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diff --git a/44990-h/44990-h.htm b/44990-h/44990-h.htm index ded5fd0..8d7325f 100644 --- a/44990-h/44990-h.htm +++ b/44990-h/44990-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare, by C. W. Sleeman, Esq. @@ -176,45 +176,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare, by C. W. Sleeman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare - -Author: C. W. Sleeman - -Release Date: February 24, 2014 [EBook #44990] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO WARFARE *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Emmy and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44990 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 490px;"> <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="490" height="800" alt="cover" /> @@ -1064,7 +1026,7 @@ important problem of defensive torpedo warfare would be solved.</p> has been done by torpedoists in general to simplify this otherwise somewhat complicated branch of defensive torpedo warfare, by adopting the platinum wire fuze, in the place of the high tension one, by -the employment of Leclanché firing batteries, by the simplification of +the employment of Leclanché firing batteries, by the simplification of the circuit closer, and discarding the use of a circuit breaker, by altering the form of torpedo case, and whenever possible by enclosing the circuit closer in the submarine mine.</p> @@ -1162,7 +1124,7 @@ torpedoes is possessed by either side.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6">[F]</a> Johnston's Cyclopædia.</p></div> +<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6">[F]</a> Johnston's Cyclopædia.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -1284,7 +1246,7 @@ such mines on the explosion of an adjacent one.</p> <p>As an illustration of the above, take the case of a 500 lb. guncotton submarine mine. Now the destructive radius of a sea-mine is found -by the formula R = [3rt](32 × C), where R is the destructive radius in feet of +by the formula R = [3rt](32 × C), where R is the destructive radius in feet of a mine moored at its most effective depth, and C is the charge (guncotton) in lbs.</p> @@ -1618,11 +1580,11 @@ striking the mine, in which this apparatus is placed causes the weight, the spring <i>e</i>, and so frees the hammer <i>h</i>, which falls on a nipple <i>i</i>, on which is placed the percussion substance, and so explodes the mine.</p> -<p><i>McEvoy's Papier Maché Safety Plug.</i>—To prevent a premature +<p><i>McEvoy's Papier Maché Safety Plug.</i>—To prevent a premature explosion during transport, etc., of a mine in which this apparatus is -placed, a plug of papier maché, which is soluble in water, is inserted in +placed, a plug of papier maché, which is soluble in water, is inserted in the two spaces <i>p</i>, <i>p</i>, by which the spindle <i>c</i>, is prevented from moving -to one side or the other. The use of a papier maché, instead of a +to one side or the other. The use of a papier maché, instead of a cement plug for the purposes of safety, is a great improvement, as by the simple process of pressure, any period of time that it is necessary should elapse before the complete destruction of the plug, can be @@ -1632,7 +1594,7 @@ different ingredients is used, is not always the case.</p> <p><i>McEvoy's Mechanical Mines.</i>—Captain McEvoy has also devised a plan, whereby a mechanical mine of the foregoing form may be placed in a state of safety, even after it has been rendered active. In the -place of the aforesaid papier maché wad at <i>p</i>, <a href="#Fig_14">Fig. 14</a>, he uses a +place of the aforesaid papier maché wad at <i>p</i>, <a href="#Fig_14">Fig. 14</a>, he uses a plunger which fits into the cavity <i>p</i>, of the heavy weight <i>d</i>. This plunger is always kept in a position clear of the weight by means of a spiral spring, unless it is desired to render the mine inactive when @@ -2172,12 +2134,12 @@ been previously bared are inserted into holes in this mould, and firmly fixed thereto by means of a composition poured into the mould, whilst hot; this is shown at <i>b</i>. The two bared ends of the wires which project<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> beyond the metal mould, as <i>c</i>, <i>c</i>, are connected by a bridge of platinum-silver -wire ·0014" in diameter and weighing ·21 grs. per yard. This is +wire ·0014" in diameter and weighing ·21 grs. per yard. This is effected as follows:—</p> <p>A very fine shallow groove is made in the flat ends of the bare wires <i>c</i>, <i>c</i>, and the platinum-silver wire is laid across in the incisions, and -fixed there by means of solder. The length of the bridge <i>d</i> is ·25."</p> +fixed there by means of solder. The length of the bridge <i>d</i> is ·25."</p> <p>A tube <i>e</i>, made of tin, and soldered to a brass socket <i>f</i>, is fixed by means of cement to the ebonite head <i>a</i>; in this tube is placed the @@ -2211,7 +2173,7 @@ electrical submarine mines, in the place of the platinum wire fuze, on account of the little knowledge possessed, in the early days of submarine warfare, in regard to the manipulation of Voltaic batteries.</p> -<p>Platinum wire requires a temperature of some 500° F. to heat it to +<p>Platinum wire requires a temperature of some 500° F. to heat it to incandescence, and therefore necessitates the use of a powerful Voltaic battery, both in intensity and power, to effect the ignition of gunpowder by this means at considerable distances.</p> @@ -2246,7 +2208,7 @@ obtained by leaving a bare copper wire for some time in connection with the above-mentioned tube. The extremities of two insulated copper wires <i>c</i>, <i>c</i>, considerably smaller than the conducting wires, are uncovered, scraped, and then inserted into the tube <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, with an interval -of ·15 inch between them. The wires are then bent as shown +of ·15 inch between them. The wires are then bent as shown in the figure, and the priming placed between the terminals. The whole is covered with a gutta percha bag, which is filled with fine grained gunpowder. The priming substance is composed of fulminate @@ -2318,16 +2280,16 @@ body of the fuze is placed some mealed powder, which is fired by the ignition of the sensitive mixture on the passage of the electrical current.</p> <p>The insulated wires used in connection with this fuze consist of two -copper wires, about 2 inches long, and ·022 inch in diameter, enclosed -in a covering of gutta percha ·13 inch in diameter, and separated about -·06 inch from each other.</p> +copper wires, about 2 inches long, and ·022 inch in diameter, enclosed +in a covering of gutta percha ·13 inch in diameter, and separated about +·06 inch from each other.</p> -<p>At one end the wires are bared to 1·25 inch, at the other they are +<p>At one end the wires are bared to 1·25 inch, at the other they are merely cut across by a very sharp pair of scissors. This end of the double covered wire is inserted into a paper cylinder <i>c</i>, <i>c</i>, which holds a small quantity of the priming mixture. This capped end of the wires is inserted into the wooden body of the fuze through the vertical -hole <i>i</i>, and projects ·15 inch into the cavity <i>d</i>. The bare ends of the +hole <i>i</i>, and projects ·15 inch into the cavity <i>d</i>. The bare ends of the double covered wires are pressed into small grooves in the head of the cylinder <i>e e</i>, and each extremity is bent into one of the small channels <i>d' d'</i>, which are at right angles to the vertical perforation. <i>d' d'</i> are two @@ -2417,7 +2379,7 @@ wire, thereby not increasing the fault.</div> <div class='hang2'><i>a.</i>—Its liability to become hard and brittle when exposed to dry heat, and consequently it requires to be stored under water.</div> -<div class='hang2'><i>b.</i>—It becomes comparatively a bad dielectric at 100° F.</div> +<div class='hang2'><i>b.</i>—It becomes comparatively a bad dielectric at 100° F.</div> <div class='hang2'><i>c.</i>—It becomes plastic at high temperatures, which causes the conducting wire to alter its position.</div> @@ -2548,8 +2510,8 @@ none of their defects. It consists of a strand conductor of four copper wires (No. 20 B. W. G.) of quality not less than 92 per cent. of pure copper, and possessing an electrical resistance of not more than 14 ohms per nautical mile. This strand is tinned and insulated with -vulcanised india rubber to a diameter of ·24 inch, and then covered -with a layer of felt, and the whole subjected to a temperature of 300° F. +vulcanised india rubber to a diameter of ·24 inch, and then covered +with a layer of felt, and the whole subjected to a temperature of 300° F. under steam pressure. This forms the core of the various kinds of cables employed in connection with a system of defence by electrical submarine mines, which are enumerated as follows:—</p> @@ -2579,7 +2541,7 @@ opposite directions is laid, and the whole passed through a hot composition of a tar and pitch mixture. Exterior diameter of this cable is 7/8 inch. Its weight in air is 27-50/112 cwt., and in water 14-40/112 cwt. per nautical mile. The breaking strain of a cable thus manufactured is -62-1/2 cwt., and its cost about £47 per nautical mile. A diagram of this +62-1/2 cwt., and its cost about £47 per nautical mile. A diagram of this cable is shown at <a href="#Fig_32">Fig. 32</a>.</p> <p><i>Multiple Cable.</i>—This form of cable is employed in cases where it @@ -2593,7 +2555,7 @@ two layers of hemp and composition, which is laid on with a short twist, and in opposite directions. The external diameter of this cable is 1-1/4 inch. Its weight in air and water is 78-25/112 cwt., and 45-32/112 cwt. respectively per nautical mile. Its breaking strain is 135 cwt., and -cost about £357 per nautical mile. This form of cable is used in connection +cost about £357 per nautical mile. This form of cable is used in connection with a junction box, from which the single armoured cables leading to the different mines radiate, and is shown at <a href="#Fig_33">Fig. 33</a>.</p> @@ -2611,7 +2573,7 @@ as in other cables.</p> <p>This form of armouring for an electric cable possesses the qualifications of pliability, lightness, and great tensile strength. Its weight in air is 52-106/112 cwt., and in water 28-4/112 cwt. per nautical mile. Its -breaking strain 65 cwt., and cost about £127 per nautical mile.</p> +breaking strain 65 cwt., and cost about £127 per nautical mile.</p> <p><i>Single Core Unarmoured Cable.</i>—This form of cable is used in a system of defence by submarine mines to connect the detached works @@ -2620,7 +2582,7 @@ of a maritime fortress, &c., for the purpose of telegraphing.</p> <p>It consists of the ordinary service core, over which are laid two servings of tarred hemp, put on spirally. The weight of this cable in air is 4-13/112 cwt., and in water 1-36/112 cwt. per nautical mile; its breaking -strain is 7-1/2 cwt., and its cost per nautical mile is about £35.</p> +strain is 7-1/2 cwt., and its cost per nautical mile is about £35.</p> <p><i>Special Cables.</i>—In firing electrical submarine mines by means of cross bearings, a special cable is employed. As a general rule there @@ -2637,14 +2599,14 @@ a core formed similar to that of the multiple cable, described at servings of tarred hemp laid spirally in opposite directions are wound on. Its weight in air is 16 cwt., and in water 4-50/112 cwt. per nautical mile. Its breaking strain 17-1/2 cwt., and cost per nautical mile about -£137.</p> +£137.</p> <p><i>Sea Service Cable.</i>—This consists of a similar core to the land service cable, and padding of hemp, over which is laid an armouring of fifteen No. 13 galvanised iron wires, each one being covered with tarred tape, and finally the ordinary servings of tarred hemp. Its weight in air is 49-101/112 cwt., and in water 25-109/112 cwt. per nautical mile. Its breaking -strain 65-100/112 cwt., and cost per nautical mile about £202.</p> +strain 65-100/112 cwt., and cost per nautical mile about £202.</p> <p>When frictional electricity is used to fire high tension fuzes, it has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> been found by experiment that if several lines of insulated cables are @@ -2708,7 +2670,7 @@ most practical and generally employed of which are:—</p> <p><i>India rubber Tube Joint.</i>—This form of joint is a very useful one for extempore purposes, being easily and quickly made, and being very effective. At <a href="#Fig_34">Fig. 34</a> is shown a sketch of such a junction. About -1·5 inches of the copper conductor of the two insulated cables are laid +1·5 inches of the copper conductor of the two insulated cables are laid bare and connected together by means of Nicoll's metallic joint, as shown at <a href="#Fig_36">Fig. 36</a>, or by turning one of the conductors round the other, their ends being carefully pressed down by means of pliers, to prevent @@ -2910,9 +2872,9 @@ tackiness, but not beyond it.</p> direction, care being taken to avoid wrinkles. The ends of the cloth tapes are cemented down with a thin coating of india rubber cement.</p> -<p>Immerse the joint in the jointing-bath at 150° to 200° F. and +<p>Immerse the joint in the jointing-bath at 150° to 200° F. and gradually raise the heat so that in half an hour the temperature will -be 320° F., at which temperature keep the joint for twenty minutes: +be 320° F., at which temperature keep the joint for twenty minutes: then take it out and let it cool in the open air.</p> <p><i>The Formation of a Joint in a Gutta percha Insulated Cable.</i>—Having @@ -3127,7 +3089,7 @@ cavity within the ebonite body <i>b</i> being completely filled, as otherwise a leakage might occur, owing to the great pressure of water at depths where the disconnection would be generally used. <i>f</i> is a boxwood cover which is slipped on, and fits fairly tight to the ebonite body <i>b</i>; -<i>g</i> is a piece of thin platinum wire, weighing 1·6 grains to the yard, +<i>g</i> is a piece of thin platinum wire, weighing 1·6 grains to the yard, and being 4/10 inch in length; <i>h</i> is an ebonite pin, which passes through two small holes in the boxwood cover <i>f</i>, into which it fits tightly, and in such a position as to be directly beneath the platinum @@ -3330,7 +3292,7 @@ mine to move. In still water P becomes nothing, and therefore W equal to 2 B, that is, in still water double the buoyancy of a mine is a sufficient weight for its anchor.</p> -<p>The value of P may be found from the formula P = 4·085 × V<sup>2</sup>, +<p>The value of P may be found from the formula P = 4·085 × V<sup>2</sup>, where V is the velocity of the current in miles per hour.</p> <p>From this equation P will be found in terms of pressure in pounds @@ -4130,7 +4092,7 @@ exploding agent in connection with such fuzes; these are as follows:—</p> <li>1.—Siemens's dynamo low tension machine.</li> <li>2.—Von Ebner's Voltaic battery.</li> <li>3.—Chromic acid or Bichromate Voltaic battery.</li> -<li>4.—Leclanché's Voltaic battery.</li> +<li>4.—Leclanché's Voltaic battery.</li> </ul> <p><i>Siemens's Low Tension Dynamo Electrical Machine.</i>—This instrument @@ -4153,12 +4115,12 @@ exploded.</p> the line wire until a sufficiently powerful current is generated to heat or fuze the bridge of the fuze, and so ignite the gun-cotton priming. The coils of the armature and electro magnets are wound with wire of -large diameter, to a total resistance of 8 to 10 Siemens units, or 7·6 to -9·5 ohms, in about 2,000 windings.</p> +large diameter, to a total resistance of 8 to 10 Siemens units, or 7·6 to +9·5 ohms, in about 2,000 windings.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> -<p>With a platinum wire weighing 1·65 grains per yard, 6-1/2 inches +<p>With a platinum wire weighing 1·65 grains per yard, 6-1/2 inches can be fuzed on short circuit, and 14 inches can be heated to redness.</p> <p>The total weight of this machine, which is manufactured by @@ -4220,15 +4182,15 @@ of potash, sulphuric acid and water is substituted.</p> <p>A form of this battery, as designed by Dr. Hertz, is used in connection with the German system of torpedo defence.</p> -<p><i>Leclanché Voltaic Battery.</i>—This form of Voltaic battery was invented -by M. Leclanché, some twelve years ago. At <a href="#Fig_73">Fig. 73</a> is shown +<p><i>Leclanché Voltaic Battery.</i>—This form of Voltaic battery was invented +by M. Leclanché, some twelve years ago. At <a href="#Fig_73">Fig. 73</a> is shown a cell of this battery in its original form. The positive pole <i>a</i> consists of a plate of graphite in a porous pot <i>b</i>, and surrounded by a mixture of peroxide of manganese and graphite. The negative pole <i>c</i> is a rod or pencil of amalgamated zinc. The whole is enclosed in an outer vessel of glass <i>d</i> containing a solution of sal ammoniac.</p> -<p>A modified form of the Leclanché cell as used in a firing battery +<p>A modified form of the Leclanché cell as used in a firing battery is shown at <a href="#Fig_74">Fig. 74</a>. It consists of an ebonite trough or outer vessel <i>a</i> about 16" long, 9" deep, and 2-3/4" wide. The negative pole or zinc plate <i>b</i> is of similar shape to the trough <i>a</i>, but with its base removed, @@ -4246,8 +4208,8 @@ of large <i>quantity</i>, with as few cells as possible, by which means the loss of power which might occur from the employment of a great number of small cells is avoided.</p> -<p><i>Advantages of a Leclanché Firing Battery.</i>—The advantages of the -Leclanché firing battery are:—</p> +<p><i>Advantages of a Leclanché Firing Battery.</i>—The advantages of the +Leclanché firing battery are:—</p> <div class='hang2'>1.—The absence of chemical action when the battery circuit is not complete, and consequently there is no waste of material.</div> @@ -4259,7 +4221,7 @@ deteriorating.</div> <div class='hang2'>4.—It is comparatively very cheap.</div> -<p>These advantages combine to make a Leclanché battery the most +<p>These advantages combine to make a Leclanché battery the most suitable of any other form of electrical battery for use as the exploding agent for electrical submarine mines, and it is now universally used for such purposes.</p> @@ -4294,7 +4256,7 @@ is placed the cylinder of amalgamated zinc <i>e</i>. Two strips of copper <i>p</i> and <i>n</i>, fixed by binding screws to the copper and to the zinc, serve for connecting the elements in series, or otherwise.</p> -<p>For the purposes of testing, either the Leclanché or Daniell battery +<p>For the purposes of testing, either the Leclanché or Daniell battery specially arranged, or the Menotti battery, which is really a modification of the Daniell, may be used.</p> @@ -4336,7 +4298,7 @@ be found extremely useful in boats, &c., when placing mines in position.</p> <p><i>Telegraph Battery.</i>—For the purposes of telegraphing between -torpedo stations, &c., a form of Leclanché battery, known as No. 3 +torpedo stations, &c., a form of Leclanché battery, known as No. 3 commercial pattern, is generally used.</p> <p><i>Voltaic Batteries.</i>—The following points in connection with the @@ -4790,7 +4752,7 @@ with a test table, is arranged as follows:—</p> <p>Two ebonite studs, fitted with brass connecting screws, are fixed to the lid of a box containing some resistance coils, and placed in circuit -with them; these studs, placed about ·3 of an inch apart, are arranged +with them; these studs, placed about ·3 of an inch apart, are arranged to receive a piece of platinum wire which is stretched from one stud to the other; the firing battery being placed in circuit with the platinum wire, and the resistance coils, its working power would then be tested @@ -4800,7 +4762,7 @@ indicated by the resistance coils put in circuit.</p> <p>Another form of thermo galvanometer, which is very compact and portable, is shown at <a href="#Fig_88">Fig. 88</a>. It consists of a wooden box <i>a</i>, with a cover of ebonite <i>b</i>, within the box is placed a resistance coil <i>c</i>; <i>d</i> and <i>e</i> -are two ebonite standards ·3" apart, the former of which is connected +are two ebonite standards ·3" apart, the former of which is connected by a copper wire with the terminal <i>f</i>, the latter to the terminal <i>g</i>; the terminal <i>h</i> is similarly connected to the contact piece <i>k</i>, and the terminal <i>l</i> to the firing key <i>m</i>, at <i>n</i>; the resistance coil <i>c</i> is connected @@ -4956,7 +4918,7 @@ when the deflection is read off on the side of the slate disc marked <i>A</i>:</ <td align="left" rowspan='2' colspan='2'>X </td> <td align="left">= </td> <td align="left"><span class='u'>150 + <i>a</i></span></td> -<td align="left" rowspan='2'> · <i>n</i>.</td> +<td align="left" rowspan='2'> · <i>n</i>.</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td> <td align="left">150 - <i>a</i></td> @@ -4972,7 +4934,7 @@ when the deflection is read off on the side of the slate disc marked <i>A</i>:</ <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="equation"> <tr><td align="left" rowspan='2'>X = </td> <td align="left"><span class='u'>150 - <i>a</i></span></td> -<td align="left" rowspan='2'> · <i>n</i>.</td> +<td align="left" rowspan='2'> · <i>n</i>.</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">150 + <i>a</i></td> </tr> @@ -5064,7 +5026,7 @@ the before-mentioned law of resistance bridge the following proportion <tr><td align="left" rowspan='2'>X</td> <td align="left" rowspan='2'> </td> <td align="left"><span class='u'>150 + 50</span> </td> -<td align="left" rowspan='2'>× 100</td> +<td align="left" rowspan='2'>× 100</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">150 - 50</td> </tr> @@ -5108,7 +5070,7 @@ are joined to terminals I. and III., and to IV. and V. respectively.</div> <p>When depressing the key <i>K</i> the galvanometer needle will be deflected and can be brought back to zero by turning the pointer <i>Z</i> either to the right or to the left. Should for instance the pointer have to be -brought to 30° on the <i>A</i> side we have the following equation—</p> +brought to 30° on the <i>A</i> side we have the following equation—</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="equation"> @@ -5127,7 +5089,7 @@ brought to 30° on the <i>A</i> side we have the following equation—</p> <p>The electromotor <i>E</i><sub>2</sub> is now to be inserted in the place of <i>E</i><sub>1</sub>, and the galvanometer needle, when it deflects, again brought back to zero by moving the pointer <i>Z</i>. If for instance the pointer has to be pushed -to 40° on the <i>B</i> side to obtain equilibrium we have—</p> +to 40° on the <i>B</i> side to obtain equilibrium we have—</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="equation"> @@ -5145,7 +5107,7 @@ E<sub>1</sub> : E<sub>2</sub> = (150 - 30) : (150 + 40) = 12 : 19 . .& </div> <p>The two electromotive forces are in the same proportion as the two -observed distances of the pointer <i>Z</i> from 150° on the <i>A</i> side of the +observed distances of the pointer <i>Z</i> from 150° on the <i>A</i> side of the instrument.</p> <p><i>For measuring the Intensity of a Current.</i>—For this purpose the @@ -5288,7 +5250,7 @@ between <i>B</i> and <i>C</i> is <i>x</i>, the unknown resistance to be measured convenient constant ratio is chosen for <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>r</i>, such as equality 1 to 10, 1 to 100, or 1 to 1000; and then <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> is adjusted until no current flows through the galvanometer <i>G</i>; when this is the case we -have R : <i>r</i>=R<sub>1</sub> : <i>x</i>, or <i>x</i> = (<i>r</i>/R) × R<sub>1</sub>; so that if <i>r</i> = R/100, <i>x</i> will be equal +have R : <i>r</i>=R<sub>1</sub> : <i>x</i>, or <i>x</i> = (<i>r</i>/R) × R<sub>1</sub>; so that if <i>r</i> = R/100, <i>x</i> will be equal to R<sub>1</sub>/100.</p> <p>Two keys <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> are inserted; the current is wholly cut off the @@ -5336,7 +5298,7 @@ to be respectively 10, 1000, and 10,000 ohms.</p> <p>When the resistance to be tested is less than that of the least coil in <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> (1 ohm), then the resistance in <i>r</i> is made greater than in <i>R</i>. -Thus <i>r</i> : <i>R</i> :: <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> : <i>x</i>, or 100 : 10 :: 2 : 0·2; the resistance of the line +Thus <i>r</i> : <i>R</i> :: <i>R</i><sub>1</sub> : <i>x</i>, or 100 : 10 :: 2 : 0·2; the resistance of the line to be tested would in this case be 1/20 of an ohm.</p> <p><i>Manipulation.</i>—In all cases the key in connection with the battery @@ -5416,7 +5378,7 @@ purpose. These plates are in connection with the resistance coils <i>K</i> and the thermo galvanometer <i>M</i>, employed for testing the firing battery, the circuit being closed by the firing key <i>L</i>. Other ways of using these plates may of course be adopted if desired. The resistance coils -<i>K</i> range from 0·5 to 100 ohms, and are composed of wire adapted for +<i>K</i> range from 0·5 to 100 ohms, and are composed of wire adapted for the passage of a quantity current. A reversing key is generally used in connection with a testing battery and the three-coil galvanometer <i>O</i>. This reversing key would consist of two bridges completely insulated @@ -5438,7 +5400,7 @@ thrown in circuit when required.</p> <p><i>Test of Platinum Wire Fuze for Conductivity.</i>—The platinum wire fuze may be tested electrically as follows:—</p> -<p>If placed in circuit with a few cells of a Daniell or Leclanché +<p>If placed in circuit with a few cells of a Daniell or Leclanché battery and a detector galvanometer, before the platinum wire bridge of the fuze is fixed, there should be no deflection of the needle, for no metallic circuit exists; if it did, such would be fatal to the @@ -5461,7 +5423,7 @@ ascertained by means of a differential galvanometer instead of a Wheatstone balance.</p> <p>The electrical resistance of 3/10" of fine platinum wire, weighing -1·9 grains to the yard, is 3/10 of an ohm nearly (Schaw).</p> +1·9 grains to the yard, is 3/10 of an ohm nearly (Schaw).</p> <p><i>Testing High Tension Fuzes.</i>—High tension fuzes require very delicate and careful management in testing them, due to the high @@ -5484,7 +5446,7 @@ wires, &c., and to search out and get into any weak places there may be in the insulation under the armouring. At <a href="#Fig_96">Fig. 96</a> is shown the method of performing this test. <i>A</i> is a tank holding the electrical cable, which has been in soak for forty-eight hours; <i>B</i> is an astatic -galvanometer; <i>C</i>, <i>Z</i> a Leclanché or Daniell battery of great power; +galvanometer; <i>C</i>, <i>Z</i> a Leclanché or Daniell battery of great power; and <i>C</i> is an ordinary firing key. One end of the electric cable <i>D</i> is connected to the galvanometer <i>B</i> through the firing key <i>C</i>; the other end of the cable is very carefully insulated; one pole of the battery @@ -5621,11 +5583,11 @@ battery. First determine the resistance of the standard and of the other cells to be measured; then insert the shunt plugs at <i>A</i> and <i>D</i>, <a href="#Fig_97">Fig. 97</a>, and also at <i>C</i> and <i>B</i>, and join up the standard cell in circuit with a resistance coil to the terminals <i>A</i> and <i>D</i>, and unplug the -resistance coils until a convenient deflection is obtained, say 15°; note +resistance coils until a convenient deflection is obtained, say 15°; note the sum of the resistances in circuit, including that of the battery galvanometer, resistance coil and connecting wires; now change the battery for another, and by unplugging the resistance coils bring the -needle again to the same deflection, 15°; having again found the total +needle again to the same deflection, 15°; having again found the total resistance in the circuit, the relative electromotive force will be directly proportional to these resistances."</p> @@ -5736,7 +5698,7 @@ they may be in contact with and complete the circuit through the armature to earth.</p> <p>The thin wire coils are so arranged that a certain number of -Leclanché cells (ten or twelve, as may be desired) will make the +Leclanché cells (ten or twelve, as may be desired) will make the electro magnets act, while with fewer cells the current would be too weak, and would therefore pass through them to earth without affecting the armature.</p> @@ -6308,7 +6270,7 @@ alongside the torpedo they extend 1 foot beyond the stem for the<span class="pag large torpedo and 8 inches for the small one; the four legs should be so fitted that when an equal strain is brought on them, the thimble should be on a level with the upper lugs, and the upper fore span -form an angle of 80° to 85° with the side of the torpedo; this is shown +form an angle of 80° to 85° with the side of the torpedo; this is shown at <a href="#Fig_106">Fig. 106</a>. This arrangement gives the best divergence with the least strain on the tow rope, and is suitable when the torpedo is kept at short scope, as well as when a long length of tow line is out.</p> @@ -6532,7 +6494,7 @@ nature of attack. The tow line should be marked with knots every to the ship until passing the enemy; at other times veered to 40 fathoms it will be found most suitable.</p> -<p>The full divergence of 45° is obtained up to 50 fathoms; beyond +<p>The full divergence of 45° is obtained up to 50 fathoms; beyond that the bight of the tow rope in the water drags the torpedo astern, unless the tow rope is triced much higher up, which has its disadvantage; 40 to 50 fathoms of tow rope gives the best command of the torpedo, @@ -6960,7 +6922,7 @@ of the torpedo.</div> <td align="center" class='brb'>14' long, 16" max. diam. one screw.</td> <td align="center" class='brb'>14' long, 16" max. diam. two screws.</td> <td align="center" class='brb'>14' long, 14" max. diam. two screws.</td> -<td align="center" class='bb'>14·5' long, 14" max. diam. two screws.</td> +<td align="center" class='bb'>14·5' long, 14" max. diam. two screws.</td> </tr> <tr><td align="right" class='br'>200</td> <td align="center" class='br'>..</td> @@ -8033,7 +7995,7 @@ vessels, very fast, handy and impregnable, specially designed to carry and operate offensive submarine weapons, such as locomotive, towing, and the spar torpedoes, especially the former, are now considered as a necessary and valuable adjunct to a fleet, their special work being -to give the coup de grâce to disabled ironclads in a general action; +to give the coup de grâce to disabled ironclads in a general action; they will also be used to attack the ships of a blockading force, and against rival torpedo vessels. As a general rule these torpedo ships will be armed with the ram and torpedoes only, heavy guns being @@ -8161,7 +8123,7 @@ the <i>Destroyer</i> is its being provided with an intermediate curved deck, which extends from stem to stern, and which is composed of plate iron strongly ribbed, and perfectly water-tight. This intermediate deck supports a heavy solid armour plate, fixed transversely to the line -of keel, and 32 feet from the bow, inclined at an angle of 45°, and supported +of keel, and 32 feet from the bow, inclined at an angle of 45°, and supported on its after side by a wood backing 4 feet 6 inches in thickness. Behind this formidable shield the steering wheel is manipulated, a wire rope extending from its barrel to a four-way cock placed near the @@ -8203,7 +8165,7 @@ projectile is only 196 square inches; this difference in size of the two areas is a special and important feature of the invention, as will be understood from the following: the tension of the acting medium in the <i>Destroyer</i> exceeds 200 lbs. per square inch, therefore the -torpedo will be pushed out by a force of (314 × 200) / 196 = 320 lbs. per +torpedo will be pushed out by a force of (314 × 200) / 196 = 320 lbs. per square inch, and as the distance passed by the piston while impelling the torpedo is 30 feet, an energy of nearly 2,000,000 foot-pounds will be imparted to the projectile.</p> @@ -8343,7 +8305,7 @@ solid drawn brass.</p> <p>On the official trial, which took place on the Thames on the 17th of October, 1873, the number of revolutions done in the hour was found to be 27,177, and the number required to do a mile in still water was -1578. The distance run in the hour was then, 27,177/1578 = 17·22, or very +1578. The distance run in the hour was then, 27,177/1578 = 17·22, or very nearly 17-1/4 miles.</p> <p>The steam pressure during the trial averaged 85 lbs. per square @@ -8355,7 +8317,7 @@ improved by driving the air pump, feed pump, and circulating pumps off the main engines, and abolishing the auxiliary engine, which performed these duties in the case of the Norwegian boat—were made for the Swedish and Danish governments. The result was an increase of -speed to 17·27 miles in the case of the Swedish boat, and to 18·06 +speed to 17·27 miles in the case of the Swedish boat, and to 18·06 miles, or 15-5/8 knots, in the case of the Danish boat.</p> <p>There is no information regarding the armament of the Swedish @@ -8424,14 +8386,14 @@ to touch an enemy's vessel at about 8 or 10 feet below the water line.</p> September, 1875, when she did 24,700 revolutions on her hour's run on the Thames, and the number of revolutions required to do a knot in still water was found to be 1357. This gives the distance run in the -hour as 18·202 knots, or 3·202 knots over the contract speed. The +hour as 18·202 knots, or 3·202 knots over the contract speed. The steam pressure averaged 105 lbs. per square inch, and the vacuum 25-1/2 inches during the run.</p> <p>In the case of the French boats, the total number of revolutions done in the two hours' run in the roadstead off Cherbourg was 49,818, and the number required to do a knot in still water was found -to be 1382, so that the distance run in the two hours was 36·05 knots, +to be 1382, so that the distance run in the two hours was 36·05 knots, or just over the contract speed. During the two hours, the average steam pressure was 108 lbs. per square inch, and the vacuum 25 inches.</p> @@ -8503,7 +8465,7 @@ from her deck forward by means of a discharging apparatus.</p> Brotherhood's air-compressing pumps.</p> <p>The <i>Lightning</i> on her preliminary runs attained a speed on -the measured mile of 19·4 knots per hour, a speed which will be +the measured mile of 19·4 knots per hour, a speed which will be somewhat reduced when she has her torpedoes, &c., on board, but which will then be over 18 knots per hour.</p> @@ -8806,43 +8768,43 @@ in each boat, including coals, water, crew, and ballast.</p> <td align="center">occupied </td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">36</td> -<td align="center">23·076</td> +<td align="center">23·076</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">1st run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">20</td> -<td align="center">18·000</td> +<td align="center">18·000</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">2nd run down</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">35</td> -<td align="center">23·226</td> +<td align="center">23·226</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">2nd run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">16</td> -<td align="center">18·367</td> +<td align="center">18·367</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">3rd run down</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">32</td> -<td align="center">23·684</td> +<td align="center">23·684</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">3rd run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">14</td> -<td align="center">18·557</td> +<td align="center">18·557</td> </tr> </table></div> <div class='poem'> -<small>Mean of the six runs, 20·818 knots per hour.<br /> +<small>Mean of the six runs, 20·818 knots per hour.<br /> Mean steam pressure, 115 lbs. per square inch.<br /> Vacuum, 23½ inches.<br /> Mean revolutions of main engines per minute, 456.</small><br /> @@ -8863,50 +8825,50 @@ Mean revolutions of main engines per minute, 456.</small><br /> <td align="center">occupied </td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 33½</td> -<td align="center">23·452</td> +<td align="center">23·452</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">1st run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">25½</td> -<td align="center">17·518</td> +<td align="center">17·518</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">2nd run down</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">32½</td> -<td align="center">23·606</td> +<td align="center">23·606</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">2nd run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">21</td> -<td align="center">17·910</td> +<td align="center">17·910</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">3rd run down</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">32</td> -<td align="center">23·684</td> +<td align="center">23·684</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">3rd run up</td> <td align="center">"</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">24</td> -<td align="center">17·647</td> +<td align="center">17·647</td> </tr> </table></div> <div class='poem'> -<small>Mean of the six runs, 20·636 knots per hour.<br /> +<small>Mean of the six runs, 20·636 knots per hour.<br /> Mean steam pressure, 115 lbs. per square inch.<br /> Vacuum, 24 inches.<br /> Mean revolutions per minute, 466.<br /></small> </div> <p>"The highest speeds were obtained by No. 419, during the third runs -up and down, the mean of which give 21·12 knots, which is equal to +up and down, the mean of which give 21·12 knots, which is equal to 24-1/3 statute miles per hour, during which time the engines were making 470 revolutions per minute. At the close of the runs, the bearings were found to be in first-class condition, and there was not the least @@ -9014,52 +8976,52 @@ March of this year, and were as follows:—</p> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 37</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">22·93</td> +<td align="center">22·93</td> <td align="center" class='brtb' rowspan='2'> </td> <td align="left" rowspan='2'> Mean of first pair</td> <td align="center" rowspan='2'> = </td> -<td align="center" rowspan='2'>21·35</td> +<td align="center" rowspan='2'>21·35</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">Second</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center"> 2</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">19·78</td> +<td align="center">19·78</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">Third</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 33</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">23·53</td> +<td align="center">23·53</td> <td align="center" class='brtb' rowspan='2'> </td> <td align="left" rowspan='2'> Mean of second pair</td> <td align="center" rowspan='2'> = </td> -<td align="center" rowspan='2'>22·05</td> +<td align="center" rowspan='2'>22·05</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">Fourth </td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 55</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">20·57</td> +<td align="center">20·57</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">Fifth</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 30</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">24·00</td> +<td align="center">24·00</td> <td align="center" class='brtb' rowspan='2'> </td> <td align="left" rowspan='2'> Mean of third pair</td> <td align="center" rowspan='2'> = </td> -<td align="center" rowspan='2'>22·23</td> +<td align="center" rowspan='2'>22·23</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">Sixth</td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center"> 56</td> <td align="center"> = </td> -<td align="center">20·45</td> +<td align="center">20·45</td> </tr> </table></div> -<p>giving as a mean 21·93 knots per hour, or 25-1/4 statute miles. The boat +<p>giving as a mean 21·93 knots per hour, or 25-1/4 statute miles. The boat was fully equipped for active service, i.e. with a load of 6-3/4 tons on board. It was found during the trial that at speeds of 17 and 19 knots the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> vibration of the boat was considerable, but when running over 20 knots @@ -9708,7 +9670,7 @@ mines were placed in several of the German harbours, the former containing about 200 lbs. of dualine, the latter some 80 lbs. of gunpowder. The only attempt to destroy French ships by means of offensive torpedoes was made by the German vessel the <i>Grille</i>, off -Rügen, which resulted in failure.</p> +Rügen, which resulted in failure.</p> <p>In laying down and in picking up after the war was over their mechanical mines, several exploded, killing some ten to fifteen men.</p> @@ -9841,7 +9803,7 @@ posted, the Turks at that time not quite believing in such boat attacks, thus offering peculiar advantages for a torpedo attack.</p> <p>Four torpedo boats formed the attacking force, viz. the <i>Tchesme</i>, -<i>Sinope</i>, <i>Navarino</i>, and the <i>Soukoum Kalé</i>.</p> +<i>Sinope</i>, <i>Navarino</i>, and the <i>Soukoum Kalé</i>.</p> <p>These boats were carried by a ship of the Maritime Company of Odessa, named <i>Grand Duke Constantine</i>. She was an iron screw @@ -9900,7 +9862,7 @@ Saife</i>, and a small river steamer, the <i>Kilidj Ali</i>, lying at anchor off Matchin.<a name="FNanchor_S_19" id="FNanchor_S_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_S_19" class="fnanchor">[S]</a></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p> <p>Four Russian torpedo boats were sent to the attack, viz. the -<i>Czarowitch</i>, Lieutenant Doubasoff; the <i>Xénie</i>, Lieutenant Chestakoff; +<i>Czarowitch</i>, Lieutenant Doubasoff; the <i>Xénie</i>, Lieutenant Chestakoff; the <i>Djiquite</i>, Midshipman Persine; and the <i>Czarevna</i>, Midshipman Bali. The total number of officers and men carried by these boats on this occasion was forty-six.</p> @@ -9921,10 +9883,10 @@ Saife</i>, Dubasoff in the <i>Czarowitch</i> was challenged, and failing to give the correct answer was immediately fired at; but, nothing daunted by the hail of shot and bullets, he dashed on, and succeeded in exploding one of his spar torpedoes on the port side of the <i>Duba Saife</i>, just under -her quarter, a column of water and <i>débris</i> being thrown up to a height +her quarter, a column of water and <i>débris</i> being thrown up to a height of 120 feet, which partly filled his boat, but notwithstanding managed to get safely away. The monitor not sinking as soon as expected, -Chestakoff in the <i>Xénie</i> dashed in, and completed the work of destruction, +Chestakoff in the <i>Xénie</i> dashed in, and completed the work of destruction, the unfortunate ship sinking in a very few minutes after this last explosion. The <i>Djiquite</i> was struck in the stern, and had to be run ashore for repairs, but eventually all four boats reached Brailoff in @@ -9962,7 +9924,7 @@ and <i>Idglalieh</i>, and a tug, <i>Kartal</i>.</p> <p>The Russian attacking force consisted of six torpedo boats, viz. the No. 1, Lieutenant Poutschin; the No. 2, Lieutenant Rojdestvenski; the <i>Tchesme</i>, Lieutenant Zatzarennyi; the <i>Sinope</i>, the <i>Navarino</i>, -and the <i>Soukoum Kalé</i>. The No. 2 was a specially constructed +and the <i>Soukoum Kalé</i>. The No. 2 was a specially constructed torpedo boat, 68 feet long, and very fast. All were armed with spar torpedoes, with the exception of the <i>Tchesme</i>, which carried a towing torpedo. The boats were convoyed from Odessa by the <i>Constantine</i>, @@ -10302,8 +10264,8 @@ fulminate fuze to explode; dry, it may be exploded by a fulminate fuze, &c.</p> <p>Then nitro-glycerine, when exploded by 15 grains of fulminate -of mercury, and at a temperature above 40° F., is very violently -detonated; below 40° F. it freezes and cannot be similarly exploded.</p> +of mercury, and at a temperature above 40° F., is very violently +detonated; below 40° F. it freezes and cannot be similarly exploded.</p> <p>To obtain the full effect of all explosives, confinement is absolutely necessary.</p> @@ -10437,16 +10399,16 @@ results:—</p> <td align="center" class='brb'> 1st Order. </td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='brl'>Gunpowder</td> -<td align="center" class='br'>1·00</td> -<td align="center" class='br'> 4·34</td> +<td align="center" class='br'>1·00</td> +<td align="center" class='br'> 4·34</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='brl'>Gun-cotton</td> -<td align="center" class='br'>3·00</td> -<td align="center" class='br'> 6·46</td> +<td align="center" class='br'>3·00</td> +<td align="center" class='br'> 6·46</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='brlb'>Nitro-glycerine</td> -<td align="center" class='brb'>4·80</td> -<td align="center" class='brb'>10·13</td> +<td align="center" class='brb'>4·80</td> +<td align="center" class='brb'>10·13</td> </tr> </table></div> @@ -10522,7 +10484,7 @@ being accompanied by a great evolution of heat and expansion of gas, and the nitrogen is set free.</p> <p><i>Properties, &c.</i>—A spark, friction between hard bodies, or a temperature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> -of 572° F., are any of them sufficient to cause an explosion of +of 572° F., are any of them sufficient to cause an explosion of gunpowder.</p> <p>Slight moisture, due to damp air, &c., produces caking and @@ -10589,7 +10551,7 @@ may be taken up, and thus any dilution of the nitric acid is prevented.</p> oxygen, as indicated by the equation <i>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub></i>.</p> <p><i>Properties, &c.</i>—At ordinary temperatures nitro-glycerine is an -oily liquid, having a specific gravity of 1·6. Freshly made it is creamy +oily liquid, having a specific gravity of 1·6. Freshly made it is creamy white and opaque, but clears and becomes colourless on standing for a certain time, depending on the temperature.</p> @@ -10598,10 +10560,10 @@ aromatic taste, and produces a violent headache if placed upon the tongue.</p> <p>The opaque, freshly made nitro-glycerine does not freeze until the -temperature is lowered to 3°-5° below zero, F., but, when cleared, it -freezes at 39°-40° F. Nitro-glycerine freezes to a white crystalline +temperature is lowered to 3°-5° below zero, F., but, when cleared, it +freezes at 39°-40° F. Nitro-glycerine freezes to a white crystalline mass, and in this state it can be thawed by placing the vessel containing -it in water, at a temperature not over 100° F.</p> +it in water, at a temperature not over 100° F.</p> <p>If flame is applied to freely exposed nitro-glycerine, it burns slowly without explosion.</p> @@ -10615,7 +10577,7 @@ may happen. When pure, it is not sensitive to friction, or moderate percussion. If struck with a hammer, only the particle receiving the blow explodes, the remainder being scattered.</p> -<p>The firing point of nitro-glycerine is about 356° F., though it begins +<p>The firing point of nitro-glycerine is about 356° F., though it begins to decompose at a lower temperature.</p> <p>The mode of firing nitro-glycerine usually employed is that of a @@ -10648,7 +10610,7 @@ by twenty-five parts of a porous siliceous earth or "kieselguhr."</p> <p>The nitro-glycerine is mixed by means of wooden spatulas with the fine white powder (kieselguhr) in a leaden vessel.</p> -<p>It freezes at 39°-40° F., and when solidly frozen cannot be exploded, +<p>It freezes at 39°-40° F., and when solidly frozen cannot be exploded, but if in a pulverised state it can be exploded, though with diminished violence.</p> @@ -10657,7 +10619,7 @@ water.</p> <p>Friction or moderate percussion does not explode it.</p> -<p>Its firing point is 356° F.</p> +<p>Its firing point is 356° F.</p> <p>If flame be applied to it, it burns with a strong flame.</p> @@ -10696,7 +10658,7 @@ cotton, its composition being indicated by the formula <i>CH<sub>7</sub>(NO<sub> gun-cotton is as follows:—</p> <p>Cotton waste is the form of cotton used; it is picked and cleaned, -thoroughly dried at 160° F., and then allowed to cool.</p> +thoroughly dried at 160° F., and then allowed to cool.</p> <p>The strongest nitric and sulphuric acids are employed, mixed in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter by @@ -10826,9 +10788,9 @@ by a bullet on passing through the side of the box.</p> <p>Gun-cotton is insoluble in and unaffected by water.</p> -<p>The firing point of gun-cotton is about 360° F.</p> +<p>The firing point of gun-cotton is about 360° F.</p> -<p>The temperature of explosion of gun-cotton is about 8700° F., +<p>The temperature of explosion of gun-cotton is about 8700° F., being more than double that of gunpowder. Gun-cotton is not sensitive to friction or percussion.</p> @@ -10882,7 +10844,7 @@ several times by decantation or upon a filter.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p> -<p>Dry fulminate of mercury explodes violently when heated to 367° +<p>Dry fulminate of mercury explodes violently when heated to 367° F., when forcibly struck by the electric spark, &c.</p> <p>When wet it is inexplosive, and therefore it is always kept wet, @@ -11133,31 +11095,31 @@ the water line, 2-1/6' from the centre of the <i>iron</i> bottom.</p> and sunk in 1-1/2 minutes.</p> <p>No. 1 Mine.—Timbers broken and thrown inside, into the hold, on -a space of about 15' × 8'; three more timbers on one side of this hole +a space of about 15' × 8'; three more timbers on one side of this hole broken; inside oak planking rent off on a length of 14'; two iron bands torn up and bent, one of them broken in two places; outside planking -torn off on a space of 21' × 12'; several planks still higher up +torn off on a space of 21' × 12'; several planks still higher up broken.</p> <p>No. 2 Mine.—Timbers blown away on a space of about 8' square; inside planking torn off on a length of 20'; two iron bands broken, and torn up and bent; and outside planking rent off on a space of -19' × 12'.</p> +19' × 12'.</p> -<p>No. 3 Mine.—Timbers blown away on a space of 10-1/2' × 12' at one +<p>No. 3 Mine.—Timbers blown away on a space of 10-1/2' × 12' at one end, and 6' at the other; inside planking off for a length of 14'; one iron<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> band torn up, and one broken; outside planking off on a space of -18' × 25' × 15'.</p> +18' × 25' × 15'.</p> -<p>No. 4 Mine.—Timbers blown away on a space 4' × 16'; on the +<p>No. 4 Mine.—Timbers blown away on a space 4' × 16'; on the sides of this hole, ten timbers were broken; two iron bands torn up, and one broken; inside planking off for a length of 20'; outside -planking off for a space of 20' × 23' × 10', and 13 feet.</p> +planking off for a space of 20' × 23' × 10', and 13 feet.</p> <p>No. 5 Mine.—The gas sphere of this mine had hit the middle of the outside plates on one of the angle-iron ribs. This rib was torn from the timbers and bent up, nearly 2' in the middle, but not broken. -There was an oval hole in the outside plates 4' × 3' between two ribs, +There was an oval hole in the outside plates 4' × 3' between two ribs, which ribs, with the plates on edge riveted to them, were bulged out about 5 inches. The inner plate, one large piece was blown up in a vertical position, after having cut all the bolts and rivets, sixty of 1", @@ -11192,7 +11154,7 @@ target, 7-1/2' below the surface of the water, and 7' from top of target.</p> <p>Effect of explosion on the target:—"Front of centre compartment destroyed and top blown off. Plate representing inner skin destroyed. Back of centre compartment (rear face of the target) much bulged, and -penetrated; the hole measured 36' × 15". Large portions of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +penetrated; the hole measured 36' × 15". Large portions of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> target were thrown to a height of 150 to 200 feet, and from 80 to 100 yards' distance."</p> @@ -11209,13 +11171,13 @@ seriously injured by a torpedo exploded in contact with it.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">1st Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Target:—1" thick, and 2' × 2', supported in a horizontal position +<p>Target:—1" thick, and 2' × 2', supported in a horizontal position on a substructure consisting of 8" timber resting on two pieces of 6" timber under two sides, and completely supported by earth up to lower edge of substructure.</p> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a square wooden case -2-1/4" high, and 5·5" × 5·5"; it was placed on the middle of the earth +2-1/4" high, and 5·5" × 5·5"; it was placed on the middle of the earth with 8" of earth tamping; this tamping representing the resistance of a thin stratum of water.</p> @@ -11225,11 +11187,11 @@ substructure crushed.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">2nd Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Target:—2" thick, and 2' × 2-1/2', supported in a horizontal position +<p>Target:—2" thick, and 2' × 2-1/2', supported in a horizontal position on a substructure as above, but resting on four piles of 6" x 6" timber.</p> -<p>Torpedo:—8·9 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a wooden case 4" high, -and 5" × 10". It was laid with one edge on the plate, the other edge +<p>Torpedo:—8·9 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a wooden case 4" high, +and 5" × 10". It was laid with one edge on the plate, the other edge 3" above the plate; same tamping as above.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—The plate broken into three pieces, and @@ -11238,12 +11200,12 @@ substructure crushed.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">3rd Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Target:—5" thick, and 3' 8" × 4' 7", supported in a horizontal -position on a substructure as above, but eight piles of 6" × 6" timber +<p>Target:—5" thick, and 3' 8" × 4' 7", supported in a horizontal +position on a substructure as above, but eight piles of 6" × 6" timber used. Plate bolted to the structure with eights.</p> -<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a wooden case, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> -same thickness as the Harvey torpedo, and 4" × 13" × 21"; it was +<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a wooden case, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +same thickness as the Harvey torpedo, and 4" × 13" × 21"; it was placed with surface against the plate, one edge 2" and the other 5-1/2" from the plate; tamping as before.</p> @@ -11253,12 +11215,12 @@ completely crushed.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">4th Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Target:—5" thick, and 3' 8" × 4' 7"; this was the same plate as +<p>Target:—5" thick, and 3' 8" × 4' 7"; this was the same plate as used in the previous experiment, laid with bulge uppermost on two beams under the short sides.</p> -<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a cylindrical tin box -7-1/2" × 2'; it was placed on top of plate 11" from one side and with +<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a cylindrical tin box +7-1/2" × 2'; it was placed on top of plate 11" from one side and with ends 9-1/2" from edge of plate; tamping as before.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—A corner of the plate broken off.</p> @@ -11268,8 +11230,8 @@ ends 9-1/2" from edge of plate; tamping as before.</p> <p>Target:—Same plate placed vertically in the earth.</p> -<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a cylindrical tin box -8·5" × 18"; it was placed on timber, so as to rest against the face and +<p>Torpedo:—44·4 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a cylindrical tin box +8·5" × 18"; it was placed on timber, so as to rest against the face and centre of the plate; tamping as usual.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Plate broken into four pieces, two of which @@ -11305,8 +11267,8 @@ fuzes were employed.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">1st Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in cylindrical steel case, -no air space; height 10·75", diameter 10·75", and thickness 1/32". It -was placed 25·5' from the target, opposite No. 7 frame, and 9·25' below +no air space; height 10·75", diameter 10·75", and thickness 1/32". It +was placed 25·5' from the target, opposite No. 7 frame, and 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Ship appeared to be lifted bodily. A rivet @@ -11317,9 +11279,9 @@ was not very great.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">2nd Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Torpedo:—47·2 lbs. of dynamite, in cylindrical steel case, no air +<p>Torpedo:—47·2 lbs. of dynamite, in cylindrical steel case, no air space; height 12", diameter 12", and thickness 1/32". It was placed -25·5' from No. 5 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> +25·5' from No. 5 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Ship appeared to be lifted bodily. A leak was started in the outer bottom opposite to charge, caused by the @@ -11330,8 +11292,8 @@ loosening of five rivets.</p> <p>Torpedo:—112 lbs. of gunpowder, rifle small grain, enclosed in cylindrical steel case placed inside an iron case, with an air space all -round; steel case, 9-1/2" × 22-1/2" × 1/32"; iron case 33" × 25" × 1/4". It was -placed 12' from No. 5 frame, 9·25' below the surface.</p> +round; steel case, 9-1/2" × 22-1/2" × 1/32"; iron case 33" × 25" × 1/4". It was +placed 12' from No. 5 frame, 9·25' below the surface.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Centre of ship lifted bodily, as if her back was broken; ship then rolled heavily to port. On board fire engines and @@ -11348,7 +11310,7 @@ experiment.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">4th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed as in first experiment. It -was placed 15' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> +was placed 15' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Ship rolled slightly to port. A bolt securing the midship transverse bulkhead to beam was sheared. No damage @@ -11358,7 +11320,7 @@ done to the target.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">5th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—66 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in steel cylindrical case, -no air space, 13·5" × 13" × 1/32". It was placed 21' from No. 3 frame, 9·25' +no air space, 13·5" × 13" × 1/32". It was placed 21' from No. 3 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—A rivet in outer bottom, above water line at @@ -11370,7 +11332,7 @@ perceptible. Several shores slightly displaced.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">6th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed as in first experiment. It -was placed 12·75' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the +was placed 12·75' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Ship not lifted as much as was the case in @@ -11383,17 +11345,17 @@ and many rivets started.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">7th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed as in first experiment. It -was placed 4' from No. 4 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> +was placed 4' from No. 4 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Effect very great; ship hurled suddenly to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> starboard. On going on board two minutes after the explosion, the fore compartment was found full, the after compartment became full ten minutes later. Shores and struts were considerably displaced, and there was evidence that the ship had sustained a severe shock. Outer -bottom injured over an area 14' × 16', the plates being split in all +bottom injured over an area 14' × 16', the plates being split in all directions; one piece, 5' square, was torn completely off, and an irregular -hole was formed in the outer skin 14' × 12'. In the inner bottom below -the wing passage bulkhead a piece 6' × 9' was blown completely out; +hole was formed in the outer skin 14' × 12'. In the inner bottom below +the wing passage bulkhead a piece 6' × 9' was blown completely out; the wing passage bulkhead was torn from the longitudinal frame and split from top to bottom. The inner skin above the upper longitudinal frame was torn from the latter, and forced in and upwards, but was not @@ -11406,7 +11368,7 @@ was forced in 7', or 4' beyond where the <i>inner</i> bottom had been.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">8th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—660 lbs. of gunpowder, enclosed in a buoyant cylindrical -1/4" iron case. It was placed 32·3' from No. 4 frame, 29·25" below the +1/4" iron case. It was placed 32·3' from No. 4 frame, 29·25" below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—The ship and target had been thoroughly @@ -11418,7 +11380,7 @@ produced on the target by the explosion.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">9th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—19 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a cylindrical steel case -with arched ends. It was placed 10·5' from No. 3 frame, 9·25' below +with arched ends. It was placed 10·5' from No. 3 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Effect produced apparently equal to that by @@ -11429,16 +11391,16 @@ No. 3 charge of 112 lbs. of gunpowder at 12'; indentation being from <h3><span class="smcap">10th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—19 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a case similar to that -used in the 9th experiment. It was placed 3·3' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' +used in the 9th experiment. It was placed 3·3' from No. 7 frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> -<p>Effect of explosion:—Hole produced in outer skin, 6·5' × 2' to 5'; +<p>Effect of explosion:—Hole produced in outer skin, 6·5' × 2' to 5'; inner skin only bulged and slightly cracked in two places. Above the -longitudinal frame, a bulge was made in the outer skin 8' × 7', with the +longitudinal frame, a bulge was made in the outer skin 8' × 7', with the above-mentioned hole; below the longitudinal frame the indentation -was 14' × 5' and 2·1" deep, with two horizontal cracks 10' x 13', and +was 14' × 5' and 2·1" deep, with two horizontal cracks 10' x 13', and several inches broad.</p> @@ -11446,8 +11408,8 @@ several inches broad.</p> <p>Torpedo:—112 lbs. of gunpowder, enclosed in a cylindrical case of 3/64" steel, placed in a 3/16" steel case, with 223 lbs. of buoyancy. Ignition -effected by a glass igniting bottle. It was placed 5·75' from No. 5 -frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> +effected by a glass igniting bottle. It was placed 5·75' from No. 5 +frame, 9·25' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—There was but little upcast of water outside the ship, but a great upcast through the ship. She immediately lurched @@ -11510,7 +11472,7 @@ water during the experiments was 11 feet.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">1st Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—500 lbs. of gun-cotton, in discs saturated with water, -and enclosed in an iron cylindrical case, 34" × 30" × 1/4", with arched +and enclosed in an iron cylindrical case, 34" × 30" × 1/4", with arched ends; the primer consisted of two dry discs, and two detonators. It was placed 101' horizontal from the target, and opposite the condenser on the starboard side; 47' below the surface of the water, on the ground.</p> @@ -11563,7 +11525,7 @@ rendered unserviceable.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">5th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—Same charge as before, but the primer consisted of four -dry discs, and two detonators. It was placed 28·5' horizontal, opposite +dry discs, and two detonators. It was placed 28·5' horizontal, opposite No. 9 frame, on the starboard side, 36' from the stern; 48' below the surface of the water, and 22' from the ground.</p> @@ -11579,8 +11541,8 @@ disturbed over a space of 100 feet; inner bottom uninjured.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">6th Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—As in previous experiment. It was placed on the -ground, 28·5' horizontal, opposite No. 36 frame on the starboard side, -and 30 feet from the stern; 49·5' below the surface of the water.</p> +ground, 28·5' horizontal, opposite No. 36 frame on the starboard side, +and 30 feet from the stern; 49·5' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Several plates in the outer bottom were cracked, and outer bottom made to leak in several places, owing to the fractures in @@ -11628,7 +11590,7 @@ Kingston valves.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">1st Experiment.</span></h3> <p>Torpedo:—617 lbs. of dynamite. It was 62' horizontally from the -keel, 53' actual distance from the side, and opposite amidships, 40·5' +keel, 53' actual distance from the side, and opposite amidships, 40·5' below the surface of the water, and 20' from the ground.</p> <p>Pontoon:—Draught of water 19', and moored in 62' of water.</p> @@ -11636,7 +11598,7 @@ below the surface of the water, and 20' from the ground.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—The pontoon moved away bodily a distance of 13 feet; a few rivets in the outer bottom were started, and the outer skin was slightly indented between the frames; the maximum -indentation being 1·5". No other damage was sustained by the hull. +indentation being 1·5". No other damage was sustained by the hull. Several of the screws securing the flanges of the Kingston valves were slightly loosened.</p> @@ -11647,7 +11609,7 @@ slightly loosened.</p> from the keel, 48' actual distance from the side, and opposite amidships; 36' below the surface of the water, and 42' from the ground.</p> -<p>Pontoon:—Draught of water 19·5', and moored in 74' of water.</p> +<p>Pontoon:—Draught of water 19·5', and moored in 74' of water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—The pontoon, which had been more rigidly moored than in the previous experiment, was moved bodily away a @@ -11676,7 +11638,7 @@ been detailed at <a href="#Page_224">page 224</a>, &c.</p> 1/4" steel case with domed ends, and contained in an inner 1/16" steel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> case. It was ignited by two Von Ebner fuzes placed in a charge of 1/4 lb. of gunpowder and enclosed in a glass bottle. It was placed 5' -horizontally from the water line, 23·75' actual distance from target, +horizontally from the water line, 23·75' actual distance from target, and opposite No. 5 (middle) frame of target, 29' below the surface of the water.</p> @@ -11751,10 +11713,10 @@ to the vessel's side, 9-1/4' below the surface of the water.</p> fired simultaneously. The outer bottom was blown in from the upper edge of the flat keel plate to the underside of the water-tight longitudinal, and fore and aft from No. 2 to No. 6 frames; an area -16' × 8-5/6'. Flat keel plates were broken between No. 2 and No. 4 +16' × 8-5/6'. Flat keel plates were broken between No. 2 and No. 4 frames, and the 4th strake of the bottom plating was broken, and the frames for that space blown in. Two holes were blown through the -inner bottom, measuring respectively 2' × 2' and 7' × 1', making the +inner bottom, measuring respectively 2' × 2' and 7' × 1', making the total area of the inner bottom destroyed, 11 square feet.</p> @@ -11762,20 +11724,20 @@ total area of the inner bottom destroyed, 11 square feet.</p> <p>Torpedo:—33 lbs. of granulated gun-cotton, saturated with water; total weight of charge being about 41 lbs. It was enclosed in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> -1/4" iron case, 12-1/2" × 12" × 12-1/2", the primer being 2-1/2 lbs. of slab gun-cotton, +1/4" iron case, 12-1/2" × 12" × 12-1/2", the primer being 2-1/2 lbs. of slab gun-cotton, included in the 33 lbs. It was placed at 4' actual distance from the target, measuring from the centre of the case, and opposite No. 30-1/2 solid frame on the starboard side; 9-1/4' below the surface of the water.</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—Outer bottom blown in from upper edge of the lower longitudinal to the lower edge of the upper longitudinal -between Nos. 28 and 32 frames; an area of 18 × 11 feet. The butts +between Nos. 28 and 32 frames; an area of 18 × 11 feet. The butts of the flat keel were started and the plating broken across No. 30-1/2 frame from the flat keel plate to the upper deck. Shelf plate at Nos. 30-1/2 and 32-1/2 frames was broken. Nos. 29, 30, and 31 frames were blown in from first to third longitudinal; lower longitudinal from No. 28 to 31 also blown in. Two holes were blown through the inner bottom, -measuring respectively 6 × 1·5' and 5' × ·25', making the total area of +measuring respectively 6 × 1·5' and 5' × ·25', making the total area of inner bottom destroyed 10 square feet. A steam launch with steam up and outrigger torpedo gear in place, one pole being rigged out, was placed with the stem of the boat 22' horizontally from the torpedo. @@ -11786,7 +11748,7 @@ She was uninjured and shipped very little water.</p> <p>Torpedo:—31 lbs. 14 oz. of gun-cotton in slabs, saturated with water, total weight about 40 lbs. It was enclosed in a 1/4" iron case -12-1/2" × 12-1/2" × 6"; primer being 20 oz. of gun-cotton, included in the +12-1/2" × 12-1/2" × 6"; primer being 20 oz. of gun-cotton, included in the 31 lbs. 14 oz. It was placed at 4' actual distance from the target measuring from the centre of the case, and opposite No. 30-1/2 solid frame on the port side; 9-1/4' below the surface of the water.</p> @@ -11795,7 +11757,7 @@ frame on the port side; 9-1/4' below the surface of the water.</p> manner to that described in the third experiment. Outer angle irons of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd longitudinals were started in the wake of the broken place. A hole was blown through the inner bottom, measuring -9·5' × 1', or about 10 square feet in area. The bolts of the outer +9·5' × 1', or about 10 square feet in area. The bolts of the outer bottom plate of stern post much open, and at Nos. 16 and 17 on the port side the upper two strakes were buckled and the shelf plate started.</p> @@ -11882,14 +11844,14 @@ other mines were uninjured.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">1st Experiment.</span></h3> <p><i>Experiments at Carlscrona, Sweden, 1874.</i>—Countermines:—226 lbs. -of dynamite, enclosed in a case 17-1/2" × 20" × 1/8". It was moored 9-3/4' +of dynamite, enclosed in a case 17-1/2" × 20" × 1/8". It was moored 9-3/4' below the surface, the depth of water being 41 feet.</p> <p>Submarine mines:—(<i>a</i>) cast iron ground 600 lb. mines, dome shaped, -48-3/4" × 21-1/2" × 2"; (<i>b</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, empty, 11-1/2" × -11-1/2" × 1/8"; (<i>c</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, charged, 11-1/2" × 11-1/2" × 1/8"; -(<i>d</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, 30-1/4" × 30-1/4" × 1/8"; (<i>e</i>) spherical -cases, wrought iron, 32-1/2" × 1/8"; (<i>f</i>) spherical cases, tinned steel, 12" × 1/8".</p> +48-3/4" × 21-1/2" × 2"; (<i>b</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, empty, 11-1/2" × +11-1/2" × 1/8"; (<i>c</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, charged, 11-1/2" × 11-1/2" × 1/8"; +(<i>d</i>) cylindrical cases, wrought iron, 30-1/4" × 30-1/4" × 1/8"; (<i>e</i>) spherical +cases, wrought iron, 32-1/2" × 1/8"; (<i>f</i>) spherical cases, tinned steel, 12" × 1/8".</p> <p>Effect of explosion:—(<i>b</i>) mine, at 34' distance, was destroyed, and one at 92' distance was slightly bulged; (<i>c</i>) mine, 58' distance, mouthpiece @@ -11915,8 +11877,8 @@ distance, bolt loosened; (<i>f</i>) mine, at 68' distance, not injured.</p> <h3><span class="smcap">3rd Experiment.</span></h3> -<p>Countermine:—453 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a case, 24-1/2" × -28-1/4" × 1/8". It was moored 9-3/4' below the surface; depth of water as +<p>Countermine:—453 lbs. of dynamite, enclosed in a case, 24-1/2" × +28-1/4" × 1/8". It was moored 9-3/4' below the surface; depth of water as before.</p> <p>Submarine mines:—As before.</p> @@ -12712,7 +12674,7 @@ a position that the beam of light acts as a background to them. Under very favourable circumstances, the distance at which the above effect may be observed is much increased.</p> -<p>The parabolic reflector extends only about an arc of 33° at 540 +<p>The parabolic reflector extends only about an arc of 33° at 540 yards' distance from the light.</p> <p>One defect of this form of reflector is, that it is rapidly dimmed @@ -12723,9 +12685,9 @@ a more concentrated beam than the parabolic reflector. By means of such a beam of light, a torpedo boat may be discerned at about one mile distance. By adding divergent lens to the holophote, a less powerful and less concentrated beam of light will be thrown out; in -this case about 20° of surrounding water would be well illuminated at +this case about 20° of surrounding water would be well illuminated at about 900 yards' distance, while without the divergent lens there -would be only about 5° so illuminated but far more brilliantly.</p> +would be only about 5° so illuminated but far more brilliantly.</p> <p>The distance at which objects can be detected by the electric light depends on their size and <i>colour</i>, more particularly on the latter.</p> @@ -12820,12 +12782,12 @@ plate placed in front of a 1/2 inch steel plate with a space of 3 feet between them, this target representing the plates and boiler of a torpedo boat.</p> -<p>At the same distance, at 30° angle against the line of fire, it will +<p>At the same distance, at 30° angle against the line of fire, it will penetrate a 1/2", 1/4", or 3/16" steel plate.</p> <p>The holes in some instances are from 6 to 11 inches in length, and -2-1/2 inches in height. Angle of depression 20°, of elevation 30°, and of -direction 360°.</p> +2-1/2 inches in height. Angle of depression 20°, of elevation 30°, and of +direction 360°.</p> <p>Weight of the gun 3-3/4 cwt., and weight of carriage 2-1/2 cwt.</p> @@ -13215,15 +13177,15 @@ by the number 100, then</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="conducting power of metals"> <tr><td align="left"> </td> <td align="left">Pure </td> -<td align="left">Copper will be equal to 99·9,</td> +<td align="left">Copper will be equal to 99·9,</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"> </td> -<td align="left">Gold will be equal to 78·0,</td> +<td align="left">Gold will be equal to 78·0,</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left">while </td> <td align="left">Zinc </td> -<td align="left">will be only equal to 29·0,</td> +<td align="left">will be only equal to 29·0,</td> </tr> </table></div> @@ -13489,7 +13451,7 @@ element because the current begins there, <i>within</i> the cell, and the negative <i>pole</i> because it ends there, <i>outside</i>.</p> <p>The positive pole is the terminal of the negative plate, and <i>vice -versâ</i>. There is but one current from a battery, viz. a positive one; +versâ</i>. There is but one current from a battery, viz. a positive one; what is called a negative current is merely the positive current passing in the reverse direction from the same pole, that is, the positive pole.</p> @@ -13627,7 +13589,7 @@ electrode.<a name="FNanchor_X_24" id="FNanchor_X_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_X_24 <td align="left" rowspan='2' class='brtb'> </td> <td align="left" rowspan='2' colspan='2'> Oxide of Zinc</td> <td align="left" rowspan='4' class='brtb'> </td> -<td align="left" rowspan='2'>. ·</td> +<td align="left" rowspan='2'>. ·</td> <td align="left" rowspan='2' class='bltb'> </td> <td align="center" rowspan='2'>Sulphate of Zinc found at positive plate.</td> </tr> @@ -13656,11 +13618,11 @@ electrode.<a name="FNanchor_X_24" id="FNanchor_X_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_X_24 </table></div> -<p><i>Description of the "Callaud" and "Marié-Davy" Batteries.</i>—The +<p><i>Description of the "Callaud" and "Marié-Davy" Batteries.</i>—The Voltaic batteries in general use for the different purposes of torpedo warfare have been fully described in <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV</a>., and therefore it will be only necessary here to explain the construction of the "Callaud" -and "Marié-Davy" batteries, these being much used abroad in connection +and "Marié-Davy" batteries, these being much used abroad in connection with telegraphy.</p> <p>The <i>Callaud</i> cell, named from the inventor, is a modification of the @@ -13674,7 +13636,7 @@ is then poured in, and on the top is fitted a zinc plate, which forms the positive element. The vessel must not be shaken, or the sulphate of copper when dissolving will mix with the solution above it.</p> -<p>The <i>Marié-Davy</i> cell consists of a carbon electrode in a paste of +<p>The <i>Marié-Davy</i> cell consists of a carbon electrode in a paste of proto-sulphate of mercury and water contained in a porous pot, and a zinc electrode in dilute sulphuric acid, or in sulphate of zinc.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p> @@ -13892,7 +13854,7 @@ pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of another, and therefore, as the earth is considered as one vast magnet, the end of the magnetic needle attracted to the north pole of earth magnet should be the south pole of the magnet; thus the French south pole in a magnet is the -English north pole, and <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> +English north pole, and <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> <p><i>Permanent Magnets.</i>—A piece of steel when magnetised is termed a <i>permanent</i> magnet, because it retains its magnetism for a considerable @@ -14179,1108 +14141,1108 @@ government, and also by the principal continental powers.</p> <td align="left" class='bb'>150 + α</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 145</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 59·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·017</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 59·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·017</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 144·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 53·54</td> -<td align="left"> 0·019</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 144·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 53·54</td> +<td align="left"> 0·019</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 143·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 45·15</td> -<td align="left"> 0·022</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 143·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 45·15</td> +<td align="left"> 0·022</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 143</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 41·86</td> -<td align="left"> 0·024</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 41·86</td> +<td align="left"> 0·024</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 142·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 39·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·026</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 142·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 39·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·026</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 142</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 36·50</td> -<td align="left"> 0·028</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 36·50</td> +<td align="left"> 0·028</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 141·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 34·29</td> -<td align="left"> 0·029</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 141·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 34·29</td> +<td align="left"> 0·029</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 141</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 32·33</td> -<td align="left"> 0·031</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 32·33</td> +<td align="left"> 0·031</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 140·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 30·58</td> -<td align="left"> 0·033</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 140·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 30·58</td> +<td align="left"> 0·033</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 140</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 29·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·035</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 29·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·035</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 139·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 27·57</td> -<td align="left"> 0·036</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 139·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 27·57</td> +<td align="left"> 0·036</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 139</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 26·27</td> -<td align="left"> 0·038</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 26·27</td> +<td align="left"> 0·038</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 138·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 25·09</td> -<td align="left"> 0·040</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 138·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 25·09</td> +<td align="left"> 0·040</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 138</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 24·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·042</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 24·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·042</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 137·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 23·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·044</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 137·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 23·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·044</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 137</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 22·08</td> -<td align="left"> 0·045</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 22·08</td> +<td align="left"> 0·045</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 136·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 21·22</td> -<td align="left"> 0·047</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 136·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 21·22</td> +<td align="left"> 0·047</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 136</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 20·43</td> -<td align="left"> 0·049</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 20·43</td> +<td align="left"> 0·049</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 135·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 19·69</td> -<td align="left"> 0·051</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 135·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 19·69</td> +<td align="left"> 0·051</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 135</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 19·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·052</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 19·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·052</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 134·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 18·35</td> -<td align="left"> 0·054</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 134·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 18·35</td> +<td align="left"> 0·054</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 134</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 17·75</td> -<td align="left"> 0·056</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 17·75</td> +<td align="left"> 0·056</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 133·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 17·18</td> -<td align="left"> 0·058</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 133·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 17·18</td> +<td align="left"> 0·058</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 133</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 16·65</td> -<td align="left"> 0·060</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 16·65</td> +<td align="left"> 0·060</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 132·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 16·14</td> -<td align="left"> 0·062</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 132·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 16·14</td> +<td align="left"> 0·062</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 132</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 15·67</td> -<td align="left"> 0·064</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 15·67</td> +<td align="left"> 0·064</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 131·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 15·22</td> -<td align="left"> 0·066</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 131·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 15·22</td> +<td align="left"> 0·066</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 131</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 14·79</td> -<td align="left"> 0·068</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 14·79</td> +<td align="left"> 0·068</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 130·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 14·38</td> -<td align="left"> 0·070</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 130·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 14·38</td> +<td align="left"> 0·070</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 130</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 14·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·071</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 14·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·071</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 129·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 13·63</td> -<td align="left"> 0·073</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 129·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 13·63</td> +<td align="left"> 0·073</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 129</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 13·28</td> -<td align="left"> 0·075</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 13·28</td> +<td align="left"> 0·075</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 128·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 12·95</td> -<td align="left"> 0·077</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 128·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 12·95</td> +<td align="left"> 0·077</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 128</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 12·64</td> -<td align="left"> 0·079</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 12·64</td> +<td align="left"> 0·079</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 127·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 12·33</td> -<td align="left"> 0·081</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 127·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 12·33</td> +<td align="left"> 0·081</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 127</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 12·04</td> -<td align="left"> 0·083</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 12·04</td> +<td align="left"> 0·083</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 126·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 11·76</td> -<td align="left"> 0·085</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 126·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 11·76</td> +<td align="left"> 0·085</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 126</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 11·50</td> -<td align="left"> 0·087</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 11·50</td> +<td align="left"> 0·087</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 125·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 11·24</td> -<td align="left"> 0·089</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 125·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 11·24</td> +<td align="left"> 0·089</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 125</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 11·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·091</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 11·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·091</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 124·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 10·76</td> -<td align="left"> 0·093</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 124·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 10·76</td> +<td align="left"> 0·093</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 124</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 10·54</td> -<td align="left"> 0·095</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 10·54</td> +<td align="left"> 0·095</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 123·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 10·32</td> -<td align="left"> 0·097</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 123·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 10·32</td> +<td align="left"> 0·097</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 123</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 10·11</td> -<td align="left"> 0·099</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 10·11</td> +<td align="left"> 0·099</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 122·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·91</td> -<td align="left"> 0·101</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 122·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·91</td> +<td align="left"> 0·101</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 122</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·72</td> -<td align="left"> 0·103</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·72</td> +<td align="left"> 0·103</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 121·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·53</td> -<td align="left"> 0·105</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 121·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·53</td> +<td align="left"> 0·105</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 121</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·35</td> -<td align="left"> 0·107</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·35</td> +<td align="left"> 0·107</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 120·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·17</td> -<td align="left"> 0·109</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 120·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·17</td> +<td align="left"> 0·109</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 120</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 9·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·111</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 9·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·111</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 119·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·84</td> -<td align="left"> 0·113</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 119·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·84</td> +<td align="left"> 0·113</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 119</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·68</td> -<td align="left"> 0·115</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·68</td> +<td align="left"> 0·115</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 118·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·52</td> -<td align="left"> 0·117</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 118·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·52</td> +<td align="left"> 0·117</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 118</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·37</td> -<td align="left"> 0·119</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·37</td> +<td align="left"> 0·119</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 117·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·23</td> -<td align="left"> 0·121</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 117·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·23</td> +<td align="left"> 0·121</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 117</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 8·09</td> -<td align="left"> 0·123</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 8·09</td> +<td align="left"> 0·123</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 116·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·96</td> -<td align="left"> 0·126</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 116·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·96</td> +<td align="left"> 0·126</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 116</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·82</td> -<td align="left"> 0·128</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·82</td> +<td align="left"> 0·128</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 115·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·69</td> -<td align="left"> 0·130</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 115·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·69</td> +<td align="left"> 0·130</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 115</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·57</td> -<td align="left"> 0·132</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·57</td> +<td align="left"> 0·132</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 114·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·45</td> -<td align="left"> 0·134</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 114·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·45</td> +<td align="left"> 0·134</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 114</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·33</td> -<td align="left"> 0·136</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·33</td> +<td align="left"> 0·136</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 113·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·22</td> -<td align="left"> 0·139</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 113·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·22</td> +<td align="left"> 0·139</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 113</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·11</td> -<td align="left"> 0·141</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·11</td> +<td align="left"> 0·141</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 112·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 7·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·143</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 112·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 7·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·143</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 112</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·89</td> -<td align="left"> 0·145</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·89</td> +<td align="left"> 0·145</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 111·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·79</td> -<td align="left"> 0·147</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 111·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·79</td> +<td align="left"> 0·147</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 111</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·69</td> -<td align="left"> 0·150</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·69</td> +<td align="left"> 0·150</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 110·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·59</td> -<td align="left"> 0·152</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 110·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·59</td> +<td align="left"> 0·152</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 110</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·50</td> -<td align="left"> 0·154</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·50</td> +<td align="left"> 0·154</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 109·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·41</td> -<td align="left"> 0·156</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 109·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·41</td> +<td align="left"> 0·156</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 109</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·32</td> -<td align="left"> 0·158</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·32</td> +<td align="left"> 0·158</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 108·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·23</td> -<td align="left"> 0·160</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 108·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·23</td> +<td align="left"> 0·160</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 108</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·14</td> -<td align="left"> 0·163</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·14</td> +<td align="left"> 0·163</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 107·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 6·06</td> -<td align="left"> 0·165</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 107·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 6·06</td> +<td align="left"> 0·165</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 107</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·97</td> -<td align="left"> 0·168</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·97</td> +<td align="left"> 0·168</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 106·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·89</td> -<td align="left"> 0·170</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 106·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·89</td> +<td align="left"> 0·170</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 106</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·82</td> -<td align="left"> 0·172</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·82</td> +<td align="left"> 0·172</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 105·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·74</td> -<td align="left"> 0·174</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 105·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·74</td> +<td align="left"> 0·174</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 105</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·67</td> -<td align="left"> 0·176</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·67</td> +<td align="left"> 0·176</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 104</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·52</td> -<td align="left"> 0·182</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·52</td> +<td align="left"> 0·182</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 103·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·45</td> -<td align="left"> 0·183</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 103·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·45</td> +<td align="left"> 0·183</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 103</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·38</td> -<td align="left"> 0·186</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·38</td> +<td align="left"> 0·186</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 102·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·31</td> -<td align="left"> 0·188</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 102·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·31</td> +<td align="left"> 0·188</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 102</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·25</td> -<td align="left"> 0·190</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·25</td> +<td align="left"> 0·190</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 101·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·18</td> -<td align="left"> 0·193</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 101·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·18</td> +<td align="left"> 0·193</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 101</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·12</td> -<td align="left"> 0·195</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·12</td> +<td align="left"> 0·195</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 100·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·06</td> -<td align="left"> 0·198</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 100·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·06</td> +<td align="left"> 0·198</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 100</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 5·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·200</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 5·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·200</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 99·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·94</td> -<td align="left"> 0·202</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 99·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·94</td> +<td align="left"> 0·202</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 99</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·88</td> -<td align="left"> 0·205</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·88</td> +<td align="left"> 0·205</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 98·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·82</td> -<td align="left"> 0·207</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 98·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·82</td> +<td align="left"> 0·207</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 98</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·77</td> -<td align="left"> 0·209</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·77</td> +<td align="left"> 0·209</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 97·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·71</td> -<td align="left"> 0·212</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 97·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·71</td> +<td align="left"> 0·212</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 97</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·66</td> -<td align="left"> 0·215</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·66</td> +<td align="left"> 0·215</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 96·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·61</td> -<td align="left"> 0·217</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 96·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·61</td> +<td align="left"> 0·217</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 96</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·55</td> -<td align="left"> 0·220</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·55</td> +<td align="left"> 0·220</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 95·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·50</td> -<td align="left"> 0·222</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 95·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·50</td> +<td align="left"> 0·222</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 95</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·45</td> -<td align="left"> 0·224</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·45</td> +<td align="left"> 0·224</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 94·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·40</td> -<td align="left"> 0·227</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 94·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·40</td> +<td align="left"> 0·227</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 94</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·36</td> -<td align="left"> 0·230</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·36</td> +<td align="left"> 0·230</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 93·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·31</td> -<td align="left"> 0·232</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 93·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·31</td> +<td align="left"> 0·232</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 93</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·26</td> -<td align="left"> 0·235</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·26</td> +<td align="left"> 0·235</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 92·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·22</td> -<td align="left"> 0·237</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 92·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·22</td> +<td align="left"> 0·237</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 92</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·17</td> -<td align="left"> 0·240</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·17</td> +<td align="left"> 0·240</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 91·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·13</td> -<td align="left"> 0·242</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 91·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·13</td> +<td align="left"> 0·242</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 91</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·08</td> -<td align="left"> 0·245</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·08</td> +<td align="left"> 0·245</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 90·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·04</td> -<td align="left"> 0·247</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 90·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·04</td> +<td align="left"> 0·247</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 90</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 4·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·250</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 4·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·250</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 89·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·96</td> -<td align="left"> 0·253</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 89·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·96</td> +<td align="left"> 0·253</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 89</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·92</td> -<td align="left"> 0·255</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·92</td> +<td align="left"> 0·255</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 88·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·88</td> -<td align="left"> 0·258</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 88·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·88</td> +<td align="left"> 0·258</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 88</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·84</td> -<td align="left"> 0·260</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·84</td> +<td align="left"> 0·260</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 87·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·80</td> -<td align="left"> 0·263</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 87·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·80</td> +<td align="left"> 0·263</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 87</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·76</td> -<td align="left"> 0·266</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·76</td> +<td align="left"> 0·266</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 86·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·72</td> -<td align="left"> 0·269</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 86·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·72</td> +<td align="left"> 0·269</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 86</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·69</td> -<td align="left"> 0·271</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·69</td> +<td align="left"> 0·271</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 85·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·65</td> -<td align="left"> 0·274</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 85·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·65</td> +<td align="left"> 0·274</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 85</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·62</td> -<td align="left"> 0·276</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·62</td> +<td align="left"> 0·276</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 84·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·58</td> -<td align="left"> 0·279</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 84·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·58</td> +<td align="left"> 0·279</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>84</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·54</td> -<td align="left"> 0·282</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·54</td> +<td align="left"> 0·282</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 81·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·38</td> -<td align="left"> 0·296</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 81·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·38</td> +<td align="left"> 0·296</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 81</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·35</td> -<td align="left"> 0·299</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·35</td> +<td align="left"> 0·299</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 80·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·31</td> -<td align="left"> 0·302</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 80·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·31</td> +<td align="left"> 0·302</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 80</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·28</td> -<td align="left"> 0·304</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·28</td> +<td align="left"> 0·304</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 79·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·25</td> -<td align="left"> 0·307</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 79·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·25</td> +<td align="left"> 0·307</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 79</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·22</td> -<td align="left"> 0·310</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·22</td> +<td align="left"> 0·310</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 78·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·19</td> -<td align="left"> 0·313</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 78·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·19</td> +<td align="left"> 0·313</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 78</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·17</td> -<td align="left"> 0·316</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·17</td> +<td align="left"> 0·316</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 77·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·14</td> -<td align="left"> 0·319</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 77·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·14</td> +<td align="left"> 0·319</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 77</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·11</td> -<td align="left"> 0·322</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·11</td> +<td align="left"> 0·322</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 76·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·08</td> -<td align="left"> 0·325</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 76·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·08</td> +<td align="left"> 0·325</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 76</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·05</td> -<td align="left"> 0·327</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·05</td> +<td align="left"> 0·327</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 75·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·03</td> -<td align="left"> 0·330</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 75·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·03</td> +<td align="left"> 0·330</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 75</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 3·00</td> -<td align="left"> 0·333</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 3·00</td> +<td align="left"> 0·333</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 74·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·973</td> -<td align="left"> 0·336</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 74·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·973</td> +<td align="left"> 0·336</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 74</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·947</td> -<td align="left"> 0·339</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·947</td> +<td align="left"> 0·339</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 73·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·921</td> -<td align="left"> 0·342</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 73·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·921</td> +<td align="left"> 0·342</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 73</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·896</td> -<td align="left"> 0·345</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·896</td> +<td align="left"> 0·345</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 72·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·871</td> -<td align="left"> 0·348</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 72·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·871</td> +<td align="left"> 0·348</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 72</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·846</td> -<td align="left"> 0·351</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·846</td> +<td align="left"> 0·351</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 71·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·822</td> -<td align="left"> 0·354</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 71·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·822</td> +<td align="left"> 0·354</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 71</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·797</td> -<td align="left"> 0·357</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·797</td> +<td align="left"> 0·357</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 70·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·773</td> -<td align="left"> 0·360</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 70·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·773</td> +<td align="left"> 0·360</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 70</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·750</td> -<td align="left"> 0·364</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·750</td> +<td align="left"> 0·364</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 69·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·726</td> -<td align="left"> 0·367</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 69·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·726</td> +<td align="left"> 0·367</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 69</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·703</td> -<td align="left"> 0·370</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·703</td> +<td align="left"> 0·370</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 68·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·680</td> -<td align="left"> 0·373</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 68·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·680</td> +<td align="left"> 0·373</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 68</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·658</td> -<td align="left"> 0·376</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·658</td> +<td align="left"> 0·376</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 67·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·636</td> -<td align="left"> 0·379</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 67·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·636</td> +<td align="left"> 0·379</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 67</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·614</td> -<td align="left"> 0·382</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·614</td> +<td align="left"> 0·382</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 66·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·592</td> -<td align="left"> 0·386</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 66·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·592</td> +<td align="left"> 0·386</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 66</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·571</td> -<td align="left"> 0·389</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·571</td> +<td align="left"> 0·389</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 65·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·550</td> -<td align="left"> 0·392</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 65·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·550</td> +<td align="left"> 0·392</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 65</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·529</td> -<td align="left"> 0·395</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·529</td> +<td align="left"> 0·395</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 64·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·509</td> -<td align="left"> 0·398</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 64·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·509</td> +<td align="left"> 0·398</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 64</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·488</td> -<td align="left"> 0·402</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·488</td> +<td align="left"> 0·402</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 63·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·468</td> -<td align="left"> 0·405</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 63·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·468</td> +<td align="left"> 0·405</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 63</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·448</td> -<td align="left"> 0·408</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·448</td> +<td align="left"> 0·408</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 62·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·428</td> -<td align="left"> 0·412</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 62·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·428</td> +<td align="left"> 0·412</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 62</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·409</td> -<td align="left"> 0·415</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·409</td> +<td align="left"> 0·415</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 61·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·389</td> -<td align="left"> 0·418</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 61·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·389</td> +<td align="left"> 0·418</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 59</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·296</td> -<td align="left"> 0·435</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·296</td> +<td align="left"> 0·435</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 58·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·278</td> -<td align="left"> 0·439</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 58·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·278</td> +<td align="left"> 0·439</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 58</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·261</td> -<td align="left"> 0·442</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·261</td> +<td align="left"> 0·442</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 57·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·243</td> -<td align="left"> 0·446</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 57·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·243</td> +<td align="left"> 0·446</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 57</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·226</td> -<td align="left"> 0·449</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·226</td> +<td align="left"> 0·449</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 56·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·208</td> -<td align="left"> 0·453</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 56·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·208</td> +<td align="left"> 0·453</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 56</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·191</td> -<td align="left"> 0·456</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·191</td> +<td align="left"> 0·456</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 55·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·174</td> -<td align="left"> 0·460</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 55·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·174</td> +<td align="left"> 0·460</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 55</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·158</td> -<td align="left"> 0·463</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·158</td> +<td align="left"> 0·463</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 54·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·141</td> -<td align="left"> 0·467</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 54·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·141</td> +<td align="left"> 0·467</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 54</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·125</td> -<td align="left"> 0·471</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·125</td> +<td align="left"> 0·471</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 53·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·109</td> -<td align="left"> 0·474</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 53·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·109</td> +<td align="left"> 0·474</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 53</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·093</td> -<td align="left"> 0·478</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·093</td> +<td align="left"> 0·478</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 52·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·077</td> -<td align="left"> 0·481</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 52·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·077</td> +<td align="left"> 0·481</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 52</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·061</td> -<td align="left"> 0·485</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·061</td> +<td align="left"> 0·485</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 51·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·045</td> -<td align="left"> 0·489</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 51·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·045</td> +<td align="left"> 0·489</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 51</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·030</td> -<td align="left"> 0·492</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·030</td> +<td align="left"> 0·492</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 50·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·015</td> -<td align="left"> 0·496</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 50·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·015</td> +<td align="left"> 0·496</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 50</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 2·000</td> -<td align="left"> 0·500</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 2·000</td> +<td align="left"> 0·500</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 49·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·985</td> -<td align="left"> 0·504</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 49·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·985</td> +<td align="left"> 0·504</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 49</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·970</td> -<td align="left"> 0·508</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·970</td> +<td align="left"> 0·508</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 48·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·955</td> -<td align="left"> 0·511</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 48·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·955</td> +<td align="left"> 0·511</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 48</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·941</td> -<td align="left"> 0·515</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·941</td> +<td align="left"> 0·515</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 47·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·926</td> -<td align="left"> 0·519</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 47·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·926</td> +<td align="left"> 0·519</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 47</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·913</td> -<td align="left"> 0·523</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·913</td> +<td align="left"> 0·523</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 46·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·898</td> -<td align="left"> 0·527</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 46·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·898</td> +<td align="left"> 0·527</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 46</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·884</td> -<td align="left"> 0·531</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·884</td> +<td align="left"> 0·531</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 45·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·870</td> -<td align="left"> 0·535</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 45·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·870</td> +<td align="left"> 0·535</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 45</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·857</td> -<td align="left"> 0·538</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·857</td> +<td align="left"> 0·538</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 44·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·843</td> -<td align="left"> 0·542</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 44·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·843</td> +<td align="left"> 0·542</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 44</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·830</td> -<td align="left"> 0·546</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·830</td> +<td align="left"> 0·546</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 43·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·816</td> -<td align="left"> 0·550</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 43·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·816</td> +<td align="left"> 0·550</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 43</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·803</td> -<td align="left"> 0·554</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·803</td> +<td align="left"> 0·554</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 42·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·790</td> -<td align="left"> 0·558</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 42·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·790</td> +<td align="left"> 0·558</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 42</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·777</td> -<td align="left"> 0·562</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·777</td> +<td align="left"> 0·562</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 41·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·765</td> -<td align="left"> 0·567</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 41·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·765</td> +<td align="left"> 0·567</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 41</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·752</td> -<td align="left"> 0·571</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·752</td> +<td align="left"> 0·571</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 40·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·739</td> -<td align="left"> 0·575</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 40·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·739</td> +<td align="left"> 0·575</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 40</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·727</td> -<td align="left"> 0·579</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·727</td> +<td align="left"> 0·579</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 39·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·714</td> -<td align="left"> 0·583</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 39·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·714</td> +<td align="left"> 0·583</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 39</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·702</td> -<td align="left"> 0·587</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·702</td> +<td align="left"> 0·587</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 36·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·643</td> -<td align="left"> 0·609</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 36·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·643</td> +<td align="left"> 0·609</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 36</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·631</td> -<td align="left"> 0·613</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·631</td> +<td align="left"> 0·613</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 35·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·620</td> -<td align="left"> 0·617</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 35·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·620</td> +<td align="left"> 0·617</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 35</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·608</td> -<td align="left"> 0·622</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·608</td> +<td align="left"> 0·622</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 34·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·597</td> -<td align="left"> 0·626</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 34·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·597</td> +<td align="left"> 0·626</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 34</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·586</td> -<td align="left"> 0·630</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·586</td> +<td align="left"> 0·630</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 33·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·575</td> -<td align="left"> 0·635</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 33·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·575</td> +<td align="left"> 0·635</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 33</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·564</td> -<td align="left"> 0·639</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·564</td> +<td align="left"> 0·639</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 32·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·553</td> -<td align="left"> 0·644</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 32·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·553</td> +<td align="left"> 0·644</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 32</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·542</td> -<td align="left"> 0·648</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·542</td> +<td align="left"> 0·648</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 31·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·531</td> -<td align="left"> 0·653</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 31·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·531</td> +<td align="left"> 0·653</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 31</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·521</td> -<td align="left"> 0·657</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·521</td> +<td align="left"> 0·657</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 30·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·510</td> -<td align="left"> 0·662</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 30·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·510</td> +<td align="left"> 0·662</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 30</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·500</td> -<td align="left"> 0·667</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·500</td> +<td align="left"> 0·667</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 29·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·489</td> -<td align="left"> 0·671</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 29·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·489</td> +<td align="left"> 0·671</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 29</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·479</td> -<td align="left"> 0·676</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·479</td> +<td align="left"> 0·676</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 28·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·469</td> -<td align="left"> 0·681</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 28·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·469</td> +<td align="left"> 0·681</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 28</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·459</td> -<td align="left"> 0·685</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·459</td> +<td align="left"> 0·685</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 27·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·449</td> -<td align="left"> 0·690</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 27·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·449</td> +<td align="left"> 0·690</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 27</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·439</td> -<td align="left"> 0·695</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·439</td> +<td align="left"> 0·695</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 26·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·429</td> -<td align="left"> 0·700</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 26·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·429</td> +<td align="left"> 0·700</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 26</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·419</td> -<td align="left"> 0·705</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·419</td> +<td align="left"> 0·705</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 25·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·409</td> -<td align="left"> 0·709</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 25·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·409</td> +<td align="left"> 0·709</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 25</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·400</td> -<td align="left"> 0·714</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·400</td> +<td align="left"> 0·714</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 24·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·390</td> -<td align="left"> 0·719</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 24·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·390</td> +<td align="left"> 0·719</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 24</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·380</td> -<td align="left"> 0·724</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·380</td> +<td align="left"> 0·724</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 23·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·371</td> -<td align="left"> 0·729</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 23·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·371</td> +<td align="left"> 0·729</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 23</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·362</td> -<td align="left"> 0·734</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·362</td> +<td align="left"> 0·734</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 22·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·352</td> -<td align="left"> 0·739</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 22·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·352</td> +<td align="left"> 0·739</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 22</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·343</td> -<td align="left"> 0·744</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·343</td> +<td align="left"> 0·744</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 21·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·334</td> -<td align="left"> 0·749</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 21·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·334</td> +<td align="left"> 0·749</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 21</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·325</td> -<td align="left"> 0·754</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·325</td> +<td align="left"> 0·754</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 20·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·316</td> -<td align="left"> 0·760</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 20·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·316</td> +<td align="left"> 0·760</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 20</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·307</td> -<td align="left"> 0·765</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·307</td> +<td align="left"> 0·765</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 19·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·298</td> -<td align="left"> 0·770</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 19·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·298</td> +<td align="left"> 0·770</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 19</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·290</td> -<td align="left"> 0·775</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·290</td> +<td align="left"> 0·775</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 18·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·281</td> -<td align="left"> 0·780</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 18·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·281</td> +<td align="left"> 0·780</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 18</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·272</td> -<td align="left"> 0·786</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·272</td> +<td align="left"> 0·786</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 17·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·264</td> -<td align="left"> 0·791</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 17·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·264</td> +<td align="left"> 0·791</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 17</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·255</td> -<td align="left"> 0·796</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·255</td> +<td align="left"> 0·796</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>16·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·247</td> -<td align="left"> 0·802</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>16·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·247</td> +<td align="left"> 0·802</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 16</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·238</td> -<td align="left"> 0·807</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·238</td> +<td align="left"> 0·807</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 15·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·230</td> -<td align="left"> 0·813</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 15·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·230</td> +<td align="left"> 0·813</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 15</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·222</td> -<td align="left"> 0·818</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·222</td> +<td align="left"> 0·818</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 14·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·214</td> -<td align="left"> 0·823</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 14·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·214</td> +<td align="left"> 0·823</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 14</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·206</td> -<td align="left"> 0·829</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·206</td> +<td align="left"> 0·829</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 13·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·198</td> -<td align="left"> 0·835</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 13·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·198</td> +<td align="left"> 0·835</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 13</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·189</td> -<td align="left"> 0·841</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·189</td> +<td align="left"> 0·841</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 12·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·181</td> -<td align="left"> 0·847</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 12·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·181</td> +<td align="left"> 0·847</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 12</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·173</td> -<td align="left"> 0·852</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·173</td> +<td align="left"> 0·852</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 11·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·166</td> -<td align="left"> 0·858</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 11·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·166</td> +<td align="left"> 0·858</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 11</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·158</td> -<td align="left"> 0·863</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·158</td> +<td align="left"> 0·863</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 10·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·150</td> -<td align="left"> 0·869</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 10·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·150</td> +<td align="left"> 0·869</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 10</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·143</td> -<td align="left"> 0·875</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·143</td> +<td align="left"> 0·875</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 9·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·135</td> -<td align="left"> 0·881</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 9·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·135</td> +<td align="left"> 0·881</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 9</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·127</td> -<td align="left"> 0·887</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·127</td> +<td align="left"> 0·887</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 8·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·120</td> -<td align="left"> 0·893</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 8·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·120</td> +<td align="left"> 0·893</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 8</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·112</td> -<td align="left"> 0·899</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·112</td> +<td align="left"> 0·899</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 7·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·105</td> -<td align="left"> 0·905</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 7·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·105</td> +<td align="left"> 0·905</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 7</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·097</td> -<td align="left"> 0·911</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·097</td> +<td align="left"> 0·911</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 6·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·090</td> -<td align="left"> 0·917</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 6·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·090</td> +<td align="left"> 0·917</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 6</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·083</td> -<td align="left"> 0·923</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·083</td> +<td align="left"> 0·923</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 5·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·076</td> -<td align="left"> 0·929</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 5·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·076</td> +<td align="left"> 0·929</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·068</td> -<td align="left"> 0·935</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·068</td> +<td align="left"> 0·935</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 4·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·061</td> -<td align="left"> 0·942</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 4·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·061</td> +<td align="left"> 0·942</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 4</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·054</td> -<td align="left"> 0·948</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·054</td> +<td align="left"> 0·948</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 3·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·047</td> -<td align="left"> 0·954</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 3·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·047</td> +<td align="left"> 0·954</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 3</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·040</td> -<td align="left"> 0·960</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·040</td> +<td align="left"> 0·960</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 2·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·033</td> -<td align="left"> 0·967</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 2·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·033</td> +<td align="left"> 0·967</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 2</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·027</td> -<td align="left"> 0·974</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·027</td> +<td align="left"> 0·974</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 1·5</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·020</td> -<td align="left"> 0·980</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='br'> 1·5</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·020</td> +<td align="left"> 0·980</td> </tr> <tr><td align="left" class='br'> 1</td> -<td align="left" class='br'> 1·013</td> -<td align="left"> 0·987</td> +<td align="left" class='br'> 1·013</td> +<td align="left"> 0·987</td> </tr> -<tr><td align="left" class='brb'> 0·5</td> -<td align="left" class='brb'> 1·006</td> -<td align="left" class='bb'> 0·993</td> +<tr><td align="left" class='brb'> 0·5</td> +<td align="left" class='brb'> 1·006</td> +<td align="left" class='bb'> 0·993</td> </tr> </table></div> @@ -15783,7 +15745,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>Batteries, bichromate, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> <li>——, double fluid, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span>——, firing, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> -<li>Batteries, Leclanché's Voltaic, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li>Batteries, Leclanché's Voltaic, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> <li>——, Menotti test, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> <li>——, signalling, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> <li>—— ——, Daniell's, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> @@ -15873,7 +15835,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>——, special, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> <li>——, test of electrical resistance of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> <li><i>Cairo</i>, the loss of the, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> -<li>Calland and Marié-Davy batteries, description of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li>Calland and Marié-Davy batteries, description of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> <li>Capabilities of Lay's torpedo boat, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> <li>—— —— Whitehead's fish torpedo, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> <li>Carlscrona, experiments with countermines at, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> @@ -15970,7 +15932,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>Description of a frictional electric machine, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li>—— —— series of firing keys, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> <li>—— —— Yarrow's torpedo boat, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> -<li>—— —— Calland's and Marié-Davy's batteries, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li>—— —— Calland's and Marié-Davy's batteries, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> <li>—— —— Siemens' electric light apparatus, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> <li>—— —— Whitehead's fish torpedo, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> <li><i>Destroyer</i>, Ericsson's torpedo vessel, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> @@ -16318,7 +16280,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>—— ——, used as a tug, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> <li>—— ——, in clearing obstructions, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> <li>—— ——, to clear away mines, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> -<li>Leclanché's Voltaic battery, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li>Leclanché's Voltaic battery, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> <li>Lewis's drifting torpedo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> <li>Leyden jar, the, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> <li>Light, Siemens' electric, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> @@ -16347,7 +16309,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>Magnets, permanent, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> <li>Main system, McEvoy's single, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> <li>Manipulation of Wheatstone's balance, the, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li>Marié-Davy battery, description of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li>Marié-Davy battery, description of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> <li>Matchin, Russian torpedo boat attack at, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> <li>Material, Hooper's insulating, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> <li>Mathieson's cement safety plug, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> @@ -16363,7 +16325,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>—— —— primer, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> <li>—— —— Turk's head, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> <li>—— mercury circuit-closer, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li>—— papier maché safety plug, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>—— papier maché safety plug, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> <li>—— percussion fuzes, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> <li>—— platinum wire fuzes, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> <li>—— single main system, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> @@ -16473,7 +16435,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <div class='indextitle'>P.</div> <ul class='index'> -<li>Papier maché safety plug, McEvoy's, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>Papier maché safety plug, McEvoy's, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> <li>Paraguayan war, torpedo operations during the, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> <li>Passage through torpedo defences, clearing a, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> <li>Passive obstructions, destruction of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> @@ -16495,7 +16457,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>—— ——, McEvoy's, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> <li><i>Plongeur</i>, French submarine boat, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> <li>Plug, Mathieson's cement safety, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li>——, McEvoy's papier maché safety, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>——, McEvoy's papier maché safety, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> <li>Pola, torpedo experiments at, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> <li>Polarization, definition of the term, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>Porter's torpedo ship <i>Alarm</i>, Admiral, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> @@ -16562,7 +16524,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <ul class='index'><li>Safety cock arrangement, Steward's, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> <li>—— plug, Mathieson's cement, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li>—— —— McEvoy's papier maché, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>—— —— McEvoy's papier maché, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> <li>Schibau's Russian torpedo boats, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> <li>Science of torpedo warfare, the, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> <li>Sea cell test for insulation, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> @@ -16827,7 +16789,7 @@ HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.</div> <li>—— in the world, the fastest, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> <li>—— <i>Uhlan</i>, the German torpedo, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> <li>Voltaic batteries, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li>—— battery, Leclanché's, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li>—— battery, Leclanché's, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> <li>—— ——, Von Ebner's, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> <li>—— ——, test for electro-motive force, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> <li>—— —— internal resistance, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> @@ -17028,7 +16990,7 @@ INSTRUCTIONS</span>—<i>New Edition</i>, 1879. 2s.6d.</div> <div class='blockquot'>Portraits of 24 Ships, beautifully Lithographed in Colors from Original Drawings. Demy 4to. blue cloth, extra gilt, 30s.; -Best Morocco, £3 3s.; Russia, £3 13s. 6d.</div> +Best Morocco, £3 3s.; Russia, £3 13s. 6d.</div> <blockquote> @@ -17115,7 +17077,7 @@ pages, and carefully compiled Index.</div> <blockquote> -<p>"A Nautical Cyclopædia."—<i>Liverpool Albion.</i></p> +<p>"A Nautical Cyclopædia."—<i>Liverpool Albion.</i></p> <p>"The most perfect and complete of any publication of the kind."—<i>U.S. Gazette.</i></p> @@ -17479,7 +17441,7 @@ Cloth Gilt, 5s.</div> <blockquote> <p>"The volume is prettily got up, and the views of Arctic scenery are about -the best we have seen in any recent work of the kind."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +the best we have seen in any recent work of the kind."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"Thanks to English pluck and perseverance, combined, in so many instances, with the ability to write a book, we have become as familiar with @@ -17508,7 +17470,7 @@ With Portrait of the "Eurydice." Cloth. 2s. 6d.</div> <p>"Capt. Verney has done his work remarkably well, and with the best possible taste. He does not moralize or try to improve the occasion, but, writing with a restrained pathos and a graphic touch, he lets the stern simple -facts speak for themselves."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +facts speak for themselves."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"The circumstances attending the foundering are given as far as they are known, and also details of the ship and its armament, with lists, of the @@ -18212,10 +18174,10 @@ by 4 Colored Plates and 758 woodcuts, 15s.</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15ad" id="Page_15ad">[15]</a></span></p> <div class='hang1'><span class="smcap">The Heavens.</span> An Illustrated Handbook of Popular -Astronomy. By Amedèe Guillemin. 12s.</div> +Astronomy. By Amedèe Guillemin. 12s.</div> -<div class='hang1'><span class="smcap">The Forces of Nature.</span> By Amedèe <span class="smcap">Guillemin</span>. -Illustrated by 11 colored plates and 455 woodcuts. £1 1s.</div> +<div class='hang1'><span class="smcap">The Forces of Nature.</span> By Amedèe <span class="smcap">Guillemin</span>. +Illustrated by 11 colored plates and 455 woodcuts. £1 1s.</div> <div class='hang1'><span class="smcap">Deschanel's Natural Philosophy.</span> By Professor Everett. 18s.</div> @@ -18300,7 +18262,7 @@ and also on the same page at (Pl. xxiii<small>A</small>., Fig. 2 and 6)</p> <p>Page 134, "14" changed to "140" (140 atmospheres)</p> -<p>Page 162, equal sign added to equation ((314 × 200) / 196 = 320 lbs)</p> +<p>Page 162, equal sign added to equation ((314 × 200) / 196 = 320 lbs)</p> <p>Page 168, "THORNICROFT'S" changed "THORNYCROFT'S" on Plate XLVII.</p> @@ -18325,7 +18287,7 @@ the word could not be presumed by research.</p> <p>"Oxygen" is the most important element of an electrolyte, and to the <i>affinity for oxygen of the metals</i> is the magnitude of the result and effect.</p></blockquote> -<p>Page 298, "Calland" changed to "Callaud" (Calland and Marié-Davy)</p> +<p>Page 298, "Calland" changed to "Callaud" (Calland and Marié-Davy)</p> <p>Page 302, "dislectric" changed to "dielectric" (Gutta-percha as a dielectric)</p> @@ -18333,382 +18295,6 @@ the word could not be presumed by research.</p> Original ended with (<i>Griffin & Co Publishers, 2, The Hard,</i>)</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare, by C. 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