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diff --git a/44983-8.txt b/44983-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ea4025d..0000000 --- a/44983-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1632 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mentor: Italy Under War Conditions, -Vol. 6, Num. 23, Ser. No. 171, January 15, 1919, by E. M. Newman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Mentor: Italy Under War Conditions, Vol. 6, Num. 23, Ser. No. 171, January 15, 1919 - -Author: E. M. Newman - -Release Date: February 22, 2014 [EBook #44983] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MENTOR: JANUARY 15, 1919 *** - - - - -Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Melissa McDaniel and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - - Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have - been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Italic text is denoted by _underscores_, bold text by =equal marks=. - - - - - LEARN ONE THING - EVERY DAY - - JANUARY 15 1919 - - SERIAL NO. 171 - - THE - MENTOR - - ITALY UNDER WAR - CONDITIONS - - By E. M. NEWMAN - Lecturer and Traveler - - DEPARTMENT OF - TRAVEL - - VOLUME 6 - NUMBER 23 - - TWENTY CENTS A COPY - - - - -TO ITALY - - - You had to choose 'twixt liberty and guilt; - There is no half-way house for human kind - If human kind is still to breathe God's air. - And so you placed your lips upon the hilt - Of Freedom's sword, devoted soul with mind - To this great task which frees sad Europe from despair. - - Hence we who loved and love you, Italy,... - Send winged words of greeting. You are free; - Sun-smitten the cloud that hid the soaring dome - Of Liberty, your Palace and your Home. - We who are free greet you from sea to sea. - - * * * * * - - Mazzini, Garibaldi, great Cavour - Watch now and greet you from their timeless place, - Whence they behold the growth of your great race - Which so they knit that long it should endure. - Spectators of eternity, whose pure, - Untarnished brows recall their ancient grace, - Behold them once again, and in them trace - The soul of freedom, splendid, patient, sure! - - J. E. G. DE MONTMORENCY. - -In _The Contemporary Review_. - - - - -THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION - -ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POPULAR INTEREST IN ART, -LITERATURE, MUSIC, SCIENCE, HISTORY, NATURE, AND TRAVEL - -THE MENTOR IS PUBLISHED TWICE A MONTH - -BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC., AT 114-116 EAST 16TH STREET, NEW -YORK, N. Y. SUBSCRIPTION, FOUR DOLLARS A YEAR. FOREIGN POSTAGE 75 -CENTS EXTRA. CANADIAN POSTAGE 50 CENTS EXTRA. SINGLE COPIES TWENTY -CENTS. PRESIDENT, THOMAS H. BECK; VICE-PRESIDENT, WALTER P. TEN EYCK; -SECRETARY, W. D. MOFFAT; TREASURER, J. S. CAMPBELL; ASSISTANT TREASURER -AND ASSISTANT SECRETARY, H. A. CROWE. - - JANUARY 15, 1919 - VOLUME 6 - NUMBER 23 - -Entered as second-class matter, March 10, 1913, at the postoffice at -New York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by -The Mentor Association, Inc. - - [Illustration: A BANK IN VENICE PROTECTED AGAINST ATTACK - - PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN] - - - - -_ITALY UNDER WAR CONDITIONS_ - - - PREPARED SPECIALLY FOR THE MENTOR BY E. M. NEWMAN - ILLUSTRATION FOR THE MENTOR, VOL. 6, No. 23, SERIAL No. 171 - COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY THE MENTOR ASSOCIATION, INC. - - - - -_The Business of War_ - -ONE - - -None of the Allied Nations has had more or greater problems confronting -it than Italy has. Manpower has not been lacking, but the want of raw -materials for the making of munitions has been a serious handicap, and -one that has been most difficult to overcome. Italy has been absolutely -dependent upon her allies for steel and coal. After her declaration of -war against Germany, she was left helpless. Badly as France and England -needed these raw materials, they had to come to the assistance of -their ally. For a long time the quantities received were insufficient, -and a sustained offensive against Austria was impossible, for want of -ammunition. - -This condition was greatly improved when the United States entered -the war, and Italy received from us vast quantities of steel, and -sufficient coal came from England to supply her needs. - -It must be borne in mind that when war was declared (August 1, 1914) -practically all the industrial and commercial organizations in Italy -were controlled by Germany. The largest banks and financial houses were -German-owned. One of the most prolific sources of income, the electric -and other plants operated by water-power, were in German hands. - -Germany had a firm grip on the resources of the country. Her agents -carried on a propaganda which required the utmost courage of the -Italians to overcome, and let it be said to the credit of the Italian -people, they risked financial ruin when they decided to enter the war -on the side of the Allies. - -The first result of their entry into the World War was to demoralize -their securities and almost to destroy the value of their money. -The _lira_, a coin which, before the war, was worth about 19 cents, -decreased in buying power to about 11 cents. Bonds dropped alarmingly. - -With the United States as an ally, loans have been made to Italy, her -credit has been re-established, the _lira_ has gradually increased -in value, and with steel and coal in sufficient quantities for all -purposes, prosperity is returning. - -It was the shrewd Bismarck who arranged with Signor Crispi, twice -Premier, to come to the assistance of Italy. A loan was made, and -the best Italian securities were obtained for a song. Ever since, -the German grip has tightened. As a result of the war Italy will be -restored to commercial freedom and she will have a new and much needed -opportunity to expand. - -The Ansaldo Company, a new and gigantic corporation, is now one of the -largest munition plants in the world. Italy has tremendous resources in -her water-power which is now being developed. Like her allies, she will -be able to manufacture many of the things she needs. - -Her airplanes are among the best that are made. Her engines are -wonders of mechanical perfection. Her motor cars are unexcelled. Italy, -prepared as she never was, is ready for the future. - - - - - [Illustration: A MARKET SQUARE IN ROME - - PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN] - - - - -_The Food Problem and How It Is Met_ - -TWO - - -How to keep the soldiers supplied with sufficient nourishing food -was one of the first and most serious matters the Italian Government -had to consider. As everyone knows, the principal articles of food -consumption among Italians of every station, rich or poor, are macaroni -and spaghetti. The staff of life of the Italian people, they are made -almost entirely of flour. - -Italy never has grown enough wheat to supply her needs. Under war -conditions her imports fell to such an extent that little or no wheat -could be obtained. Hence the country faced a critical situation. - -The first step was conservation. It was ruled that macaroni and -spaghetti could be served only on certain days. Manufacturers were -restricted in the amount they could make. Then flours of mixed cereals -were used. - -Italians are great lovers of bread. To meet a shortage, every available -acre of ground where wheat would grow was cultivated. If the men on -the farm had gone to war, the women took their places. The Government -encouraged and aided the farmers in every possible way, and then -when aid came from the United States, in addition to sacrifices and -restrictions in Italy, the situation improved. - -Fruit and vegetables are plentiful and, for these times, reasonably -cheap. Italians are not great meat-eaters; they have sufficient meat -for their needs, and by adhering rigidly to the regulations they have -been able to keep the army fully supplied. - -The Adriatic and the Mediterranean abound with fish of almost every -variety. Fishermen are therefore able to meet the country's needs. Next -to macaroni and spaghetti the Italians like fish, and as it is far -cheaper than meat, for the poorer classes it forms a food which they -can afford to buy. - -Olive oil, formerly used in great quantities, many of the people even -drinking it, is now on the restricted list, and can be obtained only in -limited quantities. - -Bread, as in America, is mixed with other cereals, and for civilians -practically no white bread can be obtained. In the army, there are no -restrictions--the best of food is given to the soldiers. They obtain -meat, butter, milk, sugar and other edibles denied wholly or in part to -civilians. - -As in France, wine is a part of the regular rations. Various welfare -organizations see that the people do not suffer for want of food. -Irrigation and intensive farming, in which representatives of all -classes are now helping, is aiding in the solution of the food problem. - - - - - [Illustration: AN ITALIAN KINDERGARTEN SHATTERED BY AN AIR BOMB - - WESTERN NEWSPAPER UNION PHOTO SERVICE] - - - - -_Educational Conditions_ - -THREE - - -War did not seriously interfere with the grammar and high schools -throughout Italy. It is in the higher schools, such as the -universities, the medical colleges and in the technical schools that -a changed condition is seen. Women came to the aid of the country in -the crisis which called so many men to the colors. Many of the teachers -in the elementary schools are women and girls, who are ably taking the -places of the men whose positions were made vacant. - -For the schools where higher education is taught, it is quite a -different and more complex problem. To teach in a university or in a -medical college certain qualifications are absolutely essential. Years -of study and preparation are needed, and for this work but a limited -number of women were available. - -On the other hand, the necessities of war called to action thousands -of young men who otherwise would have attended the various schools for -higher education. As a result the number of students in practically all -of these schools has fallen off materially, and there has not been the -need for so many professors. - -The Government is anxious not to discourage higher education; in -fact, it is doing all it can to maintain it, as was evident in the -establishment of the Camp Universities. It was inevitable that the -attendance at the higher schools could not be maintained as in peace -time, and the reduction in the number of pupils fortunately made -possible a corresponding diminution of teachers. - -By a system which permitted the return of professors in service at -the front, although only for a limited period, the efficiency of -the various universities and colleges was continued through the war. -Students co-operated with the Government, some even giving up their -furloughs to attend school. - -Education for the youth of the land is still compulsory. The standard -of wages among teachers remains very low, and out of proportion to the -increased cost of living, but the recipients seem willing to sacrifice -comfort for the general good. - -Old men, who in their youth taught school, volunteered to return to a -labor of love. It was this spirit which made possible the maintenance -of education. Italy is a poor country, but her sons and daughters -are eager to learn, and, poor as they are, they are willing to make -sacrifices rather than give up attending school. - -Many of the art students are gone, and some of the schools are closed. -Beppo the model is no longer to be found on the steps of the Piazza -Espagne, but the love of art has sufficed to keep some of the art -schools going, no matter how rigorous the conditions. - -Music is in the soul of the Italian, and the conservatories will -continue in session as long as there is a pupil left. On the whole, -educational conditions are as good as present-day circumstances will -permit. - - - - - [Illustration: TAKING DOWN THE HORSES OF ST. MARK'S, VENICE - - ITALIAN OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH] - - - - -_Protection of Art Work_ - -FOUR - - -When Italy entered the war, a commission was immediately appointed by -the Government to consider measures for the protection of the country's -art treasuries. Under the direction of the curators of galleries and -museums, a civil engineer or architect was placed in charge of each -principal building in all the art centers of northern Italy. The -persons so appointed set about devising individual means adapted to the -shielding of walls, towers, statues and pictures from attack by air and -water, from shell and fire. In Venice the chief works and structures -selected for protection were the Doges' (Dukes') Palace, with its rich -arcades, sculptured façade and splendid halls, the superb Church of -St. Mark, the medieval Loggetta, or vestibule, on the east side of the -Campanile, the Church of St. John and St. Paul, the San Rocco School, -the noble equestrian statue known as the Colleoni Monument, and the -Academy of Fine Arts, with its canvases by Bellini, Carpaccio, Palma -Vecchio, Tintoretto and Titian. - -At Padua, Donatello's equestrian monument of Gattamelata, erected -in 1453, and the sepulchral church of St. Anthony of Padua received -special care; likewise the Gate of the Scaligeri, Verona; the early -Renaissance Colleoni Chapel and some precious frescoes at Bergamo; -Leonardo da Vinci's immortal canvas, "The Last Supper," in the -refectory of the abbey-church of Santa Maria della Grazie at Milan; -the Fountain of Neptune and the Church of San Petronio at Bologna; the -early Christian edifice of San Vitale, the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia -(a queen of the fifth century) and the Tomb of Dante, in the deserted -old city of Ravenna; and at Cremona, in the Church of Sant' Agostino, -the famously beautiful altar-piece of the Madonna and Two Saints, by -Perugino. The most renowned works of art in Rome, including the statue -of Caesar in the Capitoline Museum, were padded and boarded up, and -from Firenze and Naples rare examples of Italian craftsmanship, guarded -through the centuries--manuscripts, statuary, paintings, tapestries, -metalware, mosaics, glass--were carried away to safety, some of them to -the vaults of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. - -Titian's masterpiece, the "Assumption of the Virgin," was laboriously -removed from the Academy of Fine Arts at Venice and transported by -boat and wagon to a place of security against attack by the Vandals. -Tintoretto's "Paradise," the largest oil painting in the world (72 -feet by 23 feet) was unframed and removed from the wall of the Hall -of the Great Council in the Palace of the Doges. Ceiling paintings -were taken down, rolled around great sticks thirty inches in diameter, -hermetically sealed in copper cylinders, and stored in crypts to rest -until the joyous day of their unrolling. Altogether, seven thousand -square yards of canvas were thus protected from attack and pillage. -Statues were wrapped in mattresses and covered by brick flooring; -the beloved horses above the doorway of St. Mark's were lowered and -taken away. Domes were roofed at an angle of sixty degrees, so that -aerial bombs would glance harmlessly off. In the defence of Venetian -art treasures alone, sixty men worked for three months to wall in -everything delicate and beautiful. - -"Even Rheims and Louvain could not offer such tempting morsels to the -vandal wrecker as Venice and Rome," writes Herbert Vivian in "Italy at -War." "Venice, mistress of medieval art as well as queen of the sea, -girded her armor on,--like the army, donned a vesture of gray-green. -Just as in Holy Week the more signal emblems veil themselves in -respectful mourning for the Passion, so, in war time, the monuments -of Venice hide in their hoods, as though to proclaim sympathy with -the nation's anxiety. At St. Mark's ... the venerated mosaics on the -lunettes are blotted out by modern masonry, the golden cupolas are -shapeless bags, the pillars and arches have become a brick fortress -that goes on to engulf all that fairy portico of the Doges' Palace -hard by. Where are the four famous horses of golden bronze, brought -from Constantinople to defy the world through seven centuries from the -portals of St. Marks? It was a sad scene when on May 27, 1915, a silent -crowd watched their descent for conveyance to a safer stable. In the -interior of the holy house heaps and heaps of heavy sandbags huddle -against the porphyries and malachites and alabasters, throttle the -carved columns, scale walls, bury pulpit, choir, altars and baptistery. -Such are the bulwarks which Italian foresight provided against probable -forays of the Hun." - - - - - [Illustration: CHURCH OF ST MARK'S, VENICE. BOARDED UP FOR PROTECTION - - PHOTOGRAPH BY CENTRAL NEWS PHOTO SERVICE] - - - - -_Venice in War Time_ - -FIVE - - -In time of peace all the world flocked to Venice. In war time many -changes were necessary. Many of the people who make up the inhabitants -of the earth were barred from the city, not only by regulations, but by -cannon and walls of steel. It required influence even for an Italian to -get into Venice. For an American to enter the city, it was necessary -to get special permission from the Minister of Marine, and he had to -present the best of reasons before that permission was granted. - -Several times the city was menaced by the Austrians and once it was -near capture. Time and again, fleets of airplanes dropped bombs, -destroying churches, hospitals and other property, as well as killing -non-combatants. - -The strain was more than many of the inhabitants could bear and they -sought safety in flight. The result was almost to drain the city of its -normal population, which was evident in its almost deserted canals and -streets. - -The soft, musical voices of the gondoliers were occasionally heard. -A few gondolas were left, but very few, and there was no longer any -singing. The beautiful hotels, where so many of us had lived in comfort -and luxury, were either closed or converted into hospitals. - -Most of the shops around St. Mark's Square closed. The famous glass and -lace factories shut their doors. Picture postcards and photographs were -taboo. The Government did not permit them to be mailed. - -No damage has been done to the Basilica of St. Mark. A bomb dropped -in front of it, but did not hit it. During the war this famous temple -was, however, but a shadow of its former glory. It no longer glistened -with Byzantine mosaic. Its golden covering was removed or covered -with sandbags. Beside the Doges' Palace was a thing of brick supports, -destroying its beauty. The ugliness of boarding and sandbags saddened -the visitor who recalled the Venice of former days. - -Motor and passenger boats plying along the Grand Canal were -discontinued; there were no passengers. A few ferries remained for -those who still lived in the city. - -Venice has not been seriously marred. Much damage has been done to -churches and hospitals, but most of this can be repaired. Only a -careful search of the city would reveal the damage done by bombardment. - -Within a few churches and buildings art objects have been destroyed -that can never be replaced. It should comfort the lovers of Venice -to know that the city gives no outward evidence of destruction. The -inhabitants will soon return, the hotels will reopen, St. Mark's and -the Doges' Palace will be restored to their former appearance, and -Venice will once again reign in splendor as the Queen of the Adriatic. - - - - - [Illustration: PIAZZA DEL POPOLO (PEOPLE'S SQUARE), ROME - - PHOTOGRAPH BY E. M. NEWMAN] - - - - -_Rome in War Time_ - -SIX - - -Rome still sits proudly on her seven hills, undismayed, undisturbed by -the ravages of war. There is little real difference to be seen in the -Italian capital as it is and as it was before the war. In the evening -hours, when all Rome goes for a promenade or a drive, the Corso is as -crowded as ever. One sees more uniforms, but otherwise the scene is -similar to that of peace times. - -Romans still love to dine on the sidewalks, partake of their ices, and -sip their wine and coffee at little tables placed where pedestrians are -supposed to pass. They attend the theater, the opera and the various -other places of amusement of which they are so fond. - -The main difference in the city's aspect is in the dress of the people. -Officers are seen only in field uniform, privates in the gray of -the battle-field. Women no longer attempt display, only the simplest -effects are seen. All ostentation in the wearing of gowns and jewelry -is frowned upon. - -None has suffered more than the nobility. Most of them being of -moderate means, the war brought many sacrifices, endangering slender -purses and curtailing most needed comforts. A number have had to sell -their prized art treasures to keep from actual want. - -The beautiful Palace on the Quirinal is now a hospital. Many of its -nurses are the noble women of Italy. The city is filled with welfare -organizations. - -Buried in the heart of Rome, its ruins telling us the story of the -birth of civilization, lies the Forum, unchanged, unaffected by the -world struggle. It speaks of days that were, of other wars, of Caesar, -who, like the Kaiser, was ambitious, of Marc Antony who sacrificed -everything for love of a woman, of Cicero, and others whose deeds and -words have made history. - -Above the ruins of the Forum is the Palatine. Here once lived the -Caesars. Their palaces once covered the hill from which they looked -down upon Rome. The Golden Palace of Nero has been obliterated by time, -just as the chateaus and beautiful structures of northern France have -been leveled by the invading Germans. - -Fortunate is the world that the treasures of Rome are intact. St. -Peter's and all the wonderful churches still stand unharmed. The -Vatican with its storehouse of treasures remains as it was. Art -galleries containing world's masterpieces are preserved for posterity. - -Rome is still the Rome familiar to travelers. Its hotels are filled, -not with tourists, but with officers and their families. Its streets -are still throbbing with life, it remains one of the most interesting -cities on this spinning globe. - - - - -THE MENTOR · DEPARTMENT OF TRAVEL SERIAL NUMBER 171 - -Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1913, at the postoffice at New -York, N. Y., under the act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1919, by the -Mentor Association, Inc. - - - - - [Illustration: A "BABY NEST"--A retreat for children of Italian - soldiers in service - - By courtesy of the Italian Embassy, Washington] - - - - -ITALY UNDER WAR CONDITIONS - -By E. M. NEWMAN, _Traveler and Lecturer_ - -_MENTOR GRAVURES_--A BANK IN VENICE, PROTECTED AGAINST ATTACK · A -MARKET SQUARE IN ROME · AN ITALIAN KINDERGARTEN SHATTERED BY A BOMB · -TAKING DOWN THE HORSES OF ST. MARK'S · CHURCH OF ST. MARK'S BOARDED UP -FOR PROTECTION · PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, ROME - - -Italy has played a far more important part in the World War than is -apparent to one who has not given the subject special consideration. -The neutral nations have directed most of their thoughts to England and -France. To do Italy full justice, the fact must be emphasized that she -came into the war at a time when the Allies were in great need of her. -The outlook for England and France was most serious when the Italian -people, roused by love of liberty and democracy, demanded that their -Government cast its lot with the Allies and declare war. - -As a result, Austria was compelled to mobilize and mass her forces -on the Italian frontier, and she was no longer able to give aid and -support to the Germans on the western front. The entire course of the -war was then materially changed. - - [Illustration: PEACE IN THE MIDST OF WAR - - This picture of Italian children playing with dolls was taken in - Italy's darkest hour before the turn of the fortunes of war - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -Austria's army and navy were thereafter kept busy trying to hold the -Italians in check. What happened in the fall of 1917 will always be -more or less of a mystery. After two years of the hardest kind of -fighting, during which time the Austrians were being gradually pushed -back until Vienna itself was threatened, there came a retreat, one of -the most disastrous in the annals of war. The Italians lost in two -weeks all that they had gained in two years. Worse still, Italy was -invaded and a considerable area occupied by the Austrian army. - -Consternation ensued, the Italian people were dazed. Something had gone -wrong; no one could understand it. But one thing every Italian knew, -and that was that no braver soldiers were to be found in any country, -and that when Italy had time to recover from her surprise Austria would -pay the price. - - -_How the Italian Army Came Back_ - - [Illustration: BOOKSTALLS IN ROME - - War did not drive the booklovers from their favorite haunts - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -The retreat of the Italian army was followed by a wave of patriotism -that swept from one end of Italy to the other. If there were some -that were lukewarm before, they were roused to the highest pitch of -enthusiasm for the prosecution of the war. Italy had been invaded, and -that was sufficient to stir the blood of every Italian. - -When, in the spring of 1918, Austria launched her great offensive, -she faced an army wholly changed. Indifference had vanished, every man -thirsted for revenge. No Italian would breathe freely until the stain -of the retreat was wiped out. Not an Austrian must remain on Italian -soil. The Austrians were bewildered when, instead of encountering a -demoralized and beaten army, they found themselves face to face with a -new and rejuvenated force. - -Instead of advancing, the Austrians were swept off their feet. Instead -of a crumbling line, they met a wall of steel against which their -onslaughts were of no avail. On came the infuriated Italians, crushing -the Austrian offensive and forcing them to beat a hasty retreat. -Austria will never forget the punishment she received on the Piave -(pee-ah-vuh), along the Asiago plateau, and in the vicinity of Monta -Grappa. - - [Illustration: AMONG THE COLUMNS OF ST. PETER'S, ROME - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -Fields were strewn with Austrian dead. So precipitate had been their -flight that they had to abandon guns, ammunition, supplies, in fact -everything they possessed. When, a few days later, I crossed the delta -of the Piave, I saw thousands of Austrian helmets, overcoats, and -supplies of every description covering the ground that extended for -many miles to the Little Piave, across which the Austrian army had been -driven. - -It had been impossible in their retreat to bury their dead. Heaps of -bodies still lay where they fell. Every ditch was filled with slain -Austrians, the roadways were lined with them. It was a gruesome sight, -but it told the story of a changed Italy, of a new army that meant to -retrieve the honor of the country, and bring to the Italian arms the -glory to which they were entitled. - -Italy needed coal, she wanted steel for ammunition, and these -deficiencies threatened her effort. Her allies came to her assistance, -and equipped and replenished her for the prosecution of the war to a -successful conclusion. - - [Illustration: A HUMBLE FOUR-FOOTED CITIZEN OF ROME - - His voice was never for war - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -In relief work the Italians are particularly efficient. The central -organization of the Italian Red Cross has naturally assumed the -responsibility and direction of all relief work, both for soldiers and -civilians. Numerous other organizations have sprung into existence; -chief among them is "_Le Samaritane_," which is under the presidency of -Her Majesty, Queen Helena of Italy. In this organization are thousands -of women who are members of the best Italian society, and they have -rendered effective and generous assistance in many ways, relieving -distress wherever they find it. - -A hospital for wounded soldiers has been established at the Royal -Palace of the Quirinal, which is under the direct supervision of the -Queen. The Duchess of Aosta, wife of the King's cousin, is General -Inspector of the Red Cross nurses, and both of these noble ladies -give actual, effective, and intelligent service to the various relief -organizations to which their names are attached. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS, PADUA - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -Italian women have proved themselves worthy mates and daughters of -the heroic sons and soldiers of Italy. To them is due the initiative -in the forming of several patriotic organizations, such as the "White -Cross," for the protection of little children, "The Sowers of Courage," -and "The Smile to the Strong," formed for helping and encouraging the -fighting sons of Italy. Soldiers' huts have been erected and put in -charge of the members of an association known as "Soldiers' Mammas." -The members are women that have sons at the front, and may therefore be -expected to give affectionate and maternal care to the young soldiers. -There are other organizations, such as "The Mothers of Fallen Soldiers" -and "The Widows of the War," whose object is mutual help among the -women that have suffered the loss of son or husband. - -Men who, because of advanced age, have been compelled to remain at -home, have not failed to take up the burden of assistance and relief. -Local committees have everywhere been formed under the name of -"_Assistenza Civile_." There is also the "_Segratariato del Popolo_," -besides many others. All these societies are banded together to -assist the families of soldiers, to care for the mutilated, and to aid -wherever help is needed. - -The Italian Government has enacted special laws for the benefit of -those stricken by the war. For instance, the Government furnishes shoes -below cost to Government employees earning less than four thousand -_lire_ per year (about $800). - - [Illustration: TRAMWAY IN ROME - - Showing women as conductor, motorist, and despatcher - - Press Illustrating Service, Inc.] - - -_Education_ - -School life continues practically as in normal times, with the -exception that, in the elementary schools and in the grades of the -grammar and high schools, there is a larger proportion of women -teachers. Many instructors who had been retired have asked to re-enter -service, thus relieving the young men called to the colors. - -In the universities a few distinguished professors of military age have -been permitted to retain their chairs, but a considerable number have -gone to the front. Naturally the number of students has been greatly -reduced. - - [Illustration: THE SMALL CANALS OF VENICE WERE ALMOST DESERTED - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -Special dispensations have been made for the schools of medicine, so -that the services of the more advanced students may be utilized while -at the same time they are enabled to continue their studies. This has -been made possible by the establishment of the so-called "_Universita -Castrense_," or Camp University, situated in the war zone, where -distinguished physicians who are also university professors teach the -young students, while teachers and pupils alternate the hours of class -with those of service in the camp hospitals. The change caused by -the war in the condition of women has probably been more profound and -more keenly felt in Italy than in other countries, such as England and -France, where women have for many years been engaged in various useful -pursuits. In Italy the women of the middle class, with rare exceptions, -remained at home. Those of the lower class, when they worked at all, -generally chose some occupation such as teaching. Most women had no -economic independence. Unmarried girls usually lived with their parents -or some married brother or sister. - - [Illustration: ST. MARK'S PLACE, VENICE - - Though the beautiful buildings were protected, crowds gathered daily - and regular occupations were pursued - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -An ardent group of Italian women prepared the ground and labored for -years to convince their sisters that they were wrong in the belief that -under all conditions "a woman's place is in her home." This belief was -almost a religion in the southern provinces of Italy; the prejudice -there was so strong that it required the utmost courage of the women to -combat it. Intelligent, progressive and cultured Italian girls are now -to be found in almost every occupation in which their English, French -and American sisters are engaged. This revolution in the attitude of -Italian women is accepted, not as a temporary war necessity, but as -a permanent change that cannot fail to have a deep and, on the whole, -beneficent effect upon social conditions in Italy. - - -_Food Regulations_ - -Conditions in civil life are comparatively good. Of course, there are -many restrictions, above all in food conservation and supply. Prices -have increased, but so have salaries. There are no unemployed, and the -working classes generally are prosperous. - -War conditions required three meatless days per week, as in the other -countries of the Allies. Cards were given for bread, sugar, coal, olive -oil, macaroni and rice. That the quantity allowed to each individual -was sufficient was proved by the fact that the authorities often -received offers to diminish the rations of some families who found they -had more than they needed. The use of gas was limited to meal hours for -heating, and for illumination until ten o'clock at night. - - [Illustration: Hall of the Great Council, Ducal Palace, Venice. - - On the floor may be seen in rolls paintings taken from ceiling and wall - - NOTE--The pictures on pages 6, 7, 8, 9, are printed - through the courtesy of the Italian Embassy, Washington. They are - reproduced from photographs owned by the Italian Government.] - - [Illustration: Ceiling showing spaces from which art masterpieces have - been removed] - -No restrictions were placed on the use of electricity in most city -homes, although street illumination was diminished and in certain -cities in the advanced zone was abolished entirely, as a defensive -measure. The abundance of electricity is explained by the fact that it -is very often generated by water power, as, for instance, in Rome. - -Restaurants must send to the authorities a list of food furnished, -with prices charged for each portion, or for the whole meal, or for -the week. They must indicate also any extra charges, and the reason -for such charges. The authorities will approve the menu only if it -corresponds with normal or prescribed prices, and a copy, stamped and -signed by an authorized person, must be exposed to the public where it -can easily be seen. - -No food can be served unless it is on the approved list. In large -cities, there is a committee of control, composed of five citizens -appointed by the mayor, whose duty it is to see that the restrictions -are rigidly observed. If the police authorities do not approve of a -certain menu, it is submitted to the committee, and unless they put -their O. K. upon it, the restaurant is not permitted to use it. - -Two factors combine to keep prices of necessities and even luxuries -down to a reasonable level. One is the so-called "_calmiere_," or -government regulation, that certain products may not be sold at a -higher price than that fixed by the regularly constituted authorities. -The other factor is the prevalence of co-operative societies that sell -to their members at cost or almost at cost. Retailers have to compete -with these societies, and there is a consequent curb on profiteering. -Nearly every trade or profession has its own co-operative stores. The -entrance fee which must be paid to join a co-operative society is very -moderate, in some instances as low as five _lire_ (about one dollar). - - [Illustration: THE ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN - - Titian's great masterpiece in the Academy of Fine Arts, Venice] - - -_Amusements and Sports_ - -Theaters, cinematograph theaters, and other places of amusement had -to close at midnight. Restaurants and cafés closed an hour earlier. -This did not apply to the war zone, where the military authorities -made their own regulations and imposed all kinds of restrictions for -defensive purposes. - - [Illustration: TITIAN'S "ASSUMPTION" BEING TAKEN OUT] - - [Illustration: TITIAN'S "ASSUMPTION" BEING TRANSPORTED ACROSS COUNTRY - TO A SECURE PLACE] - -In general, theaters and motion-picture shows in Italy are well -patronized. Opera is still popular, and performances are given in -various cities. Society does not consider it good form to wear evening -dress. It would not be in taste for women to be elaborately gowned, or -to attempt to give dances or house parties. Officers do not wear their -dress uniforms, no matter what may be the function they attend. Ladies -avoid the use of jewels, and there is, generally speaking, a soberness -in the dressing of both men and women. Italy, however, is not gloomy -nor depressed. On the contrary, the Italians are vivacious, and their -sunny dispositions are manifested throughout the troublous times. - -Sports generally have been abolished. There is no horse-racing, but, -for the purpose of breeding fine animals, horses are still being -trained. - -Travel is freely permitted, though, of course, the war zone has been -carefully guarded. In the restricted area a pass was necessary, and -vital reasons had to be given for permission to travel. On account -of the shortage of coal, the number of trains has been reduced, as -well as the number of cars in each train. Travel is therefore lacking -in comfort, and it is not uncommon to see people standing even in -first-class compartments throughout journeys lasting six or seven -hours. The discomforts are accepted good-naturedly, and there is far -less grumbling than one would expect. - - -_Conditions in Venice_ - -The morale of the Italians has never been better. Caporetto has been -avenged, the Austrians were thrown back across the Little Piave, and -brought to their knees. Venice has been saved. The city by the sea -has had its trials. Severe, indeed, have been some of the air raids, -and three-fourths of the population fled. About fifty thousand of the -inhabitants remained, but this represents but one-fourth of the people -that lived along the canals of Venice before the war. - - [Illustration: THE LAST SUPPER. By Leonardo da Vinci - - This famous painting has been half effaced by the ravages of time] - - [Illustration: THE LAST SUPPER PROTECTED BY PADDING - - Da Vinci's great picture is painted on the wall of the Refectory of the - Church of Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan, Italy] - -Many hotels are closed, tourists come no more. No Italian city -has suffered from the effects of war so much as Venice. Industries -have been ruined, its commerce depleted. Its churches and hospitals -have again and again been bombed from the air. Frescoes have been -obliterated that can never be replaced, though much of the damage done -will soon be repaired. - -All about the populous Square of St. Mark heaps of sand-bags were piled -to protect the arcades. The beautiful façade of St. Mark's Cathedral -has been, for some time, hidden from view. The famous horses were taken -down, the wonderful Byzantine mosaics were removed, and the entire -front of the building covered with sand-bags and protected by huge -timbers. - - [Illustration: THE COLLEONI STATUE UNDER PROTECTIVE COVERING] - - [Illustration: THE FAMOUS EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF BARTOLOMMEO COLLEONI, BY - VERROCHIO--VENICE] - -The Doges' (Ducal) Palace was supported by columns of bricks; -everywhere evidence could be seen of the attempt of the Italians -to save the most remarkable city in the world. Inside the sumptuous -Cathedral of St. Mark's, the effect was startling--all the works of -art gone, the altar covered beyond recognition, mounds upon mounds of -sand-bags heaped around the columns. It was more like a cave than the -interior of one of the most beautiful of churches. Along the Grand -Canal the large hotels have been converted into hospitals. Vast palaces -have been closed and deserted. Life on the Canal is so quiet that it -is almost painful. It is not the same Venice so many travelers recall. -Only one good-class hotel is open. There are a few boarding-houses, -but all the magnificent hotels are either closed or filled with wounded -men. - -It was difficult in war times to get into Venice, and more difficult -to get out. Everyone was looked upon as a spy until he proved that -he was not. Officials inquired into your life history, traced your -every movement, watched every step you took, and if finally you passed -muster and got away without a long delay, you knew that there was not -a suspicion of your ever having even dreamed of being a spy. - - [Illustration: THE MADONNA AND TWO SAINTS BY PERUGINO-CREMONA - - At the right, the painting covered with timber and sand-bags] - -It was, of course, more difficult in the war zone. Once inside the -restricted area one became a suspect, and it sometimes took weeks to -obtain police and military permission to leave Italy. The Italians were -in earnest, they had had a severe lesson, and they did not intend to be -caught napping. - -An Allied victory was the one object, and Italy was ready to pay her -share of the price. No braver men ever faced an enemy than the Arditi, -and no enemy army ever forgot an encounter with these "shock troops" of -the Italian army. These men were born and brought up in an atmosphere -that has taught them how to fight. They are as hard as nails, as -fearless as lions--the pick of Italy's best troops. - - [Illustration: MARKET WOMEN OF ITALY - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - -Italy, though needing food, is not starving, nor is she depressed. She -has recovered from the shock of 1917, and there is no disaffection -among her people. All are united. Socialists cannot overturn the -conditions of the nation. As for their military stamina--Austrians can -testify to the fact that the Italian army is a foe worthy to engage -itself at any time, against any hostile power. - - [Illustration: LACE MAKERS HOLD TO THEIR TRADE - - Island of Burrano, Venice - - Photograph by E. M. Newman] - - -_The Spirit of Italy_ - -We cannot close more fittingly than by quoting Mr. Sidney Low's highly -informing comments on the spirit of Italy:[2] - -"Of all the belligerent nations I have seen, Italy seems to me the -most tranquil, contented and serenely confident. She has endured heavy -losses and is called upon to make great sacrifices, but her people -have counted the cost and they pay it resolutely, cheerfully, almost, -one would say, gaily. They have no love for war and on this one they -entered with hesitating and doubtful steps, but now, I think, they -feel, not only that it was necessary and right, but that it will give -them some things which were wanting in the years of peace. War is a -monstrous evil; but from its furnace of pain and suffering Italy, with -other nations, may emerge hardened and tempered. She will gain a larger -unity and that not merely by annexing the unredeemed territory. The -war has gone far to obliterate that division of classes and localities -which was the inheritance of her troubled past. The common effort and -the common burden have crowned the edifice which the makers of Italy -built up in the nineteenth century.... - -"What Italy needs is security, sufficient to develop to the full her -economic resources and her national individuality; and that she intends -to obtain. She is resolved to be independent of external patronage, -protection and supervision of any kind, and to enjoy all the rights, -privileges, ambitions, which belong to the greater nations of the -earth. She believes herself capable of excelling, not merely in art, -science, letters, philosophy, laws, but in production, manufacturing, -commerce, the exploitation of waste and backward lands. She is not -content that her people, so intelligent, so industrious, so capable, -should be packed off year by year in shoals to form the ill-paid labor -helots of wealthier communities; she prefers that they should be kept -at home to develop the riches and intensified vitality of their own -land. She has watched the rise of Germany from poverty and weakness -to strength and industrial magnificence; and she believes that the -Latin capacity for organization, invention, scientific adaptation and -enterprise, is not inferior to the Teutonic. She thinks she can do -many of the things that Germany has done, and some things which Germany -will never do; and she means to try. It is for the great free nations, -with which she is now associated, to survey her effort with sympathetic -eyes, and extend to it all the aid and encouragement in their power." - - [2] From "Italy in the War" - - [Illustration: WOMAN LETTER CARRIER, ROME - - Copyright, Western Newspaper Union] - - [Illustration: SCHOOL INSTITUTED BY AMERICAN RED CROSS - - At the Italian front, behind the war zone - - Press Illustrating Service. Inc] - - -_SUPPLEMENTARY READING_ - - ITALY IN THE WAR. _By Sidney J. M. Low_ - ITALY AT WAR. _By H. Vivian_ - EUROPE'S FATEFUL HOUR. _By G. Ferrero_ - THE BOOK OF ITALY. _Edited by Raffaelo Piccoli_ - A book of story, essay, verse and picture, interpreting the spirit - of Italy. - -*** Information concerning the above books may be had on application to -the Editor of The Mentor. - - - - -_THE OPEN LETTER_ - - -In the coming months of reconstruction and restoration in Europe, -Italy will have special problems of her own to solve. Victory in the -world war means for Italy five million additional mouths to feed in her -redeemed territory. Close rationing will, therefore, be necessary for -a long time, and a liberal food allotment from outside relief sources -must be made. - -Italy cannot be accused of having neglected her land. The total area of -the country comprises 70,820,197 acres, only a little over 7 per cent -of which is unproductive land. In her agricultural production, however, -cereals do not play an important part. Her wheat product did not meet -her domestic demands even before the war, and annual importations of -grain were always necessary. The situation, therefore, today, after -the terrible toll that war has taken, is acute and distressing as -far as the main "staff of life" is concerned. Italy produces fruits -in quantity, but a starving nation cannot live by fruit alone. The -traveler in Italy today may feast his eyes on twelve million acres of -vine-covered slopes, but the children of the land are crying for milk -and bread. The wines of Italy are famous for their flavor and quality, -and her olives and lemons are known throughout the world, but the -people cannot survive on wine and olives. They need more substantial -food, and, under the present strict rationing, each person receives -only seventeen pounds of bread a month. - - * * * * * - -Italy's exports have been chiefly olives, lemons and cheese--Gorgonzola -and Parmesan being among the famous brands. These fine Italian cheeses -are made from goats' milk, and, as there is little enough of that now -to feed wounded soldiers and children, the exportation of cheese has -been stopped. Before the war olives and olive oil were shipped in huge -quantities. There are miles and miles of olive trees to be seen from -train windows when traveling through Italy. Today just as many olives -are grown, and as much olive oil is obtained, but it is needed at home -and is carefully guarded there. The Italian government practically -controls the output and very little is permitted for export. Lemons are -grown in great quantities and are still exported to some extent. The -difficulty in obtaining boats, however, has made it impossible to ship -any considerable quantity of lemons, and so this source of income has -been virtually eliminated. - - * * * * * - -Italy has found it necessary, therefore, to cultivate her products -exclusively for home consumption, and, in this cultivation, thought -is given only to the supply of things necessary for the maintenance -of the Italian people. Things that are most needed,--that give most -sustenance, are being cultivated to the exclusion of things that -brought income from outside, but did not fill the hungry mouths of -the people. Also, food products that formerly had to be imported, are -now being home grown. Fortunately, this is made easy by the fact that -Italy is a "clime where every season smiles." It is favored by climatic -conditions to a degree comparable to those of Southern California, and, -accordingly, a great range of crops, both of a temperate-zone and of a -tropical kind, can be grown readily. In the southern part of Italy the -climate is semitropical. The soil is fertile and garden-truck grows -in abundance--and many kinds of fruit, including oranges, lemons, -grapes, apples, plums and pears. In the fertile plains of the north -are fields where cereals are grown and these are being extended and -prepared for intensified cultivation. The delta of the Piave, captured -and held for a short time by the Austrians, is again in possession -of Italy. Comprising some of the richest soil in the world, it will -soon be flourishing with growing crops, and its fields will contribute -substantially to the solution of Italy's food problem. - - * * * * * - -We may be sure then that Italy, plucky and staunch, will "carry on" -through hardship to renewed prosperity. With the sympathetic assistance -that is her due from the United States, there can be no question of -the future. Italy's firmly booted leg will continue to kick its sturdy -way down into the "warm waters" that Germany so desired; her fair -domains will continue to enjoy that "place in the sun" that Prussia so -imperiously demanded. With all her advantages of land and sea, Italy -must "come through" and find plenty in the wake of peace. - - [Illustration: W. D. 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