enemys cavalry.  I was allowed to pick thirty horses and men.  After
+we had advanced about five miles we saw them and pursued, we found two
+thousand with two guns.  Two squadrons charged us and we had a fight with
+revolvers for four miles, till close to the forts.  I lost twenty-one out
+of the thirty men.  This was on the 29th June, 1864.  The United States
+paid me for two horses killed in battle.
+
+I am the only officer that knew the plans which General Grant used to
+capture Richmond in nine days.  I also assisted General L. P. Di Cesnola
+to make out these plans and forward them to President Lincoln.  I saved
+General Cesnola’s life.  My horse was killed in a charge in the night,
+and it lay on me till the sun rose.  Through being a freemason I was
+bandaged up.  I heard that General Cesnola was wounded and I went to his
+assistance.  He had a sword cut in the head, was shot in the thick part
+of the arm, the point of a sword through the palm of the hand, and horse
+killed whilst leading his brigade in a charge.  I attended to him and
+dressed his wounds.  I stayed with him, and managed to hire horses and
+conveyances to travel a distance of 150 miles to Stanton Va.  He is now,
+and has been for years, Managing Director of the Metropolitan Museum of
+Art and Central Park, New York.  He often writes thanking me for saving
+his life.  I was introduced to him when he was Colonel of the 4th New
+York Cavalry, by Major-General C. F. Havelock, at Washington, who knew
+him when he was on Field Marshal Marmouer’s Commander-in-Chief’s Staff of
+the Italian Army, in the Crimea.  I received second and first
+lieutenant’s and captain’s commissions on the field of battle, and have
+them now.
+
+I resigned after the war and returned home and joined the Ayrshire
+Yeomanry as drill troop sergeant-major, 1st of January, 1868.  In June
+1871 I was promoted regimental sergeant-major in charge of headquarters
+and stores.  I remained with them till June, 1877.  I was so well liked
+in Ayr that they gave me, an Englishman, the birth place of Robert Burns
+on lease, in preference to hundreds of Scotchmen.  In a few years the
+place was sold to the gentleman of the county for thousands of pounds
+more than they asked me for it.  I was the last lessee of the place.
+Only three persons were born in this house, these being the poet himself
+and two of my children, one of whom is still living in Pittsburgh,
+Pennsylvania.  I took another business, but it did not do well, the rent
+being too high—£600 a year.
+
+I then went to America, and in a few years I thought I should be better
+off under the government.  In April 1884 I called upon Senator Morrell,
+the father of the house of the Senate, and went with him to interview the
+Hon. Robert Lincoln, the Secretary for War, who informed me that he could
+not give me the first place as he had promised it.  In a few days I got
+an appointment and received pay on it till the end of 1893.  Mr. Lincoln
+afterwards became Ambassador to England.  On the 9th of May, 1863, I was
+employed in the government building, in which President Lincoln was
+assassinated, when part of the building fell, killing 25 and injuring
+nearly 200.  I was one of the latter, and being unable to perform my
+duties was discharged.  I applied to the Patriotic Fund in London for aid
+out of the money the people of England subscribed—five children depending
+upon me at the time.  I received a reply telling me I was not entitled to
+anything.  This is the first and only time in my life I ever asked for
+assistance.
+
+Some time after I ceased to receive pay.  I then took the official letter
+of the Patriotic Fund, dated October 18th, 1894, to Senator J. Hawley.
+He said, “Why did you not come to me before, I would have put you back.”
+I told him I was not able to do anything.  “Then what can I do for you?”
+he said.  I replied that I wanted a place for my wife in the Treasury.
+He said, “I am sorry for your sake, I do not belong to that
+administration, but I will get her a place.”  Three days after she was
+employed in the Treasury till we came to England.  I have never been able
+since the Ford Theatre disaster to do any employment.  I lived in Leek,
+Staffordshire, for sixteen months, and the chief of police and several of
+the magistrates, doctors and chemists of the town, know that I was sick
+in bed nearly all the time, and have been sick in Nottingham this last
+five months, but the climate seems to agree with me better, being my own
+native place.
+
+I shall ever be grateful to America.  It is a Heaven for a soldier.  They
+never want, if a good record.  If they cannot work they have Soldiers
+Homes to retire in; better looking than any Hotel in Nottingham.  If they
+die their relatives receive ten pound to carry them to the finest
+Cemetery in the world; with marble head-stone, and their graves strewn
+with flowers every 30th of May.  Any soldier with a record can get relief
+and forwarded to his destination.  The Americans are the finest comrades
+in the world, and they are the only nation that can fight side by side
+with the British, they would understand one another and be proper chums,
+while other nations do not understand one another.  You would require an
+interpreter to understand their names; much more work together in battle.
+
+I have attended many fires and assisted to put them out, about 1860 I
+went to a fire at Mr. Hollins’ mills, near Pleasley, Derbyshire, no finer
+mills in England.  After the fire engines were on some time, I told Mr.
+Hollins they were on the wrong side, and he had them removed to the other
+side.  I told him the fire was on the top story and they put up ladders
+to reach it.  No one man seemed to be able to carry the hose and leather
+pipes up.  I told him it would be dangerous for many to be up so high
+when the water was put on, it would make it too heavy for the ladder.
+After several tried I took it up myself, broke in the window with a
+hammer, put in the hose and in half an hour or less I got inside, put out
+the fire and went down the stairs.  I then walked to Mr. Hollins’ House,
+their dinner was on the table, and the room full of ladies and gentlemen;
+no one seemed to be dining.  After I told Mr. Hollins I had put out the
+fire, I sat down and dined.  He wanted to reward me, but I would not
+receive anything, and he placed me on his game list.  I should not speak
+of this, only there are plenty of ladies and gentlemen living who can
+bear out this statement.
+
+About 1874, I was walking up High Street, in Ayr, N.B., I saw a great
+blaze in the second story of Mr. Semple’s the largest Ironmonger in the
+town, and in the centre of the market space.  I procured a bag of salt
+and went up stairs with it, the oil had caught fire in a large tank; in
+less than ten minutes I had it out, only Robert Reed was in the room.
+Mr. Semple sent me a handsome present.
+
+If I was to give my life in full it would make a book.  If my health gets
+better I will write fuller.
+
+                      [Picture: Decorative graphic]
+
+
+
+
+Cause of the “Charge of the 600”
+BY THE “MAN OF THE HOUR.”
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                       Never before been published.
+
+               [Picture: Death or glory flags, skull etc.]
+
+       To be obtained of all Booksellers in the United Kingdom and
+                        United States of America.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                             PRICE SIXPENCE.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+  Post Free in the United Kingdom, 7d.  United States, 14 cent. stamps.
+
+                         WHOLESALE AND RETAIL OF
+
+        THOS. MORLEY, 39, Dame Agnes Street, Nottingham, England.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+      Printed by Arthur Johnson, Maypole Yard, Nottingham, England.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes
+
+
+{24}  In the printed booklet “1875” is printed just above the heading
+“THE CROSS OF VALOUR.”  However, it’s been crossed through, and doesn’t
+agree with the date of the letter.  Perhaps it was meant for 1857?—DP.
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF
+BALACLAVA***
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+<title>The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava, by Thomas Morley</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava, by
+Thomas Morley
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Cause of the Charge of Balaclava
+
+
+Author: Thomas Morley
+
+
+
+Release Date: April 2, 2014  [eBook #45309]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF
+BALACLAVA***
+</pre>
+<p>Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org&nbsp; Many
+thanks to Trish Gurney for lending her copy of original so that
+this transcription could be made. </p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/coverb.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The graphical cover of the booklet"
+title=
+"The graphical cover of the booklet"
+src="images/covers.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h1><span class="smcap">The Cause of the Charge of
+Balaclava</span></h1>
+<p style="text-align: right">
+<a href="images/p0b.jpg">
+<img class='floatleft' alt=
+"Graphic of man on horse, shield with skull and crossbones etc."
+title=
+"Graphic of man on horse, shield with skull and crossbones etc."
+src="images/p0s.jpg" />
+</a><span class="smcap">Oct</span> 25<sup>th</sup><br />
+1854</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>by</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: right"><i>Thomas Morley</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: right">17<span
+class="GutSmall"><sup>TH</sup></span> <span
+class="smcap">Lancers</span><br />
+The Man of the Hour</p>
+<p>Entered at Stationers Hall.&nbsp; All Rights Reserved.</p>
+<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>The Man
+of the Hour!</h2>
+<p style="text-align: center">(<i>SEE 19th CENTURY</i>,
+<i>MAY</i>, <i>1892</i>.)</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/morleyb.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Drawing of Thomas Morley"
+title=
+"Drawing of Thomas Morley"
+src="images/morleys.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: right"><b>THOMAS MORLEY,</b></p>
+<p style="text-align: right"><b>Late Sergeant of 17th
+Lancers,</b><br />
+<b>Captain of Cavalry through American Civil War.</b></p>
+<h2><a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+2</span>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> charge of the Light Brigade,
+one of the most magnificent assaults known in Military annals,
+and one of the greatest blunders known to military tactics, has
+never yet been properly described.&nbsp; This may be accounted
+for by the party bias which has colored all accounts of the
+battle according to the views entertained by the various
+writers.&nbsp; Having seen so many of these accounts for the last
+forty four years in various newspapers and Magazines, and having
+been interviewed myself many times I have felt impelled to write
+what I know about the action, and to give a plain unvarnished
+account of the same without indulging in any fine language or in
+technicalities, but using only soldiers&rsquo; phrases and giving
+the details &ldquo;with malice toward none&rdquo; and the truth
+about all.</p>
+<p>The British Cavalry in the Crimea consisted of five heavy
+regiments, called the Heavy Brigade, commanded by General
+Scarlett, and five light regiments called the Light Brigade,
+commanded by Lord Cardigan.&nbsp; Attached to the cavalry was one
+troop of the Royal Horse Artillery comprising six guns, commanded
+by Captain Maude.&nbsp; This Cavalry Division was commanded by
+the Earl of Lucan who had his headquarters at Balaclava Harbour,
+his command being in camp about two miles nearer to
+Sebastopol.&nbsp; Their duty was to defend Balaclava, which was
+the depot of supplies for the British Army engaged in the siege
+of Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p>In addition to the Cavalry Division Sir Colin Campbell
+commanded about eight hundred Highlanders (Scotch Infantry), and
+in camp near Balaclava we had also some sailors and marines
+stationed on the heights near the harbour and a British frigate
+was moored so that her broadside could protect it.&nbsp; There
+were in addition about twelve hundred irregular Turkish Infantry
+commanded by Rustem Pasha, stationed in three redoubts, armed
+with seven old British ship guns, a little more than a mile from
+the supplies.&nbsp; There were also three other redoubts thrown
+up to form a chain on the ridge of the Causeway Heights leading
+to Sebastopol.&nbsp; The last three were not mounted with
+guns.&nbsp; All these precautions were taken by Lord Raglan in
+case the Russians should make a descent on Balaclava in force,
+which they did before daybreak on the 25th of October, 1854.</p>
+<h2><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>THE
+ATTACK.</h2>
+<p>Lord Lucan knew that the Russians were in strong force near
+his pickets, and yet he did not strengthen them or patrol the
+small front he had to protect, while his cavalry pickets knew
+nothing of the Russian advance until the Turks opened fire, they
+just saved themselves from capture or annihilation by being
+better mounted than the enemy.</p>
+<p>The Turkish General seemed to have understood his duty better
+than either Lord Lucan or Sir Colin Campbell, for he advanced his
+pickets, sent out patrols, and hoisted ensigns in his three
+redoubts to signal to the British that the Russians were
+advancing.&nbsp; Lord Lucan and Sir Colin Campbell and staffs and
+others riding near the Turkish redoubts before daybreak observed
+ensigns flying on their parapets and asked one another what it
+meant, thus exposing their ignorance, but they did not take the
+trouble to find out the meaning of it, and no one can learn from
+any history thus far published how long these ensigns had been
+flying.&nbsp; They had very likely been flying all night.&nbsp;
+Had Sir Colin Campbell but thrown out a Corporal&rsquo;s guard to
+watch the redoubts it might have been the means of getting
+re-enforcements down from Sebastopol before daylight and
+preventing us from losing the guns and redoubts and the
+annihilation of the Light Brigade, and the loss of the only road
+for supplies.&nbsp; Lord Lucan with his attendant staff went
+riding round till break of day, when the Turks opened fire, being
+the first to find the Russians and the first to attack
+them.&nbsp; Lord Paget was with Lord Lucan&rsquo;s staff and when
+the Turks opened fire he galloped to the Light Brigade and took
+command in the absence of Lord Cardigan, who was on board his
+private yacht then lying in Balaclava Harbour.</p>
+<p>The British forces, as was the custom, turned out every
+morning about two hours before daylight, and on this eventful
+morning the men of the Cavalry Division were standing to their
+horses for nearly two hours, shivering in the cold fog.</p>
+<p>But at the first or second shot fired they mounted, and the
+heavy Brigade advanced at a trot followed by the Light Brigade
+and Horse Artillery.&nbsp; The Light Brigade halted near number 3
+redoubt and the heavy Brigade halted two hundred yards in advance
+of it.</p>
+<p>The Horse Artillery took up position just before it came to
+number 3 redoubt and opened fire on the Russian Artillery,
+nothing but smoke from their guns being perceived.&nbsp; The
+heavy Brigade moved first to its left, then back again to its
+right, several times.&nbsp; Lord Lucan calls that a
+demonstration.&nbsp; They could not see the Russians, and the
+Russians could neither see nor hear the heavy Brigade.&nbsp; If
+they had, they would not have been firing at the white smoke
+above the black fog of the Turkish redoubts and our Horse
+Artillery, but would have sent a volley into the heavy
+Brigade.&nbsp; Our Artillery was only wasting the ammunition, and
+when they finally saw the Russians they had no ammunition, and
+had made no provision to get any.&nbsp; Daylight was now
+approaching and Lord Cardigan arrived fresh from off his
+yacht.&nbsp; To think of a General with an important command
+during an active campaign sleeping on his yacht while his command
+was about to fight the enemy!</p>
+<p>Think of his vessel taking up such valuable space in the
+harbour, while we could not get ammunition landed nor even
+medicine!&nbsp; He no sooner arrived at his Brigade than he
+ordered it to retire by alternate Regiments, leaving Lucan and
+his &ldquo;demonstration&rdquo; to their fate.&nbsp; This was
+done without orders.&nbsp; We were then supporting the heavy
+Brigade.&nbsp; The Light Brigade retired past the Horse Artillery
+position just as Captain Maude was being carried off on a
+stretcher severely wounded.&nbsp; We retired about one hundred
+yards past his command and remained in that position watching the
+Artillery fire all its ammunition away.&nbsp; When it did finally
+retire, the heavy Brigade also retired.&nbsp; Lord Lucan had now
+found out that an army of Russians had manoeuvred <a
+name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>around his
+cavalry pickets, and that thirty guns and ten thousand Infantry
+had taken up position within one and half mile of Balaclava and
+supplies, and opened fire on the three Turkish redoubts before
+his cavalry pickets were aware of it.</p>
+<p>The Russian General could not see any troops near the three
+redoubts, as Lord Lucan had retired with his fifteen hundred
+cavalry and troop of Horse Artillery and left the poor badly
+armed Turks to themselves.&nbsp; No one had sense enough to order
+the Turks to fall back to the three redoubts which had not yet
+been armed.&nbsp; We had plenty of Artillery Horses (without
+ammunition for their guns) which could have removed the seven
+guns and the ammunition out of the first three redoubts into the
+three redoubts without guns.&nbsp; Had this been done we should
+not have lost any guns, but our victory would have been complete
+and the Light Brigade would not have been destroyed.&nbsp; The
+Russians had thirty guns and eight pieces of heavy calibre firing
+at number 1 redoubt with three guns, yet the Turks held on until
+the Russians stormed it with some thousands of Infantry.&nbsp;
+Kinglake says thirty guns opened upon numbers 2 and 3 redoubts
+and eleven battallions of Infantry stormed them; the same guns
+opened fire on 2 and 3 redoubts.&nbsp; If five hundred Turks were
+defending number 1 redoubt only seven hundred Turks would be in
+numbers 2 and 3 redoubts of two guns each.&nbsp; These ran away
+before the Russians got near them and also left their guns
+unspiked.</p>
+<h2>CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE.</h2>
+<p>The British Army and the Turkish Infantry were in the south
+valley.&nbsp; The Russian General, not seeing the enemy in his
+front, thought he had a clear road to Balaclava Harbour.&nbsp; He
+began to advance his army toward it.&nbsp; He sent four strong
+squadrons of cavalry from near number 1 redoubt which he had just
+captured to reconnoitre, and they advanced toward Balaclava
+Harbour.&nbsp; Sir Colin Campbell commanding the Infantry, had
+taken up his position on a knoll and ordered his command to lie
+down, the commanding officer of the four squadrons of Russian
+Cavalry could not see them because of the long grass and
+brush.&nbsp; Sir Colin Campbell was between Balaclava Harbour and
+the Russian Cavalry.&nbsp; When they arrived within firing
+distance Sir Colin ordered his command to form a single line two
+deep and from that position they fired a volley into the four
+squadrons of Russian Cavalry advancing.&nbsp; It took them by
+such surprise that it seemed to paralyse them by the sudden
+shock.&nbsp; They all wheeled about and retired in a kind of
+circle back to the point from which they advanced.&nbsp; Their
+loss, however, was but slight.&nbsp; The British Cavalry was on
+the slopes of the Causeway heights in the south valley, looking
+on at Sir Colin Campbell, and his few Highlanders instead of
+assisting him with our Horse Artillery.&nbsp; We had a
+sailor&rsquo;s battery near the Harbour on the hills.&nbsp; They
+fired at the Russians, but I could not see at whom.&nbsp; The
+British Frigate lying across the harbour of Balaclava also opened
+fire on the Russians.&nbsp; After this for some time everything
+seemed to be quiet.</p>
+<p>Sir Colin Campbell&rsquo;s command and the Turkish Infantry
+were ordered to take position at Kadikoe, to defend the approach
+to Balaclava Harbour.</p>
+<p>The Heavy Brigade&rsquo;s camp was situated between the 5th
+redoubt and the Vineyard on the slope of the Causeway heights in
+the south valley.</p>
+<p>The camp lying in a very exposed position, Lord Lucan ordered
+it to be removed in great haste to the south side of the vineyard
+for safety.</p>
+<p>At the same time the Light Brigade took up position at the top
+end of the South Valley about five hundred yards from the
+vineyard.</p>
+<p>The first line consisted of the 17th Lancers on the right, the
+13th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed it, and
+remained mounted commanded by Lord Cardigan.</p>
+<p><a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span>The
+second line were the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars
+commanded by Lord Paget&mdash;they were dismounted.&nbsp; Lord
+Cardigan was ordered to watch the enemy and attack anything but
+columns of Infantry.&nbsp; No one could see the enemy and the
+enemy could not see the Cavalry Division, and not a single picket
+or sentry was posted to give warning.&nbsp; The Heavy Brigade was
+allowed to go to the back of the Vineyard to hunt up their camp
+equipments, while parts of regiments began to water their
+horses.&nbsp; The Horse Artillery being in some hidden place I
+never saw them again after clear daylight.&nbsp; Lord Lucan being
+absent from his command made things worse at this critical
+time.&nbsp; Lord Raglan and staff, and a French General and staff
+assembled on the height at the top end of the two valleys which
+had to be ascended to get to Sebastopol.</p>
+<p>Both commanders-in-chief could observe all the movements of
+the Russian Army, their Infantry massing and a large column of
+cavalry marching up the valley of death.&nbsp; Lord Raglan could
+see the Light Brigade part dismounted, yet he could not see the
+Heavy Brigade, most of them being back of the Vineyard.&nbsp; He
+sent one of his staff officers to inform Lord Lucan that a large
+force of Russian Cavalry was advancing up the North Valley, but
+he could not be found with his Division.&nbsp; General Scarlett
+assumed command in Lucan&rsquo;s absence, and sent staff officers
+to hunt up the Regiments.&nbsp; General Scarlett tried to
+assemble his Brigade at the east end of the vineyard, the Light
+Brigade camp standing in front of those he assembled.&nbsp; The
+Russian General had military sense enough to advance a line of
+mounted skirmishers half a mile in advance of his main body up
+the North Valley.&nbsp; Neither Lucan, Cardigan, nor Scarlett
+knew anything of this force marching up the North Valley till
+informed by the commander-in-chief&rsquo;s aide-de-camp.&nbsp;
+When the Russian skirmishers arrived near the top of the North
+Valley, about 30 rode over the Causeway height and came within
+thirty yards of the Light Brigade position.&nbsp; A Russian
+officer who was directing that part of the line of Russian
+skirmishers was killed, sword in hand, in front of the 13th Light
+Dragoons by one of their officers.&nbsp; Lord Cardigan did not
+trouble himself to go or send one of his staff officers 30
+yards&mdash;had he done so he would have seen the Russian column
+marching up the valley.&nbsp; The Russian General found out from
+the commander of the skirmishers where the British Cavalry was in
+position.&nbsp; He immediately marched his column to the top of
+the Causeway heights, advancing toward the Light Brigade.&nbsp;
+The Russian General saw the Heavy Brigade assembling at the end
+of the Vineyard, which was nearer to his command.&nbsp; He made
+an oblique movement at a trot toward General Scarlett, advancing
+down the Causeway heights through the camp ground of the Heavy
+Brigade that had only just been removed out of danger.&nbsp; I
+believe Lord Cardigan never saw the Russian skirmishers or the
+Russian columns crown the heights.&nbsp; But Captain Morris
+commanding 17th Lancers did, and like a flash he ordered the 17th
+forward.&nbsp; As we were advancing toward the Russian column,
+Lord Cardigan saw the 17th Lancers moving, halted us, and ordered
+us back, wishing to know where we were going, and who ordered us
+to move.&nbsp; The consequence was, we never did attack the
+Russians.&nbsp; When the Russian column arrived within 50 yards
+of the vineyard, the Russian General saw he had to cross a large
+ditch, extending on the side of the vineyard, and that he had
+also to advance through the Light Brigade camp, with picket ropes
+standing with sick and lame horses tied to the ropes before he
+could attack the heavy Brigade.&nbsp; The Russian General thought
+he was being led into a trap.&nbsp; He then halted his column
+with his right flank exposed toward the Light Brigade.&nbsp; Then
+Lord Cardigan had the opportunity to attack and cover himself
+with glory.&nbsp; No General had or ever will have a better or
+more favourable opportunity.&nbsp; He had the ground in his
+favor, and not 500 yards to advance to the Russian Cavalry
+column, and part of the Heavy Brigade mounted only 50 yards from
+the Russian column to assist.&nbsp; But no, he would not attack,
+and how he could sit on his horse, and see the Heavy Brigade
+fight such great odds, and never attempt to give them a helping
+hand, passes understanding.&nbsp; The Russian column, and not
+more than 50 yards away General Scarlett&rsquo;s few hundred in
+line of battle, stood looking at each other.&nbsp; Kinglake says,
+Lord Lucan told Scarlett to take the four squadrons to attack the
+Russian column (it was only <a name="page6"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 6</span>three squadrons however.)&nbsp;
+General Scarlett ordered all he had assembled under such trying
+circumstances to advance to the attack.&nbsp; In passing through
+the Light Brigade camp, standing together with sick and lame
+horses still tied to the picket ropes, two officers&rsquo; horses
+fell over the ropes and camp utensils, one being seriously hurt,
+to say nothing of a trooper falling in clearing the camp.&nbsp;
+The command had to jump a wide ditch at the end of the vineyard
+which so scattered them that they were nearly in single line, and
+not more than 30 or 40 yards from the Russian column.&nbsp; In
+five seconds officers and men were in their places.&nbsp; General
+Scarlett then ordered his trumpeter to sound the charge.&nbsp; It
+was repeated by the other trumpeters.&nbsp; They had to advance
+up the slope of the Causeway heights.&nbsp; The consequence was
+they never arrived at a charging speed.&nbsp; The command began
+to cheer and could be heard all over the South Valley, the Light
+Brigade helping them to cheer with faces pale with rage at having
+to sit on their horses and not be allowed to give their brave
+comrades a helping hand.&nbsp; General Scarlett led his command
+about the centre of the Russian column, going straight through
+it, and re-found what was left of his command the other side of
+the column.&nbsp; Just as General Scarlett was entering the
+column, Colonel Hodge advanced around the east end of the
+vineyard with the 4th Dragoon Guards in column of troop at a
+brisk trot.&nbsp; On they advanced, clearing the Russians column
+right flank 40 yards.&nbsp; Colonel Hodge then gave the word of
+command &ldquo;right wheel into line&rdquo; and ordered the
+charge to be sounded.&nbsp; Already at a trot, they got into
+charging speed at once, going through the Russian column,
+scattering them in all directions, the Light Brigade cheering
+with them till the 4th Dragoon Guards came out of the Russians
+left flank.&nbsp; General Scarlett&rsquo;s command had rallied
+and charged back through the Russian scattered column.&nbsp;
+After receiving these three charges in rapid succession the
+Russian column was so disorganised that we could see them
+wheeling about, and almost before General Scarlett&rsquo;s
+command had got through the Russian column a second time it began
+to retire at a trot back over the Causeway heights leaving their
+killed and wounded.&nbsp; Kinglake says, 78 of the Heavy Brigade
+were killed and wounded all by the sword.&nbsp; I consider
+Colonel Hodge proved himself the best cavalry officer in the
+division.&nbsp; Had Lord Cardigan assisted with the Light
+Brigade, the balance of the Heavy Brigade not engaged would have
+given a helping hand.&nbsp; It would have been one of the most
+crowning victories in the annals of Cavalry History.</p>
+<p>When the Russian column had retreated over the Causeway height
+and down the North Valley, Lord Cardigan mounted Lord
+Paget&rsquo;s command, advanced the Light Brigade in column of
+troops from the right at a trot, making a circle of a mile in the
+South Valley below the battle ground, arriving back at the Light
+Brigade camp.&nbsp; We were then dismounted.</p>
+<p>Lord Raglan saw the Russians trying to remove the guns out of
+the redoubts they had captured from the Turks, and also making a
+different disposition of their army.&nbsp; Raglan also saw the
+inaction of his cavalry, the Light Brigade being
+dismounted.&nbsp; He sent some of his staff officers down to it,
+and we were ordered in great haste to mount.&nbsp; The first
+regiment mounted was the 11th Hussars, and was led by a staff
+officer of Lord Raglan&rsquo;s to the North Valley.&nbsp; The
+next regiment was the 17th Lancers, and we were formed in line on
+the 11th Hussars.&nbsp; The next regiment was the 13th Light
+Dragoons.&nbsp; This completed the first line of the Light
+Brigade in the new formation.&nbsp; The second line consisted of
+the 4th Light Dragoons and 8th Hussars, commanded by Lord
+Paget.&nbsp; Lord Cardigan never knew that the formation of his
+brigade was altered.&nbsp; He did not know that Lord Raglan
+ordered the Light Brigade to the North Valley till informed, and
+this is the only time Lord Raglan ever interfered with the
+Cavalry&mdash;then he could not find any leaders.&nbsp; Our
+formation before this was the 17th Lancers on the right of the
+first line, the 13th Light Dragoons and the 8th Hussars completed
+it, commanded by Cardigan.&nbsp; The second line was the 4th
+Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars, commanded by Lord Paget.</p>
+<p>In his book Lord Paget states that he could never understand
+how the 8th Hussars got into his command in place of the 11th
+Hussars.&nbsp; The reason was, that he and Cardigan were with the
+Heavy Brigade taking some refreshments and congratulating <a
+name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>the leading
+officers.&nbsp; When Lord Cardigan joined his Brigade in the
+North Valley, he wanted to know by whose authority they were
+placed there.&nbsp; He was informed by order of Lord Raglan.</p>
+<p>The Russian General seeing the allied infantry marching down
+from Sebastopol knew then he could not take Balaclava, so he
+began to remove the guns he had captured from the Turks, out of
+the redoubts.&nbsp; Lord Raglan and the French Commander-in-chief
+came to the conclusion to bring on a general engagement, and try
+to take back the guns that the Turks had lost, and also regain
+the redoubts and key to Balaclava Harbour&mdash;our good military
+road we had lost which was the cause of the suffering of the
+British Army in the winter of 1854.&nbsp; Lord Raglan ordered the
+cavalry division to attack the Russians to prevent them from
+carrying off the guns.&nbsp; Lord Lucan did not understand the
+movements of armies or orders.&nbsp; Order after order was sent
+to him, and, during the delay the Russians were making additional
+alterations in their Army.&nbsp; The third order was for
+&ldquo;the cavalry to advance and take advantage of any
+opportunity to recover the Heights, and they would be supported
+by infantry which had been ordered to advance on two
+fronts.&rdquo;&nbsp; Lord Raglan ordered the Duke of Cambridge to
+advance his division of Infantry and Artillery down the South
+Valley, which he did some distance in line of battle.&nbsp; Sir
+George Cathcart was ordered to advance his division of Infantry
+and Artillery down the North Valley.&nbsp; Every soldier in the
+Cavalry Division knew what heights we had lost.&nbsp; The whole
+Cavalry Division saw the Russians take the heights, and redoubts,
+with guns in them.</p>
+<p>After Lucan received the third order, he must have read it
+backward, for he thought he was to support the Infantry, and
+prepared the cavalry for it without seeing the Infantry or
+knowing where they were, which he states, and never made any
+attempt to advance.</p>
+<p>Lord Raglan then selected Captain Nolan to take the fourth and
+last order, but during all this delay of 40 minutes, the
+Russians, seeing the allied Infantry taking possession of both
+valleys, concentrated their Army and removed the captured guns
+which Lord Raglan wanted to prevent them from doing.&nbsp; Not
+one of the four orders suggested that the cavalry should
+charge.&nbsp; Lord Raglan knew it would be annihilation for them
+to do so with the Russian Army in such a strong and commanding
+position.&nbsp; At the end of the North Valley the Russians put
+in position their best Artillery, supported by five or six
+thousand Cavalry, their Infantry also being in position on all
+the commanding hills.&nbsp; The three redoubts they captured were
+full of Infantry and Artillery, with riflemen on the commanding
+positions near the redoubts on our right.&nbsp; On our left they
+had six guns placed in position supported by Infantry and
+riflemen armed with needle guns.</p>
+<h2>CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE.</h2>
+<p>Captain Nolan after receiving the last order galloped down the
+steep heights from the position of Lord Raglan and staff, finding
+Lord Lucan the Cavalry Commander with the Heavy Brigade in the
+South Valley near the scene of their engagement of two hours
+before.&nbsp; The Causeway Heights were between the two Brigades
+so that they were out of sight of each other though only five
+hundred yards apart.&nbsp; The Light Brigade were in position at
+the head of the North Valley, with the Chasseurs d&rsquo;Afrique
+stationed about 250 yards at the left.</p>
+<p>Lord Lucan describes the arrival of the order
+thus:&mdash;&ldquo;The Cavalry was formed to support an intended
+movement of the Infantry when Captain Nolan came up at speed and
+placed in my hands this written information&mdash;&lsquo;Lord
+Raglan wishes the Cavalry to advance rapidly to the front and try
+to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns.&nbsp; Troop of Horse
+Artillery may accompany.&nbsp; French Cavalry on your
+left.&rsquo;&rdquo;&nbsp; He said to Captain Nolan after reading
+the order &ldquo;Attack sir, attack what, what guns
+sir?&rdquo;&nbsp; Captain Nolan pointed with his <a
+name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>sword,
+&ldquo;There, my Lord, is your enemy, there are your
+guns.&rdquo;&nbsp; This conversation must have occurred in the
+South Valley where the Heavy Cavalry were formed to support the
+Infantry and where neither guns nor enemy were in sight.&nbsp;
+Captain Nolan probably pointed with his sword to the Causeway
+Heights, where the nearest guns of the enemy lay, and which was
+the point of attack intended by Lord Raglan.&nbsp; Had they been
+on top of these heights the redoubts would have been in sight,
+had the speakers been in the North Valley the words would have
+been an absurdity, for the direction of the Russian Army did not
+require to be pointed out with a sword.&nbsp; Several batteries
+were plainly in sight across the valley and at each side, with
+thousands and thousands of troops.&nbsp; It is recorded that Lord
+Lucan made some insulting remarks to Nolan, telling him to quiet
+himself.&nbsp; Both of them moved over to the Light Brigade, and
+Lord Lucan informed Lord Cardigan that it was Lord Raglan&rsquo;s
+order for the Light Brigade to charge the Russians in the
+Valley.&nbsp; There is probably no doubt that Cardigan called
+Lucan&rsquo;s attention to the fact that there were batteries in
+front and on each flank, and that the ground was covered with
+riflemen.&nbsp; This of course I did not hear.&nbsp; I first saw
+Lord Lucan riding about the attacking line and was aware that we
+were about to charge.&nbsp; I also noticed the Chasseurs over at
+our left preparing to move at the same time.&nbsp; I saw very
+distinctly what does not appear in any history, Lord Cardigan
+gallop on perhaps three hundred yards in front and to the right
+to a piece of slightly rising ground, evidently to reconnoitre
+the position of the Russian Army and the best way-ground for his
+brigade.&nbsp; We were now in line thus:&mdash;</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">*<br />
+Lord Cardigan.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>11th Hussars.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p>17th Lancers.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>13th Light Dragoons</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="3"><p style="text-align: center">*<br />
+Lord George Paget.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">4th Light
+Dragoons.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>8th Hussars.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>Almost at the moment that Lord Cardigan had left us Colonel
+Douglas, commanding the 11th Hussars was ordered by Lord Lucan to
+fall back to support the 17th which they did, altering the
+attacking line so that we went on in this formation.</p>
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p>17th Lancers.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p>13th Light Dragoons.</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><p>11th Hussars.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="4"><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan="2"><p>4th Light Dragoons.</p>
+</td>
+<td colspan="2"><p>8th Hussars.</p>
+</td>
+<td><p>&nbsp;</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>This movement was executed simply by the 11th Hussars waiting
+for us to advance until they were at proper supporting distance
+when they began to move, for we were getting under way at the
+time.&nbsp; I never heard the word of command to go forward from
+any officer.&nbsp; If given at all it must have been by Lord
+Lucan, for Cardigan was, as I said, in advance of us planning the
+line of movement and evidently did not see what went on in his
+attacking line at the moment of advance.&nbsp; The whole movement
+was executed in the greatest haste and we were quickly off at a
+trot.</p>
+<p>Then in the very beginning of the Charge, when the direction
+we were taking just became evident, occurred Captain
+Nolan&rsquo;s movement that has been the cause of so much
+controversy.&nbsp; I was only about seventy yards from Captain
+Nolan and distinctly saw every movement.&nbsp; Captain Nolan was
+in front of the 13th Light Dragoons, who took their dressing and
+interval and speed by the 17th Lancers, the regiment of
+direction.&nbsp; As soon as the brigade was fairly in motion, so
+that its direction down the valley was evident, Nolan rode away
+from the 13th at speed to the front of the 17th Lancers, reached
+a position in front of the centre of the 17th, gave his order
+&ldquo;three&rsquo;s right&rdquo; with his horse&rsquo;s head
+facing the regiment, at the same time waving his sword to the
+right, which signified &ldquo;take ground to the right,&rdquo;
+then turned his horse and galloped towards the Causeway Heights,
+still pointing with his sword in that direction.&nbsp; At that
+moment a <a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+9</span>shell exploded and a piece of it struck him in the left
+breast near the heart.&nbsp; Probably the unearthly scream which
+rang in our ears above the roar of the opening cannonade was a
+dying effort to make us follow his direction.</p>
+<p>He remained in the saddle until the horse had cleared the
+right flank of the first squadron of the 17th, in column of
+threes, when the horse, finding the rider had no control over it,
+turned sharp to the right&mdash;the way home&mdash;throwing the
+lifeless body head-first to the ground.</p>
+<p>The 17th had instantly followed his direction and gone
+&ldquo;three&rsquo;s right.&rdquo;&nbsp; The 13th had gone
+straight on instead of checking, as they should have done to
+respond to our movements.&nbsp; They were perhaps 25 or 30 yards
+in front of us when Nolan fell.&nbsp; At that juncture I heard
+Sergeant-Major J. Nunnerley, of the 1st Squadron&mdash;now living
+at Ormskirk, Lancashire&mdash;shout in a loud voice, &ldquo;17th
+Lancers, (Three&rsquo;s Left) or Front forward!&rdquo;&nbsp; (I
+belonged to the second Squadron).&nbsp; We went three&rsquo;s
+left, the right flank of the second squadron lapping the left
+flank of the first one-fourth its front or more, so that the two
+flanks became merged together.&nbsp; At that instant, the Russian
+Artillery in position across the valley, fired a volley into the
+17th, which seemed to paralyse it, killing and wounding a number
+of officers and men.&nbsp; It seemed to me a troop of horses
+fell, myself and horse being knocked down with them.&nbsp; I
+remounted and followed the shattered line.&nbsp; All this time I
+never saw Lord Cardigan at all.&nbsp; Kinglake&rsquo;s account of
+him as such a conspicuous figure on his white-legged horse,
+riding in front of his command and constantly checking the speed
+by orders to &ldquo;keep steady,&rdquo; does not agree with my
+observation, although he is said to have been just in front of
+our regiment.</p>
+<p>From the time I saw him ride ahead and to one side of his
+command to reconnoitre, I never saw him again till we had passed
+the Russian guns.&nbsp; He probably joined some portion of the
+13th Dragoons as they came up with him, but that regiment
+scattered completely, going down into skirmish line, having lost
+their base, the 17th Lancers.</p>
+<p>No squad of it held together to pass the guns or to
+return.&nbsp; In the tremendous uproar and confusion of such
+cannonading it was impossible to have any very distinct
+impression.&nbsp; I observed everything clearly up to the moment
+the volley burst in our ranks and knocked me down.&nbsp; After
+that I simply scrambled on my horse and rode on pell-mell, and I
+believe Lord Cardigan did the same.&nbsp; The smoke prevented
+anyone from seeing any distance and the noise from hearing, so I
+never heard an officer&rsquo;s voice from the time Nolan
+fell.&nbsp; It was the order of the brave Nunnerley that brought
+us to front forward as stated, and I heard no further orders
+after that.</p>
+<p>The Russian gunners were well drilled.&nbsp; There was none of
+that crackling sound I have often heard in the American War and
+other places, where one gun goes a little ahead and the others
+follow, having the effect of a bunch of fire-crackers popping in
+quick succession.</p>
+<p>In such case the smoke of the first gun obscures the aim of
+the rest.&nbsp; The Russian Artillery at Balaclava went off at
+the word of command, all together.&nbsp; One tremendous volley
+was heard with flashes of flame through the rolling smoke.&nbsp;
+While they reloaded the smoke lifted so that they could see to
+take aim again.&nbsp; There were probably twenty cannon at our
+right firing at us, and two batteries&mdash;twelve guns&mdash;in
+front.&nbsp; The batteries at the left on the Fedioukine Heights
+were in action, but their fire probably did not affect the first
+lines.&nbsp; Their fire was directed on the Chasseurs
+d&rsquo;Afrique, who moved toward them simultaneously with our
+move forward.&nbsp; The direction was such, however, that the
+shells would fall among the supports, Colonel Douglas&rsquo; and
+Lord Paget&rsquo;s lines.&nbsp; If we had been moving over uneven
+ground we should have had some slight protection in the necessary
+uncertainty of aim of the guns, but moving as we did in compact
+bodies on smooth ground directly in range, the gunners had an
+admirable target and every volley came with terrible effect.</p>
+<p>There is a natural instinct to dodge cannon balls.&nbsp; In
+such fire as we were under it changed to an impulse to
+hurry.&nbsp; There was no time to look right or left, and the <a
+name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>guns in front
+were what I looked out for.&nbsp; They were visible as streaks of
+fire about two feet long, and a foot thick in the centre of a
+gush of thick white smoke, marking about every three hundred
+yards of the way, as they would reload in 30 or 40 seconds.&nbsp;
+The last volley went off when we were close on them.&nbsp; The
+flame, the smoke, the roar were in our faces.&nbsp; It is not an
+exaggeration to compare the sensation to that of riding into the
+mouth of a volcano, but those who did not fall were through the
+guns in an instant and full of fight.&nbsp; The action of the
+scattered troops behind the battery and on the way back was
+sufficient proof that they were not frightened or demoralized,
+even by the proceeding&mdash;unheard of for Cavalry&mdash;of
+attacking batteries in front.</p>
+<p>Before we reached the guns every officer of my squadron, the
+second, was either killed or wounded, leaving no one to command
+us.</p>
+<p>Thirty of the men followed Troop Sergeant Major O&rsquo;Hara,
+and fifteen followed Colonel Mayow, chief of Cardigan&rsquo;s
+Staff.&nbsp; As I said before the 13th Light Dragoons were so
+scattered, that a group did not enter the enemy&rsquo;s lines
+together.&nbsp; The 11th Hussars was ordered to support us, the
+17th Lancers, and we never saw them in the fight.&nbsp; Colonel
+Douglas, 11th Hussars, Lord George Paget, 4th Light Dragoons,
+Colonel Shewell, 8th Hussars, all managed to keep groups of their
+commands together, to enter the line of guns.&nbsp; Lord Paget
+commanded the 4th Light Dragoons and 8th Hussars, yet he lost the
+8th and found the 11th Hussars (our supports).&nbsp; The ride
+down the valley could not have occupied five minutes.&nbsp; I
+could have run it on foot in seven minutes, as I was champion
+runner in those days, but the formation of the brigade with which
+we started had been destroyed, probably within three minutes.</p>
+<p>Our arrival at the battery silenced it instantly, and the
+gunners began to try to move the cannon away.&nbsp; The gospel of
+Russian fighting was always to save the guns.</p>
+<p>My first thought after we were through the line was to look
+for an officer to see what we were to do, I saw Lord Cardigan at
+first but I had no impulse to join him.&nbsp; I think no British
+soldier ever had.&nbsp; He lead 670 and none relied on him.&nbsp;
+I saw troopers riding past him to the right and left.&nbsp; He
+was about 50 yards beyond the guns on their extreme left.&nbsp; I
+turned to look for some one of my own regiment and mistook
+Lieutenant Jarvis, of the 13th Dragoons, for one of my officers,
+as the uniforms of both regiments being very similar.&nbsp;
+Lieutenant (now Major) Jarvis is, I believe, still living.&nbsp;
+He was about 200 yards to my left front, riding to his right
+towards a cannon that was retreating to the rear.&nbsp; I
+galloped up to him and informed him that Lord Cardigan was above,
+pointing my sword to the place, my lance having been shot away at
+the last volley as we charged the guns.&nbsp; He replied
+&ldquo;Never mind, let&rsquo;s capture that gun!&rdquo;&nbsp; We
+raced towards it.&nbsp; He said, &ldquo;Cut down the
+gunners!&rdquo;&nbsp; He shot one of the horse&rsquo;s in the
+head bringing it to a sudden stop.&nbsp; The gunners disappeared
+between the horses and gun-carriage as we slashed at them.&nbsp;
+We both dismounted and took out the dead horse while more of the
+Brigade gathered about to assist us.&nbsp; Private John Smith,
+who died in a London Workhouse about the end of January, 1899,
+mounted one of the horses attached to the gun, and I believe
+there is another soldier living who mounted another horse of the
+gun.</p>
+<p>We started back off the field at a gallop with the mounted
+cannon, and were near the place where I had seen Lord Cardigan,
+when a large body of Cossacks charged, who appeared from behind a
+hill and surrounded our group.&nbsp; I was riding on the right of
+the gun, the direction in which the Cossacks attacked us.&nbsp;
+In the melee I got through the wrong end and had to ride back
+again down the valley.&nbsp; I was pursued by seven of them until
+they fairly chased me into a body of Russian Cavalry with its
+back to me.&nbsp; There was no alternative but to ride through or
+surrender to the Cossacks.&nbsp; I put spurs to my horse and
+bolted into the line.&nbsp; I got through with a knock on the
+head from a Russian officer, that would have wounded me but for
+my dress cap, which I eventually lost, but the lines saved
+it.&nbsp; More members of the Light Brigade were riding
+about&mdash;some of them wounded&mdash;fighting as best they
+could.</p>
+<p>Corporal Hall, of my own troop, had his lance trailing about
+and covered with blood.&nbsp; <a name="page11"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 11</span>I told him to throw it away and
+wanted to pick it up myself, as I needed one, but there was no
+time.&nbsp; Hall was captured and died of amputation of a
+leg.</p>
+<p>During the melee, about 40 stragglers of the Brigade were
+driving a line of Russian Hussars down the valley in close
+column.&nbsp; I rode in the rear of them and began to order the
+men back.&nbsp; I ordered Private Clifford of my own troop to
+halt, instead of which he charged into the solid column and was
+cut and pierced to death before my eyes.&nbsp; The column came to
+a trot, and walk, and then wheeled about.&nbsp; I turned my horse
+about and saw a line of Lancers marching down the valley and
+instantly thought they were the French Lancers, as they carried
+flags on their lances.&nbsp; I rode to them, and when within 30
+yards they fired at me.&nbsp; I then saw their long grey cloaks
+and knew they were Russian.&nbsp; It was in fact the Jeropkine
+Lancers just formed in close line across the valley, cutting off
+our retreat.&nbsp; I turned back to my scattered comrades, who
+were riding about like myself in all directions, not seeing which
+way to go.&nbsp; I raised my sword and shouted to them to fall
+in.&nbsp; They galloped to me from all directions, and I hastily
+formed them in lines, putting those with lances in front.&nbsp; I
+believe there were eight of the 17th Lancers in the front rank,
+with members of other regiments forming a second line.&nbsp; The
+Russian Lancers were not more than 40 yards from us when I
+ordered them to cheer and charge.&nbsp; The Brigade of Russian
+Hussars were marching up the valley about 50 yards behind and
+there were Cossacks on each flank.&nbsp; The Russians must have
+thought we were assembling to surrender, and when we yelled and
+charged into the centre of their line, they seemed to be
+paralysed.</p>
+<p>The point of a lance through my sword hilt tore the flesh off
+my middle finger, and this trifling wound was the only injury I
+received in that immortal fight.&nbsp; Three of the men in my
+group fell in the charge but I seemed to have more when I got
+through the lines, other stragglers having rushed through the
+opening we made or rode round the flanks.&nbsp; We galloped off
+on our way back, pursued by some of the Cossacks, firing at us,
+until we came to a square of infantry on rising ground with
+muskets and fixed bayonets pointing at us.&nbsp; They yelled
+something in Russian, I suppose calling us to surrender.&nbsp;
+When they saw that we was not going to surrender, they fired a
+volley point blank at us and at the shortest range.&nbsp; This
+was fearfully destructive, and only a few of my little squad were
+left.&nbsp; Weightman and Marshall together with others of the
+17th were captured here, one with 13 wounds and the other with 9,
+and were prisoners for a year.&nbsp; We found the guns again
+re-manned and in position again across the valley, and after we
+had charged through them from the rear they opened fire on us
+again, as well as the infantry.</p>
+<p>There were no more of the enemy in front and I told the men to
+separate.&nbsp; James Cope, 17th Lancers, and George McGregor,
+4th Light Dragoons, opened out each side of myself, and we made
+the best of our way back up the valley.&nbsp; Cope and I reported
+together to the regiment which had assembled, numbered off, and
+been complimented by Lord Cardigan before we got there.&nbsp; We
+were the last squad to return, and the only squad that rallied
+through the guns.</p>
+<p>The engagement may be summed up thus: There were five groups
+which charged into the guns.&nbsp; The first two were 17th
+Lancers, one group commanded by Colonel Mayow, chief of Lord
+Cardigan&rsquo;s staff, the other by Troop Sergeant Major
+O&rsquo;Hara.&nbsp; The third group was the 11th Hussars under
+Colonel Douglas.&nbsp; The fourth group were 4th Light Dragoons,
+commanded by Lord Paget.&nbsp; The fifth group, 8th Hussars,
+Colonel Shewell and the last regiment to enter the
+batteries.&nbsp; These five groups charged the masses of Russian
+Cavalry that were supporting the artillery, time and time again,
+driving them some hundred yards down the valley.&nbsp; This seems
+almost incredible, but it must be recalled that we had no idea of
+the colossal blunder of which we were victims.&nbsp; Our natural
+thought of course was that we would be immediately followed and
+supported by the Heavy Brigade and Infantry, both of which were
+stationed close in our rear.&nbsp; The French Cavalry we know had
+moved and I thought they were there with us until I had ridden
+nearly into a body of Russians, taking them for the French.&nbsp;
+Of course, the Russians <a name="page12"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 12</span>shared our impression that this was
+the beginning of a general attack, which accounts for their
+temporary confusion and partial retreat.</p>
+<p>While these five groups were going on fighting as best they
+could, scattering the Russian Cavalry, the General ordered out
+the Jeropkine Lancers&mdash;fresh troops who had not been engaged
+in the attack on the Heavy Brigade two hours before.&nbsp; These
+Lancers took their position between the guns across the valley,
+apparently cutting off the retreat of all the Light Brigade by
+forming across their rear.</p>
+<p>The officers commanding the different groups now realised that
+they were unsupported and in great danger.&nbsp; There was a
+hasty effort to join forces to make the best of their way
+back.&nbsp; Lord Paget, happening to be near the 11th Hussars,
+ordered Colonel Douglas to join his command.&nbsp; He refused at
+first, but seeing himself cut off did so, and a wordy controversy
+as to who was technically in command takes up many pages in
+Paget&rsquo;s book.&nbsp; Probably, at the time, neither gave
+thought to anything but getting out of the trap.&nbsp; Colonel
+Mayow and Sergeant-Major O&rsquo;Hara joined with the 8th
+Hussars, making two groups fighting and charging the Russian
+Lancers.&nbsp; Some squads of the Light Brigade had not time to
+wheel about, but just time to go three&rsquo;s about, and charge
+with rear rank in front to prevent the Russian Cavalry from
+charging their flanks.&nbsp; Not all the Brigade had fallen into
+these larger groups which first cut their way out.&nbsp; After
+the remnants of these groups had escaped the Jeropkine Lancers,
+six squadrons strong were formed in line to prevent the
+stragglers from escaping.</p>
+<p>The Brigade of Hussars seeing the Lancers marching down the
+valley and only a few scattered enemy, halted, wheeled about, and
+marched up the valley.&nbsp; It was just at this time and between
+these two bodies that I rallied my little squad.</p>
+<p>It is a singular thing that every authority on the Charge of
+the Light Brigade gives a different number of killed and wounded,
+but they substantially agree as to the number 198 which reported
+mounted after the engagement.</p>
+<p>Lord Cardigan gives 195.&nbsp; James Cope, 17th Lancers,
+McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, and myself reported after the roll
+was called.</p>
+<p>I am only certain of the figures for my own regiment.&nbsp;
+The 17th Lancers went into the engagement 145 and came out 45
+mounted.&nbsp; Every officer of my squadron was killed or
+wounded.&nbsp; We lost 13 prisoners, only one of them unwounded,
+and he was dismounted, his horse having been killed.&nbsp; Of
+these only 3 lived to return to the English ranks, two of them
+from my squad&mdash;Weightman and Marshall.&nbsp; Weightman, who
+is still living as a retired officer, had thirteen wounds, and
+Marshall nine wounds.</p>
+<h2><a name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>THE
+CAUSE OF THE CHARGE.</h2>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p13b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Lord Lucan (on horse)"
+title=
+"Lord Lucan (on horse)"
+src="images/p13s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> phrase &ldquo;Someone had
+blundered&rdquo; is familiar to every one, but the condition of
+affairs which precipitated the blunder are not known and have
+never been stated in history.</p>
+<p>After the Heavy Brigade made their glorious charge, the Light
+Brigade was placed in the North valley by order of Lord Raglan,
+Lords Lucan and Cardigan being absent congratulating the Heavy
+Brigade officers.&nbsp; Both Commanders-in-chief and Staffs had
+assembled at the top of Sebastopol Heights and were watching the
+Russian Army.&nbsp; They decided to force a general engagement
+and recapture the guns and heights the Turks had lost.&nbsp; The
+Russian General could see the allied armies&mdash;the French
+massing on the heights of Sebastopol and the British Infantry and
+Artillery marching down both valleys.&nbsp; The Russians,
+recognising the uselessness of trying to take Balaclava, ordered
+their army on the Causeway Heights to retreat and abandon the
+captured guns.&nbsp; Lord Raglan sent General Airey,
+Quarter-master General, to give Lord Lucan instructions to which
+he paid no attention.&nbsp; The third order was, &ldquo;The
+Cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to
+recover the heights; they will be supported by Infantry which has
+been ordered to advance on two fronts.&rdquo;&nbsp; <a
+name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>Now the
+trouble commenced.&nbsp; Lord Lucan could see that Lord Raglan
+intended the whole cavalry to advance in one body, but he could
+not give the word of command for his two brigades to move
+together, not knowing the drill in vogue.&nbsp; Again, how could
+he ask the cavalry to advance with the Artillery without
+ammunition?&nbsp; How far could he advance against the Russian
+Artillery?&nbsp; It would be simple slaughter to charge.&nbsp;
+Lord Lucan had invaded the Crimea without any supply for his
+cannon.&nbsp; He admits that he did not leave the forts till he
+had used all his ammunition, and that was before daylight.&nbsp;
+He was then only one mile from Balaclava Harbour, the only place
+for supply, and he could have sent his ammunition wagons for
+it.&nbsp; His artillery being only six-pounders&mdash;the
+smallest in the Crimea&mdash;it was impossible to draw or borrow
+it.&nbsp; So the humbug went on, and instead of him informing
+Lord Raglan he had no supply of ammunition in the
+Crimea&mdash;which was his first duty to his Queen and
+country&mdash;he prepared the Heavy Brigade to support infantry
+at the top of the South valley, quite reversing the third
+order.</p>
+<p>The two commanders-in-chief had their infantry ready for the
+general engagement; the French infantry massed on the top of
+Sebastopol heights to support the English; and the French Cavalry
+was ordered to report to General Lord Lucan, the English Cavalry
+commander.&nbsp; The Duke of Cambridge had his division on top of
+Sebastopol heights the first and could see the Russian army
+retreating on the Causeway heights and abandoning the captured
+cannon.&nbsp; The Duke waited some time for Lord Lucan to get a
+move upon his command, then marched his troops down the heights
+of Sebastopol to the South valley, seeing no signs of the cavalry
+advancing, ordered his infantry and artillery in line of battle
+and marched them towards the Causeway heights.&nbsp; I am of the
+opinion&mdash;and always have been&mdash;that if Lord Lucan had
+continued his humbug for ten minutes longer, the Duke of
+Cambridge would have attacked the retreating Russians on the
+Causeway heights.</p>
+<p>The Commander-in-Chief, worn out with Lord Lucan&rsquo;s delay
+of nearly 40 minutes, despatched the fourth and last order, viz.,
+&ldquo;Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the
+front and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns.&nbsp;
+Troop of Horse Artillery may accompany.&nbsp; French Cavalry on
+your left.&nbsp; Immediate.&rdquo;&nbsp; Captain Nolan was
+selected specially to see this order carried out, being one of
+the best cavalry officers in the British Army.&nbsp; When the
+order was given he started and galloped down the steep heights to
+the South valley to Lord Lucan, saluted him and gave him the
+order.&nbsp; I suppose he read it, but knowing what took place
+after, I rather doubt it.&nbsp; Lord Lucan says after he read the
+order he said to Captain Nolan, &ldquo;Attack! Sir!&nbsp; Attack
+what?&nbsp; What guns, sir?&rdquo; and he states also that
+Captain Nolan, pointing, said, &ldquo;There, my Lord, is your
+enemy, and there are your guns.&rdquo;&nbsp; Captain Nolan did
+not tell him to attack and he had no proof to show he did.</p>
+<p>Lord Lucan left the largest part of his command in the South
+valley prepared to support infantry he had never seen.&nbsp; The
+first thing he did was to inform Lord Cardigan that Lord Raglan
+had ordered the Light Brigade to charge the guns, telling a lie
+in the Commander-in-Chief&rsquo;s name.&nbsp; Lord Lucan then
+ordered Colonel Douglass to fall back and support the 17th
+Lancers, and none of the Regimental Commanders or Lord Cardigan
+were informed of the alteration, although just going into the
+most deadly charge ever made.&nbsp; Captain Nolan placed himself
+in front of the 13th Light Dragoons.&nbsp; Seeing one-third of
+the cavalry going down the valley to be sacrificed, they having
+to charge one mile and a half, leaving army and supports, and the
+commander of the Brigade away, Captain Nolan rode in front of the
+17th Lancers, the regiment that gave the speed and direction,
+taking Lord Cardigan&rsquo;s place.&nbsp; He knew the enemy were
+on the Causeway Heights retreating and abandoning the captured
+guns, not more than half a mile from the Light Brigade, and no
+danger to the Brigade to get where Lord Raglan intended.&nbsp;
+Captain Nolan knew the guns we were going to charge were sent to
+that position to cover the Russians&rsquo; retreat from the
+Causeway heights.&nbsp; After Captain Nolan had galloped about
+forty or fifty yards in the front and centre of the 17th Lancers
+(he did not know that the 11th Hussars were ordered to fall back)
+he gave the word of command &ldquo;Threes right,&rdquo; waving
+his sword and turning to his <a name="page15"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 15</span>left.&nbsp; At the same moment the
+Russians opened fire and a piece of shell struck him in the
+breast near his heart.&nbsp; Had he not have turned he would have
+been struck in the back or possibly have been missed
+altogether.&nbsp; When he gave that word of command he intended
+the whole attacking line to move by it.&nbsp; Though killed his
+body still remained in the saddle, the horse, seeing the opening
+on the right, turned sharply in that direction and flung the
+corpse to the ground.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p15b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th,
+1854"
+title=
+"The dress worn in the charge by the 17th Lancers, October 25th,
+1854"
+src="images/p15s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>The dress worn in the charge by
+the 17th Lancers, October 25th, 1854.</b></p>
+<p>The Russians having opened fire, the 13th Light Dragoons did
+not hear the word of command but advanced.&nbsp; If
+Sergeant-Major Nunnerley had not given the word of command
+&ldquo;Three&rsquo;s Left&rdquo; (or front forward), it is a
+question how far we should have taken ground towards the Causeway
+heights.&nbsp; The 13th Light Dragoons had their commanding
+officer, Captain Oldham killed, and all the regiment so scattered
+that a group of men never held together.&nbsp; The 11th Hussars,
+through the 17th Lancers taking ground to the right, lost them
+entirely.&nbsp; The 8th Hussars that were in the 2-line under
+Lord Paget, with the 4th Light Dragoons, got separated and joined
+part of the 17th Lancers, after fighting through the guns.&nbsp;
+Lord Paget, with the 4th Light Dragoons, found the 11th Hussars
+through the guns, and Colonel Douglas commanding would not obey
+Lord Paget because Lord Lucan had given him the command of the
+regiment to support the 17th Lancers, although Lord Paget was the
+senior officer.&nbsp; Yet they had to join together to fight
+their way out.</p>
+<p>In the meantime, Sir George Cathcart marched his division down
+the heights of Sebastopol and across the North valley near the
+5th redoubt, (without guns) on the top of the Causeway
+heights.&nbsp; He could see the Light Brigade charging 12 to 20
+guns in front and receiving flank fire from 20 other cannon,
+being the Russian field artillery and the seven ship guns the
+Turks had lost, together with ammunition in the three
+redoubts.&nbsp; Sir George could also see the French Cavalry
+charging a battery of field artillery of six guns on our
+left.&nbsp; The Russian cannon were all brass polished, 12 and 24
+pounds.&nbsp; Their infantry were in square, and the commanding
+hill covered with the Needle riflemen.&nbsp; Sir George saw all
+this destruction of life and he could see the Heavy Brigade and
+Horse Artillery had not even been ordered from the South valley
+to support or assist the Light Brigade or French Cavalry.&nbsp;
+Sir George said it would be dangerous to advance further.&nbsp;
+Lord Lucan brought up two regiment and yet Cathcart would not
+budge an inch.&nbsp; I believe I saw the whole of the
+regiments&mdash;five in all.&nbsp; (See Lord Raglan&rsquo;s
+letter where he states only two regiments).</p>
+<p>The Duke of Cambridge is the only General living that
+commanded a division in the battles of Alma, Balaclava and
+Inkerman, and he knows what I have written is the living truth in
+every particular.&nbsp; He saw over 400 horses killed in less
+than 15 minutes after receiving the order to charge.&nbsp; The
+combined forces who took part in the Charge numbered 670 all
+told, of whom only 198 returned mounted.</p>
+<p><a name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>Lord
+Lucan only gave one order to the Light Brigade, and that led to
+its destruction, sooner than inform the Commander-in-Chief that
+he had no ammunition for his artillery.&nbsp; If Lord Raglan had
+known, there would not have required any order or A.D.C., and
+there would not have been any murderous charge by order of Lord
+Lucan.&nbsp; Had Lord Raglan had known there was no ammunition,
+he would not have ordered the Horse Artillery to accompany, (see
+his letter for proof).&nbsp; Lord Lucan allowed the Russian
+cavalry to advance at a trot through the camp ground of the Heavy
+Brigade, and none of the commanders knew about it till informed
+by the Commander-in-Chief.&nbsp; Lord Lucan could not be found,
+and in consequence it was left to five regiments, under General
+Scarlett, to engage and defeat the Russians, who numbered seven
+to one.&nbsp; Lord Cardigan asserts there were only three
+regiments engaged.&nbsp; And that seven regiments were mere
+spectators, and yet Lord Lucan asserts he was not taken by
+surprise.&nbsp; If so, it is an amazing thing that a commander
+should permit a Russian cavalry force (3500) to make its way, in
+broad daylight, directly through the camp ground of his own
+troops.</p>
+<p>After the charge Lord Lucan ordered the remnant of the Light
+Brigade six miles off on the hills near Inkerman to
+recuperate.&nbsp; In a few days the rain came down and every
+thing became a mass of mud, impossible to procure either meat,
+drink, or clothing.&nbsp; All the water we could get to drink was
+ladled off the ground.&nbsp; The supply consisted of small holes
+the horses made with their feet and all kinds of filth being on
+the ground helped to make things worse.&nbsp; We were left to die
+without having any medicine or even a cup of hot water.&nbsp;
+Several weeks elapsed before Lord Lucan found it out, for
+everyone seemed afraid of him and Cardigan, and these two never
+talked together.&nbsp; Lord Lucan occupied all the houses in
+Balaclava Harbour, while Lord Cardigan lived on his yacht seven
+miles from his command, and never visited them, although they
+were dying of hunger and starvation, and even when we went into
+action at Balaclava and Inkerman he still lived aboard.&nbsp; It
+was twelve o&rsquo;clock when he arrived at Inkerman and his
+command never went under fire again during his service.</p>
+<p>At last a storm came on the 14th of November, 1854, which
+continued for three days, and not a tent could be made to stand
+up.&nbsp; Some were blown away and never found again.&nbsp; Think
+of men dying under such conditions.&nbsp; The horses also were
+dying of hunger some of them eating all the hair off their
+bodies.&nbsp; If it had not been for Lord George Paget I do not
+know what would have become of us.&nbsp; He marched us down to
+Balaclava but the journey proved too much for our horses, over
+100 stuck fast and died in the mud.&nbsp; The Light Brigade
+received several hundred horses that broke loose on from the
+Russians on the night of October 25th, 1854, or I would not be
+counting horses by the hundred.&nbsp; (See Lord George
+Paget&rsquo;s Book for proof.)</p>
+<p>Lord Cardigan died serenely satisfied because he had destroyed
+his command in obedience to orders, after stating in the
+<i>Times</i>, &ldquo;No one man surpassed another in
+gallantry.&rdquo;&nbsp; He is the only officer who had a command
+that returned back mounted, and that did not give a helping
+hand.&nbsp; He lost the whole of his command, five regiments and
+staff, and returned back by himself.&nbsp; He states in
+<i>Kinglake</i>, &ldquo;I rode slowly up the hill and met General
+Scarlett.&nbsp; I said to him, &lsquo;What do you think, General,
+of the aide de camp after such an order being brought to us which
+has destroyed the Light Brigade, riding to the rear and screaming
+like a woman&rsquo;?&nbsp; Sir J. Scarlett replied, &lsquo;Do not
+say any more, for I have ridden over his body.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Lord Cardigan, in less than six months after, published a
+letter in the <i>Times</i> newspaper, dated April 6th, 1855,
+viz.:&mdash;&ldquo;The Light Brigade had not advanced more than
+100 yards when they were fired upon, and Captain Nolan, who had
+placed himself in front of a squadron of the 13th Light Dragoons,
+was killed.&rdquo;&nbsp; Lord Cardigan&rsquo;s statement to
+Kinglake, published in the appendix 14 years after the charge,
+viz.:&mdash;&ldquo;After advancing about eighty yards a shell
+fell within reach of my horse&rsquo;s feet, and Captain Nolan,
+who was riding across the front retreating with his arms up
+through the interval of the brigade.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>I should like to know which statement is true about Captain
+Nolan.&nbsp; It was impossible for him to be killed in front of
+the 13th Light Dragoons.&nbsp; It was impossible for him to be
+retreating with his arms up through the interval in front of Lord
+Cardigan.&nbsp; The interval was in the rear of him, and he would
+have to look back.&nbsp; Did Nolan scream in front or rear of
+Cardigan?&nbsp; How did he get in <a name="page17"></a><span
+class="pagenum">p. 17</span>front of Lord Cardigan without him
+seeing him go?&nbsp; Lord Cardigan was in front of his command a
+minute or less before the attacking line commenced the charge,
+and this is why so many saw him.&nbsp; Captain Nolan would not
+dare take command if Lord Cardigan had been there.&nbsp; What
+kind of leading was he doing not to see him; and the 17th Lancers
+go &ldquo;threes&rsquo; right&rdquo; and take ground to the
+right.&nbsp; Many things I should like to explain if I had
+space.</p>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<h2><span class="smcap">Lord Raglan</span> <i>re</i> <span
+class="smcap">Lord Lucan</span>.</h2>
+<p style="text-align: center">Before Sebastopol,</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">Dec. 16th, 1854.</p>
+<p>Field-Marshall Lord Raglan</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">to Duke of Newcastle, Sec. for
+War.</p>
+<p>My Lord Duke,</p>
+<p>I regret to be under the necessity of forwarding to your Grace
+the copy of a letter which has been addressed to me by Lieutenant
+General the Earl of Lucan.</p>
+<p>When I received it I placed it in the hands of
+Brigadier-General Airey, the Quartermaster-General, and requested
+him to suggest to his lordship to withdraw the communication,
+considering that it would not lead to his advantage in the
+slightest degree; but Lord Lucan having declined to take the step
+recommended, I have but one course to pursue&mdash;that of laying
+the letter before Your Grace and submitting to you such
+observations upon it as I am bound, in justice to myself, to put
+you in possession of.</p>
+<p>Lieutenant General the Earl of Lucan complains that in my
+dispatch to Your Grace of the 28th of October, I stated that,
+&ldquo;from some misconception of the instruction to advance, the
+Lieutenant General considered that he was bound to attack at all
+hazards.&rdquo;&nbsp; His Lordship conceives this statement to be
+a grave charge and an imputation reflecting seriously on his
+professional character, and he deems it incumbent upon him to
+state those facts which he cannot doubt must clear him from what
+he respectfully submits as altogether unmerited.</p>
+<p>I have referred to my dispatch and far from being willing to
+recall one word of it, I am prepared to declare, that not only
+did the Lieutenant General misconceive the written instruction
+that was sent him, but that there was nothing in that instruction
+which called upon him to attack at all hazards, or to undertake
+the operation which led to such a brilliant display of gallantry
+on the part of the Light Brigade, and unhappily, at the same time
+occasioned such lamentable casualties in every regiment composing
+it.</p>
+<p>In his lordship&rsquo;s letter he is wholly silent with
+respect to a previous order which had been sent him.&nbsp; He
+merely says that the cavalry was formed to support an intended
+movement of the infantry.</p>
+<p>This previous order was in the following
+words:&mdash;&ldquo;The cavalry to advance and take advantage of
+any opportunity to recover the heights.&nbsp; They will be
+supported by infantry which has been ordered to advance on two
+fronts.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This order did not seem to me to have been attended to, and
+therefore it was that the instruction by Captain Nolan was
+forwarded to him.&nbsp; Lord Lucan must have read the first order
+with very little attention for he now states that the cavalry was
+formed to support the infantry, whereas he was told by Brigadier
+General Airey, &ldquo;that the cavalry was to advance and take
+advantage of any opportunity to recover the heights, and that
+they would be supported by infantry.&rdquo;&nbsp; Not that they
+were to support the infantry; and so little had he sought to do
+as he had been directed, that he had no men in advance of his
+main body, made no attempt to regain the heights, and was so
+little informed of the position of the enemy, that he ask Captain
+Nolan, &ldquo;where and what he was to attack, as neither enemy
+nor guns were in sight?&rdquo;</p>
+<p>This, Your Grace will observe, is the Lieutenant
+General&rsquo;s own admission.&nbsp; The result of his
+inattention to the first order was, that it never occurred to him
+that the second was connected with, and a repetition of the
+first.&nbsp; He viewed it only as a positive order to attack at
+all hazards (the word &ldquo;attack&rdquo; be it observed was not
+made use of in General Airy&rsquo;s note).&nbsp; An unseen enemy,
+whose position, numbers and composition he was wholly
+unacquainted with, and whom, in consequence of a previous order,
+he had taken no steps whatever to watch.</p>
+<p><a name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>I
+undoubtedly had no intention that he should make such an
+attack&mdash;there was nothing in the instructions to require it;
+and therefore I conceive I was fully justified in stating to Your
+Grace what was the exact truth, that the charge arose from the
+misconception of the order for the advance which Lord Lucan
+considered obliged him to attack at all hazards.</p>
+<p>I wish I could say with his lordship that, having decided
+against his conviction to make the movement, he did all he could
+to render it as little perilous as possible.&nbsp; This, indeed,
+is far from being the case in my judgment.&nbsp; He was told that
+the Horse Artillery might accompany the cavalry.&nbsp; He did not
+bring it up.&nbsp; He was informed that the French cavalry was on
+the left.&nbsp; He did not invite their co-operation.&nbsp; He
+had the whole of the heavy cavalry at his disposal.&nbsp; He
+mentions having brought up only two regiments in support, and he
+omits all other precautions, either from want of due
+consideration, or from the supposition that the unseen enemy was
+not in such great force as he apprehended, notwithstanding that
+he was warned of it by Lord Cardigan, after the latter had
+received the order to attack.&nbsp; I am much concerned, My Lord
+Duke, to have to submit these observations to Your Grace.&nbsp; I
+entertain no wish to disparage the Earl of Lucan in your opinion,
+or to cast a slur upon professional reputation; but having been
+accused by his lordship of having stated of him what was
+unmentioned in my dispatch, I have felt obliged to enter into the
+subject, and trouble Your Grace at more length than I could have
+wished, in vindication of a report of Your Grace in which I had
+strictly confined myself to that which I knew to be true and had
+indulged in no observations whatever, or in any expression which
+could be viewed either as harsh or in any way grating to the
+feelings of his lordship.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">I have etc.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) RAGLAN.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p18b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The Gun that Lieutenant Jarvis and myself captured"
+title=
+"The Gun that Lieutenant Jarvis and myself captured"
+src="images/p18s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h2>SWORN STATEMENT FOR VICTORIA<br />
+CROSS IN SUPREME COURT,<br />
+UNITED STATES.</h2>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p>To Lord Wolseley, Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">909, <span class="smcap">Steuben
+Street</span>, N.W.,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D.C., U.S.A.,<br />
+<span class="smcap">November</span> 12th, 1896.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+<p>I beg leave to renew my application for the Victoria Cross,
+basing my claim upon gallantry of conduct during the Charge of
+the Light Brigade, 25th October, 1854, and the Battle of
+Inkerman, and will give proofs that corroborate my own
+statements.</p>
+<p>My previous applications for the Cross have been brief.&nbsp;
+With your Lordship&rsquo;s permission I will now give a more
+detailed statement.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">First as to the Charge of the
+600:&mdash;</p>
+<p>My squadron was nearly annihilated before we reached the
+Russian battery, every officer being either killed or
+wounded.&nbsp; Myself and horse had been knocked down <a
+name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>once and my
+lance shot away.&nbsp; After our passing through and silencing
+the guns my first thought was to look for directions from an
+officer, and I rode to Lieut. E. L. Jarvis, still living I
+believe a retired Major, of the 13th Light Dragoons, as his
+uniform was so nearly like that of the 17th Lancers, that I first
+thought he belonged to my regiment.&nbsp; Lieut. Jarvis pointed
+to a cannon that was being taken off at a gallop towards our
+right rear, and said, &ldquo;Let&rsquo;s capture that
+gun.&rdquo;&nbsp; We immediately charged upon it.&nbsp; Jarvis
+shot one of the horses in the head, bringing it to a stop.&nbsp;
+I cut down the gunners with my sword.&nbsp; We both dismounted
+and took out the dead horse, when more stragglers of the Brigade
+came to our assistance.&nbsp; Private John Smith, C Troop, 17th
+Lancers, now living in London, mounted one of the horses to the
+gun carriage and we started off the field with it when a large
+body of Cossacks charged upon us completely surrounding us.&nbsp;
+I fought my way through and was pursued down the valley by seven
+of them into a body of Russian Hussars re-forming.&nbsp; I had no
+alternative but to charge through their line, which I did, an
+officer striking my head with the sword, my lance hat saving my
+head except for a bad bruise.&nbsp; A brigade of Russian Hussars
+were retreating down the valley pursued by about forty of our
+men.&nbsp; I rode from the right flank to the left flank of the
+rear rank calling to the men to fall back.&nbsp; Private Clifford
+of my troop rode into the column and was cut to pieces before my
+eyes.&nbsp; The Hussars came about and we were then between two
+large bodies of cavalry, one marching up the valley, the other
+down, so that the few of our Brigade who were farthest beyond the
+Russian guns were now completely hemmed in by a great body of
+Russians.&nbsp; At this critical moment, when there was no
+officer to command us and we were apparently lost, I beg leave to
+introduce the words of a comrade still living describing my
+conduct.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p19b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"The Only Squad Rallied Through The Guns"
+title=
+"The Only Squad Rallied Through The Guns"
+src="images/p19s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p>J. W. Wightman, late 17th Lancers, in <i>Nineteenth
+Century</i>, May, 1892.&mdash;&ldquo;We heard the familiar voice
+of Corporal Morley, of our regiment, a great, rough, bellowing
+man from Nottingham.&nbsp; He had lost his lance hat, and his
+long hair was flying out in the wind as he roared, &lsquo;Coom
+&rsquo;ere! coom &rsquo;ere!&nbsp; Fall in, lads, fall
+in!&rsquo;&nbsp; Well, with shouts and oaths he had collected
+some twenty troopers of various regiments.&nbsp; We fell in with
+the handful this man of the hour had rallied to him, and there
+joined us also under his leadership Sergeant-Major Ranson and
+Private John Penn, of the 17th.&nbsp; Penn, a tough old warrior
+who had served with the 3rd Light in the Sikh war, had killed a
+Russian officer, dismounted, and with great deliberation
+accoutred himself with the belt and sword of the defunct, in
+which he made a great show.&nbsp; A body of Russians blocked our
+way.&nbsp; Morley, roaring Nottingham oaths by way of
+encouragement, led us straight at them, and we went through and
+out at the other side as if they had been made of tinsel
+paper.&nbsp; As we rode up the valley, pursued by some Hussars
+and Cossacks, my horse was wounded by a bullet in the shoulder,
+and I had hard work to push the poor beast along.&nbsp; Presently
+we were abreast of the Infantry who had blazed into our right as
+we went down; and we had to take their fire again, this time on
+our left.&nbsp; Their firing was very impartial; their own
+Hussars and Cossacks following close on us suffering from it as
+well as we.&nbsp; Not many of Corporal Morley&rsquo;s party got
+back.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>After Wightman fell I kept a group together through the
+battery, again in position and then ordered them to separate for
+safety.&nbsp; Private James Cope died in India, and James
+McGregor, 4th Light Dragoons, since dead, reported to our
+regiment with me.&nbsp; We were the last to get back to the
+regiment.</p>
+<p>The names of Cope and McGregor are appended to my first
+application, 17th October, 1856.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Second as to the battle of
+Inkerman:&mdash;</p>
+<p>At the battle of Inkerman, November 5th, Cornet Cleveland was
+mortally wounded.&nbsp; He fell from his horse in front of me
+just as the regiment was ordered to retire.&nbsp; After we had
+retired some distance I rode to the commanding officer of the
+regiment and asked to be allowed to fall out to go back for
+Cornet Cleveland.&nbsp; He told me to go to the Sergeant-major
+and tell him to send two men to assist me.&nbsp; He told his
+brother James O&rsquo;Hara and went himself.&nbsp; In the act of
+carrying Cornet Cleveland off the field, both James O&rsquo;Hara
+and myself had our dress hats shot off our heads by a cannon
+ball.&nbsp; I annex <a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+21</span>a letter from Lord Tredegar, commanding officer, in
+support of this statement:&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><span
+class="smcap">Terdegar Park</span>, <span
+class="smcap">Newport</span>, <span
+class="smcap">England</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">April</span> 6th, 1889</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Morley</span>,</p>
+<p>I remember quite well that on the field of Inkerman you asked
+permission to fall out to go and try and bring in Cornet
+Cleveland, who had been seriously wounded a short time
+previously.&nbsp; I gave you permission and you went with two
+other men, and brought Cornet Cleveland into camp.&nbsp; I also
+know that you displayed great gallantry in the Light Cavalry
+charge at Balaclava.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Yours sincerely,<br />
+TREDEGAR,<br />
+<i>Late Captain 17th Lancers</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p21b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland,
+mortally wounded"
+title=
+"Bringing out of the thickest of the fire, Cornet Cleveland,
+mortally wounded"
+src="images/p21s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Bringing out of the thickest of
+the fire, Cornet Cleveland, mortally wounded.</b></p>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">Third as to the Baida
+Valley:&mdash;</p>
+<p>In my first application I made a statement as to the
+occurrence in the Baida Valley, viz.&mdash;&ldquo;Whilst my
+regiment was stationed in Balaclava I was one of the detachment
+ordered on duty in the Baida Valley.&nbsp; I was engaged on one
+particular occasion in the reconnoitreing party in advance of the
+party that took possession of Prince Chatteloff&rsquo;s house
+near the Woronzoff road.&nbsp; Two of the Land Transport Corps
+were wounded and it was with great difficulty and caution that I
+was enabled to bring the videttes into the main body upon which
+we had to retire.&rdquo;&nbsp; This statement was dismissed by
+Colonel Benson, who wrote to H.R.H. Duke of Cambridge that he was
+not aware of any such occurrence taking place.&nbsp; With your
+Lordship&rsquo;s permission I will make this occurrence more
+clear and show that there is ample proof of the truth of the
+statement.</p>
+<p>Major Peel, 11th Hussars, was in charge of the command,
+consisting of three squadrons viz., 8th Hussars, 11th Hussars,
+and 17th Lancers.&nbsp; Now General Sir Drury C. Lowe, K.C.B.,
+commanded the 17th Lancers.&nbsp; I was sergeant of the rear
+guard.&nbsp; The main body were near the house dismounted.&nbsp;
+The Land Transport Corps were at the gate the only entrance
+leading into the house.&nbsp; The rear of the 17th Lancers were
+within 40 yards of the gate just around a bend of the road.&nbsp;
+The Russian Infantry fired a volley into the Transport Corps I
+saw them running from their wagons, some of them wounded.&nbsp; I
+formed a line across the road and charged <a
+name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>down to the
+Russians who had not time to reload.&nbsp; When they saw us they
+jumped over a stone wall on the left of the gate into the steep
+woods.&nbsp; We might have captured some of them but their fire
+had killed a mule in one of the transport wagons, blocking up the
+gate.&nbsp; The remainder of the wagons were in the road leading
+to the Woronzoff road which the main body had to retire
+upon.&nbsp; I at once placed videttes upon the all the
+roads.&nbsp; Sir Drury Lowe rode up to me and asked &ldquo;where
+are the Russians?&rdquo; as I was watching the place where they
+had jumped over the wall.&nbsp; I told him and he said
+&ldquo;Come further back, they will shoot you.&nbsp; You have
+done perfectly right.&rdquo;&nbsp; There can be no exaggeration
+in this statement as Sir Drury Low is still living.&nbsp;
+Sergeant-Major J. Nunnerly, late 17th Lancers, was a sergeant
+with the squadron and aware of the occurrence, as must be every
+survivor, in spite of Colonel Benson&rsquo;s discrediting my
+statement by saying he knew of no such occurrence.</p>
+<p>I wish to repeat the statement in my former application that
+&ldquo;I embarked at the commencement of the war.&nbsp; I served
+under Lord Cardigan at Devna and Yenebazaar at the time when
+disease prevailed to a great extent.&nbsp; During the time I had
+the honour to be selected as Corporal of a letter party stationed
+at Varna.&nbsp; The whole of the dispatches of the army were at
+times conveyed by this party, and I was compelled in consequence
+of the sickness of the men to ride day and night without any rest
+to set a good example to the men under my charge and keep out of
+their minds that too much fatigue would kill them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Allow me to add that this was Lord Raglan&rsquo;s letter party
+and that I continually reported at his headquarters to receive
+the dispatches.&nbsp; The party consisted of myself, and Privates
+Wm. Purvis, P. Murphy, Burkemore, and H. Gallimore.&nbsp; All
+these went into hospital with cholera and Gallimore died.&nbsp;
+Wm. Purvis is still living at 105, Rutter Street, Walsall.</p>
+<p>In conclusion allow me to say that I served twenty-two years
+in the 17th Lancers and Yeomanry.&nbsp; I have only one son old
+enough for army service and he is Sergeant-Instructor in the
+British Army.</p>
+<p>I beg that my claim may be impartially looked into on its
+merits at this time.&nbsp; When action was taken on it before the
+claim was thrown out on the statements of Col. Benson, who
+through carelessness or indifference reported adversely on
+circumstances of which he had no knowledge.&nbsp; The testimony
+of Lieut. Wightman and Lord Tredegar, still living, ought to be
+sufficient as to the Charge of the 600 and the Battle of
+Inkerman.&nbsp; The occurrence in the Baida Valley is not so
+important, but is mentioned to show that I was always quick in
+action and forgetful of any personal danger.&nbsp; If there is
+any doubt as to the correctness of my account I have no doubt
+that Sir Drury Lowe will add his statement to mine.</p>
+<p>I have my Lord, the honor to be,</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Your obedient servant,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">THOMAS MORLEY,<br />
+<i>Late Sergeant 17th Lancers</i>,</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, D.C.,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="smcap">United
+States</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>Subscribed and sworn to before
+me</i>, <i>Nov.</i> 12<i>th</i>, 1896.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">John R.
+Young</span>,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right"><i>Clerk Supreme Court</i>,
+<i>D.C.</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>By</i></p>
+<p style="text-align: right">S. J. <span
+class="smcap">Merrys</span>,<br />
+<i>Junior Assistant Clerk</i>.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">[Blocks not in Sworn
+Statement.]</p>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<h2><i>TIMES</i>, <i>APRIL 24th</i>, <i>1857</i>.<br />
+THE CROSS OF VALOUR.</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I am a sergeant of
+nearly three years, lately retired from the 17th Lancers, at the
+early age of 25 years, solely in consequence of being passed over
+most unjustly in the rewards and honours that have been
+bestowed.&nbsp; I am now made drill sergeant in the Sherwood
+Rangers, Mansfield, by its noble colonel, His Grace the Duke of
+Newcastle, and, wishing my fellowmen to know how unjustly I have
+been treated, I beg of you to allow me a place in your columns,
+so generously open to private as well as public grievances, to
+state my service as briefly as possible.</p>
+<p><a name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>After
+being at Alma, I was present with my regiment in every engagement
+that took place.&nbsp; I charged at Balaklava with my squadron
+until it was nearly annihilated, my own lance being shot
+away.&nbsp; Drawing my sword I galloped on to the Russian guns,
+and assisted in cutting down the gunners.&nbsp; On the right of
+our forming line I observed one particular gun going away as fast
+as the horses could take it.&nbsp; I went after it with Captain
+Jervis, of the 13th Light Dragoons, who shot one of the horses
+and delayed its progress.&nbsp; On this I engaged two of the
+gunners, who both fell.&nbsp; It now became a struggle for our
+lives, a large body of Cossacks surrounded us.&nbsp; I succeeded
+in working my way through them, and galloped in the direction of
+what I judged to be our own Hussars.&nbsp; I found they were
+Russians reforming.&nbsp; I forced my way on full speed through
+them, unhurt.&nbsp; A regiment of Polish Lancers, 800 strong, had
+formed across the valley.&nbsp; I halted a moment to look
+around.&nbsp; Perceiving several of our cavalry in the same
+dilemma, I called to them, and being then a corporal, I used what
+authority I had to form them as well as I could.&nbsp; We
+gathered 12, and charged their centre; most of us got
+through.&nbsp; I believe three fell.&nbsp; These men were 4th and
+13th Light Dragoons, and 17th Lancers; one was of the 8th
+Hussars.&nbsp; I received the point of a lance in the right hand;
+the wound was slight.&nbsp; The Russian infantry now opened a
+heavy fire upon us and after galloping through the guns of the
+enemy in advance of us, each one separated, trusting to
+fate.&nbsp; Private James Cope and Private James Wightman, now
+corporals of the 17th Lancers, were of the number.&nbsp; Wightman
+was severely wounded, and taken prisoner for twelve months.</p>
+<p>On the 5th of November, 1854, I was at the battle of Inkerman,
+and under fire.&nbsp; Cornet Cleveland was shot; and when our
+regiment was ordered to retire, I asked Captain Morgan to allow
+me to fall out of the ranks to assist in carrying Mr. Cleveland
+off the field.&nbsp; Troop Sergeant-Major O&rsquo;Hara and
+Private James O&rsquo;Hara of the same regiment, also fell out
+for that purpose.&nbsp; In performing that act, James
+O&rsquo;Hara and myself had both our dress caps shot off our
+heads by a cannon ball.&nbsp; We still pursued our duty till out
+of range, when the cornet wished to be laid down till a stretcher
+could be procured.&nbsp; This officer died.&nbsp; While stationed
+at Balaclava I was one of the detachment ordered for the Baider
+Valley.&nbsp; On one occasion I was engaged in the reconnoitering
+party in advance of the party that took possession of General
+Chateloof&rsquo;s house, near the Woronzoff Road.&nbsp; Two of
+the Land Transport Corps and several mules were wounded and one
+killed, when the corps deserted the wagons, and I was the
+sergeant who led a detachment of my regiment to the spot when the
+Russians, on our approach, fled into the wood, and I placed my
+men on vidette, which the main body had to retire upon.&nbsp; I
+may further add that I embarked with the regiment at the first
+commencement of the war.&nbsp; I served under Lord Cardigan at
+Devno Yeni-Bazar at the time when disease greatly
+prevailed.&nbsp; At this time I had the honour to be selected as
+corporal of a letter party stationed at Varna.&nbsp; The whole of
+the army despatches were conveyed by our party, and I was often
+compelled in consequence of the sickness of the men, to ride day
+and night without rest.</p>
+<p>I was present in every skirmish in which my regiment was
+engaged, and I returned home when the campaign ended.&nbsp; When
+in Ireland with my regiment I inquired of my troop officer why I
+did not get a medal for distinguished conduct.&nbsp; He told me
+he was very sorry I did not, but it lay to the commanding
+officer&rsquo;s discretion.&nbsp; So it appears they are not
+&ldquo;distinguished conduct medals&rdquo; but &ldquo;discretion
+medals!&rdquo;&nbsp; There are several men in the 17th Lancers
+who wear medals for distinguished conduct on the field of battle
+who never crossed swords with a Russian.</p>
+<p>This is my simple and truthful statement; and I think I have
+reason to complain that I am not decorated with a cross of
+valour&mdash;not to wear as a matter of vanity, but alone
+prizable to me as a mark that, though a young, I have not been an
+unworthy soldier.</p>
+<p>I have the honour to be,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Yours truly,<br />
+THOMAS MORLEY.</p>
+<h2><a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>THE
+CROSS OF VALOUR. <a name="citation24"></a><a href="#footnote24"
+class="citation">[24]</a></h2>
+<p style="text-align: center"><i>To the Editor of the
+Nottinghamshire Advertiser</i>.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;Having perused in your
+last week&rsquo;s impression, a letter under the above heading,
+from the pen of a participator in the perils of the late war,
+complaining of the neglect he had suffered at the hands of those
+who must, or ought to be, well acquainted with the incidents he
+relates.&nbsp; I am inclined to think with him, that the strictly
+&ldquo;discretoniary decorations&rdquo; will, after all, form a
+too striking constituent in our modern system of distributing
+military rewards, for, presuming Mr. Morley to have one of the
+ordinary Crimean medals, it scarcely, in his case, seems an
+adequate recognition of services rendered under very trying
+circumstances, and by so young a man.&nbsp; Indeed, it appears an
+exceedingly questionable policy to pass over, comparatively
+unheeded, one who could, at a conjuncture&mdash;such as is stated
+to have occurred at Balaclava&mdash;rally a dozen men, mere
+fugitives racing for their lives, and inspire them with
+confidence sufficient to bear down upon, and literally rend
+assunder an entire regiment of the enemy.&nbsp; This, when regard
+is had to the fact, that they were just emerging from a most
+fearful storm of shot, poured upon them by the Russian artillery,
+was a display of no ordinary intrepidity and daring in men, who,
+previously to that campaign, had never crossed swords with an
+enemy, and well worthy, I think, of some special mark of
+approbation,&mdash;the more so, when we reflect that he was
+thereby instrumental in saving eight or nine lives of the flower
+of the army, who would, in all probability, have been shot down,
+or lanced piecemeal, had they not at that critical moment acted
+in perfect concert.</p>
+<p>The fact of our Lord Lieutenant having given Sergeant Morley
+an appointment in the Sherwood Rangers, is a sufficient guarantee
+for the truth of his statements, and many, doubtless, who have
+read his very interesting letter, will join me in congratulating
+him upon obtaining the favour of such a man.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir, respectfully yours,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">EVARDUS.</p>
+<p>Nottingham, April 29, 1857.</p>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p>I have proved by living officers, generals, and noblemen that
+my statement is the living truth to-day, although 43 years have
+passed.&nbsp; Yet this Colonel Benson was allowed to turn Her
+Majesty&rsquo;s and Prince Consort&rsquo;s Noble Order and the
+Royal Warrant into mockery and the Victoria Cross into a
+sham.&nbsp; He was the cause of me receiving an official letter,
+dated 8th October, 1857, stating that all claims for the Victoria
+Cross must be founded upon facts.&nbsp; This Colonel Benson wrote
+the most cruel false statements to the Commander-in-Chief, and
+was the cause of me purchasing my discharge out of the 17th
+Lancers, and then losing promotion in the Yeomanry.&nbsp; He made
+false statements respecting my being promoted to sergeant.&nbsp;
+I can prove I was promoted in November, 1854, and he did not
+arrive in the Crimea till 22nd February, 1855.&nbsp; I have
+received all kinds of official letters telling me they see no
+reason to open my case.&nbsp; I received an official letter dated
+22nd February, 1892, stating that the case cannot now be
+opened.&nbsp; If a brave British soldier cannot be heard by the
+authorities, what can he do but appeal to his countrymen?&nbsp;
+Truth never dies.</p>
+<p>The royal warrant states, that for the Victoria Cross there
+shall be no preference of age or rank, and the youngest soldier
+shall be rewarded for valour.</p>
+<p>My next article will be to prove that all claims for the
+Victoria Cross are not founded upon facts.&nbsp; Yet they wear it
+just the same.&nbsp; I will also prove by their own official
+letters I never had an investigation.</p>
+<p>For myself I have the proud consciousness of having done my
+duty to Queen and country.</p>
+<h2><a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 25</span>Fought
+Under Two Flags,<br />
+<span class="GutSmall">AND A RECORD SECOND TO NONE FOR
+VALOUR.</span></h2>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p25b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Death or glory flags, skull etc."
+title=
+"Death or glory flags, skull etc."
+src="images/p25s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p><span class="smcap">No</span> British soldier that I ever read
+about did more distinguished proved valour.&nbsp; I received a
+letter from Major Jervis, late 13th Light Dragoons, dated
+December 5th, 1876.&nbsp; He says amongst other things
+&ldquo;that he well remembers a young corporal of the 17th
+Lancers helping him to take the gun,&rdquo; and from the fact
+named in my letter, it could be none other than myself.</p>
+<p>I received a letter from Lord Tredegar, dated December 9th,
+1876.&nbsp; In which he says, &ldquo;that he well remembers,
+after the regiment had retired a short distance, I asked
+permission to go back and bring in Cornet Cleveland who lay in
+the thickest of the fire, mortally wounded.&rdquo;&nbsp; See his
+other letter, in my sworn claim for the Victoria Cross, General
+Sir Drury Lowe, K.C.B., in answering a letter to me said
+&ldquo;if he could do me any service he would be happy to do
+it,&rdquo; several officers wrote me at the same time to the same
+effect.&nbsp; I was holding the position of Regimental
+Sergeant-Major in the Yeomanry, and in charge of head quarters
+and stores.&nbsp; I explained this to them and thanked them,
+telling them I was well off.&nbsp; I am Sir Drury Lowe&rsquo;s
+oldest Non-Commissioned Officer, I served under him all the time
+he was in the Crimea and in Ireland, and when he commanded a
+detachment in Clonmel.&nbsp; In the Baida Valley he came to my
+assistance several times, once at Prince Challertoff&rsquo;s
+residence, when I charged the Russians and took back the waggons
+of the Land Transport.&nbsp; I was on picquet duty with
+Lieutenant Barbour, some Greeks came into the picquets on little
+ponies, and explained to us the Russians were stealing.&nbsp;
+Lieutenant Barbour took all the picquet and left me in charge of
+the Videtts; being absent longer than I liked, I sent a man who
+was very sick into camp, explaining the matter to now Sir Drury
+Lowe, who commanded the 17th, telling him I had <a
+name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>no men to
+patrole with, he did not send any reinforcements, but came
+himself with the regiment.&nbsp; He lost no time in getting to me
+and remained in command till Lieutenant Barbour returned with two
+Russian Greek spies, who tried to decoy his command into a
+village in which the Russian Cavalry were hiding.&nbsp; Sir Drury
+Lowe was loved by all men and I never heard or knew an enlisted
+man to say any thing but kindness respecting him.&nbsp; I was in
+Aldershot when he commanded the regiment, and I was in the
+Sergeants Mess.&nbsp; I heard Sergeant-Major Davis repeat that he
+would sooner soldier under Colonel Lowe without pay than any
+other officer with pay and the rest shouted &ldquo;hear
+hear.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>There is an old proverb that &ldquo;Comparisons are
+odious&rdquo; and it cannot be better proved than by Colonel
+Drury Lowe and Colonel Benson, both commanded the 17th
+Lancers.&nbsp; The latter was never under fire in the
+Crimea.&nbsp; He was the only officer that flogged the
+soldiers.&nbsp; I saw him flog three at once at Ismid, who rode
+in the charge of the &ldquo;600,&rdquo; one of them had 17 wounds
+upon his back, all bleeding, through the lashes of the Cat
+o&rsquo; Nine Tails.&nbsp; I saw tears running down the officers
+cheeks.&nbsp; This Colonel Benson is the only officer that
+drummed out any men of the 17th Lancers, some of whom had ridden
+in the charge of the &ldquo;600.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>Sir Drury Lowe, when Colonel, had a Regimental Sergeant-Major
+in the name of Brown, every soldier in the 17th Lancers had the
+greatest respect for him and officers too.</p>
+<p>Colonel Benson had a Regimental Sergeant-Major Wooden, a
+foreigner, that could not speak the English language when he
+joined the regiment, went by the name of Tish-me.&nbsp; Colonel
+Benson went by the name of Dosey, he always looked as if he was
+asleep.&nbsp; But when he played at cards with young officers
+they found he was not dreaming.&nbsp; Colonel Benson and this
+Wooden, their teeth fit in their jaws like Hyenas.&nbsp; Every
+officer and soldier feared them.</p>
+<p>Sergeant-Major Wooden was allowed to insult officers, one
+leaving the regiment through the bad language he used to
+him.&nbsp; I can name three sergeants out of one troop that left
+the 17th Lancers through him, and they all rode in the
+&ldquo;Charge of the 600.&rdquo;&nbsp; Colonel Benson procured
+him quarter-master of the 5th Lancers, and the commanding officer
+soon had him retired on the smallest allowance, 3/6 per
+day.&nbsp; It was Colonel Benson who secured his promotion as
+quarter-master of some infantry, but he soon got into debt and
+shot himself.&nbsp; It was the same officer who procured him the
+Victoria Cross and the French Order, although he never crossed
+swords with a Russian, and all those who knew anything concerning
+him, and who were in the &ldquo;Charge of the 600,&rdquo; say he
+threw himself off his horse.&nbsp; It is a well-known fact that
+he never went to the Battle of Inkerman, but drew our grog and
+got dead drunk with it.</p>
+<p>Sir Drury Lowe, purchased Regimental Sergeant-Major J. Brown a
+commission, and appointed him adjutant of the regiment.&nbsp; I
+will undertake to prove all I have said, and more, by officers
+and soldiers now living.</p>
+<p>Colonel Benson was the means of me losing promotion by writing
+lies to the Duke of Cambridge.&nbsp; The Duke of Newcastle, my
+commanding officer, read Benson&rsquo;s letter and told me he
+should believe Colonel Benson&rsquo;s statement before
+mine.&nbsp; He promised afterwards that if I would not write any
+more letters something would be done for me.&nbsp; That promise
+was never fulfilled, for he promoted a sergeant over my head in
+the name of Smith.</p>
+<p>Through General Charles Frederick Havelock, who became
+Inspector of Cavalry at Washington, D.C., I left the regiment and
+went to America.&nbsp; I went with him to inspect the 12th
+Pennsylvanian Cavalry at the time the regiment had just been
+mustered into the United States Service, and was appointed Drill
+Instructor to the regiment.</p>
+<p>At the battle of Bull Run I saved the regiment from being
+captured, my horse being killed and myself taken prisoner.&nbsp;
+When I returned to the regiment I received a commission and all
+back pay and allowances which amounted to some hundreds of
+pounds.&nbsp; They also paid me for horse and equipments.&nbsp; I
+was in all the stirring engagements.&nbsp; I was second in
+command in Dismounted Camp in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, to equip
+all <a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
+27</span>cavalry without horses, and was afterwards Assistant
+Commissariat in Pleasant Valley.&nbsp; I was then appointed
+Assistant Inspector of Cavalry, with Major Gordon, for the
+department of Western Virginia.&nbsp; I was in Libby prison for
+twelve months, and while I was there 109 made their escape by
+making a tunnel.&nbsp; I was in when powder was laid down to blow
+us all up.</p>
+<p>During the time I was prisoner of war, General Cesnola saw me
+compelled to be vaccinated.&nbsp; The matter turned out bad, my
+left side and arm swelled to such a degree that I was compelled
+to lay on the floor for months, my brother officers believing I
+should die.</p>
+<p>During the war I received a bullet in my head, and it remained
+in for eight years.</p>
+<p>One of the worst running fights I ever was in was when General
+Max Weber sent me from Harper&rsquo;s Ferry, Va., to Charlestown
+to capture fifteen of the enemys cavalry.&nbsp; I was allowed to
+pick thirty horses and men.&nbsp; After we had advanced about
+five miles we saw them and pursued, we found two thousand with
+two guns.&nbsp; Two squadrons charged us and we had a fight with
+revolvers for four miles, till close to the forts.&nbsp; I lost
+twenty-one out of the thirty men.&nbsp; This was on the 29th
+June, 1864.&nbsp; The United States paid me for two horses killed
+in battle.</p>
+<p>I am the only officer that knew the plans which General Grant
+used to capture Richmond in nine days.&nbsp; I also assisted
+General L. P. Di Cesnola to make out these plans and forward them
+to President Lincoln.&nbsp; I saved General Cesnola&rsquo;s
+life.&nbsp; My horse was killed in a charge in the night, and it
+lay on me till the sun rose.&nbsp; Through being a freemason I
+was bandaged up.&nbsp; I heard that General Cesnola was wounded
+and I went to his assistance.&nbsp; He had a sword cut in the
+head, was shot in the thick part of the arm, the point of a sword
+through the palm of the hand, and horse killed whilst leading his
+brigade in a charge.&nbsp; I attended to him and dressed his
+wounds.&nbsp; I stayed with him, and managed to hire horses and
+conveyances to travel a distance of 150 miles to Stanton
+Va.&nbsp; He is now, and has been for years, Managing Director of
+the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Central Park, New York.&nbsp;
+He often writes thanking me for saving his life.&nbsp; I was
+introduced to him when he was Colonel of the 4th New York
+Cavalry, by Major-General C. F. Havelock, at Washington, who knew
+him when he was on Field Marshal Marmouer&rsquo;s
+Commander-in-Chief&rsquo;s Staff of the Italian Army, in the
+Crimea.&nbsp; I received second and first lieutenant&rsquo;s and
+captain&rsquo;s commissions on the field of battle, and have them
+now.</p>
+<p>I resigned after the war and returned home and joined the
+Ayrshire Yeomanry as drill troop sergeant-major, 1st of January,
+1868.&nbsp; In June 1871 I was promoted regimental sergeant-major
+in charge of headquarters and stores.&nbsp; I remained with them
+till June, 1877.&nbsp; I was so well liked in Ayr that they gave
+me, an Englishman, the birth place of Robert Burns on lease, in
+preference to hundreds of Scotchmen.&nbsp; In a few years the
+place was sold to the gentleman of the county for thousands of
+pounds more than they asked me for it.&nbsp; I was the last
+lessee of the place.&nbsp; Only three persons were born in this
+house, these being the poet himself and two of my children, one
+of whom is still living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.&nbsp; I took
+another business, but it did not do well, the rent being too
+high&mdash;&pound;600 a year.</p>
+<p>I then went to America, and in a few years I thought I should
+be better off under the government.&nbsp; In April 1884 I called
+upon Senator Morrell, the father of the house of the Senate, and
+went with him to interview the Hon. Robert Lincoln, the Secretary
+for War, who informed me that he could not give me the first
+place as he had promised it.&nbsp; In a few days I got an
+appointment and received pay on it till the end of 1893.&nbsp;
+Mr. Lincoln afterwards became Ambassador to England.&nbsp; On the
+9th of May, 1863, I was employed in the government building, in
+which President Lincoln was assassinated, when part of the
+building fell, killing 25 and injuring nearly 200.&nbsp; I was
+one of the latter, and being unable to perform my duties was
+discharged.&nbsp; I applied to the Patriotic Fund in London for
+aid out of the money the people of England subscribed&mdash;five
+children depending upon me at the time.&nbsp; I received a reply
+telling me I was not entitled to anything.&nbsp; This is the
+first and only time in my life I ever asked for assistance.</p>
+<p><a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>Some
+time after I ceased to receive pay.&nbsp; I then took the
+official letter of the Patriotic Fund, dated October 18th, 1894,
+to Senator J. Hawley.&nbsp; He said, &ldquo;Why did you not come
+to me before, I would have put you back.&rdquo;&nbsp; I told him
+I was not able to do anything.&nbsp; &ldquo;Then what can I do
+for you?&rdquo; he said.&nbsp; I replied that I wanted a place
+for my wife in the Treasury.&nbsp; He said, &ldquo;I am sorry for
+your sake, I do not belong to that administration, but I will get
+her a place.&rdquo;&nbsp; Three days after she was employed in
+the Treasury till we came to England.&nbsp; I have never been
+able since the Ford Theatre disaster to do any employment.&nbsp;
+I lived in Leek, Staffordshire, for sixteen months, and the chief
+of police and several of the magistrates, doctors and chemists of
+the town, know that I was sick in bed nearly all the time, and
+have been sick in Nottingham this last five months, but the
+climate seems to agree with me better, being my own native
+place.</p>
+<p>I shall ever be grateful to America.&nbsp; It is a Heaven for
+a soldier.&nbsp; They never want, if a good record.&nbsp; If they
+cannot work they have Soldiers Homes to retire in; better looking
+than any Hotel in Nottingham.&nbsp; If they die their relatives
+receive ten pound to carry them to the finest Cemetery in the
+world; with marble head-stone, and their graves strewn with
+flowers every 30th of May.&nbsp; Any soldier with a record can
+get relief and forwarded to his destination.&nbsp; The Americans
+are the finest comrades in the world, and they are the only
+nation that can fight side by side with the British, they would
+understand one another and be proper chums, while other nations
+do not understand one another.&nbsp; You would require an
+interpreter to understand their names; much more work together in
+battle.</p>
+<p>I have attended many fires and assisted to put them out, about
+1860 I went to a fire at Mr. Hollins&rsquo; mills, near Pleasley,
+Derbyshire, no finer mills in England.&nbsp; After the fire
+engines were on some time, I told Mr. Hollins they were on the
+wrong side, and he had them removed to the other side.&nbsp; I
+told him the fire was on the top story and they put up ladders to
+reach it.&nbsp; No one man seemed to be able to carry the hose
+and leather pipes up.&nbsp; I told him it would be dangerous for
+many to be up so high when the water was put on, it would make it
+too heavy for the ladder.&nbsp; After several tried I took it up
+myself, broke in the window with a hammer, put in the hose and in
+half an hour or less I got inside, put out the fire and went down
+the stairs.&nbsp; I then walked to Mr. Hollins&rsquo; House,
+their dinner was on the table, and the room full of ladies and
+gentlemen; no one seemed to be dining.&nbsp; After I told Mr.
+Hollins I had put out the fire, I sat down and dined.&nbsp; He
+wanted to reward me, but I would not receive anything, and he
+placed me on his game list.&nbsp; I should not speak of this,
+only there are plenty of ladies and gentlemen living who can bear
+out this statement.</p>
+<p>About 1874, I was walking up High Street, in Ayr, N.B., I saw
+a great blaze in the second story of Mr. Semple&rsquo;s the
+largest Ironmonger in the town, and in the centre of the market
+space.&nbsp; I procured a bag of salt and went up stairs with it,
+the oil had caught fire in a large tank; in less than ten minutes
+I had it out, only Robert Reed was in the room.&nbsp; Mr. Semple
+sent me a handsome present.</p>
+<p>If I was to give my life in full it would make a book.&nbsp;
+If my health gets better I will write fuller.</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p28b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Decorative graphic"
+title=
+"Decorative graphic"
+src="images/p28s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h2><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>Cause
+of the &ldquo;Charge of the 600&rdquo;<br />
+<span class="GutSmall">BY THE &ldquo;MAN OF THE
+HOUR.&rdquo;</span></h2>
+
+<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Never before been
+published.</b></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/p29b.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Death or glory flags, skull etc."
+title=
+"Death or glory flags, skull etc."
+src="images/p29s.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>To be obtained of all
+Booksellers in the United Kingdom and</b><br />
+<b>United States of America.</b></p>
+
+<div class="gapmediumdoubleline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>PRICE SIXPENCE.</b></p>
+
+<div class="gapmediumdoubleline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>Post Free in the United Kingdom,
+7d.&nbsp; United States, 14 cent. stamps.</b></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>WHOLESALE AND RETAIL OF</b></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">THOS. MORLEY, 39, Dame Agnes
+Street, Nottingham, England.</p>
+
+<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">Printed by Arthur Johnson, Maypole
+Yard, Nottingham, England.</p>
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+<p><a name="footnote24"></a><a href="#citation24"
+class="footnote">[24]</a>&nbsp; In the printed booklet
+&ldquo;1875&rdquo; is printed just above the heading &ldquo;THE
+CROSS OF VALOUR.&rdquo;&nbsp; However, it&rsquo;s been crossed
+through, and doesn&rsquo;t agree with the date of the
+letter.&nbsp; Perhaps it was meant for 1857?&mdash;DP.</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAUSE OF THE CHARGE OF
+BALACLAVA***</p>
+<pre>
+
+
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+</pre></body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #45309 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45309)