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diff --git a/44854.txt b/44854.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5af68f1..0000000 --- a/44854.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6765 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by -Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Great Cities of the United States - Historical, Descriptive, Commercial, Industrial - -Author: Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth - Stephen Elliott Kramer - -Release Date: February 9, 2014 [EBook #44854] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jens Nordmann and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - [Illustration: BUILDING A SKYSCRAPER] - - - - - GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES - - HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, COMMERCIAL - INDUSTRIAL - - - BY - - GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH - - AUTHOR OF "BUILDERS OF OUR COUNTRY," BOOKS I AND II, "THE STORY OF THE - EMPIRE STATE," AND "A FIRST BOOK IN AMERICAN HISTORY" - - - AND - - - STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER - - ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON, D.C. - - - IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. - SYRACUSE, NEW YORK - - COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY - GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH AND STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - 316.3 - - - - - PREFACE - - -Just as the history of a country is largely the history of its great men, -so the geography of a country is largely the story of its great cities. - -How much more easily history is grasped and remembered when grouped -around attractive biographies. With great cities as the centers of -geography-study, what is generally considered a dry, matter-of-fact -subject can be made to attract, to inspire, and to fix the things which -should be remembered. - -This book, "Great Cities of the United States," includes the ten largest -cities of this country, together with San Francisco, New Orleans, and -Washington. _In it the important facts of our country's geography have -been grouped around these thirteen cities._ The story of Chicago includes -the story of farming in the Middle West, of the great ore industry on and -around the Great Lakes, and of the varied means of transportation. -Cotton, sugar, and location are shown to account largely for the -greatness of New Orleans. In a similar way, the stories of the other -cities sum up the important geography of our country. - -Enough of the history of each city is given to show its growth and -development. The distinctive points of interest are described so that one -feels acquainted with the things which attract the sight-seer. The -commercial and industrial features are made to stand out as the logical -sequence of fortunate location for manufacturing, for securing raw -materials, for markets, and for convenient means of transportation. - -In order to make uniformly fair comparisons, local statistics have been -ignored and all data have been taken from the latest government reports. - -The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to the historical -societies, to the chambers of commerce, to those in the various cities -who have furnished material and reviewed the manuscript, and to all -others who have rendered assistance. - -It is hoped that by the use of this book our country, in all its -greatness, will mean more and will appeal more to the boys and girls of -America than ever before. - -To the publishers of Allen's "Geographical and Industrial Studies: United -States" we are indebted for the use of the map appearing at the end of -the text. - - THE AUTHORS - - - - - CONTENTS - - PAGE - - NEW YORK 3 - - CHICAGO 41 - - PHILADELPHIA 67 - - ST. LOUIS 89 - - BOSTON 105 - - CLEVELAND 137 - - BALTIMORE 155 - - PITTSBURGH 171 - - DETROIT 189 - - BUFFALO 207 - - SAN FRANCISCO 227 - - NEW ORLEANS 245 - - WASHINGTON 265 - - REFERENCE TABLES 299 - - INDEX 305 - - - - - LIST OF MAPS - - PAGE - - The Boroughs of New York--Entrances to her Harbor 10 - - Manhattan Island and the City Parks 20 - - New York's Subway and Bridge Connections 29 - - Where Chicago was Founded 44 - - Chicago's Canals 48 - - Chicago To-day 60 - - Location of Philadelphia 69 - - Philadelphia To-day 80 - - Louisiana Purchase 90 - - St. Louis and her Illinois Suburbs 92 - - Map of Boston and its Vicinity 106 - - The City of Boston 118 - - Boston's Land and Water Connections 120 - - Cleveland and her Neighbors 140 - - The City of Cleveland 144 - - The City of Baltimore 164 - - Location of Baltimore 168 - - The Pittsburgh District 173 - - The City of Pittsburgh 179 - - The Great Lakes 190 - - The City of Detroit 201 - - New York's Canals 209 - - The Site of Buffalo 212 - - The City of Buffalo 218 - - The Site of San Francisco 232 - - The City of San Francisco 234 - - Where New Orleans Stands 246 - - The City of New Orleans 250 - - The District of Columbia 268 - - The City of Washington 270 - - Some of the Great Railroads of the United States 303 - - * * * * * - -[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING] - - - - - GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES - - NEW YORK - - -"Drop anchor!" rang out the command as the little Dutch vessel furled her -sails. On every side were the shining waters of a widespread bay, while -just ahead stretched the forest-covered shores of an island. - -[Illustration: INDIANS VISITING THE _HALF MOON_] - -All on board were filled with excitement, wondering what lay beyond. -"Have we at last really found a waterway across this new land of -America?" they asked. There was only one way to know--to go and see. So -on once more, past the island, glided the _Half Moon_. From time to -time, as she sailed along, the redskin savages visited her and traded -many valuable furs for mere trifles. - -But at last the _Half Moon_ could go no further. This was not a waterway -to India, only a river leading into the depths of a wild and rugged -country. Sick with disappointment, her captain, Henry Hudson, turned -about, journeyed the length of the river which was later to bear his -name, once more passed the island at the mouth of the river, and sailed -away. All this in 1609. - -[Illustration: "MY BROTHERS, WE HAVE COME TO TRADE WITH YOU"] - -Manhattan was the Indian name for the island at the mouth of the Hudson -River. Tempted by Henry Hudson's furs, the thrifty Dutchmen sent ship -after ship to trade with the American Indians. And as the years went by, -these Dutchmen built a trading post on Manhattan, and a little Dutch -village grew up about the post. Soon the Dutch West India Company was -formed to send out colonists to Manhattan and the land along the Hudson. -A governor too was sent. His name was Peter Minuit. - -[Illustration: PETER STUYVESANT] - -Now Peter Minuit was honest, and when he found that the Dutch were living -on Indian land to which they had helped themselves, he was not content. -So he called together the tribes which lived on Manhattan and, while the -painted warriors squatted on the ground, spoke to them in words like -these: "My brothers, we have come to trade with you. And that we may be -near to buy your furs when you have gathered them, we wish to live among -you, on your land. It is your land, and as we do not mean to steal it -from you, I have asked you to meet me here that I may buy from you this -island which you call Manhattan." Then, in payment for the island, Peter -Minuit offered the Indians ribbons, knives, rings, and colored -beads--things dearly loved by the savages. The bargain was soon closed, -and for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets the Dutch became the -owners of Manhattan Island. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK IN OLDEN TIMES] - -The Dutch settlement on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam -was a pretty town, with its quaint Dutch houses built gable end toward -the street and its gardens bright with flowers. Dutch windmills with -their long sweeping arms rose here and there, and near the water stood -the fort. - -But though New Amsterdam grew and prospered in the years after Peter -Minuit bought Manhattan, life there did not run as smoothly as it might. -In time Peter Stuyvesant came to be governor, and a stern, tyrannical -ruler he was. He always saw things from the Dutch West India Company's -point of view, not from the colonists'. Disagreement followed -disagreement till the people were nearly at the end of their patience. - -Then, one day in 1664, an English fleet sailed into the bay. A letter was -brought ashore for Governor Stuyvesant. England too, so it seemed, laid -claim to this land along the Hudson River, and now asked the Dutch -governor to give up his colony to the Duke of York, a brother of -England's king. This done, the Dutch colonists could keep their property, -and all their rights and privileges. In fact, even greater privileges -would then be given them. - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH OF OFFICE] - -In a towering rage Governor Stuyvesant tore the letter into bits and -stamped upon them and called upon his colonists to rise and help him -repulse the English. But the colonists would not rise. They felt that -there was nothing to gain by so doing. The English promised much, far -more than they had had under the rule of tyrannical Peter Stuyvesant and -the Dutch West India Company. - -What could the governor do? Surely he alone could not defeat the English -fleet. So at last, sorrowfully and reluctantly, he signed a surrender, -and the Dutch Colony was given over to the English. - -Once in possession, the English renamed New Amsterdam, calling it New -York. Now followed a hundred years of ever-increasing river, coast, and -foreign trade, of growing industries, of prosperity. And then--the -Revolution. - -When the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, George -Washington and his army were in New York, guarding the city from the -English. But before the close of the year he was forced to retreat, and -the English took possession. By the close of the Revolution, in 1783, the -English had robbed the city of much of its wealth and had ruined its -business. - -[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN IN NEW YORK STATE] - -After the war the thirteen states who had won their freedom from England -joined together, drew up a constitution for their common government, and -chose their first president. Then came the thirtieth of April, 1789. The -streets were crowded, and a great throng packed the space before New -York's Federal Hall. This was Inauguration Day, and on the balcony stood -General Washington taking the oath of office. It was a solemn moment. -The ceremony over, a mighty shout arose--"Long live George Washington, -president of the United States." Cheers filled the air, bells pealed, and -cannons roared. The new government had begun, and, for a time, New York -was the capital city. - -Already New York was recovering from the effects of the war. Her trade -with European ports had begun again, and it was no uncommon sight to see -over one hundred vessels loading or unloading in her harbor at one time. - -New York harbor is one of the largest and best in the world. Add to this -the city's central location on the Atlantic seaboard, and it is no wonder -that a vast coasting trade grew up with Eastern and Southern ports. - -Without doubt, however, the greatest business event in the history of New -York City was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. The canal joined the -Great Lakes with the Hudson River, making a water route from the rich -Northwest to the Atlantic, with New York as the natural terminus. So with -nearly all of the trade of the lake region at her command, New York soon -became a great commercial center, outstripping both Boston and -Philadelphia, which up to this time had ranked ahead of New York. - -A few years later the building of railroads began. The first railway from -New York was begun in 1831, and it was not long before the city was the -terminus of several lines and the chief railroad center of the Atlantic -coast. As the railroads did more and more of the carrying, and the Erie -Canal lost its former importance, New York did not suffer from the -change, but still controlled much of the trade between the Northwest and -European nations. Besides, as time went on, she built up an immense -traffic with all parts of the continent, being easily reached by rail -from the north, east, south, and west. - -[Illustration: THE BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK--ENTRANCES TO HER HARBOR] - -The first half of the nineteenth century saw the arrival of many thousand -immigrants from Europe. These, with the thousands of people who came from -other parts of America, attracted by the city's growing industries, made -more and more room necessary. First, about 13,000 acres across the Harlem -River were added to the city. Then, in 1895, the city limits were -extended to the borders of Yonkers and Mt. Vernon. And finally, in 1898, -New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, and some other near-by towns were -united under one government, forming together Greater New York, the -largest American city and the second largest city in the world. - -New York to-day covers about 360 square miles, its greatest length from -north to south being 32 miles, its greatest width about 16. The city is -divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and -Richmond. The Borough of Manhattan, on the long narrow island of that -name, lies between the Hudson and the East River. North and east of -Manhattan, on the mainland, lies the Borough of The Bronx. Just across -the narrow East River, on Long Island, are the boroughs of Queens and -Brooklyn; while Staten Island is known as the Borough of Richmond. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS] - -As more and more people came to the city the business area on Manhattan -proved too small, and with water to the east, to the west, and to the -south, there was no possibility of spreading out in these directions. -Yet business kept increasing, and the cry for added room became more and -more urgent. Finally, the building of the ten-story Tower Building in -1889 solved the difficulty. It showed that, though hemmed in on all -sides, there was still one direction in which the business section could -grow--upwards. And upwards it has grown. To-day lower Manhattan fairly -bristles with huge steel-framed skyscrapers which furnish miles and miles -of office space, twenty, thirty, forty, in one case even fifty-five, -stories above the street level. The supplying of office and factory space -is not the only use that has been made of these steel buildings. Great -apartment houses from twelve to fifteen stories high provide homes for -thousands. Mammoth hotels covering entire city blocks furnish temporary -homes for the multitudes which visit the city each year. Fifteen of the -largest of these can house more than 15,000 guests at one time--a -good-sized city in itself. Thus has Manhattan become one of the most -densely populated areas on the globe. In the boroughs of Queens and -Richmond, on the other hand, large tracts of land are given over to farms -and market gardens. - -[Illustration: HOW A SKYSCRAPER IS MADE] - -Manhattan is at once the smallest and the most important borough in the -city. Here are the homes of more than 2,000,000 people, the business -section of Greater New York, and the chief shipping districts. - -[Illustration: A MAMMOTH HOTEL] - -When building the narrow irregular streets of their little town on lower -Manhattan, the inhabitants of New Amsterdam little dreamed that they -would one day be the scene of the enormous traffic of modern New York. -Those old, narrow, winding streets to-day swarm with hurrying throngs -from morning till night and are among the busiest and noisiest in the -world. - -The newer part of the city from Fourteenth Street north to the Harlem -River has been laid out in wide parallel avenues running north and south. -These are crossed by numbered streets running east and west from river to -river. Fifth Avenue runs lengthwise through the middle of the borough, -dividing it into the East and West sides. On the East Side you will find -the crowded homes of the poorer classes, where many of the working people -of Manhattan live. On the West Side are many manufacturing plants, -lumber yards, and warehouses. On the upper stretch of Fifth Avenue, and -on the streets leading off, are the homes of many of New York's -wealthiest residents. Opposite Central Park are some of the most costly -and beautiful mansions in the city. - -[Illustration: FIFTH AVENUE FROM THIRTY-FOURTH STREET] - -In this regular arrangement of streets, Broadway alone is the exception -to the rule. Beginning at the southern end of the island, it runs -straight north for more than two miles, then turns west and winds its way -throughout the whole length of the city. About its lower end, and on some -of the neighboring streets, center the banking and financial interests. -Here are many of the city's richest banks and trust companies. - -[Illustration: BROADWAY CROSSING SIXTH AVENUE] - -Wall Street, running east from Broadway about one third of a mile from -the southern end of Manhattan, was named from the wall which the Dutch, -in 1683, built across the island at this point, because they heard that -the English were planning to attack them from the north. Though only half -a mile in length, Wall Street probably surpasses all others in the extent -of its business. - -[Illustration: WALL STREET] - -North of the banking center is the great wholesale region, where -merchants from all parts of the country buy their stock in large -quantities, to sell again to the retail merchants. Beyond the wholesale -region are the large retail stores--New York's great shopping district. -In these retail stores the merchants who have bought from the wholesalers -sell direct to the people who are to use the goods. In this middle -section of the island are also most of the better-class hotels, -restaurants, clubs, and theaters, which have been gradually making their -way further and further uptown, crowding the best resident section still -further north. - -The customhouse, where the government collects duties on goods brought -into the port of New York from other lands, was built at the extreme -southern end of the island, where Fort Amsterdam used to stand. The -United States Sub-Treasury, in Wall Street, stands on the site of Federal -Hall, where Washington was inaugurated. Here are stored large quantities -of gold, silver, and paper money belonging to the government. In and -about City Hall Park are the post office, the courthouse, and the Hall of -Records. The new public library, on Fifth Avenue between Fortieth and -Forty-second streets, is the largest library building in the world. - -[Illustration: CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE] - -The city's parks are many. Central Park, in the center of Manhattan, -ranks among the world's finest pleasure grounds. It is two miles and a -half long and one-half mile wide, and has large stretches of woodland, -beautiful lawns, gleaming lakes, and sparkling fountains. Here, too, are -the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Cleopatra's Needle--an obelisk -thousands of years old, presented to the city by a ruler of Egypt. And -here are reservoirs which hold the water brought by aqueducts from the -Croton River, about forty miles north of the city. This river was for -many years the sole source of Manhattan's water supply. In 1905, however, -the city began work on an immense aqueduct which is to bring all the -drinking-water for all five boroughs from reservoirs in the Catskill -Mountain region. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY] - -[Illustration: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART] - -[Illustration: MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE CITY PARKS] - -The tomb of General Grant is at the northern end of Riverside Park, which -is on a high ridge along the Hudson River above Seventy-second Street. -Riverside Drive, skirting this park, is one of the most beautiful -boulevards in the city. - -Then there are Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and Pelham Bay and Van -Cortlandt parks in The Bronx. The city zoo and the Botanical Gardens are -in Bronx Park. And in addition to all these there are more than two -hundred smaller open spaces and squares scattered over the city. - -[Illustration: THE TOMB OF GENERAL GRANT] - -Columbia University, New York University, Fordham, the College of the -City of New York, and Barnard College are among the most noted of New -York's many educational institutions. - -About five million people live in this wonderful city, and to supply them -all with food is a tremendous business in itself. During the night -special trains bring milk, butter, and eggs; refrigerator cars come laden -with beef; and from the market gardens of Long Island fruits and -vegetables are gathered and taken to the city during the cool of the -night that they may be sold, fresh and inviting, in the morning. - -[Illustration: WHERE THE SEALS LIVE IN BRONX PARK] - -Great numbers of New York's inhabitants are from foreign lands. Several -thousand Chinese manage to exist in the few blocks which make up New -York's Chinatown. A large Italian population lives huddled together in -Little Italy, as well as in other sections of the city. Thousands upon -thousands of Jews are crowded into the Hebrew section on the lower east -side of Manhattan. There is also a German and a French colony, as well as -distinct Negro, Greek, Russian, Armenian, and Arab quarters. Most of -these are in lower Manhattan, and in consequence lower Manhattan is by no -means deserted when the vast army of shoppers, workers, and business men -have gone home for the night. - -[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT HOUSE IN BRONX PARK] - -[Illustration: VISITING THE BIRDS IN BRONX PARK] - -[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW] - -The necessity of carrying these shoppers, workers, and business men to -and from their homes in the residence sections of the city and in the -suburbs gradually led to the development of New York's wonderful -rapid-transit system. Within the borders of Manhattan itself, horse cars -soon proved unequal to handling the crowds that each day traveled north -and south. So the first elevated railway was built. Then six years later, -a second line was constructed. Others soon followed, not only in -Manhattan but also in Brooklyn and The Bronx. Raised high above the busy -streets by means of iron trestles, and making but few stops, these -elevated trains could carry passengers much faster than the surface cars, -and for a time the problem seemed to be solved. - -[Illustration: A NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAY] - -The traveling public was rapidly increasing, however, and before the -close of the nineteenth century both the surface cars, now run by -electricity, and the elevated trains were sorely overcrowded during the -morning and evening rush hours. More cars were absolutely necessary, and -as there was little room to run them on or above the surface, New York -decided to make use of the space under the ground, just as it had already -turned to account that overhead. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK'S FIRST TWO-STORY CAR] - -[Illustration: A SUBWAY ENTRANCE] - -The work was begun in 1901. A small army of men was set to blasting and -digging tunnels underneath the city streets,--a tremendous task,--and in -1904 the first subway was opened. Electric cars running on these -underground tracks carry passengers from one end of the island to the -other with the speed of a railroad train. - -[Illustration: SUBWAY TUNNELS] - -[Illustration: A FERRY BOAT] - -But what of the means of travel for those living outside of Manhattan? -Years back, business men living on Long Island had to cross the East -River on ferry boats. This was particularly inconvenient in winter, when -fogs or floating ice were liable to cause serious delays. Besides, as New -York grew, such numbers crossed on the ferries that they were -overcrowded. Relief came for a time when, in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge -was built over the East River from Brooklyn to New York. This bridge is -over a mile long. Across it run a roadway, a walk for foot passengers, -and tracks for elevated trains as well as for surface cars. Two even -longer bridges, the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, have -since been built between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Then, too, there is the -Queensboro Bridge, between Manhattan and the Borough of Queens. - -Though thousands and thousands daily crossed the East River over -these bridges, men soon foresaw that the time was not far distant -when ferries and bridges together would be unable to take care of the -ever-growing traffic. Further means of travel had to be provided, and -the success of the city's underground railway suggested a practical idea. -As early as 1908, the subway was continued and carried under the East -River to Brooklyn. Several tubes have since been built under the Hudson, -connecting Manhattan with the New Jersey shore. To-day New York is -building many miles of new subway under various parts of the city as well -as under the Harlem and East rivers. Carrying passengers under water has -proved as great a success as carrying them underground. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK'S SUBWAY AND BRIDGE CONNECTIONS] - -[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE] - -Over and above all these means of rapid transit, Greater New York has at -its service ten of America's great railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad -has an immense station in New York, one of the finest of its kind. -Tunnels under the Hudson and East rivers carry its trains to New Jersey -and Long Island. - -[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION] - -[Illustration: THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION] - -The new Grand Central Station is the greatest railroad terminal in the -world. The station is a beautiful building of stone and marble, large -enough to accommodate thirty thousand people at one time. Between -railroads and tunnels, bridges and ferries, surface cars, elevated -trains, and subways, New York's rapid transit system is one of the best -in the world. - -With such advantages as a receiving and distributing center, it is small -wonder that the city has become the nation's chief market place. It is -without a rival as the center of the wholesale dry-goods and wholesale -grocery businesses. More than half of the imports of the United States -enter by way of New York's port, and its total foreign commerce is five -times that of any other city in the country. - -Rubber, silk goods, furs, jewelry, coffee, tea, sugar, and tin are among -the leading imports. Cotton, meats, and breadstuffs are the most -important exports. - -Besides being the principal market place of the United States, New York -is also its greatest workshop, as it makes over one tenth of the -manufactures of the country. In the manufacture of clothing alone, more -than a hundred thousand people are employed. There are comparatively few -large factories for carrying on this work, as much of it is done in -tenement houses and in small workshops. The growth of this industry has -been largely due to the abundance of cheap unskilled labor furnished by -the immigrant population of the city. - -Second in importance is the refining of sugar and molasses, carried on -chiefly in Brooklyn along the East River, where boats laden with raw -sugar from the Southern states and the West Indies unload their cargoes. -New York City leads in the refining of sugar as well as in its -importation. - -[Illustration: THE BATTERY] - -Added to these, printing and publishing, the refining of petroleum, -slaughtering and meat packing, the roasting and grinding of coffee and -spices, the making of foundry and machine-shop products, cigars, tobacco, -millinery, furniture, and jewelry are the leading industries of the many -thousands which have grown up in the city. All this is largely due to the -ease with which raw materials can be obtained and finished articles -marketed. Thanks to its commercial advantages, New York leads all -American cities in the value of its manufactures and surpasses them in -the variety of its products. - -[Illustration: LOWER MANHATTAN] - -[Illustration: NEW YORK CITY DOCKS] - -[Illustration: LOADING A FREIGHT STEAMER] - -At the southern end of Manhattan Island is the Battery. In the old days -the Battery was a fort. Now it is used as an aquarium. From the Battery -New York's docks extend for miles along both sides of lower Manhattan and -line the Long Island and New Jersey shores as well. The wharves are piled -high with bales and bags, boxes and barrels. Ships from the South come -with cargoes of cotton, others bound for England take this cotton away. -Tank steamers from Cuba bring molasses; similar ones are filled with -petroleum destined for the ends of the earth. Cattle boats take on live -stock brought from the West, grain ships load at the many elevators built -at the water's edge, and vessels from all the larger ports of the world -put ashore goods of every description. Along both shores of the Hudson -River are the piers of the great trans-Atlantic steamship companies, the -landing places of the largest and fastest passenger vessels in the world. -Here also are the docks of the many river and coastwise lines which -carry passengers to and from the cities and towns on the Hudson and the -Atlantic coast. Half the foreign trade and travel of the United States -passes over the wharves of lower Manhattan. - -[Illustration: A DOCK SCENE] - -The entire harbor includes the Hudson and East rivers and the upper and -lower New York Bay with the connecting strait known as The Narrows. The -upper bay, New York's real harbor, can be entered from the ocean in three -ways--a narrow winding channel around Staten Island, a northeast entrance -through Long Island Sound and the East River, and an entrance through The -Narrows from the lower bay. - -[Illustration: A GREAT OCEAN LINER] - -Among the islands in the upper bay is Ellis Island, where immigrants are -inspected before being allowed to enter our country. On another island -stands the splendid bronze statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World," -given to the United States by the people of France. It is now America's -greeting to her future citizens as they sail up the harbor. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK HARBOR] - -What a different picture the harbor presents to-day from the one Hudson -saw over three hundred years ago! The quiet undisturbed waters of that -time are now alive the year around with craft of every sort, from the -giant ocean liner to the graceful sailboat. Vessels freighted with -merchandise, tugs towing canal boats, ferries for Staten Island, barges -loaded with coal, river steamers, excursion boats, and battleships from -far and near, day and night, pass in an endless procession where the -solitary Indian used to glide in his silent canoe. - -[Illustration: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY] - -When the Dutch bought Manhattan it was a beautiful wooded island -inhabited by Indians who supplied their simple wants by hunting and -fishing. What a change the island has undergone since that time! The -Indians have disappeared with the forest. In their place live and -struggle vast armies of human beings gathered together from all the -corners of the earth. Where squaws used to pitch their wigwams, giant -skyscrapers tower up toward the clouds. The stillness of the forest has -been succeeded by the noise and bustle of a busy city. The lazy -monotonous life of the savage has given way to a ceaseless activity and -hurry. - -The twenty-four dollars which bought the whole island--less than three -hundred years ago--would not now buy a single square inch in the center -of the city. The hunting and fishing ground of the red men has become the -heart of the greatest city of the Western Hemisphere. - - - =NEW YORK= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), nearly 5,000,000 (4,766,883). - - First city in population in the United States. - - Second city in population in the world. - - Divided into five sections, called boroughs. - - Carries on more than half the foreign trade of the United States. - - Leads all American cities in the value of its manufactures. - - One of the best harbors in the world. - - Connected by great railway systems with all parts of America. - - Connected with the Great Lakes by the Hudson River and the Erie Canal. - - A city of skyscrapers. - - Wonderful system of underground, overhead, and surface transportation. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Why did the Dutch settle on Manhattan Island? How did the Dutch - governor secure the land from the Indians? - - 2. What great ceremony connected with the establishment of the - government of the United States took place in New York? Why was - this ceremony held in New York? - - 3. What was the most important event in advancing the business growth - of New York? - - 4. What effect did the arrival of vast numbers of immigrants have - upon the city? - - 5. Why are there such tall buildings in New York? - - 6. Name some of the principal streets and their chief features; name - some of the colleges and universities. - - 7. Give some facts about Central Park, The Bronx, and Riverside Drive. - - 8. Give some idea of the size of New York, its population, and the - nationalities that comprise it. - - 9. Give a brief account of the means of transportation. - - 10. In what respects does New York rank first of all the cities of - the United States? - - 11. What are its principal exports and imports? - - 12. What commercial advantages does New York enjoy? - - 13. What are the chief manufactured products of New York City, and - how can it produce so much without many great factories? - - 14. Compare the harbor and city of to-day with that of three hundred - years ago. - - 15. From a New York newspaper find out the foreign countries and the - cities of this country to which vessels make regular sailings from - New York. - - 16. Name all the railroads entering the city. - - - - - CHICAGO - - -"Chicago is wiped out." "Chicago cannot rise again." So said the -newspapers all over the country, in October, 1871. And well they might -think so, for the great fire of Chicago--one of the worst in the world's -history--had laid low the city. - -The summer had been unusually dry. For months almost no rain had fallen. -The ground was hot and parched, the whole city dry as kindling wood. Then -about nine o'clock on a windy Sunday night, the fire broke out in a poor -section of the West Side. It seemed as if everything a spark touched, -blazed up. While the firemen stood by, helpless to check the flames, rows -of houses and blocks of factories burned down. - -In a short time the lumber district was a great bonfire, the flames -shooting hundreds of feet into the air. On and on swept the fire along -the river front. Then the horror-stricken watchers saw the flames cross -to the South Side. All had thought that the fire would be checked at the -river, but the wind carried pieces of burning wood and paper to the roofs -beyond. - -The business section was burning! The firemen worked desperately, but in -vain. Hundreds of Chicago's finest buildings--stores, offices, banks, and -hotels--were swallowed up by the flames. The city had become a roaring -furnace, and the terrified people rushed madly for safety. - -[Illustration: AFTER THE FIRE] - -Once more the fire crossed the river, this time to the North Side, with -its beautiful residence districts. Here too wind and flame swept all -before them till Lincoln Park was reached, where at last the fire was -checked in its northward course; there was nothing more to burn. It had -raged for two nights and a day, laying waste a strip of land almost four -miles long and one mile wide. - -[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago - HOME OF JOHN KINZIE] - -Tuesday morning saw seventeen thousand buildings destroyed and one -hundred thousand people homeless. The best part of Chicago lay in ruins. -What wonder that men everywhere thought the stricken city could not rise -again! - -At the time this terrible disaster happened, Chicago had been a city for -a little less than thirty-five years. - -The mouth of the Chicago River had been a favorite meeting place for -Indians and French trappers long before permanent settlement began. In -1777 a negro from San Domingo, who had come to trade with the Indians, -built a log store on the north bank of the river. This store was bought -in 1803 by John Kinzie, another trader and Chicago's first white -settler. - -The next year the United States government built Fort Dearborn on the -south side of the river, not far from the lake. Though Fort Dearborn was -nothing more than a stockade with blockhouses at the corners, a little -settlement gradually grew up around it. - -[Illustration: WHERE CHICAGO WAS FOUNDED] - -During the War of 1812 the Indians attacked the fort, burned it to the -ground, and either massacred or captured most of the settlers while they -were fleeing to Detroit for safety. - -Fort Dearborn was rebuilt after the war, but settlers were slow in -coming. By 1830 there were scarcely a hundred people in Chicago, then a -little village of log houses scattered over a swampy plain. Fur trading -was still the chief occupation. - -A change was soon to come. The southern part of Illinois was by this time -being settled and dotted with farms, and each year larger crops were -produced. The farmers saw that they must get their products to the -Atlantic coast if they wished to prosper, and the Great Lakes were the -most convenient route over which to send them. - -Lake Michigan extended into the heart of the fertile prairie lands, but -its shores were almost unbroken by harbors. Men early saw the -possibilities of the mouth of the Chicago River. It could be made into an -excellent harbor with little expense, and if once this were done, Chicago -would be the natural port of the rich Middle West. - -In 1833 the government began improvements by cutting a channel through -the sand bar across the mouth of the river and building stone piers into -the lake to keep out the drifting sand. Vessels were soon entering the -river instead of anchoring in the lake as formerly. Lake trade increased. -More and more boats were bringing goods from the East to be distributed -among the farmers of Illinois. The new harbor made intercourse with the -outer world easy. - -The growth of trade, however, was hindered by the absence of good roads. -Farmers who wished to bring anything to the Chicago market had to cross -the open prairie, which was wet and marshy near the town. Such a ride was -an unpleasant experience, as often the wagon would stick in the deep mud, -and the poor driver had no choice but to wait until help should happen -along. Many preferred to take their crops to the cities farther south, -where better roads had been built. - -[Illustration: AN EARLY CHICAGO DRAWBRIDGE] - -"We too will have roads," said the people of Chicago, anxious for more -trade, and they set about building them with a will. Soon good roads -entered the town from all directions, and over them the rich products of -the surrounding country came pouring into Chicago. - -Business and wealth increased, and more and more settlers arrived. Most -of them came by way of the lakes, but many came in prairie schooners, as -the immigrants' great covered wagons were called. By 1837 the population -had risen to four thousand, and Chicago became a city. - -Its growth from this time was marvelous. Its location at the head of Lake -Michigan, its fine harbor, the resources of the rich back country, all -combined to make it the chief commercial center of the Middle West. - -[Illustration: WHERE THE STAGECOACH STARTED] - -In the early days, when Chicago was only a tiny village, there had been -talk of connecting Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois River by -canal. As the Illinois flows into the Mississippi, this would furnish a -water route from the East down the entire Mississippi valley. In 1836 the -canal was actually begun. A few years later hard times came, and the work -was stopped for a while, but it was finished in 1848. This was known as -the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It extended from La Salle, on the -Illinois River, to Chicago--a distance of over ninety miles--and offered -cheap transportation between Chicago and the fertile farm lands to the -south. - -[Illustration: CHICAGO'S CANALS] - -Though the canal was a success, railroads did even more for the city. The -year that saw the canal completed also saw the first train run from -Chicago to Galena, near the Mississippi, in the heart of the lead -country. - -Four years later, in 1852, came railroad connection with the East, when -the Michigan Southern and Michigan Central railroads entered the city. -Other lines soon followed, and it was not long before Chicago was one of -the important railroad centers of the country. - -But while Chicago was fast becoming rich and big, it was not a pleasant -place in which to live. The site of the city was a low and marshy plain, -almost on a level with the lake, and the problems of drainage of such a -location had to be met and solved. - -In the beginning, to keep the houses dry, they were built above the -ground and supported by timbers or piles. Cellars and basements were -unknown, and the city streets were a disgrace. In spring they were -flooded and swimming with mud. Even in summer, pools of stagnant water -stood in many places. For years wagons sticking fast in the mud were -common sights. - -Cholera, smallpox, and scarlet fever swept the city again and again. -People, knowing only too well that unsanitary conditions brought on these -diseases, did their best to remedy matters. They saw that Chicago would -be clean and healthy if only they could find a way to carry off her -wastes. - -First they decided to turn the water into the river by sloping all the -streets towards it. Then came a severe flood which did much damage and -showed the folly of digging down any part of the city. Chicago was too -low already. - -So the people hastened to raise their streets again by filling them in -with sand, and this time they made gutters along the side to carry off -the water. Heavy wagons soon wore away the sand, however, and the streets -were as muddy as before. - -Finally, an engineer advised the people to raise the whole city several -feet; then brick sewers could be built beneath the street to carry the -sewage into the river. At first many refused to listen to such a -proposal. The undertaking was so great that it frightened them. - -But as things were, business and health were suffering. Something had to -be done, and at last the city determined to raise itself out of the mud, -and work was begun. Ground was hauled in from the surrounding country, -streets and lots were filled in, the buildings were gradually raised, and -sewers were built sloping toward the river. It was a gigantic task and -cost years of labor, but when it was done, Chicago was, for the first -time, a dry city. It must be remembered that the area of Chicago at that -time was but a small part of the present city. - -Another source of trouble was the drinking-water, which was taken from -Lake Michigan. The sewage in the river flowed into the lake and at times -contaminated the water far out from the shore, thus poisoning the city's -supply. It was therefore decided to build new waterworks, which would -bring into the city pure water from farther out in the lake. A tunnel was -built, extending two miles under Lake Michigan. At its outer end a great -screened pipe reached up into the lake to let water into the tunnel. Over -the pipe a crib was built to protect it. On the shore, pumping stations -with powerful engines raised the water to high towers from which all -parts of the city were supplied. - -[Illustration: CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1856] - -The first tunnel was completed in 1867. With the growth of the city other -tunnels and cribs have been built, farther out in the lake, to supply the -increasing need. - -By 1870 Chicago had become one of the largest cities in the country. In -1830 the settlement at the mouth of the Chicago River had barely twenty -houses. Forty years later it had over three hundred thousand inhabitants. -The wonderful resources of the upper Mississippi valley had been largely -responsible for the city's growth, and the rapid development of the -entire West promised Chicago a still greater future. - -Then came the fire, and to the homeless people looking across miles of -blackened ruins it seemed that Chicago had no future at all. Had not the -fire undone the work of forty years? - -[Illustration: CLARK STREET IN 1857] - -The first despair gradually gave way to a more hopeful feeling. Truly the -loss was great--the best part of the city lay in ruins. But was not the -wealth of the West left, and the harbor and the railroads? These had -built up Chicago in the beginning, and they would do so again. - -The rebuilding began at once. At first little wooden houses and sheds -were constructed to give temporary shelter to the homeless. Help came to -the stricken city from all sides. Thousands of carloads of food were -sent, and several million dollars were collected in Europe and America. - -Two thirds of the city had been built of wood. Now the business blocks, -at least, were to be as nearly fireproof as possible. Tall buildings of -brick and stone were planned. But such structures are heavy, and if they -were built directly on the swampy ground underlying the city, there would -be danger of their settling unevenly and possibly toppling over. So -layers of steel rails crossing each other were sunk in the ground, and -the spaces between them were filled in with concrete. Upon this solid -foundation the first skyscrapers of Chicago were built. - -To-day concrete caissons are constructed on bed rock, often from 100 to -110 feet below the surface, and upon these rest the steel bases of the -modern Chicago skyscrapers. - -Work went on quickly. In a year the business section was rebuilt. In -three years there was hardly a trace of the fire to be seen in the city, -which was larger and more beautiful than before. - -After the rebuilding, the water question came up for discussion again. In -spite of all that had been done to protect the water supply, the -increasing sewage of the city, carried by the river into the lake, at -times still made the water unfit to drink. The one way of getting pure -water was to prevent the river from flowing into the lake. This could be -done only by building a new canal, large and deep enough to change the -flow of the river away from the lake. Such a canal was finally completed -in 1900, after eight years' work and at a cost of over $75,000,000. It is -28 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 165 feet wide, and it connects the -Chicago River with the Des Plaines, a branch of the Illinois River. A -large volume of water from Lake Michigan continually flushes this -immense drain, carrying the sewage away. The Chicago River no longer -flows into the lake, and at last the danger of contaminated -drinking-water from this source is past. - -[Illustration: BUSY SCENE AT ENTRANCE TO CHICAGO RIVER] - -One dream of the builders of the canal has not yet been realized. They -called it the Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal, in the hope that it might -some day be used for shipping purposes as well as for draining the river. -This cannot happen, however, till the rivers which it connects are -deepened and otherwise improved. - -Such has been the history of the growth of Chicago--to-day the greatest -railroad center and lake port in the world. It is now the second city in -size in America and ranks fourth among the cities of the world. - -The port of Chicago owes much to the Chicago River, which has been -repeatedly widened, deepened, and straightened. It is to-day one of the -world's most important rivers, commercially considered. After extending -about one mile westward from the lake, the river divides into two -branches, one extending northwest, the other southwest. Many docks have -been built along its fifteen miles of navigable channel, and its banks -are lined with factories, warehouses, coal yards, and grain elevators. - -[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago - CHICAGO'S FIRST GRAIN ELEVATOR] - -These grain elevators are really huge tanks where the grain is stored and -kept dry until time to reship it. There are many of them along the river, -and they bear witness to the fact that Chicago is the world's greatest -grain center. - -In 1838 the city received only seventy-eight bushels of wheat. This was -brought in by wagons rumbling across the unbroken prairie. Canal boats -and railroads have taken the place of the wagons of early days and every -year bring hundreds of millions of bushels of grain from the West to the -elevators along the Chicago River. - -Though much of the grain remains here but a short time and is then -shipped to other points, a great quantity is made into flour in the -city's many flourishing mills. - -[Illustration: A GRAIN ELEVATOR OF TO-DAY] - -Of equal importance with the Chicago River harbor is the great harbor in -South Chicago at the mouth of the Calumet River. Here ships from the Lake -Superior region come with immense cargoes of ore. This ore, together with -the supply of coal from the near-by Illinois coal fields, has developed -the enormous steel industry of South Chicago. - -Vast quantities of steel are turned out. Some of this is shipped to -foreign countries, but most of it is used in Chicago's many foundries for -the making of all kinds of iron and steel articles, in the city's immense -farm-tool factories, and in the shipyards for building large steamships. - -Close to the water front, too, are extensive lumber yards, for Chicago is -the largest lumber market in the United States. Here boats can be seen -unloading millions of feet of timber from the great forests of Michigan -and Wisconsin, sent to Chicago's lumber yards to be distributed far and -wide over the country. Large quantities are also taken to the factories -in the city, to be cut and planed and made into doors, window frames, -furniture, and practically everything that can be made of wood. - -In addition to her inner harbors, Chicago has a fine outer harbor. This -is now being enlarged by the extension of its breakwaters, and a -$5,000,000 pier is under construction which will be more than half a mile -in length and will greatly increase the shipping facilities. - -With all these advantages as a shipping point, thousands of vessels come -to Chicago every year. Steamers connect it with the states along the -Great Lakes and with Canada and the outer world. Its trade with Europe is -large, corn and oats being the chief exports. New York alone in America -surpasses Chicago in the total value of its commerce. - -Of Chicago's nearly 2,500,000 inhabitants a large percentage are foreign -born, Germans, Poles, Irish, and Jews having settled here in great -numbers. About forty languages are spoken, and newspapers are regularly -published in ten of them. - -With its suburbs, Chicago stretches nearly 30 miles along the shore of -Lake Michigan and reaches irregularly inland about 10 miles. The city -limits inclose an area of over 191 square miles, which the two branches -of the Chicago River cut into three parts, known as the South, West, and -North sides. The three divisions of the city are connected by bridges and -by tunnels under the river. - -[Illustration: COURTHOUSE AND CITY HALL] - -Though business is spreading to the West Side, the central business -section is still on the South Side and extends from the Chicago River -beyond Twenty-sixth Street. Most of the great wholesale and retail -houses, banks, theaters, hotels, and public buildings are crowded into -this area, and here is the largest department store in the world, in -which over 9000 people work. The automobile industry alone occupies -nearly all of Michigan Avenue for two miles south of Twelfth Street. - -Surrounding this crowded business section are most of the terminals of -Chicago's many railroads. These connect the city with New York, Boston, -and Philadelphia in the East; with New Orleans, Galveston, and Atlanta in -the South; as well as with San Francisco and the other large cities of -the West. The courthouse and city hall and the new Northwestern Railway -Station are among the city's finest buildings. - -Elevated railways and a freight subway have been built in recent years -and have somewhat relieved the crowded condition of the streets. This -subway, opened in 1905, connects with all the leading business and -freight houses, and carries coal, ashes, garbage, luggage, and heavy -materials of every kind to and from them. - -[Illustration: THE NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION] - -Five miles southwest of the city hall are the Union Stockyards, the -greatest market of any kind in the world, covering about five hundred -acres. When Chicago was only a small village, herds of cattle were driven -across the prairies to be slaughtered in the little packing houses which -grew up along the Chicago River. As the raising of cattle and hogs -increased in the state, most of them were sent to the Chicago market, -and the stockyards continued to develop until to-day they can hold more -than four hundred thousand animals at once. - -[Illustration: CHICAGO TO-DAY] - -Near the yards are the famous packing houses of Chicago, where over two -thirds of the cattle, hogs, and sheep received in the city are -slaughtered and prepared for shipping. The use, during the last forty -years, of refrigerator cars has made possible the sending of dressed -meats to far-distant points, and a great increase in Chicago's packing -business has resulted. - -[Illustration: WHERE CARS ARE MADE] - -Beef, pork, hams, and bacon from Chicago are eaten in every town and city -of America and in many parts of Europe. Other products are lard, soups, -beef extracts, soap, candles, and glue, for every bit of the slaughtered -animal is turned into use. - -[Illustration: THE SKELETON OF A PULLMAN CAR] - -In a district of South Chicago, known as Pullman, are the shops of the -Pullman Palace Car Company and the homes of its army of workmen. Cars of -all sorts are manufactured by the Pullman company, which owns and -operates the dining and sleeping cars on most American railroads. - -[Illustration: THE CAR COMPLETED] - -There is no one striking residence quarter in Chicago, but beautiful -homes are found in many parts of the city. Among the finest streets are -Lake Shore Drive, along the lake front on the North Side, and Drexel and -Grand avenues. - -[Illustration: MICHIGAN BOULEVARD] - -The parks of Chicago are nearly one hundred in number, the most important -being Lincoln, Washington, Humboldt, Garfield, Douglas, and Jackson. -These are connected by boulevards, or parkways, forming a great park -system, sixty miles in length, which encircles the central part of the -city. Lincoln Park borders the lake on the North Side and covers hundreds -of acres, its area having been doubled by filling in along the shores of -the lake. Jackson Park, on the lake shore of the South Side, was the site -of the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the four-hundredth -anniversary of the discovery of America. This park is connected with -Washington Park by what is known as the Midway. Grant Park has been -recently constructed on made land facing the central business portion of -the city. Here is to be located the Field Museum of Natural History. - -Bordering the Midway are the fine stone buildings of The University of -Chicago, opened in 1892. Its growth, like that of Chicago, has been -marvelous. Already it is one of the largest universities of the country. - -[Illustration: (C) The University of Chicago - THE LAW SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO] - -But with all its parks, its boulevards, its splendid water front, and its -many other advantages, the people of Chicago are not yet satisfied. -To-day they are working to carry out a splendid plan which will give the -city more and larger parks and playgrounds, better and wider streets, and -a really wonderful harbor. All this is being done "that by properly -solving Chicago's problems of transportation, street congestion, -recreation, and public health, the city may grow indefinitely in wealth -and commerce and hold her position among the great cities of the world." - - - =CHICAGO= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over 2,000,000 (2,185,283). - - Second city in population. - - Second only to New York in value of manufactures. - - The leading market in the world for grain and meat products. - - A great iron and steel center. - - Chief lumber and furniture market of the United States. - - Greatest railroad center in the country. - - Most important lake port in the country. - - Has had a remarkable growth in industries and in population. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Tell what you can of Chicago's early history. - - 2. What great disaster befell Chicago in 1871? - - 3. Give five causes for the wonderful growth of Chicago. - - 4. What part has the Chicago River played in the development of the - city? - - 5. Describe a grain elevator. Why are they necessary in handling - grain? - - 6. Name the advantages which Chicago enjoys on account of its - location. - - 7. What are the great wheat-growing states of the United States? - - 8. Give reasons for the development of the following industries in - Chicago: - - Iron and steel industries - Meat packing - Lumber trade - - 9. What are the advantages of water transportation over rail - transportation? - - 10. In what respects is rail transportation better than water - transportation? - - 11. Why was Chicago willing to spend millions of dollars to improve - her water supply? How was this done? - - 12. Where are the workers secured to carry on the great industries of - Chicago? - - 13. Make a table, by measurement of a map of the United States, - showing the distance from Chicago to the following places: - - New York City Denver - Boston Seattle - Washington, D.C. San Francisco - New Orleans St. Louis - - 14. In what respects does Chicago stand first of American cities, and - in what two things does she lead the world? - - 15. Compare Chicago and New York as to exports and value of commerce. - - 16. What is the benefit of parks to a city? What has Chicago done to - make her parks among the best in this country? - - - - - PHILADELPHIA - - -In early days, when there was no United States and our big America was a -vast wilderness inhabited mostly by Indians, people who came here were -thought very adventuresome and brave. - -At that time there lived in England a distinguished admiral who was a -great friend of the royal family. The king owed him about $64,000, and at -his death this claim was inherited by his son, William Penn. Now William -Penn was an ardent Quaker, and because of the persecution of the Quakers -in England he decided to found a Quaker colony in another country. King -Charles II, who seldom had money to pay his debts, was only too glad to -settle Penn's claim by a grant of land in America. To this grant, -consisting of 40,000 square miles lying west of the Delaware River, the -king gave the name Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods." The next year, -1682, William Penn and his Quaker followers entered the Delaware River in -the ship _Welcome_. - -Penn believed in honesty and fair play. He was generous enough not to -limit his colony to one religion or nationality. All who were honest and -industrious were welcome. The laws he made were extremely just, and land -was sold to immigrants on very easy terms. - -[Illustration: PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS] - -Soon after his arrival in America, Penn wisely made a treaty with the -Indians whose wigwams and hunting grounds were on or near the banks of -the Delaware River. Beneath the graceful branches of a great elm he and -the Indian chief exchanged wampum belts, signifying peace and friendship. -In the center of the belt which Penn received are two figures, one -representing an Indian, the other a European, with hands joined in -friendship. This belt is still preserved in Philadelphia by the -Historical Society of Pennsylvania. - -[Illustration: PENN'S WAMPUM BELT] - -[Illustration: LOCATION OF PHILADELPHIA] - -In 1683 Penn laid out in large squares, between the Delaware and -Schuylkill rivers, the beginning of a great city. This city he called -Philadelphia, a word which means "brotherly love." At that time the -so-called city had an area of 2 square miles and a population of only -400. To-day Philadelphia has an area of nearly 130 square miles and a -population of more than a million and a half. It is America's third city -in population, and it ranks third among the manufacturing cities of the -United States. Philadelphia is on the Delaware River, a hundred miles -from the ocean, but it has all the advantages of a seaport, for the river -is deep enough to let great ocean steamers navigate to the city's docks. -Philadelphia's easy access to the vast stores of iron, coal, and -petroleum, for which Pennsylvania is famous, its location on two -tidewater rivers,--the Delaware and the Schuylkill,--and its important -railroads, all have helped to make it a great industrial and commercial -center. One half of the anthracite coal in the United States is mined in -Pennsylvania. Much of it is shipped to Philadelphia and from there by -rail and water to many other states and countries. - -[Illustration: THE OLD STAGE WHICH JOURNEYED FROM PHILADELPHIA TO -PITTSBURGH] - -Some of the greatest manufacturing plants in the United States, in fact -in the world, are in Philadelphia. In certain branches of the textile, or -woven-goods, industry Philadelphia is unsurpassed. In the making of -woolen carpets she leads the world. This industry goes back to -Revolutionary times, when the first yard of carpet woven in the United -States came from a Philadelphia loom. In 1791 a local manufacturer made a -carpet, adorned with patriotic emblems, for the United States Senate. - -Other important industries of the city include the manufacturing of -woolen and worsted goods, hosiery and knit goods, rugs, cotton goods, -felt hats, silk goods, cordage, and twine and the dyeing and finishing of -textiles. The largest lace mill in the world is in Philadelphia. - -[Illustration: OLD IRONSIDES] - -Philadelphia is also noted for the manufacture of iron and steel. The -largest single manufactory in Philadelphia is the Baldwin Locomotive -Works, which is the greatest of its kind. Pictures of the old Flying -Machine, a stagecoach which made trips to New York in 1776, and of Old -Ironsides, the first locomotive built by Matthias W. Baldwin in 1832, -seem very queer in comparison with the powerful 300-ton locomotives built -in Philadelphia to-day. Old Ironsides weighed a little over 4 tons and -lacked power to pull a loaded train on wet and slippery rails; hence the -following notice which appeared in the newspapers: "The locomotive engine -built by Mr. M. W. Baldwin of this city will depart daily when the -weather is fair with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days horses will -be attached." - -Besides the American railroads using Baldwin locomotives, engines built -in this plant are in use in many foreign lands. There is hardly a part of -the world to which one can go where a Philadelphia-made locomotive is -not to be seen. - -[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD] - -Philadelphia holds an important place in the construction of high-grade -machine tools. She has great rolling mills, foundries, and machine shops, -and one of the most famous bridge-building establishments in the world. -Her people smile at being called slow; in fourteen weeks a Philadelphia -concern made from pig iron a steel bridge a quarter of a mile long, -carried it halfway around the world, and set it up over a river in -Africa. - -Shipbuilding in Philadelphia began with the founding of the colony. It -was the first American city to build ships and was also the home of the -steamboat. The first boat to be propelled by steam was built by John -Fitch in Philadelphia in 1786. This was more than twenty years before -Robert Fulton had his first steamboat on the Hudson River. Robert -Fulton, who was a Pennsylvanian by birth, also lived at one time in -Philadelphia. Shipbuilding, to-day, is one of the city's great -industries. - -[Illustration: A PRESENT-DAY LOCOMOTIVE] - -The art of printing has been practiced in Philadelphia since the very -beginning of its history. William Bradford, one of the first colonists, -published an almanac for the year 1687. This was the first work printed -in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin entered the printing business in -Philadelphia in 1723, and six years later published the _Pennsylvania -Gazette_. This was the second newspaper printed in the colony, the first -being the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first edition of which was -printed in Philadelphia in 1719. Both of these papers were very small and -would appear very odd alongside of the daily papers of to-day. The first -complete edition of the Bible printed in the United States was published -by Christopher Saur in Germantown, which is now a part of Philadelphia, -in 1743. Philadelphia ranks first among the cities of the United States -in the publication of scientific books and law books. One of the large -publishing houses of the city now uses over a million dollars' worth of -paper each year. It is interesting to know that when the Revolutionary -War began there were forty paper mills in and near Philadelphia. At that -time, and for many years after, it was the great literary center of the -country. - -[Illustration: IN FAIRMOUNT PARK] - -When William Penn founded his Quaker town in the wilderness, he made -little provision for parks, as at that time the town was so small and was -so surrounded by forests that no parks were needed. But Philadelphia now -possesses the largest park in the United States. This is known as -Fairmount Park, which covers over three thousand acres of land. Splendid -paths and driveways give access to every section of this park. On all -sides one sees beautiful landscape gardening, fine old trees, and -picturesque streams and bridges. Here is a great open amphitheater where -concerts are given during the summer months; here are athletic fields, -playgrounds, race courses, and splendid stretches of water for rowing; -and here also for many years were located the immense waterworks which -pumped the city's water supply from the Schuylkill River. - -[Illustration: ONCE THE HOME OF WILLIAM PENN] - -Among the famous buildings in the park are Memorial Hall and -Horticultural Hall. They were erected at the time of the great Centennial -Exhibition, which was held in Philadelphia in 1876 to celebrate the -hundredth birthday of American independence. Memorial Hall is now used as -an art gallery and city museum. Horticultural Hall contains a magnificent -collection of plants and botanical specimens, brought from many different -countries. - -Another interesting building in Fairmount Park is the little brick house -which was once the home of William Penn. It is said to have been the -first brick house erected in Philadelphia. It stood on a lot south of -Market Street, and between Front and Second streets. Some years ago it -was moved from its original site to Fairmount Park, where thousands of -people now visit it. Here too, before the Revolutionary War, was the home -of Robert Morris, the great American financier, who, during that war, -time and again raised money to pay the soldiers of the American army. - -[Illustration: LOOKING NORTH ON BROAD STREET] - -Many statues of American heroes ornament the driveways and walks of -Fairmount Park. At the Green Street entrance stands one of the finest -equestrian statues of Washington in the country. The carved base, which -is made of granite and decorated with bronze figures, is approached by -thirteen steps, to represent the original thirteen states. - -[Illustration: BALLOON VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT PARK AND THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER, -1000 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND] - -[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA'S WASHINGTON MONUMENT] - -The streets of Philadelphia, while not broad, are well paved, and many of -them are bordered by fine old trees. It was William Penn who named many -of the streets after trees. The names of several of the streets in the -oldest part of the town are recalled in the old refrain: - - Market, Arch, Race, and Vine, - Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine. - -Philadelphia is a city of homes. Besides its splendid residential -suburbs, it has miles of streets lined with neat attractive houses where -live the city's busy workmen. - -[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] - -Perhaps the city hall is the most striking of the notable buildings. It -is a massive structure of marble and granite and stands at the -intersection of Broad and Market streets. This immense building covers -four and a half acres and is built in the form of a hollow square around -an open court. The most attractive feature of the building is the great -tower surmounted by an immense statue of William Penn. This lofty tower -is nearly 548 feet high and is 90 feet square at its base. It is 67 feet -higher than the great Pyramid of Egypt and nearly twice as high as the -dome of the Capitol at Washington. The Washington Monument exceeds it in -height by but a few feet. The great statue of Penn is as tall as an -ordinary three-story house and weighs over 26 tons. It is cast of bronze -and was made of 47 pieces so skillfully put together that the closest -inspection can scarcely discover the seams. Around the head is a circle -of electric lights throwing their brilliant illumination a distance of 30 -miles. To one gazing upwards, the light seems a halo of glory about the -head of the beloved founder of the city. - -[Illustration: THE CITY-HALL STATUE OF PENN] - -Philadelphia has many fine schools, both public and private. The two most -noted educational institutions are the University of Pennsylvania and -Girard College. The University of Pennsylvania was founded largely -through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It now occupies more than fifty -buildings west of the Schuylkill River and is widely known as a center of -learning. - -[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA TO-DAY] - -Girard College was the gift of Stephen Girard, who, from a humble cabin -boy, became one of Philadelphia's richest benefactors. The college is a -charitable institution devoted to the education of orphan boys, who are -admitted to it between the ages of six and ten. Girard left almost his -entire fortune of over $7,000,000 for the establishment of this great -educational home for poor boys. Two millions of this sum were for the -erection of the buildings alone. - -[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES MINT] - -Other prominent educational institutions are the Penn Charter School, -chartered by William Penn; the Academy of Fine Arts; The Drexel Institute -for the promotion of art, science, and industry; the School of Industrial -Art; the School of Design for Women; and several medical colleges which -are among the most noted in the country. - -When the United States became an independent nation it was necessary to -have a coinage system of its own. In 1792 a mint was established in -Philadelphia to coin money for the United States government. All of our -money is not now made in Philadelphia. The paper currency is made in -Washington, and there are mints for the coinage of gold, silver, and -copper in San Francisco, Denver, and New Orleans as well as in -Philadelphia. - -[Illustration: OLD CHRIST CHURCH] - -A visit to the Philadelphia mint is most interesting. Visitors are -conducted through the many rooms of this great money factory and are -shown the successive processes through which the gold, silver, nickel, -and copper must pass before it becomes money. - -We first see the metal in the form of bars or bricks. In another room we -find men at work melting the gold and mixing with it copper and other -metals to strengthen it. Coins of pure gold would wear away very rapidly, -and so these other metals are added. The prepared metal is cast into long -strips, about the width and thickness of the desired coins. In still -another room these strips are fed into a machine which punches out round -pieces of the size and weight required. These disks are then carefully -weighed and inspected, after which they are taken to the coining room to -receive the impression of figures and letters which indicates their -value. One by one the blank disks are dropped between two steel dies. The -upper die bears the picture and lettering which is to appear upon the -face of the coin, and the lower, that which is to appear on the reverse -side. As the disk lies between them the two dies come together, exerting -an enormous pressure upon the cold metal. The pressure is then removed, -and the bright disk drops from the machine, stamped with the impression -which has changed this piece of metal into a coin of the United States. -All coins are made in much the same way. - -[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL] - -In our brief visit we see many wonderful machines for counting, weighing, -and sorting the thousands of coins which are daily produced in this busy -place. At every step we are impressed with the great precautions taken to -safeguard the precious materials handled. - -The old parts of Philadelphia are even more interesting than the mint, -because of their historic associations. Within the distance of a few -squares one may visit famous buildings whose very names send thrills of -pride through the heart of every good American. - -[Illustration: THE LIBERTY BELL] - -Old Christ Church, whose communion service was given by England's Queen -Anne in 1708, is perhaps the most noted of Philadelphia's historic -churches. In this old church Benjamin Franklin worshiped for many years, -and when he died he was buried in its quaint churchyard. And here too -George Washington and John Adams worshiped when Philadelphia was the -capital city. - -Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall ought to be known and remembered -by every boy and girl in America. When the Massachusetts colonists held -the Boston Tea Party, England undertook to punish Massachusetts by -closing her chief port. This meant ruin to Boston. All the English -colonists in America were so aroused that they determined to call a -meeting of representatives from each colony, to consider the wisest -course of action and how to help Massachusetts. It was in Carpenters' -Hall that this first Continental Congress met, in September, 1774. The -building was erected in 1770 as a meeting place for the house carpenters -of Philadelphia--hence its name. - -[Illustration: THE HOME OF BETSY ROSS] - -On Chestnut Street stands the old statehouse, which is called -Independence Hall because it was the birthplace of our liberty. Here it -was that, when all hope of peace between the colonies and England had -been given up, the colonial representatives met in 1776 in the -Continental Congress and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which -declared that England's American colonies should henceforth be free and -independent. While the members of Congress discussed the Declaration and -its adoption, throngs packed the streets outside, impatiently waiting to -know the result. At last the great bell rang out--the signal of the -joyous news that the Declaration of Independence had been adopted. - -Independence Hall was built to be used as a statehouse for the colony of -Pennsylvania. The old building has been kept as nearly as possible in its -original condition and is now considered "A National Monument to the -Birth of the Republic." This sacred spot is under the supervision of the -Sons of the American Revolution and is used as the home of many historic -relics. Among these may be found the Liberty Bell, which hung in the -tower of the statehouse for many years. It was later removed from the -tower and placed on exhibition in the building. It has made many journeys -to exhibitions in various cities, such as New Orleans, Atlanta, Chicago, -Charleston, Boston, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The old bell is now -shown in a glass case at the main entrance to Independence Hall. - -[Illustration: THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG] - -On Arch Street, not far from Independence Hall, is the little house where -it is claimed the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross. - -For ten years, from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the capital of the -United States. In this city Washington and Adams were inaugurated for -their second term as president and vice-president, and here Adams was -inaugurated president in 1797. - -Philadelphia to-day is a great city: great in industry, great in -commerce, and great in near-by resources. Every street of the old part of -the town is rich in historic memories. William Penn dreamed of a -magnificent city, and the City of Brotherly Love is worthy of her -founder's dream. - - - =PHILADELPHIA= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over 1,500,000 (1,549,008). - - Third city in rank according to population. - - Place of great historic interest: - - Founded by William Penn. - Home of Benjamin Franklin. - First Continental Congress met here in 1774. - Declaration of Independence signed here in 1776. - Capital of the nation from 1790 to 1800. - First United States mint located here. - - A great industrial and commercial center. - - Ranks third in the country as a manufacturing city. - - Principal industries: - - Leads the world in the making of woolen carpets. - Has the largest locomotive works in the United States. - Manufactures woolen and worsted goods. - Ranks high in printing and publishing, the refining of sugar, - and shipbuilding. - - Deep-water communication with the sea. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. When, how, and by whom was the site of Philadelphia acquired? - - 2. Compare the city of 1683 with that of to-day. - - 3. How does Philadelphia rank in size and manufactures among the - great cities of the United States? - - 4. Name several advantages which have helped to make the city a great - industrial and commercial center. - - 5. What are the leading exports of the city? - - 6. Name some of the important industries of Philadelphia. - - 7. Tell what you can of Philadelphia's great iron and steel works. - - 8. Tell something of the history and the present importance of - printing in Philadelphia. - - 9. Give some interesting facts about the city's great park. - - 10. State briefly some of the things which may be seen in a visit to - the mint. - - 11. What events of great historical interest have taken place in - Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall? - - - - - ST. LOUIS - - -Soon after Thomas Jefferson became president of the United States, he -bought from France the land known as Louisiana for $15,000,000. This sum -seemed a great deal of money for a young nation to pay out, but the -Louisiana Purchase covered nearly 900,000 square miles and extended from -the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico -to Canada. So when one stops to think that the United States secured the -absolute control of the Mississippi and more than doubled its former area -at a price less than three cents an acre, it is easier to understand why -Jefferson bought than why France sold. - -When Louisiana became part of the United States in 1803, St. Louis was a -straggling frontier village, frequented mostly by boatmen and trappers. -It had been established as a trading post back in 1764 by a party of -French trappers from New Orleans, and had, from the first, monopolized -the fur trade of the upper Mississippi and Missouri River country. Here -hunters and trappers brought the spoils of distant forests. Here the -surrounding tribes of Indians came to trade with the friendly French. -Here countless open boats were loaded with skins and furs and then -floated down the Mississippi. - -[Illustration: LOUISIANA PURCHASE] - -Notwithstanding this flourishing trade, the growth of the settlement was -slow. In 1803 the population numbered less than one thousand, made up of -French trappers and hunters, a few other Europeans and Americans, and a -considerable number of Indians, half-breeds, and negro slaves. - -But as soon as Louisiana belonged to the United States, a new era began -in the West. Emigrants from the Eastern states poured over the -Appalachian Mountains. St. Louis lay right in the path of this overland -east-to-west travel. From here Lewis and Clark started, in 1804, on their -famous exploring trip of nearly two years and a half, up the Missouri -River, to find out for the country what Louisiana was like. It was here -that emigrants headed for the Oregon country stopped to make final -preparations and lay in supplies. The remote trading post of the -eighteenth century was suddenly transformed into a wide-awake bustling -town. - -[Illustration: MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOATS] - -Furs were now no longer the only article of trade. The newly settled -Mississippi valley was producing larger crops each year. Because of the -poor roads, overland transportation to the markets on the Atlantic was -out of the question, and trade was dependent on the great inland -waterways. Early in the century, keel boats and barges carried the -products of field and forest down the Mississippi. Then came the arrival -of the first steamboat, the real beginning of St. Louis' great -prosperity, working wonders for this inland commerce whose growth kept -pace with the marvelous development of the rich Middle West. - -[Illustration: ST. LOUIS AND HER ILLINOIS SUBURBS] - -St. Louis, lying on the west bank of the Mississippi, between the mouths -of the Ohio and Missouri rivers and not far from the Illinois, became the -natural center of this north-and-south river traffic. By 1860 it was the -most important shipping point west of the Alleghenies. - -[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL COURT BUILDING] - -Meanwhile railroad building had begun in the West. Ground was broken in -1850 for St. Louis' first railway, the Missouri Pacific. Other roads were -begun during the next two years. In a short time the whole country was -covered with a network of railroads, and a change in the methods of -transportation followed. The steamboats were unable to compete with their -new rivals in speed--a tremendous advantage in carrying passengers and -perishable freight--and their former importance quickly grew less. - -St. Louis lost nothing by the change. Many of the cross-continent -railroads, following the old pioneer trails, met here. To-day more than -twenty-five railroads enter the city, connecting it with the remotest -parts of the United States as well as with Canada and Mexico. - -[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] - -St. Louis now has about 700,000 inhabitants and occupies nearly 65 square -miles of land, which slopes gradually from the water's edge to the -plateau that stretches for miles beyond the western limits of the city. -The city is laid out in broad straight streets, crossing each other at -right angles wherever possible and numbered north and south from Market -Street. - -The shopping district lies mainly between Broadway,--the fifth street -from the river,--Twelfth Street, Pine Street, and Franklin Avenue. The -financial center is on Fourth Street and Broadway, while Washington -Avenue, between Fourth and Eighteenth streets, is one of the greatest -"wholesale rows" in the West. - -Besides its public schools--which include a teachers' college--and -private schools, St. Louis has two higher institutions of learning, -Washington University and St. Louis University. - -Among the most important public buildings in the business section are the -municipal court building, the city hall, the courthouse, and the public -library. - -[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY] - -The St. Louis Union Station, used by all railroads entering the city, is -one of the largest and finest stations in the world. Pneumatic tubes -connect it with the post office and the customhouse, while underground -driveways and passages for handling bulky freight, express, and mail -matter radiate from it in all directions. - -Almost directly west of the business section, on the outskirts of the -city, lies Forest Park, the largest of St. Louis' many recreation -grounds. It covers more than thirteen hundred acres of field and forest -land, left largely in a natural state. Here is the City Art Museum, which -was part of the Art Palace of the world's fair held in St. Louis in 1904 -to celebrate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. - -[Illustration: THE UNION STATION] - -The beautiful Missouri Botanical Garden, generally known as Shaw's -Garden, is open for the use of the public. Compton Hill Reservoir Park, -on the South Side, though small, is one of the finest in the city. Its -water tower and basins are a part of the municipal water system, costing -more than $30,000,000. The city water is pumped from the Mississippi -River and purified as it passes into great settling basins. - -Though St. Louis' attractive houses are found almost everywhere outside -the strictly business quarters, the real residence section has gradually -been growing toward Forest Park, and many of the city's business men have -built homes in the suburbs beyond the western limits of the city. One of -these suburbs, University City, bids fair to become America's most -beautiful residence town. - -Unlike most of our large cities, St. Louis has no sharply defined factory -district. Its manufacturing establishments are distributed over nearly -the whole city. An important part of its manufacturing interests centers -on the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the city's Illinois suburbs. - -[Illustration: THE ART MUSEUM] - -The industrial development of these Illinois suburbs was greatly -increased by the opening of the Eads Bridge in 1874. Before this time -there had been no bridge connection over the Mississippi. Passengers and -freight ferries had plied regularly between St. Louis and her suburbs -across the river, but there were seasons when floating ice made the river -impassable, sometimes cutting off communication between the two shores -for days. - -The Eads Bridge is 6220 feet long and is so built that the railroad -tracks cross it on a level lower than the carriage drives and foot paths. -With its completion, communication between opposite sides of the river -became as easy as between different parts of the city. - -[Illustration: THE EADS BRIDGE] - -Other bridges have since been built. In 1890 the Merchants Bridge, used -solely by railroads, was built across the Mississippi three miles to the -north of Eads Bridge, and now there is the McKinley Bridge between the -two. In addition to these the city is building a bridge which, when -completed, will be open to traffic without toll charges. - -[Illustration: SHAW'S GARDEN] - -[Illustration: A PUBLIC BATH] - -Among the Illinois suburbs thus brought into closer touch with the -western side of the river are East St. Louis,--a growing city of about -75,000,--Venice, Madison, Granite City, and Belleville. Being principally -manufacturing communities, these cities contribute in no small degree to -St. Louis' importance as an industrial center. - -[Illustration: A MISSOURI COAL MINE] - -St. Louis' importance, however, is mainly due to the city's favorable -location at the heart of one of the world's richest river valleys. The -vast natural resources of the Middle West are at her command. Raw -materials of every kind abound almost at her door. Missouri ranks high -as an agricultural and mining state. Its position in the great corn belt -makes hog raising a highly profitable industry. The prairies to the north -furnish extensive grazing areas for cattle. The Ozark Mountains to the -southwest afford excellent pasturage for sheep and yield lumber as well -as great quantities of lead, zinc, and other minerals. In addition, the -state has large deposits of soft coal, while only the Mississippi -separates St. Louis from the unlimited supply of the Illinois coal -fields. As a result, the cost of manufacturing is low and the city's many -and varied industries thrive. Chief among these is the manufacture of -boots and shoes. Though this business is comparatively young in the West, -St. Louis already ranks among the three leading footwear-producing -cities of the country, turning out over $50,000,000 worth of boots and -shoes yearly. Most of these are of the heavier type made for country -trade, but the output of finer footwear is steadily increasing. - -[Illustration: MAKING SHOES] - -Next in importance are the tobacco, meat-packing, and malt-liquor -industries. St. Louis is one of the leading cities in the country in the -manufacture of tobacco. The meat-packing establishments, including those -in East St. Louis, hold fourth place among America's great packing -centers. Its mammoth breweries lead the country in the output of beer. -Flour mills, foundries, and sugar refineries also do an immense business. -Street and railroad cars, stoves of all kinds, paints, oils, and white -lead are made in scores of factories, while hundreds of other industries -flourish in the city, making it one of the greatest workshops in the -United States. - -[Illustration: MULES IN A STOCKYARD] - -Important as St. Louis is as a manufacturing city, it is even more noted -as a distributing center, its location making it the natural commercial -metropolis of the Mississippi valley. It markets not only its own -manufactures but products which represent every section of the country. -The vast territory to the west and southwest depends almost entirely on -St. Louis for its supply of dry goods and groceries. Other staples are -boots and shoes, tobacco, hardware, timber, cotton, breadstuffs, cattle, -and hogs. - -In the handling of furs St. Louis leads the cities of the world. She also -holds a high place among the great grain markets. In this country her -annual receipts of corn, wheat, and oats are exceeded only by those of -Chicago and Minneapolis. Shipments of grain and breadstuffs to Central -and South America, Cuba, Great Britain, and Germany constitute the city's -leading exports. - -As a live-stock market it is no less important. The National Stockyards, -located on the Illinois side of the river, contain several hundred acres. -Though packing houses and slaughtering houses occupy some of this land, -the main part is covered with sheds, pens, and enclosures for the -reception and sale of live animals. Millions of cattle, hogs, and sheep -are handled here every year. St. Louis also buys and sells hundreds of -thousands of horses and mules, being the largest market for draft animals -in the world. - -Just as the frontier trading post of the eighteenth century grew into the -thriving river port of the nineteenth, so the river port of the -nineteenth century has developed into one of the leading railroad and -commercial centers of the twentieth. And the fourth city of America in -size is now St. Louis. - - - =ST. LOUIS= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (687,029). - - Fourth city according to population. - - Well located; center of the Mississippi valley, between the mouths of - the Missouri and Ohio rivers. - - Important shipping point by rail and water. - - A great railroad center. - - The leading market in the world for furs and draft animals. - - One of the greatest boot-and-shoe-manufacturing centers. - - One of the chief markets in the United States for grain, flour, and - live stock. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Why did Jefferson buy the country included in the Louisiana - Purchase? - - 2. Give a brief account of the Louisiana Purchase; from whom - purchased, the cost, the territory included. - - 3. Tell what you know of St. Louis before the Louisiana Purchase. - - 4. What brought about the sudden and rapid growth of St. Louis after - the purchase? - - 5. What effect did the railroads have upon St. Louis' water - transportation? Why? - - 6. Describe the St. Louis Union Station. - - 7. What three bridges were built across the Mississippi at St. Louis, - and why? - - 8. To what does St. Louis owe her importance as an industrial center? - - 9. In what lines does St. Louis lead the world? - - 10. Name some of the products sent to St. Louis from the neighboring - country. - - 11. What are some of her most important industries? - - 12. Name some of the things which St. Louis supplies to other - sections of the country. - - 13. In what business has St. Louis held an important place from its - beginning? - - 14. By consulting a map, find what great railroad systems run to St. - Louis. - - - - - BOSTON - - -Let us take a trip to New England and visit Boston. Boston is New -England's chief city in size, in population, in historic interest, and in -importance. It is the capital of Massachusetts and the fifth city in size -in the United States. - -If we were going to visit some far-away cousins whom we had never seen, -we should surely want to know something about their age, their -appearance, and their habits. Would it not be just as interesting to find -out these things about the city we are to see on our journey? - -In the early days the Indians called the district where Boston now stands -Shawmut, or "living waters." The first white man to come to Shawmut was -William Blackstone, a hermit who made his home on the slope of what is -now Beacon Hill. Though Blackstone liked to be alone, he was unselfish. -So when he heard that the settlers of a Puritan colony not far away were -suffering for want of pure water, he went to their governor, John -Winthrop, "acquainted him with the excellent spring of water that was on -his land and invited him and his followers thither." Blackstone's offer -was gladly accepted. The Puritans purchased Shawmut from the Indians -and in 1630 began their new settlement, which they named Boston in honor -of the English town which had been the home of some of their leading men. - -[Illustration: MAP OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY] - -Originally Boston was a little irregular peninsula of scarcely 700 acres, -entirely cut off from the mainland at high tide. It did not take the -colonists long, however, to outgrow these narrow quarters. They soon -filled in the marshes and coves with land from the hills. They spread out -over two small islands and made them part of Boston. Then, one by one, -they took in neighboring settlements. And from this start Boston has -grown, until to-day it has an area of about 43 square miles and a -population of nearly 700,000. - -We must get a clear idea of these various districts of Boston. If not, we -shall be puzzled to meet friends from Roxbury or Dorchester and hear them -say that they live in Boston. There is Boston proper, the old Boston -before it annexed its neighbors; East Boston, comprising two islands in -the harbor which joined Boston in 1635 and 1637; then, annexed from time -to time, come Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown,--the scene of the Battle -of Bunker Hill,--West Roxbury, and Brighton; and last, Hyde Park, which, -by the vote of its people and the citizens of Boston, joined the city in -November, 1911. These have all kept their original names, but have given -up their local governments to share Boston's larger privileges and -advantages. So remember that when we meet friends from Roxbury, West -Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, East Boston, South Boston, or Hyde Park, -they are all Boston people. The children from these districts would -resent it if they were not known as Boston boys and girls just as much -as those who live in the very heart of the city. - -[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL] - -While we have been reading all this, our boat has been drawing closer to -the city, and now we must gather up our wraps and bags and be ready to -start out. We see a very busy harbor, its noisy tugs drawing the -sullen-looking coal barges; its graceful schooners loaded to the water's -edge with lumber; and its fishing boats with their dirty sails, not -attractive but doing the work that has placed Boston first in importance -as a fishing port. Crowded steamers and ferryboats pass swiftly by, while -huge ocean steamships may be seen poking their noses out from their docks -at East Boston and South Boston or heading toward the city with their -thousands of eager passengers. - -As we hurry along with our fellow travelers we must decide how best to -reach our hotel. There are taxicabs and carriages for some; electric -cars, both surface and elevated, for the many. Boston has excellent car -and train service. The Boston Elevated Railway Company controls most of -the car lines in the city as well as in the outlying towns. This makes it -possible for us to ride for a nickel an average distance of at least five -miles. - -[Illustration: A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BOSTON] - -A line of elevated trains running across the city connects West Roxbury -on the south with Charlestown on the north. Some of these trains pass -through the Washington Street tunnel, from which numerous well-lighted, -well-ventilated stations lead directly to the shopping and business -section of the city. On this elevated road are two huge terminal -stations, into which rush countless surface cars, bringing from all -points north and south the immense crowds of suburbanites who come to -Boston proper each day, to work or on pleasure bent. - -Chelsea folks come to the city by ferry or by electric car, while those -from East Boston have two ferry lines as well as a tunnel for cars under -the harbor. - -The city proper has two immense union railroad depots, the North and the -South station, where hundreds of local, as well as long-distance, trains -leave and arrive each day. The railroads entering Boston are the Boston & -Albany, which, by means of the New York Central lines, connects with the -West; the Boston & Maine, leading northward to Maine and Canada; and the -New York, New Haven & Hartford, which connects by way of New York with -various points in the South. - -All these transportation advantages have made Boston an excellent place -in which to live, as its suburbs afford the benefits of country life -while yet they are within a few minutes' ride of a big city. - -There are several ways in which we can see Boston. We may climb into one -of the great sight-seeing autos and ride from point to point while the -man with the megaphone calls our attention to the interesting landmarks -and gives their history; we can engage a guide who will take us from -place to place; or we can simply follow the directions of our guide book. - -[Illustration: THE SOUTH STATION] - -No trip to Boston is complete without a visit to the State House, or -capitol, whose gilded dome is seen glittering in the sunlight by day and -sparkling with electric lights by night. It is situated on Beacon Hill, -the highest point of land in the city proper. Up to 1811 one peak of the -hill was as high as the gilded dome is now, and on its summit a beacon -was set up as early as 1634, to warn the people in the surrounding -country of approaching disaster. It seems, however, that the beacon was -never used, and during the Revolution the British pulled it down and -built a fort in its place. - -Even if there were no gilded dome on the State House, the building itself -is handsome enough to attract attention. It was designed in 1795 by -Charles Bulfinch, a famous architect. The front of the building to-day is -the historic Bulfinch front. But as Boston grew, so also did the State -House, and additions were made in 1853, in 1889, and in 1915, until now -we have the impressive building we are about to enter. - -[Illustration: DRILLING ON THE COMMON] - -But stop after climbing the main steps, turn around, and look at the -green field before you. This is Boston Common, the famous Boston Common -where the people of long ago used to pasture their cows; where the -British in the early days of the Revolution set up their fortified camps -during the siege of Boston; and where, at the present time, the admiring -relatives of the high-school boys assemble yearly to see them go through -their military drill. Situated as it is in the very heart of the city, -Boston Common is the resting place, the breathing place, for thousands. -It is the people's playground. Fireworks, band concerts, public speaking, -all prove that its public character has never been lost, and that it is -now as much of a Common as it was in 1649, when it was first laid out. By -a wise clause in the city charter, this Common cannot be sold or leased -without the consent of the citizens. - -[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE COMMON, SHOWING THE SHAW MEMORIAL] - -The Common contains many memorials erected by a grateful people. The most -conspicuous is the Army and Navy Monument, which reaches far above the -trees. Directly opposite the State House is the Shaw Memorial, a -wonderful bronze bas-relief by Saint Gaudens, showing the gallant Colonel -Shaw and his colored regiment. - -The sight of Shaw's earnest young face amid his dusky followers prepares -us for entering Doric Hall in the State House, set apart as a memorial -for those who died in their country's cause. We look with awe and -reverence on the flags whose worn and tattered edges tell plainly of the -struggles of their bearers and defenders. - -[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE CODFISH] - -Let us peep into the Senate chamber and into the hall of the House of -Representatives with its historic codfish suspended from the ceiling, a -reminder of a most humble source of Massachusetts' wealth. We will then -climb to the dome and see Boston before a cold east wind sweeps suddenly -in, covering the city with fog and making all misty and uncertain. As we -reach the highest point, it really seems as if the fog had rolled in, but -it is only a fog of smoke from the many chimneys of the city's countless -factories. - -[Illustration: THE STATE HOUSE] - -As our eyes get accustomed to the view, the mist seems to roll away, and -the city lies before us. That blue line to the east is the harbor, and -between us and the harbor is the business section of Boston, the noisy, -throbbing heart of a big city. Directly back of us as we stand facing the -water is the West End, once a fashionable section where Boston's literary -men held court, now a district largely given over to tenements and -lodging-houses. To the north and south lie the North and South ends; the -former, the oldest of the city and the great foreign district of the -present time, where children from many lands have their homes. - -[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT] - -That broad winding stream of water that we see is the Charles River. Just -beyond it to the north is Charlestown, its Bunker Hill Monument towering -up for all to see. The city of Cambridge is just across the Charles River -to the west, and next to it, skirting the southern bank of the river, is -the district of Brighton. South Boston, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Hyde Park, -and Dorchester lie toward the south. Among the many islands in the -harbor, East Boston is the most crowded and the closest to the city -proper. Towards the southwest, between us and the Charles, lies Back Bay, -once tidewater but now filled in and made into land. Look around you and -notice how the surrounding parts of Boston form a chain about their -parent, a chain broken only by Cambridge--the seat of Harvard -University--and Brookline,--Massachusetts' wealthiest town,--which -refuses to become a city or to join its larger neighbor. - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON STREET] - -As we leave the State House, a few minutes' walk brings us to the heart -of Boston's great shopping district and to Boston's leading business -street. You will be glad to know that this street is called neither Main -Street nor Broadway, but Washington Street. Originally, part was known -as Orange, part as Marlborough, and part as Newbury. But when, at the -close of the Revolution, Washington rode through the city at the head of -a triumphal procession, the people renamed the street along which he -passed, Washington, and so it is called to-day in all its ten miles of -length. Washington Street is very narrow in parts, and as it is lined on -both sides with some of Boston's largest and finest department stores, it -presents a very animated appearance on a week-day afternoon. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF BOSTON] - -Stop for a moment on busy Newspaper Row. Here a bystander may read the -news of the world as it is posted hourly upon the great bulletin boards -of the various newspaper offices. - -Parallel to Washington Street, and connected with it by many short -streets, is Tremont Street, another old historic road. Originally Tremont -Street was a path outlined by William Blackstone's cows on their way to -pasture; now it is second only to Washington Street in importance. - -Washington Street is really the main dividing line between the retail and -wholesale parts of the city. The water front is the great wholesale -section. Here there is a constant odor of leather in the air, and great -heavy wagons laden with hides are continually passing to and from the -wharves and stations. When we stop and consider that Boston and the -neighboring cities of Brockton and Lynn are among the largest -shoe-manufacturing cities in the world, then we do not wonder at the -leather we see. It is no vain boast to say that in every quarter of the -world may be seen shoes that once, in the form of leather, were carted -through the streets of Boston. - -[Illustration: BOSTON'S LAND AND WATER CONNECTIONS] - -What is true of leather is also true of cotton and wool. Lowell, Fall -River, and New Bedford are calling for cotton to be made into cloth in -their busy mills, while Lawrence is the greatest wool-manufacturing city -in the country. Boston, with its harbor and great railroad terminals, is -constantly receiving these materials and distributing them to these -cities. - -The finished cloths often return to Boston to be cut and made into -clothes, and an army of men and women cut and sew from day to day on -garments for people far distant from Boston as well as for those near -home. - -One glance at the wharves along Atlantic Avenue and Commercial Street and -our glimpse of busy Boston will be ended. Here are wharves and piers -jutting out into the harbor, where are boats of every kind from every -land. New York alone among American cities outranks Boston in the value -of her foreign commerce. From one large steamer thousands of green -bananas are being carried. They will be sold to the many fruit dealers, -from those whose show windows are visions of beauty, to the Greek or -Italian peddler who pushes his hand cart out into the suburbs. - -Some of the steamers are already puffing with importance as if to hasten -the steps of travelers who are on their way to board ship for different -ports in the South, for Nova Scotia and other points north, or perhaps to -cross the Atlantic. - -Two of the wharves--T Wharf and the new fishing pier--are devoted to the -fishing industry. From the banks of Newfoundland and the other splendid -fishing grounds along the coast from Cape Cod to Labrador, fishermen are -constantly bringing their catches to Boston, their chief market. In -addition, Gloucester and other fishing ports re-ship most of the fish -brought to them to the Boston market. Is it any wonder that Boston ranks -first of all the cities of the United States in the fish trade? In 1910 -Boston received and marketed $10,500,000 worth of fish--more than any -other American city, and exceeded by only one other port in the world. - -[Illustration: A FISHING FLEET] - -In this neighborhood too is a tablet marking the site of Griffin's Wharf, -where the Boston Tea Party of the Revolution took place. We remember how -the people of Boston refused to pay the tax on tea; how the shiploads -of tea sent from England remained unloaded at the wharf; and how, -finally, after an indignation meeting had been held at the Old South -Meeting House, a band of men and boys, disguised as Indians, boarded the -vessels, ripped open the chests, and emptied all the cargo into the -harbor. It was rightly called the Boston Tea Party. - -[Illustration: (C) Dadmun Co. Boston - BOSTON'S NEW CUSTOMHOUSE] - -As we are so close to the North End, we may as well go there at once. The -North End is the oldest section of Boston. It was here that Samuel Adams, -John Hancock, Paul Revere, and other patriots had their headquarters -during the troublous times before the Revolution. Paul Revere, of whose -famous ride we have all read in Longfellow's poem, lived and carried on -his business in this very district. If we wish, we can see his home as -well as the famous Old North Church, where his friend hung the lanterns -warning him of the movements of the British. - -[Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH] - -But to-day there is little else to remind us of the past. As we cross -North Square and see the gesticulating, dark-skinned men, the stout, -gayly kerchiefed women in the doorways, and the hordes of dark-eyed -children on street and sidewalk, we wonder if by mistake we have not -entered some city in southern Europe. To-day the North End of Boston is -the great foreign section of the city. Here live the Jews, Italians, and -Russians. They tell us that more than one third of the entire population -of the city are foreigners. - -[Illustration: THE NORTH END] - -But when a group of boys rushes toward us, each begging to be our guide -to the Old North Church, to Paul Revere's house, or to the famous Copp's -Hill Burying Ground,--all for a nickel,--we are sure we are in America -and gladly follow our leader through the narrow, crooked streets. - -From among the parents of these children come the fruit peddlers, the -clothing makers, the street musicians, and the great army of laborers -which helps to keep the city in repair. - -[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE] - -Are we tired of the noise and confusion of the crowded tenement district? -If so, let us go to the broad streets and beautiful parks of the Back -Bay, the abode of the wealthy. The Back Bay, as its name suggests, was -originally the Back Cove, and where these houses now stand, the waves -once danced in glee. But Boston filled in the marshes and coves and -laid out fine streets on the newly made land. Here is the famous -Beacon Street, and parallel to it is Boston's most beautiful -thoroughfare,--Commonwealth Avenue,--two hundred and twenty feet wide, -with a parkway running through the center. See the children with their -nurses, playing on the grass or roller skating on the broad sidewalks, -apparently no happier than the little ones of the North End. - -But it is not merely its fine streets and homes that make the Back Bay -the handsomest part of the city. In this section are many of Boston's -finest public buildings. Come to Copley Square, the most beautiful in the -city. Here stands Trinity Church,--Phillips Brooks' church,--a -magnificent structure of granite with sandstone trimmings. Phillips -Brooks was for a brief year the Protestant Episcopal bishop of -Massachusetts. He was loved by those of all denominations. After his -death the citizens of Boston united in erecting a splendid memorial, in -token of their love for him and their gratitude for his services. The -statue is by Augustus Saint Gaudens and is considered one of the greatest -works of that great sculptor. - -[Illustration: COMMONWEALTH AVENUE] - -On Copley Square we see also the New Old South Church and the Boston -Public Library. - -Boston is very proud of her public library, and rightly so, for it is not -only one of the finest buildings in Boston but also one of the finest -libraries in the country. Look at the magnificent marble staircase, the -curiously inlaid floor and ceiling of the entrance hall, the graceful -statues, the wonderful paintings, and the fine courtyard with its -sparkling fountain. On the floors above are the children's room with its -low tables and chairs and rows upon rows of interesting books; Bates -Hall, a most attractive reading room; Sargent's mystical paintings; and -Edwin A. Abbey's series of paintings, which are called "The Quest of the -Holy Grail." - -[Illustration: PHILLIPS BROOKS' MEMORIAL] - -Besides the main library there are branch libraries or reading rooms in -every section of the city. Altogether the Boston Public Library contains -over one million volumes, making it the largest circulating library in -the United States. - -But there are other buildings in the Back Bay which rival those on Copley -Square. We should see the Christian Science church with its massive dome; -the Boston Opera House; and Symphony Hall, the home of the famous Boston -Symphony Orchestra, known the country over. - -[Illustration: BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY] - -The Boston Museum of Fine Arts stood originally on Copley Square, but in -1909 a new and magnificent building was opened, farther out in the Back -Bay. Not far from the new museum stands the Harvard Medical School, an -imposing group of five white-marble buildings. - -But now we are tired of buildings, so come into the Public Garden--the -gateway to the Back Bay--and while you rest I will tell you about -Boston's parks. Sitting in the beautiful Public Garden, it will not be -hard for you to believe that the park system of Boston is the finest in -the country. The first park was, as we have seen, the Common. For many -years the Common was not a place of beauty. Edward Everett Hale spoke of -it as a "pasture for cows, a playground for children, a training ground -for the militia, a place for beating carpets." Many changes have taken -place on the Common since the old days, but two of the characteristics -still remain. Boston Common is still a playground for children, and -military drills are still to be seen there from time to time. - -The Common is just across Charles Street from the Public Garden--the -second great park to be laid out in Boston. This Public Garden was -reclaimed from the marshes, and at present covers about twenty-four and a -half acres. It is truly a garden, and during the spring, summer, and fall -nearly every species of beautiful flower, plant, and shrub may here be -seen--a riot of color and beauty. - -But the people of Boston did not stop even with the Public Garden. The -city of Boston has, besides, numerous small squares at intervals through -the city. She also has vast tracts of rural land, which, unlike the -Public Garden, are left to their own wild beauty. Owing to Boston's -expanse of water front, it is possible for her to have both inland and -ocean parks, where may be found all kinds of open-air sports and -recreations. - -Some of the most important of these parks are Franklin Park, the Fens, -the Arnold Arboretum, Marine Park, and the Charles River Basin. In the -Arnold Arboretum, the property of Harvard College, are rare shrubs and -trees. Fortunate is the one who can visit it in lilac time, when scores -of varieties of lilacs, both white and many shades of violet, scent the -air with their delicate perfumes. - -The best example of the ocean parkways is Marine Park. There one finds -extensive bathhouses, a good beach, lawns, and a long pier extending -several hundred feet out into the water. Connected with Marine Park by a -long bridge is Castle Island, the site of Fort Independence. - -The Charles River Basin is a popular promenade. This river, until -recently, showed for many hours of the day the uncovered mud flats of low -tide. Now by means of a dam it has been turned into a great fresh-water -lake. Cambridge and Boston have laid out parkways on either side of the -river, and before long further improvements will make this basin even -more attractive. - -Through the influence of Boston the surrounding cities and towns have -given certain large areas of great natural beauty to form the -Metropolitan Park System. This Metropolitan Park System consists of 3 -forest reserves of 7000 acres of woodland, 30 miles of river park, 10 -miles of seacoast, and 40 miles of connecting parkways. - -Two great ocean parks in the system are Revere Beach and Nantasket, both -favorite summer resorts, while the most noted inland reservations are the -Blue Hills and the Middlesex Fells. - -A Roman matron of long ago, when asked to show her jewels, pointed to her -sons with pride, saying, "These are my jewels." And so it is with Boston. -She is proud of her history, her fine public buildings, her busy -thoroughfares, her parks, her great centers of industry, and her -commerce; but most of all, she is proud of her more than ninety thousand -school children. - -From the earliest times Boston's schools have ranked among the best in -the country. The first public school in America was established in -Dorchester, and some of the greatest educators, such as Horace Mann and -Charles W. Eliot, have been associated with Boston or its suburbs. - -[Illustration: (C) Leon Dadmun, Boston, 1903 - THE HARVARD YARD] - -Boston is the home of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a famous -training college in applied sciences; Simmons College for women; the -Harvard Medical College; Boston College (Roman Catholic); Boston -University; the Normal Art School; the Conservatory of Music; the Emerson -School of Oratory; and other schools of high standing. Harvard, the -oldest and largest university in the country, has its home in Cambridge. -Radcliffe, a college for women, whose pupils receive the same courses of -instruction as the students in Harvard, is also in Cambridge. Tufts -College is in the neighboring city of Medford, while in the beautiful -hill town of Wellesley, a suburb of Boston, is Wellesley College, a -woman's college of high rank. - -But now, if we hurry, we shall be just in time to see the children -flocking in crowds to one of their many playgrounds. Here they find -swings and other apparatus for sport; and here they may play tennis, -baseball, or football in the spring, summer, and fall. In the winter -months they may make use of the ice, which is kept in good condition for -the skater. In the various districts, also, are swimming pools and indoor -gymnasiums, where old and young meet for recreation as well as for -physical training. - -Having seen Boston at work and at play, we now ask ourselves where the -food comes from to feed this vast multitude. Its meats, flour, and grain -of all kinds are brought into its huge freight stations from the West. -Its great ocean trade with the ports in the South as well as in Europe -and Asia supplies other food necessities and luxuries. New England is a -great dairy center, and much of the city's milk, butter, and other dairy -products comes to Boston each morning from New Hampshire, Vermont, and -western Massachusetts. The purity of the milk is carefully watched, and -it is impossible to buy even a pint of milk in anything but a sealed jar. - -Boston's drinking-water is equally well guarded. The water, as well as -the sewage, is under the control of the Metropolitan Water and Sewage -Commission. There is a high-pressure distributing station at Chestnut -Hill, which gives power sufficient to force water to the highest of -Boston's buildings. - -The sewage of the down-town sections of the city is collected in a main -drainage system, pumped through a tunnel under Dorchester Bay to Moon -Island, held in large reservoirs, and discharged into the water when the -tide is going out. The sewage of the outlying districts is conveyed to -various places in the harbor and discharged into the water at a depth of -thirty or forty feet, where it can be quickly carried out to sea. - -Our stay in Boston is now at an end. Not only have we traveled over many -miles of her streets and visited her famous State House, her busy -wharves, and her interesting playgrounds, but we have reviewed many -events of her thrilling history. What of all we have seen or heard is it -most important for us to remember? First, that Boston is the fifth city -in size in the United States; second, that she is the capital city of -Massachusetts; third, that she is the chief trade center of New England; -and fourth, that among America's cities she ranks second only to New York -in foreign commerce. Then we must not forget the important place she -holds in the early history of our country. - -As we traveled into Boston, so we will journey out again. And with the -last of the great city fading from our view, we call to mind the -large-hearted Blackstone and say to ourselves, "Quite a change from the -hermit's home on the sunny slope of Beacon Hill." - - - =BOSTON= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (670,585). - - Fifth in rank according to population. - - Ranks first among American cities in fish and wool trades. - - Chief trade center of New England. - - Principal industries (as measured by value of products): - - Printing and publishing; manufacture of boots and shoes, of - clothing, of foundry and machine-shop products. - - Place of great historical interest. - - One of the leading educational centers of the United States. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Tell something of the settlement and the early history of Boston. - - 2. Tell of the Boston Tea Party. - - 3. Tell the story of the naming of Boston's leading business street. - - 4. Why is Boston's chief park called the Common? - - 5. Compare the North End during Revolutionary times with the same - district to-day. - - 6. What is there of interest in Back Bay? in Copley Square? - - 7. Describe some of the busy scenes which may be observed along the - wharves of the city. - - 8. Tell something about the street railways and other means of - transportation. - - 9. Give a brief description of the Boston Public Library. - - 10. Tell what you know of Harvard University. What other noted - schools are in or near Boston? - - 11. Name some of the advantages which Boston enjoys on account of her - splendid harbor. - - 12. Give some facts about the commercial importance of Boston. - - 13. In the manufacture of what three products does Boston, with her - neighboring cities, rank high? - - 14. Why is a codfish suspended in the hall of the House of - Representatives in the State House? - - - - - CLEVELAND - - -In the days that followed the Revolution, Connecticut claimed certain -lands south of Lake Erie. A large part of these she sold to the -Connecticut Land Company, who wanted to colonize the country and -establish New Connecticut. - -It was in 1796 that the Connecticut Land Company sent General Moses -Cleaveland west, to survey the land and choose a site for a settlement. -After surveying about sixty miles, Cleaveland fixed on a plateau just -south of Lake Erie, where the Cuyahoga River runs into the lake. Soon the -settlement was laid out with a square and two main streets and was very -properly called Cleaveland. The name was spelled with an _a_, just as -Moses Cleaveland spelled his name. There is no _a_ in the city's name -to-day, the story being that the extra letter was dropped, and the new -spelling adopted, in 1831, through a newspaper's claiming that the _a_ -would not fit conveniently into its headline. - -At first the new settlement did not prosper. The soil was poor, and -commerce along the Ohio River attracted immigrants into the interior. -Those that stayed in Cleveland had a hard struggle with fever. The mouth -of the Cuyahoga River was frequently choked with sand, making the water -in the river's bed stagnant and furnishing a breeding place for -malaria-carrying mosquitoes. During the summer and autumn of 1798 affairs -were in a desperate condition. Every one in the settlement was miserable. -There was no flour, and for two months Nathaniel Doan's boy was the only -person strong enough to go to the house of one James Kingsbury, on the -highlands back of the town, for corn. This he carried to a gristmill at -Newburgh, six miles to the south, and had it ground into meal for the -sick. - -Besides the suffering caused by fever, there was danger of Indian attacks -and the ever-present dread of the wolves and bears which prowled about -the settlement, so that no one dared go out at night unarmed, and no door -was left without a loaded musket to guard it. - -But in spite of the dangers of these early years, the settlers for the -most part led a busy, happy life. The women especially had their hands -full--keeping their houses clean and neat; doing the cooking and baking; -spinning, weaving, cutting out, and sewing the clothes for their families -(usually large) and knitting their stockings. Then there were the sick to -be visited and nursed, and the neighbors to be helped with their -quilting. - -When a new settler arrived, all the men would pitch in and help in the -"cabin raising," finishing the work in short order. They often ended up -with a jolly dance, though the music was sometimes nothing more than the -whistling of the dancers. - -For the first ten years Cleveland was only a hamlet of a few dozen -people. Still it continued to exist, and in 1815 was incorporated as a -village. Another year saw the first bank started, and before long its -first newspaper was printed. This paper was supposed to be a weekly, but -often appeared only every ten, twelve, or fifteen days, at the -convenience of the editor. - -Already, in supplying her own needs, Cleveland was laying the foundation -for some of her future industries. In fact, soon after the settlement was -founded, Nathaniel Doan built a blacksmith shop on what is now Superior -Avenue. Though the shop was only a rude affair built of logs, it deserves -the name of Cleveland's first manufacturing plant. Here Nathaniel Doan -not only shod the few horses which needed his services but made tools as -well. A gristmill and sawmill came next, and then began the building of -small schooners. - -In the early years of the nineteenth century there was practically no way -of communicating with the settlements on the Ohio River. And except for -an occasional party of French and Indians, there was no means of hearing -from Detroit. In 1818, however, regular stage routes began to be opened. -One line went to Columbus, one to Norwalk, and one to Painesville. This -last route advertised that its stage would leave Cleveland at two on -Friday afternoon and would reach Painesville on Saturday morning at -eight--a journey which to-day can easily be made by automobile in a -little more than an hour. Turnpikes soon displaced these rough stage -routes, and over them great six-horse wagons drew freight into Cleveland. - -Though all these things helped Cleveland, it was still nothing more than -a village--and so primitive a village that when two hundred dollars was -voted for improvements, one of the old citizens asked, "What on earth -can the trustees find in this village to spend two hundred dollars on?" - -[Illustration: CLEVELAND AND HER NEIGHBORS] - -Finally, came two events which were the making of Cleveland. In 1827 the -Ohio Canal was opened from Cleveland to Akron and later to the mouth of -the Scioto River, which flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth; and in 1828 a -channel was cut through the bar at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. -Consider what this meant to Cleveland. The Ohio Canal connected the -village with the Ohio River, thus putting Cleveland in touch with the -rich coal, iron, oil, and coke lands of western Pennsylvania. Travelers, -too, found the canal boats much better to journey on than the old -stagecoaches. - -[Illustration: A RIVER SCENE] - -The deepening of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River gave Cleveland a harbor -and a place to build the enormous docks which to-day line the river's -shore for the last few miles of its length. A few years earlier an effort -to protect lake vessels had been made by building a pier out into the -lake near the sand bar. The lake soon tore the pier to pieces, however, -and the vessels still had to be hauled over the bar to safety. But with -the sand bar cut, boats could sail in and out of the river at their -pleasure. - -Splendid results followed. The population increased, frame houses -gradually came to take the place of log cabins, business greatly -improved, and in 1836 Cleveland became a city. - -[Illustration: AN ORE STEAMER ENTERING CLEVELAND'S HARBOR] - -The year 1851 saw a great celebration in Cleveland over the opening of -the first railroad. This brought added prosperity to the city. Then, too, -iron ore began to arrive by water from the Lake Superior mines. At the -same time more and more coal was being received. The manufacturers -commenced to appreciate the tremendous advantages of living at a natural -meeting place of these two great necessities. Cleveland awoke to a new -business activity. - -[Illustration: COAL DOCKS] - -Then came the Civil War, and the manufacturing of iron products for the -government crowded Cleveland's factories. During the years of the war -the refining of coal oil developed into one of the city's leading -industries. It was then that the great Standard Oil Company was -organized. Many came to the city, attracted by these growing industries, -so that what proved a disastrous period in many sections of our country -was really a time of growth for Cleveland. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF CLEVELAND] - -Soon after the war East Cleveland was annexed to the city, and in 1873 -Newburgh too became a part of Cleveland. Then, in 1893, West Cleveland -and Brooklyn were taken in, and when Cleveland celebrated the anniversary -of its founding in 1896, it had become a city of great importance in the -country. - -[Illustration: HUGE VIADUCTS SPAN THE VALLEY] - -At present Cleveland extends for over 14 miles along Lake Erie and covers -more than 50 square miles. The larger part of the city lies to the east -of the Cuyahoga River. The valley of this river is filled with car -tracks, lumber yards, car shops, coal sheds, ore docks, and shipyards. -Being in the valley, these are partially hidden from the city. Huge -viaducts span the valley and unite the east and west sides of Cleveland. - -[Illustration: THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS QUARTER] - -The heart of the business quarter and the center of the street railway -lines is Monumental Square, which lies about a mile from the lake shore. -From this square radiate the streets in a fan shape, at every angle from -northeast to west. Euclid Avenue is Cleveland's most famous street, -having for years enjoyed the reputation of being one of the country's -finest avenues. The lower end is taken up with business, but farther out -are many splendid residences surrounded by extensive and beautifully kept -lawns. Cleveland is called the Forest City, and it is to the old trees -which grace its parks and line both sides of Euclid Avenue that it owes -its name. Another important business street is Superior Avenue, which -runs through the main business portion of the city. - -[Illustration: MONUMENTAL SQUARE] - -[Illustration: LOOKING UP EUCLID AVENUE] - -Though Cleveland is a beautiful city, its importance really lies in the -fact of its occupying just the position that it does. Being on Lake Erie -puts it in touch with the copper fields of Michigan, the iron mines of -Minnesota and Michigan, and the huge forests along the Great Lakes. -Through railroad connections it is also in touch with the coal, oil, and -iron supplies of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Thus, lying in the center -of eastern and western commerce, Cleveland has become a great -manufacturing center, and the Cleveland district is the largest ore -market in the world. Lake vessels bring the ore to Cleveland's enormous -docks, where huge machines quickly transfer it to cars waiting to carry -it to Pittsburgh and other cities. - -[Illustration: ORE DOCKS] - -[Illustration: WHEELING & LAKE ERIE BRIDGE] - -Cleveland, also, has several blast furnaces and immense factories of iron -and steel supplies. It holds first rank in America for the making of wire -and nails. More ships are built in the Cleveland district than anywhere -else in the world except in the shipyards on the Clyde River in Scotland. -Then, too, Cleveland makes steel bridges and buildings, automobiles, -and gas ranges. Quantities of women's clothing are made in Cleveland. -Slaughtering and the wholesale meat-packing business are other important -industries. - -[Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY CIRCLE] - -It is a simple matter to ship Cleveland's manufactures in every -direction. The main lines of the New York Central and the Nickel Plate -pass through Cleveland, and it is a terminal city of the Cleveland, -Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis Railroad,--commonly known as the Big -Four,--the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Wheeling -& Lake Erie railroads. More than this, Cleveland is the center of a vast -network of interurban electric railways that carry both passengers and -freight and keep the city in hourly communication with the many smaller -cities of northern Ohio. - -Cleveland gets its water supply from Lake Erie through tunnels built out -under the lake, which connect with two intake cribs, one of which is five -miles from the shore. Natural gas, pumped through large mains from the -gas fields of West Virginia, more than 200 miles away, is sold to the -people of Cleveland at 30 cents a thousand. The street railway service is -among the best in the country, and the fare is lower than in any other -large American city. - -[Illustration: A DRIVE IN GORDEN PARK] - -Cleveland has excellent educational advantages. Western Reserve -University, founded in 1826, is especially noted for its law and medical -schools. In Cleveland, also, are the Case School of Applied Science, the -Cleveland School of Art, St. Ignatius College, the Homeopathic Medical -College, and the University School. The public schools of the city are -among the best. - -[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] - -[Illustration: THE NEW COURTHOUSE] - -Cleveland has a beautiful park system. The different parks are connected -by boulevards, which form a great semicircle through the residence -districts. There are also numerous small parks and playgrounds in the -more congested districts. A plan for grouping the city's public buildings -about a broad parkway is being carried out. Several of the buildings are -already completed. When finished, this will be one of the most beautiful -and most imposing spectacles in America. - -All of these things, added to the great possibilities for occupation -offered by the city's many lines of work, have given Cleveland a -population of over 560,000. To-day the little settlement of Cleaveland, -made in 1796 at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, has become the second of all -lake ports and the sixth city in size in the United States. - - - =CLEVELAND= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over 500,000 (560,663). - - Sixth city in rank according to population. - - Important manufacturing center. - - Center of the largest ore market in the world. - - Ranks first in America in making wire and nails. - - Great shipbuilding center. - - A center of trade in copper, iron, lumber, coal, and oil. - - Important railroad center. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Give the history of the name and the settlement of Cleveland. - - 2. Tell something of the dangers and difficulties of the first - settlers of Cleveland. - - 3. What was Cleveland's first manufacturing plant, and what others - did it soon have? - - 4. What means of communication with other cities did Cleveland have - in the early days of its history? - - 5. To what two events does Cleveland chiefly owe its rapid growth? - Why? - - 6. What two products found a meeting place at Cleveland, and with - what results? - - 7. How did the Civil War help the growth of the city? - - 8. What benefits does Cleveland derive from its location on Lake Erie? - - 9. What are the most important industries of the Cleveland district? - - 10. What railroad facilities has Cleveland to-day? - - 11. Mention some of the things that make Cleveland a pleasant place - in which to live and a good place for business. - - - - - BALTIMORE - - -Near the head of Chesapeake Bay stands Baltimore, the largest of our -Southern cities and the seventh city in size in the United States. - -Because of her importance as a Southern railroad center and her excellent -harbor on the largest bay of the Atlantic coast, Baltimore is called "The -Gateway to the South." Great ships from all parts of the world unload -their cargoes at her docks and take in return products from nearly every -section of the United States. - -The railroads bring to Baltimore vast quantities of iron, coal, and grain -from the West, and up from the South ships and trains come laden with raw -sugar, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. Here the oysters, fish, and crabs -from Chesapeake Bay and the products of the rich farm lands of Maryland -and Virginia find a ready market. - -Knowing these things, one can surmise what the city's leading industries -and exports must be. Baltimore is the world's greatest oyster market, she -leads the world in the canning of vegetables and fruits, she is one of -the country's largest banana markets, and more corn is exported from this -city than from anywhere else in America. - -Baltimore is a great sugar-refining center, she leads the world in the -making of straw hats, and among her foremost industries are the -manufacture of clothing and the making of tobacco goods. - -[Illustration: AN OYSTER BOAT] - -Thanks to the coal and iron she receives, Baltimore builds cars, ships, -and almost everything made of iron and steel. Then, too, the city has the -largest copper-refining plant in America. - -If this story had been written a few years ago, it would tell you that -Baltimore's streets were narrow, that miles of them were paved with -cobblestones or were not paved at all, and that the city generally was -developing very slowly. But to-day we have a quite different Baltimore. - -[Illustration: THE BALTIMORE FIRE] - -On February 7th and 8th, 1904, a great fire swept the business section of -the city, destroying $125,000,000 worth of property. While the ruins were -still smoldering, the courageous people, refusing all help from outside, -began to plan a bigger and better Baltimore. - -The work began in the burned part of the city. The narrow down-town -streets were widened and paved, and new and better buildings took the -place of the burned ones. Most of these new buildings are three or four -stories high, though a few tall ones range from ten to sixteen stories. -Fortunately three of Baltimore's oldest and most imposing buildings -escaped the fire--the post office, the city hall, and the courthouse. - -[Illustration: THE BURNED PART OF THE CITY] - -Two important streets cross this newly built business section--Charles -Street, running north and south, and Baltimore Street, running east and -west. Baltimore Street is the chief business thoroughfare, and north and -south of it are the wholesale, financial, and shipping districts. - -[Illustration: PIER 4] - -[Illustration: ONE OF THE NEW WHARVES] - -The city owned little wharf property of importance before 1904, but the -fire made it possible to buy all the burned district fronting the harbor. -This the city purchased and laid out in a wonderful system of public -wharves and docks open to the commerce of the world. - -[Illustration: THE POST OFFICE] - -Pier 4, at the foot of Market Place, has been set aside for the use of -market boats, and here small crafts bring much of the fruit, vegetables, -fish, crabs, and oysters which make the markets of Baltimore among the -most attractive in the United States. There are eleven of these markets, -and on market days they are a most interesting sight with their busy -jostling crowds all eagerly buying or selling. - -[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] - -But these great improvements in the business center and along the water -front are only part of the good results which have followed the fire. In -past years Baltimore had many miles of open sewers, an unhealthful -arrangement which caused much sickness. The very year after the fire, -work was begun to do away with this evil, and to-day the city has a -sanitary, up-to-date sewer system. - -[Illustration: LEXINGTON MARKET] - -[Illustration: FALLSWAY] - -Another important work of the city-betterment plan has to do with a -stream called Jones Falls, which used to flow in an open channel right -through the center of the city. This stream now flows through great -concrete tubes, over which is a broad highway running diagonally across -the city, all the way from the docks to the railroad terminal. Then, too, -the city has a new water system, great enough to supply the entire city -with purified water from Gunpowder River. And besides all these a great -dam, the third longest in the world, has been built across the -Susquehanna River at McCall Ferry, furnishing electric power which lights -the streets, runs the cars, and supplies power for many of the city's -factories. - -[Illustration: McCALL FERRY DAM] - -From the harbor Baltimore stretches away to the north and west, covering -thirty-two square miles. Within the city are green hills and pleasant -valleys, and a chain of beautiful parks with many splendid old trees -bordering the boulevards which connect them. Two of these parks, Mount -Vernon Place and Eutaw Place, are near the center of Baltimore. The -former is cross shaped, and here stands the famous monument to George -Washington, the first statue erected to his memory in this country. Eutaw -Place is a long parkway made beautiful with statuary, flowers, fountains, -and winding walks, and on either side stand handsome residences. - -Covering seven hundred acres of picturesque rolling land is Druid Hill -Park, with its miles of driveways, its ancient oak trees, its athletic -grounds, tennis courts, botanical palace, zoo, and a large reservoir -lake. The rugged scenery of Gwynn's Falls Park challenges Druid Hill's -claim to unequaled beauty. In Patterson Park there is the largest -artificial swimming pool in the United States. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF BALTIMORE] - -Besides its many swimming pools and indoor baths, the city has organized -a system of portable baths--small houses which are moved from corner to -corner in the crowded sections, supplying hot- and cold-water shower baths -to many thousands each year. - -[Illustration: THE FIRST WASHINGTON MONUMENT] - -[Illustration: PATTERSON PARK SWIMMING POOL] - -Baltimore has won a reputation as an educational center through the -splendid equipment and wonderful accomplishments of Johns Hopkins -University, which is noted throughout the world, especially for its work -along medical lines. - -[Illustration: A PORTABLE BATHHOUSE] - -[Illustration: A JOHNS HOPKINS BUILDING] - -Goucher College, for women, ranks with the best women's colleges in the -South. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the oldest college of -its kind in the world. The Walters Art Gallery, and the Peabody Institute -with its art gallery, conservatory of music, and library, afford -opportunities for the study of art, music, and literature. - -With its more than 550,000 inhabitants, Baltimore, like Philadelphia, is -a city of homes and is renowned for its good old Southern hospitality. - -Way back in 1634, a company of Catholic pilgrims came to America to -found a colony where their religion would not be interfered with. King -Charles I of England granted to these people a certain territory north of -the Potomac River, which he named Maryland in honor of his wife, Mary, -who was also a Catholic. The founder of the province was Lord Baltimore, -and from the very beginning, settlers of all beliefs were made heartily -welcome. - -About one hundred years after the planting of this Catholic colony, sixty -acres of land on the north side of the Patapsco River was purchased and -laid out for a city. To honor the generous-hearted founder of Maryland, -the place was named Baltimore. - -[Illustration: LOCATION OF BALTIMORE] - -One of the most thrilling events in Baltimore's history led to the -writing of our national song--"The Star-Spangled Banner." - -Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, was a prisoner on a British man-of-war -in 1814, when the British attacked Fort McHenry. Fort McHenry guarded -Baltimore, and if the fort fell, the city too must go. All day the -English ships fired shot and shell at the fort. During all the night the -attack went on. Anxiously Key watched through the darkness. Could the -fort hold out against such a terrible bombardment? From time to time, by -flashes from bursting bombs, he could see the outlines of the fort. Then -came the dawn. In the early morning light Key saw our flag still waving, -and in his joy he wrote on the back of an old letter the words of the -song that has since become so famous. - -A wide thoroughfare which follows the curve of the water front for -several miles is named in honor of Francis Scott Key. Key Highway, it is -called, and it leads to Fort McHenry, which the War Department has lately -given over to the care of the city of Baltimore. - - - =BALTIMORE= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over 500,000 (558,485). - - Seventh city in rank, according to population, in the United - States. - - Located near the head of Chesapeake Bay. - - Has a fine harbor and a splendid dock system. - - An important railroad center. - - Has a large and growing foreign commerce. - - An important manufacturing center. - - Ranks first among the cities of the United States as a canning and - preserving center. - - The world's chief center for the manufacture of straw hats. - - An important center for shipping oysters and crabs. - - Associated with the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner." - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. What advantages of location does Baltimore possess? - - 2. Why is Baltimore called the gateway to the South? - - 3. What are the leading exports of this city? - - 4. In what industries does Baltimore rank first in the United States? - - 5. What great disaster visited Baltimore in 1904, and how did the - people of the city make this great trouble result in a better city? - - 6. What educational institution has won a splendid reputation for - Baltimore? - - 7. Tell something of the settlement of Maryland and the city of - Baltimore. - - 8. Tell the story of the writing of a famous song of which Baltimore - is justly proud. - - 9. Find by inquiry or by consulting time tables the time required to - reach Baltimore from the following places: - - New York City Atlanta - Philadelphia Norfolk - Washington, D.C. Richmond - Pittsburgh New Orleans - - - - - PITTSBURGH - - -Pittsburgh and New Orleans--both of vast commercial importance--are -connected by one of the greatest water highways in the world. Never were -two cities more unlike. New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, -with its French and its Southern population, might be termed the Paris of -our country--this gay, fashionable town, with its fine opera houses, its -noted restaurants, and its brilliant Mardi Gras pageants. Pittsburgh, on -the other hand, at the head of the Ohio River, in the heart of a famous -coal-and-iron region, is well named the "workshop of the world." - -Many years ago, when the governor of Virginia sent George Washington to -drive the French from the Ohio valley, there stood, where the Allegheny -and Monongahela rivers unite to form the Ohio River, a small fort which -the French called Fort Duquesne. This fort was captured in 1758 by the -British and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of England's great statesman, -William Pitt. To-day the place is known as Pittsburgh, and is the center -of the most extensive iron works in the United States. - -At first the little settlement was important as a break in -transportation, for here cargoes were changed from the lighter boats -used on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers to the heavier barges on the -broad Ohio. Even then Pittsburgh was recognized as a gateway of the West. - -Gradually the settlement became a trading center, which soon developed -into a big, busy, manufacturing city. Now Pittsburgh has a population of -over half a million and is the eighth city in size in the Union. - -[Illustration: FORT DUQUESNE] - -In her countless factories, her mammoth steel mills, and her huge -foundries, she uses the products of the rich surrounding country as well -as an enormous amount of iron ore from the Lake Superior mines. - -Although western Pennsylvania too furnishes iron ore, its chief -contribution to Pittsburgh is a vast amount of coal, which the city in -turn supplies to the world. - -Pittsburgh leads the world in the manufacture of steel and iron, -glassware (including plate and window glass), armor plate, steel cars, -air brakes, iron and steel pipe, tin plate, fire brick, coke, sheet -steel, white lead, cork wares, electrical machinery, and pickles. - -[Illustration: BLOCKHOUSE IN FORT DUQUESNE] - -To carry on these important industries, Pittsburgh, the city of -McKeesport, the boroughs of Homestead and Braddock, and many other -places,--all together known as the Pittsburgh district,--have more than -5000 manufacturing plants and employ over 350,000 people. The amount paid -the laborers in these factories in prosperous times is over $1,000,000 a -day. - -[Illustration: THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT] - -[Illustration: FILLING MOLDS WITH MOLTEN METAL] - -The famous Homestead mills make armor plate for battleships. At Braddock -are steel works, where great furnaces turn out enough rails in a year -to span the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The great -Carnegie Steel Company has its headquarters in the city of Pittsburgh and -leads the world in the production of structural steel, steel rails, and -armor plate. - -[Illustration: BLAST FURNACES OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY] - -[Illustration: MINERS AT WORK] - -Perhaps your knife blade is made of steel manufactured in one of the huge -factories in this busy district. The car tracks of your town, the -street-car wheels, and the great locomotives, to say nothing of the heavy -steel beams and girders of your fireproof buildings, may all be products -of this mighty workshop. - -[Illustration: IN A MODERN COAL MINE] - -[Illustration: THE ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE] - -Pittsburgh coal is used all over the country. The near-by mines form a -great underground city, whose dark passageways, far below the surface of -the earth, are lighted by tiny electric lights. More than fifteen -thousand men find employment in this weird city. Day after day the brave -miners go down into the mines, never sure that they will see the sunlight -again, for many are the perils of mining. Who has not read of the -terrible disasters caused by suffocation from fire damp, by flood, the -falling of walls, or the explosion of coal dust? Small particles of coal -dust are constantly floating in the mines, and much is stirred up by the -cars used to carry the coal to the outside world. A tiny spark may ignite -this dust and cause it to explode with terrific force. Sometimes even the -presence of much oxygen in the air will make the dust explode, tearing -down great blocks of coal which bury the poor miners or stop up the -passageways so that there is no escape unless the victims are dug out -before they die. - -[Illustration: SCENE IN A COAL MINE] - -[Illustration: PITTSBURGH COAL IS SENT ALL OVER THE WORLD] - -But the world must have coal, for, used for our great boilers, it drives -our powerful locomotives, sends mighty vessels plowing across the ocean, -and supplies the power which turns the wheels of industry, both great and -small. Yes, the world must have coal. So Uncle Sam, in pity for the -miners who brave these awful dangers, has bought a mine at Bruceton, a -short distance from Pittsburgh. There the government is making -experiments to find out the causes of explosion, aiming in this way to -protect the miners by lessening their dangers. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH] - -Much of the coal is made into coke by burning out certain gases in -open-air ovens. Thousands of these ovens are located in the Pittsburgh -district, and their fires at night illuminate the country for miles. The -coke is used as fuel in the steel furnaces of Pittsburgh, Cleveland, -Chicago, and other cities. - -[Illustration: THE BUSINESS DISTRICT] - -A little more than fifty years ago petroleum, or rock oil, was discovered -near Pittsburgh, and although oil has since been found in many other -places, Pittsburgh is still one of the great centers for this product. -Crude petroleum as it comes from the earth is a liquid, formed from the -decay of plants and animals long ago buried underground. It is obtained -by sinking wells, or pipes, into oil-bearing rock, which is very porous. -Sometimes the pipes are sunk a quarter of a mile deep. The average yield -is from 50 to 75 barrels a day, and occasionally a pipe well is found -which yields as high as 1000 barrels. - -Sometimes a well stops flowing. Then the oil must be pumped from the -earth or else forced out by the explosion of dynamite. Such a well is -spoken of as a "shot well." When a well is shot, a vast column of oil is -thrown into the air, just as water is thrown up in a geyser or hot -spring, by the action of gases under ground. - -Pittsburgh makes great storage tanks for the oil, as well as apparatus -for drilling wells, and supplies these not only to our own country but to -every foreign land in which oil is found. - -When petroleum is heated it gives off vapors, varying according to the -heat. These vapors are then condensed and form many products which are -now in every-day use, such as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and benzine. -Vaseline is what remains in the vats after heating the petroleum. -Paraffin is another product. Pittsburgh manufactures all these and -supplies them to the world. - -The discovery of natural gas about twenty-five years ago, and its use as -a fuel, attracted the attention of the world to Pittsburgh as a center of -cheap fuel. Natural gas is found in and around oil fields, so it is -supposed that the gas and the oil have the same origin. The porous rock -in which the gas is found is usually covered with clay rock, or shale, -which prevents the gas from escaping. Natural gas, like petroleum, is -obtained by sinking pipes. When the gas is reached, it rushes out with -great force. Large quantities of it were formerly used in Pittsburgh's -glass factories and iron works, but its greatest use to-day is for -lighting and heating. - -The city of Pittsburgh stretches for 7 miles along the Allegheny, about -the same distance on the Monongahela, and entirely covers the space -between. The city of Allegheny, across the Allegheny River, has recently -been annexed, thus giving Pittsburgh an area of 38 square miles. The two -cities, with the river between, remind us of Brooklyn and Manhattan. - -[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1902] - -The city's water supply is taken from the Allegheny River and is purified -in the largest single filtration plant in the world. - -The main business section covers the V-shaped space between the two -rivers--known as the Point--and extends into the streets further back. -Still beyond are heights upon which are many beautiful parks, fine -residences, and splendid public buildings, including the Carnegie Museum, -Library, and Technical Schools, and the buildings of Pittsburgh -University. - -Though the population of the "Steel City" was at first mainly -Scotch-Irish, it now includes citizens from almost every nation in -Europe. The workmen in its factories are of at least thirty -nationalities. Side by side stand English, Germans, Welsh, Irish, Scotch, -Negroes, Jews, Italians, Syrians, Swedes, Greeks, Slavs, Poles, and -Hungarians. - -[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1915] - -In one section of the city there is a distinct German center, whose -inhabitants speak German and have German newspapers. Another section has -received the name of Little Italy because of the number of Italians who -have come there to live. Six papers are published for these people in -their own tongue. In Little Italy are many of the fruit stands and market -places which in this country seem to furnish a favorite employment for -the sons of Italy. - -In still another section, which is called the Ghetto, live the Jews, -whose conversation is largely carried on in Yiddish, and whose newspapers -are printed in that language. All of these foreign-born people have -adopted the dress of American citizens, and their descendants will soon -become Americanized in manners and language. To-day their foreign ways -make them the more interesting. - -But the laborers are by no means the only inhabitants of Pittsburgh. -There are many wealthy residents, whose palatial homes, built beyond the -reach of the soot and smoke, far away from the noises of the great -business thoroughfares, are in great contrast to the workmen's simple -homes near the furnaces. - -[Illustration: A FOREIGN QUARTER] - -Pittsburgh can boast of many great men. It is the home of Andrew -Carnegie, whose reputation for wealth and benevolence is world wide. He -it was who conceived the idea of founding free libraries in different -cities, they in turn to support these libraries by giving an annual sum -for that purpose. His first offer was to his own city. In 1881 he -proposed to give Pittsburgh $250,000 for a free public library if the -city would set apart $15,000 each year for its care. The offer was -refused, and the library was given to Allegheny instead. Later -Mr. Carnegie gave Pittsburgh an Institute and Library combined, for the -support of which the city gives $200,000 each year. The Carnegie Institute -is a massive and beautiful building in Schenley Park. It covers 5 acres -of land and is filled with treasures of art and literature. To-day there -are nine Carnegie libraries in Pittsburgh, containing over 360,000 -volumes. - -[Illustration: AN INCLINED PLANE] - -George Westinghouse was another Pittsburgh capitalist. His early days -were spent in making agricultural implements in Schenectady. He was -called Lazy George because he was always making pieces of machinery to -save doing work with his hands. Later, by his invention of air brakes for -trains, he became rich. Choosing Pittsburgh as his home, he established -in and near the city the great Westinghouse Electric Company. It was Mr. -Westinghouse who gave to Pittsburgh natural gas, conveying it through -forty miles of pipe from Murrysville. - -Towering above Pittsburgh are high hills, which are reached from the -business districts by inclined planes. Passengers and freight are carried -up the inclines in cable cars. Up the steepest of these planes, the -Monongahela, whose summit is four hundred feet above the river, the -railroad runs through a tunnel and brings the passengers out upon a high -bluff. - -[Illustration: FROM THE HEIGHTS ABOVE THE CITY] - -From the heights above the city one views the surrounding country--a -wonderful panorama of hills and valleys, with the three great rivers, -spanned by seventeen splendid bridges, stretching away in the distance. -In every direction are towns called "little Pittsburghs," where live the -workers engaged in the gigantic industries of the Pittsburgh district. -And looking down, one sees the Point--the center of this great city, the -heart of the "workshop of the world." - - - =PITTSBURGH= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over half a million (533,905). - - Eighth city in rank, according to population. - - Has the largest structural-steel plant in the world. - - Has the largest glass-manufacturing plant in the United States. - - Has the largest commercial coal plant in the United States. - - Has the largest pickling plant in the world. - - Has the largest electrical manufacturing plant in the world. - - Leads the world in the manufacture of iron, steel, glass, electrical - machinery, steel cars, tin plate, air brakes, fire brick, white lead, - pickles, and cork wares. - - Place of great historical interest in connection with the development - of the West. - - One of the foremost commercial distributing centers. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Compare Pittsburgh with New Orleans in location and in interests. - - 2. Tell how Fort Pitt grew into the great city of Pittsburgh and give - two causes for its growth. - - 3. Where does Pittsburgh get her iron ore, coal, and petroleum? - - 4. In what manufactures does the city lead the world? - - 5. What great advantages does its location on the Ohio River give - Pittsburgh? - - 6. Where are her great steel works, and what do they manufacture? - - 7. Describe the mine cities and the miners. Tell of their dangers and - how these are to be lessened. - - 8. How is petroleum obtained? What products in daily use are made from - it? - - 9. Give some facts about natural gas and its use in Pittsburgh. - - 10. Why is Pittsburgh called the "workshop of the world"? - - 11. Name two famous men of Pittsburgh and tell what they have done for - the city and for the world. - - 12. Examine a map and find what shipping ports are within easy access of - Pittsburgh. - - 13. Find by what route ore and other material shipped by way of the Great - Lakes reach Pittsburgh. - - - - - DETROIT - - -In population, Detroit is the ninth city of the United States. - -In the value of its manufactured products, it is fifth. - -In the value of its exports, it is the leading port on the Canadian -border. - -With these facts in mind it will be interesting to learn something of the -history of Detroit; something of the goods it manufactures and the -reasons for its growth and prosperity. - -During the years when the French governed Canada, manufacturing and -agriculture played a very small part in their affairs. Their business men -were chiefly interested in the fur trade; their governors were interested -mainly in extending the territory over which floated the banner of their -king; and the teaching of Christianity to the hordes of Indians who -inhabited the country seemed of the greatest importance to their priests -and missionaries. - -So, because it served the purpose of each, all three classes--the fur -traders, the crown officers, and the missionaries--worked hand in hand in -exploring and in penetrating the wilderness in every direction. They -suffered every hardship, endured every privation, and very often fell -victims to the cruelty of the savages. - -[Illustration: THE GREAT LAKES] - -In those days of French rule, railroads were unheard of, and wagon roads -were almost as scarce. Travel was sometimes through the woods, along the -trails made by the Indians; but usually it was by the water courses, over -which the Indian canoes carried furs to be traded for the goods of the -French. - -Now if you will look at a map which shows the Canadian border of the -United States and follow the course of the Great Lakes, you will see that -at four places their broad waters narrow into rivers or straits. These -places are first, the Niagara River; second, where the waters of Lake -Huron pass into Lake Erie; third, at the Sault Ste. Marie; and fourth, at -the Straits of Mackinac. - -Between the East and the West, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River -formed the main artery of travel. To control the narrow rivers and -straits that connect the Great Lakes was to control the travel over -them, and as the French extended their rule from Quebec to the West, they -fortified these narrow places one by one. - -Fort Niagara was built at the mouth of the Niagara River. Then on July -24, 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed on the banks of the Detroit -River and began the work of building a palisade fort, almost where the -river widens into Lake Saint Clair. - -Cadillac thought that at Fort Detroit he had found one of the garden -spots of the country. In the pine forests of the Michigan peninsula game -of every sort abounded, and their skins enriched alike the Indians and -the French. The waters of Lake Saint Clair swarmed with wild fowl. In the -woods wild grapes grew in profusion, and the rich lands bordering both -sides of the river assured plentiful crops, depending only upon the -industry of those who tilled the soil. However, in spite of his -enthusiasm over the beauty of the site, Cadillac proceeded to lay out a -very ugly little town with rude dwellings huddled along narrow muddy -streets. - -Such as it was, Detroit remained under French rule for fifty-nine years, -becoming one of the most prosperous of the French outposts. The Indians -were, for the most part, friendly with the French, and in 1760 the place -had a population of 2500, which made it of great importance in the -sparsely settled West. - -Then came the years of the French and Indian wars, and finally the -French, having lost Quebec, were obliged to surrender to the English. So -in November, 1760, Detroit was given up to Major Robert Rogers in command -of a detachment of British regulars and American militia. - -The English were not allowed to remain long in undisturbed possession of -their new outpost. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas and one of the craftiest -of all Indian warriors, was friendly to the French. In 1763, through his -immense influence with all the Western tribes, he organized a conspiracy -to drive the English from the territory which they had won with such -difficulty. Detroit was one of the first places to be attacked. The siege -lasted several months, but in spite of the cruelty and cunning of the -attack, the garrison held out until at last relief came. Thus by their -bravery they did much to prevent the success of Pontiac's Conspiracy, as -the uprising is called. - -Then came the Revolution. At its close, the Treaty of Paris was signed in -1783. By the terms of this treaty, Detroit, together with the other -British outposts in the West, became the property of the United States. -However, it was not until 1796 that the place was actually occupied by -American troops. - -Sixteen years later Detroit again passed into the possession of the -British. This was during the war of 1812 and followed the defeat of -General William Hull's ill-fated expedition into Canada. Falling back to -Detroit, Hull was attacked, and surrendered to the British after a -half-hearted resistance. - -A little more than a year later, however, in October, 1813, Oliver Hazard -Perry won the famous battle of Lake Erie. This gave the Americans control -of the lake, and the British soon abandoned Detroit, which has since -remained in the possession of the United States. - -Detroit had prospered but little since 1760. Its inhabitants were for the -most part easy-going Frenchmen. They were not suited to the strenuous -work of city building. Detroit, instead of growing larger, was becoming -smaller; and when, in 1820, the United States took a census of the place, -it had but 1442 inhabitants as against the 2500 that Major Rogers found -in 1760. - -[Illustration: DETROIT IN 1820, AND STEAMER _WALK-IN-THE-WATER_ (From an -old print)] - -But from 1820 the growth of Detroit has been continuous. In 1825 the Erie -Canal was opened, furnishing an easy means of communication from the East -to the West. Then came a great tide of immigration to all the states -bordering on the Great Lakes. Michigan was one of the first to profit, -and Detroit was the gateway to Michigan. - -Most of the pioneers who sought homes in the West were farmers. The life -of cities and villages offered few attractions to them. The number that -stayed in Detroit was small as compared to the number that passed -through into the back country to clear the woodlands and take up the work -of agriculture. - -But as the back country filled up, there came a demand for the things in -which cities deal, while at the same time there came the need of places -where the products of the farm could be gathered together ready for -transportation to the Eastern market. - -[Illustration: A DRY DOCK] - -In this way Detroit began its great growth. It bought the wool and wheat -which the Michigan farmers raised, and shipped them East. It bought from -the East the dry goods, hardware, and various other things which the -Michigan farmers needed, and distributed them. It grew prosperous as the -country back of it became more populated, and as this population became -richer and able to buy larger amounts and more expensive goods, Detroit -reaped the advantage. - -[Illustration: A PASSENGER STEAMER] - -Then too the traffic on the lakes became more important, requiring larger -and better vessels. Detroit has one of the best harbors on all the Great -Lakes, making it splendidly suited for the building and launching of -vessels. Always engaged more or less in shipbuilding, Detroit improved -its shipyards and kept pace with the demand. To-day it builds all types -of vessels, from magnificent passenger steamers to the great steel ore -ships which carry the iron ore of the Lake Superior districts. - -It was in 1860 that Detroit began to take its place among the industrial -cities of the country. Now it is fifth among the cities of the United -States in the value of its manufactured products. Let us see what its -chief industries are. - -[Illustration: A LAKE VESSEL BUILT IN DETROIT] - -First of all comes the manufacture of automobiles and the parts of which -they are made. It is estimated that more than half of all the automobiles -made in the United States are built in Detroit factories. Until 1899 -there was not a single automobile factory in the city. To-day there are -over thirty, many of them covering acres of ground. - -As few of the automobile factories make all the parts of their machines, -there are in Detroit many shops for the manufacture of steel, aluminium, -and brass castings, and of gears, wheels, and various other automobile -parts. - -Another of Detroit's important industries is the manufacture and repair -of steam- and electric-railroad cars. These are largely freight cars, -although many passenger cars are also made. - -Other lines of business include foundry and machine-shop products, the -making of druggists' preparations, the manufacture of flour, the packing -of beef and pork, and the preparation of other food stuffs. - -[Illustration: WHERE AUTOMOBILES ARE MADE] - -Then Detroit makes great quantities of soda ash and alkalies. This -industry Detroit owes to the fact that here are found both limestone and -salt, which is obtained from wells driven along the river bank. Both of -these materials are required in the manufacture of soda ash. - -The printing-and-publishing business gives employment to thousands; so -does the manufacture of paints and varnishes. In stoves, ranges, and -furnaces, Detroit leads every other city in the country. It is -interesting to know that Detroit makes great numbers of adding machines, -that it is the largest producer of overalls in the country, that it is a -center of the brass industry, that it turns out more than 300,000,000 -cigars each year, and that it is one of the largest producers of -wrought- and malleable-iron castings. - -The entire business of a city is, of course, never wholly manufacturing. -Part of its business is always the distribution of things to supply the -needs of its inhabitants and of the people who live in the surrounding -country. - -When these goods are sold in large quantities to merchants who in turn -sell them to the person using them, the business is known as a wholesale -business. When they are sold by the merchant directly to the user, he -does what is called a retail business. - -The wholesale business of Detroit is very large. Its merchants do the -larger part of the wholesale business through the entire state of -Michigan and in parts of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and -Minnesota. They even furnish certain supplies to some parts of Canada. -Dry goods, drugs, hardware, and groceries are the principal things in -which Detroit wholesalers deal. - -Detroit has also many large retail stores, which supply not only the -people who live in the city of Detroit but those in the surrounding -country as well. Thanks to the many suburban electric railroads and the -many steam roads, the people who live in the smaller places are able to -come to Detroit to purchase things they want. - -Now let us take our map again and notice the location of Detroit in -relation to the rest of the country, for location, as you know, has very -much to do with the growth of cities. - -[Illustration: THE DETROIT RIVER TUNNEL] - -We find in the first place that it is separated from Canada by only the -width of a river. So we are not surprised to hear that Detroit is one of -the principal points for the exchange of goods between the two countries. -The two most important Canadian railroads have terminals at Windsor, on -the Canadian side of the water, and also at Detroit. A very large part of -the United States finds Detroit the most convenient point from which to -send its products into Canada, since goods can so easily be brought to -Detroit by water or rail. - -Statistics issued by the United States government show that of the -eighteen customhouses on the Canadian border the one at Detroit does the -largest volume of business. - -Then too, by the lakes, Detroit can reach all of the American lake ports, -and from Buffalo, through the Erie Canal, it can even reach New York. - -The many railroads which serve Detroit give it excellent communication -with all parts of the United States. The Michigan Central Railroad dives -under the river, from Detroit to Windsor, through one of the most -remarkable tunnels in the world. For years the cars of the Michigan -Central Railroad, both passenger and freight, were carried across the -river on ferryboats. This, of course, was a very slow way of crossing, -but a bridge was impractical for various reasons, so at last it was -decided to build a tunnel. - -When the engineers studied the river bottom, they found that it was -covered with mud so deep that it was impossible to build a tunnel under -it. Instead they built the tunnel of steel on the river bank, and when it -was completed they sank it in sections and then fastened it together. - -Two belt-line railroads, extending from the river bank, circle through -Detroit. One is some two miles from the center, the other, six. Along -these railroads are many factories which have switches directly into -their plants. This makes shipping a simple matter for the Detroit -manufacturers. - -Now, having learned something of the history of Detroit, something of the -manufacturing which it does and the commerce it carries on, let us take a -look at the city itself. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF DETROIT] - -The older parts of most great cities are badly laid out. In very few -cases do men realize that their little settlements are to grow into large -cities. And so they pay little attention to laying out streets, but in -building their houses follow the farm lanes and often the paths made by -the cows as they are driven to and from the pastures. - -This is not always the case however. Washington was laid out long before -it ever became a city, and, in consequence, it has magnificent broad -streets and many parks. - -[Illustration: NORTH WOODWARD AVENUE] - -Detroit was one of the badly laid-out settlements, but in 1805 a fire -burned every house in Detroit with one exception. Now at that time Judge -Augustus B. Woodward was a prominent figure in the city government. When -the fire wiped out the old town, the judge thought that a plan should be -made for Detroit just as had been done for Washington. His idea was to -have a great circle, called the Grand Circus, in the center of the town. -Two streets, 120 feet wide, were to cross this circle, dividing it into -quarters, and from the circle other broad avenues were to radiate in all -directions. As the city grew, other circles were to be built with streets -radiating from them. - -Unfortunately the citizens of Detroit did not have the belief in the -growth of their city that Judge Woodward had, and so his scheme was only -carried out in part. That part, however, gave to Detroit its Grand -Circus, its broad avenues, and its down-town parks, and did much to earn -for it the title of the City Beautiful. - -Detroit to-day has many splendid and costly residences. It has also -street after street filled with comfortable medium-priced houses where -the workmen live, and its people are fond of boasting that it is a city -of homes. - -Woodward Avenue, which is 120 feet wide, is named after Judge Woodward. -This avenue runs from the river bank right through the entire city. At -its lower end it is the principal retail street of the city, while -further out are many fine residences. - -As the town grew, a boulevard was built, which, starting at the river, -runs completely around the city at a distance of some two and a half -miles from the center. This boulevard is known as the Grand Boulevard and -is more than 12 miles long and from 150 to 200 feet in width. In the -center is a narrow strip upon which are grown flowers, trees, and grass, -while upon either side run macadam roads. - -[Illustration: AT BELLE ISLE] - -The most popular of Detroit's parks is Belle Isle. This is on an island -of about 700 acres, directly opposite the city. Originally the island was -for the most part a swamp infested with snakes. In order to get rid of -the snakes a drove of hogs was turned loose on the island, and for a -long time it was known as Hog Island. Then the city bought it and turned -it into a park. The swamps were drained, and lakes and canals were built, -which in the summer time are covered with canoes and boats. In the winter -they make excellent places for skating. Playgrounds, baseball fields, and -picnic grounds were laid out and a zoo was built, as well as one of the -best aquariums in the country. And here, too, is a horticultural -building, where many rare plants and flowers are grown. A large part of -the island was covered with woods, and this was left in its native state, -with winding roads built through it. The island is connected with the -mainland by a broad bridge. - -The health conditions of Detroit are excellent. Its water supply is taken -at a depth of 40 feet from the Detroit River, just where it leaves Lake -Saint Clair. The city has an ample sewerage system. It has many fine -public schools, and here also are the University of Detroit and the -Detroit colleges of law and medicine. In short, from every point of view -Detroit is a good place in which to live. - -A short time ago prizes were offered to the public-school pupils in the -fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades for the five best essays on "Why -I am Glad I live in Detroit." Here is what one sixth-grade boy wrote -about his home city: - -"What a beautiful city is Detroit," says the world-wide traveler, as -he passes along its broad avenues, in the shade of its magnificent -trees. "Detroit has a fine commercial center," says the enterprising -manufacturer as he surveys its busy wharves. "What an excellent -situation this city has," says the farmer, as he comes trudging to town -with his load of produce. "In Detroit life is worth living," says the -happy pleasure seeker, as he whiles away his time, either on the lake -or in its many parks and boulevards. "You can have loads of fun at -Belle Isle," whispers the small boy, as he thinks of the many pastimes -which so appeal to every child. "What an interesting history has -Detroit," says the historian, as he recalls its many struggles, first -with the Indians, then with the French, and last of all the English. - -Many strangers will come to our city during the next few months, and -I know that after they have seen it and go to their homes again, they -will tell their neighbors and friends of our beautiful city, and I, who -live here, will be very proud of it. - - - =DETROIT= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), more than 450,000 (465,766). - - Ninth city in rank, according to population. - - Important shipping and manufacturing center. - - Important center for trade with Canada. - - Most important center in United States for the automobile industry. - - Place of great historical interest. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. How does Detroit rank among our great cities in population, - manufactured products, and exports? - - 2. What were the ambitions of the French governors, traders, and - missionaries of Canada in the early days? - - 3. Why did the French build forts on the narrow rivers and straits - that connect the Great Lakes? - - 4. Describe Detroit and its surroundings in 1701. - - 5. How and when did the English first acquire Detroit? - - 6. How did the development of the farm lands about the city help the - growth of Detroit? - - 7. Tell about its growth since 1760, and give three causes. - - 8. Name and describe some of the industries of the city. - - 9. Tell something of its vast wholesale and retail trade. - - 10. Show how the location of Detroit influences its commerce and - contributes to its growth. - - 11. Name three products in the manufacture of which Detroit leads all - other cities in the country. - - 12. What conditions have made Detroit a great center for commercial - relations with Canada? - - - - - BUFFALO - - -About 1783 Cornelius Winne, a trader, built a little log store at the -mouth of Buffalo River, which empties into Lake Erie. That was the -beginning of Buffalo, the queen city of the lakes, the home to-day of -more than four hundred thousand people. - -To understand the wonderful growth of this city we must go back to the -days of the Revolution and see New York in those early times. Almost all -the people of the United States then lived on the narrow strip of land -lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Highlands. The high -forest-covered mountains made a barrier that kept the colonial settlers -from attempting to push out toward the west. - -But in New York State nature had left an opening between the mountain -ranges, along the courses of the Hudson and the Mohawk rivers. Settlers -had early followed these streams and built homes in their valleys. Beyond -lay the trackless hunting grounds of the Indians--the great West. - -With the close of the Revolution things began to change. New York made a -treaty with the Indians, whereby they agreed to sell large tracts of -their lands. Pioneers pushed their way into the unknown wilderness of the -western part of the state and found a beautiful fertile country. Their -reports led hundreds to follow them. Soon central and northern New York -were dotted with settlements. More and more immigrants kept coming, all -seeking the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The great western -movement of the nineteenth century had begun. - -[Illustration: A LOCKPORT LOCK] - -Winne had built his trading post before this westward movement reached -Lake Erie. For some time he lived in his log cabin in the midst of the -forest, with no neighbors except the Indians with whom he traded. But -gradually other settlers came and built homes near him. By 1804 there -were about twenty houses in the little settlement, which, for a short -time, was called New Amsterdam. - -[Illustration: Barge canals shown by solid lines; Erie and other canals -by dotted lines. - NEW YORK'S CANALS] - -By 1812 the name had been changed to Buffalo, and the town had a -population of 1500. That year war with England broke out, and in 1813 a -body of British soldiers with their Indian allies crossed the Niagara -River during the night, took the Americans by surprise, and burned -Buffalo. Of its three hundred houses, just one escaped the flames. But -nothing daunted, the men began to rebuild their homes, and in a few years -no traces of the fire were to be seen. - -In early times the Indians going from the seacoast to the Great Lakes had -followed the Hudson and Mohawk rivers and then gone on directly west to -Lake Erie. With the coming of the white man the Indian pathway grew into -a road, and in 1811 stagecoaches began to run over this road between -Buffalo and Albany. - -But carrying passengers and freight by stagecoach was very expensive, and -a few men, headed by Governor De Witt Clinton, began to say that the -state ought to build a canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River. -Many laughed at this idea. They knew very little about canals and thought -it foolish to waste millions of dollars on a useless "big ditch," as they -called it. - -[Illustration: TRAVELING BY CANAL] - -However, those in favor of the scheme finally won, and the work of -building the Erie Canal was begun in 1817. It very nearly followed the -old trail between Albany and Buffalo and was 363 miles long. Eighty-three -locks raised and lowered the boats where there was a difference of level -in the canal. Lockport, a city 25 miles northeast of Buffalo, was named -after these locks, there being 10 of them there. - -In 1825 the work was completed; the Erie Canal was opened, and at last -there was a waterway between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. All the -towns along the canal held a great celebration. None had better reason -for rejoicing than Buffalo. In 1825 Buffalo was a little hamlet on the -frontier. Thanks to the Erie Canal, it was soon to become one of the -leading cities of the country. - -It was not long before the "big ditch" was known as the "path to the -great West." A rush of emigration further west followed, and all these -travelers stopped at Buffalo, for here they had to change from the -flat-bottomed canal boats to the lake vessels. Hotels were crowded, -business flourished, and Buffalo became "a great doorway of the inland -sea." - -[Illustration: THE BARGE CANAL NEAR BUFFALO] - -During the first years after its completion little freight was carried -over the Erie Canal, but settlers kept flocking into the West, and before -many years these Western pioneers were raising far more grain than they -could use. Lake commerce began. Hundreds of ships brought wheat, lumber, -and furs to Buffalo from the West and returned laden with manufactured -goods. Buffalo was the chief lake port, and for many years shipping was -its leading industry. - -Then came the railroads. The first railroad to Buffalo was completed in -1836. A few years later, trains ran between Albany and Buffalo, and in -time carloads of grain were shipped by rail. Though shipments by canal -continued and even increased for a time, the railroads gradually did more -and more of the carrying, and finally robbed the canal of much of its -former importance. - -[Illustration: THE SITE OF BUFFALO] - -Still, shipping by canal was cheaper. Improvements have been made in the -Erie Canal from time to time, and in 1903 the state voted $101,000,000 -for the enlargement of the Erie, Oswego, and Champlain canals into the -1000-ton-barge canal. When this is completed it will be 12 feet deep and -will float much larger barges than did the Erie Canal. - -But to return to Buffalo. The city's location naturally made it one of -the great centers of the country. Only the Niagara River separates the -city from the most thickly settled part of Canada, and it is therefore a -most convenient meeting place of the two countries. Already Buffalo's -trade with Canada amounts to over $50,000,000 a year. - -Besides being one of the chief commercial centers of the country, Buffalo -is an important manufacturing town. Three things are necessary to success -in manufacturing--raw materials, power, and a market where the finished -goods can be sold. Buffalo has all of these near at hand. The country -round about is singularly rich in natural resources. Forests, fertile -farm lands, and rich iron and coal deposits are all within easy reach of -the city and supply it with raw material at small cost for -transportation. - -No city in the world has greater advantages than Buffalo in the matter of -power. The Niagara Falls furnish an unlimited supply of electric power, -which is a substitute for coal and, for many purposes, more convenient. -Buffalo's nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania makes the cost of -both hard and soft coal low. Natural gas and oil furnish about one fifth -of the power now used in the city. Both are found near Buffalo, stored in -the pores and cavities of rocks. Holes are bored into the rocks, and the -petroleum or rock oil is pumped into huge tanks. The gas is carried by -underground pipes to the city, where it is used in heating and lighting -thousands of homes and factories. - -Lastly, Buffalo does not have to ship its products far to find a market. -Within 450 miles of the city live almost 50,000,000 people, and lakes, -canals, and railroads offer cheap and rapid transportation to all parts -of the country. Thirteen steamship lines and 18 railroads enter the city. -There are 2 trunk lines from New England; 5 from New York; 1 from -Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; 1 from St. Louis; and 4 from -Chicago. - -[Illustration: LACKAWANNA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY] - -The richest iron mines in the world are located south of Lake Superior, -but there are no coal deposits in this region, and coal is necessary for -the manufacturing of iron and steel. As it was cheaper to ship the ore to -the coal than to carry the coal to the ore, there were men who, as early -as 1860, saw that iron and steel could be manufactured with profit in -Buffalo. Though blast furnaces were built from time to time, the industry -did not attract great attention until 1899. In that year the Lackawanna -Iron and Steel Company, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, moved to Buffalo and -built an immense metal-working plant. This plant is south of the city and -extends several miles along the shore of Lake Erie. The company has built -a ship canal over half a mile long, which the largest lake vessels can -enter. On one side of this canal are hundreds of coke ovens and the -storage grounds for coal; on the other side are the ore docks, a row of -huge blast furnaces, and the steel works with their numerous mills, -foundries, and workshops. - -In the coke ovens millions of tons of soft coal are every year turned -into coke, which is really coal with certain things removed by heating. -This coke is used in melting the iron in the blast furnaces--so called -because during the melting strong blasts of air are forced into the -furnaces. These furnaces are almost a hundred feet high, are made of -iron, and lined with fire brick. Tons of coke, limestone, and iron ore -are dropped in from above by machinery, and the intense heat of the -burning coke melts the iron, which sinks to the bottom of the furnace -while the limestone collects the impurities and forms an upper layer. At -the bottom of the furnace there are openings where the fiery-hot liquid -runs off into molds, or forms, in which it cools and hardens. The waste -matter, called slag, is also drawn off at the bottom. More coke and ore -are added from above, and the smelting goes on night and day without -interruption until the furnace needs repair. After the iron has been -separated from the ore, it is taken to the foundries where it is made -into steel rails and many other kinds of iron and steel goods. - -Other iron and steel companies have sprung up in Buffalo, and the city -and its vicinity is now manufacturing enormous quantities of pig iron, -steel rails, engines, car wheels, tools, and machinery. - -[Illustration: THE ELECTRIC BUILDING] - -Back in the first half of the nineteenth century New York was the leading -wheat-raising and flour-producing state. The first flour mill in the -Buffalo district was run by water power furnished by the Erie Canal. As -larger mills followed and steam took the place of water power, Buffalo -became an important flour-milling center. Later, wheat began to be raised -further west, and the Central States soon took the lead in wheat growing -and flour milling. But Buffalo had the advantage of an early start. Its -mills were already built and working. Grain from the West kept pouring -into the city to be stored in its great grain elevators, and the -production of flour increased. Larger mills were built, some of them -making use of the Niagara water power. To-day there are more than a -dozen companies in Buffalo operating flour mills which turn out over -3,000,000 barrels of flour in a year. - -[Illustration: THE BUFFALO HOME OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY] - -Buffalo's slaughter-house products for a single year are worth millions -of dollars. There are two large meat-packing firms in the city, -slaughtering over a million cattle and hogs each year. They both had -small beginnings in the butcher business more than fifty years ago. In -1852 the first stockyards were opened, and the city's live-stock industry -began. Shipments of live stock from the grazing states of the West -increased until the city became the second cattle market in the world, -Chicago alone handling more live stock than Buffalo. - -When first settled, the lake region was covered with forests, and lumber -was one of the first products sent eastward by lake steamers. Millions -and millions of feet of pine were towed down the lakes on barges and -transferred to canal boats at Buffalo, and the city became one of the -great lumber markets of the country. Although shipments from the Northern -forests have not been so great in the last twenty years, the lumber -industry continues to be of great importance to Buffalo. In addition to -pine from the lake region, the city receives hard wood from the South. -You see enormous piles of lumber in the yards of the city itself, and -Tonawanda, a suburb ten miles north of Buffalo, has the largest lumber -yards in the world. These yards carry on a large wholesale and retail -trade, and sawmills, planing mills, and many lumber industries have grown -up around them. Mill work, doors, mantels, piano cases, and furniture are -some of the things made in the Buffalo workshops. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF BUFFALO] - -[Illustration: THE ARMORY] - -While commerce and industry were thus developing, the city itself was -growing in size, population, and beauty. It extends about ten miles along -the shore of Lake Erie and the Niagara River. In the residence section -there are thousands of beautiful homes, set well back from broad streets -and surrounded by wide lawns and gardens. Delaware Avenue, with its -branching boulevards and parkways, is the finest of these residence -sections. - -[Illustration: WADING POOL IN HUMBOLDT PARK] - -[Illustration: A PUBLIC PLAYGROUND] - -Several large parks and many smaller squares are scattered throughout the -city, while swimming pools, wading ponds, and public playgrounds delight -the hearts of the children. Lake breezes make the city cool in summer, -and altogether Buffalo is one of the cleanest, most healthful, and most -beautiful cities of the country. - -[Illustration: THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY] - -Through the southern part of the city flows the sluggish and winding -Buffalo River. In the early days the mouth of this stream was the only -harbor of the port, although it was then very shallow. Millions of -dollars have been spent in deepening and improving this inner harbor, -while a larger outer harbor has been made by inclosing a part of the lake -by breakwaters. The harbor of Buffalo is now one of the best on the Great -Lakes. - -About two miles north of the mouth of Buffalo River is The Front, a park -overlooking the water and giving a beautiful view of Lake Erie, the -Niagara River, and the Canadian shore. It is a government reservation, -and here is Fort Porter. Further north the International Railroad Bridge -connects Canada with the city of Buffalo. - -[Illustration: THE McKINLEY MONUMENT] - -Delaware Park, in the northern part of the city, is the largest and most -beautiful of Buffalo's parks. Near the northeastern entrance is the -zooelogical garden, with a seal pool, bear pits, and many strange and -interesting animals. In the western part is the Albright Art Gallery, a -beautiful building of white marble. Here, too, is the Buffalo -Historical-Society Building, which was the New York State Building during -the Pan-American Exposition which was held in Delaware Park and on the -adjoining land in 1901. - -[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS] - -In the center of Niagara Square stands the McKinley Monument, erected by -the state of New York in honor of President William McKinley, who was -shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, on September 6, 1901. It -was in this city that President Roosevelt took the oath of office after -President McKinley's death. It is also worthy of note that Buffalo was -the home of two of our presidents--Fillmore and Cleveland. - -The business district of Buffalo is only a short distance from the -harbor. The most important business streets are Main Street and Broadway. - -Twenty miles north of Buffalo the Niagara River plunges over a precipice -more than one hundred and fifty feet high, forming the world-famous -Niagara Falls. The width of the river, the beauty of the mighty waters as -they rush thundering over the edge of the precipice, the foam and spray -rising from the foot of the cataract, all combine to make Niagara Falls -the greatest natural wonder on the American continent. In the middle of -the stream lies Goat Island, which divides the Falls into the Horseshoe -Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the New York side. - -Hardly less interesting than the Falls are the power plants on both sides -of the river, which are making the force of Niagara do a mighty work. It -has been reckoned that the volume of water which passes over the Falls is -two hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic feet each second. Think of it! -This tremendous rush of water, the experts tell us, represents five -million horse power. To make this gigantic power of use to man, canals -have been built above the Falls to bring water from the river to the -power houses where its great force turns huge water wheels and produces -electric power. Cables of copper wire raised high in the air carry this -power to all the surrounding country. It runs many of Buffalo's -factories, lights the city streets, and moves its trolley cars as well as -those in Syracuse, one hundred and fifty miles away. - -Such then, with its wonderful power, its command of material, its -beautiful and important location, is the Buffalo of to-day. The little -settlement of one hundred years ago has become the eleventh city in size -in the United States. - - - =BUFFALO= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1920), over 500,000 (506,775). - - Eleventh city according to population. - - Important lake port. - - One of the best harbors on the Great Lakes. - - Located at the western end of the Erie Canal. - - Great transfer point between lake boats and canal boats and railroads. - - Important railroad center. - - Center for live-stock trade. - - Important center for wheat, lumber, meat packing, and the iron and - steel industries. - - Electric light and power obtained from Niagara Falls. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. How did it happen that the people of New York first came to settle - west of the Appalachian Mountains, and where were these first - settlements? - - 2. Tell about the beginning of Buffalo, and give its original name. - - 3. What was the first route from Albany to Buffalo, and why was it - used? How was the journey made between 1811 and 1825? - - 4. Tell the story of the Erie Canal, and give its effect on Buffalo - and the West. - - 5. How did Buffalo's location make it one of the great centers of - industry? - - 6. What three things are necessary to success in manufacturing? - - 7. How is Buffalo furnished with power for her great manufacturing - interests? - - 8. Where does Buffalo find a market for her products? How? - - 9. What great steel company is located near this city? Why? - - 10. Describe the wonderful coke ovens and blast furnaces near Buffalo. - - 11. Give some idea of Buffalo's flour mills, slaughter houses, and - lumber yards, and of her importance in these industries. - - 12. What do you know of Niagara Falls and the power plants on both - sides of the Niagara River? - - - - - SAN FRANCISCO - - -The United States extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and just as -New York is our leading seaport on the Atlantic, so San Francisco is the -leading seaport on the Pacific. - -San Francisco's history is inseparably connected with the development of -the resources of California. In 1769 Spain sent an expedition overland -from Mexico to colonize the Pacific coast, and Don Gaspar de Portola, at -the head of these colonists, was the first white man known to have looked -upon San Francisco Bay. - -Seven years later, in 1776, the Franciscan friars built a fortified -settlement on the present site of San Francisco. The Mission Dolores, -which is still standing, was begun the same year, and a little village -slowly grew up around it. - -At the close of the Mexican War, in 1848, California was ceded to the -United States, and the Stars and Stripes were raised over the little -settlement, whose name was soon changed from Yerba Buena to San -Francisco. - -In 1848, too, came the discovery of gold in California, and San Francisco -suddenly grew from a Spanish village to a busy American town. The -population jumped from 800 to 10,000 in a single year. A city of tents -and shanties quickly arose on the sand dunes. Thousands of people were -leaving their homes in the East to seek a fortune in the gold fields. -Many came by water, either rounding Cape Horn or else traveling by boat -to the Isthmus of Panama, crossing on foot, and reembarking on the -Pacific coast. Others came overland in large canvas-covered wagons called -prairie schooners. - -These newcomers were men of all classes--ministers, lawyers, farmers, -laborers. Some were educated, others were ignorant. While most of them -were industrious and law-abiding, a considerable number were desperate -and lawless men. These last caused much trouble. Gambling, murders, and -crimes of all kinds were alarmingly common, and the city government was -powerless to punish the lawbreakers. Finally, the better class of -citizens formed a vigilance committee, which hung four criminals and -punished many in other ways until law and order were established. - -San Francisco has been called the "child of the mines." It was the -discovery of gold that first made it the leading city of the Pacific -coast. From that day the production of gold has been steadily maintained. -Nearly $20,000,000 worth is mined in the state of California each year, -with a total production of over $1,500,000,000. Later the silver mines in -Nevada were discovered and developed, and their immense output brought -increased wealth to San Francisco. - -As time went on, however, people began to see that California's real -wealth lay not so much in her mines as in her fertile farm lands. These, -combined with the wonderful climate, have made California a leading -agricultural state. - -[Illustration: AN ORANGE GROVE] - -The great central valley of California, about 400 miles long and 50 miles -wide, lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Ranges. Its -farms, orchards, orange groves, and vineyards produce immense quantities -of grain, and of grapes, and other fruits. Large numbers of cattle and -sheep are raised. In the southern counties many tropical fruits are grown -successfully. Irrigated groves of orange, lemon, and olive trees cover -thousands of acres. Other important crops are English walnuts, almonds, -prunes, and figs. Copper, silver, oil, quicksilver, and salt are also -valuable products, while the forest-covered mountains supply excellent -lumber. Such is the wealth of California's natural resources, and San -Francisco is the great port and market of this rich back country. - -[Illustration: PICKING GRAPES] - -As the Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay from the north and -the San Joaquin from the south, the two offer cheap transportation up and -down their valleys, being navigable to river steamers for over 200 miles. - -The great bay of San Francisco is the largest landlocked harbor in the -world. Here the navies of all the nations could ride at anchor side by -side in safety. Though 65 miles long and from 4 to 10 miles wide, the bay -is completely sheltered from dangerous winds and storms. It is connected -with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is -2-3/4 miles long and over a mile wide. - -[Illustration: THE GOLDEN GATE] - -Such advantages have made San Francisco a great commercial and financial -center. Ships from San Francisco carry the products of California -westward to all the countries bordering on the Pacific, while others sail -to the Atlantic seaports of America and Europe. - -The outgoing steamers are loaded with wheat, cotton, canned goods, oil, -barley, prunes, flour, dried fruits, leather, machinery, lumber, and iron -manufactures. Incoming steamers bring raw silk, coffee, tea, copra, -nitrate of soda, tin ingots, sugar, rice, cigars, coal, burlap, vanilla -beans, cheese, and manila hemp. - -[Illustration: THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO] - -Already the foreign commerce of San Francisco amounts to more than -$150,000,000 annually, and with the increasing trade of Japan and China -and the shortened route to the Atlantic through the Panama Canal, the -future of its foreign trade cannot be estimated. - -[Illustration: A FLOWER MARKET] - -In addition to her foreign trade, San Francisco has many growing -industries at home. Printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat -packing, are among the most important. The canning and preserving of -fruits and vegetables is a leading industry of the city. The California -Fruit Canners Association employs many thousands of people during the -fruit season and is the largest fruit-and-vegetable canning company in -the world. It operates thirty branches throughout the state, and its -products are sent to all parts of the globe. - -Though iron has to be imported,--there being little mined in -California,--the city does a thriving iron business. In the early days -there was need of mining machinery in the West, and San Francisco at that -time began manufacturing it. She also has one of the greatest -shipbuilding plants in the United States. The famous battleship _Oregon_, -the _Olympic_, the _Wisconsin_, the _Ohio_, and other ships of the -United States Navy were built in San Francisco. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO] - -In 1906 a severe earthquake shook San Francisco, wrecking many buildings. -Fire broke out in twenty places, and as the earthquake had broken the -city's water mains, the fire fighters had to pump salt water from the bay -and use dynamite to stop the progress of the flames. During the three -days of the fire, four square miles were laid in ruins. - -[Illustration: ON SAN FRANCISCO'S WATER FRONT] - -Because of occasional slight shocks in former years, the inhabitants had -built their city of wood, thinking it safer than brick or stone. They had -not thought of the greater danger of fire. This earthquake taught them a -lesson. The few skyscrapers in the city had stood the shock remarkably -well, and profiting by this experience thousands of modern -structures--steel, brick, and reenforced concrete--were built to replace -the old wooden buildings. A far more modern and beautiful city has arisen -from the ashes of the ruins. - -[Illustration: CHINATOWN] - -The city occupies 46-1/2 square miles at the end of the southern -peninsula which lies between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The -site of the city is hilly, especially in the northern and western parts. -Market Street, 120 feet wide and the chief business thoroughfare, extends -southwest from the water front and divides the city into two parts. The -southern district contains many manufacturing plants and the homes of the -laboring people. The streets here are level. North of Market Street lie -three high hills--Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill. In this -half of the city are the finest residences, Nob Hill having been given -its name in the early days when the mining millionaires built their homes -upon it. - -[Illustration: THE UNION FERRY BUILDING] - -The main business section is in the northeastern part of the city, facing -the harbor, and is on level ground. It contains hundreds of new office -buildings, many of them from eight to twenty or more stories high. Fine -modern hotels and beautiful banks add much to the beauty of this part of -San Francisco. The most important public buildings are the United States -mint and the post office, which escaped the flames in 1906, the -customhouse, the Hall of Justice, the new Auditorium, and the city hall. -These last two face the Civic Center, which is being created at a cost of -nearly $17,000,000. - -At the foot of Telegraph Hill is the largest Chinese quarter in the -United States. It was completely destroyed during the fire, but is now -rebuilt and much improved. Its temples, joss houses, and theaters, its -markets, bazaars, and restaurants, with their strange life and customs -and their oriental architecture, attract crowds of visitors. There are -now about 10,000 Chinese in San Francisco, but their number has been -steadily decreasing since the Exclusion Act was passed, prohibiting -Chinese laborers from entering this country. It was thought necessary to -have this law in order to protect the American workingman on the Pacific -coast, as the Chinese laborers who had already been admitted were working -for wages upon which no white man could live. - -[Illustration: FISHERMAN'S WHARF] - -At the foot of Market Street, on the water front, stands the Union Ferry -Building, a large stone structure with a high clock tower. - -Only one of the cross-continent railroads--a branch of the Southern -Pacific--lands its passengers in the city of San Francisco. All the other -roads, which include the main line of the Southern Pacific, the -Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Union Pacific, and the Western Pacific, -terminate on the eastern shore of the bay and send the travelers to San -Francisco by ferry. In consequence, San Francisco has developed the best -ferry service in the world, all lines meeting at the Union Ferry -Building. - -[Illustration: MT. TAMALPAIS FROM NOB HILL] - -North and south of the Union Ferry Building stretch eight miles of -wharves and docks and many factories, lumber yards, and warehouses. At -the docks, ships are being loaded and unloaded continually. - -In March and April each year a fleet of forty or fifty vessels starts out -for the Alaskan fisheries. San Francisco is the leading salmon port of -the United States, distributing millions of dollars' worth of salmon -yearly. Fisherman's Wharf, at the northern end of the water front, is -full of interest, with its brown, weather-beaten fishermen and their odd -fishing boats. To the south of the Union Ferry Building is "Man-of-war -Row," where United States and foreign battleships ride at anchor. - -[Illustration: PRESIDIO TERRACE] - -The cities of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, and Berkeley are directly -across the bay from San Francisco, on the east shore. Like New York, San -Francisco is the center of a large metropolitan district, and the -residents of these neighboring cities daily travel to their work in San -Francisco on the ferries. For several years there has been talk of -uniting these cities with San Francisco. If this plan were carried out, -it would add over 350,000 to San Francisco's present population, which is -between 400,000 and 500,000. - -[Illustration: THE TOWER OF JEWELS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION] - -The University of California, in Berkeley, has nearly 7000 students, -tuition being free to residents of California. The Leland Stanford -University, 30 miles from San Francisco, is another noted institution in -the state. - -[Illustration: IN GOLDEN GATE PARK] - -To the north of the Golden Gate is Mt. Tamalpais, 2592 feet high, -overlooking the bay and San Francisco. To the south is the Presidio, the -United States military reservation, covering 1542 acres. Here are the -harbor fortifications and the headquarters of the western division of the -United States Army. Fronting on the ocean beach and extending eastward -for 4 miles is Golden Gate Park, the largest of San Francisco's many -parks and squares. - -[Illustration: IN FRONT OF THE EXPOSITION'S PALACE OF FINE ARTS] - -Occupying part of the Presidio and facing the water at the northern end -of the city is the site of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, -held in 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. That the -citizens of San Francisco look to the future was shown at a gathering of -business men in 1910, when more than $4,000,000 was raised in two hours -for this Panama exposition. The climate of the city (averaging more than -50 degrees in winter and less than 60 degrees in summer), the beauties -and wonders of California, the romantic history of the city, exhibits -from many parts of the world--all these, the citizens knew, would attract -thousands of visitors from afar and make known to the world the -advantages and prosperity of the Far West and its chief city, San -Francisco. - - - =SAN FRANCISCO= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), over 400,000 (416,912). - - Eleventh city according to population. - - Largest city of the Western States. - - One of the finest harbors in the world. - - The natural shipping point for the products of the rich state of - California. - - Chief center for the trade of the United States with the Orient. - - Leads all American cities in the shipment of wheat. - - Has great canning and preserving industries. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Find by measurements on a map of the United States the distance of - San Francisco from New York City in a direct line. - - 2. Find by consulting time tables or by inquiry of some railroad - official how long it would take to make the journey from New York - to San Francisco, and what railroad system might be used. Answer - this question, applying it to your own city. - - 3. Who founded San Francisco, and what was it first called? - - 4. When and how did San Francisco become an American possession? - - 5. Of what was the great wealth of California supposed to consist at - first? What is the great wealth of the state considered to be - to-day? - - 6. What are the chief exports of the city, and to what countries are - they sent? - - 7. What are the chief imports of the city? - - 8. What are the great advantages of San Francisco Bay? - - 9. When did the great fire at San Francisco occur, and what damage was - done? - - 10. What benefit will San Francisco derive from the completion of the - Panama Canal? - - 11. Why is the ferry system of San Francisco so important? - - 12. Name four cities across the bay from San Francisco, and tell how - they are related to that city. - - 13. Tell something of the fishing industry of San Francisco. - - 14. Does the name "Golden Gate" seem appropriate to you? Why? - - 15. Name the chief industries of San Francisco. - - 16. Describe the location of the city. - - 17. Find out how many days' journey by steamship are the following - places from San Francisco: - - Honolulu Shanghai - Manila Yokohama - Sydney Buenos Aires - - - - - NEW ORLEANS - - -The story of New Orleans, the Crescent City, reads like a wonderful -romance or a tale from the Arabian Nights. As in a moving picture, one -can see men making a clearing along the east bank of the Mississippi -River, one hundred and ten miles from its mouth. It is 1718. The French -Canadian Bienville has been made governor of the great tract of land -called Louisiana, and he has decided to found a settlement near the -river's mouth. - -At the end of three years the little French town, named for the duke of -Orleans, stands peacefully on the banks of the great Mississippi, its -people buying, selling, fighting duels, and steadily thriving until the -close of the French and Indian War. Then France cedes Louisiana to Spain, -and for some years New Orleans is under Spanish rule. In 1800, however, -Spain cedes Louisiana back to France, and once more New Orleans has a -French commissioner and is a French possession. - -Again the scene changes. Energetic, sturdy men sail down the river, land -in the quaint little town, and march to the Cabildo, or Government Hall, -where they receive the keys of the town. Because of the Louisiana -Purchase, New Orleans with all its inhabitants--Spanish, French, -Italians, and Jews--is being given over to the United States. The French -flag is taken down, and the Stars and Stripes are unfurled over what was, -and is to-day, the least American of all American cities. - -[Illustration: WHERE NEW ORLEANS STANDS] - -As the history of New Orleans unrolls, one follows the thrilling scenes -of a great battle. It is in the War of 1812, and on the last day of -December, 1814, the British begin an attack on the city, with an army of -10,000 trained soldiers. They mean to capture New Orleans and gain -control of Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi. - -Andrew Jackson commands the American forces, made up of regulars, -militia, pirates, negroes, and volunteers, numbering only about half the -attacking British army. Day after day goes by with no great victory -gained on either side, until Sunday, January 8, dawns. With the daylight, -the British commence a furious assault. But Jackson and his men are ready -for them. Rushing back and forth along his line of defense, the commander -cries out, "Stand by your guns!" "See that every shot tells!" "Let's -finish the business to-day!" Many of Jackson's men are sharpshooters. -Time and again they aim and fire, and time and again the enemy advance, -fall back, rally, and try to advance once more. But in three short hours -the British leader and more than 2500 men have dropped, hundreds shot -between the eyes. It is no use! In confusion the British turn and flee. -Jackson has saved the city. - -[Illustration: THE CABILDO] - -In the Civil War the turn of affairs is different. Louisiana was one of -the seven states to secede from the Union in 1860 and form themselves -into the Confederate States of America. Of course this made New Orleans a -Confederate city. Naturally, the north wanted to capture New Orleans in -order to control the mouth of the Mississippi River. This time the -attacking force is a Union fleet, and the defenders of the city are -stanch Confederates who have done all in their power to prevent the -approach of the Northerners. Across the river, near its mouth, two great -cables have been stretched, and between the cables and the city are a -Confederate fleet and two forts, one on each side of the river. - -The Union fleet under David Farragut appears, opens fire on the forts, -and keeps up the attack for six days and nights. Still the forts hold -out. Then Farragut decides that since he cannot take the forts he will -run his ships past them. But there are the cables blocking his way. The -steamer _Itasca_ undertakes to break them and rushes upon them under a -raking fire from both forts. The cables snap. That night the Union ships, -in single file, start up the river. At last the forts are passed and the -Confederate ships overcome, but not the spirit of the people of New -Orleans. They fight to the finish as best they can. Cotton bales are -piled on rafts, set afire, and floated downstream among the Union ships. -Still the ships come on. At least the Northerners shall not take the -valuable stores of cotton, sugar, and molasses! So the cotton ships are -fired, and hogsheads of molasses and barrels of sugar are hurriedly -destroyed. When the Union forces land and takes possession, the people of -New Orleans, though heartbroken, know that they have done their best. - -Then comes peace. The war is over, and New Orleans is once more a city of -the United States. - -To-day New Orleans presents the unusual combination of an old city, full -of historic interest, and a splendid new city, a place of industry, -progress, and opportunity. - -The successful building of a great city on the site of New Orleans is a -triumph of engineering skill. As the city lies below the high-water mark -of the Mississippi, it was necessary to build great banks of earth to -hold back the water in the flood season. These levees, as they are -called, form the water front of the city. - -In the early days the only drinking-water in New Orleans was rain water -caught from the roofs and stored in cisterns. Imagine a city without a -single cellar. Then not even a grave could be dug in the marshy soil. The -cemeteries were all aboveground. In some cemeteries there were tiers of -little vaults, one above the other, in which the dead were laid. In -others, magnificent tombs provided resting places for the wealthy. Such -was old New Orleans. To-day modern sewers and huge steam pumps draw off -the sewage and excess water, discharging them into the river, while a -splendid water system filters water taken from higher up the river, -giving a supply as pure as that enjoyed by any city in our land. The -marshes have been drained by the construction of canals, which are used -as highways for bringing raw materials from the surrounding country to -the factories of New Orleans. Many of these canals extend for miles into -the interior of the state of Louisiana. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS] - -The city proper covers nearly two hundred square miles and is laid out in -beautiful streets, parks, and driveways, crossed in many places by -picturesque waterways. Here are splendid trees, belonging both to the -temperate zone and to the tropics. Palms and cypresses abound. In the -City Park is one of the finest groves of live oaks in the world. Audubon -Park, named for the great lover of birds, who was born near this city, -is another of the beautiful parks of New Orleans. - -[Illustration: CANAL STREET] - -Canal Street divides New Orleans into two sections, with the Old Town, or -French Quarter, on one side and the New Town, or American Quarter, on the -other. This is the main thoroughfare of the city. It is a wide street, -well-kept and busy. Here are many of the great retail stores, and to this -street comes every car line. From Canal Street one may take a car to any -section of the city, and a car taken in any part of New Orleans will -sooner or later bring one to Canal Street. On this street are handsome -stores, club buildings, hotels, railroad stations, and the United States -customhouse. The upper end of the street is a beautiful residence -section, whose houses are surrounded by spacious lawns and fine trees. -Almost all of these houses have wide galleries, or verandas, upon which -their owners may sit and enjoy, all the year round, the balmy air of the -southern climate. Very seldom does the temperature drop below 30 degrees -Fahrenheit. Usually it is between 50 and 60 degrees, and even in summer -it varies only between 75 and 90 degrees. New Orleans is really cooler in -summer than some of our northern cities, being so surrounded by river and -lakes. - -[Illustration: A CREOLE COURTYARD] - -The old New Orleans lies northeast of Canal Street. Here the early -settlers established their homes, and in this French Quarter the French -language is still in common use, and many old French customs are -observed. The streets, many of which bear French names, are narrow and -roughly paved and are closely built up with old-fashioned brick buildings -ornamented with iron verandas. Open gateways in the front of many a -gloomy-looking house give us a glimpse of attractive interior courts, gay -with flowers and splashing fountains. Many other courts, alas, are -deserted or neglected, for this is no longer the fashionable section of -New Orleans. Most of the city's creole population lives in the French -Quarter. These people are the descendants of the early French and Spanish -inhabitants. - -[Illustration: JACKSON SQUARE AND THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS] - -In the French Quarter is Jackson Square, which was the center of -governmental life in the early years of the city. Here are the -Cabildo--the old Spanish court building--and the Cathedral of St. Louis, -an old and beautiful church. On Chartres Street is the Archiepiscopal -Palace, said to be the oldest public building in the Mississippi Valley. - -[Illustration: BAYOU ST. JOHN] - -The French Market is one of the world's famous market places. In the long -low buildings occupying four city blocks may be found fruits, vegetables, -meats, fish, and game in wonderful variety. To the Oyster Lugger Landing -come the oyster boats, bringing from the bays of the Gulf coast some of -the finest oysters in America. Other points of interest in the French -Quarter are the Royal Hotel, formerly known as the St. Louis Hotel; the -United States mint; the Soldiers' Home, whose gardens are noted for their -beauty; Bayou St. John, a picturesque waterway; and Jackson Barracks. - -[Illustration: ST. ROCH'S CHAPEL] - -Two other places must not be slighted. In the Ursuline convent stands a -statue before which, on January 8, 1815, the nuns prayed for the success -of the Americans in the battle of New Orleans. Then there is St. Roch's -Shrine, a chapel built by Father Thevis. Each stone in it was placed by -his own hands, in fulfillment of a vow that "if none of his parishioners -should die of an epidemic, he would, stone by stone, build a chapel in -thanksgiving to God." This ancient shrine is visited by thousands of -people every year. - -To the southwest of Canal Street is the American Quarter. This was -originally a tract of land, known as the Terre Commune, reserved by the -French government for public use. But after a while the land was laid out -in streets. Soon the merchants of this section began to trade with the -North and West. The river boats landed in front of the Faubourg St. -Marie, as this part of the city was then called, bringing tobacco, -cotton, pork, beef, corn, flour, and fabrics. Commercial buildings sprang -up, and as the trade was distinctly American, the district came to be -known as the American Quarter. - -In the days when the French Quarter was all there was of New Orleans, the -city was in the shape of a half moon or crescent. The newer part of the -city follows the course of the river and makes the New Orleans of to-day -more like a letter S. - -[Illustration: ST. CHARLES AVENUE] - -St. Charles Avenue is the most beautiful residential street in the -American Quarter. It is a wide avenue with driveways on either side of a -grassy parkway. Rows of trees, many of them stately palms, border the -avenue. Here are splendid homes, each with its flower beds and gardens of -tropical plants. - -Churches and charitable institutions abound in New Orleans. One of the -latter, Touro Infirmary, covers an entire city block. This infirmary was -endowed by Judah Touro, a Jew, and is supported by Jews, but receives -sufferers of any creed. In its courtyard is a fountain erected by the -Hebrew children of New Orleans. - -Tulane University is the most renowned educational institution in the -city, and is noted for its medical and engineering departments. On -Washington Avenue is the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for young -women, which is the women's department of Tulane University. - -The great hotels and many restaurants of the city are noted throughout -the United States. The creole cooks have made famous such dishes as -chicken gumbo, chicken a la creole, and pompano. - -The country around New Orleans is one of the richest in the world. Within -a few hours' ride of the city are great fields of cotton, sugar, and -rice. Two hundred miles from the city are immense deposits of sulphur and -salt. Oil fields are within easy reach, and coal is brought by water from -the mines of Alabama and even from Pennsylvania. Great forests to the -north furnish lumber which is transported by water to the city, making -New Orleans one of the foremost ports in lumber exportation. - -The immense sugar-cane fields of the South look very much like the -cornfields of the more northern states. Negroes cut the cane close to the -ground, as the lower part of the stalk has the most sugar. After the -leaves and tops have been trimmed off, the stalks are shipped to the -presses, cut into small pieces, and crushed between heavy rollers. The -juice is strained, boiled, and worked over to remove the impurities, and -then, in a brownish mass called raw sugar, is sent to great refineries to -be made by more boiling and other processes into the white sugar we use -daily. This sugar industry is very important, as figures show that each -American, both grown-ups and children, consumes an average of more than -seventy pounds of sugar a year. - -[Illustration: A SUGAR-CANE FIELD] - -[Illustration: A SUGAR REFINERY] - -Away down South is the land of cotton as well as the land of sugar, and -there is no more beautiful sight than a field white with the opening -bolls of the cotton plant. Between the long white rows pass the -picturesque negroes with their big baskets into which they put the soft -fleecy cotton as they pick it from the bolls. The raw cotton is then -sent to the cotton gin, where the seeds are taken out to be made into -cottonseed oil. The cotton itself is shipped to factories where it is -made into thread and cotton cloth of all kinds. In addition to the -immense quantities sent to the mills in various parts of the United -States, New Orleans ships to Europe each year over $100,000,000 worth. -When the cotton reaches the city it is in the form of bales covered with -coarse cloth and bound with iron bands. The great steamers waiting at the -dock must fill their holds to the best advantage in order that they may -carry as large an amount as possible on each voyage. The cotton as it -comes from the plantation presses occupies too much space. It is -interesting to stand near the steamship landings and see the workmen cast -off the iron bands and place the bales between the powerful jaws of huge -presses which seem, almost without effort, to close down upon the mass of -fleecy whiteness and cause it to shrink from four feet to about one foot -in thickness. While the cotton is still under pressure, iron bands are -once more placed upon it, and the bale is then taken from the press. -After this process four bales can be loaded on the steamer in the space -which one plantation bale would have occupied. - -[Illustration: A BANANA CONVEYOR] - -The location of New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi and close -enough to the Gulf of Mexico to be called a Gulf port makes it naturally -the great port of exchange of all the products of the Mississippi Valley, -the islands of the Gulf, and the countries on the north coast of South -America. It is the second largest export port in America and is the -world's greatest export market for cotton. Oysters and fish in abundance -are brought to the city from the Gulf, making New Orleans one of the -largest fish-and-oyster markets in the United States. More bananas arrive -at New Orleans than at any other port in the world. The great bunches of -fruit are unloaded by machinery, placed upon specially designed cars, and -sent by the fastest trains to the various parts of the United States. -With the sugar-producing districts so near, New Orleans is, of course, -one of our country's chief sugar markets. The largest sugar refinery in -the world is located here. - -We have already mentioned the water front, but this important and -interesting part of the city deserves more attention. For fifteen miles -along the river, the port of this great city stretches in an almost -unbroken line of wharves and steel sheds. The steamboat landings are near -the foot of Canal Street, and here may be seen the river packets from -Northern cities and the little stern-wheelers which run up Red River. -Above is the flatboat landing, and further on still are the -tropical-fruit wharves and miles of wharves for foreign shipping. - -Just below Canal Street are the sugar sheds, where barrels and hogsheads -of sugar and molasses cover blocks and blocks. At Julia Street are huge -coffee sheds where more than 80,000 bags of coffee, each bag holding -about 138 pounds, can be stored in the large steel warehouses. At -Louisiana Avenue are the huge Stuyvesant Docks, which cover 2000 feet of -river frontage. One of the big elevators here will hold 1,500,000 bushels -of grain, another 1,000,000 bushels. Each one can unload 250 cars a day -and deliver freight to 4 steamships at the same time. - -[Illustration: MARDI GRAS PARADE] - -While the people of this interesting Southern city are great workers, -they are quite as fond of play as of work. Their love of music is shown -by their fine opera house, where celebrated French operas are given. -Because of its gayety, which attracts many visitors, especially in -winter, New Orleans has been called the Winter Capital of America. - -The city's great holiday is the Mardi Gras carnival, which is celebrated -just before Lent. The keys of the city are then given over to the King of -the Carnival, and all day long high revelry holds sway. Brilliant floats, -representing scenes of wonderful quaintness and loveliness, parade -through flower-garlanded avenues thronged with people who have come from -every quarter of the globe. Carried away by the spirit of the fete, these -guests join with the citizens in turning New Orleans for the time into a -fairy city of wonder and delight. - - - =NEW ORLEANS= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (339,075). - - Fifteenth city in rank, according to population. - - The natural port of export and exchange for the Mississippi Valley. - - The second largest export port in the United States. - - The world's greatest export market for cotton. - - The center of a great sugar industry. - - A great import port for tropical fruit and coffee. - - Splendid harbor and shipping facilities along the river. - - Excellent communications by water and rail with other great American - cities. - - Protected by great levees from overflow of the Mississippi River. - - Holds annually a great Mardi Gras carnival. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Tell briefly the story of the settlement of New Orleans. - - 2. Can you tell why it was important for the United States to own - New Orleans? - - 3. Describe the city's part in two wars. What wars were they? - - 4. What great natural disadvantages were overcome in improving the - city of New Orleans, and how was it done? - - 5. State some facts about the principal business street of the city. - What unusual arrangement of street cars is found in New Orleans? - - 6. Contrast the French Quarter of the past with the same section as it - is to-day. - - 7. What is interesting about Jackson Square? - - 8. Tell what you can of the river front. - - 9. What are the chief imports and exports of New Orleans? - - 10. Give a brief account of the preparation of cotton, from the field - to its being loaded for shipment to foreign lands. - - 11. Do you know why so much cotton is sent to foreign countries? - - 12. Tell how sugar is made from the sugar cane. Do you know from what - else we get sugar? - - 13. Tell what you can of the Mardi Gras carnival. - - 14. Find by reference to a map of the United States the great cities - which may be reached by river steamers from New Orleans. - - 15. Why was New Orleans called the Crescent City? - - - - - WASHINGTON - - THE CAPITAL CITY - - -Washington, the capital city of our nation, is the center of interest for -the whole country. Every citizen of the United States thinks of the city -of Washington as a place in which he has a personal pride. - -Here one may see in operation the work of governing a great nation. The -representatives whom the people have chosen meet in the splendid Capitol -to make laws for the whole country. The home of the president is here, -and here are located the headquarters of the great departments of our -government. - -The capital city is a city of splendid trees, of wide, well-paved streets -and handsome avenues. At the intersection of many of the streets and -avenues are beautiful parks and circles, ornamented by statues of the -great men of the nation. - -"How," we are asked, "did it happen that the capital of a great nation -was built almost on its eastern boundary?" The distance from Washington -to San Francisco is 3205 miles. In other words, Washington is almost as -near to London as to San Francisco. The answer is simple. The site was -chosen when the settled part of our country lay between the Allegheny -Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time most of the land west of -the Alleghenies was looked upon as a wilderness whose settlement was -uncertain, while no one dreamed that the infant nation would extend its -boundaries to the Pacific Ocean. - -"And why was it decided to build a new city as the nation's capital, on a -site where there was not even a settlement? Why was not some city already -established chosen to be the chief city of the nation?" The story is -interesting. - -Before the Revolutionary War the colonies were much like thirteen -independent nations, having little to do with one another, but during the -war a common peril held them together in a loose union. With the danger -passed and independence won, this union threatened to dissolve, but -thanks to the influence of the wisest and best men in the country the -thirteen states finally became one nation and adopted the Constitution -which governs the United States to-day. Then discussion arose as to the -site of the new nation's capital. Several states clamored for the honor -of having one of their cities chosen as the government city. The men who -framed the Constitution were wise enough, however, to foresee difficulty -if this were done, and insisted that the seat of government should be in -no state but in a small territory which should be controlled entirely by -the national government. - -After much debate the present location was chosen, and the two states of -Maryland and Virginia each gave to the federal government entire control -over a small territory on the Potomac River. The two pieces of land -formed a square, ten miles on each side. The territory was named the -District of Columbia, and the city to be built was called Washington in -honor of our first president, whose home, Mount Vernon, was but a few -miles away. Later, in 1846, the Virginia part of the District was given -back, so now all the District is on the Maryland side of the Potomac and -is no longer in the shape of a square. - -[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON] - -A firm belief in the future of Washington led to the making of very -elaborate and extensive plans for laying out the city. But as the public -buildings began to rise, with great stretches of unimproved country -between them, many thought the plans much too elaborate and feared that -the attempt to build a new city would end in failure. It was in the fall -of 1800 when the government moved to Washington. Then, in 1814, when -things had taken a start, a dreadful misfortune happened; just a few -months before the close of the war of 1812, the British attacked the city -and burned both the Capitol and the White House. In spite of these early -discouragements and years of ridicule, the capital has fully justified -the plans and hopes of the far-seeing men who built not for their own day -but for the years to come. - -[Illustration: THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA] - -Perhaps one gets the best idea of the city to-day from the height of the -Capitol's beautiful dome that rises over three hundred feet above the -pavement. There is a gallery around the outside of the dome, just below -the lantern which lights its summit, and from here one can see for miles -in any direction. - -Our view of the city from this height shows us that most of the streets -are straight and run either north and south or east and west. The east -and west streets are lettered; those running north and south are -numbered. One might easily imagine four great checkerboards placed -together, with the Capitol standing at the point where the four boards -meet. I say four checkerboards, because from the Capitol three great -streets go to the north, the south, and the east, while a broad park runs -away to the west, thus dividing the city into four sections. Running -across the regularly planned streets of these checkerboards are broad -avenues, many of which seem to come like spokes of wheels from parks -placed in different sections of the city. These avenues are named for -different states. - -[Illustration: LOOKING WEST FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL] - -Close about us is a splendid group of majestic buildings. The Capitol, -upon the brow of the hill overlooking the western part of the city, is -the center of the group. To the north and south of the Capitol rise the -beautiful marble buildings for the use of the committees of the Senate -and the House of Representatives. To the east is the Library of Congress, -the most beautiful building of its kind in the world. - -[Illustration: THE CITY OF WASHINGTON] - -Toward the northwest and southeast runs Pennsylvania Avenue, one hundred -sixty feet wide, the most famous street in the city. About a mile and a -half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol is another imposing group of -public buildings. Here are the Treasury Department, the Executive -Mansion,--the home of the president,--and the State, War, and Navy -Building. Pennsylvania Avenue leads past the fronts of these buildings -and on for more than two miles to the far-western part of the city. - -[Illustration: A VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE] - -Directly west from the Capitol we look along the fine parkways which -divide the city in that direction just as do the main streets which run -from the Capitol to the north, east, and south. This handsome series of -parks is called the Mall. In the Mall are a number of public buildings -placed in an irregular line stretching west from the Capitol, with -sufficient distance between them to allow spacious grounds for each -building. Here we find the home of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army -Medical Museum, the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the -Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the -Washington Monument. - -As we walk around the gallery of the Capitol dome, we see that almost -every street and avenue is lined on either side with beautiful shade -trees which give the city a gardenlike appearance. And looking toward the -south we see the eastern branch of the Potomac meeting the main stream -and flowing away in a majestic river, over a mile in width. On all sides -of the city the land rises in beautiful green hills, guarding the -nation's capital as it lies nestled between the river's protecting arms. - -Having this picture of the general plan of Washington, let us visit some -of the buildings; first of all the Capitol, for it is the most imposing -as well as the most important building in the city. For a good view of -the building, walk out upon the spacious esplanade which extends across -the eastern front. Even here it is hard to appreciate that the Capitol is -over 751 feet long, 350 feet wide, and covers more than 3-1/2 acres of -ground. The eastern front shows the building to have three divisions, a -central building and a northern and a southern wing. Each division has a -splendid portico with stately Corinthian columns and a broad flight of -steps leading to the portico from the eastern esplanade. - -[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL] - -Every four years a new president of the United States is elected, and -March 4 is the day on which he takes office. On this day a great stand is -put up over the steps leading to the central portico of the Capitol, and -upon this platform a most imposing ceremony takes place. Here the new -president, in the presence of all the members of Congress, the -representatives of foreign nations, many distinguished guests, and an -immense throng of people, takes upon himself the obligations of his high -office. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court holds a Bible before the -president, who places his hand upon it and repeats these words: "I do -solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of -the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect -and defend the Constitution of the United States." After the president -has delivered his inaugural address, a splendid procession escorts him to -his new home, the Executive Mansion. - -[Illustration: WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON WAS INAUGURATED] - -Above the central division of the Capitol building, which for many years -served as the entire Capitol, rises the imposing dome from which we have -just come. It is crowned with a lantern upon the top of which is placed -the statue of Freedom. - -Across the western front of the Capitol is a marble terrace overlooking -the lower part of the city. Though the western front is ornamented with -colonnades of Corinthian columns, it lacks the splendid approaches of the -eastern side. - -This immense building, representing the dignity and greatness of our -nation, is given over almost entirely to the work of lawmaking. In the -central part is the large rotunda beneath the lofty dome. The northern -wing is occupied by the Senate of the United States, while the southern -wing is the home of the House of Representatives. We enter the rotunda by -the broad stairs leading from the eastern esplanade and find ourselves in -a great circular hall, almost a hundred feet in diameter, whose walls -curve upward one hundred and eighty feet. At the top a beautiful canopy -shows the Father of his Country in the company of figures representing -the thirteen original states. About these are other figures, personifying -commerce, freedom, mechanics, agriculture, dominion over the sea, and the -arts and sciences. Encircling the upper part of the walls, but many feet -below the canopy, is a frieze of scenes from the history of the United -States. - -Around the lower part of the walls are eight great paintings. Four of -them are the work of one of Washington's officers, Colonel John Trumbull -of Connecticut, and are of great interest because the figures are actual -portraits of the people represented. These paintings show the signing of -the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, -the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the resignation of General -Washington at the close of the Revolution. - -[Illustration: STATUARY HALL, IN THE CAPITOL] - -From the rotunda, broad corridors lead north to the Senate Chamber and -south to the House of Representatives. Following the corridor to the -south, we come to a large semicircular room. When the central division of -the building was all there was to the Capitol, this room was occupied by -the House of Representatives, and here were heard the speeches of Adams, -Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and many other famous statesmen. It is now set -apart as a national statuary hall, where each state may place two statues -of her chosen sons. As many of the states have been glad to honor their -great men in this way, a splendid array of national heroes is gathered in -the hall. Among the Revolutionary heroes we find Washington, Ethan Allen, -and Nathaniel Green. A statue of Fulton, sent by New York, shows him -seated, looking at a model of his steamship. Of all these marble figures, -perhaps none attracts more attention than that of Frances Elizabeth -Willard, the great apostle of temperance, and to the state of Illinois -belongs the distinction of having placed the only statue of a woman in -this great collection. - -Leaving Statuary Hall, we go south to the Hall of Representatives. Here -representatives from all the states gather to frame laws for the entire -nation. Seated in the gallery it seems almost as if we were in a huge -schoolroom, for the representatives occupy seats which are arranged in -semicircles, facing a white marble desk upon a high platform reached by -marble steps. This is the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Speaker's -duty is to preserve order and to see that the business of this branch of -Congress is carried on as it should be. Before delivering a speech, a -representative must have the Speaker's permission. The Speaker is a most -important person, for all business is transacted under his direction. The -representatives come from every state in the Union, and even far-off -Hawaii, Alaska, and the Philippines are allowed to send delegates to this -assembly to represent them in making laws. Think what a serious matter it -would have been to the people of the far West to have the capital of -their nation in the extreme Eastern section of the country if the -development of the railroads, the telegraph, and the telephone had not -made travel and communication so easy that great distances are no longer -obstacles. - -[Illustration: THE OPENING OF CONGRESS] - -But we can pay only a brief visit to the House of Representatives, for -there is another body of lawmakers in the northern end of the Capitol -which we wish to see. Back to the rotunda we go and then walk along a -corridor leading to the northern, or Senate, end of the Capitol. Each -day, for a number of months in the year, an interesting ceremony takes -place in this corridor promptly at noon. Nine dignified men, clad in long -black silk robes, march in solemn procession across the corridor and -enter a stately chamber which, though smaller, resembles Statuary Hall in -shape. These men make up the Supreme Court of the United States, the -highest court of justice in the land. - -Often in cases at law a person does not feel that the decision of one -court has been just. He may then have his case examined and passed upon -by a higher court. This is called "appealing," and some cases, for good -cause, may be appealed from one court to another until they reach the -Supreme Court. Beyond the Supreme Court there is no appeal. What this -court decides must be accepted as final. The room in which the Supreme -Court meets was once used as the Senate Chamber, and many of the great -debates heard in the Senate before our Civil War were held in this room. - -The Senate Chamber of to-day is further down the north corridor. This -room is not unlike the Hall of Representatives in plan and arrangement, -though it is somewhat smaller. Instead of having a chairman of their own -choosing, as is the case in the House, the Senate is presided over by the -vice president of the United States. This high official, seated upon a -raised platform, directs the proceedings of the Senate just as the -Speaker directs those of the House of Representatives. There seems to be -an air of greater solemnity and dignity in this small group of lawmakers -than in the House of Representatives. It is smaller because each state is -entitled to send but two senators to the Senate, whereas the number of -representatives is governed by the number of inhabitants in the state. -The populous state of New York has thirty-seven representatives and but -two senators, the same number as the little state of Rhode Island whose -population entitles it to only two representatives. - -The purpose of having two lawmaking bodies is to provide a safeguard -against hasty and unwise legislation. In the House of Representatives the -most populous states have the greatest influence, while in the Senate all -states are equally represented, and each state has two votes regardless -of its size and population. Since every proposed law must be agreed to in -both the Senate and the House before it is taken to the president for his -approval, each body acts as a check on the other in lawmaking. - -[Illustration: INAUGURAL PARADE ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE] - -Just to the east of the Capitol grounds stands the magnificent Library of -Congress. This wonderful storehouse of books is a marvelous palace. It -covers almost an entire city block, and its towering gilded dome is -visible from almost every part of the city. Once inside, we could easily -believe ourselves in fairyland, so beautiful are the halls and the -staircases of carved marble, so wonderful the paintings and the -decorations. Every available space upon the walls and ceilings is adorned -with pictures, with the names of the great men of the world, and with -beautiful quotations from the poets and scholars who seem to live again -in this magnificent building which is dedicated to the things they loved. - -[Illustration: BOTANICAL GARDENS] - -In the center of the building, just beneath the gilded dome, is a rotunda -slightly wider than the rotunda of the Capitol, though not so high. Here -are desks for the use of those who wish to consult any volume of the -immense collection of books. - -The books are kept in great structures called stacks, 9 stories high and -containing bookshelves which would stretch nearly 44 miles if placed in -one line. Any one of the great collection of 1,300,000 volumes can be -sent by machinery from the stacks to the reading room or to the Capitol. -When a member of Congress wants a book which is in the Library, he need -not leave the Capitol, for there is a tunnel connecting the two buildings -through which runs a little car to carry books. - -The Librarian of Congress has charge of the enforcement of the copyright -law. By means of this law an author may secure the exclusive right to -publish a book, paper, or picture for twenty-eight years. One of the -requirements of the copyright law is that the author must place in the -Library of Congress two copies of whatever he has copyrighted. Hence, on -the shelves of this great library may be found almost every book or paper -published in the United States. - -Leaving the Library we once more find ourselves upon the great esplanade -east of the Capitol. In the majestic white-marble buildings to the north -and south,--known as the Senate and House office buildings,--committees -of each House of Congress meet to discuss proposed laws. - -Having seen the lawmakers at work in the Capitol, let us visit the -officials whose duty it is to enforce the laws made by Congress. - -Chief among these is the president of the United States. His house is -officially known as the Executive Mansion, but nearly everybody speaks of -it as the White House. The first public building erected in Washington -was the White House. It is said that Washington himself chose the site. -He lived to see it built but not occupied, for the capital was not moved -to the District of Columbia until 1800, a year after Washington's death. - -[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE FROM THE NORTH] - -This simple, stately building is a fitting home for the head of a great -republic. In the main building are the living apartments of the president -and his family, and the great rooms used for state receptions; the -largest and handsomest of these is the famous East Room. Other rooms used -on public occasions are known, from the color of the furnishings and -hangings, as the Blue Room, the Green Room, and the Red Room. There is -also the great State Dining Room, where the president entertains at -dinner the important government officials and foreign representatives. - -In the Annex, adjoining the White House on the west, are the offices of -the president and those who assist him in his work. In this part of the -building is the cabinet room, where the president meets the heads of the -various departments to consult with them concerning questions of national -importance. - -Across the street from the president's office is the immense granite -building occupied by the three departments of State, War, and Navy. The -secretaries in charge of these departments have their offices here, -together with a small army of clerks. - -[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES TREASURY] - -On the opposite side of the White House from the State, War, and Navy -Building is the National Treasury. The Treasury Building is one of the -finest in the city. To see the splendid colonnade on the east is alone -worth a journey to Washington. From this building all the money affairs -of the United States government are directed. - -In the Treasury Building and in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing one -may see the entire process of manufacturing and issuing paper money. In -the Treasury we see new bills exchanged for old, worn-out bills, which -are ground to pieces to destroy forever their value as money. - -[Illustration: BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, "UNCLE SAM'S MONEY -FACTORY"] - -But to understand the story of a dollar bill or a bill of any other value -we must visit the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. This building, which -is some distance from the Treasury Building, reminds us of a large -printing office, and that is just what it is. Here we are shown from room -to room where many men and women are at work, some engraving the plates -from which bills are to be printed and others printing the bills. The -paper used is manufactured by a secret process for United States money, -and every sheet is most carefully counted at every stage of the printing. -Altogether the sheets are counted fifty-two times. Many clerks are -employed to keep a careful account of these sheets, and it is almost -impossible for a single bill or a single piece of paper to be lost or -stolen. After the money is printed it is put into bundles, sealed, and -sent in a closely guarded steel wagon to the Treasury Building, where it -is stored in great vaults until it is issued. - -[Illustration: A CIRCLE AND ITS RADIATING AVENUES] - -At the Treasury we find the officials sending out these crisp new bills -in payment of the debts of the United States or in exchange for bills -which are so tattered and torn that they are no longer useful. This -exchanging of new money for old is a large part of the business of the -Treasury and calls for the greatest care in counting and keeping records, -in order that no mistakes may be made. - -After the old bills are counted they are cut in half and the halves -counted separately, to make sure that the first count was correct. When -the exact amount of money has been determined, new bills are sent out to -the owners of the old bills, and the old bills are destroyed. - -When we have seen enough of the counting of old money, our guide takes us -down into the cellar of this great building, where we walk along a narrow -passageway with millions of dollars in gold and silver on either hand. -All is carefully secured by massive doors and locks, and none but trusted -officials may enter the vaults themselves. These gold and silver coins -are made in the United States mints in Philadelphia, Denver, New Orleans, -and San Francisco. - -You see the paper bill is not real money but a sort of receipt -representing gold and silver money which you can get at any time from the -Treasury. As we peep through the barred doors of the vaults and see great -piles of canvas sacks, it is interesting to know that some of the silver -and gold coins they hold are ours, waiting here while we carry in our -pockets the paper bills which represent them. - -In addition to issuing money, the Treasury Department has charge of -collecting all the taxes and duties which furnish the money for the -payment of the expenses of the government. - -Washington is a government city. Of its population of over 330,000, about -36,000 are directly engaged in the various departments of the government, -while most of the other lines of business thrive by supplying the needs -of the government's employees and their families. Very little -manufacturing is done in the District of Columbia, and such articles as -are manufactured are chiefly for local use. - -People from almost every country in the world may be seen on the streets, -for almost all civilized nations have ministers or ambassadors at -Washington to represent them in official dealings with the United States. -These foreign representatives occupy fine homes, and during the winter -season many brilliant receptions are given by them as well as by our own -high officials. - -[Illustration: CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL] - -The people of Washington have built fine churches and many handsome -schools, to which all, from the president to the humblest citizen, send -their children. In or near the city are the five universities of George -Washington, Georgetown, Howard University for colored people, the -Catholic University, and the American University, where graduates from -other colleges take advanced work. - -[Illustration: ANNEX AND GARDEN OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION] - -The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote nor do they make -their own laws, as it was feared there might be a disagreement between -Congress and the city government if people voted on local matters. All -laws for the District of Columbia are made by the Congress of the United -States and are carried out by three commissioners appointed by the -president with the consent of the Senate. Many inhabitants of the -District are citizens of the states and go to their homes at election -time to cast their votes. Isn't it strange that there is a place in the -United States where the citizens cannot vote? - -[Illustration: UNION STATION] - -You are, no doubt, beginning to think that the places of interest in -Washington must be very numerous. This is true, for few cities in the -world have so many interesting public buildings. Among these are the -Corcoran Art Gallery; the Continental Memorial Hall, the majestic marble -building of the Daughters of the American Revolution; and the palatial -home of the Pan-American Union, a place where representatives of all the -American republics may meet. Then there is the Patent Office, for -recording and filing old patents and granting new ones; the Pension -Office, from which our war veterans receive a certain sum each year; the -Government Printing Office, whose reports require over a million dollars' -worth of paper each year; Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln was -shot; the naval-gun factory, for making the fourteen-inch long-range guns -used on our battleships; and the Union Railroad Station, whose east wing -is reserved for the use of the president. - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON MONUMENT FROM CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL] - -There is one almost sacred spot, upon which the nation has erected a -splendid memorial to our greatest hero, George Washington. The Washington -Monument is a simple obelisk of white marble, that towers 555 feet above -the beautiful park in the midst of which it stands. Those openings near -the top which seem so small are 504 feet above us and are actually large -windows. On entering the door at the base of the monument, we pass -through the wall, which is 15 feet thick, and find an elevator ready to -carry us to the top. If we prefer to walk, there is an interior stairway -of 900 steps leading to the top landing. At the end of our upward journey -we find ourselves in a large room with two great windows on each of the -four sides. From here we get another view of the hill-surrounded city, -and the scene which lies before us is inspiring. - -The Washington Monument is near the western end of the Mall, that series -of parks extending from the Capitol to the Potomac River. Near by are the -buildings of the Department of Agriculture, which has been of the -greatest help to the farmers of our land by sending out important -information concerning almost everything connected with farm life. -Through the Bureau of Chemistry this department did much to bring about -the passage of the Pure Food Law, which protects the people by forbidding -the sale of food and drugs that are not pure. - -In the spacious park adjoining the grounds of the Department of -Agriculture is a building which looks like an ancient castle. This is the -Smithsonian Institution, which carries on scientific work under -government control. - -The National Museum, which is under the control of the Smithsonian -Institution, has a fine building of its own. This museum is a perfect -treasure house of interesting exhibits of all kinds. Here may be seen -relics of Washington, of General Grant, and of other famous Americans; -and here are exhibits showing the history of the telegraph, the -telephone, the sewing machine, the automobile, and the flying machine. -Stuffed animals of all kinds are arranged to look just as if they were -alive. So numerous are the exhibits that it would require a large book -simply to mention them. Many of the boys and girls of Washington spend -their Saturday afternoons examining the wonderful things which have been -brought to this museum from all parts of the world. - -[Illustration: THE CITY FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS] - -Washington has also a zooelogical park where there are animals from -everywhere. It is on the banks of a beautiful stream on the outskirts of -the city and is part of a great public park which covers many acres of -picturesque wooded country. - -We must not omit the Post Office Department, for that is the part of the -federal government which comes nearest to our homes. Here are the offices -of the postmaster general and his many assistants. To tell of the wonders -of our postal system would be a long story in itself. If all the people -employed by the Post Office Department lived in Washington, they would -fill all of the houses and leave no room for anyone else. Of course this -great army of employees are not all in any one city, for the work of the -post office extends to every part of the United States, and, through -arrangement with other nations, to every part of the civilized world. - -In the country surrounding the city of Washington are several important -and interesting places. Just across the river, in the state of Virginia, -are Fort Myer, an army post, and the famous Arlington National Cemetery. -Arlington was the home of Martha Custis, who became the bride of George -Washington. At the opening of the Civil War it was the home of the famous -Confederate general, Robert E. Lee. Then it passed into the hands of the -United States government and is now the burial place of over sixteen -thousand soldiers who gave their lives for their country. - -On the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, sixteen miles south of the -city of Washington, is Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George -Washington. The spacious old mansion in the midst of fine trees and -shady lawns looks out over the wide peaceful river which Washington -loved. To this home Washington came to live shortly after his marriage. -He spent his time in farming on this estate until he was called to take -command of the American army. After our independence was won he returned -to his home and his farm. Once more he was called upon to leave this -quiet country life to become the first president of the new nation. When -he had served his country two terms he gladly retired to Mount Vernon, -where he lived until his death in 1799. - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S TOMB] - -To-day the house and grounds are preserved with loving care. The rooms of -the house are furnished with fine old mahogany furniture, many pieces of -which belonged to Washington. In the grounds, not far from the stately -mansion, is the simple brick tomb where rest the bodies of Washington and -his wife. During the years which have passed since his death, thousands -of his countrymen have come to this tomb to do honor to his memory. - -As we sail up the Potomac toward the city after our visit to the home of -the great man whose name it bears, the Washington Monument, the White -House, the State, War, and Navy Building, the Capitol, the Library, and -the post office tower above the surrounding buildings and, shining in the -golden light of sunset, make a picture never to be forgotten. - -This city of parks, of broad avenues, of beautiful buildings, belongs to -the Americans who live in the far-distant states as well as to those who -live and work in the capital itself. It is our capital and we may justly -be proud of it, for it is one of the most beautiful cities in all the -world. - - - =WASHINGTON= - - FACTS TO REMEMBER - - The capital of the nation. - - Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (331,069). - - Sixteenth city in rank, according to population. - - Center of the federal government of the United States. - - Governed entirely by Congress under provision of the Constitution. - - Chief offices of every department of the federal government located - here. - - Splendid streets, avenues, parks, and monuments. - - Many magnificent public buildings. - - Very few manufacturing industries. - - A city of homes of government employees. - - One of the most interesting and beautiful cities in the world. - - - QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY - - 1. Give some reasons why every citizen of the United States should be - interested in Washington. - - 2. What interesting buildings are located here, and for what are they - used? - - 3. What were some of the reasons for selecting the location of the - capital city? - - 4. After whom was the city named? - - 5. In what year did Washington become the capital city, and what - disaster visited it a few years later? - - 6. Describe the plan of the city, and name one of its famous streets. - - 7. Name three interesting groups of buildings: one on Capitol Hill, - one on Pennsylvania Avenue, and one in the Mall. - - 8. What are some of the natural beauties of the city? - - 9. Give some idea of the size and beauty of the Capitol and of the - imposing ceremony which takes place there every four years. - - 10. Describe briefly the House of Representatives when in session and - the duties of its members. - - 11. Where does the Supreme Court of the country sit, and why is it - called the Supreme Court? - - 12. How does the Senate differ from the House of Representatives? What - are the duties of senators? How many come from each state? - - 13. Why do we have two lawmaking bodies? - - 14. Name some of the attractions of the Library of Congress. Tell how - its books are stacked and how they are sent to the Capitol, and - give some facts about the copyright law. - - 15. Tell what you know of the White House. - - 16. What two fine buildings are on either side of the White House, and - for what is each used? - - 17. Describe the making of paper money. - - 18. What are the duties of the Treasury Department, and what may be - seen in the Treasury vaults? - - 19. Tell something about the people of Washington, their chief - occupation, and why so many foreign diplomats have their homes - here. - - 20. How are the city of Washington and the District of Columbia - governed? - - 21. Name some places of interest in Washington not already mentioned. - - 22. Describe the splendid monument by which our greatest hero is - honored. - - 23. Tell why you would like to visit the Smithsonian Institution, the - National Museum, and the Zooelogical Park. - - 24. Why are Fort Myer, Arlington, and Mount Vernon very interesting to - all citizens of the United States? - - 25. To whom does the beautiful city of Washington really belong, and - why should we be proud of it? - - - - - REFERENCE TABLES - - - LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO POPULATION - - RANK - - London 1 - New York 2 - Paris 3 - Chicago 4 - Berlin 5 - Tokio 6 - Vienna 7 - Petrograd 8 - Philadelphia 9 - Moscow 10 - Buenos Ayres 11 - Constantinople 12 - - - INCREASE IN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES--NATIONAL CENSUS - - =============+===================================++==================== - | POPULATION || RANK - CITY |-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------ - | 1910 | 1900 | 1890 || 1910 | 1900 | 1890 - -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------ - New York | 4,766,883 | 3,437,202 | 1,515,301 || 1 | 1 | 1 - | | | || | | - Chicago | 2,185,283 | 1,698,575 | 1,099,850 || 2 | 2 | 2 - | | | || | | - Philadelphia | 1,549,008 | 1,293,697 | 1,046,964 || 3 | 3 | 3 - | | | || | | - St. Louis | 687,029 | 575,238 | 451,770 || 4 | 4 | 5 - | | | || | | - Boston | 670,585 | 560,892 | 448,477 || 5 | 5 | 6 - | | | || | | - Cleveland | 560,663 | 381,768 | 261,353 || 6 | 7 | 10 - | | | || | | - Baltimore | 558,485 | 508,957 | 434,439 || 7 | 6 | 7 - | | | || | | - Pittsburgh | 533,905 | 321,616 | 238,617 || 8 | 11 | 13 - | | | || | | - Detroit | 465,766 | 285,704 | 205,876 || 9 | 13 | 15 - | | | || | | - Buffalo | 423,715 | 352,387 | 255,664 || 10 | 8 | 11 - | | | || | | - San Francisco| 416,912 | 342,782 | 298,997 || 11 | 9 | 8 - | | | || | | - Milwaukee | 373,857 | 285,315 | 204,468 || 12 | 14 | 16 - | | | || | | - Cincinnati | 363,591 | 325,902 | 296,908 || 13 | 10 | 9 - | | | || | | - Newark | 347,469 | 246,070 | 181,830 || 14 | 16 | 17 - | | | || | | - New Orleans | 339,075 | 287,104 | 242,039 || 15 | 12 | 12 - | | | || | | - Washington | 331,069 | 278,718 | 230,392 || 16 | 15 | 14 - =============+===========+===========+===========++======+======+====== - - - THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES - - ==========================+======================= - | - CITY | - | LEADING COUNTRIES OF - | BIRTH OF FOREIGN-BORN - | POPULATION--1910 - +-----------+----------- - | First | Second - --------------------------+-----------+----------- - Baltimore | Germany | Russia - Boston | Ireland | Canada - Buffalo | Germany | Canada - Chicago | Germany | Austria - Cincinnati | Germany | Hungary - Cleveland | Austria | Germany - Detroit | Germany | Canada - Jersey City | Germany | Ireland - Los Angeles | Germany | Canada - Milwaukee | Germany | Russia - Minneapolis | Sweden | Norway - New Orleans | Italy | Germany - New York | Russia | Italy - Newark | Germany | Russia - Philadelphia | Russia | Ireland - Pittsburgh | Germany | Russia - St. Louis | Germany | Russia - San Francisco | Germany | Ireland - Washington | Ireland | Germany - ==========================+===========+=========== - - - SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM NEW YORK CITY - - San Francisco 3182 miles - New Orleans 1344 miles - St. Louis 1059 miles - Chicago 908 miles - Detroit 690 miles - Cleveland 576 miles - Pittsburgh 441 miles - Buffalo 439 miles - Boston 235 miles - Washington, D.C. 226 miles - Baltimore 186 miles - Philadelphia 92 miles - - - SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM CHICAGO - - San Francisco 2274 miles - Boston 1021 miles - New Orleans 923 miles - New York 908 miles - Philadelphia 818 miles - Baltimore 797 miles - Washington, D.C. 787 miles - Buffalo 523 miles - Pittsburgh 468 miles - Cleveland 339 miles - St. Louis 286 miles - Detroit 272 miles - - - TO WHOM WE SELL THE MOST - THE AMOUNT FOR 1914 - - Great Britain $594,271,863 - Germany $344,794,276 - Canada $344,716,981 - France $159,818,924 - Netherlands $112,215,673 - Italy $74,235,012 - Cuba $68,884,428 - Belgium $61,219,894 - Japan $51,205,520 - Argentina $45,179,089 - Mexico $38,748,793 - - - FROM WHOM WE BUY THE MOST - THE AMOUNT FOR 1914 - - Great Britain $293,661,304 - Germany $189,919,136 - Canada $160,689,709 - France $141,446,252 - Cuba $131,303,794 - Japan $107,355,897 - Brazil $101,303,794 - Mexico $92,690,566 - British India $73,630,880 - Italy $56,407,671 - -[Illustration: SOME OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES] - - - - - INDEX - - - Abbey, Edwin A., 128 - - Adams, John, 84, 87 - - Adams, Samuel, 124 - - Alameda, 240 - - Allegheny, 182, 184 - - Allegheny River, 171, 172, 182 - - - Baldwin, Matthias W., 71 - - Baldwin Locomotive Works, 71 - - Baltimore, 155-170 - railroad center, 155 - harbor, 155 - industries, 155, 156 - exports, 155 - fire of 1904, 156 - public markets, 160 - settlement of, 167 - - Baltimore, Lord, 168 - - Barge canal, 212 - - Belleville, 98 - - Berkeley, 240 - - Bienville, Governor, 245 - - Blackstone, William, 105 - - Boston, 105-136 - capital of Massachusetts, 105 - settlement of, 105 - divisions of, 107 - harbor, 108 - trade center, 119 - foreign commerce, 121 - industries, 121 - - Boston Tea Party, 84, 122 - - Braddock, 173 - - Bradford, William, 73 - - Brockton, 119 - - Brooklyn, 11, 24, 28, 30 - - Brooks, Phillips, 127 - - Bruceton, 178 - - Buffalo, 207-226 - settlement of, 207, 208 - named, 209 - Erie Canal, 210 - lake port, 211 - importance of location, 212 - trade with Canada, 212 - manufacturing center, 213 - Niagara power, 213, 216, 224-225 - iron industry, 214 - flour mills, 216 - important live-stock market, 217 - important lumber market, 217 - harbor, 221 - - Buffalo River, 207, 221 - - Bulfinch, Charles, 111 - - - Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 191 - - Calumet River, 56 - - Cambridge, 116, 117, 131, 133 - - Carnegie, Andrew, 184 - - Carnegie Steel Company, 175 - - Centennial Exhibition, 75 - - Charles River, 116 - - Chicago, 41-66, 180 - fire of 1871, 41 - settlement of, 43 - harbor, 45, 56, 57 - becomes a city, 46 - important railroad center, 54 - greatest lake port, 54 - grain market, 55 - steel industry, 56 - largest lumber market, 57 - exports, 57 - center of packing industry, 61 - Pullman, 62 - - Chicago drainage and ship canal, 54 - - Chicago River, 41, 43, 45, 53, 54, 57 - - Civil War, 247 - - Cleaveland, General Moses, 137 - - Cleveland, 137-154, 180 - settlement of, 137 - harbor, 141 - becomes a city, 142 - industries, 142, 143, 148 - importance of location, 148 - manufacturing center, 148 - largest ore market in the world, 148 - center of shipbuilding, 148 - important lake port, 153 - - Cleveland, Grover, 224 - - Clinton, De Witt, 209 - - Coal, 56, 70, 100, 142, 172, 175, 213, 214, 215, 257 - - Coal mines, 175 - - Commerce, foreign, 35, 57, 121, 231, 259 - - Cotton, 257, 258, 261 - - Croton River, 18 - - Custis, Martha, 294 - - Cuyahoga River, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145 - - - Declaration of Independence, 8, 85 - - Delaware River, 67, 68, 69 - - de Portola, Don Gaspar, 227 - - Des Plaines River, 53 - - Detroit, 139, 189-206 - leading port on Canadian shore, 189, 199 - founded, 191 - early history, 191 - growth, 192 - trade center, 194 - harbor, 195 - shipbuilding industry, 195 - becomes industrial city, 196 - center of automobile trade, 196 - industries, 197 - immense wholesale trade, 198 - railroad center, 200 - - Detroit River, 191, 200, 205 - - District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289 - - Doan, Nathaniel, 139 - - Dutch West India Company, 5 - - - East River, 27, 36 - - East St. Louis, 98 - - Erie Canal, 9, 193, 209, 210, 212 - - Exports, value of, 301 - - - Fall River, 121 - - Farragut, David, 248 - - Fillmore, Millard, 224 - - Fish industry, 121, 239 - - Fitch, John, 72 - - Fort Dearborn, 44 - - Fort McHenry, 169 - - Fort Myer, 294 - - Fort Pitt, 171 - - Foreign-born population, 300 - - Franklin, Benjamin, 73, 84 - - French and Indian War, 171, 191, 245 - - Fulton, Robert, 72 - - - Girard, Stephen, 79 - - Gold, 227 - - Golden Gate, 231, 241 - - Grain industry, 55, 102 - - Granite City, 98 - - Gunpowder River, 163 - - - Hale, Edward Everett, 130 - - _Half Moon_, 3 - - Hancock, John, 124 - - Homestead, 173 - - Hudson, Henry, 4 - - Hudson River, 4, 30, 35, 36, 207, 209, 210 - - Hull, General William, 192 - - - Illinois and Michigan Canal, 47 - - Illinois River, 47, 53, 93 - - Imports, value of, 302 - - Increase in population of our great cities, 299 - - Iron industry, 171, 172, 214, 233 - - - Jackson, Andrew, 246 - - Jefferson, Thomas, 89 - - - Key, Francis Scott, 169 - - Kingsbury, James, 138 - - Kinzie, John, 43 - - - Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, 215 - - Largest cities in the world, 299 - - Lawrence, 121 - - Lee, Robert E., 294 - - Lewis and Clark expedition, 90 - - Louisiana Purchase, 89, 245 - - Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 96 - - Lowell, 121 - - Lumber, 57, 100, 217, 257 - - Lynn, 119 - - - Madison, 98 - - Manhattan, 4, 11 - - McCall Ferry dam, 163 - - McKeesport, 173 - - McKinley, William, 224 - - Mexican War, 227 - - Mints, 81, 82, 237 - - Minuit, Peter, 5 - - Mississippi River, 47, 89, 91, 96, 97, 171, 245, 248, 249 - - Missouri River, 90, 93 - - Mohawk River, 207, 209 - - Monongahela River, 171, 172, 182 - - Morris, Robert, 75 - - Mt. Vernon, 267, 294 - - - Natural gas, 151, 181, 185, 213 - - New Amsterdam, 6, 14 - - New Bedford, 121 - - New Orleans, 171, 245-264 - early history, 245 - in the War of 1812, 246 - in the Civil War, 247 - building the city, 249 - the French quarter, 251, 252 - the American quarter, 251, 255 - important lumber market, 257 - important cotton market, 258, 261 - Gulf port, 261 - second export port in America, 261 - exports, 261 - important sugar market, 257, 261 - Mardi Gras, 263 - - New York, 3-40 - settlement of, 4 - surrendered to English, 7 - named, 8 - capital city, 9 - harbor, 9, 36 - becomes Greater New York, 11 - boroughs, 11 - nation's chief market place, 32 - imports, 32 - exports, 32 - nation's greatest workshop, 32 - industries, 32 - - Niagara Falls, 213, 224 - - Niagara River, 190, 191, 209, 212, 219, 224 - - - Oakland, 240 - - Ohio Canal, 140 - - Ohio River, 93, 137, 139, 140, 171, 172 - - Ore, 56, 142, 214 - - - Packing industry, 59, 61, 101, 217, 233 - - Panama Canal, 233, 242 - - Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 242 - - Pan-American Exposition, 224 - - Patapsco River, 168 - - Penn, William, 67, 74, 75, 76 - - Perry, Oliver Hazard, 192 - - Petroleum, 180, 213, 257 - - Philadelphia, 67-88, 167 - settlement of, 67 - manufacturing city, 69 - commercial center, 70 - industries, 70 - United States mint, 81 - Continental Congress, 84, 85 - Declaration of Independence signed at, 85 - capital of the nation, 87 - - Pitt, William, 171 - - Pittsburgh, 148, 171-188 - workshop of the world, 171 - named, 171 - trade center, 172 - manufacturing city, 172 - center of steel industry, 173 - industries, 173 - Pittsburgh district, 173 - mines, 175, 177 - petroleum, 180 - natural gas, 181 - - Pontiac's conspiracy, 192 - - Population of our great cities, 299 - - Potomac River, 267, 272, 292 - - Pullman, 62 - - Puritans, 105 - - - Quakers, 67 - - - Railroads, 9, 49, 58, 70, 93, 110, 142, 150, 200, 211, 213, 238 - Pennsylvania, 30, 150 - New York Central, 32, 110, 150 - Michigan Southern, 49 - Michigan Central, 49, 200 - Missouri Pacific, 93 - Boston & Albany, 110 - Boston & Maine, 110 - New York, New Haven & Hartford, 110 - Nickel Plate, 150 - Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 150 - Erie Railroad, 150 - Baltimore & Ohio, 150 - Wheeling & Lake Erie, 150 - Southern Pacific, 238 - Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 239 - Union Pacific, 239 - Western Pacific, 239 - - Revere, Paul, 124 - - Revolution, War of the, 8, 75, 111, 112, 119, 122, 192, 207, 266 - - Richmond, 240 - - Rogers, Major Robert, 191, 193 - - Roosevelt, Theodore, 224 - - Ross, Betsy, 86 - - - Sacramento River, 230 - - St. Gaudens, 113, 127 - - St. Lawrence River, 190 - - St. Louis, 89-104 - frontier village, 89 - trade center, 93 - railroad center, 94 - favorable location, 98 - industries, 100 - distributing center, 102 - fur, grain, and live-stock market, 102, 103 - - San Francisco, 227-244 - early history, 227 - growth of, 227, 228 - "child of the mines," 228 - San Francisco Bay, 230 - trade center, 231 - exports, 231 - imports, 231 - industries, 233 - United States mint, 237 - leading salmon port, 239 - - San Joaquin River, 230 - - Sargent, John S., 128 - - Sault Ste. Marie, 190 - - Saur, Christopher, 73 - - Schuylkill River, 68, 75 - - Scioto River, 140 - - Shaw, Colonel, 113 - - Shortest railway routes from Chicago, 301 - - Shortest railway routes from New York, 300 - - Silver, 228 - - Standard Oil Company, 143 - - Steel, 56, 71, 173, 180 - - Straits of Mackinac, 190 - - Stuyvesant, Peter, 6 - - Sugar, 32, 257, 261 - - Susquehanna River, 163 - - - Thevis, Father, 255 - - Tonawanda, 219 - - Touro, Judah, 257 - - Trumbull, John, 275 - - - Union Stockyards, 59 - - University City, 96 - - - Venice, 98 - - - War of 1812, 44, 192, 209, 246, 268 - - Washington, 202, 265-298 - the capital city, 265 - location, 265 - story of, 266 - District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289 - plan of the city, 268 - capitol, 272 - House of Representatives, 277, 289 - Supreme Court, 279 - Senate, 279, 289 - Library of Congress, 280 - White House, 282 - National Treasury, 284, 286 - Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 285 - Washington Monument, 291 - Post Office Department, 294 - Arlington National Cemetery, 294 - - Washington, George, 8, 84, 87, 119, 171, 267, 282, 294 - - Westinghouse, George, 185 - - Westinghouse Electric Company, 185 - - Winne, Cornelius, 207, 208 - - Winthrop, John, 105 - - Woodward, Augustus B., 202 - - World's Columbian Exposition, 63 - - - York, Duke of, 7 - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - -The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and -formatting have been maintained. - -Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked -as a misprint. - -Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected. - -Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_) and text in -bold with equal signs (=text=). - -Captions have been added to the maps on page 69 and 268 as listed in the -"List of Maps" at the beginning of the book. - -The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text. - - frontpage: BOOKS I AND II -> BOOKS I AND II, - p. 160: here small craft -> crafts - p. 225: Important center for. -> Important center for - p. 227: Pacific coast, and Don Gasper -> Gaspar - p. 239: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe -> Fe - p. 248: forces land and take -> takes - p. 306: de Portola, Don Gasper -> Gaspar - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by -Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES *** - -***** This file should be named 44854.txt or 44854.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/8/5/44854/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jens Nordmann and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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