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diff --git a/44897-h/44897-h.htm b/44897-h/44897-h.htm index 04ce923..1e8bf09 100644 --- a/44897-h/44897-h.htm +++ b/44897-h/44897-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Grammar of the New Zealand Language (2nd Edition), @@ -122,46 +122,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Grammar of the New Zealand language (2nd -edition), by Robert Maunsell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Grammar of the New Zealand language (2nd edition) - -Author: Robert Maunsell - -Release Date: February 14, 2014 [EBook #44897] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE *** - - - - -Produced by Heiko Evermann, Chris Pinfield and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from scanned images of public domain -material from the Google Print project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44897 ***</div> <div class="tnote"> <p class="nodent">Transcriber's Note:</p> @@ -1196,7 +1157,7 @@ distinctly.</p> <p>Is pronounced as <i>a</i> in bate, hate, &c., only not quite so slow, or so broad. Perhaps the final <i>e</i> in the French words -café, felicité, would be a closer resemblance; e. g., koe, rea, +café, felicité, would be a closer resemblance; e. g., koe, rea, re, ket<i>e</i>, ma<i>te</i>, <i>te</i>nei, rer<i>e</i>.</p> <p>(2.) As <i>e</i> in <i>poe</i>tical, <i>th</i>ere; e. g., @@ -1288,7 +1249,7 @@ tonutia, are, in this way, pronounced as if spelt ton<i>iu</i>, toniutia, ketiu.</p> <p class="small"><i>U</i>, again, is sometimes, by careless speakers, -confounded with <i>o</i>, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Thus ihu, +confounded with <i>o</i>, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Thus ihu, <i>nose</i>; niho, <i>tooth</i>; have been erroneously pronounced as if spelt iho, nihu.</p> @@ -1733,7 +1694,7 @@ is supplied by a simple <i>n</i>, further southward by <i>k</i>.</p> <h2><span class="fs80">CHAPTER II.</span><br /> OF THE ARTICLE.</h2> -<p>§ 1. The articles in Maori are as follows:—</p> +<p>§ 1. The articles in Maori are as follows:—</p> <p>(a.) The definite article <i>te</i> and its plural <i>nga</i>; e. g.</p> @@ -1757,7 +1718,7 @@ plural <i>etahi</i>; e. g.</p> <li>ko koe, <i>you</i>.</li> </ul> -<p>§ 2. <i>Te</i> is not so uniformly definite as the English <i>the</i>; +<p>§ 2. <i>Te</i> is not so uniformly definite as the English <i>the</i>; being sometimes used;</p> <p>(a.) Where no article would be employed in English, i. e., in cases @@ -1838,12 +1799,12 @@ should be careful, in speaking, to distinguish between the article <i>te</i>, and the negative particle <i>te</i>. The latter should always be pronounced more distinctly and forcibly than the article.</p> -<p>§ 3. <i>Nga</i> may with strict propriety be called the +<p>§ 3. <i>Nga</i> may with strict propriety be called the plural of the definite article. There are a few exceptions, or rather slight variations, which we do not think it necessary to mention.</p> -<p>§ 4. <i>He</i> varies in some respects in its uses from the +<p>§ 4. <i>He</i> varies in some respects in its uses from the English <i>a</i>.</p> <p>(a.) It is used sometimes where no article would be @@ -1865,7 +1826,7 @@ in English, e. g.,</p> <li><i>He</i> tini oku kainga, <i>my farms are many</i>.</li> </ul> -<p>§ 5. A great many uses of the indefinite article are +<p>§ 5. A great many uses of the indefinite article are shared by <i>he</i> with <i>te tahi</i>. We shall mention here a few of them.</p> <ul class="xmpl"> @@ -1896,7 +1857,7 @@ e. g.</p> <li>Maku e tahi ika, <i>give me some fish</i>.</li> </ul> -<p>§ 6. <i>A</i><span class="fnanchor"><a name="R_4" id="R_4" +<p>§ 6. <i>A</i><span class="fnanchor"><a name="R_4" id="R_4" href="#F_4">[4]</a></span> is a regular attendant on the personal pronouns; e. g.</p> <ul class="xmpl"> @@ -2527,7 +2488,7 @@ frequently used instead of the finite verb itself, we have consulted our convenience in thus distinguishing them.</p> <p class="nodent"><a name="F_9" id="F_9" href="#R_9">[9]</a>  -It is true, that we have mentioned (Chap. II. § 6 notes) a few cases +It is true, that we have mentioned (Chap. II. § 6 notes) a few cases which might seem to warrant such a use. But those clearly belong to a different class.</p> @@ -2543,7 +2504,7 @@ distinction of gender, number, case, or comparison.</p> <p>In common with substantives, adjectives admit often of reduplication to denote <i>repetition, or many things the same -kind</i>, &c.—vid. ch. 3, <i>number</i> § 8., e. g.</p> +kind</i>, &c.—vid. ch. 3, <i>number</i> § 8., e. g.</p> <ul class="xmpl"> <li>Mahi kakata, <i>a frequent laughing</i>.</li> <li>He rakau kikino kau, <i>they are all bad trees</i>.</li> @@ -2970,7 +2931,7 @@ these two forms which the attentive student will discover by observation.</p> <p><i>Nei</i>, <i>na</i>, and <i>ra</i>, are mostly added (like the ci, -and lá of French) to point at the object more forcibly.</p> +and lá of French) to point at the object more forcibly.</p> <p>When the speaker wishes to denote the object with <i>familiarity</i>, <i>contempt</i>, &c., he generally uses the @@ -3127,7 +3088,7 @@ following examples:</p> <h2><span class="fs80">CHAPTER VII.</span><br />OF THE VERBS.<span class="fnanchor"><a name="R_11" id="R_11" href="#F_11">[11]</a></span></h2> -<p>§ 1. <span class="smcap">Classification.</span>—They may be +<p>§ 1. <span class="smcap">Classification.</span>—They may be distributed in</p> <p>(a) <i>Primitive</i>, i. e., underived from other words; e. g.,</p> @@ -3170,13 +3131,13 @@ above classes it should be ranked; neither, indeed, will it be necessary; as the origin of the verb in no way affects its grammatical relations.</p> -<p>§. 2. <span class="smcap">Number</span>, <span +<p>§. 2. <span class="smcap">Number</span>, <span class="smcap">Person</span>, and <span class="smcap">Gender</span>.—Maori verbs are not declined by inflection; i. e. by variation of the ground form; and therefore know nothing of number, person, and gender.</p> -<p>§. 3. <span class="smcap">Mood</span> and <span +<p>§. 3. <span class="smcap">Mood</span> and <span class="smcap">Tense</span>.—As neither the ground form, nor the auxiliary particles experience any variation from change of mood, we cannot recognize any grammatical form for denoting moods in Maori, and @@ -3213,7 +3174,7 @@ constructed; neither can any maxim be more true than that "equivalence in sense does not imply similarity in grammatical nature."</p> </div> -<p>§. 4. <span class="smcap">Tense.</span>—Maori abounds in a +<p>§. 4. <span class="smcap">Tense.</span>—Maori abounds in a variety of forms for denoting modifications of time. They are designated by verbal particles, (vid. Note,) adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and the articles <i>he</i> and <i>te</i> placed in connexion @@ -3242,7 +3203,7 @@ of verb substantive. Thus in Maori we have no <i>direct</i> form for such phrases as the following, <i>I am</i>, <i>you will</i>, &c.</p> -<p>§. 5. They are as follows: <i>e</i>, <i>ana</i>, <i>ha</i>, +<p>§. 5. They are as follows: <i>e</i>, <i>ana</i>, <i>ha</i>, <i>kua</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>kia</i>, <i>hei</i>, <i>me</i>, <i>kaua</i>, <i>aua</i>, and <i>kei</i>.</p> @@ -3260,7 +3221,7 @@ the one table.</p> <p>The student, however, is recommended to read our remarks on the passive voice before he proceeds to examine into the tenses.</p> -<p>§. 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an unpolished language +<p>§. 6. It may be naturally expected that, in an unpolished language like Maori, there should not be much that is artificial, or complicated, in the arrangement of tenses. Such we believe to be the case. It is true that some would contend for as many tenses as may be @@ -3276,7 +3237,7 @@ compound, or depend, at least, for their meaning upon the construction, and belong more properly to the syntax than to this part of the grammar.</p> -<p>§ 7. In examining into the time of a verb, it will often be very +<p>§ 7. In examining into the time of a verb, it will often be very necessary for the student to notice whether the sentence, in which it is contained, is <i>simple</i>, or <i>compound</i>; a <i>simple</i> sentence<span class="fnanchor"><a name="R_12" id="R_12" @@ -3322,7 +3283,7 @@ our illustrations of that mood should appear in an unbroken line with our examples of the other parts of the Maori verbs.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" -id="page_39">{39}</a></span>§. 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds +id="page_39">{39}</a></span>§. 8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in more minute distinctions than any other part of the verb. We present them all here; chiefly because the sentences in which they occur are, for the most part, <i>simple</i>.</p> @@ -3605,22 +3566,22 @@ consideration of the compound sentences for the Syntax.</p> pressing cannot be effected.)</li> </ol> -<p>§. 6. <span class="smcap">Voice.</span>—Maori verbs, in +<p>§. 6. <span class="smcap">Voice.</span>—Maori verbs, in respect of voice, may be considered under the three well known heads of <i>active</i>, <i>passive</i> and <i>neuter</i>.</p> -<p>§. 7. The <i>active</i> is the simple root modified by one +<p>§. 7. The <i>active</i> is the simple root modified by one or more of the words already mentioned, e. g. e patu ana ahau, <i>I am striking</i>.</p> -<p>§. 8. The <i>passive</i> is the root varied in its termination; +<p>§. 8. The <i>passive</i> is the root varied in its termination; e. g. e patua ana ahau, <i>I am struck</i>.</p> <p class="small"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The student will find, as we proceed, that the Maori passive differs in some respects from that of the English, Latin and Greek.</p> -<p>§. 9. The <i>neuter</i> expresses being, or a state or condition of +<p>§. 9. The <i>neuter</i> expresses being, or a state or condition of being; when the agent and the object acted upon coincide, and the event is properly neither <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">{45}</a></span>action nor passion, but rather something @@ -3664,7 +3625,7 @@ href="#F_15">[15]</a></span></p> of the ground-form.</p> <table class="tbl" summary="verb-voices"> - <tr><td>§ 10. <span class="small">ACTIVE VOICE.</span></td> + <tr><td>§ 10. <span class="small">ACTIVE VOICE.</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="small">PASSIVE VOICE.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>A, <i>to drive away</i>, &c.</td> @@ -4024,7 +3985,7 @@ of meaning; e. g.</p> when emphasis and brevity are desired more than accuracy.</p> </div> -<p>§. 12. The verbal nouns also (for which vid. chap. 3 §. c.) experience +<p>§. 12. The verbal nouns also (for which vid. chap. 3 §. c.) experience considerable variations in meaning. They are in most cases formed from the passive voice of the root; and as the rules for their formation may be easily learned by comparing a few with their respective ground @@ -4109,10 +4070,10 @@ root, a different form will be adopted for each meaning; e. g.</p> </ul> </div> -<p>§. 13. <i>Neuter verbs.</i>—On these but few remarks +<p>§. 13. <i>Neuter verbs.</i>—On these but few remarks are required. For the distinction between the preposition <i>i</i>, by which they are followed, and the particle -<i>i</i>, which follows active verbs, vid. <i>i</i> (prepositions, §. +<i>i</i>, which follows active verbs, vid. <i>i</i> (prepositions, §. 10, note.)</p> <p>That they sometimes take the passive form may be seen in the @@ -4126,7 +4087,7 @@ active verbs; e. g.</p> </ul> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" -id="page_53">{53}</a></span>§. 14. As the participial adjectives may +id="page_53">{53}</a></span>§. 14. As the participial adjectives may be most conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert here a table of the principal of them:—</p> <ul class="xmpl"> @@ -4175,7 +4136,7 @@ table of the principal of them:—</p> <li>Ngonga, <i>beaten</i> (same as Maru.)</li> </ul> -<p>§. 15. That we are correct in denominating such words, as the above, +<p>§. 15. That we are correct in denominating such words, as the above, "participial adjectives," will appear from the consideration that they will assume the form of an adjective, or participle, according to the nature of the word by which they may be translated: thus <i>marie</i> @@ -4412,7 +4373,7 @@ them depart into the power of the cruel</i>.</p> <div class="small"> <p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—For the difference between -<i>i</i> and <i>no</i> see the latter proposition § 4. Under this head +<i>i</i> and <i>no</i> see the latter proposition § 4. Under this head may be mentioned a <i>partitive sense</i> in which <i>i</i> is sometimes taken; e. g.,</p> <ul class="xmpl"> @@ -4498,7 +4459,7 @@ preposition <i>i</i> and the particle by which the accusative, (as it would be called in Latin,) <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">{60}</a></span>is denoted. This particle has, of itself, no specific meaning. In many instances its use is similar to that of -<i>êhth</i> in Hebrew; e. g.,</p> +<i>êhth</i> in Hebrew; e. g.,</p> <ul class="xmpl"> <li>A ka kite te Atua <i>i</i> te maramatanga, <i>and God saw the light</i>, Gen. i. 4.</li> @@ -5145,7 +5106,7 @@ past time.</p> id="page_71">{71}</a></span>These prepositions will sometimes take verbal particles into connexion with them, and may be frequently found in other forms to occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and -adverbs; vid. ch. 1, § 6. (c), ch. 7. § 1. (b), and ch. 9.</p> +adverbs; vid. ch. 1, § 6. (c), ch. 7. § 1. (b), and ch. 9.</p> <p>Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting what would be represented by a preposition in English. Though their proper place @@ -6972,7 +6933,7 @@ that I had, &c.</p> <div class="footnote"> <p class="nodent"><a name="F_31" id="F_31" href="#R_31">[31]</a>  -The Abbé Talleyrand.</p> +The Abbé Talleyrand.</p> </div> @@ -7195,8 +7156,8 @@ the verb; e. g., na ka hinga <i>ko</i> Haupokia, na ka hinga class="fnanchor"><a name="R_34" id="R_34" href="#F_34">[34]</a></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">{108}</a></span>e. g., <i>ko</i> ta te tangata kai <i>he</i> poaka, <i>he</i> riwai, <i>he</i> aha, -<i>he</i> aha, <i>the food for man is pork, potatoes, et cætera, et -cætera</i>; <i>ko</i> Oropi <i>te</i> whenua taonga, <i>Europe is the land +<i>he</i> aha, <i>the food for man is pork, potatoes, et cætera, et +cætera</i>; <i>ko</i> Oropi <i>te</i> whenua taonga, <i>Europe is the land of property</i>.</p> <p class="small">N.B.—There are some exceptions to this rule, @@ -7378,7 +7339,7 @@ Ngene is a scrofulous tumour.</p> <h2><span class="fs80">CHAPTER XV.</span><br />SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.</h2> -<p>§ 1.—<i>Nouns in Apposition.</i>—These were partly +<p>§ 1.—<i>Nouns in Apposition.</i>—These were partly considered in the last chapter, and we now proceed to offer further remarks respecting them:—</p> @@ -7403,7 +7364,7 @@ only take their proper articles; e. g., Nohea tenei Kingi <p class="small">N.B.—There are exceptions to these rules. Some of them will be mentioned under the next head.</p> -<p>§ 2.—The preposition, which is prefixed to the first of two or more +<p>§ 2.—The preposition, which is prefixed to the first of two or more nouns in apposition, will be prefixed to all the rest; e. g., <i>Naku</i> tenei pukapuka, <i>na</i> tou hoa, <i>na</i> Tarapipipi, <i>this letter is mine</i>, (i. e., was written by me,) <i>your @@ -7467,10 +7428,10 @@ preposition by which the former noun is preceded.</p> </div> -<p>§ 3. And we may here state, that clauses in <i>epanorthosis</i> will +<p>§ 3. And we may here state, that clauses in <i>epanorthosis</i> will frequently reject those rules of government which they, under other circumstances, would have recognised; and that they will often rather -partake of the nature of an exclamation, (vid. chapter 14, § 10, +partake of the nature of an exclamation, (vid. chapter 14, § 10, <i>note</i>.) Thus in the example just adduced, <i>to mamingatanga</i> is not in the objective case, as is <i>koe</i> in the clause preceding. It would appear that after the speaker had said, <i>Kua @@ -7482,12 +7443,12 @@ koe</i>, i <i>to</i>," &c. Again, in the first example of pau!</i> a native would not say, <i>o te pau</i>, as strict grammar requires; but rather puts <i>te pau</i> in the form of an exclamation.</p> -<p>§ 4. The answer to a question will always, in its construction, +<p>§ 4. The answer to a question will always, in its construction, correspond to the question; e. g., <i>Na</i> wai i tango? <i>Na</i> Hone, <i>Who took it? John</i>. <i>I</i> a wai taku pu? <i>I</i> a Hone, <i>With whom was my gun? with John</i>.</p> -<p>§ 5. There is no form in Maori corresponding to that contained in the +<p>§ 5. There is no form in Maori corresponding to that contained in the following expressions, "Land of Egypt," "River Euphrates." To translate these by "Whenua <i>o</i> Ihipa," &c., would be to represent Egypt, and Euphrates, as individuals possessing that land, and that @@ -7509,7 +7470,7 @@ difficulty, however, may be here easily obviated: for <i>book</i> may be altogether omitted, and "ko Kenehi" simply employed—a form, by the way, which is adopted by the Septuagint.</p> -<p>§ 6. <i>The possessive case.</i>—This case is much used in Maori. It +<p>§ 6. <i>The possessive case.</i>—This case is much used in Maori. It is employed often to denote intensity; e. g., Ko <i>to</i> Ngatimaniapoto tangata nui ha ia! <i>Oh, he is Ngatimaniapoto's great man</i>; i. e., <i>he is a very great man in that tribe</i>.</p> @@ -7521,7 +7482,7 @@ this as it stands, means <i>to despise or make a cipher of</i>. It should have been, kia whakakahoretia <i>tana</i>; negative <i>his</i>. (request sub.)</p> -<p>§ 7. It is sometimes useful for denoting the time from which an action +<p>§ 7. It is sometimes useful for denoting the time from which an action has commenced; e. g., kahore i kai, <i>o</i> to matou uranga mai ano, <i>we have not eaten</i> since <i>we landed</i>; Moe rawa atu ki Waitoke. Te haerenga atu <i>o</i> hea? <i>We slept at Waitoke. From @@ -7534,7 +7495,7 @@ day</i>.</p> verbs.</i></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" -id="page_116">{116}</a></span>§ 8. Often the possessive preposition is +id="page_116">{116}</a></span>§ 8. Often the possessive preposition is used where, in English, a different one would be employed; e. g., <i>no</i> Otahuhu tenei ara, <i>this path (leads) to Otahuhu</i>; kahore he wai <i>o</i> roto, <i>there is no water in it</i>. Ka kainga @@ -7545,7 +7506,7 @@ root</i> <span class="smcap">of the tuatanga</span> <i>is eaten by the father. Next day the fern</i> <span class="smcap">of his child</span> <i>is eaten by the Ariki (head chief)</i>.</p> -<p>§ 9. A word in the possessive case occurring with another twice +<p>§ 9. A word in the possessive case occurring with another twice repeated, will generally follow after the first of such words; e. g., ki te tahi taha <i>ona</i>, ki te tahi taha, <i>at either side of him</i>; lit. <i>at one side of him, at one side</i>. Sometimes other @@ -7553,13 +7514,13 @@ words will be found to intervene between the possessive case and the word that governs it: e. g., ko nga tangata <i>katoa tenei o</i> Waimate,—<i>here are all the men of Waimate</i>.</p> -<p>§ 10. The word by which a possessive case is governed, is often not +<p>§ 10. The word by which a possessive case is governed, is often not expressed in Maori; e. g., ka tokowha <i>o</i> matou ka mate, <i>four of us have died</i>; e wha nga rau o te kupenga a Hone, <i>there were four hundred</i> (<i>fishes</i> sub.) <i>of the net of John</i>; kei hea to Hone?—<i>where is John's?</i> (garment sub.)</p> -<p>§ 11. In the northern part of this island when a noun is placed in +<p>§ 11. In the northern part of this island when a noun is placed in immediate connexion with such pronouns as <i>noku, moku, &c.</i>, it will sometimes omit the article before it; e. g., no ratou <i>Atua</i> a Ihowa, <i>whose God is the Lord</i>; ka meinga mona <i>wahi</i>, @@ -7568,7 +7529,7 @@ appoint <i>him a portion</i>.</p> <p class="small"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—This form is rare in Waikato.</p> -<p>§ 12. When two substantives meet together, one of which denotes the +<p>§ 12. When two substantives meet together, one of which denotes the material of which the other consists, or some quality belonging to it, the word denoting the material, quality, &c., will simply follow <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">{117}</a></span>the @@ -7578,7 +7539,7 @@ board <i>house</i>; ika <i>moana</i>, <i>a sea fish</i>; he repo survivors from a slaughter</i>; he tangata <i>kupu rau</i>, <i>a man of a hundred words</i>; i. e., a deceitful person.</p> -<p>§ 13. Not unfrequently, when some circumstance or quality, is +<p>§ 13. Not unfrequently, when some circumstance or quality, is attributed to a person, it will be simply affirmed to be him; e. g., He <i>uaua kiore koe</i>, <i>you are a rat's strength</i>; <i>he taringa whiti rua (or tua,)</i> koe, <i>you are an</i> erring <i>ear</i>; @@ -7595,14 +7556,14 @@ Gen. 41, 26. The seven good kine (are) seven years, and chap. 46, 34, "Every shepherd is an abomination;" "That rock was Christ;" "This is my body;" "Ye were once darkness," &c.</p> -<p>§ 14. Another particular, also, in which Maori will be found to +<p>§ 14. Another particular, also, in which Maori will be found to resemble Hebrew is, the frequent substitution of the substantive for the adjective. Thus, we frequently hear, <i>he kakakore</i> koe, you are weakness; <i>he kino</i> te rangi nei, the sky is badness, &c., neither must the student imagine as have some in the interpretation of the Scriptures, that this mode of construction is always emphatic.</p> -<p>§ 15. The objective case almost always follows the verb; +<p>§ 15. The objective case almost always follows the verb; e. g., ka ngau <i>i a au</i>, <i>he will bite me</i>; except sometimes in sentences in which <i>na</i>, <i>ma</i>, &c. are used; e. g., <i>nana</i> ahau i tiki ake, <i>he fetched me</i>; @@ -7617,18 +7578,18 @@ name="page_118" id="page_118">{118}</a></span>a Kaihau hei <i>tamaiti</i> ki a te Katipa, <i>the</i> children <i>of Kaihau are a</i> child <i>to Katipa</i>; i. e., stand in the relation of children.</p> -<p>§ 16. <i>Compound Words.</i>—A word in connection with a compound +<p>§ 16. <i>Compound Words.</i>—A word in connection with a compound word will often be governed by one of the simples of which the latter consists; e. g. Kai atawhai <i>i a koe</i>; <i>one to take care of you</i>; <i>koe</i> here is governed by <i>atawhai</i>; ki te whenua kai mau, <i>to the land of food for you</i>; <i>mau</i>, here is influenced by <i>kai</i>.</p> -<p>§ 17. A verb can always be changed into a personal agent by prefixing +<p>§ 17. A verb can always be changed into a personal agent by prefixing <i>kai</i>; e. g., tiaki ia, <i>to guard</i>; kai tiaki ia, <i>a guard</i>.</p> -<p>§ 18. On the prefixing and omitting of the article <i>te</i> to +<p>§ 18. On the prefixing and omitting of the article <i>te</i> to <i>proper names</i>;</p> <p>To lay down any exact rules respecting this subject is, we fear, @@ -7649,7 +7610,7 @@ of females, the latter to the names of tribes.</p> <p>On the distinction between <i>o</i> and <i>a</i>;</p> -<p>§ 19. This very useful feature of Maori does not seem to be clearly +<p>§ 19. This very useful feature of Maori does not seem to be clearly recognized in some parts of New Zealand. It obtains, however, in the other islands of these seas, and may be satisfactorily shewn, even now to exist in those parts of this island in which it would be least @@ -7683,7 +7644,7 @@ disobedient</i>; <i>nona</i> te he, <i>his was the error</i>.</p> which are in wear, use, &c. Thus, <i>naku</i> tena whare means, <i>I built that house</i>, Noku, &c., <i>I dwell in it</i>.</p> -<p>§ 20. <i>A</i> is prefixed to the <i>agent</i>, and implies that the +<p>§ 20. <i>A</i> is prefixed to the <i>agent</i>, and implies that the noun, which is connected with that agent, is either an act of it, or an instrument with which, or sometimes a thing upon which the action is performed, such as tools, cultivations, food, <i>words</i>, &c., @@ -7691,7 +7652,7 @@ is performed, such as tools, cultivations, food, <i>words</i>, &c., tongue); e. g., <i>taku</i> toki; <i>naku</i> tena mara, <i>maku</i> te kupu ki mua; kai <i>mau</i>.</p> -<p>§ 21. When the action is intransitive, <i>o</i> is generally employed; +<p>§ 21. When the action is intransitive, <i>o</i> is generally employed; e. g. te toronga atu <i>o</i> te ringa o Hone; <i>to</i>ku haerenga. To this rule, however, there are many exceptions.</p> @@ -7747,7 +7708,7 @@ to remove the <i>tapu</i> from the mother and the settlement.</p> <h2><span class="fs80">CHAPTER XVI.</span><br />SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.</h2> -<p>§ 1. Adjectives generally follow substantives; e. g., he tangata +<p>§ 1. Adjectives generally follow substantives; e. g., he tangata kohuru, <i>a murderer</i>. Sometimes, however, they will take the form of an adverb, and precede; e. g., homai <i>katoa</i> mai nga mea, <i>give (me) all the things</i>. Sometimes, also, they will take the @@ -7755,10 +7716,10 @@ form of a verb and precede; e. g., <i>nui rawa</i> taku riri, <i>very great is my anger</i>—or of a substantive; e. g., he <i>nui</i> taku riri, idem.</p> -<p>§ 2. The pronominal adjectives, <i>tenei</i>, &c., and <i>taua</i> +<p>§ 2. The pronominal adjectives, <i>tenei</i>, &c., and <i>taua</i> will always precede; e. g., <i>tena</i> mea.</p> -<p>§ 3. Adjectives will generally take the form of the noun with which +<p>§ 3. Adjectives will generally take the form of the noun with which they are connected; i. e., if the noun be of the verbal form, so also will be the adjective; e. g., oranga tonutanga, <i>eternal life</i>; rerenga pukutanga, <i>sailing hungry</i>.</p> @@ -7776,7 +7737,7 @@ simple form. It will, we think, also be found that such common adjectives as nui, pai, katoa, and also the numerals most frequently follow in the simple form.</p> -<p>§ 4. Under other circumstances, the adjective will follow in the +<p>§ 4. Under other circumstances, the adjective will follow in the verbal form, especially when diversity <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">{122}</a></span>or a number of acts of the same kind, is intended. Thus, oku nohoanga katoa will mean <i>all my @@ -7784,7 +7745,7 @@ settlements</i>; aku nohoanga katoatanga, <i>all the times in which I sit down</i>. The following expressions are objectionable: korerotanga whakamut<i>u</i>, tirohanga ata<i>whai</i>, whakinga puk<i>u</i>.</p> -<p>§ 5. It should be noticed, perhaps, here, that we sometimes find the +<p>§ 5. It should be noticed, perhaps, here, that we sometimes find the verbal noun used as an adjective or participle, and with a passive meaning: e. g., he toki tua, is <i>an axe to fell with</i>; he toki <i>tuakanga</i>, <i>an axe which has been used in felling</i>; he mea @@ -7793,7 +7754,7 @@ here</i>. Whakakahu would in this construction be seldom used. On the other hand we meet with pu whakamoe; <i>gun taken to bed with you</i>; poaka whangai, <i>fed pig</i>.</p> -<p>§ 6. <i>Many adjectives to one substantive.</i>—It is contrary to the +<p>§ 6. <i>Many adjectives to one substantive.</i>—It is contrary to the genius of Maori to allow many adjectives to follow one substantive. When, therefore, it is desired to affirm many qualities of the same word, the word itself will be repeated before each adjective; e. g., @@ -7806,7 +7767,7 @@ rendered: he paraikete nui, he <i>mea</i> whero. Sometimes the adjective will be resolved into the verb; "a great and terrible God," would be thus rendered; he Atua nui, <i>e wehingia ana</i>.</p> -<p>§. 7. The following are instances in which an adjective is made to +<p>§. 7. The following are instances in which an adjective is made to qualify two substantives: ko te poaka raua ko te paraoa, <i>he reka kau</i>, <i>pork and flour (they are both) sweet, or (a sweetness)</i>; he mea reka te poaka, he me reka te paraoa, idem. Tena @@ -7815,7 +7776,7 @@ some</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">{123}</a></span> <i>shirts and some trousers; let them be good ones</i>: <i>i. e.</i>, <i>shew some good shirts, &c.</i></p> -<p>§ 8. Sometimes the adjective will unexpectedly assume the form of a +<p>§ 8. Sometimes the adjective will unexpectedly assume the form of a verb or substantive, e. g., kei ona kainga, <i>e</i> (or <i>he</i>,) maha, <i>he is at his many settlements</i>. The following form is heard at Taranaki: kia toru <i>he</i> ra, <i>it will take three @@ -7912,13 +7873,13 @@ syllable; e. g., nūi, nui whakaharahara.</p> <p><i>The particles prefixed to numbers.</i></p> -<p><i>Ko.</i> § 1. This word will often, without <i>te</i>, precede +<p><i>Ko.</i> § 1. This word will often, without <i>te</i>, precede <i>tahi</i>; e. g., toku <i>ko tahi</i>, <i>myself alone</i>; kia <i>ko tahi</i>, <i>be one</i>; i. e., pull together. When tahi is used as a substantive, it will generally take <i>te</i>; e. g., ko <i>te tahi</i> tenei, <i>this is one</i> (of them).</p> -<p>§ 2. The numerals between <i>one</i> and a <i>hundred</i> will seldom +<p>§ 2. The numerals between <i>one</i> and a <i>hundred</i> will seldom take any article; but <i>rau</i> and <i>mano</i> will take either <i>te</i> or <i>he</i>; e. g., <i>he</i> rau pea, <i>it is perhaps a hundred</i>; ko tahi <i>te</i> rau, or <i>te</i> mano. Sometimes the @@ -7927,17 +7888,17 @@ substantive is not expressed but understood; e. g., e taea e <i>te tekau</i> te whakanehenehe ki <i>te hokorima</i>? <i>can the ten contend with the fifty?</i></p> -<p>§ 3. The simple numeral is mostly used in counting; e. g., tahi, rua, +<p>§ 3. The simple numeral is mostly used in counting; e. g., tahi, rua, toru, one, two, three, &c. Often, however, the verbal particle <i>ka</i> is used in the same sense; ka tahi, ka rua, &c., it is one, there are two, &c.</p> -<p>§ 4. <i>Ka</i>, prefixed to the numeral, generally denotes the +<p>§ 4. <i>Ka</i>, prefixed to the numeral, generally denotes the <i>completion</i> of a number; e. g., <i>ka</i> toru enei matenga oku i a koe, <i>this is the third time I have been ill treated by you</i>, i. e., this makes up the third, &c.</p> -<p>§ 5. <i>E</i> is a very frequent prefix of the numbers between +<p>§ 5. <i>E</i> is a very frequent prefix of the numbers between <i>one</i> and <i>ten</i>. It differs from <i>ka</i> in that it does not so distinctly imply the <i>completion</i> of, or the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" @@ -7953,36 +7914,36 @@ return? in two weeks' time.</i> It should be <i>kia</i> rua nga wiki.</p> <p class="small"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—This distinction, however, does not hold invariably, &c.</p> -<p>§ 6. <i>Kia.</i>—For its uses <i>vide verbal particles</i>.</p> +<p>§ 6. <i>Kia.</i>—For its uses <i>vide verbal particles</i>.</p> -<p>§ 7. <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The particles <i>i</i> +<p>§ 7. <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The particles <i>i</i> and <i>kua</i> are occasionally found prefixed to the numerals. (<i>Vide those particles</i>, <span class="smcap">verbs</span>.)</p> -<p>§ 8. <i>The case and number following the numeral.</i> In most +<p>§ 8. <i>The case and number following the numeral.</i> In most instances, up to <i>one hundred</i>, the numeral will require no possessive case after it; e. g., a, ho mai ana e ratou, e ono nga kete, <i>and they gave six baskets</i>; lit. they were given by them, they were, (or are), six baskets.</p> -<p>§ 9. Beyond <i>one hundred</i>, however, a possessive case is very +<p>§ 9. Beyond <i>one hundred</i>, however, a possessive case is very frequently employed; e. g., ko tahi mano <i>o</i> nga tau, one thousand years.</p> -<p>§ 10. When the noun is in the oblique case, the numeral will generally +<p>§ 10. When the noun is in the oblique case, the numeral will generally <i>follow</i> it; e. g., hei tapiri mo enei kete <i>e wha</i>, <i>as an addition to these four baskets</i>. When it is in the nominative the numeral will most frequently precede; e. g., <i>e wha</i> nga kete, <i>there were four baskets</i>.</p> -<p>§ 11. It will be noticed that <i>tahi</i> is sometimes postfixed to +<p>§ 11. It will be noticed that <i>tahi</i> is sometimes postfixed to other numerals, and adjectives, without any variation of meaning; e. g., e rima <i>tahi</i>, five, turituri <i>tahi</i>, <i>what a noise (you are making)</i>. <i>Tahi</i> will sometimes take a plural after it; ko tahi <i>ona</i> hoa, <i>one were his companions</i>; i. e., he had one companion.</p> -<p>§ 12. Sometimes, when it is desired emphatically to denote all the +<p>§ 12. Sometimes, when it is desired emphatically to denote all the individuals, or items contained in a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">{128}</a></span>certain number, the number will be repeated; e. g., hokorima <i>hokorima iho</i>, <i>fifty fifty @@ -7992,16 +7953,16 @@ instance, (viz., that of rua,) we have the first syllable reduplicated to denote <i>both</i>; e. g., e tika <i>rurua</i> ana ano, <i>they are both right</i>.</p> -<p>§ 13. Sometimes, in Waikato, we meet with an ironical use of numerals, +<p>§ 13. Sometimes, in Waikato, we meet with an ironical use of numerals, corresponding to that in English, "six of one, and half a dozen of the other"; e. g., e whitu waru atu! they are seven eight other; e ngari a Hone, e pai ana—<i>e wha atu</i> i a Pita! <i>he is four besides Peter</i>; i. e., he is not better than Peter.</p> -<p>§ 14. <i>On the Ordinals.</i>—The student has seen (page 26) the +<p>§ 14. <i>On the Ordinals.</i>—The student has seen (page 26) the three ways in which these may be formed.</p> -<p>§ 15. There are, however, some distinctions between <i>tua</i> and +<p>§ 15. There are, however, some distinctions between <i>tua</i> and <i>whaka</i>, as prefixes, which deserve to be noticed. (1.) <i>Tua</i> is not frequently found prefixed to numerals beyond <i>ten</i>. (2.) Occasionally, also, a critical inquirer will, we think, detect a difference in the meaning @@ -8034,10 +7995,10 @@ latter an <i>ordinal</i>.</p> <h2><span class="fs80">CHAPTER XVIII.</span><br />SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUNS.</h2> -<p>§ 1. The personal pronouns follow the verb; e. g., e mea ana +<p>§ 1. The personal pronouns follow the verb; e. g., e mea ana <i>ahau</i>.</p> -<p>§ 2. They are often also omitted after it; e. g., Ka tukua atu te +<p>§ 2. They are often also omitted after it; e. g., Ka tukua atu te purahorua, ka tae ki te pa, korerotia atu, Kia mohio i te taua e haere mai nei——na ka te whai e te pa. Na wai i haere, a; ka tae ki nga whakatakoto; ka pau te huaki, ka tangi te patu, ka whati tera, te pa; @@ -8054,7 +8015,7 @@ of this construction are not varied or frequent.</p> the particle <i>nge</i> before them, but without any variation of meaning.</p> -<p>§ 3. It was observed (page 29) that there is no word in Maori to +<p>§ 3. It was observed (page 29) that there is no word in Maori to denote the pronoun <i>it</i>. Occasionally, however, that word will be designated by <i>ia</i> and its branches; e. g., waiho <i>mana</i> e rapu atu te tahi huarahi <i>mona</i>, <i>let it (the axe,) search out @@ -8065,7 +8026,7 @@ id="page_131">{131}</a></span>ko te poaka, <i>flour and pork</i>; nga toki ki a <i>ratou</i> whakatoki, nga kakahu ki a <i>ratou</i> whakakakahu, <i>axes by themselves, garments by themselves</i>.</p> -<p>§ 4. Often the singular and dual of the personal pronouns will be +<p>§ 4. Often the singular and dual of the personal pronouns will be employed to denote a whole tribe, or company; e. g., <i>naku</i> tena, na te Urioteoro, <i>that is mine, the Urioteoro's</i>; i. e., the property of my tribe. Keihea taua? <i>where are we two?</i> i. e., @@ -8083,7 +8044,7 @@ mind John: of what importance is he?</p> been surprised to hear questioned by some who claim a high character as Maori scholars.</p> -<p>§ 5. A pronoun in the singular will often be made to refer to a +<p>§ 5. A pronoun in the singular will often be made to refer to a noun in the plural; ko nga tangata <i>tenei</i>, <i>nana</i> nga tikaokao, <i>this are persons</i>, <span class="smcap">his</span> <i>are the fowls</i>; nga tangata <i>nona</i> te kainga, <i>the @@ -8093,7 +8054,7 @@ men</i> <span class="smcap">his</span> <i>was the having struck</i>; i. e., who struck. <i>Tenei matou te</i> noho atu nei, <i>this is we</i>, who <i>am sitting towards you</i>.</p> -<p>§ 6. It is a very common thing in Maori to put into the third person a +<p>§ 6. It is a very common thing in Maori to put into the third person a pronoun which has reference to either the first or second; e. g., hei rama aha? <i>tana</i> koke noa atu,—<i>nana tana</i> rakau, <i>a light for what purpose?</i>—<i>his</i> stumbling away—<i>his</i> is @@ -8111,7 +8072,7 @@ i. e., go you and James.</p> <p class="small">This last form is, perhaps, peculiar to the Waikato District.</p> -<p>§ 7. When two or more individuals are connected in English by the +<p>§ 7. When two or more individuals are connected in English by the conjunction <i>and</i>, they will very frequently be denoted by the dual or plural, of the personal pronoun of the more worthy person. For example, <i>he</i> and <i>I</i> are denoted by <i>maua</i>, John and @@ -8127,15 +8088,15 @@ Ihu Karaiti are in the nominative.</p> <p class="small">This strange, though in Maori very common, mode of construction cannot, we believe, be explained in any other way than by -an epanorthosis. (Vide page 114, § 3.)</p> +an epanorthosis. (Vide page 114, § 3.)</p> -<p>§ 8. The noun belonging to the pronoun is often omitted, especially +<p>§ 8. The noun belonging to the pronoun is often omitted, especially in talking of garments; e. g., keihea toku? <i>Where is mine</i>; i. e., my garment. Tikina atu te tahi ki a koe, <i>fetch some for you</i>; i. e., fetch some garment. Ko wai toku?—<i>Who is mine?</i>—i. e., my helper.</p> -<p>§ 9. <i>The relative pronouns.</i>—Following are some of the +<p>§ 9. <i>The relative pronouns.</i>—Following are some of the ways in which the defect of the relative pronoun is supplied in Maori:—(1) Te tangata <i>nana</i> nga kakano <i>the man whose are the seeds</i>; (2) te tangata <i>i</i> nga kakano, <i>idem</i>; @@ -8162,7 +8123,7 @@ the passive voice, as in example 8. Occasionally, also, the personal pronouns, as in example 1, or the adverb <i>reira</i>, as in example 9, &c., are used for the same purpose.</p> -<p>§ 10. <i>Demonstrative Pronouns.</i>—(1) These, like the +<p>§ 10. <i>Demonstrative Pronouns.</i>—(1) These, like the primitive pronouns of Hebrew, are often used for the verb of existence; (2) and the time will frequently be denoted by the pronoun used; i. e., Tenei will mostly be used for the present tense; @@ -9062,7 +9023,7 @@ trees are still alive.</p> <p><i>Present and imperfect.</i>—(For examples of these vid. on <i>e</i> page 136, on <i>ka</i> 138, and on <i>ai</i> 146), <i>ko</i> ahau -<i>kia</i> mate, ko ia <i>kia</i> ora; vid. on <i>kia</i> (§. c. 1,) +<i>kia</i> mate, ko ia <i>kia</i> ora; vid. on <i>kia</i> (§. c. 1,) also our remarks on ahei, taea, &c., as auxiliaries.</p> <p><i>Pluperfect.</i>—<i>Kua</i> riro au, na te mate o taku kotiro @@ -9639,383 +9600,6 @@ Port Nicholson District.</i></p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Grammar of the New Zealand language -(2nd edition), by Robert Maunsell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE *** - -***** This file should be named 44897-h.htm or 44897-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/8/9/44897/ - -Produced by Heiko Evermann, Chris Pinfield and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from scanned images of public domain -material from the Google Print project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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