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diff --git a/44854-0.txt b/44854-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6f300bb --- /dev/null +++ b/44854-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6370 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44854 *** + + [Illustration: BUILDING A SKYSCRAPER] + + + + + GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES + + HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, COMMERCIAL + INDUSTRIAL + + + BY + + GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH + + AUTHOR OF "BUILDERS OF OUR COUNTRY," BOOKS I AND II, "THE STORY OF THE + EMPIRE STATE," AND "A FIRST BOOK IN AMERICAN HISTORY" + + + AND + + + STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER + + ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON, D.C. + + + IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. + SYRACUSE, NEW YORK + + COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY + GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH AND STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER + + ALL RIGHTS RESERVED + 316.3 + + + + + PREFACE + + +Just as the history of a country is largely the history of its great men, +so the geography of a country is largely the story of its great cities. + +How much more easily history is grasped and remembered when grouped +around attractive biographies. With great cities as the centers of +geography-study, what is generally considered a dry, matter-of-fact +subject can be made to attract, to inspire, and to fix the things which +should be remembered. + +This book, "Great Cities of the United States," includes the ten largest +cities of this country, together with San Francisco, New Orleans, and +Washington. _In it the important facts of our country's geography have +been grouped around these thirteen cities._ The story of Chicago includes +the story of farming in the Middle West, of the great ore industry on and +around the Great Lakes, and of the varied means of transportation. +Cotton, sugar, and location are shown to account largely for the +greatness of New Orleans. In a similar way, the stories of the other +cities sum up the important geography of our country. + +Enough of the history of each city is given to show its growth and +development. The distinctive points of interest are described so that one +feels acquainted with the things which attract the sight-seer. The +commercial and industrial features are made to stand out as the logical +sequence of fortunate location for manufacturing, for securing raw +materials, for markets, and for convenient means of transportation. + +In order to make uniformly fair comparisons, local statistics have been +ignored and all data have been taken from the latest government reports. + +The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to the historical +societies, to the chambers of commerce, to those in the various cities +who have furnished material and reviewed the manuscript, and to all +others who have rendered assistance. + +It is hoped that by the use of this book our country, in all its +greatness, will mean more and will appeal more to the boys and girls of +America than ever before. + +To the publishers of Allen's "Geographical and Industrial Studies: United +States" we are indebted for the use of the map appearing at the end of +the text. + + THE AUTHORS + + + + + CONTENTS + + PAGE + + NEW YORK 3 + + CHICAGO 41 + + PHILADELPHIA 67 + + ST. LOUIS 89 + + BOSTON 105 + + CLEVELAND 137 + + BALTIMORE 155 + + PITTSBURGH 171 + + DETROIT 189 + + BUFFALO 207 + + SAN FRANCISCO 227 + + NEW ORLEANS 245 + + WASHINGTON 265 + + REFERENCE TABLES 299 + + INDEX 305 + + + + + LIST OF MAPS + + PAGE + + The Boroughs of New York--Entrances to her Harbor 10 + + Manhattan Island and the City Parks 20 + + New York's Subway and Bridge Connections 29 + + Where Chicago was Founded 44 + + Chicago's Canals 48 + + Chicago To-day 60 + + Location of Philadelphia 69 + + Philadelphia To-day 80 + + Louisiana Purchase 90 + + St. Louis and her Illinois Suburbs 92 + + Map of Boston and its Vicinity 106 + + The City of Boston 118 + + Boston's Land and Water Connections 120 + + Cleveland and her Neighbors 140 + + The City of Cleveland 144 + + The City of Baltimore 164 + + Location of Baltimore 168 + + The Pittsburgh District 173 + + The City of Pittsburgh 179 + + The Great Lakes 190 + + The City of Detroit 201 + + New York's Canals 209 + + The Site of Buffalo 212 + + The City of Buffalo 218 + + The Site of San Francisco 232 + + The City of San Francisco 234 + + Where New Orleans Stands 246 + + The City of New Orleans 250 + + The District of Columbia 268 + + The City of Washington 270 + + Some of the Great Railroads of the United States 303 + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING] + + + + + GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES + + NEW YORK + + +"Drop anchor!" rang out the command as the little Dutch vessel furled her +sails. On every side were the shining waters of a widespread bay, while +just ahead stretched the forest-covered shores of an island. + +[Illustration: INDIANS VISITING THE _HALF MOON_] + +All on board were filled with excitement, wondering what lay beyond. +"Have we at last really found a waterway across this new land of +America?" they asked. There was only one way to know--to go and see. So +on once more, past the island, glided the _Half Moon_. From time to +time, as she sailed along, the redskin savages visited her and traded +many valuable furs for mere trifles. + +But at last the _Half Moon_ could go no further. This was not a waterway +to India, only a river leading into the depths of a wild and rugged +country. Sick with disappointment, her captain, Henry Hudson, turned +about, journeyed the length of the river which was later to bear his +name, once more passed the island at the mouth of the river, and sailed +away. All this in 1609. + +[Illustration: "MY BROTHERS, WE HAVE COME TO TRADE WITH YOU"] + +Manhattan was the Indian name for the island at the mouth of the Hudson +River. Tempted by Henry Hudson's furs, the thrifty Dutchmen sent ship +after ship to trade with the American Indians. And as the years went by, +these Dutchmen built a trading post on Manhattan, and a little Dutch +village grew up about the post. Soon the Dutch West India Company was +formed to send out colonists to Manhattan and the land along the Hudson. +A governor too was sent. His name was Peter Minuit. + +[Illustration: PETER STUYVESANT] + +Now Peter Minuit was honest, and when he found that the Dutch were living +on Indian land to which they had helped themselves, he was not content. +So he called together the tribes which lived on Manhattan and, while the +painted warriors squatted on the ground, spoke to them in words like +these: "My brothers, we have come to trade with you. And that we may be +near to buy your furs when you have gathered them, we wish to live among +you, on your land. It is your land, and as we do not mean to steal it +from you, I have asked you to meet me here that I may buy from you this +island which you call Manhattan." Then, in payment for the island, Peter +Minuit offered the Indians ribbons, knives, rings, and colored +beads--things dearly loved by the savages. The bargain was soon closed, +and for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets the Dutch became the +owners of Manhattan Island. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK IN OLDEN TIMES] + +The Dutch settlement on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam +was a pretty town, with its quaint Dutch houses built gable end toward +the street and its gardens bright with flowers. Dutch windmills with +their long sweeping arms rose here and there, and near the water stood +the fort. + +But though New Amsterdam grew and prospered in the years after Peter +Minuit bought Manhattan, life there did not run as smoothly as it might. +In time Peter Stuyvesant came to be governor, and a stern, tyrannical +ruler he was. He always saw things from the Dutch West India Company's +point of view, not from the colonists'. Disagreement followed +disagreement till the people were nearly at the end of their patience. + +Then, one day in 1664, an English fleet sailed into the bay. A letter was +brought ashore for Governor Stuyvesant. England too, so it seemed, laid +claim to this land along the Hudson River, and now asked the Dutch +governor to give up his colony to the Duke of York, a brother of +England's king. This done, the Dutch colonists could keep their property, +and all their rights and privileges. In fact, even greater privileges +would then be given them. + +[Illustration: WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH OF OFFICE] + +In a towering rage Governor Stuyvesant tore the letter into bits and +stamped upon them and called upon his colonists to rise and help him +repulse the English. But the colonists would not rise. They felt that +there was nothing to gain by so doing. The English promised much, far +more than they had had under the rule of tyrannical Peter Stuyvesant and +the Dutch West India Company. + +What could the governor do? Surely he alone could not defeat the English +fleet. So at last, sorrowfully and reluctantly, he signed a surrender, +and the Dutch Colony was given over to the English. + +Once in possession, the English renamed New Amsterdam, calling it New +York. Now followed a hundred years of ever-increasing river, coast, and +foreign trade, of growing industries, of prosperity. And then--the +Revolution. + +When the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, George +Washington and his army were in New York, guarding the city from the +English. But before the close of the year he was forced to retreat, and +the English took possession. By the close of the Revolution, in 1783, the +English had robbed the city of much of its wealth and had ruined its +business. + +[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN IN NEW YORK STATE] + +After the war the thirteen states who had won their freedom from England +joined together, drew up a constitution for their common government, and +chose their first president. Then came the thirtieth of April, 1789. The +streets were crowded, and a great throng packed the space before New +York's Federal Hall. This was Inauguration Day, and on the balcony stood +General Washington taking the oath of office. It was a solemn moment. +The ceremony over, a mighty shout arose--"Long live George Washington, +president of the United States." Cheers filled the air, bells pealed, and +cannons roared. The new government had begun, and, for a time, New York +was the capital city. + +Already New York was recovering from the effects of the war. Her trade +with European ports had begun again, and it was no uncommon sight to see +over one hundred vessels loading or unloading in her harbor at one time. + +New York harbor is one of the largest and best in the world. Add to this +the city's central location on the Atlantic seaboard, and it is no wonder +that a vast coasting trade grew up with Eastern and Southern ports. + +Without doubt, however, the greatest business event in the history of New +York City was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. The canal joined the +Great Lakes with the Hudson River, making a water route from the rich +Northwest to the Atlantic, with New York as the natural terminus. So with +nearly all of the trade of the lake region at her command, New York soon +became a great commercial center, outstripping both Boston and +Philadelphia, which up to this time had ranked ahead of New York. + +A few years later the building of railroads began. The first railway from +New York was begun in 1831, and it was not long before the city was the +terminus of several lines and the chief railroad center of the Atlantic +coast. As the railroads did more and more of the carrying, and the Erie +Canal lost its former importance, New York did not suffer from the +change, but still controlled much of the trade between the Northwest and +European nations. Besides, as time went on, she built up an immense +traffic with all parts of the continent, being easily reached by rail +from the north, east, south, and west. + +[Illustration: THE BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK--ENTRANCES TO HER HARBOR] + +The first half of the nineteenth century saw the arrival of many thousand +immigrants from Europe. These, with the thousands of people who came from +other parts of America, attracted by the city's growing industries, made +more and more room necessary. First, about 13,000 acres across the Harlem +River were added to the city. Then, in 1895, the city limits were +extended to the borders of Yonkers and Mt. Vernon. And finally, in 1898, +New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, and some other near-by towns were +united under one government, forming together Greater New York, the +largest American city and the second largest city in the world. + +New York to-day covers about 360 square miles, its greatest length from +north to south being 32 miles, its greatest width about 16. The city is +divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and +Richmond. The Borough of Manhattan, on the long narrow island of that +name, lies between the Hudson and the East River. North and east of +Manhattan, on the mainland, lies the Borough of The Bronx. Just across +the narrow East River, on Long Island, are the boroughs of Queens and +Brooklyn; while Staten Island is known as the Borough of Richmond. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS] + +As more and more people came to the city the business area on Manhattan +proved too small, and with water to the east, to the west, and to the +south, there was no possibility of spreading out in these directions. +Yet business kept increasing, and the cry for added room became more and +more urgent. Finally, the building of the ten-story Tower Building in +1889 solved the difficulty. It showed that, though hemmed in on all +sides, there was still one direction in which the business section could +grow--upwards. And upwards it has grown. To-day lower Manhattan fairly +bristles with huge steel-framed skyscrapers which furnish miles and miles +of office space, twenty, thirty, forty, in one case even fifty-five, +stories above the street level. The supplying of office and factory space +is not the only use that has been made of these steel buildings. Great +apartment houses from twelve to fifteen stories high provide homes for +thousands. Mammoth hotels covering entire city blocks furnish temporary +homes for the multitudes which visit the city each year. Fifteen of the +largest of these can house more than 15,000 guests at one time--a +good-sized city in itself. Thus has Manhattan become one of the most +densely populated areas on the globe. In the boroughs of Queens and +Richmond, on the other hand, large tracts of land are given over to farms +and market gardens. + +[Illustration: HOW A SKYSCRAPER IS MADE] + +Manhattan is at once the smallest and the most important borough in the +city. Here are the homes of more than 2,000,000 people, the business +section of Greater New York, and the chief shipping districts. + +[Illustration: A MAMMOTH HOTEL] + +When building the narrow irregular streets of their little town on lower +Manhattan, the inhabitants of New Amsterdam little dreamed that they +would one day be the scene of the enormous traffic of modern New York. +Those old, narrow, winding streets to-day swarm with hurrying throngs +from morning till night and are among the busiest and noisiest in the +world. + +The newer part of the city from Fourteenth Street north to the Harlem +River has been laid out in wide parallel avenues running north and south. +These are crossed by numbered streets running east and west from river to +river. Fifth Avenue runs lengthwise through the middle of the borough, +dividing it into the East and West sides. On the East Side you will find +the crowded homes of the poorer classes, where many of the working people +of Manhattan live. On the West Side are many manufacturing plants, +lumber yards, and warehouses. On the upper stretch of Fifth Avenue, and +on the streets leading off, are the homes of many of New York's +wealthiest residents. Opposite Central Park are some of the most costly +and beautiful mansions in the city. + +[Illustration: FIFTH AVENUE FROM THIRTY-FOURTH STREET] + +In this regular arrangement of streets, Broadway alone is the exception +to the rule. Beginning at the southern end of the island, it runs +straight north for more than two miles, then turns west and winds its way +throughout the whole length of the city. About its lower end, and on some +of the neighboring streets, center the banking and financial interests. +Here are many of the city's richest banks and trust companies. + +[Illustration: BROADWAY CROSSING SIXTH AVENUE] + +Wall Street, running east from Broadway about one third of a mile from +the southern end of Manhattan, was named from the wall which the Dutch, +in 1683, built across the island at this point, because they heard that +the English were planning to attack them from the north. Though only half +a mile in length, Wall Street probably surpasses all others in the extent +of its business. + +[Illustration: WALL STREET] + +North of the banking center is the great wholesale region, where +merchants from all parts of the country buy their stock in large +quantities, to sell again to the retail merchants. Beyond the wholesale +region are the large retail stores--New York's great shopping district. +In these retail stores the merchants who have bought from the wholesalers +sell direct to the people who are to use the goods. In this middle +section of the island are also most of the better-class hotels, +restaurants, clubs, and theaters, which have been gradually making their +way further and further uptown, crowding the best resident section still +further north. + +The customhouse, where the government collects duties on goods brought +into the port of New York from other lands, was built at the extreme +southern end of the island, where Fort Amsterdam used to stand. The +United States Sub-Treasury, in Wall Street, stands on the site of Federal +Hall, where Washington was inaugurated. Here are stored large quantities +of gold, silver, and paper money belonging to the government. In and +about City Hall Park are the post office, the courthouse, and the Hall of +Records. The new public library, on Fifth Avenue between Fortieth and +Forty-second streets, is the largest library building in the world. + +[Illustration: CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE] + +The city's parks are many. Central Park, in the center of Manhattan, +ranks among the world's finest pleasure grounds. It is two miles and a +half long and one-half mile wide, and has large stretches of woodland, +beautiful lawns, gleaming lakes, and sparkling fountains. Here, too, are +the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Cleopatra's Needle--an obelisk +thousands of years old, presented to the city by a ruler of Egypt. And +here are reservoirs which hold the water brought by aqueducts from the +Croton River, about forty miles north of the city. This river was for +many years the sole source of Manhattan's water supply. In 1905, however, +the city began work on an immense aqueduct which is to bring all the +drinking-water for all five boroughs from reservoirs in the Catskill +Mountain region. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY] + +[Illustration: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART] + +[Illustration: MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE CITY PARKS] + +The tomb of General Grant is at the northern end of Riverside Park, which +is on a high ridge along the Hudson River above Seventy-second Street. +Riverside Drive, skirting this park, is one of the most beautiful +boulevards in the city. + +Then there are Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and Pelham Bay and Van +Cortlandt parks in The Bronx. The city zoo and the Botanical Gardens are +in Bronx Park. And in addition to all these there are more than two +hundred smaller open spaces and squares scattered over the city. + +[Illustration: THE TOMB OF GENERAL GRANT] + +Columbia University, New York University, Fordham, the College of the +City of New York, and Barnard College are among the most noted of New +York's many educational institutions. + +About five million people live in this wonderful city, and to supply them +all with food is a tremendous business in itself. During the night +special trains bring milk, butter, and eggs; refrigerator cars come laden +with beef; and from the market gardens of Long Island fruits and +vegetables are gathered and taken to the city during the cool of the +night that they may be sold, fresh and inviting, in the morning. + +[Illustration: WHERE THE SEALS LIVE IN BRONX PARK] + +Great numbers of New York's inhabitants are from foreign lands. Several +thousand Chinese manage to exist in the few blocks which make up New +York's Chinatown. A large Italian population lives huddled together in +Little Italy, as well as in other sections of the city. Thousands upon +thousands of Jews are crowded into the Hebrew section on the lower east +side of Manhattan. There is also a German and a French colony, as well as +distinct Negro, Greek, Russian, Armenian, and Arab quarters. Most of +these are in lower Manhattan, and in consequence lower Manhattan is by no +means deserted when the vast army of shoppers, workers, and business men +have gone home for the night. + +[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT HOUSE IN BRONX PARK] + +[Illustration: VISITING THE BIRDS IN BRONX PARK] + +[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW] + +The necessity of carrying these shoppers, workers, and business men to +and from their homes in the residence sections of the city and in the +suburbs gradually led to the development of New York's wonderful +rapid-transit system. Within the borders of Manhattan itself, horse cars +soon proved unequal to handling the crowds that each day traveled north +and south. So the first elevated railway was built. Then six years later, +a second line was constructed. Others soon followed, not only in +Manhattan but also in Brooklyn and The Bronx. Raised high above the busy +streets by means of iron trestles, and making but few stops, these +elevated trains could carry passengers much faster than the surface cars, +and for a time the problem seemed to be solved. + +[Illustration: A NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAY] + +The traveling public was rapidly increasing, however, and before the +close of the nineteenth century both the surface cars, now run by +electricity, and the elevated trains were sorely overcrowded during the +morning and evening rush hours. More cars were absolutely necessary, and +as there was little room to run them on or above the surface, New York +decided to make use of the space under the ground, just as it had already +turned to account that overhead. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK'S FIRST TWO-STORY CAR] + +[Illustration: A SUBWAY ENTRANCE] + +The work was begun in 1901. A small army of men was set to blasting and +digging tunnels underneath the city streets,--a tremendous task,--and in +1904 the first subway was opened. Electric cars running on these +underground tracks carry passengers from one end of the island to the +other with the speed of a railroad train. + +[Illustration: SUBWAY TUNNELS] + +[Illustration: A FERRY BOAT] + +But what of the means of travel for those living outside of Manhattan? +Years back, business men living on Long Island had to cross the East +River on ferry boats. This was particularly inconvenient in winter, when +fogs or floating ice were liable to cause serious delays. Besides, as New +York grew, such numbers crossed on the ferries that they were +overcrowded. Relief came for a time when, in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge +was built over the East River from Brooklyn to New York. This bridge is +over a mile long. Across it run a roadway, a walk for foot passengers, +and tracks for elevated trains as well as for surface cars. Two even +longer bridges, the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, have +since been built between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Then, too, there is the +Queensboro Bridge, between Manhattan and the Borough of Queens. + +Though thousands and thousands daily crossed the East River over +these bridges, men soon foresaw that the time was not far distant +when ferries and bridges together would be unable to take care of the +ever-growing traffic. Further means of travel had to be provided, and +the success of the city's underground railway suggested a practical idea. +As early as 1908, the subway was continued and carried under the East +River to Brooklyn. Several tubes have since been built under the Hudson, +connecting Manhattan with the New Jersey shore. To-day New York is +building many miles of new subway under various parts of the city as well +as under the Harlem and East rivers. Carrying passengers under water has +proved as great a success as carrying them underground. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK'S SUBWAY AND BRIDGE CONNECTIONS] + +[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE] + +Over and above all these means of rapid transit, Greater New York has at +its service ten of America's great railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad +has an immense station in New York, one of the finest of its kind. +Tunnels under the Hudson and East rivers carry its trains to New Jersey +and Long Island. + +[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION] + +[Illustration: THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION] + +The new Grand Central Station is the greatest railroad terminal in the +world. The station is a beautiful building of stone and marble, large +enough to accommodate thirty thousand people at one time. Between +railroads and tunnels, bridges and ferries, surface cars, elevated +trains, and subways, New York's rapid transit system is one of the best +in the world. + +With such advantages as a receiving and distributing center, it is small +wonder that the city has become the nation's chief market place. It is +without a rival as the center of the wholesale dry-goods and wholesale +grocery businesses. More than half of the imports of the United States +enter by way of New York's port, and its total foreign commerce is five +times that of any other city in the country. + +Rubber, silk goods, furs, jewelry, coffee, tea, sugar, and tin are among +the leading imports. Cotton, meats, and breadstuffs are the most +important exports. + +Besides being the principal market place of the United States, New York +is also its greatest workshop, as it makes over one tenth of the +manufactures of the country. In the manufacture of clothing alone, more +than a hundred thousand people are employed. There are comparatively few +large factories for carrying on this work, as much of it is done in +tenement houses and in small workshops. The growth of this industry has +been largely due to the abundance of cheap unskilled labor furnished by +the immigrant population of the city. + +Second in importance is the refining of sugar and molasses, carried on +chiefly in Brooklyn along the East River, where boats laden with raw +sugar from the Southern states and the West Indies unload their cargoes. +New York City leads in the refining of sugar as well as in its +importation. + +[Illustration: THE BATTERY] + +Added to these, printing and publishing, the refining of petroleum, +slaughtering and meat packing, the roasting and grinding of coffee and +spices, the making of foundry and machine-shop products, cigars, tobacco, +millinery, furniture, and jewelry are the leading industries of the many +thousands which have grown up in the city. All this is largely due to the +ease with which raw materials can be obtained and finished articles +marketed. Thanks to its commercial advantages, New York leads all +American cities in the value of its manufactures and surpasses them in +the variety of its products. + +[Illustration: LOWER MANHATTAN] + +[Illustration: NEW YORK CITY DOCKS] + +[Illustration: LOADING A FREIGHT STEAMER] + +At the southern end of Manhattan Island is the Battery. In the old days +the Battery was a fort. Now it is used as an aquarium. From the Battery +New York's docks extend for miles along both sides of lower Manhattan and +line the Long Island and New Jersey shores as well. The wharves are piled +high with bales and bags, boxes and barrels. Ships from the South come +with cargoes of cotton, others bound for England take this cotton away. +Tank steamers from Cuba bring molasses; similar ones are filled with +petroleum destined for the ends of the earth. Cattle boats take on live +stock brought from the West, grain ships load at the many elevators built +at the water's edge, and vessels from all the larger ports of the world +put ashore goods of every description. Along both shores of the Hudson +River are the piers of the great trans-Atlantic steamship companies, the +landing places of the largest and fastest passenger vessels in the world. +Here also are the docks of the many river and coastwise lines which +carry passengers to and from the cities and towns on the Hudson and the +Atlantic coast. Half the foreign trade and travel of the United States +passes over the wharves of lower Manhattan. + +[Illustration: A DOCK SCENE] + +The entire harbor includes the Hudson and East rivers and the upper and +lower New York Bay with the connecting strait known as The Narrows. The +upper bay, New York's real harbor, can be entered from the ocean in three +ways--a narrow winding channel around Staten Island, a northeast entrance +through Long Island Sound and the East River, and an entrance through The +Narrows from the lower bay. + +[Illustration: A GREAT OCEAN LINER] + +Among the islands in the upper bay is Ellis Island, where immigrants are +inspected before being allowed to enter our country. On another island +stands the splendid bronze statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World," +given to the United States by the people of France. It is now America's +greeting to her future citizens as they sail up the harbor. + +[Illustration: NEW YORK HARBOR] + +What a different picture the harbor presents to-day from the one Hudson +saw over three hundred years ago! The quiet undisturbed waters of that +time are now alive the year around with craft of every sort, from the +giant ocean liner to the graceful sailboat. Vessels freighted with +merchandise, tugs towing canal boats, ferries for Staten Island, barges +loaded with coal, river steamers, excursion boats, and battleships from +far and near, day and night, pass in an endless procession where the +solitary Indian used to glide in his silent canoe. + +[Illustration: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY] + +When the Dutch bought Manhattan it was a beautiful wooded island +inhabited by Indians who supplied their simple wants by hunting and +fishing. What a change the island has undergone since that time! The +Indians have disappeared with the forest. In their place live and +struggle vast armies of human beings gathered together from all the +corners of the earth. Where squaws used to pitch their wigwams, giant +skyscrapers tower up toward the clouds. The stillness of the forest has +been succeeded by the noise and bustle of a busy city. The lazy +monotonous life of the savage has given way to a ceaseless activity and +hurry. + +The twenty-four dollars which bought the whole island--less than three +hundred years ago--would not now buy a single square inch in the center +of the city. The hunting and fishing ground of the red men has become the +heart of the greatest city of the Western Hemisphere. + + + =NEW YORK= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), nearly 5,000,000 (4,766,883). + + First city in population in the United States. + + Second city in population in the world. + + Divided into five sections, called boroughs. + + Carries on more than half the foreign trade of the United States. + + Leads all American cities in the value of its manufactures. + + One of the best harbors in the world. + + Connected by great railway systems with all parts of America. + + Connected with the Great Lakes by the Hudson River and the Erie Canal. + + A city of skyscrapers. + + Wonderful system of underground, overhead, and surface transportation. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Why did the Dutch settle on Manhattan Island? How did the Dutch + governor secure the land from the Indians? + + 2. What great ceremony connected with the establishment of the + government of the United States took place in New York? Why was + this ceremony held in New York? + + 3. What was the most important event in advancing the business growth + of New York? + + 4. What effect did the arrival of vast numbers of immigrants have + upon the city? + + 5. Why are there such tall buildings in New York? + + 6. Name some of the principal streets and their chief features; name + some of the colleges and universities. + + 7. Give some facts about Central Park, The Bronx, and Riverside Drive. + + 8. Give some idea of the size of New York, its population, and the + nationalities that comprise it. + + 9. Give a brief account of the means of transportation. + + 10. In what respects does New York rank first of all the cities of + the United States? + + 11. What are its principal exports and imports? + + 12. What commercial advantages does New York enjoy? + + 13. What are the chief manufactured products of New York City, and + how can it produce so much without many great factories? + + 14. Compare the harbor and city of to-day with that of three hundred + years ago. + + 15. From a New York newspaper find out the foreign countries and the + cities of this country to which vessels make regular sailings from + New York. + + 16. Name all the railroads entering the city. + + + + + CHICAGO + + +"Chicago is wiped out." "Chicago cannot rise again." So said the +newspapers all over the country, in October, 1871. And well they might +think so, for the great fire of Chicago--one of the worst in the world's +history--had laid low the city. + +The summer had been unusually dry. For months almost no rain had fallen. +The ground was hot and parched, the whole city dry as kindling wood. Then +about nine o'clock on a windy Sunday night, the fire broke out in a poor +section of the West Side. It seemed as if everything a spark touched, +blazed up. While the firemen stood by, helpless to check the flames, rows +of houses and blocks of factories burned down. + +In a short time the lumber district was a great bonfire, the flames +shooting hundreds of feet into the air. On and on swept the fire along +the river front. Then the horror-stricken watchers saw the flames cross +to the South Side. All had thought that the fire would be checked at the +river, but the wind carried pieces of burning wood and paper to the roofs +beyond. + +The business section was burning! The firemen worked desperately, but in +vain. Hundreds of Chicago's finest buildings--stores, offices, banks, and +hotels--were swallowed up by the flames. The city had become a roaring +furnace, and the terrified people rushed madly for safety. + +[Illustration: AFTER THE FIRE] + +Once more the fire crossed the river, this time to the North Side, with +its beautiful residence districts. Here too wind and flame swept all +before them till Lincoln Park was reached, where at last the fire was +checked in its northward course; there was nothing more to burn. It had +raged for two nights and a day, laying waste a strip of land almost four +miles long and one mile wide. + +[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago + HOME OF JOHN KINZIE] + +Tuesday morning saw seventeen thousand buildings destroyed and one +hundred thousand people homeless. The best part of Chicago lay in ruins. +What wonder that men everywhere thought the stricken city could not rise +again! + +At the time this terrible disaster happened, Chicago had been a city for +a little less than thirty-five years. + +The mouth of the Chicago River had been a favorite meeting place for +Indians and French trappers long before permanent settlement began. In +1777 a negro from San Domingo, who had come to trade with the Indians, +built a log store on the north bank of the river. This store was bought +in 1803 by John Kinzie, another trader and Chicago's first white +settler. + +The next year the United States government built Fort Dearborn on the +south side of the river, not far from the lake. Though Fort Dearborn was +nothing more than a stockade with blockhouses at the corners, a little +settlement gradually grew up around it. + +[Illustration: WHERE CHICAGO WAS FOUNDED] + +During the War of 1812 the Indians attacked the fort, burned it to the +ground, and either massacred or captured most of the settlers while they +were fleeing to Detroit for safety. + +Fort Dearborn was rebuilt after the war, but settlers were slow in +coming. By 1830 there were scarcely a hundred people in Chicago, then a +little village of log houses scattered over a swampy plain. Fur trading +was still the chief occupation. + +A change was soon to come. The southern part of Illinois was by this time +being settled and dotted with farms, and each year larger crops were +produced. The farmers saw that they must get their products to the +Atlantic coast if they wished to prosper, and the Great Lakes were the +most convenient route over which to send them. + +Lake Michigan extended into the heart of the fertile prairie lands, but +its shores were almost unbroken by harbors. Men early saw the +possibilities of the mouth of the Chicago River. It could be made into an +excellent harbor with little expense, and if once this were done, Chicago +would be the natural port of the rich Middle West. + +In 1833 the government began improvements by cutting a channel through +the sand bar across the mouth of the river and building stone piers into +the lake to keep out the drifting sand. Vessels were soon entering the +river instead of anchoring in the lake as formerly. Lake trade increased. +More and more boats were bringing goods from the East to be distributed +among the farmers of Illinois. The new harbor made intercourse with the +outer world easy. + +The growth of trade, however, was hindered by the absence of good roads. +Farmers who wished to bring anything to the Chicago market had to cross +the open prairie, which was wet and marshy near the town. Such a ride was +an unpleasant experience, as often the wagon would stick in the deep mud, +and the poor driver had no choice but to wait until help should happen +along. Many preferred to take their crops to the cities farther south, +where better roads had been built. + +[Illustration: AN EARLY CHICAGO DRAWBRIDGE] + +"We too will have roads," said the people of Chicago, anxious for more +trade, and they set about building them with a will. Soon good roads +entered the town from all directions, and over them the rich products of +the surrounding country came pouring into Chicago. + +Business and wealth increased, and more and more settlers arrived. Most +of them came by way of the lakes, but many came in prairie schooners, as +the immigrants' great covered wagons were called. By 1837 the population +had risen to four thousand, and Chicago became a city. + +Its growth from this time was marvelous. Its location at the head of Lake +Michigan, its fine harbor, the resources of the rich back country, all +combined to make it the chief commercial center of the Middle West. + +[Illustration: WHERE THE STAGECOACH STARTED] + +In the early days, when Chicago was only a tiny village, there had been +talk of connecting Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois River by +canal. As the Illinois flows into the Mississippi, this would furnish a +water route from the East down the entire Mississippi valley. In 1836 the +canal was actually begun. A few years later hard times came, and the work +was stopped for a while, but it was finished in 1848. This was known as +the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It extended from La Salle, on the +Illinois River, to Chicago--a distance of over ninety miles--and offered +cheap transportation between Chicago and the fertile farm lands to the +south. + +[Illustration: CHICAGO'S CANALS] + +Though the canal was a success, railroads did even more for the city. The +year that saw the canal completed also saw the first train run from +Chicago to Galena, near the Mississippi, in the heart of the lead +country. + +Four years later, in 1852, came railroad connection with the East, when +the Michigan Southern and Michigan Central railroads entered the city. +Other lines soon followed, and it was not long before Chicago was one of +the important railroad centers of the country. + +But while Chicago was fast becoming rich and big, it was not a pleasant +place in which to live. The site of the city was a low and marshy plain, +almost on a level with the lake, and the problems of drainage of such a +location had to be met and solved. + +In the beginning, to keep the houses dry, they were built above the +ground and supported by timbers or piles. Cellars and basements were +unknown, and the city streets were a disgrace. In spring they were +flooded and swimming with mud. Even in summer, pools of stagnant water +stood in many places. For years wagons sticking fast in the mud were +common sights. + +Cholera, smallpox, and scarlet fever swept the city again and again. +People, knowing only too well that unsanitary conditions brought on these +diseases, did their best to remedy matters. They saw that Chicago would +be clean and healthy if only they could find a way to carry off her +wastes. + +First they decided to turn the water into the river by sloping all the +streets towards it. Then came a severe flood which did much damage and +showed the folly of digging down any part of the city. Chicago was too +low already. + +So the people hastened to raise their streets again by filling them in +with sand, and this time they made gutters along the side to carry off +the water. Heavy wagons soon wore away the sand, however, and the streets +were as muddy as before. + +Finally, an engineer advised the people to raise the whole city several +feet; then brick sewers could be built beneath the street to carry the +sewage into the river. At first many refused to listen to such a +proposal. The undertaking was so great that it frightened them. + +But as things were, business and health were suffering. Something had to +be done, and at last the city determined to raise itself out of the mud, +and work was begun. Ground was hauled in from the surrounding country, +streets and lots were filled in, the buildings were gradually raised, and +sewers were built sloping toward the river. It was a gigantic task and +cost years of labor, but when it was done, Chicago was, for the first +time, a dry city. It must be remembered that the area of Chicago at that +time was but a small part of the present city. + +Another source of trouble was the drinking-water, which was taken from +Lake Michigan. The sewage in the river flowed into the lake and at times +contaminated the water far out from the shore, thus poisoning the city's +supply. It was therefore decided to build new waterworks, which would +bring into the city pure water from farther out in the lake. A tunnel was +built, extending two miles under Lake Michigan. At its outer end a great +screened pipe reached up into the lake to let water into the tunnel. Over +the pipe a crib was built to protect it. On the shore, pumping stations +with powerful engines raised the water to high towers from which all +parts of the city were supplied. + +[Illustration: CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1856] + +The first tunnel was completed in 1867. With the growth of the city other +tunnels and cribs have been built, farther out in the lake, to supply the +increasing need. + +By 1870 Chicago had become one of the largest cities in the country. In +1830 the settlement at the mouth of the Chicago River had barely twenty +houses. Forty years later it had over three hundred thousand inhabitants. +The wonderful resources of the upper Mississippi valley had been largely +responsible for the city's growth, and the rapid development of the +entire West promised Chicago a still greater future. + +Then came the fire, and to the homeless people looking across miles of +blackened ruins it seemed that Chicago had no future at all. Had not the +fire undone the work of forty years? + +[Illustration: CLARK STREET IN 1857] + +The first despair gradually gave way to a more hopeful feeling. Truly the +loss was great--the best part of the city lay in ruins. But was not the +wealth of the West left, and the harbor and the railroads? These had +built up Chicago in the beginning, and they would do so again. + +The rebuilding began at once. At first little wooden houses and sheds +were constructed to give temporary shelter to the homeless. Help came to +the stricken city from all sides. Thousands of carloads of food were +sent, and several million dollars were collected in Europe and America. + +Two thirds of the city had been built of wood. Now the business blocks, +at least, were to be as nearly fireproof as possible. Tall buildings of +brick and stone were planned. But such structures are heavy, and if they +were built directly on the swampy ground underlying the city, there would +be danger of their settling unevenly and possibly toppling over. So +layers of steel rails crossing each other were sunk in the ground, and +the spaces between them were filled in with concrete. Upon this solid +foundation the first skyscrapers of Chicago were built. + +To-day concrete caissons are constructed on bed rock, often from 100 to +110 feet below the surface, and upon these rest the steel bases of the +modern Chicago skyscrapers. + +Work went on quickly. In a year the business section was rebuilt. In +three years there was hardly a trace of the fire to be seen in the city, +which was larger and more beautiful than before. + +After the rebuilding, the water question came up for discussion again. In +spite of all that had been done to protect the water supply, the +increasing sewage of the city, carried by the river into the lake, at +times still made the water unfit to drink. The one way of getting pure +water was to prevent the river from flowing into the lake. This could be +done only by building a new canal, large and deep enough to change the +flow of the river away from the lake. Such a canal was finally completed +in 1900, after eight years' work and at a cost of over $75,000,000. It is +28 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 165 feet wide, and it connects the +Chicago River with the Des Plaines, a branch of the Illinois River. A +large volume of water from Lake Michigan continually flushes this +immense drain, carrying the sewage away. The Chicago River no longer +flows into the lake, and at last the danger of contaminated +drinking-water from this source is past. + +[Illustration: BUSY SCENE AT ENTRANCE TO CHICAGO RIVER] + +One dream of the builders of the canal has not yet been realized. They +called it the Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal, in the hope that it might +some day be used for shipping purposes as well as for draining the river. +This cannot happen, however, till the rivers which it connects are +deepened and otherwise improved. + +Such has been the history of the growth of Chicago--to-day the greatest +railroad center and lake port in the world. It is now the second city in +size in America and ranks fourth among the cities of the world. + +The port of Chicago owes much to the Chicago River, which has been +repeatedly widened, deepened, and straightened. It is to-day one of the +world's most important rivers, commercially considered. After extending +about one mile westward from the lake, the river divides into two +branches, one extending northwest, the other southwest. Many docks have +been built along its fifteen miles of navigable channel, and its banks +are lined with factories, warehouses, coal yards, and grain elevators. + +[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago + CHICAGO'S FIRST GRAIN ELEVATOR] + +These grain elevators are really huge tanks where the grain is stored and +kept dry until time to reship it. There are many of them along the river, +and they bear witness to the fact that Chicago is the world's greatest +grain center. + +In 1838 the city received only seventy-eight bushels of wheat. This was +brought in by wagons rumbling across the unbroken prairie. Canal boats +and railroads have taken the place of the wagons of early days and every +year bring hundreds of millions of bushels of grain from the West to the +elevators along the Chicago River. + +Though much of the grain remains here but a short time and is then +shipped to other points, a great quantity is made into flour in the +city's many flourishing mills. + +[Illustration: A GRAIN ELEVATOR OF TO-DAY] + +Of equal importance with the Chicago River harbor is the great harbor in +South Chicago at the mouth of the Calumet River. Here ships from the Lake +Superior region come with immense cargoes of ore. This ore, together with +the supply of coal from the near-by Illinois coal fields, has developed +the enormous steel industry of South Chicago. + +Vast quantities of steel are turned out. Some of this is shipped to +foreign countries, but most of it is used in Chicago's many foundries for +the making of all kinds of iron and steel articles, in the city's immense +farm-tool factories, and in the shipyards for building large steamships. + +Close to the water front, too, are extensive lumber yards, for Chicago is +the largest lumber market in the United States. Here boats can be seen +unloading millions of feet of timber from the great forests of Michigan +and Wisconsin, sent to Chicago's lumber yards to be distributed far and +wide over the country. Large quantities are also taken to the factories +in the city, to be cut and planed and made into doors, window frames, +furniture, and practically everything that can be made of wood. + +In addition to her inner harbors, Chicago has a fine outer harbor. This +is now being enlarged by the extension of its breakwaters, and a +$5,000,000 pier is under construction which will be more than half a mile +in length and will greatly increase the shipping facilities. + +With all these advantages as a shipping point, thousands of vessels come +to Chicago every year. Steamers connect it with the states along the +Great Lakes and with Canada and the outer world. Its trade with Europe is +large, corn and oats being the chief exports. New York alone in America +surpasses Chicago in the total value of its commerce. + +Of Chicago's nearly 2,500,000 inhabitants a large percentage are foreign +born, Germans, Poles, Irish, and Jews having settled here in great +numbers. About forty languages are spoken, and newspapers are regularly +published in ten of them. + +With its suburbs, Chicago stretches nearly 30 miles along the shore of +Lake Michigan and reaches irregularly inland about 10 miles. The city +limits inclose an area of over 191 square miles, which the two branches +of the Chicago River cut into three parts, known as the South, West, and +North sides. The three divisions of the city are connected by bridges and +by tunnels under the river. + +[Illustration: COURTHOUSE AND CITY HALL] + +Though business is spreading to the West Side, the central business +section is still on the South Side and extends from the Chicago River +beyond Twenty-sixth Street. Most of the great wholesale and retail +houses, banks, theaters, hotels, and public buildings are crowded into +this area, and here is the largest department store in the world, in +which over 9000 people work. The automobile industry alone occupies +nearly all of Michigan Avenue for two miles south of Twelfth Street. + +Surrounding this crowded business section are most of the terminals of +Chicago's many railroads. These connect the city with New York, Boston, +and Philadelphia in the East; with New Orleans, Galveston, and Atlanta in +the South; as well as with San Francisco and the other large cities of +the West. The courthouse and city hall and the new Northwestern Railway +Station are among the city's finest buildings. + +Elevated railways and a freight subway have been built in recent years +and have somewhat relieved the crowded condition of the streets. This +subway, opened in 1905, connects with all the leading business and +freight houses, and carries coal, ashes, garbage, luggage, and heavy +materials of every kind to and from them. + +[Illustration: THE NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION] + +Five miles southwest of the city hall are the Union Stockyards, the +greatest market of any kind in the world, covering about five hundred +acres. When Chicago was only a small village, herds of cattle were driven +across the prairies to be slaughtered in the little packing houses which +grew up along the Chicago River. As the raising of cattle and hogs +increased in the state, most of them were sent to the Chicago market, +and the stockyards continued to develop until to-day they can hold more +than four hundred thousand animals at once. + +[Illustration: CHICAGO TO-DAY] + +Near the yards are the famous packing houses of Chicago, where over two +thirds of the cattle, hogs, and sheep received in the city are +slaughtered and prepared for shipping. The use, during the last forty +years, of refrigerator cars has made possible the sending of dressed +meats to far-distant points, and a great increase in Chicago's packing +business has resulted. + +[Illustration: WHERE CARS ARE MADE] + +Beef, pork, hams, and bacon from Chicago are eaten in every town and city +of America and in many parts of Europe. Other products are lard, soups, +beef extracts, soap, candles, and glue, for every bit of the slaughtered +animal is turned into use. + +[Illustration: THE SKELETON OF A PULLMAN CAR] + +In a district of South Chicago, known as Pullman, are the shops of the +Pullman Palace Car Company and the homes of its army of workmen. Cars of +all sorts are manufactured by the Pullman company, which owns and +operates the dining and sleeping cars on most American railroads. + +[Illustration: THE CAR COMPLETED] + +There is no one striking residence quarter in Chicago, but beautiful +homes are found in many parts of the city. Among the finest streets are +Lake Shore Drive, along the lake front on the North Side, and Drexel and +Grand avenues. + +[Illustration: MICHIGAN BOULEVARD] + +The parks of Chicago are nearly one hundred in number, the most important +being Lincoln, Washington, Humboldt, Garfield, Douglas, and Jackson. +These are connected by boulevards, or parkways, forming a great park +system, sixty miles in length, which encircles the central part of the +city. Lincoln Park borders the lake on the North Side and covers hundreds +of acres, its area having been doubled by filling in along the shores of +the lake. Jackson Park, on the lake shore of the South Side, was the site +of the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the four-hundredth +anniversary of the discovery of America. This park is connected with +Washington Park by what is known as the Midway. Grant Park has been +recently constructed on made land facing the central business portion of +the city. Here is to be located the Field Museum of Natural History. + +Bordering the Midway are the fine stone buildings of The University of +Chicago, opened in 1892. Its growth, like that of Chicago, has been +marvelous. Already it is one of the largest universities of the country. + +[Illustration: © The University of Chicago + THE LAW SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO] + +But with all its parks, its boulevards, its splendid water front, and its +many other advantages, the people of Chicago are not yet satisfied. +To-day they are working to carry out a splendid plan which will give the +city more and larger parks and playgrounds, better and wider streets, and +a really wonderful harbor. All this is being done "that by properly +solving Chicago's problems of transportation, street congestion, +recreation, and public health, the city may grow indefinitely in wealth +and commerce and hold her position among the great cities of the world." + + + =CHICAGO= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over 2,000,000 (2,185,283). + + Second city in population. + + Second only to New York in value of manufactures. + + The leading market in the world for grain and meat products. + + A great iron and steel center. + + Chief lumber and furniture market of the United States. + + Greatest railroad center in the country. + + Most important lake port in the country. + + Has had a remarkable growth in industries and in population. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Tell what you can of Chicago's early history. + + 2. What great disaster befell Chicago in 1871? + + 3. Give five causes for the wonderful growth of Chicago. + + 4. What part has the Chicago River played in the development of the + city? + + 5. Describe a grain elevator. Why are they necessary in handling + grain? + + 6. Name the advantages which Chicago enjoys on account of its + location. + + 7. What are the great wheat-growing states of the United States? + + 8. Give reasons for the development of the following industries in + Chicago: + + Iron and steel industries + Meat packing + Lumber trade + + 9. What are the advantages of water transportation over rail + transportation? + + 10. In what respects is rail transportation better than water + transportation? + + 11. Why was Chicago willing to spend millions of dollars to improve + her water supply? How was this done? + + 12. Where are the workers secured to carry on the great industries of + Chicago? + + 13. Make a table, by measurement of a map of the United States, + showing the distance from Chicago to the following places: + + New York City Denver + Boston Seattle + Washington, D.C. San Francisco + New Orleans St. Louis + + 14. In what respects does Chicago stand first of American cities, and + in what two things does she lead the world? + + 15. Compare Chicago and New York as to exports and value of commerce. + + 16. What is the benefit of parks to a city? What has Chicago done to + make her parks among the best in this country? + + + + + PHILADELPHIA + + +In early days, when there was no United States and our big America was a +vast wilderness inhabited mostly by Indians, people who came here were +thought very adventuresome and brave. + +At that time there lived in England a distinguished admiral who was a +great friend of the royal family. The king owed him about $64,000, and at +his death this claim was inherited by his son, William Penn. Now William +Penn was an ardent Quaker, and because of the persecution of the Quakers +in England he decided to found a Quaker colony in another country. King +Charles II, who seldom had money to pay his debts, was only too glad to +settle Penn's claim by a grant of land in America. To this grant, +consisting of 40,000 square miles lying west of the Delaware River, the +king gave the name Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods." The next year, +1682, William Penn and his Quaker followers entered the Delaware River in +the ship _Welcome_. + +Penn believed in honesty and fair play. He was generous enough not to +limit his colony to one religion or nationality. All who were honest and +industrious were welcome. The laws he made were extremely just, and land +was sold to immigrants on very easy terms. + +[Illustration: PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS] + +Soon after his arrival in America, Penn wisely made a treaty with the +Indians whose wigwams and hunting grounds were on or near the banks of +the Delaware River. Beneath the graceful branches of a great elm he and +the Indian chief exchanged wampum belts, signifying peace and friendship. +In the center of the belt which Penn received are two figures, one +representing an Indian, the other a European, with hands joined in +friendship. This belt is still preserved in Philadelphia by the +Historical Society of Pennsylvania. + +[Illustration: PENN'S WAMPUM BELT] + +[Illustration: LOCATION OF PHILADELPHIA] + +In 1683 Penn laid out in large squares, between the Delaware and +Schuylkill rivers, the beginning of a great city. This city he called +Philadelphia, a word which means "brotherly love." At that time the +so-called city had an area of 2 square miles and a population of only +400. To-day Philadelphia has an area of nearly 130 square miles and a +population of more than a million and a half. It is America's third city +in population, and it ranks third among the manufacturing cities of the +United States. Philadelphia is on the Delaware River, a hundred miles +from the ocean, but it has all the advantages of a seaport, for the river +is deep enough to let great ocean steamers navigate to the city's docks. +Philadelphia's easy access to the vast stores of iron, coal, and +petroleum, for which Pennsylvania is famous, its location on two +tidewater rivers,--the Delaware and the Schuylkill,--and its important +railroads, all have helped to make it a great industrial and commercial +center. One half of the anthracite coal in the United States is mined in +Pennsylvania. Much of it is shipped to Philadelphia and from there by +rail and water to many other states and countries. + +[Illustration: THE OLD STAGE WHICH JOURNEYED FROM PHILADELPHIA TO +PITTSBURGH] + +Some of the greatest manufacturing plants in the United States, in fact +in the world, are in Philadelphia. In certain branches of the textile, or +woven-goods, industry Philadelphia is unsurpassed. In the making of +woolen carpets she leads the world. This industry goes back to +Revolutionary times, when the first yard of carpet woven in the United +States came from a Philadelphia loom. In 1791 a local manufacturer made a +carpet, adorned with patriotic emblems, for the United States Senate. + +Other important industries of the city include the manufacturing of +woolen and worsted goods, hosiery and knit goods, rugs, cotton goods, +felt hats, silk goods, cordage, and twine and the dyeing and finishing of +textiles. The largest lace mill in the world is in Philadelphia. + +[Illustration: OLD IRONSIDES] + +Philadelphia is also noted for the manufacture of iron and steel. The +largest single manufactory in Philadelphia is the Baldwin Locomotive +Works, which is the greatest of its kind. Pictures of the old Flying +Machine, a stagecoach which made trips to New York in 1776, and of Old +Ironsides, the first locomotive built by Matthias W. Baldwin in 1832, +seem very queer in comparison with the powerful 300-ton locomotives built +in Philadelphia to-day. Old Ironsides weighed a little over 4 tons and +lacked power to pull a loaded train on wet and slippery rails; hence the +following notice which appeared in the newspapers: "The locomotive engine +built by Mr. M. W. Baldwin of this city will depart daily when the +weather is fair with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days horses will +be attached." + +Besides the American railroads using Baldwin locomotives, engines built +in this plant are in use in many foreign lands. There is hardly a part of +the world to which one can go where a Philadelphia-made locomotive is +not to be seen. + +[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD] + +Philadelphia holds an important place in the construction of high-grade +machine tools. She has great rolling mills, foundries, and machine shops, +and one of the most famous bridge-building establishments in the world. +Her people smile at being called slow; in fourteen weeks a Philadelphia +concern made from pig iron a steel bridge a quarter of a mile long, +carried it halfway around the world, and set it up over a river in +Africa. + +Shipbuilding in Philadelphia began with the founding of the colony. It +was the first American city to build ships and was also the home of the +steamboat. The first boat to be propelled by steam was built by John +Fitch in Philadelphia in 1786. This was more than twenty years before +Robert Fulton had his first steamboat on the Hudson River. Robert +Fulton, who was a Pennsylvanian by birth, also lived at one time in +Philadelphia. Shipbuilding, to-day, is one of the city's great +industries. + +[Illustration: A PRESENT-DAY LOCOMOTIVE] + +The art of printing has been practiced in Philadelphia since the very +beginning of its history. William Bradford, one of the first colonists, +published an almanac for the year 1687. This was the first work printed +in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin entered the printing business in +Philadelphia in 1723, and six years later published the _Pennsylvania +Gazette_. This was the second newspaper printed in the colony, the first +being the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first edition of which was +printed in Philadelphia in 1719. Both of these papers were very small and +would appear very odd alongside of the daily papers of to-day. The first +complete edition of the Bible printed in the United States was published +by Christopher Saur in Germantown, which is now a part of Philadelphia, +in 1743. Philadelphia ranks first among the cities of the United States +in the publication of scientific books and law books. One of the large +publishing houses of the city now uses over a million dollars' worth of +paper each year. It is interesting to know that when the Revolutionary +War began there were forty paper mills in and near Philadelphia. At that +time, and for many years after, it was the great literary center of the +country. + +[Illustration: IN FAIRMOUNT PARK] + +When William Penn founded his Quaker town in the wilderness, he made +little provision for parks, as at that time the town was so small and was +so surrounded by forests that no parks were needed. But Philadelphia now +possesses the largest park in the United States. This is known as +Fairmount Park, which covers over three thousand acres of land. Splendid +paths and driveways give access to every section of this park. On all +sides one sees beautiful landscape gardening, fine old trees, and +picturesque streams and bridges. Here is a great open amphitheater where +concerts are given during the summer months; here are athletic fields, +playgrounds, race courses, and splendid stretches of water for rowing; +and here also for many years were located the immense waterworks which +pumped the city's water supply from the Schuylkill River. + +[Illustration: ONCE THE HOME OF WILLIAM PENN] + +Among the famous buildings in the park are Memorial Hall and +Horticultural Hall. They were erected at the time of the great Centennial +Exhibition, which was held in Philadelphia in 1876 to celebrate the +hundredth birthday of American independence. Memorial Hall is now used as +an art gallery and city museum. Horticultural Hall contains a magnificent +collection of plants and botanical specimens, brought from many different +countries. + +Another interesting building in Fairmount Park is the little brick house +which was once the home of William Penn. It is said to have been the +first brick house erected in Philadelphia. It stood on a lot south of +Market Street, and between Front and Second streets. Some years ago it +was moved from its original site to Fairmount Park, where thousands of +people now visit it. Here too, before the Revolutionary War, was the home +of Robert Morris, the great American financier, who, during that war, +time and again raised money to pay the soldiers of the American army. + +[Illustration: LOOKING NORTH ON BROAD STREET] + +Many statues of American heroes ornament the driveways and walks of +Fairmount Park. At the Green Street entrance stands one of the finest +equestrian statues of Washington in the country. The carved base, which +is made of granite and decorated with bronze figures, is approached by +thirteen steps, to represent the original thirteen states. + +[Illustration: BALLOON VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT PARK AND THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER, +1000 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND] + +[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA'S WASHINGTON MONUMENT] + +The streets of Philadelphia, while not broad, are well paved, and many of +them are bordered by fine old trees. It was William Penn who named many +of the streets after trees. The names of several of the streets in the +oldest part of the town are recalled in the old refrain: + + Market, Arch, Race, and Vine, + Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine. + +Philadelphia is a city of homes. Besides its splendid residential +suburbs, it has miles of streets lined with neat attractive houses where +live the city's busy workmen. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] + +Perhaps the city hall is the most striking of the notable buildings. It +is a massive structure of marble and granite and stands at the +intersection of Broad and Market streets. This immense building covers +four and a half acres and is built in the form of a hollow square around +an open court. The most attractive feature of the building is the great +tower surmounted by an immense statue of William Penn. This lofty tower +is nearly 548 feet high and is 90 feet square at its base. It is 67 feet +higher than the great Pyramid of Egypt and nearly twice as high as the +dome of the Capitol at Washington. The Washington Monument exceeds it in +height by but a few feet. The great statue of Penn is as tall as an +ordinary three-story house and weighs over 26 tons. It is cast of bronze +and was made of 47 pieces so skillfully put together that the closest +inspection can scarcely discover the seams. Around the head is a circle +of electric lights throwing their brilliant illumination a distance of 30 +miles. To one gazing upwards, the light seems a halo of glory about the +head of the beloved founder of the city. + +[Illustration: THE CITY-HALL STATUE OF PENN] + +Philadelphia has many fine schools, both public and private. The two most +noted educational institutions are the University of Pennsylvania and +Girard College. The University of Pennsylvania was founded largely +through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It now occupies more than fifty +buildings west of the Schuylkill River and is widely known as a center of +learning. + +[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA TO-DAY] + +Girard College was the gift of Stephen Girard, who, from a humble cabin +boy, became one of Philadelphia's richest benefactors. The college is a +charitable institution devoted to the education of orphan boys, who are +admitted to it between the ages of six and ten. Girard left almost his +entire fortune of over $7,000,000 for the establishment of this great +educational home for poor boys. Two millions of this sum were for the +erection of the buildings alone. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES MINT] + +Other prominent educational institutions are the Penn Charter School, +chartered by William Penn; the Academy of Fine Arts; The Drexel Institute +for the promotion of art, science, and industry; the School of Industrial +Art; the School of Design for Women; and several medical colleges which +are among the most noted in the country. + +When the United States became an independent nation it was necessary to +have a coinage system of its own. In 1792 a mint was established in +Philadelphia to coin money for the United States government. All of our +money is not now made in Philadelphia. The paper currency is made in +Washington, and there are mints for the coinage of gold, silver, and +copper in San Francisco, Denver, and New Orleans as well as in +Philadelphia. + +[Illustration: OLD CHRIST CHURCH] + +A visit to the Philadelphia mint is most interesting. Visitors are +conducted through the many rooms of this great money factory and are +shown the successive processes through which the gold, silver, nickel, +and copper must pass before it becomes money. + +We first see the metal in the form of bars or bricks. In another room we +find men at work melting the gold and mixing with it copper and other +metals to strengthen it. Coins of pure gold would wear away very rapidly, +and so these other metals are added. The prepared metal is cast into long +strips, about the width and thickness of the desired coins. In still +another room these strips are fed into a machine which punches out round +pieces of the size and weight required. These disks are then carefully +weighed and inspected, after which they are taken to the coining room to +receive the impression of figures and letters which indicates their +value. One by one the blank disks are dropped between two steel dies. The +upper die bears the picture and lettering which is to appear upon the +face of the coin, and the lower, that which is to appear on the reverse +side. As the disk lies between them the two dies come together, exerting +an enormous pressure upon the cold metal. The pressure is then removed, +and the bright disk drops from the machine, stamped with the impression +which has changed this piece of metal into a coin of the United States. +All coins are made in much the same way. + +[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL] + +In our brief visit we see many wonderful machines for counting, weighing, +and sorting the thousands of coins which are daily produced in this busy +place. At every step we are impressed with the great precautions taken to +safeguard the precious materials handled. + +The old parts of Philadelphia are even more interesting than the mint, +because of their historic associations. Within the distance of a few +squares one may visit famous buildings whose very names send thrills of +pride through the heart of every good American. + +[Illustration: THE LIBERTY BELL] + +Old Christ Church, whose communion service was given by England's Queen +Anne in 1708, is perhaps the most noted of Philadelphia's historic +churches. In this old church Benjamin Franklin worshiped for many years, +and when he died he was buried in its quaint churchyard. And here too +George Washington and John Adams worshiped when Philadelphia was the +capital city. + +Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall ought to be known and remembered +by every boy and girl in America. When the Massachusetts colonists held +the Boston Tea Party, England undertook to punish Massachusetts by +closing her chief port. This meant ruin to Boston. All the English +colonists in America were so aroused that they determined to call a +meeting of representatives from each colony, to consider the wisest +course of action and how to help Massachusetts. It was in Carpenters' +Hall that this first Continental Congress met, in September, 1774. The +building was erected in 1770 as a meeting place for the house carpenters +of Philadelphia--hence its name. + +[Illustration: THE HOME OF BETSY ROSS] + +On Chestnut Street stands the old statehouse, which is called +Independence Hall because it was the birthplace of our liberty. Here it +was that, when all hope of peace between the colonies and England had +been given up, the colonial representatives met in 1776 in the +Continental Congress and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which +declared that England's American colonies should henceforth be free and +independent. While the members of Congress discussed the Declaration and +its adoption, throngs packed the streets outside, impatiently waiting to +know the result. At last the great bell rang out--the signal of the +joyous news that the Declaration of Independence had been adopted. + +Independence Hall was built to be used as a statehouse for the colony of +Pennsylvania. The old building has been kept as nearly as possible in its +original condition and is now considered "A National Monument to the +Birth of the Republic." This sacred spot is under the supervision of the +Sons of the American Revolution and is used as the home of many historic +relics. Among these may be found the Liberty Bell, which hung in the +tower of the statehouse for many years. It was later removed from the +tower and placed on exhibition in the building. It has made many journeys +to exhibitions in various cities, such as New Orleans, Atlanta, Chicago, +Charleston, Boston, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The old bell is now +shown in a glass case at the main entrance to Independence Hall. + +[Illustration: THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG] + +On Arch Street, not far from Independence Hall, is the little house where +it is claimed the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross. + +For ten years, from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the capital of the +United States. In this city Washington and Adams were inaugurated for +their second term as president and vice-president, and here Adams was +inaugurated president in 1797. + +Philadelphia to-day is a great city: great in industry, great in +commerce, and great in near-by resources. Every street of the old part of +the town is rich in historic memories. William Penn dreamed of a +magnificent city, and the City of Brotherly Love is worthy of her +founder's dream. + + + =PHILADELPHIA= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over 1,500,000 (1,549,008). + + Third city in rank according to population. + + Place of great historic interest: + + Founded by William Penn. + Home of Benjamin Franklin. + First Continental Congress met here in 1774. + Declaration of Independence signed here in 1776. + Capital of the nation from 1790 to 1800. + First United States mint located here. + + A great industrial and commercial center. + + Ranks third in the country as a manufacturing city. + + Principal industries: + + Leads the world in the making of woolen carpets. + Has the largest locomotive works in the United States. + Manufactures woolen and worsted goods. + Ranks high in printing and publishing, the refining of sugar, + and shipbuilding. + + Deep-water communication with the sea. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. When, how, and by whom was the site of Philadelphia acquired? + + 2. Compare the city of 1683 with that of to-day. + + 3. How does Philadelphia rank in size and manufactures among the + great cities of the United States? + + 4. Name several advantages which have helped to make the city a great + industrial and commercial center. + + 5. What are the leading exports of the city? + + 6. Name some of the important industries of Philadelphia. + + 7. Tell what you can of Philadelphia's great iron and steel works. + + 8. Tell something of the history and the present importance of + printing in Philadelphia. + + 9. Give some interesting facts about the city's great park. + + 10. State briefly some of the things which may be seen in a visit to + the mint. + + 11. What events of great historical interest have taken place in + Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall? + + + + + ST. LOUIS + + +Soon after Thomas Jefferson became president of the United States, he +bought from France the land known as Louisiana for $15,000,000. This sum +seemed a great deal of money for a young nation to pay out, but the +Louisiana Purchase covered nearly 900,000 square miles and extended from +the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico +to Canada. So when one stops to think that the United States secured the +absolute control of the Mississippi and more than doubled its former area +at a price less than three cents an acre, it is easier to understand why +Jefferson bought than why France sold. + +When Louisiana became part of the United States in 1803, St. Louis was a +straggling frontier village, frequented mostly by boatmen and trappers. +It had been established as a trading post back in 1764 by a party of +French trappers from New Orleans, and had, from the first, monopolized +the fur trade of the upper Mississippi and Missouri River country. Here +hunters and trappers brought the spoils of distant forests. Here the +surrounding tribes of Indians came to trade with the friendly French. +Here countless open boats were loaded with skins and furs and then +floated down the Mississippi. + +[Illustration: LOUISIANA PURCHASE] + +Notwithstanding this flourishing trade, the growth of the settlement was +slow. In 1803 the population numbered less than one thousand, made up of +French trappers and hunters, a few other Europeans and Americans, and a +considerable number of Indians, half-breeds, and negro slaves. + +But as soon as Louisiana belonged to the United States, a new era began +in the West. Emigrants from the Eastern states poured over the +Appalachian Mountains. St. Louis lay right in the path of this overland +east-to-west travel. From here Lewis and Clark started, in 1804, on their +famous exploring trip of nearly two years and a half, up the Missouri +River, to find out for the country what Louisiana was like. It was here +that emigrants headed for the Oregon country stopped to make final +preparations and lay in supplies. The remote trading post of the +eighteenth century was suddenly transformed into a wide-awake bustling +town. + +[Illustration: MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOATS] + +Furs were now no longer the only article of trade. The newly settled +Mississippi valley was producing larger crops each year. Because of the +poor roads, overland transportation to the markets on the Atlantic was +out of the question, and trade was dependent on the great inland +waterways. Early in the century, keel boats and barges carried the +products of field and forest down the Mississippi. Then came the arrival +of the first steamboat, the real beginning of St. Louis' great +prosperity, working wonders for this inland commerce whose growth kept +pace with the marvelous development of the rich Middle West. + +[Illustration: ST. LOUIS AND HER ILLINOIS SUBURBS] + +St. Louis, lying on the west bank of the Mississippi, between the mouths +of the Ohio and Missouri rivers and not far from the Illinois, became the +natural center of this north-and-south river traffic. By 1860 it was the +most important shipping point west of the Alleghenies. + +[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL COURT BUILDING] + +Meanwhile railroad building had begun in the West. Ground was broken in +1850 for St. Louis' first railway, the Missouri Pacific. Other roads were +begun during the next two years. In a short time the whole country was +covered with a network of railroads, and a change in the methods of +transportation followed. The steamboats were unable to compete with their +new rivals in speed--a tremendous advantage in carrying passengers and +perishable freight--and their former importance quickly grew less. + +St. Louis lost nothing by the change. Many of the cross-continent +railroads, following the old pioneer trails, met here. To-day more than +twenty-five railroads enter the city, connecting it with the remotest +parts of the United States as well as with Canada and Mexico. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] + +St. Louis now has about 700,000 inhabitants and occupies nearly 65 square +miles of land, which slopes gradually from the water's edge to the +plateau that stretches for miles beyond the western limits of the city. +The city is laid out in broad straight streets, crossing each other at +right angles wherever possible and numbered north and south from Market +Street. + +The shopping district lies mainly between Broadway,--the fifth street +from the river,--Twelfth Street, Pine Street, and Franklin Avenue. The +financial center is on Fourth Street and Broadway, while Washington +Avenue, between Fourth and Eighteenth streets, is one of the greatest +"wholesale rows" in the West. + +Besides its public schools--which include a teachers' college--and +private schools, St. Louis has two higher institutions of learning, +Washington University and St. Louis University. + +Among the most important public buildings in the business section are the +municipal court building, the city hall, the courthouse, and the public +library. + +[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY] + +The St. Louis Union Station, used by all railroads entering the city, is +one of the largest and finest stations in the world. Pneumatic tubes +connect it with the post office and the customhouse, while underground +driveways and passages for handling bulky freight, express, and mail +matter radiate from it in all directions. + +Almost directly west of the business section, on the outskirts of the +city, lies Forest Park, the largest of St. Louis' many recreation +grounds. It covers more than thirteen hundred acres of field and forest +land, left largely in a natural state. Here is the City Art Museum, which +was part of the Art Palace of the world's fair held in St. Louis in 1904 +to celebrate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. + +[Illustration: THE UNION STATION] + +The beautiful Missouri Botanical Garden, generally known as Shaw's +Garden, is open for the use of the public. Compton Hill Reservoir Park, +on the South Side, though small, is one of the finest in the city. Its +water tower and basins are a part of the municipal water system, costing +more than $30,000,000. The city water is pumped from the Mississippi +River and purified as it passes into great settling basins. + +Though St. Louis' attractive houses are found almost everywhere outside +the strictly business quarters, the real residence section has gradually +been growing toward Forest Park, and many of the city's business men have +built homes in the suburbs beyond the western limits of the city. One of +these suburbs, University City, bids fair to become America's most +beautiful residence town. + +Unlike most of our large cities, St. Louis has no sharply defined factory +district. Its manufacturing establishments are distributed over nearly +the whole city. An important part of its manufacturing interests centers +on the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the city's Illinois suburbs. + +[Illustration: THE ART MUSEUM] + +The industrial development of these Illinois suburbs was greatly +increased by the opening of the Eads Bridge in 1874. Before this time +there had been no bridge connection over the Mississippi. Passengers and +freight ferries had plied regularly between St. Louis and her suburbs +across the river, but there were seasons when floating ice made the river +impassable, sometimes cutting off communication between the two shores +for days. + +The Eads Bridge is 6220 feet long and is so built that the railroad +tracks cross it on a level lower than the carriage drives and foot paths. +With its completion, communication between opposite sides of the river +became as easy as between different parts of the city. + +[Illustration: THE EADS BRIDGE] + +Other bridges have since been built. In 1890 the Merchants Bridge, used +solely by railroads, was built across the Mississippi three miles to the +north of Eads Bridge, and now there is the McKinley Bridge between the +two. In addition to these the city is building a bridge which, when +completed, will be open to traffic without toll charges. + +[Illustration: SHAW'S GARDEN] + +[Illustration: A PUBLIC BATH] + +Among the Illinois suburbs thus brought into closer touch with the +western side of the river are East St. Louis,--a growing city of about +75,000,--Venice, Madison, Granite City, and Belleville. Being principally +manufacturing communities, these cities contribute in no small degree to +St. Louis' importance as an industrial center. + +[Illustration: A MISSOURI COAL MINE] + +St. Louis' importance, however, is mainly due to the city's favorable +location at the heart of one of the world's richest river valleys. The +vast natural resources of the Middle West are at her command. Raw +materials of every kind abound almost at her door. Missouri ranks high +as an agricultural and mining state. Its position in the great corn belt +makes hog raising a highly profitable industry. The prairies to the north +furnish extensive grazing areas for cattle. The Ozark Mountains to the +southwest afford excellent pasturage for sheep and yield lumber as well +as great quantities of lead, zinc, and other minerals. In addition, the +state has large deposits of soft coal, while only the Mississippi +separates St. Louis from the unlimited supply of the Illinois coal +fields. As a result, the cost of manufacturing is low and the city's many +and varied industries thrive. Chief among these is the manufacture of +boots and shoes. Though this business is comparatively young in the West, +St. Louis already ranks among the three leading footwear-producing +cities of the country, turning out over $50,000,000 worth of boots and +shoes yearly. Most of these are of the heavier type made for country +trade, but the output of finer footwear is steadily increasing. + +[Illustration: MAKING SHOES] + +Next in importance are the tobacco, meat-packing, and malt-liquor +industries. St. Louis is one of the leading cities in the country in the +manufacture of tobacco. The meat-packing establishments, including those +in East St. Louis, hold fourth place among America's great packing +centers. Its mammoth breweries lead the country in the output of beer. +Flour mills, foundries, and sugar refineries also do an immense business. +Street and railroad cars, stoves of all kinds, paints, oils, and white +lead are made in scores of factories, while hundreds of other industries +flourish in the city, making it one of the greatest workshops in the +United States. + +[Illustration: MULES IN A STOCKYARD] + +Important as St. Louis is as a manufacturing city, it is even more noted +as a distributing center, its location making it the natural commercial +metropolis of the Mississippi valley. It markets not only its own +manufactures but products which represent every section of the country. +The vast territory to the west and southwest depends almost entirely on +St. Louis for its supply of dry goods and groceries. Other staples are +boots and shoes, tobacco, hardware, timber, cotton, breadstuffs, cattle, +and hogs. + +In the handling of furs St. Louis leads the cities of the world. She also +holds a high place among the great grain markets. In this country her +annual receipts of corn, wheat, and oats are exceeded only by those of +Chicago and Minneapolis. Shipments of grain and breadstuffs to Central +and South America, Cuba, Great Britain, and Germany constitute the city's +leading exports. + +As a live-stock market it is no less important. The National Stockyards, +located on the Illinois side of the river, contain several hundred acres. +Though packing houses and slaughtering houses occupy some of this land, +the main part is covered with sheds, pens, and enclosures for the +reception and sale of live animals. Millions of cattle, hogs, and sheep +are handled here every year. St. Louis also buys and sells hundreds of +thousands of horses and mules, being the largest market for draft animals +in the world. + +Just as the frontier trading post of the eighteenth century grew into the +thriving river port of the nineteenth, so the river port of the +nineteenth century has developed into one of the leading railroad and +commercial centers of the twentieth. And the fourth city of America in +size is now St. Louis. + + + =ST. LOUIS= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (687,029). + + Fourth city according to population. + + Well located; center of the Mississippi valley, between the mouths of + the Missouri and Ohio rivers. + + Important shipping point by rail and water. + + A great railroad center. + + The leading market in the world for furs and draft animals. + + One of the greatest boot-and-shoe-manufacturing centers. + + One of the chief markets in the United States for grain, flour, and + live stock. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Why did Jefferson buy the country included in the Louisiana + Purchase? + + 2. Give a brief account of the Louisiana Purchase; from whom + purchased, the cost, the territory included. + + 3. Tell what you know of St. Louis before the Louisiana Purchase. + + 4. What brought about the sudden and rapid growth of St. Louis after + the purchase? + + 5. What effect did the railroads have upon St. Louis' water + transportation? Why? + + 6. Describe the St. Louis Union Station. + + 7. What three bridges were built across the Mississippi at St. Louis, + and why? + + 8. To what does St. Louis owe her importance as an industrial center? + + 9. In what lines does St. Louis lead the world? + + 10. Name some of the products sent to St. Louis from the neighboring + country. + + 11. What are some of her most important industries? + + 12. Name some of the things which St. Louis supplies to other + sections of the country. + + 13. In what business has St. Louis held an important place from its + beginning? + + 14. By consulting a map, find what great railroad systems run to St. + Louis. + + + + + BOSTON + + +Let us take a trip to New England and visit Boston. Boston is New +England's chief city in size, in population, in historic interest, and in +importance. It is the capital of Massachusetts and the fifth city in size +in the United States. + +If we were going to visit some far-away cousins whom we had never seen, +we should surely want to know something about their age, their +appearance, and their habits. Would it not be just as interesting to find +out these things about the city we are to see on our journey? + +In the early days the Indians called the district where Boston now stands +Shawmut, or "living waters." The first white man to come to Shawmut was +William Blackstone, a hermit who made his home on the slope of what is +now Beacon Hill. Though Blackstone liked to be alone, he was unselfish. +So when he heard that the settlers of a Puritan colony not far away were +suffering for want of pure water, he went to their governor, John +Winthrop, "acquainted him with the excellent spring of water that was on +his land and invited him and his followers thither." Blackstone's offer +was gladly accepted. The Puritans purchased Shawmut from the Indians +and in 1630 began their new settlement, which they named Boston in honor +of the English town which had been the home of some of their leading men. + +[Illustration: MAP OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY] + +Originally Boston was a little irregular peninsula of scarcely 700 acres, +entirely cut off from the mainland at high tide. It did not take the +colonists long, however, to outgrow these narrow quarters. They soon +filled in the marshes and coves with land from the hills. They spread out +over two small islands and made them part of Boston. Then, one by one, +they took in neighboring settlements. And from this start Boston has +grown, until to-day it has an area of about 43 square miles and a +population of nearly 700,000. + +We must get a clear idea of these various districts of Boston. If not, we +shall be puzzled to meet friends from Roxbury or Dorchester and hear them +say that they live in Boston. There is Boston proper, the old Boston +before it annexed its neighbors; East Boston, comprising two islands in +the harbor which joined Boston in 1635 and 1637; then, annexed from time +to time, come Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown,--the scene of the Battle +of Bunker Hill,--West Roxbury, and Brighton; and last, Hyde Park, which, +by the vote of its people and the citizens of Boston, joined the city in +November, 1911. These have all kept their original names, but have given +up their local governments to share Boston's larger privileges and +advantages. So remember that when we meet friends from Roxbury, West +Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, East Boston, South Boston, or Hyde Park, +they are all Boston people. The children from these districts would +resent it if they were not known as Boston boys and girls just as much +as those who live in the very heart of the city. + +[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL] + +While we have been reading all this, our boat has been drawing closer to +the city, and now we must gather up our wraps and bags and be ready to +start out. We see a very busy harbor, its noisy tugs drawing the +sullen-looking coal barges; its graceful schooners loaded to the water's +edge with lumber; and its fishing boats with their dirty sails, not +attractive but doing the work that has placed Boston first in importance +as a fishing port. Crowded steamers and ferryboats pass swiftly by, while +huge ocean steamships may be seen poking their noses out from their docks +at East Boston and South Boston or heading toward the city with their +thousands of eager passengers. + +As we hurry along with our fellow travelers we must decide how best to +reach our hotel. There are taxicabs and carriages for some; electric +cars, both surface and elevated, for the many. Boston has excellent car +and train service. The Boston Elevated Railway Company controls most of +the car lines in the city as well as in the outlying towns. This makes it +possible for us to ride for a nickel an average distance of at least five +miles. + +[Illustration: A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BOSTON] + +A line of elevated trains running across the city connects West Roxbury +on the south with Charlestown on the north. Some of these trains pass +through the Washington Street tunnel, from which numerous well-lighted, +well-ventilated stations lead directly to the shopping and business +section of the city. On this elevated road are two huge terminal +stations, into which rush countless surface cars, bringing from all +points north and south the immense crowds of suburbanites who come to +Boston proper each day, to work or on pleasure bent. + +Chelsea folks come to the city by ferry or by electric car, while those +from East Boston have two ferry lines as well as a tunnel for cars under +the harbor. + +The city proper has two immense union railroad depots, the North and the +South station, where hundreds of local, as well as long-distance, trains +leave and arrive each day. The railroads entering Boston are the Boston & +Albany, which, by means of the New York Central lines, connects with the +West; the Boston & Maine, leading northward to Maine and Canada; and the +New York, New Haven & Hartford, which connects by way of New York with +various points in the South. + +All these transportation advantages have made Boston an excellent place +in which to live, as its suburbs afford the benefits of country life +while yet they are within a few minutes' ride of a big city. + +There are several ways in which we can see Boston. We may climb into one +of the great sight-seeing autos and ride from point to point while the +man with the megaphone calls our attention to the interesting landmarks +and gives their history; we can engage a guide who will take us from +place to place; or we can simply follow the directions of our guide book. + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH STATION] + +No trip to Boston is complete without a visit to the State House, or +capitol, whose gilded dome is seen glittering in the sunlight by day and +sparkling with electric lights by night. It is situated on Beacon Hill, +the highest point of land in the city proper. Up to 1811 one peak of the +hill was as high as the gilded dome is now, and on its summit a beacon +was set up as early as 1634, to warn the people in the surrounding +country of approaching disaster. It seems, however, that the beacon was +never used, and during the Revolution the British pulled it down and +built a fort in its place. + +Even if there were no gilded dome on the State House, the building itself +is handsome enough to attract attention. It was designed in 1795 by +Charles Bulfinch, a famous architect. The front of the building to-day is +the historic Bulfinch front. But as Boston grew, so also did the State +House, and additions were made in 1853, in 1889, and in 1915, until now +we have the impressive building we are about to enter. + +[Illustration: DRILLING ON THE COMMON] + +But stop after climbing the main steps, turn around, and look at the +green field before you. This is Boston Common, the famous Boston Common +where the people of long ago used to pasture their cows; where the +British in the early days of the Revolution set up their fortified camps +during the siege of Boston; and where, at the present time, the admiring +relatives of the high-school boys assemble yearly to see them go through +their military drill. Situated as it is in the very heart of the city, +Boston Common is the resting place, the breathing place, for thousands. +It is the people's playground. Fireworks, band concerts, public speaking, +all prove that its public character has never been lost, and that it is +now as much of a Common as it was in 1649, when it was first laid out. By +a wise clause in the city charter, this Common cannot be sold or leased +without the consent of the citizens. + +[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE COMMON, SHOWING THE SHAW MEMORIAL] + +The Common contains many memorials erected by a grateful people. The most +conspicuous is the Army and Navy Monument, which reaches far above the +trees. Directly opposite the State House is the Shaw Memorial, a +wonderful bronze bas-relief by Saint Gaudens, showing the gallant Colonel +Shaw and his colored regiment. + +The sight of Shaw's earnest young face amid his dusky followers prepares +us for entering Doric Hall in the State House, set apart as a memorial +for those who died in their country's cause. We look with awe and +reverence on the flags whose worn and tattered edges tell plainly of the +struggles of their bearers and defenders. + +[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE CODFISH] + +Let us peep into the Senate chamber and into the hall of the House of +Representatives with its historic codfish suspended from the ceiling, a +reminder of a most humble source of Massachusetts' wealth. We will then +climb to the dome and see Boston before a cold east wind sweeps suddenly +in, covering the city with fog and making all misty and uncertain. As we +reach the highest point, it really seems as if the fog had rolled in, but +it is only a fog of smoke from the many chimneys of the city's countless +factories. + +[Illustration: THE STATE HOUSE] + +As our eyes get accustomed to the view, the mist seems to roll away, and +the city lies before us. That blue line to the east is the harbor, and +between us and the harbor is the business section of Boston, the noisy, +throbbing heart of a big city. Directly back of us as we stand facing the +water is the West End, once a fashionable section where Boston's literary +men held court, now a district largely given over to tenements and +lodging-houses. To the north and south lie the North and South ends; the +former, the oldest of the city and the great foreign district of the +present time, where children from many lands have their homes. + +[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT] + +That broad winding stream of water that we see is the Charles River. Just +beyond it to the north is Charlestown, its Bunker Hill Monument towering +up for all to see. The city of Cambridge is just across the Charles River +to the west, and next to it, skirting the southern bank of the river, is +the district of Brighton. South Boston, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Hyde Park, +and Dorchester lie toward the south. Among the many islands in the +harbor, East Boston is the most crowded and the closest to the city +proper. Towards the southwest, between us and the Charles, lies Back Bay, +once tidewater but now filled in and made into land. Look around you and +notice how the surrounding parts of Boston form a chain about their +parent, a chain broken only by Cambridge--the seat of Harvard +University--and Brookline,--Massachusetts' wealthiest town,--which +refuses to become a city or to join its larger neighbor. + +[Illustration: WASHINGTON STREET] + +As we leave the State House, a few minutes' walk brings us to the heart +of Boston's great shopping district and to Boston's leading business +street. You will be glad to know that this street is called neither Main +Street nor Broadway, but Washington Street. Originally, part was known +as Orange, part as Marlborough, and part as Newbury. But when, at the +close of the Revolution, Washington rode through the city at the head of +a triumphal procession, the people renamed the street along which he +passed, Washington, and so it is called to-day in all its ten miles of +length. Washington Street is very narrow in parts, and as it is lined on +both sides with some of Boston's largest and finest department stores, it +presents a very animated appearance on a week-day afternoon. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF BOSTON] + +Stop for a moment on busy Newspaper Row. Here a bystander may read the +news of the world as it is posted hourly upon the great bulletin boards +of the various newspaper offices. + +Parallel to Washington Street, and connected with it by many short +streets, is Tremont Street, another old historic road. Originally Tremont +Street was a path outlined by William Blackstone's cows on their way to +pasture; now it is second only to Washington Street in importance. + +Washington Street is really the main dividing line between the retail and +wholesale parts of the city. The water front is the great wholesale +section. Here there is a constant odor of leather in the air, and great +heavy wagons laden with hides are continually passing to and from the +wharves and stations. When we stop and consider that Boston and the +neighboring cities of Brockton and Lynn are among the largest +shoe-manufacturing cities in the world, then we do not wonder at the +leather we see. It is no vain boast to say that in every quarter of the +world may be seen shoes that once, in the form of leather, were carted +through the streets of Boston. + +[Illustration: BOSTON'S LAND AND WATER CONNECTIONS] + +What is true of leather is also true of cotton and wool. Lowell, Fall +River, and New Bedford are calling for cotton to be made into cloth in +their busy mills, while Lawrence is the greatest wool-manufacturing city +in the country. Boston, with its harbor and great railroad terminals, is +constantly receiving these materials and distributing them to these +cities. + +The finished cloths often return to Boston to be cut and made into +clothes, and an army of men and women cut and sew from day to day on +garments for people far distant from Boston as well as for those near +home. + +One glance at the wharves along Atlantic Avenue and Commercial Street and +our glimpse of busy Boston will be ended. Here are wharves and piers +jutting out into the harbor, where are boats of every kind from every +land. New York alone among American cities outranks Boston in the value +of her foreign commerce. From one large steamer thousands of green +bananas are being carried. They will be sold to the many fruit dealers, +from those whose show windows are visions of beauty, to the Greek or +Italian peddler who pushes his hand cart out into the suburbs. + +Some of the steamers are already puffing with importance as if to hasten +the steps of travelers who are on their way to board ship for different +ports in the South, for Nova Scotia and other points north, or perhaps to +cross the Atlantic. + +Two of the wharves--T Wharf and the new fishing pier--are devoted to the +fishing industry. From the banks of Newfoundland and the other splendid +fishing grounds along the coast from Cape Cod to Labrador, fishermen are +constantly bringing their catches to Boston, their chief market. In +addition, Gloucester and other fishing ports re-ship most of the fish +brought to them to the Boston market. Is it any wonder that Boston ranks +first of all the cities of the United States in the fish trade? In 1910 +Boston received and marketed $10,500,000 worth of fish--more than any +other American city, and exceeded by only one other port in the world. + +[Illustration: A FISHING FLEET] + +In this neighborhood too is a tablet marking the site of Griffin's Wharf, +where the Boston Tea Party of the Revolution took place. We remember how +the people of Boston refused to pay the tax on tea; how the shiploads +of tea sent from England remained unloaded at the wharf; and how, +finally, after an indignation meeting had been held at the Old South +Meeting House, a band of men and boys, disguised as Indians, boarded the +vessels, ripped open the chests, and emptied all the cargo into the +harbor. It was rightly called the Boston Tea Party. + +[Illustration: © Dadmun Co. Boston + BOSTON'S NEW CUSTOMHOUSE] + +As we are so close to the North End, we may as well go there at once. The +North End is the oldest section of Boston. It was here that Samuel Adams, +John Hancock, Paul Revere, and other patriots had their headquarters +during the troublous times before the Revolution. Paul Revere, of whose +famous ride we have all read in Longfellow's poem, lived and carried on +his business in this very district. If we wish, we can see his home as +well as the famous Old North Church, where his friend hung the lanterns +warning him of the movements of the British. + +[Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH] + +But to-day there is little else to remind us of the past. As we cross +North Square and see the gesticulating, dark-skinned men, the stout, +gayly kerchiefed women in the doorways, and the hordes of dark-eyed +children on street and sidewalk, we wonder if by mistake we have not +entered some city in southern Europe. To-day the North End of Boston is +the great foreign section of the city. Here live the Jews, Italians, and +Russians. They tell us that more than one third of the entire population +of the city are foreigners. + +[Illustration: THE NORTH END] + +But when a group of boys rushes toward us, each begging to be our guide +to the Old North Church, to Paul Revere's house, or to the famous Copp's +Hill Burying Ground,--all for a nickel,--we are sure we are in America +and gladly follow our leader through the narrow, crooked streets. + +From among the parents of these children come the fruit peddlers, the +clothing makers, the street musicians, and the great army of laborers +which helps to keep the city in repair. + +[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE] + +Are we tired of the noise and confusion of the crowded tenement district? +If so, let us go to the broad streets and beautiful parks of the Back +Bay, the abode of the wealthy. The Back Bay, as its name suggests, was +originally the Back Cove, and where these houses now stand, the waves +once danced in glee. But Boston filled in the marshes and coves and +laid out fine streets on the newly made land. Here is the famous +Beacon Street, and parallel to it is Boston's most beautiful +thoroughfare,--Commonwealth Avenue,--two hundred and twenty feet wide, +with a parkway running through the center. See the children with their +nurses, playing on the grass or roller skating on the broad sidewalks, +apparently no happier than the little ones of the North End. + +But it is not merely its fine streets and homes that make the Back Bay +the handsomest part of the city. In this section are many of Boston's +finest public buildings. Come to Copley Square, the most beautiful in the +city. Here stands Trinity Church,--Phillips Brooks' church,--a +magnificent structure of granite with sandstone trimmings. Phillips +Brooks was for a brief year the Protestant Episcopal bishop of +Massachusetts. He was loved by those of all denominations. After his +death the citizens of Boston united in erecting a splendid memorial, in +token of their love for him and their gratitude for his services. The +statue is by Augustus Saint Gaudens and is considered one of the greatest +works of that great sculptor. + +[Illustration: COMMONWEALTH AVENUE] + +On Copley Square we see also the New Old South Church and the Boston +Public Library. + +Boston is very proud of her public library, and rightly so, for it is not +only one of the finest buildings in Boston but also one of the finest +libraries in the country. Look at the magnificent marble staircase, the +curiously inlaid floor and ceiling of the entrance hall, the graceful +statues, the wonderful paintings, and the fine courtyard with its +sparkling fountain. On the floors above are the children's room with its +low tables and chairs and rows upon rows of interesting books; Bates +Hall, a most attractive reading room; Sargent's mystical paintings; and +Edwin A. Abbey's series of paintings, which are called "The Quest of the +Holy Grail." + +[Illustration: PHILLIPS BROOKS' MEMORIAL] + +Besides the main library there are branch libraries or reading rooms in +every section of the city. Altogether the Boston Public Library contains +over one million volumes, making it the largest circulating library in +the United States. + +But there are other buildings in the Back Bay which rival those on Copley +Square. We should see the Christian Science church with its massive dome; +the Boston Opera House; and Symphony Hall, the home of the famous Boston +Symphony Orchestra, known the country over. + +[Illustration: BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY] + +The Boston Museum of Fine Arts stood originally on Copley Square, but in +1909 a new and magnificent building was opened, farther out in the Back +Bay. Not far from the new museum stands the Harvard Medical School, an +imposing group of five white-marble buildings. + +But now we are tired of buildings, so come into the Public Garden--the +gateway to the Back Bay--and while you rest I will tell you about +Boston's parks. Sitting in the beautiful Public Garden, it will not be +hard for you to believe that the park system of Boston is the finest in +the country. The first park was, as we have seen, the Common. For many +years the Common was not a place of beauty. Edward Everett Hale spoke of +it as a "pasture for cows, a playground for children, a training ground +for the militia, a place for beating carpets." Many changes have taken +place on the Common since the old days, but two of the characteristics +still remain. Boston Common is still a playground for children, and +military drills are still to be seen there from time to time. + +The Common is just across Charles Street from the Public Garden--the +second great park to be laid out in Boston. This Public Garden was +reclaimed from the marshes, and at present covers about twenty-four and a +half acres. It is truly a garden, and during the spring, summer, and fall +nearly every species of beautiful flower, plant, and shrub may here be +seen--a riot of color and beauty. + +But the people of Boston did not stop even with the Public Garden. The +city of Boston has, besides, numerous small squares at intervals through +the city. She also has vast tracts of rural land, which, unlike the +Public Garden, are left to their own wild beauty. Owing to Boston's +expanse of water front, it is possible for her to have both inland and +ocean parks, where may be found all kinds of open-air sports and +recreations. + +Some of the most important of these parks are Franklin Park, the Fens, +the Arnold Arboretum, Marine Park, and the Charles River Basin. In the +Arnold Arboretum, the property of Harvard College, are rare shrubs and +trees. Fortunate is the one who can visit it in lilac time, when scores +of varieties of lilacs, both white and many shades of violet, scent the +air with their delicate perfumes. + +The best example of the ocean parkways is Marine Park. There one finds +extensive bathhouses, a good beach, lawns, and a long pier extending +several hundred feet out into the water. Connected with Marine Park by a +long bridge is Castle Island, the site of Fort Independence. + +The Charles River Basin is a popular promenade. This river, until +recently, showed for many hours of the day the uncovered mud flats of low +tide. Now by means of a dam it has been turned into a great fresh-water +lake. Cambridge and Boston have laid out parkways on either side of the +river, and before long further improvements will make this basin even +more attractive. + +Through the influence of Boston the surrounding cities and towns have +given certain large areas of great natural beauty to form the +Metropolitan Park System. This Metropolitan Park System consists of 3 +forest reserves of 7000 acres of woodland, 30 miles of river park, 10 +miles of seacoast, and 40 miles of connecting parkways. + +Two great ocean parks in the system are Revere Beach and Nantasket, both +favorite summer resorts, while the most noted inland reservations are the +Blue Hills and the Middlesex Fells. + +A Roman matron of long ago, when asked to show her jewels, pointed to her +sons with pride, saying, "These are my jewels." And so it is with Boston. +She is proud of her history, her fine public buildings, her busy +thoroughfares, her parks, her great centers of industry, and her +commerce; but most of all, she is proud of her more than ninety thousand +school children. + +From the earliest times Boston's schools have ranked among the best in +the country. The first public school in America was established in +Dorchester, and some of the greatest educators, such as Horace Mann and +Charles W. Eliot, have been associated with Boston or its suburbs. + +[Illustration: © Leon Dadmun, Boston, 1903 + THE HARVARD YARD] + +Boston is the home of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a famous +training college in applied sciences; Simmons College for women; the +Harvard Medical College; Boston College (Roman Catholic); Boston +University; the Normal Art School; the Conservatory of Music; the Emerson +School of Oratory; and other schools of high standing. Harvard, the +oldest and largest university in the country, has its home in Cambridge. +Radcliffe, a college for women, whose pupils receive the same courses of +instruction as the students in Harvard, is also in Cambridge. Tufts +College is in the neighboring city of Medford, while in the beautiful +hill town of Wellesley, a suburb of Boston, is Wellesley College, a +woman's college of high rank. + +But now, if we hurry, we shall be just in time to see the children +flocking in crowds to one of their many playgrounds. Here they find +swings and other apparatus for sport; and here they may play tennis, +baseball, or football in the spring, summer, and fall. In the winter +months they may make use of the ice, which is kept in good condition for +the skater. In the various districts, also, are swimming pools and indoor +gymnasiums, where old and young meet for recreation as well as for +physical training. + +Having seen Boston at work and at play, we now ask ourselves where the +food comes from to feed this vast multitude. Its meats, flour, and grain +of all kinds are brought into its huge freight stations from the West. +Its great ocean trade with the ports in the South as well as in Europe +and Asia supplies other food necessities and luxuries. New England is a +great dairy center, and much of the city's milk, butter, and other dairy +products comes to Boston each morning from New Hampshire, Vermont, and +western Massachusetts. The purity of the milk is carefully watched, and +it is impossible to buy even a pint of milk in anything but a sealed jar. + +Boston's drinking-water is equally well guarded. The water, as well as +the sewage, is under the control of the Metropolitan Water and Sewage +Commission. There is a high-pressure distributing station at Chestnut +Hill, which gives power sufficient to force water to the highest of +Boston's buildings. + +The sewage of the down-town sections of the city is collected in a main +drainage system, pumped through a tunnel under Dorchester Bay to Moon +Island, held in large reservoirs, and discharged into the water when the +tide is going out. The sewage of the outlying districts is conveyed to +various places in the harbor and discharged into the water at a depth of +thirty or forty feet, where it can be quickly carried out to sea. + +Our stay in Boston is now at an end. Not only have we traveled over many +miles of her streets and visited her famous State House, her busy +wharves, and her interesting playgrounds, but we have reviewed many +events of her thrilling history. What of all we have seen or heard is it +most important for us to remember? First, that Boston is the fifth city +in size in the United States; second, that she is the capital city of +Massachusetts; third, that she is the chief trade center of New England; +and fourth, that among America's cities she ranks second only to New York +in foreign commerce. Then we must not forget the important place she +holds in the early history of our country. + +As we traveled into Boston, so we will journey out again. And with the +last of the great city fading from our view, we call to mind the +large-hearted Blackstone and say to ourselves, "Quite a change from the +hermit's home on the sunny slope of Beacon Hill." + + + =BOSTON= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (670,585). + + Fifth in rank according to population. + + Ranks first among American cities in fish and wool trades. + + Chief trade center of New England. + + Principal industries (as measured by value of products): + + Printing and publishing; manufacture of boots and shoes, of + clothing, of foundry and machine-shop products. + + Place of great historical interest. + + One of the leading educational centers of the United States. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Tell something of the settlement and the early history of Boston. + + 2. Tell of the Boston Tea Party. + + 3. Tell the story of the naming of Boston's leading business street. + + 4. Why is Boston's chief park called the Common? + + 5. Compare the North End during Revolutionary times with the same + district to-day. + + 6. What is there of interest in Back Bay? in Copley Square? + + 7. Describe some of the busy scenes which may be observed along the + wharves of the city. + + 8. Tell something about the street railways and other means of + transportation. + + 9. Give a brief description of the Boston Public Library. + + 10. Tell what you know of Harvard University. What other noted + schools are in or near Boston? + + 11. Name some of the advantages which Boston enjoys on account of her + splendid harbor. + + 12. Give some facts about the commercial importance of Boston. + + 13. In the manufacture of what three products does Boston, with her + neighboring cities, rank high? + + 14. Why is a codfish suspended in the hall of the House of + Representatives in the State House? + + + + + CLEVELAND + + +In the days that followed the Revolution, Connecticut claimed certain +lands south of Lake Erie. A large part of these she sold to the +Connecticut Land Company, who wanted to colonize the country and +establish New Connecticut. + +It was in 1796 that the Connecticut Land Company sent General Moses +Cleaveland west, to survey the land and choose a site for a settlement. +After surveying about sixty miles, Cleaveland fixed on a plateau just +south of Lake Erie, where the Cuyahoga River runs into the lake. Soon the +settlement was laid out with a square and two main streets and was very +properly called Cleaveland. The name was spelled with an _a_, just as +Moses Cleaveland spelled his name. There is no _a_ in the city's name +to-day, the story being that the extra letter was dropped, and the new +spelling adopted, in 1831, through a newspaper's claiming that the _a_ +would not fit conveniently into its headline. + +At first the new settlement did not prosper. The soil was poor, and +commerce along the Ohio River attracted immigrants into the interior. +Those that stayed in Cleveland had a hard struggle with fever. The mouth +of the Cuyahoga River was frequently choked with sand, making the water +in the river's bed stagnant and furnishing a breeding place for +malaria-carrying mosquitoes. During the summer and autumn of 1798 affairs +were in a desperate condition. Every one in the settlement was miserable. +There was no flour, and for two months Nathaniel Doan's boy was the only +person strong enough to go to the house of one James Kingsbury, on the +highlands back of the town, for corn. This he carried to a gristmill at +Newburgh, six miles to the south, and had it ground into meal for the +sick. + +Besides the suffering caused by fever, there was danger of Indian attacks +and the ever-present dread of the wolves and bears which prowled about +the settlement, so that no one dared go out at night unarmed, and no door +was left without a loaded musket to guard it. + +But in spite of the dangers of these early years, the settlers for the +most part led a busy, happy life. The women especially had their hands +full--keeping their houses clean and neat; doing the cooking and baking; +spinning, weaving, cutting out, and sewing the clothes for their families +(usually large) and knitting their stockings. Then there were the sick to +be visited and nursed, and the neighbors to be helped with their +quilting. + +When a new settler arrived, all the men would pitch in and help in the +"cabin raising," finishing the work in short order. They often ended up +with a jolly dance, though the music was sometimes nothing more than the +whistling of the dancers. + +For the first ten years Cleveland was only a hamlet of a few dozen +people. Still it continued to exist, and in 1815 was incorporated as a +village. Another year saw the first bank started, and before long its +first newspaper was printed. This paper was supposed to be a weekly, but +often appeared only every ten, twelve, or fifteen days, at the +convenience of the editor. + +Already, in supplying her own needs, Cleveland was laying the foundation +for some of her future industries. In fact, soon after the settlement was +founded, Nathaniel Doan built a blacksmith shop on what is now Superior +Avenue. Though the shop was only a rude affair built of logs, it deserves +the name of Cleveland's first manufacturing plant. Here Nathaniel Doan +not only shod the few horses which needed his services but made tools as +well. A gristmill and sawmill came next, and then began the building of +small schooners. + +In the early years of the nineteenth century there was practically no way +of communicating with the settlements on the Ohio River. And except for +an occasional party of French and Indians, there was no means of hearing +from Detroit. In 1818, however, regular stage routes began to be opened. +One line went to Columbus, one to Norwalk, and one to Painesville. This +last route advertised that its stage would leave Cleveland at two on +Friday afternoon and would reach Painesville on Saturday morning at +eight--a journey which to-day can easily be made by automobile in a +little more than an hour. Turnpikes soon displaced these rough stage +routes, and over them great six-horse wagons drew freight into Cleveland. + +Though all these things helped Cleveland, it was still nothing more than +a village--and so primitive a village that when two hundred dollars was +voted for improvements, one of the old citizens asked, "What on earth +can the trustees find in this village to spend two hundred dollars on?" + +[Illustration: CLEVELAND AND HER NEIGHBORS] + +Finally, came two events which were the making of Cleveland. In 1827 the +Ohio Canal was opened from Cleveland to Akron and later to the mouth of +the Scioto River, which flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth; and in 1828 a +channel was cut through the bar at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. +Consider what this meant to Cleveland. The Ohio Canal connected the +village with the Ohio River, thus putting Cleveland in touch with the +rich coal, iron, oil, and coke lands of western Pennsylvania. Travelers, +too, found the canal boats much better to journey on than the old +stagecoaches. + +[Illustration: A RIVER SCENE] + +The deepening of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River gave Cleveland a harbor +and a place to build the enormous docks which to-day line the river's +shore for the last few miles of its length. A few years earlier an effort +to protect lake vessels had been made by building a pier out into the +lake near the sand bar. The lake soon tore the pier to pieces, however, +and the vessels still had to be hauled over the bar to safety. But with +the sand bar cut, boats could sail in and out of the river at their +pleasure. + +Splendid results followed. The population increased, frame houses +gradually came to take the place of log cabins, business greatly +improved, and in 1836 Cleveland became a city. + +[Illustration: AN ORE STEAMER ENTERING CLEVELAND'S HARBOR] + +The year 1851 saw a great celebration in Cleveland over the opening of +the first railroad. This brought added prosperity to the city. Then, too, +iron ore began to arrive by water from the Lake Superior mines. At the +same time more and more coal was being received. The manufacturers +commenced to appreciate the tremendous advantages of living at a natural +meeting place of these two great necessities. Cleveland awoke to a new +business activity. + +[Illustration: COAL DOCKS] + +Then came the Civil War, and the manufacturing of iron products for the +government crowded Cleveland's factories. During the years of the war +the refining of coal oil developed into one of the city's leading +industries. It was then that the great Standard Oil Company was +organized. Many came to the city, attracted by these growing industries, +so that what proved a disastrous period in many sections of our country +was really a time of growth for Cleveland. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF CLEVELAND] + +Soon after the war East Cleveland was annexed to the city, and in 1873 +Newburgh too became a part of Cleveland. Then, in 1893, West Cleveland +and Brooklyn were taken in, and when Cleveland celebrated the anniversary +of its founding in 1896, it had become a city of great importance in the +country. + +[Illustration: HUGE VIADUCTS SPAN THE VALLEY] + +At present Cleveland extends for over 14 miles along Lake Erie and covers +more than 50 square miles. The larger part of the city lies to the east +of the Cuyahoga River. The valley of this river is filled with car +tracks, lumber yards, car shops, coal sheds, ore docks, and shipyards. +Being in the valley, these are partially hidden from the city. Huge +viaducts span the valley and unite the east and west sides of Cleveland. + +[Illustration: THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS QUARTER] + +The heart of the business quarter and the center of the street railway +lines is Monumental Square, which lies about a mile from the lake shore. +From this square radiate the streets in a fan shape, at every angle from +northeast to west. Euclid Avenue is Cleveland's most famous street, +having for years enjoyed the reputation of being one of the country's +finest avenues. The lower end is taken up with business, but farther out +are many splendid residences surrounded by extensive and beautifully kept +lawns. Cleveland is called the Forest City, and it is to the old trees +which grace its parks and line both sides of Euclid Avenue that it owes +its name. Another important business street is Superior Avenue, which +runs through the main business portion of the city. + +[Illustration: MONUMENTAL SQUARE] + +[Illustration: LOOKING UP EUCLID AVENUE] + +Though Cleveland is a beautiful city, its importance really lies in the +fact of its occupying just the position that it does. Being on Lake Erie +puts it in touch with the copper fields of Michigan, the iron mines of +Minnesota and Michigan, and the huge forests along the Great Lakes. +Through railroad connections it is also in touch with the coal, oil, and +iron supplies of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Thus, lying in the center +of eastern and western commerce, Cleveland has become a great +manufacturing center, and the Cleveland district is the largest ore +market in the world. Lake vessels bring the ore to Cleveland's enormous +docks, where huge machines quickly transfer it to cars waiting to carry +it to Pittsburgh and other cities. + +[Illustration: ORE DOCKS] + +[Illustration: WHEELING & LAKE ERIE BRIDGE] + +Cleveland, also, has several blast furnaces and immense factories of iron +and steel supplies. It holds first rank in America for the making of wire +and nails. More ships are built in the Cleveland district than anywhere +else in the world except in the shipyards on the Clyde River in Scotland. +Then, too, Cleveland makes steel bridges and buildings, automobiles, +and gas ranges. Quantities of women's clothing are made in Cleveland. +Slaughtering and the wholesale meat-packing business are other important +industries. + +[Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY CIRCLE] + +It is a simple matter to ship Cleveland's manufactures in every +direction. The main lines of the New York Central and the Nickel Plate +pass through Cleveland, and it is a terminal city of the Cleveland, +Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis Railroad,--commonly known as the Big +Four,--the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Wheeling +& Lake Erie railroads. More than this, Cleveland is the center of a vast +network of interurban electric railways that carry both passengers and +freight and keep the city in hourly communication with the many smaller +cities of northern Ohio. + +Cleveland gets its water supply from Lake Erie through tunnels built out +under the lake, which connect with two intake cribs, one of which is five +miles from the shore. Natural gas, pumped through large mains from the +gas fields of West Virginia, more than 200 miles away, is sold to the +people of Cleveland at 30 cents a thousand. The street railway service is +among the best in the country, and the fare is lower than in any other +large American city. + +[Illustration: A DRIVE IN GORDEN PARK] + +Cleveland has excellent educational advantages. Western Reserve +University, founded in 1826, is especially noted for its law and medical +schools. In Cleveland, also, are the Case School of Applied Science, the +Cleveland School of Art, St. Ignatius College, the Homeopathic Medical +College, and the University School. The public schools of the city are +among the best. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] + +[Illustration: THE NEW COURTHOUSE] + +Cleveland has a beautiful park system. The different parks are connected +by boulevards, which form a great semicircle through the residence +districts. There are also numerous small parks and playgrounds in the +more congested districts. A plan for grouping the city's public buildings +about a broad parkway is being carried out. Several of the buildings are +already completed. When finished, this will be one of the most beautiful +and most imposing spectacles in America. + +All of these things, added to the great possibilities for occupation +offered by the city's many lines of work, have given Cleveland a +population of over 560,000. To-day the little settlement of Cleaveland, +made in 1796 at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, has become the second of all +lake ports and the sixth city in size in the United States. + + + =CLEVELAND= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over 500,000 (560,663). + + Sixth city in rank according to population. + + Important manufacturing center. + + Center of the largest ore market in the world. + + Ranks first in America in making wire and nails. + + Great shipbuilding center. + + A center of trade in copper, iron, lumber, coal, and oil. + + Important railroad center. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Give the history of the name and the settlement of Cleveland. + + 2. Tell something of the dangers and difficulties of the first + settlers of Cleveland. + + 3. What was Cleveland's first manufacturing plant, and what others + did it soon have? + + 4. What means of communication with other cities did Cleveland have + in the early days of its history? + + 5. To what two events does Cleveland chiefly owe its rapid growth? + Why? + + 6. What two products found a meeting place at Cleveland, and with + what results? + + 7. How did the Civil War help the growth of the city? + + 8. What benefits does Cleveland derive from its location on Lake Erie? + + 9. What are the most important industries of the Cleveland district? + + 10. What railroad facilities has Cleveland to-day? + + 11. Mention some of the things that make Cleveland a pleasant place + in which to live and a good place for business. + + + + + BALTIMORE + + +Near the head of Chesapeake Bay stands Baltimore, the largest of our +Southern cities and the seventh city in size in the United States. + +Because of her importance as a Southern railroad center and her excellent +harbor on the largest bay of the Atlantic coast, Baltimore is called "The +Gateway to the South." Great ships from all parts of the world unload +their cargoes at her docks and take in return products from nearly every +section of the United States. + +The railroads bring to Baltimore vast quantities of iron, coal, and grain +from the West, and up from the South ships and trains come laden with raw +sugar, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. Here the oysters, fish, and crabs +from Chesapeake Bay and the products of the rich farm lands of Maryland +and Virginia find a ready market. + +Knowing these things, one can surmise what the city's leading industries +and exports must be. Baltimore is the world's greatest oyster market, she +leads the world in the canning of vegetables and fruits, she is one of +the country's largest banana markets, and more corn is exported from this +city than from anywhere else in America. + +Baltimore is a great sugar-refining center, she leads the world in the +making of straw hats, and among her foremost industries are the +manufacture of clothing and the making of tobacco goods. + +[Illustration: AN OYSTER BOAT] + +Thanks to the coal and iron she receives, Baltimore builds cars, ships, +and almost everything made of iron and steel. Then, too, the city has the +largest copper-refining plant in America. + +If this story had been written a few years ago, it would tell you that +Baltimore's streets were narrow, that miles of them were paved with +cobblestones or were not paved at all, and that the city generally was +developing very slowly. But to-day we have a quite different Baltimore. + +[Illustration: THE BALTIMORE FIRE] + +On February 7th and 8th, 1904, a great fire swept the business section of +the city, destroying $125,000,000 worth of property. While the ruins were +still smoldering, the courageous people, refusing all help from outside, +began to plan a bigger and better Baltimore. + +The work began in the burned part of the city. The narrow down-town +streets were widened and paved, and new and better buildings took the +place of the burned ones. Most of these new buildings are three or four +stories high, though a few tall ones range from ten to sixteen stories. +Fortunately three of Baltimore's oldest and most imposing buildings +escaped the fire--the post office, the city hall, and the courthouse. + +[Illustration: THE BURNED PART OF THE CITY] + +Two important streets cross this newly built business section--Charles +Street, running north and south, and Baltimore Street, running east and +west. Baltimore Street is the chief business thoroughfare, and north and +south of it are the wholesale, financial, and shipping districts. + +[Illustration: PIER 4] + +[Illustration: ONE OF THE NEW WHARVES] + +The city owned little wharf property of importance before 1904, but the +fire made it possible to buy all the burned district fronting the harbor. +This the city purchased and laid out in a wonderful system of public +wharves and docks open to the commerce of the world. + +[Illustration: THE POST OFFICE] + +Pier 4, at the foot of Market Place, has been set aside for the use of +market boats, and here small crafts bring much of the fruit, vegetables, +fish, crabs, and oysters which make the markets of Baltimore among the +most attractive in the United States. There are eleven of these markets, +and on market days they are a most interesting sight with their busy +jostling crowds all eagerly buying or selling. + +[Illustration: THE CITY HALL] + +But these great improvements in the business center and along the water +front are only part of the good results which have followed the fire. In +past years Baltimore had many miles of open sewers, an unhealthful +arrangement which caused much sickness. The very year after the fire, +work was begun to do away with this evil, and to-day the city has a +sanitary, up-to-date sewer system. + +[Illustration: LEXINGTON MARKET] + +[Illustration: FALLSWAY] + +Another important work of the city-betterment plan has to do with a +stream called Jones Falls, which used to flow in an open channel right +through the center of the city. This stream now flows through great +concrete tubes, over which is a broad highway running diagonally across +the city, all the way from the docks to the railroad terminal. Then, too, +the city has a new water system, great enough to supply the entire city +with purified water from Gunpowder River. And besides all these a great +dam, the third longest in the world, has been built across the +Susquehanna River at McCall Ferry, furnishing electric power which lights +the streets, runs the cars, and supplies power for many of the city's +factories. + +[Illustration: McCALL FERRY DAM] + +From the harbor Baltimore stretches away to the north and west, covering +thirty-two square miles. Within the city are green hills and pleasant +valleys, and a chain of beautiful parks with many splendid old trees +bordering the boulevards which connect them. Two of these parks, Mount +Vernon Place and Eutaw Place, are near the center of Baltimore. The +former is cross shaped, and here stands the famous monument to George +Washington, the first statue erected to his memory in this country. Eutaw +Place is a long parkway made beautiful with statuary, flowers, fountains, +and winding walks, and on either side stand handsome residences. + +Covering seven hundred acres of picturesque rolling land is Druid Hill +Park, with its miles of driveways, its ancient oak trees, its athletic +grounds, tennis courts, botanical palace, zoo, and a large reservoir +lake. The rugged scenery of Gwynn's Falls Park challenges Druid Hill's +claim to unequaled beauty. In Patterson Park there is the largest +artificial swimming pool in the United States. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF BALTIMORE] + +Besides its many swimming pools and indoor baths, the city has organized +a system of portable baths--small houses which are moved from corner to +corner in the crowded sections, supplying hot- and cold-water shower baths +to many thousands each year. + +[Illustration: THE FIRST WASHINGTON MONUMENT] + +[Illustration: PATTERSON PARK SWIMMING POOL] + +Baltimore has won a reputation as an educational center through the +splendid equipment and wonderful accomplishments of Johns Hopkins +University, which is noted throughout the world, especially for its work +along medical lines. + +[Illustration: A PORTABLE BATHHOUSE] + +[Illustration: A JOHNS HOPKINS BUILDING] + +Goucher College, for women, ranks with the best women's colleges in the +South. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the oldest college of +its kind in the world. The Walters Art Gallery, and the Peabody Institute +with its art gallery, conservatory of music, and library, afford +opportunities for the study of art, music, and literature. + +With its more than 550,000 inhabitants, Baltimore, like Philadelphia, is +a city of homes and is renowned for its good old Southern hospitality. + +Way back in 1634, a company of Catholic pilgrims came to America to +found a colony where their religion would not be interfered with. King +Charles I of England granted to these people a certain territory north of +the Potomac River, which he named Maryland in honor of his wife, Mary, +who was also a Catholic. The founder of the province was Lord Baltimore, +and from the very beginning, settlers of all beliefs were made heartily +welcome. + +About one hundred years after the planting of this Catholic colony, sixty +acres of land on the north side of the Patapsco River was purchased and +laid out for a city. To honor the generous-hearted founder of Maryland, +the place was named Baltimore. + +[Illustration: LOCATION OF BALTIMORE] + +One of the most thrilling events in Baltimore's history led to the +writing of our national song--"The Star-Spangled Banner." + +Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, was a prisoner on a British man-of-war +in 1814, when the British attacked Fort McHenry. Fort McHenry guarded +Baltimore, and if the fort fell, the city too must go. All day the +English ships fired shot and shell at the fort. During all the night the +attack went on. Anxiously Key watched through the darkness. Could the +fort hold out against such a terrible bombardment? From time to time, by +flashes from bursting bombs, he could see the outlines of the fort. Then +came the dawn. In the early morning light Key saw our flag still waving, +and in his joy he wrote on the back of an old letter the words of the +song that has since become so famous. + +A wide thoroughfare which follows the curve of the water front for +several miles is named in honor of Francis Scott Key. Key Highway, it is +called, and it leads to Fort McHenry, which the War Department has lately +given over to the care of the city of Baltimore. + + + =BALTIMORE= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over 500,000 (558,485). + + Seventh city in rank, according to population, in the United + States. + + Located near the head of Chesapeake Bay. + + Has a fine harbor and a splendid dock system. + + An important railroad center. + + Has a large and growing foreign commerce. + + An important manufacturing center. + + Ranks first among the cities of the United States as a canning and + preserving center. + + The world's chief center for the manufacture of straw hats. + + An important center for shipping oysters and crabs. + + Associated with the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner." + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. What advantages of location does Baltimore possess? + + 2. Why is Baltimore called the gateway to the South? + + 3. What are the leading exports of this city? + + 4. In what industries does Baltimore rank first in the United States? + + 5. What great disaster visited Baltimore in 1904, and how did the + people of the city make this great trouble result in a better city? + + 6. What educational institution has won a splendid reputation for + Baltimore? + + 7. Tell something of the settlement of Maryland and the city of + Baltimore. + + 8. Tell the story of the writing of a famous song of which Baltimore + is justly proud. + + 9. Find by inquiry or by consulting time tables the time required to + reach Baltimore from the following places: + + New York City Atlanta + Philadelphia Norfolk + Washington, D.C. Richmond + Pittsburgh New Orleans + + + + + PITTSBURGH + + +Pittsburgh and New Orleans--both of vast commercial importance--are +connected by one of the greatest water highways in the world. Never were +two cities more unlike. New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, +with its French and its Southern population, might be termed the Paris of +our country--this gay, fashionable town, with its fine opera houses, its +noted restaurants, and its brilliant Mardi Gras pageants. Pittsburgh, on +the other hand, at the head of the Ohio River, in the heart of a famous +coal-and-iron region, is well named the "workshop of the world." + +Many years ago, when the governor of Virginia sent George Washington to +drive the French from the Ohio valley, there stood, where the Allegheny +and Monongahela rivers unite to form the Ohio River, a small fort which +the French called Fort Duquesne. This fort was captured in 1758 by the +British and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of England's great statesman, +William Pitt. To-day the place is known as Pittsburgh, and is the center +of the most extensive iron works in the United States. + +At first the little settlement was important as a break in +transportation, for here cargoes were changed from the lighter boats +used on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers to the heavier barges on the +broad Ohio. Even then Pittsburgh was recognized as a gateway of the West. + +Gradually the settlement became a trading center, which soon developed +into a big, busy, manufacturing city. Now Pittsburgh has a population of +over half a million and is the eighth city in size in the Union. + +[Illustration: FORT DUQUESNE] + +In her countless factories, her mammoth steel mills, and her huge +foundries, she uses the products of the rich surrounding country as well +as an enormous amount of iron ore from the Lake Superior mines. + +Although western Pennsylvania too furnishes iron ore, its chief +contribution to Pittsburgh is a vast amount of coal, which the city in +turn supplies to the world. + +Pittsburgh leads the world in the manufacture of steel and iron, +glassware (including plate and window glass), armor plate, steel cars, +air brakes, iron and steel pipe, tin plate, fire brick, coke, sheet +steel, white lead, cork wares, electrical machinery, and pickles. + +[Illustration: BLOCKHOUSE IN FORT DUQUESNE] + +To carry on these important industries, Pittsburgh, the city of +McKeesport, the boroughs of Homestead and Braddock, and many other +places,--all together known as the Pittsburgh district,--have more than +5000 manufacturing plants and employ over 350,000 people. The amount paid +the laborers in these factories in prosperous times is over $1,000,000 a +day. + +[Illustration: THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT] + +[Illustration: FILLING MOLDS WITH MOLTEN METAL] + +The famous Homestead mills make armor plate for battleships. At Braddock +are steel works, where great furnaces turn out enough rails in a year +to span the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The great +Carnegie Steel Company has its headquarters in the city of Pittsburgh and +leads the world in the production of structural steel, steel rails, and +armor plate. + +[Illustration: BLAST FURNACES OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY] + +[Illustration: MINERS AT WORK] + +Perhaps your knife blade is made of steel manufactured in one of the huge +factories in this busy district. The car tracks of your town, the +street-car wheels, and the great locomotives, to say nothing of the heavy +steel beams and girders of your fireproof buildings, may all be products +of this mighty workshop. + +[Illustration: IN A MODERN COAL MINE] + +[Illustration: THE ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE] + +Pittsburgh coal is used all over the country. The near-by mines form a +great underground city, whose dark passageways, far below the surface of +the earth, are lighted by tiny electric lights. More than fifteen +thousand men find employment in this weird city. Day after day the brave +miners go down into the mines, never sure that they will see the sunlight +again, for many are the perils of mining. Who has not read of the +terrible disasters caused by suffocation from fire damp, by flood, the +falling of walls, or the explosion of coal dust? Small particles of coal +dust are constantly floating in the mines, and much is stirred up by the +cars used to carry the coal to the outside world. A tiny spark may ignite +this dust and cause it to explode with terrific force. Sometimes even the +presence of much oxygen in the air will make the dust explode, tearing +down great blocks of coal which bury the poor miners or stop up the +passageways so that there is no escape unless the victims are dug out +before they die. + +[Illustration: SCENE IN A COAL MINE] + +[Illustration: PITTSBURGH COAL IS SENT ALL OVER THE WORLD] + +But the world must have coal, for, used for our great boilers, it drives +our powerful locomotives, sends mighty vessels plowing across the ocean, +and supplies the power which turns the wheels of industry, both great and +small. Yes, the world must have coal. So Uncle Sam, in pity for the +miners who brave these awful dangers, has bought a mine at Bruceton, a +short distance from Pittsburgh. There the government is making +experiments to find out the causes of explosion, aiming in this way to +protect the miners by lessening their dangers. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH] + +Much of the coal is made into coke by burning out certain gases in +open-air ovens. Thousands of these ovens are located in the Pittsburgh +district, and their fires at night illuminate the country for miles. The +coke is used as fuel in the steel furnaces of Pittsburgh, Cleveland, +Chicago, and other cities. + +[Illustration: THE BUSINESS DISTRICT] + +A little more than fifty years ago petroleum, or rock oil, was discovered +near Pittsburgh, and although oil has since been found in many other +places, Pittsburgh is still one of the great centers for this product. +Crude petroleum as it comes from the earth is a liquid, formed from the +decay of plants and animals long ago buried underground. It is obtained +by sinking wells, or pipes, into oil-bearing rock, which is very porous. +Sometimes the pipes are sunk a quarter of a mile deep. The average yield +is from 50 to 75 barrels a day, and occasionally a pipe well is found +which yields as high as 1000 barrels. + +Sometimes a well stops flowing. Then the oil must be pumped from the +earth or else forced out by the explosion of dynamite. Such a well is +spoken of as a "shot well." When a well is shot, a vast column of oil is +thrown into the air, just as water is thrown up in a geyser or hot +spring, by the action of gases under ground. + +Pittsburgh makes great storage tanks for the oil, as well as apparatus +for drilling wells, and supplies these not only to our own country but to +every foreign land in which oil is found. + +When petroleum is heated it gives off vapors, varying according to the +heat. These vapors are then condensed and form many products which are +now in every-day use, such as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and benzine. +Vaseline is what remains in the vats after heating the petroleum. +Paraffin is another product. Pittsburgh manufactures all these and +supplies them to the world. + +The discovery of natural gas about twenty-five years ago, and its use as +a fuel, attracted the attention of the world to Pittsburgh as a center of +cheap fuel. Natural gas is found in and around oil fields, so it is +supposed that the gas and the oil have the same origin. The porous rock +in which the gas is found is usually covered with clay rock, or shale, +which prevents the gas from escaping. Natural gas, like petroleum, is +obtained by sinking pipes. When the gas is reached, it rushes out with +great force. Large quantities of it were formerly used in Pittsburgh's +glass factories and iron works, but its greatest use to-day is for +lighting and heating. + +The city of Pittsburgh stretches for 7 miles along the Allegheny, about +the same distance on the Monongahela, and entirely covers the space +between. The city of Allegheny, across the Allegheny River, has recently +been annexed, thus giving Pittsburgh an area of 38 square miles. The two +cities, with the river between, remind us of Brooklyn and Manhattan. + +[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1902] + +The city's water supply is taken from the Allegheny River and is purified +in the largest single filtration plant in the world. + +The main business section covers the V-shaped space between the two +rivers--known as the Point--and extends into the streets further back. +Still beyond are heights upon which are many beautiful parks, fine +residences, and splendid public buildings, including the Carnegie Museum, +Library, and Technical Schools, and the buildings of Pittsburgh +University. + +Though the population of the "Steel City" was at first mainly +Scotch-Irish, it now includes citizens from almost every nation in +Europe. The workmen in its factories are of at least thirty +nationalities. Side by side stand English, Germans, Welsh, Irish, Scotch, +Negroes, Jews, Italians, Syrians, Swedes, Greeks, Slavs, Poles, and +Hungarians. + +[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1915] + +In one section of the city there is a distinct German center, whose +inhabitants speak German and have German newspapers. Another section has +received the name of Little Italy because of the number of Italians who +have come there to live. Six papers are published for these people in +their own tongue. In Little Italy are many of the fruit stands and market +places which in this country seem to furnish a favorite employment for +the sons of Italy. + +In still another section, which is called the Ghetto, live the Jews, +whose conversation is largely carried on in Yiddish, and whose newspapers +are printed in that language. All of these foreign-born people have +adopted the dress of American citizens, and their descendants will soon +become Americanized in manners and language. To-day their foreign ways +make them the more interesting. + +But the laborers are by no means the only inhabitants of Pittsburgh. +There are many wealthy residents, whose palatial homes, built beyond the +reach of the soot and smoke, far away from the noises of the great +business thoroughfares, are in great contrast to the workmen's simple +homes near the furnaces. + +[Illustration: A FOREIGN QUARTER] + +Pittsburgh can boast of many great men. It is the home of Andrew +Carnegie, whose reputation for wealth and benevolence is world wide. He +it was who conceived the idea of founding free libraries in different +cities, they in turn to support these libraries by giving an annual sum +for that purpose. His first offer was to his own city. In 1881 he +proposed to give Pittsburgh $250,000 for a free public library if the +city would set apart $15,000 each year for its care. The offer was +refused, and the library was given to Allegheny instead. Later +Mr. Carnegie gave Pittsburgh an Institute and Library combined, for the +support of which the city gives $200,000 each year. The Carnegie Institute +is a massive and beautiful building in Schenley Park. It covers 5 acres +of land and is filled with treasures of art and literature. To-day there +are nine Carnegie libraries in Pittsburgh, containing over 360,000 +volumes. + +[Illustration: AN INCLINED PLANE] + +George Westinghouse was another Pittsburgh capitalist. His early days +were spent in making agricultural implements in Schenectady. He was +called Lazy George because he was always making pieces of machinery to +save doing work with his hands. Later, by his invention of air brakes for +trains, he became rich. Choosing Pittsburgh as his home, he established +in and near the city the great Westinghouse Electric Company. It was Mr. +Westinghouse who gave to Pittsburgh natural gas, conveying it through +forty miles of pipe from Murrysville. + +Towering above Pittsburgh are high hills, which are reached from the +business districts by inclined planes. Passengers and freight are carried +up the inclines in cable cars. Up the steepest of these planes, the +Monongahela, whose summit is four hundred feet above the river, the +railroad runs through a tunnel and brings the passengers out upon a high +bluff. + +[Illustration: FROM THE HEIGHTS ABOVE THE CITY] + +From the heights above the city one views the surrounding country--a +wonderful panorama of hills and valleys, with the three great rivers, +spanned by seventeen splendid bridges, stretching away in the distance. +In every direction are towns called "little Pittsburghs," where live the +workers engaged in the gigantic industries of the Pittsburgh district. +And looking down, one sees the Point--the center of this great city, the +heart of the "workshop of the world." + + + =PITTSBURGH= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over half a million (533,905). + + Eighth city in rank, according to population. + + Has the largest structural-steel plant in the world. + + Has the largest glass-manufacturing plant in the United States. + + Has the largest commercial coal plant in the United States. + + Has the largest pickling plant in the world. + + Has the largest electrical manufacturing plant in the world. + + Leads the world in the manufacture of iron, steel, glass, electrical + machinery, steel cars, tin plate, air brakes, fire brick, white lead, + pickles, and cork wares. + + Place of great historical interest in connection with the development + of the West. + + One of the foremost commercial distributing centers. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Compare Pittsburgh with New Orleans in location and in interests. + + 2. Tell how Fort Pitt grew into the great city of Pittsburgh and give + two causes for its growth. + + 3. Where does Pittsburgh get her iron ore, coal, and petroleum? + + 4. In what manufactures does the city lead the world? + + 5. What great advantages does its location on the Ohio River give + Pittsburgh? + + 6. Where are her great steel works, and what do they manufacture? + + 7. Describe the mine cities and the miners. Tell of their dangers and + how these are to be lessened. + + 8. How is petroleum obtained? What products in daily use are made from + it? + + 9. Give some facts about natural gas and its use in Pittsburgh. + + 10. Why is Pittsburgh called the "workshop of the world"? + + 11. Name two famous men of Pittsburgh and tell what they have done for + the city and for the world. + + 12. Examine a map and find what shipping ports are within easy access of + Pittsburgh. + + 13. Find by what route ore and other material shipped by way of the Great + Lakes reach Pittsburgh. + + + + + DETROIT + + +In population, Detroit is the ninth city of the United States. + +In the value of its manufactured products, it is fifth. + +In the value of its exports, it is the leading port on the Canadian +border. + +With these facts in mind it will be interesting to learn something of the +history of Detroit; something of the goods it manufactures and the +reasons for its growth and prosperity. + +During the years when the French governed Canada, manufacturing and +agriculture played a very small part in their affairs. Their business men +were chiefly interested in the fur trade; their governors were interested +mainly in extending the territory over which floated the banner of their +king; and the teaching of Christianity to the hordes of Indians who +inhabited the country seemed of the greatest importance to their priests +and missionaries. + +So, because it served the purpose of each, all three classes--the fur +traders, the crown officers, and the missionaries--worked hand in hand in +exploring and in penetrating the wilderness in every direction. They +suffered every hardship, endured every privation, and very often fell +victims to the cruelty of the savages. + +[Illustration: THE GREAT LAKES] + +In those days of French rule, railroads were unheard of, and wagon roads +were almost as scarce. Travel was sometimes through the woods, along the +trails made by the Indians; but usually it was by the water courses, over +which the Indian canoes carried furs to be traded for the goods of the +French. + +Now if you will look at a map which shows the Canadian border of the +United States and follow the course of the Great Lakes, you will see that +at four places their broad waters narrow into rivers or straits. These +places are first, the Niagara River; second, where the waters of Lake +Huron pass into Lake Erie; third, at the Sault Ste. Marie; and fourth, at +the Straits of Mackinac. + +Between the East and the West, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River +formed the main artery of travel. To control the narrow rivers and +straits that connect the Great Lakes was to control the travel over +them, and as the French extended their rule from Quebec to the West, they +fortified these narrow places one by one. + +Fort Niagara was built at the mouth of the Niagara River. Then on July +24, 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed on the banks of the Detroit +River and began the work of building a palisade fort, almost where the +river widens into Lake Saint Clair. + +Cadillac thought that at Fort Detroit he had found one of the garden +spots of the country. In the pine forests of the Michigan peninsula game +of every sort abounded, and their skins enriched alike the Indians and +the French. The waters of Lake Saint Clair swarmed with wild fowl. In the +woods wild grapes grew in profusion, and the rich lands bordering both +sides of the river assured plentiful crops, depending only upon the +industry of those who tilled the soil. However, in spite of his +enthusiasm over the beauty of the site, Cadillac proceeded to lay out a +very ugly little town with rude dwellings huddled along narrow muddy +streets. + +Such as it was, Detroit remained under French rule for fifty-nine years, +becoming one of the most prosperous of the French outposts. The Indians +were, for the most part, friendly with the French, and in 1760 the place +had a population of 2500, which made it of great importance in the +sparsely settled West. + +Then came the years of the French and Indian wars, and finally the +French, having lost Quebec, were obliged to surrender to the English. So +in November, 1760, Detroit was given up to Major Robert Rogers in command +of a detachment of British regulars and American militia. + +The English were not allowed to remain long in undisturbed possession of +their new outpost. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas and one of the craftiest +of all Indian warriors, was friendly to the French. In 1763, through his +immense influence with all the Western tribes, he organized a conspiracy +to drive the English from the territory which they had won with such +difficulty. Detroit was one of the first places to be attacked. The siege +lasted several months, but in spite of the cruelty and cunning of the +attack, the garrison held out until at last relief came. Thus by their +bravery they did much to prevent the success of Pontiac's Conspiracy, as +the uprising is called. + +Then came the Revolution. At its close, the Treaty of Paris was signed in +1783. By the terms of this treaty, Detroit, together with the other +British outposts in the West, became the property of the United States. +However, it was not until 1796 that the place was actually occupied by +American troops. + +Sixteen years later Detroit again passed into the possession of the +British. This was during the war of 1812 and followed the defeat of +General William Hull's ill-fated expedition into Canada. Falling back to +Detroit, Hull was attacked, and surrendered to the British after a +half-hearted resistance. + +A little more than a year later, however, in October, 1813, Oliver Hazard +Perry won the famous battle of Lake Erie. This gave the Americans control +of the lake, and the British soon abandoned Detroit, which has since +remained in the possession of the United States. + +Detroit had prospered but little since 1760. Its inhabitants were for the +most part easy-going Frenchmen. They were not suited to the strenuous +work of city building. Detroit, instead of growing larger, was becoming +smaller; and when, in 1820, the United States took a census of the place, +it had but 1442 inhabitants as against the 2500 that Major Rogers found +in 1760. + +[Illustration: DETROIT IN 1820, AND STEAMER _WALK-IN-THE-WATER_ (From an +old print)] + +But from 1820 the growth of Detroit has been continuous. In 1825 the Erie +Canal was opened, furnishing an easy means of communication from the East +to the West. Then came a great tide of immigration to all the states +bordering on the Great Lakes. Michigan was one of the first to profit, +and Detroit was the gateway to Michigan. + +Most of the pioneers who sought homes in the West were farmers. The life +of cities and villages offered few attractions to them. The number that +stayed in Detroit was small as compared to the number that passed +through into the back country to clear the woodlands and take up the work +of agriculture. + +But as the back country filled up, there came a demand for the things in +which cities deal, while at the same time there came the need of places +where the products of the farm could be gathered together ready for +transportation to the Eastern market. + +[Illustration: A DRY DOCK] + +In this way Detroit began its great growth. It bought the wool and wheat +which the Michigan farmers raised, and shipped them East. It bought from +the East the dry goods, hardware, and various other things which the +Michigan farmers needed, and distributed them. It grew prosperous as the +country back of it became more populated, and as this population became +richer and able to buy larger amounts and more expensive goods, Detroit +reaped the advantage. + +[Illustration: A PASSENGER STEAMER] + +Then too the traffic on the lakes became more important, requiring larger +and better vessels. Detroit has one of the best harbors on all the Great +Lakes, making it splendidly suited for the building and launching of +vessels. Always engaged more or less in shipbuilding, Detroit improved +its shipyards and kept pace with the demand. To-day it builds all types +of vessels, from magnificent passenger steamers to the great steel ore +ships which carry the iron ore of the Lake Superior districts. + +It was in 1860 that Detroit began to take its place among the industrial +cities of the country. Now it is fifth among the cities of the United +States in the value of its manufactured products. Let us see what its +chief industries are. + +[Illustration: A LAKE VESSEL BUILT IN DETROIT] + +First of all comes the manufacture of automobiles and the parts of which +they are made. It is estimated that more than half of all the automobiles +made in the United States are built in Detroit factories. Until 1899 +there was not a single automobile factory in the city. To-day there are +over thirty, many of them covering acres of ground. + +As few of the automobile factories make all the parts of their machines, +there are in Detroit many shops for the manufacture of steel, aluminium, +and brass castings, and of gears, wheels, and various other automobile +parts. + +Another of Detroit's important industries is the manufacture and repair +of steam- and electric-railroad cars. These are largely freight cars, +although many passenger cars are also made. + +Other lines of business include foundry and machine-shop products, the +making of druggists' preparations, the manufacture of flour, the packing +of beef and pork, and the preparation of other food stuffs. + +[Illustration: WHERE AUTOMOBILES ARE MADE] + +Then Detroit makes great quantities of soda ash and alkalies. This +industry Detroit owes to the fact that here are found both limestone and +salt, which is obtained from wells driven along the river bank. Both of +these materials are required in the manufacture of soda ash. + +The printing-and-publishing business gives employment to thousands; so +does the manufacture of paints and varnishes. In stoves, ranges, and +furnaces, Detroit leads every other city in the country. It is +interesting to know that Detroit makes great numbers of adding machines, +that it is the largest producer of overalls in the country, that it is a +center of the brass industry, that it turns out more than 300,000,000 +cigars each year, and that it is one of the largest producers of +wrought- and malleable-iron castings. + +The entire business of a city is, of course, never wholly manufacturing. +Part of its business is always the distribution of things to supply the +needs of its inhabitants and of the people who live in the surrounding +country. + +When these goods are sold in large quantities to merchants who in turn +sell them to the person using them, the business is known as a wholesale +business. When they are sold by the merchant directly to the user, he +does what is called a retail business. + +The wholesale business of Detroit is very large. Its merchants do the +larger part of the wholesale business through the entire state of +Michigan and in parts of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and +Minnesota. They even furnish certain supplies to some parts of Canada. +Dry goods, drugs, hardware, and groceries are the principal things in +which Detroit wholesalers deal. + +Detroit has also many large retail stores, which supply not only the +people who live in the city of Detroit but those in the surrounding +country as well. Thanks to the many suburban electric railroads and the +many steam roads, the people who live in the smaller places are able to +come to Detroit to purchase things they want. + +Now let us take our map again and notice the location of Detroit in +relation to the rest of the country, for location, as you know, has very +much to do with the growth of cities. + +[Illustration: THE DETROIT RIVER TUNNEL] + +We find in the first place that it is separated from Canada by only the +width of a river. So we are not surprised to hear that Detroit is one of +the principal points for the exchange of goods between the two countries. +The two most important Canadian railroads have terminals at Windsor, on +the Canadian side of the water, and also at Detroit. A very large part of +the United States finds Detroit the most convenient point from which to +send its products into Canada, since goods can so easily be brought to +Detroit by water or rail. + +Statistics issued by the United States government show that of the +eighteen customhouses on the Canadian border the one at Detroit does the +largest volume of business. + +Then too, by the lakes, Detroit can reach all of the American lake ports, +and from Buffalo, through the Erie Canal, it can even reach New York. + +The many railroads which serve Detroit give it excellent communication +with all parts of the United States. The Michigan Central Railroad dives +under the river, from Detroit to Windsor, through one of the most +remarkable tunnels in the world. For years the cars of the Michigan +Central Railroad, both passenger and freight, were carried across the +river on ferryboats. This, of course, was a very slow way of crossing, +but a bridge was impractical for various reasons, so at last it was +decided to build a tunnel. + +When the engineers studied the river bottom, they found that it was +covered with mud so deep that it was impossible to build a tunnel under +it. Instead they built the tunnel of steel on the river bank, and when it +was completed they sank it in sections and then fastened it together. + +Two belt-line railroads, extending from the river bank, circle through +Detroit. One is some two miles from the center, the other, six. Along +these railroads are many factories which have switches directly into +their plants. This makes shipping a simple matter for the Detroit +manufacturers. + +Now, having learned something of the history of Detroit, something of the +manufacturing which it does and the commerce it carries on, let us take a +look at the city itself. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF DETROIT] + +The older parts of most great cities are badly laid out. In very few +cases do men realize that their little settlements are to grow into large +cities. And so they pay little attention to laying out streets, but in +building their houses follow the farm lanes and often the paths made by +the cows as they are driven to and from the pastures. + +This is not always the case however. Washington was laid out long before +it ever became a city, and, in consequence, it has magnificent broad +streets and many parks. + +[Illustration: NORTH WOODWARD AVENUE] + +Detroit was one of the badly laid-out settlements, but in 1805 a fire +burned every house in Detroit with one exception. Now at that time Judge +Augustus B. Woodward was a prominent figure in the city government. When +the fire wiped out the old town, the judge thought that a plan should be +made for Detroit just as had been done for Washington. His idea was to +have a great circle, called the Grand Circus, in the center of the town. +Two streets, 120 feet wide, were to cross this circle, dividing it into +quarters, and from the circle other broad avenues were to radiate in all +directions. As the city grew, other circles were to be built with streets +radiating from them. + +Unfortunately the citizens of Detroit did not have the belief in the +growth of their city that Judge Woodward had, and so his scheme was only +carried out in part. That part, however, gave to Detroit its Grand +Circus, its broad avenues, and its down-town parks, and did much to earn +for it the title of the City Beautiful. + +Detroit to-day has many splendid and costly residences. It has also +street after street filled with comfortable medium-priced houses where +the workmen live, and its people are fond of boasting that it is a city +of homes. + +Woodward Avenue, which is 120 feet wide, is named after Judge Woodward. +This avenue runs from the river bank right through the entire city. At +its lower end it is the principal retail street of the city, while +further out are many fine residences. + +As the town grew, a boulevard was built, which, starting at the river, +runs completely around the city at a distance of some two and a half +miles from the center. This boulevard is known as the Grand Boulevard and +is more than 12 miles long and from 150 to 200 feet in width. In the +center is a narrow strip upon which are grown flowers, trees, and grass, +while upon either side run macadam roads. + +[Illustration: AT BELLE ISLE] + +The most popular of Detroit's parks is Belle Isle. This is on an island +of about 700 acres, directly opposite the city. Originally the island was +for the most part a swamp infested with snakes. In order to get rid of +the snakes a drove of hogs was turned loose on the island, and for a +long time it was known as Hog Island. Then the city bought it and turned +it into a park. The swamps were drained, and lakes and canals were built, +which in the summer time are covered with canoes and boats. In the winter +they make excellent places for skating. Playgrounds, baseball fields, and +picnic grounds were laid out and a zoo was built, as well as one of the +best aquariums in the country. And here, too, is a horticultural +building, where many rare plants and flowers are grown. A large part of +the island was covered with woods, and this was left in its native state, +with winding roads built through it. The island is connected with the +mainland by a broad bridge. + +The health conditions of Detroit are excellent. Its water supply is taken +at a depth of 40 feet from the Detroit River, just where it leaves Lake +Saint Clair. The city has an ample sewerage system. It has many fine +public schools, and here also are the University of Detroit and the +Detroit colleges of law and medicine. In short, from every point of view +Detroit is a good place in which to live. + +A short time ago prizes were offered to the public-school pupils in the +fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades for the five best essays on "Why +I am Glad I live in Detroit." Here is what one sixth-grade boy wrote +about his home city: + +"What a beautiful city is Detroit," says the world-wide traveler, as +he passes along its broad avenues, in the shade of its magnificent +trees. "Detroit has a fine commercial center," says the enterprising +manufacturer as he surveys its busy wharves. "What an excellent +situation this city has," says the farmer, as he comes trudging to town +with his load of produce. "In Detroit life is worth living," says the +happy pleasure seeker, as he whiles away his time, either on the lake +or in its many parks and boulevards. "You can have loads of fun at +Belle Isle," whispers the small boy, as he thinks of the many pastimes +which so appeal to every child. "What an interesting history has +Detroit," says the historian, as he recalls its many struggles, first +with the Indians, then with the French, and last of all the English. + +Many strangers will come to our city during the next few months, and +I know that after they have seen it and go to their homes again, they +will tell their neighbors and friends of our beautiful city, and I, who +live here, will be very proud of it. + + + =DETROIT= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), more than 450,000 (465,766). + + Ninth city in rank, according to population. + + Important shipping and manufacturing center. + + Important center for trade with Canada. + + Most important center in United States for the automobile industry. + + Place of great historical interest. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. How does Detroit rank among our great cities in population, + manufactured products, and exports? + + 2. What were the ambitions of the French governors, traders, and + missionaries of Canada in the early days? + + 3. Why did the French build forts on the narrow rivers and straits + that connect the Great Lakes? + + 4. Describe Detroit and its surroundings in 1701. + + 5. How and when did the English first acquire Detroit? + + 6. How did the development of the farm lands about the city help the + growth of Detroit? + + 7. Tell about its growth since 1760, and give three causes. + + 8. Name and describe some of the industries of the city. + + 9. Tell something of its vast wholesale and retail trade. + + 10. Show how the location of Detroit influences its commerce and + contributes to its growth. + + 11. Name three products in the manufacture of which Detroit leads all + other cities in the country. + + 12. What conditions have made Detroit a great center for commercial + relations with Canada? + + + + + BUFFALO + + +About 1783 Cornelius Winne, a trader, built a little log store at the +mouth of Buffalo River, which empties into Lake Erie. That was the +beginning of Buffalo, the queen city of the lakes, the home to-day of +more than four hundred thousand people. + +To understand the wonderful growth of this city we must go back to the +days of the Revolution and see New York in those early times. Almost all +the people of the United States then lived on the narrow strip of land +lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Highlands. The high +forest-covered mountains made a barrier that kept the colonial settlers +from attempting to push out toward the west. + +But in New York State nature had left an opening between the mountain +ranges, along the courses of the Hudson and the Mohawk rivers. Settlers +had early followed these streams and built homes in their valleys. Beyond +lay the trackless hunting grounds of the Indians--the great West. + +With the close of the Revolution things began to change. New York made a +treaty with the Indians, whereby they agreed to sell large tracts of +their lands. Pioneers pushed their way into the unknown wilderness of the +western part of the state and found a beautiful fertile country. Their +reports led hundreds to follow them. Soon central and northern New York +were dotted with settlements. More and more immigrants kept coming, all +seeking the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The great western +movement of the nineteenth century had begun. + +[Illustration: A LOCKPORT LOCK] + +Winne had built his trading post before this westward movement reached +Lake Erie. For some time he lived in his log cabin in the midst of the +forest, with no neighbors except the Indians with whom he traded. But +gradually other settlers came and built homes near him. By 1804 there +were about twenty houses in the little settlement, which, for a short +time, was called New Amsterdam. + +[Illustration: Barge canals shown by solid lines; Erie and other canals +by dotted lines. + NEW YORK'S CANALS] + +By 1812 the name had been changed to Buffalo, and the town had a +population of 1500. That year war with England broke out, and in 1813 a +body of British soldiers with their Indian allies crossed the Niagara +River during the night, took the Americans by surprise, and burned +Buffalo. Of its three hundred houses, just one escaped the flames. But +nothing daunted, the men began to rebuild their homes, and in a few years +no traces of the fire were to be seen. + +In early times the Indians going from the seacoast to the Great Lakes had +followed the Hudson and Mohawk rivers and then gone on directly west to +Lake Erie. With the coming of the white man the Indian pathway grew into +a road, and in 1811 stagecoaches began to run over this road between +Buffalo and Albany. + +But carrying passengers and freight by stagecoach was very expensive, and +a few men, headed by Governor De Witt Clinton, began to say that the +state ought to build a canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River. +Many laughed at this idea. They knew very little about canals and thought +it foolish to waste millions of dollars on a useless "big ditch," as they +called it. + +[Illustration: TRAVELING BY CANAL] + +However, those in favor of the scheme finally won, and the work of +building the Erie Canal was begun in 1817. It very nearly followed the +old trail between Albany and Buffalo and was 363 miles long. Eighty-three +locks raised and lowered the boats where there was a difference of level +in the canal. Lockport, a city 25 miles northeast of Buffalo, was named +after these locks, there being 10 of them there. + +In 1825 the work was completed; the Erie Canal was opened, and at last +there was a waterway between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. All the +towns along the canal held a great celebration. None had better reason +for rejoicing than Buffalo. In 1825 Buffalo was a little hamlet on the +frontier. Thanks to the Erie Canal, it was soon to become one of the +leading cities of the country. + +It was not long before the "big ditch" was known as the "path to the +great West." A rush of emigration further west followed, and all these +travelers stopped at Buffalo, for here they had to change from the +flat-bottomed canal boats to the lake vessels. Hotels were crowded, +business flourished, and Buffalo became "a great doorway of the inland +sea." + +[Illustration: THE BARGE CANAL NEAR BUFFALO] + +During the first years after its completion little freight was carried +over the Erie Canal, but settlers kept flocking into the West, and before +many years these Western pioneers were raising far more grain than they +could use. Lake commerce began. Hundreds of ships brought wheat, lumber, +and furs to Buffalo from the West and returned laden with manufactured +goods. Buffalo was the chief lake port, and for many years shipping was +its leading industry. + +Then came the railroads. The first railroad to Buffalo was completed in +1836. A few years later, trains ran between Albany and Buffalo, and in +time carloads of grain were shipped by rail. Though shipments by canal +continued and even increased for a time, the railroads gradually did more +and more of the carrying, and finally robbed the canal of much of its +former importance. + +[Illustration: THE SITE OF BUFFALO] + +Still, shipping by canal was cheaper. Improvements have been made in the +Erie Canal from time to time, and in 1903 the state voted $101,000,000 +for the enlargement of the Erie, Oswego, and Champlain canals into the +1000-ton-barge canal. When this is completed it will be 12 feet deep and +will float much larger barges than did the Erie Canal. + +But to return to Buffalo. The city's location naturally made it one of +the great centers of the country. Only the Niagara River separates the +city from the most thickly settled part of Canada, and it is therefore a +most convenient meeting place of the two countries. Already Buffalo's +trade with Canada amounts to over $50,000,000 a year. + +Besides being one of the chief commercial centers of the country, Buffalo +is an important manufacturing town. Three things are necessary to success +in manufacturing--raw materials, power, and a market where the finished +goods can be sold. Buffalo has all of these near at hand. The country +round about is singularly rich in natural resources. Forests, fertile +farm lands, and rich iron and coal deposits are all within easy reach of +the city and supply it with raw material at small cost for +transportation. + +No city in the world has greater advantages than Buffalo in the matter of +power. The Niagara Falls furnish an unlimited supply of electric power, +which is a substitute for coal and, for many purposes, more convenient. +Buffalo's nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania makes the cost of +both hard and soft coal low. Natural gas and oil furnish about one fifth +of the power now used in the city. Both are found near Buffalo, stored in +the pores and cavities of rocks. Holes are bored into the rocks, and the +petroleum or rock oil is pumped into huge tanks. The gas is carried by +underground pipes to the city, where it is used in heating and lighting +thousands of homes and factories. + +Lastly, Buffalo does not have to ship its products far to find a market. +Within 450 miles of the city live almost 50,000,000 people, and lakes, +canals, and railroads offer cheap and rapid transportation to all parts +of the country. Thirteen steamship lines and 18 railroads enter the city. +There are 2 trunk lines from New England; 5 from New York; 1 from +Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; 1 from St. Louis; and 4 from +Chicago. + +[Illustration: LACKAWANNA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY] + +The richest iron mines in the world are located south of Lake Superior, +but there are no coal deposits in this region, and coal is necessary for +the manufacturing of iron and steel. As it was cheaper to ship the ore to +the coal than to carry the coal to the ore, there were men who, as early +as 1860, saw that iron and steel could be manufactured with profit in +Buffalo. Though blast furnaces were built from time to time, the industry +did not attract great attention until 1899. In that year the Lackawanna +Iron and Steel Company, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, moved to Buffalo and +built an immense metal-working plant. This plant is south of the city and +extends several miles along the shore of Lake Erie. The company has built +a ship canal over half a mile long, which the largest lake vessels can +enter. On one side of this canal are hundreds of coke ovens and the +storage grounds for coal; on the other side are the ore docks, a row of +huge blast furnaces, and the steel works with their numerous mills, +foundries, and workshops. + +In the coke ovens millions of tons of soft coal are every year turned +into coke, which is really coal with certain things removed by heating. +This coke is used in melting the iron in the blast furnaces--so called +because during the melting strong blasts of air are forced into the +furnaces. These furnaces are almost a hundred feet high, are made of +iron, and lined with fire brick. Tons of coke, limestone, and iron ore +are dropped in from above by machinery, and the intense heat of the +burning coke melts the iron, which sinks to the bottom of the furnace +while the limestone collects the impurities and forms an upper layer. At +the bottom of the furnace there are openings where the fiery-hot liquid +runs off into molds, or forms, in which it cools and hardens. The waste +matter, called slag, is also drawn off at the bottom. More coke and ore +are added from above, and the smelting goes on night and day without +interruption until the furnace needs repair. After the iron has been +separated from the ore, it is taken to the foundries where it is made +into steel rails and many other kinds of iron and steel goods. + +Other iron and steel companies have sprung up in Buffalo, and the city +and its vicinity is now manufacturing enormous quantities of pig iron, +steel rails, engines, car wheels, tools, and machinery. + +[Illustration: THE ELECTRIC BUILDING] + +Back in the first half of the nineteenth century New York was the leading +wheat-raising and flour-producing state. The first flour mill in the +Buffalo district was run by water power furnished by the Erie Canal. As +larger mills followed and steam took the place of water power, Buffalo +became an important flour-milling center. Later, wheat began to be raised +further west, and the Central States soon took the lead in wheat growing +and flour milling. But Buffalo had the advantage of an early start. Its +mills were already built and working. Grain from the West kept pouring +into the city to be stored in its great grain elevators, and the +production of flour increased. Larger mills were built, some of them +making use of the Niagara water power. To-day there are more than a +dozen companies in Buffalo operating flour mills which turn out over +3,000,000 barrels of flour in a year. + +[Illustration: THE BUFFALO HOME OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY] + +Buffalo's slaughter-house products for a single year are worth millions +of dollars. There are two large meat-packing firms in the city, +slaughtering over a million cattle and hogs each year. They both had +small beginnings in the butcher business more than fifty years ago. In +1852 the first stockyards were opened, and the city's live-stock industry +began. Shipments of live stock from the grazing states of the West +increased until the city became the second cattle market in the world, +Chicago alone handling more live stock than Buffalo. + +When first settled, the lake region was covered with forests, and lumber +was one of the first products sent eastward by lake steamers. Millions +and millions of feet of pine were towed down the lakes on barges and +transferred to canal boats at Buffalo, and the city became one of the +great lumber markets of the country. Although shipments from the Northern +forests have not been so great in the last twenty years, the lumber +industry continues to be of great importance to Buffalo. In addition to +pine from the lake region, the city receives hard wood from the South. +You see enormous piles of lumber in the yards of the city itself, and +Tonawanda, a suburb ten miles north of Buffalo, has the largest lumber +yards in the world. These yards carry on a large wholesale and retail +trade, and sawmills, planing mills, and many lumber industries have grown +up around them. Mill work, doors, mantels, piano cases, and furniture are +some of the things made in the Buffalo workshops. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF BUFFALO] + +[Illustration: THE ARMORY] + +While commerce and industry were thus developing, the city itself was +growing in size, population, and beauty. It extends about ten miles along +the shore of Lake Erie and the Niagara River. In the residence section +there are thousands of beautiful homes, set well back from broad streets +and surrounded by wide lawns and gardens. Delaware Avenue, with its +branching boulevards and parkways, is the finest of these residence +sections. + +[Illustration: WADING POOL IN HUMBOLDT PARK] + +[Illustration: A PUBLIC PLAYGROUND] + +Several large parks and many smaller squares are scattered throughout the +city, while swimming pools, wading ponds, and public playgrounds delight +the hearts of the children. Lake breezes make the city cool in summer, +and altogether Buffalo is one of the cleanest, most healthful, and most +beautiful cities of the country. + +[Illustration: THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY] + +Through the southern part of the city flows the sluggish and winding +Buffalo River. In the early days the mouth of this stream was the only +harbor of the port, although it was then very shallow. Millions of +dollars have been spent in deepening and improving this inner harbor, +while a larger outer harbor has been made by inclosing a part of the lake +by breakwaters. The harbor of Buffalo is now one of the best on the Great +Lakes. + +About two miles north of the mouth of Buffalo River is The Front, a park +overlooking the water and giving a beautiful view of Lake Erie, the +Niagara River, and the Canadian shore. It is a government reservation, +and here is Fort Porter. Further north the International Railroad Bridge +connects Canada with the city of Buffalo. + +[Illustration: THE McKINLEY MONUMENT] + +Delaware Park, in the northern part of the city, is the largest and most +beautiful of Buffalo's parks. Near the northeastern entrance is the +zoölogical garden, with a seal pool, bear pits, and many strange and +interesting animals. In the western part is the Albright Art Gallery, a +beautiful building of white marble. Here, too, is the Buffalo +Historical-Society Building, which was the New York State Building during +the Pan-American Exposition which was held in Delaware Park and on the +adjoining land in 1901. + +[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS] + +In the center of Niagara Square stands the McKinley Monument, erected by +the state of New York in honor of President William McKinley, who was +shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, on September 6, 1901. It +was in this city that President Roosevelt took the oath of office after +President McKinley's death. It is also worthy of note that Buffalo was +the home of two of our presidents--Fillmore and Cleveland. + +The business district of Buffalo is only a short distance from the +harbor. The most important business streets are Main Street and Broadway. + +Twenty miles north of Buffalo the Niagara River plunges over a precipice +more than one hundred and fifty feet high, forming the world-famous +Niagara Falls. The width of the river, the beauty of the mighty waters as +they rush thundering over the edge of the precipice, the foam and spray +rising from the foot of the cataract, all combine to make Niagara Falls +the greatest natural wonder on the American continent. In the middle of +the stream lies Goat Island, which divides the Falls into the Horseshoe +Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the New York side. + +Hardly less interesting than the Falls are the power plants on both sides +of the river, which are making the force of Niagara do a mighty work. It +has been reckoned that the volume of water which passes over the Falls is +two hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic feet each second. Think of it! +This tremendous rush of water, the experts tell us, represents five +million horse power. To make this gigantic power of use to man, canals +have been built above the Falls to bring water from the river to the +power houses where its great force turns huge water wheels and produces +electric power. Cables of copper wire raised high in the air carry this +power to all the surrounding country. It runs many of Buffalo's +factories, lights the city streets, and moves its trolley cars as well as +those in Syracuse, one hundred and fifty miles away. + +Such then, with its wonderful power, its command of material, its +beautiful and important location, is the Buffalo of to-day. The little +settlement of one hundred years ago has become the eleventh city in size +in the United States. + + + =BUFFALO= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1920), over 500,000 (506,775). + + Eleventh city according to population. + + Important lake port. + + One of the best harbors on the Great Lakes. + + Located at the western end of the Erie Canal. + + Great transfer point between lake boats and canal boats and railroads. + + Important railroad center. + + Center for live-stock trade. + + Important center for wheat, lumber, meat packing, and the iron and + steel industries. + + Electric light and power obtained from Niagara Falls. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. How did it happen that the people of New York first came to settle + west of the Appalachian Mountains, and where were these first + settlements? + + 2. Tell about the beginning of Buffalo, and give its original name. + + 3. What was the first route from Albany to Buffalo, and why was it + used? How was the journey made between 1811 and 1825? + + 4. Tell the story of the Erie Canal, and give its effect on Buffalo + and the West. + + 5. How did Buffalo's location make it one of the great centers of + industry? + + 6. What three things are necessary to success in manufacturing? + + 7. How is Buffalo furnished with power for her great manufacturing + interests? + + 8. Where does Buffalo find a market for her products? How? + + 9. What great steel company is located near this city? Why? + + 10. Describe the wonderful coke ovens and blast furnaces near Buffalo. + + 11. Give some idea of Buffalo's flour mills, slaughter houses, and + lumber yards, and of her importance in these industries. + + 12. What do you know of Niagara Falls and the power plants on both + sides of the Niagara River? + + + + + SAN FRANCISCO + + +The United States extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and just as +New York is our leading seaport on the Atlantic, so San Francisco is the +leading seaport on the Pacific. + +San Francisco's history is inseparably connected with the development of +the resources of California. In 1769 Spain sent an expedition overland +from Mexico to colonize the Pacific coast, and Don Gaspar de Portolá, at +the head of these colonists, was the first white man known to have looked +upon San Francisco Bay. + +Seven years later, in 1776, the Franciscan friars built a fortified +settlement on the present site of San Francisco. The Mission Dolores, +which is still standing, was begun the same year, and a little village +slowly grew up around it. + +At the close of the Mexican War, in 1848, California was ceded to the +United States, and the Stars and Stripes were raised over the little +settlement, whose name was soon changed from Yerba Buena to San +Francisco. + +In 1848, too, came the discovery of gold in California, and San Francisco +suddenly grew from a Spanish village to a busy American town. The +population jumped from 800 to 10,000 in a single year. A city of tents +and shanties quickly arose on the sand dunes. Thousands of people were +leaving their homes in the East to seek a fortune in the gold fields. +Many came by water, either rounding Cape Horn or else traveling by boat +to the Isthmus of Panama, crossing on foot, and reëmbarking on the +Pacific coast. Others came overland in large canvas-covered wagons called +prairie schooners. + +These newcomers were men of all classes--ministers, lawyers, farmers, +laborers. Some were educated, others were ignorant. While most of them +were industrious and law-abiding, a considerable number were desperate +and lawless men. These last caused much trouble. Gambling, murders, and +crimes of all kinds were alarmingly common, and the city government was +powerless to punish the lawbreakers. Finally, the better class of +citizens formed a vigilance committee, which hung four criminals and +punished many in other ways until law and order were established. + +San Francisco has been called the "child of the mines." It was the +discovery of gold that first made it the leading city of the Pacific +coast. From that day the production of gold has been steadily maintained. +Nearly $20,000,000 worth is mined in the state of California each year, +with a total production of over $1,500,000,000. Later the silver mines in +Nevada were discovered and developed, and their immense output brought +increased wealth to San Francisco. + +As time went on, however, people began to see that California's real +wealth lay not so much in her mines as in her fertile farm lands. These, +combined with the wonderful climate, have made California a leading +agricultural state. + +[Illustration: AN ORANGE GROVE] + +The great central valley of California, about 400 miles long and 50 miles +wide, lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Ranges. Its +farms, orchards, orange groves, and vineyards produce immense quantities +of grain, and of grapes, and other fruits. Large numbers of cattle and +sheep are raised. In the southern counties many tropical fruits are grown +successfully. Irrigated groves of orange, lemon, and olive trees cover +thousands of acres. Other important crops are English walnuts, almonds, +prunes, and figs. Copper, silver, oil, quicksilver, and salt are also +valuable products, while the forest-covered mountains supply excellent +lumber. Such is the wealth of California's natural resources, and San +Francisco is the great port and market of this rich back country. + +[Illustration: PICKING GRAPES] + +As the Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay from the north and +the San Joaquin from the south, the two offer cheap transportation up and +down their valleys, being navigable to river steamers for over 200 miles. + +The great bay of San Francisco is the largest landlocked harbor in the +world. Here the navies of all the nations could ride at anchor side by +side in safety. Though 65 miles long and from 4 to 10 miles wide, the bay +is completely sheltered from dangerous winds and storms. It is connected +with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is +2-3/4 miles long and over a mile wide. + +[Illustration: THE GOLDEN GATE] + +Such advantages have made San Francisco a great commercial and financial +center. Ships from San Francisco carry the products of California +westward to all the countries bordering on the Pacific, while others sail +to the Atlantic seaports of America and Europe. + +The outgoing steamers are loaded with wheat, cotton, canned goods, oil, +barley, prunes, flour, dried fruits, leather, machinery, lumber, and iron +manufactures. Incoming steamers bring raw silk, coffee, tea, copra, +nitrate of soda, tin ingots, sugar, rice, cigars, coal, burlap, vanilla +beans, cheese, and manila hemp. + +[Illustration: THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO] + +Already the foreign commerce of San Francisco amounts to more than +$150,000,000 annually, and with the increasing trade of Japan and China +and the shortened route to the Atlantic through the Panama Canal, the +future of its foreign trade cannot be estimated. + +[Illustration: A FLOWER MARKET] + +In addition to her foreign trade, San Francisco has many growing +industries at home. Printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat +packing, are among the most important. The canning and preserving of +fruits and vegetables is a leading industry of the city. The California +Fruit Canners Association employs many thousands of people during the +fruit season and is the largest fruit-and-vegetable canning company in +the world. It operates thirty branches throughout the state, and its +products are sent to all parts of the globe. + +Though iron has to be imported,--there being little mined in +California,--the city does a thriving iron business. In the early days +there was need of mining machinery in the West, and San Francisco at that +time began manufacturing it. She also has one of the greatest +shipbuilding plants in the United States. The famous battleship _Oregon_, +the _Olympic_, the _Wisconsin_, the _Ohio_, and other ships of the +United States Navy were built in San Francisco. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO] + +In 1906 a severe earthquake shook San Francisco, wrecking many buildings. +Fire broke out in twenty places, and as the earthquake had broken the +city's water mains, the fire fighters had to pump salt water from the bay +and use dynamite to stop the progress of the flames. During the three +days of the fire, four square miles were laid in ruins. + +[Illustration: ON SAN FRANCISCO'S WATER FRONT] + +Because of occasional slight shocks in former years, the inhabitants had +built their city of wood, thinking it safer than brick or stone. They had +not thought of the greater danger of fire. This earthquake taught them a +lesson. The few skyscrapers in the city had stood the shock remarkably +well, and profiting by this experience thousands of modern +structures--steel, brick, and reënforced concrete--were built to replace +the old wooden buildings. A far more modern and beautiful city has arisen +from the ashes of the ruins. + +[Illustration: CHINATOWN] + +The city occupies 46-1/2 square miles at the end of the southern +peninsula which lies between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The +site of the city is hilly, especially in the northern and western parts. +Market Street, 120 feet wide and the chief business thoroughfare, extends +southwest from the water front and divides the city into two parts. The +southern district contains many manufacturing plants and the homes of the +laboring people. The streets here are level. North of Market Street lie +three high hills--Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill. In this +half of the city are the finest residences, Nob Hill having been given +its name in the early days when the mining millionaires built their homes +upon it. + +[Illustration: THE UNION FERRY BUILDING] + +The main business section is in the northeastern part of the city, facing +the harbor, and is on level ground. It contains hundreds of new office +buildings, many of them from eight to twenty or more stories high. Fine +modern hotels and beautiful banks add much to the beauty of this part of +San Francisco. The most important public buildings are the United States +mint and the post office, which escaped the flames in 1906, the +customhouse, the Hall of Justice, the new Auditorium, and the city hall. +These last two face the Civic Center, which is being created at a cost of +nearly $17,000,000. + +At the foot of Telegraph Hill is the largest Chinese quarter in the +United States. It was completely destroyed during the fire, but is now +rebuilt and much improved. Its temples, joss houses, and theaters, its +markets, bazaars, and restaurants, with their strange life and customs +and their oriental architecture, attract crowds of visitors. There are +now about 10,000 Chinese in San Francisco, but their number has been +steadily decreasing since the Exclusion Act was passed, prohibiting +Chinese laborers from entering this country. It was thought necessary to +have this law in order to protect the American workingman on the Pacific +coast, as the Chinese laborers who had already been admitted were working +for wages upon which no white man could live. + +[Illustration: FISHERMAN'S WHARF] + +At the foot of Market Street, on the water front, stands the Union Ferry +Building, a large stone structure with a high clock tower. + +Only one of the cross-continent railroads--a branch of the Southern +Pacific--lands its passengers in the city of San Francisco. All the other +roads, which include the main line of the Southern Pacific, the +Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the Union Pacific, and the Western Pacific, +terminate on the eastern shore of the bay and send the travelers to San +Francisco by ferry. In consequence, San Francisco has developed the best +ferry service in the world, all lines meeting at the Union Ferry +Building. + +[Illustration: MT. TAMALPAIS FROM NOB HILL] + +North and south of the Union Ferry Building stretch eight miles of +wharves and docks and many factories, lumber yards, and warehouses. At +the docks, ships are being loaded and unloaded continually. + +In March and April each year a fleet of forty or fifty vessels starts out +for the Alaskan fisheries. San Francisco is the leading salmon port of +the United States, distributing millions of dollars' worth of salmon +yearly. Fisherman's Wharf, at the northern end of the water front, is +full of interest, with its brown, weather-beaten fishermen and their odd +fishing boats. To the south of the Union Ferry Building is "Man-of-war +Row," where United States and foreign battleships ride at anchor. + +[Illustration: PRESIDIO TERRACE] + +The cities of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, and Berkeley are directly +across the bay from San Francisco, on the east shore. Like New York, San +Francisco is the center of a large metropolitan district, and the +residents of these neighboring cities daily travel to their work in San +Francisco on the ferries. For several years there has been talk of +uniting these cities with San Francisco. If this plan were carried out, +it would add over 350,000 to San Francisco's present population, which is +between 400,000 and 500,000. + +[Illustration: THE TOWER OF JEWELS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION] + +The University of California, in Berkeley, has nearly 7000 students, +tuition being free to residents of California. The Leland Stanford +University, 30 miles from San Francisco, is another noted institution in +the state. + +[Illustration: IN GOLDEN GATE PARK] + +To the north of the Golden Gate is Mt. Tamalpais, 2592 feet high, +overlooking the bay and San Francisco. To the south is the Presidio, the +United States military reservation, covering 1542 acres. Here are the +harbor fortifications and the headquarters of the western division of the +United States Army. Fronting on the ocean beach and extending eastward +for 4 miles is Golden Gate Park, the largest of San Francisco's many +parks and squares. + +[Illustration: IN FRONT OF THE EXPOSITION'S PALACE OF FINE ARTS] + +Occupying part of the Presidio and facing the water at the northern end +of the city is the site of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, +held in 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. That the +citizens of San Francisco look to the future was shown at a gathering of +business men in 1910, when more than $4,000,000 was raised in two hours +for this Panama exposition. The climate of the city (averaging more than +50 degrees in winter and less than 60 degrees in summer), the beauties +and wonders of California, the romantic history of the city, exhibits +from many parts of the world--all these, the citizens knew, would attract +thousands of visitors from afar and make known to the world the +advantages and prosperity of the Far West and its chief city, San +Francisco. + + + =SAN FRANCISCO= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), over 400,000 (416,912). + + Eleventh city according to population. + + Largest city of the Western States. + + One of the finest harbors in the world. + + The natural shipping point for the products of the rich state of + California. + + Chief center for the trade of the United States with the Orient. + + Leads all American cities in the shipment of wheat. + + Has great canning and preserving industries. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Find by measurements on a map of the United States the distance of + San Francisco from New York City in a direct line. + + 2. Find by consulting time tables or by inquiry of some railroad + official how long it would take to make the journey from New York + to San Francisco, and what railroad system might be used. Answer + this question, applying it to your own city. + + 3. Who founded San Francisco, and what was it first called? + + 4. When and how did San Francisco become an American possession? + + 5. Of what was the great wealth of California supposed to consist at + first? What is the great wealth of the state considered to be + to-day? + + 6. What are the chief exports of the city, and to what countries are + they sent? + + 7. What are the chief imports of the city? + + 8. What are the great advantages of San Francisco Bay? + + 9. When did the great fire at San Francisco occur, and what damage was + done? + + 10. What benefit will San Francisco derive from the completion of the + Panama Canal? + + 11. Why is the ferry system of San Francisco so important? + + 12. Name four cities across the bay from San Francisco, and tell how + they are related to that city. + + 13. Tell something of the fishing industry of San Francisco. + + 14. Does the name "Golden Gate" seem appropriate to you? Why? + + 15. Name the chief industries of San Francisco. + + 16. Describe the location of the city. + + 17. Find out how many days' journey by steamship are the following + places from San Francisco: + + Honolulu Shanghai + Manila Yokohama + Sydney Buenos Aires + + + + + NEW ORLEANS + + +The story of New Orleans, the Crescent City, reads like a wonderful +romance or a tale from the Arabian Nights. As in a moving picture, one +can see men making a clearing along the east bank of the Mississippi +River, one hundred and ten miles from its mouth. It is 1718. The French +Canadian Bienville has been made governor of the great tract of land +called Louisiana, and he has decided to found a settlement near the +river's mouth. + +At the end of three years the little French town, named for the duke of +Orleans, stands peacefully on the banks of the great Mississippi, its +people buying, selling, fighting duels, and steadily thriving until the +close of the French and Indian War. Then France cedes Louisiana to Spain, +and for some years New Orleans is under Spanish rule. In 1800, however, +Spain cedes Louisiana back to France, and once more New Orleans has a +French commissioner and is a French possession. + +Again the scene changes. Energetic, sturdy men sail down the river, land +in the quaint little town, and march to the Cabildo, or Government Hall, +where they receive the keys of the town. Because of the Louisiana +Purchase, New Orleans with all its inhabitants--Spanish, French, +Italians, and Jews--is being given over to the United States. The French +flag is taken down, and the Stars and Stripes are unfurled over what was, +and is to-day, the least American of all American cities. + +[Illustration: WHERE NEW ORLEANS STANDS] + +As the history of New Orleans unrolls, one follows the thrilling scenes +of a great battle. It is in the War of 1812, and on the last day of +December, 1814, the British begin an attack on the city, with an army of +10,000 trained soldiers. They mean to capture New Orleans and gain +control of Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi. + +Andrew Jackson commands the American forces, made up of regulars, +militia, pirates, negroes, and volunteers, numbering only about half the +attacking British army. Day after day goes by with no great victory +gained on either side, until Sunday, January 8, dawns. With the daylight, +the British commence a furious assault. But Jackson and his men are ready +for them. Rushing back and forth along his line of defense, the commander +cries out, "Stand by your guns!" "See that every shot tells!" "Let's +finish the business to-day!" Many of Jackson's men are sharpshooters. +Time and again they aim and fire, and time and again the enemy advance, +fall back, rally, and try to advance once more. But in three short hours +the British leader and more than 2500 men have dropped, hundreds shot +between the eyes. It is no use! In confusion the British turn and flee. +Jackson has saved the city. + +[Illustration: THE CABILDO] + +In the Civil War the turn of affairs is different. Louisiana was one of +the seven states to secede from the Union in 1860 and form themselves +into the Confederate States of America. Of course this made New Orleans a +Confederate city. Naturally, the north wanted to capture New Orleans in +order to control the mouth of the Mississippi River. This time the +attacking force is a Union fleet, and the defenders of the city are +stanch Confederates who have done all in their power to prevent the +approach of the Northerners. Across the river, near its mouth, two great +cables have been stretched, and between the cables and the city are a +Confederate fleet and two forts, one on each side of the river. + +The Union fleet under David Farragut appears, opens fire on the forts, +and keeps up the attack for six days and nights. Still the forts hold +out. Then Farragut decides that since he cannot take the forts he will +run his ships past them. But there are the cables blocking his way. The +steamer _Itasca_ undertakes to break them and rushes upon them under a +raking fire from both forts. The cables snap. That night the Union ships, +in single file, start up the river. At last the forts are passed and the +Confederate ships overcome, but not the spirit of the people of New +Orleans. They fight to the finish as best they can. Cotton bales are +piled on rafts, set afire, and floated downstream among the Union ships. +Still the ships come on. At least the Northerners shall not take the +valuable stores of cotton, sugar, and molasses! So the cotton ships are +fired, and hogsheads of molasses and barrels of sugar are hurriedly +destroyed. When the Union forces land and takes possession, the people of +New Orleans, though heartbroken, know that they have done their best. + +Then comes peace. The war is over, and New Orleans is once more a city of +the United States. + +To-day New Orleans presents the unusual combination of an old city, full +of historic interest, and a splendid new city, a place of industry, +progress, and opportunity. + +The successful building of a great city on the site of New Orleans is a +triumph of engineering skill. As the city lies below the high-water mark +of the Mississippi, it was necessary to build great banks of earth to +hold back the water in the flood season. These levees, as they are +called, form the water front of the city. + +In the early days the only drinking-water in New Orleans was rain water +caught from the roofs and stored in cisterns. Imagine a city without a +single cellar. Then not even a grave could be dug in the marshy soil. The +cemeteries were all aboveground. In some cemeteries there were tiers of +little vaults, one above the other, in which the dead were laid. In +others, magnificent tombs provided resting places for the wealthy. Such +was old New Orleans. To-day modern sewers and huge steam pumps draw off +the sewage and excess water, discharging them into the river, while a +splendid water system filters water taken from higher up the river, +giving a supply as pure as that enjoyed by any city in our land. The +marshes have been drained by the construction of canals, which are used +as highways for bringing raw materials from the surrounding country to +the factories of New Orleans. Many of these canals extend for miles into +the interior of the state of Louisiana. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS] + +The city proper covers nearly two hundred square miles and is laid out in +beautiful streets, parks, and driveways, crossed in many places by +picturesque waterways. Here are splendid trees, belonging both to the +temperate zone and to the tropics. Palms and cypresses abound. In the +City Park is one of the finest groves of live oaks in the world. Audubon +Park, named for the great lover of birds, who was born near this city, +is another of the beautiful parks of New Orleans. + +[Illustration: CANAL STREET] + +Canal Street divides New Orleans into two sections, with the Old Town, or +French Quarter, on one side and the New Town, or American Quarter, on the +other. This is the main thoroughfare of the city. It is a wide street, +well-kept and busy. Here are many of the great retail stores, and to this +street comes every car line. From Canal Street one may take a car to any +section of the city, and a car taken in any part of New Orleans will +sooner or later bring one to Canal Street. On this street are handsome +stores, club buildings, hotels, railroad stations, and the United States +customhouse. The upper end of the street is a beautiful residence +section, whose houses are surrounded by spacious lawns and fine trees. +Almost all of these houses have wide galleries, or verandas, upon which +their owners may sit and enjoy, all the year round, the balmy air of the +southern climate. Very seldom does the temperature drop below 30 degrees +Fahrenheit. Usually it is between 50 and 60 degrees, and even in summer +it varies only between 75 and 90 degrees. New Orleans is really cooler in +summer than some of our northern cities, being so surrounded by river and +lakes. + +[Illustration: A CREOLE COURTYARD] + +The old New Orleans lies northeast of Canal Street. Here the early +settlers established their homes, and in this French Quarter the French +language is still in common use, and many old French customs are +observed. The streets, many of which bear French names, are narrow and +roughly paved and are closely built up with old-fashioned brick buildings +ornamented with iron verandas. Open gateways in the front of many a +gloomy-looking house give us a glimpse of attractive interior courts, gay +with flowers and splashing fountains. Many other courts, alas, are +deserted or neglected, for this is no longer the fashionable section of +New Orleans. Most of the city's creole population lives in the French +Quarter. These people are the descendants of the early French and Spanish +inhabitants. + +[Illustration: JACKSON SQUARE AND THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS] + +In the French Quarter is Jackson Square, which was the center of +governmental life in the early years of the city. Here are the +Cabildo--the old Spanish court building--and the Cathedral of St. Louis, +an old and beautiful church. On Chartres Street is the Archiepiscopal +Palace, said to be the oldest public building in the Mississippi Valley. + +[Illustration: BAYOU ST. JOHN] + +The French Market is one of the world's famous market places. In the long +low buildings occupying four city blocks may be found fruits, vegetables, +meats, fish, and game in wonderful variety. To the Oyster Lugger Landing +come the oyster boats, bringing from the bays of the Gulf coast some of +the finest oysters in America. Other points of interest in the French +Quarter are the Royal Hotel, formerly known as the St. Louis Hotel; the +United States mint; the Soldiers' Home, whose gardens are noted for their +beauty; Bayou St. John, a picturesque waterway; and Jackson Barracks. + +[Illustration: ST. ROCH'S CHAPEL] + +Two other places must not be slighted. In the Ursuline convent stands a +statue before which, on January 8, 1815, the nuns prayed for the success +of the Americans in the battle of New Orleans. Then there is St. Roch's +Shrine, a chapel built by Father Thevis. Each stone in it was placed by +his own hands, in fulfillment of a vow that "if none of his parishioners +should die of an epidemic, he would, stone by stone, build a chapel in +thanksgiving to God." This ancient shrine is visited by thousands of +people every year. + +To the southwest of Canal Street is the American Quarter. This was +originally a tract of land, known as the Terre Commune, reserved by the +French government for public use. But after a while the land was laid out +in streets. Soon the merchants of this section began to trade with the +North and West. The river boats landed in front of the Faubourg St. +Marie, as this part of the city was then called, bringing tobacco, +cotton, pork, beef, corn, flour, and fabrics. Commercial buildings sprang +up, and as the trade was distinctly American, the district came to be +known as the American Quarter. + +In the days when the French Quarter was all there was of New Orleans, the +city was in the shape of a half moon or crescent. The newer part of the +city follows the course of the river and makes the New Orleans of to-day +more like a letter S. + +[Illustration: ST. CHARLES AVENUE] + +St. Charles Avenue is the most beautiful residential street in the +American Quarter. It is a wide avenue with driveways on either side of a +grassy parkway. Rows of trees, many of them stately palms, border the +avenue. Here are splendid homes, each with its flower beds and gardens of +tropical plants. + +Churches and charitable institutions abound in New Orleans. One of the +latter, Touro Infirmary, covers an entire city block. This infirmary was +endowed by Judah Touro, a Jew, and is supported by Jews, but receives +sufferers of any creed. In its courtyard is a fountain erected by the +Hebrew children of New Orleans. + +Tulane University is the most renowned educational institution in the +city, and is noted for its medical and engineering departments. On +Washington Avenue is the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for young +women, which is the women's department of Tulane University. + +The great hotels and many restaurants of the city are noted throughout +the United States. The creole cooks have made famous such dishes as +chicken gumbo, chicken à la creole, and pompano. + +The country around New Orleans is one of the richest in the world. Within +a few hours' ride of the city are great fields of cotton, sugar, and +rice. Two hundred miles from the city are immense deposits of sulphur and +salt. Oil fields are within easy reach, and coal is brought by water from +the mines of Alabama and even from Pennsylvania. Great forests to the +north furnish lumber which is transported by water to the city, making +New Orleans one of the foremost ports in lumber exportation. + +The immense sugar-cane fields of the South look very much like the +cornfields of the more northern states. Negroes cut the cane close to the +ground, as the lower part of the stalk has the most sugar. After the +leaves and tops have been trimmed off, the stalks are shipped to the +presses, cut into small pieces, and crushed between heavy rollers. The +juice is strained, boiled, and worked over to remove the impurities, and +then, in a brownish mass called raw sugar, is sent to great refineries to +be made by more boiling and other processes into the white sugar we use +daily. This sugar industry is very important, as figures show that each +American, both grown-ups and children, consumes an average of more than +seventy pounds of sugar a year. + +[Illustration: A SUGAR-CANE FIELD] + +[Illustration: A SUGAR REFINERY] + +Away down South is the land of cotton as well as the land of sugar, and +there is no more beautiful sight than a field white with the opening +bolls of the cotton plant. Between the long white rows pass the +picturesque negroes with their big baskets into which they put the soft +fleecy cotton as they pick it from the bolls. The raw cotton is then +sent to the cotton gin, where the seeds are taken out to be made into +cottonseed oil. The cotton itself is shipped to factories where it is +made into thread and cotton cloth of all kinds. In addition to the +immense quantities sent to the mills in various parts of the United +States, New Orleans ships to Europe each year over $100,000,000 worth. +When the cotton reaches the city it is in the form of bales covered with +coarse cloth and bound with iron bands. The great steamers waiting at the +dock must fill their holds to the best advantage in order that they may +carry as large an amount as possible on each voyage. The cotton as it +comes from the plantation presses occupies too much space. It is +interesting to stand near the steamship landings and see the workmen cast +off the iron bands and place the bales between the powerful jaws of huge +presses which seem, almost without effort, to close down upon the mass of +fleecy whiteness and cause it to shrink from four feet to about one foot +in thickness. While the cotton is still under pressure, iron bands are +once more placed upon it, and the bale is then taken from the press. +After this process four bales can be loaded on the steamer in the space +which one plantation bale would have occupied. + +[Illustration: A BANANA CONVEYOR] + +The location of New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi and close +enough to the Gulf of Mexico to be called a Gulf port makes it naturally +the great port of exchange of all the products of the Mississippi Valley, +the islands of the Gulf, and the countries on the north coast of South +America. It is the second largest export port in America and is the +world's greatest export market for cotton. Oysters and fish in abundance +are brought to the city from the Gulf, making New Orleans one of the +largest fish-and-oyster markets in the United States. More bananas arrive +at New Orleans than at any other port in the world. The great bunches of +fruit are unloaded by machinery, placed upon specially designed cars, and +sent by the fastest trains to the various parts of the United States. +With the sugar-producing districts so near, New Orleans is, of course, +one of our country's chief sugar markets. The largest sugar refinery in +the world is located here. + +We have already mentioned the water front, but this important and +interesting part of the city deserves more attention. For fifteen miles +along the river, the port of this great city stretches in an almost +unbroken line of wharves and steel sheds. The steamboat landings are near +the foot of Canal Street, and here may be seen the river packets from +Northern cities and the little stern-wheelers which run up Red River. +Above is the flatboat landing, and further on still are the +tropical-fruit wharves and miles of wharves for foreign shipping. + +Just below Canal Street are the sugar sheds, where barrels and hogsheads +of sugar and molasses cover blocks and blocks. At Julia Street are huge +coffee sheds where more than 80,000 bags of coffee, each bag holding +about 138 pounds, can be stored in the large steel warehouses. At +Louisiana Avenue are the huge Stuyvesant Docks, which cover 2000 feet of +river frontage. One of the big elevators here will hold 1,500,000 bushels +of grain, another 1,000,000 bushels. Each one can unload 250 cars a day +and deliver freight to 4 steamships at the same time. + +[Illustration: MARDI GRAS PARADE] + +While the people of this interesting Southern city are great workers, +they are quite as fond of play as of work. Their love of music is shown +by their fine opera house, where celebrated French operas are given. +Because of its gayety, which attracts many visitors, especially in +winter, New Orleans has been called the Winter Capital of America. + +The city's great holiday is the Mardi Gras carnival, which is celebrated +just before Lent. The keys of the city are then given over to the King of +the Carnival, and all day long high revelry holds sway. Brilliant floats, +representing scenes of wonderful quaintness and loveliness, parade +through flower-garlanded avenues thronged with people who have come from +every quarter of the globe. Carried away by the spirit of the fête, these +guests join with the citizens in turning New Orleans for the time into a +fairy city of wonder and delight. + + + =NEW ORLEANS= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (339,075). + + Fifteenth city in rank, according to population. + + The natural port of export and exchange for the Mississippi Valley. + + The second largest export port in the United States. + + The world's greatest export market for cotton. + + The center of a great sugar industry. + + A great import port for tropical fruit and coffee. + + Splendid harbor and shipping facilities along the river. + + Excellent communications by water and rail with other great American + cities. + + Protected by great levees from overflow of the Mississippi River. + + Holds annually a great Mardi Gras carnival. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Tell briefly the story of the settlement of New Orleans. + + 2. Can you tell why it was important for the United States to own + New Orleans? + + 3. Describe the city's part in two wars. What wars were they? + + 4. What great natural disadvantages were overcome in improving the + city of New Orleans, and how was it done? + + 5. State some facts about the principal business street of the city. + What unusual arrangement of street cars is found in New Orleans? + + 6. Contrast the French Quarter of the past with the same section as it + is to-day. + + 7. What is interesting about Jackson Square? + + 8. Tell what you can of the river front. + + 9. What are the chief imports and exports of New Orleans? + + 10. Give a brief account of the preparation of cotton, from the field + to its being loaded for shipment to foreign lands. + + 11. Do you know why so much cotton is sent to foreign countries? + + 12. Tell how sugar is made from the sugar cane. Do you know from what + else we get sugar? + + 13. Tell what you can of the Mardi Gras carnival. + + 14. Find by reference to a map of the United States the great cities + which may be reached by river steamers from New Orleans. + + 15. Why was New Orleans called the Crescent City? + + + + + WASHINGTON + + THE CAPITAL CITY + + +Washington, the capital city of our nation, is the center of interest for +the whole country. Every citizen of the United States thinks of the city +of Washington as a place in which he has a personal pride. + +Here one may see in operation the work of governing a great nation. The +representatives whom the people have chosen meet in the splendid Capitol +to make laws for the whole country. The home of the president is here, +and here are located the headquarters of the great departments of our +government. + +The capital city is a city of splendid trees, of wide, well-paved streets +and handsome avenues. At the intersection of many of the streets and +avenues are beautiful parks and circles, ornamented by statues of the +great men of the nation. + +"How," we are asked, "did it happen that the capital of a great nation +was built almost on its eastern boundary?" The distance from Washington +to San Francisco is 3205 miles. In other words, Washington is almost as +near to London as to San Francisco. The answer is simple. The site was +chosen when the settled part of our country lay between the Allegheny +Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time most of the land west of +the Alleghenies was looked upon as a wilderness whose settlement was +uncertain, while no one dreamed that the infant nation would extend its +boundaries to the Pacific Ocean. + +"And why was it decided to build a new city as the nation's capital, on a +site where there was not even a settlement? Why was not some city already +established chosen to be the chief city of the nation?" The story is +interesting. + +Before the Revolutionary War the colonies were much like thirteen +independent nations, having little to do with one another, but during the +war a common peril held them together in a loose union. With the danger +passed and independence won, this union threatened to dissolve, but +thanks to the influence of the wisest and best men in the country the +thirteen states finally became one nation and adopted the Constitution +which governs the United States to-day. Then discussion arose as to the +site of the new nation's capital. Several states clamored for the honor +of having one of their cities chosen as the government city. The men who +framed the Constitution were wise enough, however, to foresee difficulty +if this were done, and insisted that the seat of government should be in +no state but in a small territory which should be controlled entirely by +the national government. + +After much debate the present location was chosen, and the two states of +Maryland and Virginia each gave to the federal government entire control +over a small territory on the Potomac River. The two pieces of land +formed a square, ten miles on each side. The territory was named the +District of Columbia, and the city to be built was called Washington in +honor of our first president, whose home, Mount Vernon, was but a few +miles away. Later, in 1846, the Virginia part of the District was given +back, so now all the District is on the Maryland side of the Potomac and +is no longer in the shape of a square. + +[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON] + +A firm belief in the future of Washington led to the making of very +elaborate and extensive plans for laying out the city. But as the public +buildings began to rise, with great stretches of unimproved country +between them, many thought the plans much too elaborate and feared that +the attempt to build a new city would end in failure. It was in the fall +of 1800 when the government moved to Washington. Then, in 1814, when +things had taken a start, a dreadful misfortune happened; just a few +months before the close of the war of 1812, the British attacked the city +and burned both the Capitol and the White House. In spite of these early +discouragements and years of ridicule, the capital has fully justified +the plans and hopes of the far-seeing men who built not for their own day +but for the years to come. + +[Illustration: THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA] + +Perhaps one gets the best idea of the city to-day from the height of the +Capitol's beautiful dome that rises over three hundred feet above the +pavement. There is a gallery around the outside of the dome, just below +the lantern which lights its summit, and from here one can see for miles +in any direction. + +Our view of the city from this height shows us that most of the streets +are straight and run either north and south or east and west. The east +and west streets are lettered; those running north and south are +numbered. One might easily imagine four great checkerboards placed +together, with the Capitol standing at the point where the four boards +meet. I say four checkerboards, because from the Capitol three great +streets go to the north, the south, and the east, while a broad park runs +away to the west, thus dividing the city into four sections. Running +across the regularly planned streets of these checkerboards are broad +avenues, many of which seem to come like spokes of wheels from parks +placed in different sections of the city. These avenues are named for +different states. + +[Illustration: LOOKING WEST FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL] + +Close about us is a splendid group of majestic buildings. The Capitol, +upon the brow of the hill overlooking the western part of the city, is +the center of the group. To the north and south of the Capitol rise the +beautiful marble buildings for the use of the committees of the Senate +and the House of Representatives. To the east is the Library of Congress, +the most beautiful building of its kind in the world. + +[Illustration: THE CITY OF WASHINGTON] + +Toward the northwest and southeast runs Pennsylvania Avenue, one hundred +sixty feet wide, the most famous street in the city. About a mile and a +half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol is another imposing group of +public buildings. Here are the Treasury Department, the Executive +Mansion,--the home of the president,--and the State, War, and Navy +Building. Pennsylvania Avenue leads past the fronts of these buildings +and on for more than two miles to the far-western part of the city. + +[Illustration: A VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE] + +Directly west from the Capitol we look along the fine parkways which +divide the city in that direction just as do the main streets which run +from the Capitol to the north, east, and south. This handsome series of +parks is called the Mall. In the Mall are a number of public buildings +placed in an irregular line stretching west from the Capitol, with +sufficient distance between them to allow spacious grounds for each +building. Here we find the home of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army +Medical Museum, the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the +Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the +Washington Monument. + +As we walk around the gallery of the Capitol dome, we see that almost +every street and avenue is lined on either side with beautiful shade +trees which give the city a gardenlike appearance. And looking toward the +south we see the eastern branch of the Potomac meeting the main stream +and flowing away in a majestic river, over a mile in width. On all sides +of the city the land rises in beautiful green hills, guarding the +nation's capital as it lies nestled between the river's protecting arms. + +Having this picture of the general plan of Washington, let us visit some +of the buildings; first of all the Capitol, for it is the most imposing +as well as the most important building in the city. For a good view of +the building, walk out upon the spacious esplanade which extends across +the eastern front. Even here it is hard to appreciate that the Capitol is +over 751 feet long, 350 feet wide, and covers more than 3-1/2 acres of +ground. The eastern front shows the building to have three divisions, a +central building and a northern and a southern wing. Each division has a +splendid portico with stately Corinthian columns and a broad flight of +steps leading to the portico from the eastern esplanade. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL] + +Every four years a new president of the United States is elected, and +March 4 is the day on which he takes office. On this day a great stand is +put up over the steps leading to the central portico of the Capitol, and +upon this platform a most imposing ceremony takes place. Here the new +president, in the presence of all the members of Congress, the +representatives of foreign nations, many distinguished guests, and an +immense throng of people, takes upon himself the obligations of his high +office. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court holds a Bible before the +president, who places his hand upon it and repeats these words: "I do +solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of +the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect +and defend the Constitution of the United States." After the president +has delivered his inaugural address, a splendid procession escorts him to +his new home, the Executive Mansion. + +[Illustration: WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON WAS INAUGURATED] + +Above the central division of the Capitol building, which for many years +served as the entire Capitol, rises the imposing dome from which we have +just come. It is crowned with a lantern upon the top of which is placed +the statue of Freedom. + +Across the western front of the Capitol is a marble terrace overlooking +the lower part of the city. Though the western front is ornamented with +colonnades of Corinthian columns, it lacks the splendid approaches of the +eastern side. + +This immense building, representing the dignity and greatness of our +nation, is given over almost entirely to the work of lawmaking. In the +central part is the large rotunda beneath the lofty dome. The northern +wing is occupied by the Senate of the United States, while the southern +wing is the home of the House of Representatives. We enter the rotunda by +the broad stairs leading from the eastern esplanade and find ourselves in +a great circular hall, almost a hundred feet in diameter, whose walls +curve upward one hundred and eighty feet. At the top a beautiful canopy +shows the Father of his Country in the company of figures representing +the thirteen original states. About these are other figures, personifying +commerce, freedom, mechanics, agriculture, dominion over the sea, and the +arts and sciences. Encircling the upper part of the walls, but many feet +below the canopy, is a frieze of scenes from the history of the United +States. + +Around the lower part of the walls are eight great paintings. Four of +them are the work of one of Washington's officers, Colonel John Trumbull +of Connecticut, and are of great interest because the figures are actual +portraits of the people represented. These paintings show the signing of +the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, +the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the resignation of General +Washington at the close of the Revolution. + +[Illustration: STATUARY HALL, IN THE CAPITOL] + +From the rotunda, broad corridors lead north to the Senate Chamber and +south to the House of Representatives. Following the corridor to the +south, we come to a large semicircular room. When the central division of +the building was all there was to the Capitol, this room was occupied by +the House of Representatives, and here were heard the speeches of Adams, +Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and many other famous statesmen. It is now set +apart as a national statuary hall, where each state may place two statues +of her chosen sons. As many of the states have been glad to honor their +great men in this way, a splendid array of national heroes is gathered in +the hall. Among the Revolutionary heroes we find Washington, Ethan Allen, +and Nathaniel Green. A statue of Fulton, sent by New York, shows him +seated, looking at a model of his steamship. Of all these marble figures, +perhaps none attracts more attention than that of Frances Elizabeth +Willard, the great apostle of temperance, and to the state of Illinois +belongs the distinction of having placed the only statue of a woman in +this great collection. + +Leaving Statuary Hall, we go south to the Hall of Representatives. Here +representatives from all the states gather to frame laws for the entire +nation. Seated in the gallery it seems almost as if we were in a huge +schoolroom, for the representatives occupy seats which are arranged in +semicircles, facing a white marble desk upon a high platform reached by +marble steps. This is the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Speaker's +duty is to preserve order and to see that the business of this branch of +Congress is carried on as it should be. Before delivering a speech, a +representative must have the Speaker's permission. The Speaker is a most +important person, for all business is transacted under his direction. The +representatives come from every state in the Union, and even far-off +Hawaii, Alaska, and the Philippines are allowed to send delegates to this +assembly to represent them in making laws. Think what a serious matter it +would have been to the people of the far West to have the capital of +their nation in the extreme Eastern section of the country if the +development of the railroads, the telegraph, and the telephone had not +made travel and communication so easy that great distances are no longer +obstacles. + +[Illustration: THE OPENING OF CONGRESS] + +But we can pay only a brief visit to the House of Representatives, for +there is another body of lawmakers in the northern end of the Capitol +which we wish to see. Back to the rotunda we go and then walk along a +corridor leading to the northern, or Senate, end of the Capitol. Each +day, for a number of months in the year, an interesting ceremony takes +place in this corridor promptly at noon. Nine dignified men, clad in long +black silk robes, march in solemn procession across the corridor and +enter a stately chamber which, though smaller, resembles Statuary Hall in +shape. These men make up the Supreme Court of the United States, the +highest court of justice in the land. + +Often in cases at law a person does not feel that the decision of one +court has been just. He may then have his case examined and passed upon +by a higher court. This is called "appealing," and some cases, for good +cause, may be appealed from one court to another until they reach the +Supreme Court. Beyond the Supreme Court there is no appeal. What this +court decides must be accepted as final. The room in which the Supreme +Court meets was once used as the Senate Chamber, and many of the great +debates heard in the Senate before our Civil War were held in this room. + +The Senate Chamber of to-day is further down the north corridor. This +room is not unlike the Hall of Representatives in plan and arrangement, +though it is somewhat smaller. Instead of having a chairman of their own +choosing, as is the case in the House, the Senate is presided over by the +vice president of the United States. This high official, seated upon a +raised platform, directs the proceedings of the Senate just as the +Speaker directs those of the House of Representatives. There seems to be +an air of greater solemnity and dignity in this small group of lawmakers +than in the House of Representatives. It is smaller because each state is +entitled to send but two senators to the Senate, whereas the number of +representatives is governed by the number of inhabitants in the state. +The populous state of New York has thirty-seven representatives and but +two senators, the same number as the little state of Rhode Island whose +population entitles it to only two representatives. + +The purpose of having two lawmaking bodies is to provide a safeguard +against hasty and unwise legislation. In the House of Representatives the +most populous states have the greatest influence, while in the Senate all +states are equally represented, and each state has two votes regardless +of its size and population. Since every proposed law must be agreed to in +both the Senate and the House before it is taken to the president for his +approval, each body acts as a check on the other in lawmaking. + +[Illustration: INAUGURAL PARADE ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE] + +Just to the east of the Capitol grounds stands the magnificent Library of +Congress. This wonderful storehouse of books is a marvelous palace. It +covers almost an entire city block, and its towering gilded dome is +visible from almost every part of the city. Once inside, we could easily +believe ourselves in fairyland, so beautiful are the halls and the +staircases of carved marble, so wonderful the paintings and the +decorations. Every available space upon the walls and ceilings is adorned +with pictures, with the names of the great men of the world, and with +beautiful quotations from the poets and scholars who seem to live again +in this magnificent building which is dedicated to the things they loved. + +[Illustration: BOTANICAL GARDENS] + +In the center of the building, just beneath the gilded dome, is a rotunda +slightly wider than the rotunda of the Capitol, though not so high. Here +are desks for the use of those who wish to consult any volume of the +immense collection of books. + +The books are kept in great structures called stacks, 9 stories high and +containing bookshelves which would stretch nearly 44 miles if placed in +one line. Any one of the great collection of 1,300,000 volumes can be +sent by machinery from the stacks to the reading room or to the Capitol. +When a member of Congress wants a book which is in the Library, he need +not leave the Capitol, for there is a tunnel connecting the two buildings +through which runs a little car to carry books. + +The Librarian of Congress has charge of the enforcement of the copyright +law. By means of this law an author may secure the exclusive right to +publish a book, paper, or picture for twenty-eight years. One of the +requirements of the copyright law is that the author must place in the +Library of Congress two copies of whatever he has copyrighted. Hence, on +the shelves of this great library may be found almost every book or paper +published in the United States. + +Leaving the Library we once more find ourselves upon the great esplanade +east of the Capitol. In the majestic white-marble buildings to the north +and south,--known as the Senate and House office buildings,--committees +of each House of Congress meet to discuss proposed laws. + +Having seen the lawmakers at work in the Capitol, let us visit the +officials whose duty it is to enforce the laws made by Congress. + +Chief among these is the president of the United States. His house is +officially known as the Executive Mansion, but nearly everybody speaks of +it as the White House. The first public building erected in Washington +was the White House. It is said that Washington himself chose the site. +He lived to see it built but not occupied, for the capital was not moved +to the District of Columbia until 1800, a year after Washington's death. + +[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE FROM THE NORTH] + +This simple, stately building is a fitting home for the head of a great +republic. In the main building are the living apartments of the president +and his family, and the great rooms used for state receptions; the +largest and handsomest of these is the famous East Room. Other rooms used +on public occasions are known, from the color of the furnishings and +hangings, as the Blue Room, the Green Room, and the Red Room. There is +also the great State Dining Room, where the president entertains at +dinner the important government officials and foreign representatives. + +In the Annex, adjoining the White House on the west, are the offices of +the president and those who assist him in his work. In this part of the +building is the cabinet room, where the president meets the heads of the +various departments to consult with them concerning questions of national +importance. + +Across the street from the president's office is the immense granite +building occupied by the three departments of State, War, and Navy. The +secretaries in charge of these departments have their offices here, +together with a small army of clerks. + +[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES TREASURY] + +On the opposite side of the White House from the State, War, and Navy +Building is the National Treasury. The Treasury Building is one of the +finest in the city. To see the splendid colonnade on the east is alone +worth a journey to Washington. From this building all the money affairs +of the United States government are directed. + +In the Treasury Building and in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing one +may see the entire process of manufacturing and issuing paper money. In +the Treasury we see new bills exchanged for old, worn-out bills, which +are ground to pieces to destroy forever their value as money. + +[Illustration: BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, "UNCLE SAM'S MONEY +FACTORY"] + +But to understand the story of a dollar bill or a bill of any other value +we must visit the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. This building, which +is some distance from the Treasury Building, reminds us of a large +printing office, and that is just what it is. Here we are shown from room +to room where many men and women are at work, some engraving the plates +from which bills are to be printed and others printing the bills. The +paper used is manufactured by a secret process for United States money, +and every sheet is most carefully counted at every stage of the printing. +Altogether the sheets are counted fifty-two times. Many clerks are +employed to keep a careful account of these sheets, and it is almost +impossible for a single bill or a single piece of paper to be lost or +stolen. After the money is printed it is put into bundles, sealed, and +sent in a closely guarded steel wagon to the Treasury Building, where it +is stored in great vaults until it is issued. + +[Illustration: A CIRCLE AND ITS RADIATING AVENUES] + +At the Treasury we find the officials sending out these crisp new bills +in payment of the debts of the United States or in exchange for bills +which are so tattered and torn that they are no longer useful. This +exchanging of new money for old is a large part of the business of the +Treasury and calls for the greatest care in counting and keeping records, +in order that no mistakes may be made. + +After the old bills are counted they are cut in half and the halves +counted separately, to make sure that the first count was correct. When +the exact amount of money has been determined, new bills are sent out to +the owners of the old bills, and the old bills are destroyed. + +When we have seen enough of the counting of old money, our guide takes us +down into the cellar of this great building, where we walk along a narrow +passageway with millions of dollars in gold and silver on either hand. +All is carefully secured by massive doors and locks, and none but trusted +officials may enter the vaults themselves. These gold and silver coins +are made in the United States mints in Philadelphia, Denver, New Orleans, +and San Francisco. + +You see the paper bill is not real money but a sort of receipt +representing gold and silver money which you can get at any time from the +Treasury. As we peep through the barred doors of the vaults and see great +piles of canvas sacks, it is interesting to know that some of the silver +and gold coins they hold are ours, waiting here while we carry in our +pockets the paper bills which represent them. + +In addition to issuing money, the Treasury Department has charge of +collecting all the taxes and duties which furnish the money for the +payment of the expenses of the government. + +Washington is a government city. Of its population of over 330,000, about +36,000 are directly engaged in the various departments of the government, +while most of the other lines of business thrive by supplying the needs +of the government's employees and their families. Very little +manufacturing is done in the District of Columbia, and such articles as +are manufactured are chiefly for local use. + +People from almost every country in the world may be seen on the streets, +for almost all civilized nations have ministers or ambassadors at +Washington to represent them in official dealings with the United States. +These foreign representatives occupy fine homes, and during the winter +season many brilliant receptions are given by them as well as by our own +high officials. + +[Illustration: CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL] + +The people of Washington have built fine churches and many handsome +schools, to which all, from the president to the humblest citizen, send +their children. In or near the city are the five universities of George +Washington, Georgetown, Howard University for colored people, the +Catholic University, and the American University, where graduates from +other colleges take advanced work. + +[Illustration: ANNEX AND GARDEN OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION] + +The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote nor do they make +their own laws, as it was feared there might be a disagreement between +Congress and the city government if people voted on local matters. All +laws for the District of Columbia are made by the Congress of the United +States and are carried out by three commissioners appointed by the +president with the consent of the Senate. Many inhabitants of the +District are citizens of the states and go to their homes at election +time to cast their votes. Isn't it strange that there is a place in the +United States where the citizens cannot vote? + +[Illustration: UNION STATION] + +You are, no doubt, beginning to think that the places of interest in +Washington must be very numerous. This is true, for few cities in the +world have so many interesting public buildings. Among these are the +Corcoran Art Gallery; the Continental Memorial Hall, the majestic marble +building of the Daughters of the American Revolution; and the palatial +home of the Pan-American Union, a place where representatives of all the +American republics may meet. Then there is the Patent Office, for +recording and filing old patents and granting new ones; the Pension +Office, from which our war veterans receive a certain sum each year; the +Government Printing Office, whose reports require over a million dollars' +worth of paper each year; Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln was +shot; the naval-gun factory, for making the fourteen-inch long-range guns +used on our battleships; and the Union Railroad Station, whose east wing +is reserved for the use of the president. + +[Illustration: WASHINGTON MONUMENT FROM CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL] + +There is one almost sacred spot, upon which the nation has erected a +splendid memorial to our greatest hero, George Washington. The Washington +Monument is a simple obelisk of white marble, that towers 555 feet above +the beautiful park in the midst of which it stands. Those openings near +the top which seem so small are 504 feet above us and are actually large +windows. On entering the door at the base of the monument, we pass +through the wall, which is 15 feet thick, and find an elevator ready to +carry us to the top. If we prefer to walk, there is an interior stairway +of 900 steps leading to the top landing. At the end of our upward journey +we find ourselves in a large room with two great windows on each of the +four sides. From here we get another view of the hill-surrounded city, +and the scene which lies before us is inspiring. + +The Washington Monument is near the western end of the Mall, that series +of parks extending from the Capitol to the Potomac River. Near by are the +buildings of the Department of Agriculture, which has been of the +greatest help to the farmers of our land by sending out important +information concerning almost everything connected with farm life. +Through the Bureau of Chemistry this department did much to bring about +the passage of the Pure Food Law, which protects the people by forbidding +the sale of food and drugs that are not pure. + +In the spacious park adjoining the grounds of the Department of +Agriculture is a building which looks like an ancient castle. This is the +Smithsonian Institution, which carries on scientific work under +government control. + +The National Museum, which is under the control of the Smithsonian +Institution, has a fine building of its own. This museum is a perfect +treasure house of interesting exhibits of all kinds. Here may be seen +relics of Washington, of General Grant, and of other famous Americans; +and here are exhibits showing the history of the telegraph, the +telephone, the sewing machine, the automobile, and the flying machine. +Stuffed animals of all kinds are arranged to look just as if they were +alive. So numerous are the exhibits that it would require a large book +simply to mention them. Many of the boys and girls of Washington spend +their Saturday afternoons examining the wonderful things which have been +brought to this museum from all parts of the world. + +[Illustration: THE CITY FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS] + +Washington has also a zoölogical park where there are animals from +everywhere. It is on the banks of a beautiful stream on the outskirts of +the city and is part of a great public park which covers many acres of +picturesque wooded country. + +We must not omit the Post Office Department, for that is the part of the +federal government which comes nearest to our homes. Here are the offices +of the postmaster general and his many assistants. To tell of the wonders +of our postal system would be a long story in itself. If all the people +employed by the Post Office Department lived in Washington, they would +fill all of the houses and leave no room for anyone else. Of course this +great army of employees are not all in any one city, for the work of the +post office extends to every part of the United States, and, through +arrangement with other nations, to every part of the civilized world. + +In the country surrounding the city of Washington are several important +and interesting places. Just across the river, in the state of Virginia, +are Fort Myer, an army post, and the famous Arlington National Cemetery. +Arlington was the home of Martha Custis, who became the bride of George +Washington. At the opening of the Civil War it was the home of the famous +Confederate general, Robert E. Lee. Then it passed into the hands of the +United States government and is now the burial place of over sixteen +thousand soldiers who gave their lives for their country. + +On the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, sixteen miles south of the +city of Washington, is Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George +Washington. The spacious old mansion in the midst of fine trees and +shady lawns looks out over the wide peaceful river which Washington +loved. To this home Washington came to live shortly after his marriage. +He spent his time in farming on this estate until he was called to take +command of the American army. After our independence was won he returned +to his home and his farm. Once more he was called upon to leave this +quiet country life to become the first president of the new nation. When +he had served his country two terms he gladly retired to Mount Vernon, +where he lived until his death in 1799. + +[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S TOMB] + +To-day the house and grounds are preserved with loving care. The rooms of +the house are furnished with fine old mahogany furniture, many pieces of +which belonged to Washington. In the grounds, not far from the stately +mansion, is the simple brick tomb where rest the bodies of Washington and +his wife. During the years which have passed since his death, thousands +of his countrymen have come to this tomb to do honor to his memory. + +As we sail up the Potomac toward the city after our visit to the home of +the great man whose name it bears, the Washington Monument, the White +House, the State, War, and Navy Building, the Capitol, the Library, and +the post office tower above the surrounding buildings and, shining in the +golden light of sunset, make a picture never to be forgotten. + +This city of parks, of broad avenues, of beautiful buildings, belongs to +the Americans who live in the far-distant states as well as to those who +live and work in the capital itself. It is our capital and we may justly +be proud of it, for it is one of the most beautiful cities in all the +world. + + + =WASHINGTON= + + FACTS TO REMEMBER + + The capital of the nation. + + Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (331,069). + + Sixteenth city in rank, according to population. + + Center of the federal government of the United States. + + Governed entirely by Congress under provision of the Constitution. + + Chief offices of every department of the federal government located + here. + + Splendid streets, avenues, parks, and monuments. + + Many magnificent public buildings. + + Very few manufacturing industries. + + A city of homes of government employees. + + One of the most interesting and beautiful cities in the world. + + + QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY + + 1. Give some reasons why every citizen of the United States should be + interested in Washington. + + 2. What interesting buildings are located here, and for what are they + used? + + 3. What were some of the reasons for selecting the location of the + capital city? + + 4. After whom was the city named? + + 5. In what year did Washington become the capital city, and what + disaster visited it a few years later? + + 6. Describe the plan of the city, and name one of its famous streets. + + 7. Name three interesting groups of buildings: one on Capitol Hill, + one on Pennsylvania Avenue, and one in the Mall. + + 8. What are some of the natural beauties of the city? + + 9. Give some idea of the size and beauty of the Capitol and of the + imposing ceremony which takes place there every four years. + + 10. Describe briefly the House of Representatives when in session and + the duties of its members. + + 11. Where does the Supreme Court of the country sit, and why is it + called the Supreme Court? + + 12. How does the Senate differ from the House of Representatives? What + are the duties of senators? How many come from each state? + + 13. Why do we have two lawmaking bodies? + + 14. Name some of the attractions of the Library of Congress. Tell how + its books are stacked and how they are sent to the Capitol, and + give some facts about the copyright law. + + 15. Tell what you know of the White House. + + 16. What two fine buildings are on either side of the White House, and + for what is each used? + + 17. Describe the making of paper money. + + 18. What are the duties of the Treasury Department, and what may be + seen in the Treasury vaults? + + 19. Tell something about the people of Washington, their chief + occupation, and why so many foreign diplomats have their homes + here. + + 20. How are the city of Washington and the District of Columbia + governed? + + 21. Name some places of interest in Washington not already mentioned. + + 22. Describe the splendid monument by which our greatest hero is + honored. + + 23. Tell why you would like to visit the Smithsonian Institution, the + National Museum, and the Zoölogical Park. + + 24. Why are Fort Myer, Arlington, and Mount Vernon very interesting to + all citizens of the United States? + + 25. To whom does the beautiful city of Washington really belong, and + why should we be proud of it? + + + + + REFERENCE TABLES + + + LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO POPULATION + + RANK + + London 1 + New York 2 + Paris 3 + Chicago 4 + Berlin 5 + Tokio 6 + Vienna 7 + Petrograd 8 + Philadelphia 9 + Moscow 10 + Buenos Ayres 11 + Constantinople 12 + + + INCREASE IN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES--NATIONAL CENSUS + + =============+===================================++==================== + | POPULATION || RANK + CITY |-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------ + | 1910 | 1900 | 1890 || 1910 | 1900 | 1890 + -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------ + New York | 4,766,883 | 3,437,202 | 1,515,301 || 1 | 1 | 1 + | | | || | | + Chicago | 2,185,283 | 1,698,575 | 1,099,850 || 2 | 2 | 2 + | | | || | | + Philadelphia | 1,549,008 | 1,293,697 | 1,046,964 || 3 | 3 | 3 + | | | || | | + St. Louis | 687,029 | 575,238 | 451,770 || 4 | 4 | 5 + | | | || | | + Boston | 670,585 | 560,892 | 448,477 || 5 | 5 | 6 + | | | || | | + Cleveland | 560,663 | 381,768 | 261,353 || 6 | 7 | 10 + | | | || | | + Baltimore | 558,485 | 508,957 | 434,439 || 7 | 6 | 7 + | | | || | | + Pittsburgh | 533,905 | 321,616 | 238,617 || 8 | 11 | 13 + | | | || | | + Detroit | 465,766 | 285,704 | 205,876 || 9 | 13 | 15 + | | | || | | + Buffalo | 423,715 | 352,387 | 255,664 || 10 | 8 | 11 + | | | || | | + San Francisco| 416,912 | 342,782 | 298,997 || 11 | 9 | 8 + | | | || | | + Milwaukee | 373,857 | 285,315 | 204,468 || 12 | 14 | 16 + | | | || | | + Cincinnati | 363,591 | 325,902 | 296,908 || 13 | 10 | 9 + | | | || | | + Newark | 347,469 | 246,070 | 181,830 || 14 | 16 | 17 + | | | || | | + New Orleans | 339,075 | 287,104 | 242,039 || 15 | 12 | 12 + | | | || | | + Washington | 331,069 | 278,718 | 230,392 || 16 | 15 | 14 + =============+===========+===========+===========++======+======+====== + + + THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES + + ==========================+======================= + | + CITY | + | LEADING COUNTRIES OF + | BIRTH OF FOREIGN-BORN + | POPULATION--1910 + +-----------+----------- + | First | Second + --------------------------+-----------+----------- + Baltimore | Germany | Russia + Boston | Ireland | Canada + Buffalo | Germany | Canada + Chicago | Germany | Austria + Cincinnati | Germany | Hungary + Cleveland | Austria | Germany + Detroit | Germany | Canada + Jersey City | Germany | Ireland + Los Angeles | Germany | Canada + Milwaukee | Germany | Russia + Minneapolis | Sweden | Norway + New Orleans | Italy | Germany + New York | Russia | Italy + Newark | Germany | Russia + Philadelphia | Russia | Ireland + Pittsburgh | Germany | Russia + St. Louis | Germany | Russia + San Francisco | Germany | Ireland + Washington | Ireland | Germany + ==========================+===========+=========== + + + SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM NEW YORK CITY + + San Francisco 3182 miles + New Orleans 1344 miles + St. Louis 1059 miles + Chicago 908 miles + Detroit 690 miles + Cleveland 576 miles + Pittsburgh 441 miles + Buffalo 439 miles + Boston 235 miles + Washington, D.C. 226 miles + Baltimore 186 miles + Philadelphia 92 miles + + + SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM CHICAGO + + San Francisco 2274 miles + Boston 1021 miles + New Orleans 923 miles + New York 908 miles + Philadelphia 818 miles + Baltimore 797 miles + Washington, D.C. 787 miles + Buffalo 523 miles + Pittsburgh 468 miles + Cleveland 339 miles + St. Louis 286 miles + Detroit 272 miles + + + TO WHOM WE SELL THE MOST + THE AMOUNT FOR 1914 + + Great Britain $594,271,863 + Germany $344,794,276 + Canada $344,716,981 + France $159,818,924 + Netherlands $112,215,673 + Italy $74,235,012 + Cuba $68,884,428 + Belgium $61,219,894 + Japan $51,205,520 + Argentina $45,179,089 + Mexico $38,748,793 + + + FROM WHOM WE BUY THE MOST + THE AMOUNT FOR 1914 + + Great Britain $293,661,304 + Germany $189,919,136 + Canada $160,689,709 + France $141,446,252 + Cuba $131,303,794 + Japan $107,355,897 + Brazil $101,303,794 + Mexico $92,690,566 + British India $73,630,880 + Italy $56,407,671 + +[Illustration: SOME OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES] + + + + + INDEX + + + Abbey, Edwin A., 128 + + Adams, John, 84, 87 + + Adams, Samuel, 124 + + Alameda, 240 + + Allegheny, 182, 184 + + Allegheny River, 171, 172, 182 + + + Baldwin, Matthias W., 71 + + Baldwin Locomotive Works, 71 + + Baltimore, 155-170 + railroad center, 155 + harbor, 155 + industries, 155, 156 + exports, 155 + fire of 1904, 156 + public markets, 160 + settlement of, 167 + + Baltimore, Lord, 168 + + Barge canal, 212 + + Belleville, 98 + + Berkeley, 240 + + Bienville, Governor, 245 + + Blackstone, William, 105 + + Boston, 105-136 + capital of Massachusetts, 105 + settlement of, 105 + divisions of, 107 + harbor, 108 + trade center, 119 + foreign commerce, 121 + industries, 121 + + Boston Tea Party, 84, 122 + + Braddock, 173 + + Bradford, William, 73 + + Brockton, 119 + + Brooklyn, 11, 24, 28, 30 + + Brooks, Phillips, 127 + + Bruceton, 178 + + Buffalo, 207-226 + settlement of, 207, 208 + named, 209 + Erie Canal, 210 + lake port, 211 + importance of location, 212 + trade with Canada, 212 + manufacturing center, 213 + Niagara power, 213, 216, 224-225 + iron industry, 214 + flour mills, 216 + important live-stock market, 217 + important lumber market, 217 + harbor, 221 + + Buffalo River, 207, 221 + + Bulfinch, Charles, 111 + + + Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 191 + + Calumet River, 56 + + Cambridge, 116, 117, 131, 133 + + Carnegie, Andrew, 184 + + Carnegie Steel Company, 175 + + Centennial Exhibition, 75 + + Charles River, 116 + + Chicago, 41-66, 180 + fire of 1871, 41 + settlement of, 43 + harbor, 45, 56, 57 + becomes a city, 46 + important railroad center, 54 + greatest lake port, 54 + grain market, 55 + steel industry, 56 + largest lumber market, 57 + exports, 57 + center of packing industry, 61 + Pullman, 62 + + Chicago drainage and ship canal, 54 + + Chicago River, 41, 43, 45, 53, 54, 57 + + Civil War, 247 + + Cleaveland, General Moses, 137 + + Cleveland, 137-154, 180 + settlement of, 137 + harbor, 141 + becomes a city, 142 + industries, 142, 143, 148 + importance of location, 148 + manufacturing center, 148 + largest ore market in the world, 148 + center of shipbuilding, 148 + important lake port, 153 + + Cleveland, Grover, 224 + + Clinton, De Witt, 209 + + Coal, 56, 70, 100, 142, 172, 175, 213, 214, 215, 257 + + Coal mines, 175 + + Commerce, foreign, 35, 57, 121, 231, 259 + + Cotton, 257, 258, 261 + + Croton River, 18 + + Custis, Martha, 294 + + Cuyahoga River, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145 + + + Declaration of Independence, 8, 85 + + Delaware River, 67, 68, 69 + + de Portolá, Don Gaspar, 227 + + Des Plaines River, 53 + + Detroit, 139, 189-206 + leading port on Canadian shore, 189, 199 + founded, 191 + early history, 191 + growth, 192 + trade center, 194 + harbor, 195 + shipbuilding industry, 195 + becomes industrial city, 196 + center of automobile trade, 196 + industries, 197 + immense wholesale trade, 198 + railroad center, 200 + + Detroit River, 191, 200, 205 + + District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289 + + Doan, Nathaniel, 139 + + Dutch West India Company, 5 + + + East River, 27, 36 + + East St. Louis, 98 + + Erie Canal, 9, 193, 209, 210, 212 + + Exports, value of, 301 + + + Fall River, 121 + + Farragut, David, 248 + + Fillmore, Millard, 224 + + Fish industry, 121, 239 + + Fitch, John, 72 + + Fort Dearborn, 44 + + Fort McHenry, 169 + + Fort Myer, 294 + + Fort Pitt, 171 + + Foreign-born population, 300 + + Franklin, Benjamin, 73, 84 + + French and Indian War, 171, 191, 245 + + Fulton, Robert, 72 + + + Girard, Stephen, 79 + + Gold, 227 + + Golden Gate, 231, 241 + + Grain industry, 55, 102 + + Granite City, 98 + + Gunpowder River, 163 + + + Hale, Edward Everett, 130 + + _Half Moon_, 3 + + Hancock, John, 124 + + Homestead, 173 + + Hudson, Henry, 4 + + Hudson River, 4, 30, 35, 36, 207, 209, 210 + + Hull, General William, 192 + + + Illinois and Michigan Canal, 47 + + Illinois River, 47, 53, 93 + + Imports, value of, 302 + + Increase in population of our great cities, 299 + + Iron industry, 171, 172, 214, 233 + + + Jackson, Andrew, 246 + + Jefferson, Thomas, 89 + + + Key, Francis Scott, 169 + + Kingsbury, James, 138 + + Kinzie, John, 43 + + + Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, 215 + + Largest cities in the world, 299 + + Lawrence, 121 + + Lee, Robert E., 294 + + Lewis and Clark expedition, 90 + + Louisiana Purchase, 89, 245 + + Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 96 + + Lowell, 121 + + Lumber, 57, 100, 217, 257 + + Lynn, 119 + + + Madison, 98 + + Manhattan, 4, 11 + + McCall Ferry dam, 163 + + McKeesport, 173 + + McKinley, William, 224 + + Mexican War, 227 + + Mints, 81, 82, 237 + + Minuit, Peter, 5 + + Mississippi River, 47, 89, 91, 96, 97, 171, 245, 248, 249 + + Missouri River, 90, 93 + + Mohawk River, 207, 209 + + Monongahela River, 171, 172, 182 + + Morris, Robert, 75 + + Mt. Vernon, 267, 294 + + + Natural gas, 151, 181, 185, 213 + + New Amsterdam, 6, 14 + + New Bedford, 121 + + New Orleans, 171, 245-264 + early history, 245 + in the War of 1812, 246 + in the Civil War, 247 + building the city, 249 + the French quarter, 251, 252 + the American quarter, 251, 255 + important lumber market, 257 + important cotton market, 258, 261 + Gulf port, 261 + second export port in America, 261 + exports, 261 + important sugar market, 257, 261 + Mardi Gras, 263 + + New York, 3-40 + settlement of, 4 + surrendered to English, 7 + named, 8 + capital city, 9 + harbor, 9, 36 + becomes Greater New York, 11 + boroughs, 11 + nation's chief market place, 32 + imports, 32 + exports, 32 + nation's greatest workshop, 32 + industries, 32 + + Niagara Falls, 213, 224 + + Niagara River, 190, 191, 209, 212, 219, 224 + + + Oakland, 240 + + Ohio Canal, 140 + + Ohio River, 93, 137, 139, 140, 171, 172 + + Ore, 56, 142, 214 + + + Packing industry, 59, 61, 101, 217, 233 + + Panama Canal, 233, 242 + + Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 242 + + Pan-American Exposition, 224 + + Patapsco River, 168 + + Penn, William, 67, 74, 75, 76 + + Perry, Oliver Hazard, 192 + + Petroleum, 180, 213, 257 + + Philadelphia, 67-88, 167 + settlement of, 67 + manufacturing city, 69 + commercial center, 70 + industries, 70 + United States mint, 81 + Continental Congress, 84, 85 + Declaration of Independence signed at, 85 + capital of the nation, 87 + + Pitt, William, 171 + + Pittsburgh, 148, 171-188 + workshop of the world, 171 + named, 171 + trade center, 172 + manufacturing city, 172 + center of steel industry, 173 + industries, 173 + Pittsburgh district, 173 + mines, 175, 177 + petroleum, 180 + natural gas, 181 + + Pontiac's conspiracy, 192 + + Population of our great cities, 299 + + Potomac River, 267, 272, 292 + + Pullman, 62 + + Puritans, 105 + + + Quakers, 67 + + + Railroads, 9, 49, 58, 70, 93, 110, 142, 150, 200, 211, 213, 238 + Pennsylvania, 30, 150 + New York Central, 32, 110, 150 + Michigan Southern, 49 + Michigan Central, 49, 200 + Missouri Pacific, 93 + Boston & Albany, 110 + Boston & Maine, 110 + New York, New Haven & Hartford, 110 + Nickel Plate, 150 + Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 150 + Erie Railroad, 150 + Baltimore & Ohio, 150 + Wheeling & Lake Erie, 150 + Southern Pacific, 238 + Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, 239 + Union Pacific, 239 + Western Pacific, 239 + + Revere, Paul, 124 + + Revolution, War of the, 8, 75, 111, 112, 119, 122, 192, 207, 266 + + Richmond, 240 + + Rogers, Major Robert, 191, 193 + + Roosevelt, Theodore, 224 + + Ross, Betsy, 86 + + + Sacramento River, 230 + + St. Gaudens, 113, 127 + + St. Lawrence River, 190 + + St. Louis, 89-104 + frontier village, 89 + trade center, 93 + railroad center, 94 + favorable location, 98 + industries, 100 + distributing center, 102 + fur, grain, and live-stock market, 102, 103 + + San Francisco, 227-244 + early history, 227 + growth of, 227, 228 + "child of the mines," 228 + San Francisco Bay, 230 + trade center, 231 + exports, 231 + imports, 231 + industries, 233 + United States mint, 237 + leading salmon port, 239 + + San Joaquin River, 230 + + Sargent, John S., 128 + + Sault Ste. Marie, 190 + + Saur, Christopher, 73 + + Schuylkill River, 68, 75 + + Scioto River, 140 + + Shaw, Colonel, 113 + + Shortest railway routes from Chicago, 301 + + Shortest railway routes from New York, 300 + + Silver, 228 + + Standard Oil Company, 143 + + Steel, 56, 71, 173, 180 + + Straits of Mackinac, 190 + + Stuyvesant, Peter, 6 + + Sugar, 32, 257, 261 + + Susquehanna River, 163 + + + Thevis, Father, 255 + + Tonawanda, 219 + + Touro, Judah, 257 + + Trumbull, John, 275 + + + Union Stockyards, 59 + + University City, 96 + + + Venice, 98 + + + War of 1812, 44, 192, 209, 246, 268 + + Washington, 202, 265-298 + the capital city, 265 + location, 265 + story of, 266 + District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289 + plan of the city, 268 + capitol, 272 + House of Representatives, 277, 289 + Supreme Court, 279 + Senate, 279, 289 + Library of Congress, 280 + White House, 282 + National Treasury, 284, 286 + Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 285 + Washington Monument, 291 + Post Office Department, 294 + Arlington National Cemetery, 294 + + Washington, George, 8, 84, 87, 119, 171, 267, 282, 294 + + Westinghouse, George, 185 + + Westinghouse Electric Company, 185 + + Winne, Cornelius, 207, 208 + + Winthrop, John, 105 + + Woodward, Augustus B., 202 + + World's Columbian Exposition, 63 + + + York, Duke of, 7 + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and +formatting have been maintained. + +Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked +as a misprint. + +Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected. + +Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_) and text in +bold with equal signs (=text=). + +Captions have been added to the maps on page 69 and 268 as listed in the +"List of Maps" at the beginning of the book. + +The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text. + + frontpage: BOOKS I AND II -> BOOKS I AND II, + p. 160: here small craft -> crafts + p. 225: Important center for. -> Important center for + p. 227: Pacific coast, and Don Gasper -> Gaspar + p. 239: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe -> Fé + p. 248: forces land and take -> takes + p. 306: de Portolá, Don Gasper -> Gaspar + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by +Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44854 *** |