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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by 
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Cities of the United States
+       Historical, Descriptive, Commercial, Industrial
+
+Author: Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth
+        Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+Release Date: February 9, 2014 [EBook #44854]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jens Nordmann and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                 [Illustration: BUILDING A SKYSCRAPER]
+
+
+
+
+                   GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+                  HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, COMMERCIAL
+                              INDUSTRIAL
+
+
+                                  BY
+
+                     GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH
+
+  AUTHOR OF "BUILDERS OF OUR COUNTRY," BOOKS I AND II, "THE STORY OF THE
+         EMPIRE STATE," AND "A FIRST BOOK IN AMERICAN HISTORY"
+
+
+                                  AND
+
+
+                        STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER
+
+         ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+
+                   IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
+                           SYRACUSE, NEW YORK
+
+                          COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY
+        GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH AND STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER
+
+                          ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+                                 316.3
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+Just as the history of a country is largely the history of its great men,
+so the geography of a country is largely the story of its great cities.
+
+How much more easily history is grasped and remembered when grouped
+around attractive biographies. With great cities as the centers of
+geography-study, what is generally considered a dry, matter-of-fact
+subject can be made to attract, to inspire, and to fix the things which
+should be remembered.
+
+This book, "Great Cities of the United States," includes the ten largest
+cities of this country, together with San Francisco, New Orleans, and
+Washington. _In it the important facts of our country's geography have
+been grouped around these thirteen cities._ The story of Chicago includes
+the story of farming in the Middle West, of the great ore industry on and
+around the Great Lakes, and of the varied means of transportation.
+Cotton, sugar, and location are shown to account largely for the
+greatness of New Orleans. In a similar way, the stories of the other
+cities sum up the important geography of our country.
+
+Enough of the history of each city is given to show its growth and
+development. The distinctive points of interest are described so that one
+feels acquainted with the things which attract the sight-seer. The
+commercial and industrial features are made to stand out as the logical
+sequence of fortunate location for manufacturing, for securing raw
+materials, for markets, and for convenient means of transportation.
+
+In order to make uniformly fair comparisons, local statistics have been
+ignored and all data have been taken from the latest government reports.
+
+The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to the historical
+societies, to the chambers of commerce, to those in the various cities
+who have furnished material and reviewed the manuscript, and to all
+others who have rendered assistance.
+
+It is hoped that by the use of this book our country, in all its
+greatness, will mean more and will appeal more to the boys and girls of
+America than ever before.
+
+To the publishers of Allen's "Geographical and Industrial Studies: United
+States" we are indebted for the use of the map appearing at the end of
+the text.
+
+                                                            THE AUTHORS
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  NEW YORK                                                             3
+
+  CHICAGO                                                             41
+
+  PHILADELPHIA                                                        67
+
+  ST. LOUIS                                                           89
+
+  BOSTON                                                             105
+
+  CLEVELAND                                                          137
+
+  BALTIMORE                                                          155
+
+  PITTSBURGH                                                         171
+
+  DETROIT                                                            189
+
+  BUFFALO                                                            207
+
+  SAN FRANCISCO                                                      227
+
+  NEW ORLEANS                                                        245
+
+  WASHINGTON                                                         265
+
+  REFERENCE TABLES                                                   299
+
+  INDEX                                                              305
+
+
+
+
+                             LIST OF MAPS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  The Boroughs of New York--Entrances to her Harbor                   10
+
+  Manhattan Island and the City Parks                                 20
+
+  New York's Subway and Bridge Connections                            29
+
+  Where Chicago was Founded                                           44
+
+  Chicago's Canals                                                    48
+
+  Chicago To-day                                                      60
+
+  Location of Philadelphia                                            69
+
+  Philadelphia To-day                                                 80
+
+  Louisiana Purchase                                                  90
+
+  St. Louis and her Illinois Suburbs                                  92
+
+  Map of Boston and its Vicinity                                     106
+
+  The City of Boston                                                 118
+
+  Boston's Land and Water Connections                                120
+
+  Cleveland and her Neighbors                                        140
+
+  The City of Cleveland                                              144
+
+  The City of Baltimore                                              164
+
+  Location of Baltimore                                              168
+
+  The Pittsburgh District                                            173
+
+  The City of Pittsburgh                                             179
+
+  The Great Lakes                                                    190
+
+  The City of Detroit                                                201
+
+  New York's Canals                                                  209
+
+  The Site of Buffalo                                                212
+
+  The City of Buffalo                                                218
+
+  The Site of San Francisco                                          232
+
+  The City of San Francisco                                          234
+
+  Where New Orleans Stands                                           246
+
+  The City of New Orleans                                            250
+
+  The District of Columbia                                           268
+
+  The City of Washington                                             270
+
+  Some of the Great Railroads of the United States                   303
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING]
+
+
+
+
+                   GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+                               NEW YORK
+
+
+"Drop anchor!" rang out the command as the little Dutch vessel furled her
+sails. On every side were the shining waters of a widespread bay, while
+just ahead stretched the forest-covered shores of an island.
+
+[Illustration: INDIANS VISITING THE _HALF MOON_]
+
+All on board were filled with excitement, wondering what lay beyond.
+"Have we at last really found a waterway across this new land of
+America?" they asked. There was only one way to know--to go and see. So
+on once more, past the island, glided the _Half Moon_. From time to
+time, as she sailed along, the redskin savages visited her and traded
+many valuable furs for mere trifles.
+
+But at last the _Half Moon_ could go no further. This was not a waterway
+to India, only a river leading into the depths of a wild and rugged
+country. Sick with disappointment, her captain, Henry Hudson, turned
+about, journeyed the length of the river which was later to bear his
+name, once more passed the island at the mouth of the river, and sailed
+away. All this in 1609.
+
+[Illustration: "MY BROTHERS, WE HAVE COME TO TRADE WITH YOU"]
+
+Manhattan was the Indian name for the island at the mouth of the Hudson
+River. Tempted by Henry Hudson's furs, the thrifty Dutchmen sent ship
+after ship to trade with the American Indians. And as the years went by,
+these Dutchmen built a trading post on Manhattan, and a little Dutch
+village grew up about the post. Soon the Dutch West India Company was
+formed to send out colonists to Manhattan and the land along the Hudson.
+A governor too was sent. His name was Peter Minuit.
+
+[Illustration: PETER STUYVESANT]
+
+Now Peter Minuit was honest, and when he found that the Dutch were living
+on Indian land to which they had helped themselves, he was not content.
+So he called together the tribes which lived on Manhattan and, while the
+painted warriors squatted on the ground, spoke to them in words like
+these: "My brothers, we have come to trade with you. And that we may be
+near to buy your furs when you have gathered them, we wish to live among
+you, on your land. It is your land, and as we do not mean to steal it
+from you, I have asked you to meet me here that I may buy from you this
+island which you call Manhattan." Then, in payment for the island, Peter
+Minuit offered the Indians ribbons, knives, rings, and colored
+beads--things dearly loved by the savages. The bargain was soon closed,
+and for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets the Dutch became the
+owners of Manhattan Island.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK IN OLDEN TIMES]
+
+The Dutch settlement on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam
+was a pretty town, with its quaint Dutch houses built gable end toward
+the street and its gardens bright with flowers. Dutch windmills with
+their long sweeping arms rose here and there, and near the water stood
+the fort.
+
+But though New Amsterdam grew and prospered in the years after Peter
+Minuit bought Manhattan, life there did not run as smoothly as it might.
+In time Peter Stuyvesant came to be governor, and a stern, tyrannical
+ruler he was. He always saw things from the Dutch West India Company's
+point of view, not from the colonists'. Disagreement followed
+disagreement till the people were nearly at the end of their patience.
+
+Then, one day in 1664, an English fleet sailed into the bay. A letter was
+brought ashore for Governor Stuyvesant. England too, so it seemed, laid
+claim to this land along the Hudson River, and now asked the Dutch
+governor to give up his colony to the Duke of York, a brother of
+England's king. This done, the Dutch colonists could keep their property,
+and all their rights and privileges. In fact, even greater privileges
+would then be given them.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH OF OFFICE]
+
+In a towering rage Governor Stuyvesant tore the letter into bits and
+stamped upon them and called upon his colonists to rise and help him
+repulse the English. But the colonists would not rise. They felt that
+there was nothing to gain by so doing. The English promised much, far
+more than they had had under the rule of tyrannical Peter Stuyvesant and
+the Dutch West India Company.
+
+What could the governor do? Surely he alone could not defeat the English
+fleet. So at last, sorrowfully and reluctantly, he signed a surrender,
+and the Dutch Colony was given over to the English.
+
+Once in possession, the English renamed New Amsterdam, calling it New
+York. Now followed a hundred years of ever-increasing river, coast, and
+foreign trade, of growing industries, of prosperity. And then--the
+Revolution.
+
+When the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, George
+Washington and his army were in New York, guarding the city from the
+English. But before the close of the year he was forced to retreat, and
+the English took possession. By the close of the Revolution, in 1783, the
+English had robbed the city of much of its wealth and had ruined its
+business.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN IN NEW YORK STATE]
+
+After the war the thirteen states who had won their freedom from England
+joined together, drew up a constitution for their common government, and
+chose their first president. Then came the thirtieth of April, 1789. The
+streets were crowded, and a great throng packed the space before New
+York's Federal Hall. This was Inauguration Day, and on the balcony stood
+General Washington taking the oath of office. It was a solemn moment.
+The ceremony over, a mighty shout arose--"Long live George Washington,
+president of the United States." Cheers filled the air, bells pealed, and
+cannons roared. The new government had begun, and, for a time, New York
+was the capital city.
+
+Already New York was recovering from the effects of the war. Her trade
+with European ports had begun again, and it was no uncommon sight to see
+over one hundred vessels loading or unloading in her harbor at one time.
+
+New York harbor is one of the largest and best in the world. Add to this
+the city's central location on the Atlantic seaboard, and it is no wonder
+that a vast coasting trade grew up with Eastern and Southern ports.
+
+Without doubt, however, the greatest business event in the history of New
+York City was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. The canal joined the
+Great Lakes with the Hudson River, making a water route from the rich
+Northwest to the Atlantic, with New York as the natural terminus. So with
+nearly all of the trade of the lake region at her command, New York soon
+became a great commercial center, outstripping both Boston and
+Philadelphia, which up to this time had ranked ahead of New York.
+
+A few years later the building of railroads began. The first railway from
+New York was begun in 1831, and it was not long before the city was the
+terminus of several lines and the chief railroad center of the Atlantic
+coast. As the railroads did more and more of the carrying, and the Erie
+Canal lost its former importance, New York did not suffer from the
+change, but still controlled much of the trade between the Northwest and
+European nations. Besides, as time went on, she built up an immense
+traffic with all parts of the continent, being easily reached by rail
+from the north, east, south, and west.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK--ENTRANCES TO HER HARBOR]
+
+The first half of the nineteenth century saw the arrival of many thousand
+immigrants from Europe. These, with the thousands of people who came from
+other parts of America, attracted by the city's growing industries, made
+more and more room necessary. First, about 13,000 acres across the Harlem
+River were added to the city. Then, in 1895, the city limits were
+extended to the borders of Yonkers and Mt. Vernon. And finally, in 1898,
+New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, and some other near-by towns were
+united under one government, forming together Greater New York, the
+largest American city and the second largest city in the world.
+
+New York to-day covers about 360 square miles, its greatest length from
+north to south being 32 miles, its greatest width about 16. The city is
+divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and
+Richmond. The Borough of Manhattan, on the long narrow island of that
+name, lies between the Hudson and the East River. North and east of
+Manhattan, on the mainland, lies the Borough of The Bronx. Just across
+the narrow East River, on Long Island, are the boroughs of Queens and
+Brooklyn; while Staten Island is known as the Borough of Richmond.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS]
+
+As more and more people came to the city the business area on Manhattan
+proved too small, and with water to the east, to the west, and to the
+south, there was no possibility of spreading out in these directions.
+Yet business kept increasing, and the cry for added room became more and
+more urgent. Finally, the building of the ten-story Tower Building in
+1889 solved the difficulty. It showed that, though hemmed in on all
+sides, there was still one direction in which the business section could
+grow--upwards. And upwards it has grown. To-day lower Manhattan fairly
+bristles with huge steel-framed skyscrapers which furnish miles and miles
+of office space, twenty, thirty, forty, in one case even fifty-five,
+stories above the street level. The supplying of office and factory space
+is not the only use that has been made of these steel buildings. Great
+apartment houses from twelve to fifteen stories high provide homes for
+thousands. Mammoth hotels covering entire city blocks furnish temporary
+homes for the multitudes which visit the city each year. Fifteen of the
+largest of these can house more than 15,000 guests at one time--a
+good-sized city in itself. Thus has Manhattan become one of the most
+densely populated areas on the globe. In the boroughs of Queens and
+Richmond, on the other hand, large tracts of land are given over to farms
+and market gardens.
+
+[Illustration: HOW A SKYSCRAPER IS MADE]
+
+Manhattan is at once the smallest and the most important borough in the
+city. Here are the homes of more than 2,000,000 people, the business
+section of Greater New York, and the chief shipping districts.
+
+[Illustration: A MAMMOTH HOTEL]
+
+When building the narrow irregular streets of their little town on lower
+Manhattan, the inhabitants of New Amsterdam little dreamed that they
+would one day be the scene of the enormous traffic of modern New York.
+Those old, narrow, winding streets to-day swarm with hurrying throngs
+from morning till night and are among the busiest and noisiest in the
+world.
+
+The newer part of the city from Fourteenth Street north to the Harlem
+River has been laid out in wide parallel avenues running north and south.
+These are crossed by numbered streets running east and west from river to
+river. Fifth Avenue runs lengthwise through the middle of the borough,
+dividing it into the East and West sides. On the East Side you will find
+the crowded homes of the poorer classes, where many of the working people
+of Manhattan live. On the West Side are many manufacturing plants,
+lumber yards, and warehouses. On the upper stretch of Fifth Avenue, and
+on the streets leading off, are the homes of many of New York's
+wealthiest residents. Opposite Central Park are some of the most costly
+and beautiful mansions in the city.
+
+[Illustration: FIFTH AVENUE FROM THIRTY-FOURTH STREET]
+
+In this regular arrangement of streets, Broadway alone is the exception
+to the rule. Beginning at the southern end of the island, it runs
+straight north for more than two miles, then turns west and winds its way
+throughout the whole length of the city. About its lower end, and on some
+of the neighboring streets, center the banking and financial interests.
+Here are many of the city's richest banks and trust companies.
+
+[Illustration: BROADWAY CROSSING SIXTH AVENUE]
+
+Wall Street, running east from Broadway about one third of a mile from
+the southern end of Manhattan, was named from the wall which the Dutch,
+in 1683, built across the island at this point, because they heard that
+the English were planning to attack them from the north. Though only half
+a mile in length, Wall Street probably surpasses all others in the extent
+of its business.
+
+[Illustration: WALL STREET]
+
+North of the banking center is the great wholesale region, where
+merchants from all parts of the country buy their stock in large
+quantities, to sell again to the retail merchants. Beyond the wholesale
+region are the large retail stores--New York's great shopping district.
+In these retail stores the merchants who have bought from the wholesalers
+sell direct to the people who are to use the goods. In this middle
+section of the island are also most of the better-class hotels,
+restaurants, clubs, and theaters, which have been gradually making their
+way further and further uptown, crowding the best resident section still
+further north.
+
+The customhouse, where the government collects duties on goods brought
+into the port of New York from other lands, was built at the extreme
+southern end of the island, where Fort Amsterdam used to stand. The
+United States Sub-Treasury, in Wall Street, stands on the site of Federal
+Hall, where Washington was inaugurated. Here are stored large quantities
+of gold, silver, and paper money belonging to the government. In and
+about City Hall Park are the post office, the courthouse, and the Hall of
+Records. The new public library, on Fifth Avenue between Fortieth and
+Forty-second streets, is the largest library building in the world.
+
+[Illustration: CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE]
+
+The city's parks are many. Central Park, in the center of Manhattan,
+ranks among the world's finest pleasure grounds. It is two miles and a
+half long and one-half mile wide, and has large stretches of woodland,
+beautiful lawns, gleaming lakes, and sparkling fountains. Here, too, are
+the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Cleopatra's Needle--an obelisk
+thousands of years old, presented to the city by a ruler of Egypt. And
+here are reservoirs which hold the water brought by aqueducts from the
+Croton River, about forty miles north of the city. This river was for
+many years the sole source of Manhattan's water supply. In 1905, however,
+the city began work on an immense aqueduct which is to bring all the
+drinking-water for all five boroughs from reservoirs in the Catskill
+Mountain region.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY]
+
+[Illustration: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART]
+
+[Illustration: MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE CITY PARKS]
+
+The tomb of General Grant is at the northern end of Riverside Park, which
+is on a high ridge along the Hudson River above Seventy-second Street.
+Riverside Drive, skirting this park, is one of the most beautiful
+boulevards in the city.
+
+Then there are Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and Pelham Bay and Van
+Cortlandt parks in The Bronx. The city zoo and the Botanical Gardens are
+in Bronx Park. And in addition to all these there are more than two
+hundred smaller open spaces and squares scattered over the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOMB OF GENERAL GRANT]
+
+Columbia University, New York University, Fordham, the College of the
+City of New York, and Barnard College are among the most noted of New
+York's many educational institutions.
+
+About five million people live in this wonderful city, and to supply them
+all with food is a tremendous business in itself. During the night
+special trains bring milk, butter, and eggs; refrigerator cars come laden
+with beef; and from the market gardens of Long Island fruits and
+vegetables are gathered and taken to the city during the cool of the
+night that they may be sold, fresh and inviting, in the morning.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE THE SEALS LIVE IN BRONX PARK]
+
+Great numbers of New York's inhabitants are from foreign lands. Several
+thousand Chinese manage to exist in the few blocks which make up New
+York's Chinatown. A large Italian population lives huddled together in
+Little Italy, as well as in other sections of the city. Thousands upon
+thousands of Jews are crowded into the Hebrew section on the lower east
+side of Manhattan. There is also a German and a French colony, as well as
+distinct Negro, Greek, Russian, Armenian, and Arab quarters. Most of
+these are in lower Manhattan, and in consequence lower Manhattan is by no
+means deserted when the vast army of shoppers, workers, and business men
+have gone home for the night.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT HOUSE IN BRONX PARK]
+
+[Illustration: VISITING THE BIRDS IN BRONX PARK]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW]
+
+The necessity of carrying these shoppers, workers, and business men to
+and from their homes in the residence sections of the city and in the
+suburbs gradually led to the development of New York's wonderful
+rapid-transit system. Within the borders of Manhattan itself, horse cars
+soon proved unequal to handling the crowds that each day traveled north
+and south. So the first elevated railway was built. Then six years later,
+a second line was constructed. Others soon followed, not only in
+Manhattan but also in Brooklyn and The Bronx. Raised high above the busy
+streets by means of iron trestles, and making but few stops, these
+elevated trains could carry passengers much faster than the surface cars,
+and for a time the problem seemed to be solved.
+
+[Illustration: A NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAY]
+
+The traveling public was rapidly increasing, however, and before the
+close of the nineteenth century both the surface cars, now run by
+electricity, and the elevated trains were sorely overcrowded during the
+morning and evening rush hours. More cars were absolutely necessary, and
+as there was little room to run them on or above the surface, New York
+decided to make use of the space under the ground, just as it had already
+turned to account that overhead.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK'S FIRST TWO-STORY CAR]
+
+[Illustration: A SUBWAY ENTRANCE]
+
+The work was begun in 1901. A small army of men was set to blasting and
+digging tunnels underneath the city streets,--a tremendous task,--and in
+1904 the first subway was opened. Electric cars running on these
+underground tracks carry passengers from one end of the island to the
+other with the speed of a railroad train.
+
+[Illustration: SUBWAY TUNNELS]
+
+[Illustration: A FERRY BOAT]
+
+But what of the means of travel for those living outside of Manhattan?
+Years back, business men living on Long Island had to cross the East
+River on ferry boats. This was particularly inconvenient in winter, when
+fogs or floating ice were liable to cause serious delays. Besides, as New
+York grew, such numbers crossed on the ferries that they were
+overcrowded. Relief came for a time when, in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge
+was built over the East River from Brooklyn to New York. This bridge is
+over a mile long. Across it run a roadway, a walk for foot passengers,
+and tracks for elevated trains as well as for surface cars. Two even
+longer bridges, the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, have
+since been built between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Then, too, there is the
+Queensboro Bridge, between Manhattan and the Borough of Queens.
+
+Though thousands and thousands daily crossed the East River over
+these bridges, men soon foresaw that the time was not far distant
+when ferries and bridges together would be unable to take care of the
+ever-growing traffic. Further means of travel had to be provided, and
+the success of the city's underground railway suggested a practical idea.
+As early as 1908, the subway was continued and carried under the East
+River to Brooklyn. Several tubes have since been built under the Hudson,
+connecting Manhattan with the New Jersey shore. To-day New York is
+building many miles of new subway under various parts of the city as well
+as under the Harlem and East rivers. Carrying passengers under water has
+proved as great a success as carrying them underground.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK'S SUBWAY AND BRIDGE CONNECTIONS]
+
+[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE]
+
+Over and above all these means of rapid transit, Greater New York has at
+its service ten of America's great railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad
+has an immense station in New York, one of the finest of its kind.
+Tunnels under the Hudson and East rivers carry its trains to New Jersey
+and Long Island.
+
+[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION]
+
+The new Grand Central Station is the greatest railroad terminal in the
+world. The station is a beautiful building of stone and marble, large
+enough to accommodate thirty thousand people at one time. Between
+railroads and tunnels, bridges and ferries, surface cars, elevated
+trains, and subways, New York's rapid transit system is one of the best
+in the world.
+
+With such advantages as a receiving and distributing center, it is small
+wonder that the city has become the nation's chief market place. It is
+without a rival as the center of the wholesale dry-goods and wholesale
+grocery businesses. More than half of the imports of the United States
+enter by way of New York's port, and its total foreign commerce is five
+times that of any other city in the country.
+
+Rubber, silk goods, furs, jewelry, coffee, tea, sugar, and tin are among
+the leading imports. Cotton, meats, and breadstuffs are the most
+important exports.
+
+Besides being the principal market place of the United States, New York
+is also its greatest workshop, as it makes over one tenth of the
+manufactures of the country. In the manufacture of clothing alone, more
+than a hundred thousand people are employed. There are comparatively few
+large factories for carrying on this work, as much of it is done in
+tenement houses and in small workshops. The growth of this industry has
+been largely due to the abundance of cheap unskilled labor furnished by
+the immigrant population of the city.
+
+Second in importance is the refining of sugar and molasses, carried on
+chiefly in Brooklyn along the East River, where boats laden with raw
+sugar from the Southern states and the West Indies unload their cargoes.
+New York City leads in the refining of sugar as well as in its
+importation.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTERY]
+
+Added to these, printing and publishing, the refining of petroleum,
+slaughtering and meat packing, the roasting and grinding of coffee and
+spices, the making of foundry and machine-shop products, cigars, tobacco,
+millinery, furniture, and jewelry are the leading industries of the many
+thousands which have grown up in the city. All this is largely due to the
+ease with which raw materials can be obtained and finished articles
+marketed. Thanks to its commercial advantages, New York leads all
+American cities in the value of its manufactures and surpasses them in
+the variety of its products.
+
+[Illustration: LOWER MANHATTAN]
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK CITY DOCKS]
+
+[Illustration: LOADING A FREIGHT STEAMER]
+
+At the southern end of Manhattan Island is the Battery. In the old days
+the Battery was a fort. Now it is used as an aquarium. From the Battery
+New York's docks extend for miles along both sides of lower Manhattan and
+line the Long Island and New Jersey shores as well. The wharves are piled
+high with bales and bags, boxes and barrels. Ships from the South come
+with cargoes of cotton, others bound for England take this cotton away.
+Tank steamers from Cuba bring molasses; similar ones are filled with
+petroleum destined for the ends of the earth. Cattle boats take on live
+stock brought from the West, grain ships load at the many elevators built
+at the water's edge, and vessels from all the larger ports of the world
+put ashore goods of every description. Along both shores of the Hudson
+River are the piers of the great trans-Atlantic steamship companies, the
+landing places of the largest and fastest passenger vessels in the world.
+Here also are the docks of the many river and coastwise lines which
+carry passengers to and from the cities and towns on the Hudson and the
+Atlantic coast. Half the foreign trade and travel of the United States
+passes over the wharves of lower Manhattan.
+
+[Illustration: A DOCK SCENE]
+
+The entire harbor includes the Hudson and East rivers and the upper and
+lower New York Bay with the connecting strait known as The Narrows. The
+upper bay, New York's real harbor, can be entered from the ocean in three
+ways--a narrow winding channel around Staten Island, a northeast entrance
+through Long Island Sound and the East River, and an entrance through The
+Narrows from the lower bay.
+
+[Illustration: A GREAT OCEAN LINER]
+
+Among the islands in the upper bay is Ellis Island, where immigrants are
+inspected before being allowed to enter our country. On another island
+stands the splendid bronze statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World,"
+given to the United States by the people of France. It is now America's
+greeting to her future citizens as they sail up the harbor.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK HARBOR]
+
+What a different picture the harbor presents to-day from the one Hudson
+saw over three hundred years ago! The quiet undisturbed waters of that
+time are now alive the year around with craft of every sort, from the
+giant ocean liner to the graceful sailboat. Vessels freighted with
+merchandise, tugs towing canal boats, ferries for Staten Island, barges
+loaded with coal, river steamers, excursion boats, and battleships from
+far and near, day and night, pass in an endless procession where the
+solitary Indian used to glide in his silent canoe.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY]
+
+When the Dutch bought Manhattan it was a beautiful wooded island
+inhabited by Indians who supplied their simple wants by hunting and
+fishing. What a change the island has undergone since that time! The
+Indians have disappeared with the forest. In their place live and
+struggle vast armies of human beings gathered together from all the
+corners of the earth. Where squaws used to pitch their wigwams, giant
+skyscrapers tower up toward the clouds. The stillness of the forest has
+been succeeded by the noise and bustle of a busy city. The lazy
+monotonous life of the savage has given way to a ceaseless activity and
+hurry.
+
+The twenty-four dollars which bought the whole island--less than three
+hundred years ago--would not now buy a single square inch in the center
+of the city. The hunting and fishing ground of the red men has become the
+heart of the greatest city of the Western Hemisphere.
+
+
+                              =NEW YORK=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 5,000,000 (4,766,883).
+
+  First city in population in the United States.
+
+  Second city in population in the world.
+
+  Divided into five sections, called boroughs.
+
+  Carries on more than half the foreign trade of the United States.
+
+  Leads all American cities in the value of its manufactures.
+
+  One of the best harbors in the world.
+
+  Connected by great railway systems with all parts of America.
+
+  Connected with the Great Lakes by the Hudson River and the Erie Canal.
+
+  A city of skyscrapers.
+
+  Wonderful system of underground, overhead, and surface transportation.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Why did the Dutch settle on Manhattan Island? How did the Dutch
+      governor secure the land from the Indians?
+
+   2. What great ceremony connected with the establishment of the
+      government of the United States took place in New York? Why was
+      this ceremony held in New York?
+
+   3. What was the most important event in advancing the business growth
+      of New York?
+
+   4. What effect did the arrival of vast numbers of immigrants have
+      upon the city?
+
+   5. Why are there such tall buildings in New York?
+
+   6. Name some of the principal streets and their chief features; name
+      some of the colleges and universities.
+
+   7. Give some facts about Central Park, The Bronx, and Riverside Drive.
+
+   8. Give some idea of the size of New York, its population, and the
+      nationalities that comprise it.
+
+   9. Give a brief account of the means of transportation.
+
+  10. In what respects does New York rank first of all the cities of
+      the United States?
+
+  11. What are its principal exports and imports?
+
+  12. What commercial advantages does New York enjoy?
+
+  13. What are the chief manufactured products of New York City, and
+      how can it produce so much without many great factories?
+
+  14. Compare the harbor and city of to-day with that of three hundred
+      years ago.
+
+  15. From a New York newspaper find out the foreign countries and the
+      cities of this country to which vessels make regular sailings from
+      New York.
+
+  16. Name all the railroads entering the city.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHICAGO
+
+
+"Chicago is wiped out." "Chicago cannot rise again." So said the
+newspapers all over the country, in October, 1871. And well they might
+think so, for the great fire of Chicago--one of the worst in the world's
+history--had laid low the city.
+
+The summer had been unusually dry. For months almost no rain had fallen.
+The ground was hot and parched, the whole city dry as kindling wood. Then
+about nine o'clock on a windy Sunday night, the fire broke out in a poor
+section of the West Side. It seemed as if everything a spark touched,
+blazed up. While the firemen stood by, helpless to check the flames, rows
+of houses and blocks of factories burned down.
+
+In a short time the lumber district was a great bonfire, the flames
+shooting hundreds of feet into the air. On and on swept the fire along
+the river front. Then the horror-stricken watchers saw the flames cross
+to the South Side. All had thought that the fire would be checked at the
+river, but the wind carried pieces of burning wood and paper to the roofs
+beyond.
+
+The business section was burning! The firemen worked desperately, but in
+vain. Hundreds of Chicago's finest buildings--stores, offices, banks, and
+hotels--were swallowed up by the flames. The city had become a roaring
+furnace, and the terrified people rushed madly for safety.
+
+[Illustration: AFTER THE FIRE]
+
+Once more the fire crossed the river, this time to the North Side, with
+its beautiful residence districts. Here too wind and flame swept all
+before them till Lincoln Park was reached, where at last the fire was
+checked in its northward course; there was nothing more to burn. It had
+raged for two nights and a day, laying waste a strip of land almost four
+miles long and one mile wide.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago
+  HOME OF JOHN KINZIE]
+
+Tuesday morning saw seventeen thousand buildings destroyed and one
+hundred thousand people homeless. The best part of Chicago lay in ruins.
+What wonder that men everywhere thought the stricken city could not rise
+again!
+
+At the time this terrible disaster happened, Chicago had been a city for
+a little less than thirty-five years.
+
+The mouth of the Chicago River had been a favorite meeting place for
+Indians and French trappers long before permanent settlement began. In
+1777 a negro from San Domingo, who had come to trade with the Indians,
+built a log store on the north bank of the river. This store was bought
+in 1803 by John Kinzie, another trader and Chicago's first white
+settler.
+
+The next year the United States government built Fort Dearborn on the
+south side of the river, not far from the lake. Though Fort Dearborn was
+nothing more than a stockade with blockhouses at the corners, a little
+settlement gradually grew up around it.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE CHICAGO WAS FOUNDED]
+
+During the War of 1812 the Indians attacked the fort, burned it to the
+ground, and either massacred or captured most of the settlers while they
+were fleeing to Detroit for safety.
+
+Fort Dearborn was rebuilt after the war, but settlers were slow in
+coming. By 1830 there were scarcely a hundred people in Chicago, then a
+little village of log houses scattered over a swampy plain. Fur trading
+was still the chief occupation.
+
+A change was soon to come. The southern part of Illinois was by this time
+being settled and dotted with farms, and each year larger crops were
+produced. The farmers saw that they must get their products to the
+Atlantic coast if they wished to prosper, and the Great Lakes were the
+most convenient route over which to send them.
+
+Lake Michigan extended into the heart of the fertile prairie lands, but
+its shores were almost unbroken by harbors. Men early saw the
+possibilities of the mouth of the Chicago River. It could be made into an
+excellent harbor with little expense, and if once this were done, Chicago
+would be the natural port of the rich Middle West.
+
+In 1833 the government began improvements by cutting a channel through
+the sand bar across the mouth of the river and building stone piers into
+the lake to keep out the drifting sand. Vessels were soon entering the
+river instead of anchoring in the lake as formerly. Lake trade increased.
+More and more boats were bringing goods from the East to be distributed
+among the farmers of Illinois. The new harbor made intercourse with the
+outer world easy.
+
+The growth of trade, however, was hindered by the absence of good roads.
+Farmers who wished to bring anything to the Chicago market had to cross
+the open prairie, which was wet and marshy near the town. Such a ride was
+an unpleasant experience, as often the wagon would stick in the deep mud,
+and the poor driver had no choice but to wait until help should happen
+along. Many preferred to take their crops to the cities farther south,
+where better roads had been built.
+
+[Illustration: AN EARLY CHICAGO DRAWBRIDGE]
+
+"We too will have roads," said the people of Chicago, anxious for more
+trade, and they set about building them with a will. Soon good roads
+entered the town from all directions, and over them the rich products of
+the surrounding country came pouring into Chicago.
+
+Business and wealth increased, and more and more settlers arrived. Most
+of them came by way of the lakes, but many came in prairie schooners, as
+the immigrants' great covered wagons were called. By 1837 the population
+had risen to four thousand, and Chicago became a city.
+
+Its growth from this time was marvelous. Its location at the head of Lake
+Michigan, its fine harbor, the resources of the rich back country, all
+combined to make it the chief commercial center of the Middle West.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE THE STAGECOACH STARTED]
+
+In the early days, when Chicago was only a tiny village, there had been
+talk of connecting Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois River by
+canal. As the Illinois flows into the Mississippi, this would furnish a
+water route from the East down the entire Mississippi valley. In 1836 the
+canal was actually begun. A few years later hard times came, and the work
+was stopped for a while, but it was finished in 1848. This was known as
+the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It extended from La Salle, on the
+Illinois River, to Chicago--a distance of over ninety miles--and offered
+cheap transportation between Chicago and the fertile farm lands to the
+south.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO'S CANALS]
+
+Though the canal was a success, railroads did even more for the city. The
+year that saw the canal completed also saw the first train run from
+Chicago to Galena, near the Mississippi, in the heart of the lead
+country.
+
+Four years later, in 1852, came railroad connection with the East, when
+the Michigan Southern and Michigan Central railroads entered the city.
+Other lines soon followed, and it was not long before Chicago was one of
+the important railroad centers of the country.
+
+But while Chicago was fast becoming rich and big, it was not a pleasant
+place in which to live. The site of the city was a low and marshy plain,
+almost on a level with the lake, and the problems of drainage of such a
+location had to be met and solved.
+
+In the beginning, to keep the houses dry, they were built above the
+ground and supported by timbers or piles. Cellars and basements were
+unknown, and the city streets were a disgrace. In spring they were
+flooded and swimming with mud. Even in summer, pools of stagnant water
+stood in many places. For years wagons sticking fast in the mud were
+common sights.
+
+Cholera, smallpox, and scarlet fever swept the city again and again.
+People, knowing only too well that unsanitary conditions brought on these
+diseases, did their best to remedy matters. They saw that Chicago would
+be clean and healthy if only they could find a way to carry off her
+wastes.
+
+First they decided to turn the water into the river by sloping all the
+streets towards it. Then came a severe flood which did much damage and
+showed the folly of digging down any part of the city. Chicago was too
+low already.
+
+So the people hastened to raise their streets again by filling them in
+with sand, and this time they made gutters along the side to carry off
+the water. Heavy wagons soon wore away the sand, however, and the streets
+were as muddy as before.
+
+Finally, an engineer advised the people to raise the whole city several
+feet; then brick sewers could be built beneath the street to carry the
+sewage into the river. At first many refused to listen to such a
+proposal. The undertaking was so great that it frightened them.
+
+But as things were, business and health were suffering. Something had to
+be done, and at last the city determined to raise itself out of the mud,
+and work was begun. Ground was hauled in from the surrounding country,
+streets and lots were filled in, the buildings were gradually raised, and
+sewers were built sloping toward the river. It was a gigantic task and
+cost years of labor, but when it was done, Chicago was, for the first
+time, a dry city. It must be remembered that the area of Chicago at that
+time was but a small part of the present city.
+
+Another source of trouble was the drinking-water, which was taken from
+Lake Michigan. The sewage in the river flowed into the lake and at times
+contaminated the water far out from the shore, thus poisoning the city's
+supply. It was therefore decided to build new waterworks, which would
+bring into the city pure water from farther out in the lake. A tunnel was
+built, extending two miles under Lake Michigan. At its outer end a great
+screened pipe reached up into the lake to let water into the tunnel. Over
+the pipe a crib was built to protect it. On the shore, pumping stations
+with powerful engines raised the water to high towers from which all
+parts of the city were supplied.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1856]
+
+The first tunnel was completed in 1867. With the growth of the city other
+tunnels and cribs have been built, farther out in the lake, to supply the
+increasing need.
+
+By 1870 Chicago had become one of the largest cities in the country. In
+1830 the settlement at the mouth of the Chicago River had barely twenty
+houses. Forty years later it had over three hundred thousand inhabitants.
+The wonderful resources of the upper Mississippi valley had been largely
+responsible for the city's growth, and the rapid development of the
+entire West promised Chicago a still greater future.
+
+Then came the fire, and to the homeless people looking across miles of
+blackened ruins it seemed that Chicago had no future at all. Had not the
+fire undone the work of forty years?
+
+[Illustration: CLARK STREET IN 1857]
+
+The first despair gradually gave way to a more hopeful feeling. Truly the
+loss was great--the best part of the city lay in ruins. But was not the
+wealth of the West left, and the harbor and the railroads? These had
+built up Chicago in the beginning, and they would do so again.
+
+The rebuilding began at once. At first little wooden houses and sheds
+were constructed to give temporary shelter to the homeless. Help came to
+the stricken city from all sides. Thousands of carloads of food were
+sent, and several million dollars were collected in Europe and America.
+
+Two thirds of the city had been built of wood. Now the business blocks,
+at least, were to be as nearly fireproof as possible. Tall buildings of
+brick and stone were planned. But such structures are heavy, and if they
+were built directly on the swampy ground underlying the city, there would
+be danger of their settling unevenly and possibly toppling over. So
+layers of steel rails crossing each other were sunk in the ground, and
+the spaces between them were filled in with concrete. Upon this solid
+foundation the first skyscrapers of Chicago were built.
+
+To-day concrete caissons are constructed on bed rock, often from 100 to
+110 feet below the surface, and upon these rest the steel bases of the
+modern Chicago skyscrapers.
+
+Work went on quickly. In a year the business section was rebuilt. In
+three years there was hardly a trace of the fire to be seen in the city,
+which was larger and more beautiful than before.
+
+After the rebuilding, the water question came up for discussion again. In
+spite of all that had been done to protect the water supply, the
+increasing sewage of the city, carried by the river into the lake, at
+times still made the water unfit to drink. The one way of getting pure
+water was to prevent the river from flowing into the lake. This could be
+done only by building a new canal, large and deep enough to change the
+flow of the river away from the lake. Such a canal was finally completed
+in 1900, after eight years' work and at a cost of over $75,000,000. It is
+28 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 165 feet wide, and it connects the
+Chicago River with the Des Plaines, a branch of the Illinois River. A
+large volume of water from Lake Michigan continually flushes this
+immense drain, carrying the sewage away. The Chicago River no longer
+flows into the lake, and at last the danger of contaminated
+drinking-water from this source is past.
+
+[Illustration: BUSY SCENE AT ENTRANCE TO CHICAGO RIVER]
+
+One dream of the builders of the canal has not yet been realized. They
+called it the Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal, in the hope that it might
+some day be used for shipping purposes as well as for draining the river.
+This cannot happen, however, till the rivers which it connects are
+deepened and otherwise improved.
+
+Such has been the history of the growth of Chicago--to-day the greatest
+railroad center and lake port in the world. It is now the second city in
+size in America and ranks fourth among the cities of the world.
+
+The port of Chicago owes much to the Chicago River, which has been
+repeatedly widened, deepened, and straightened. It is to-day one of the
+world's most important rivers, commercially considered. After extending
+about one mile westward from the lake, the river divides into two
+branches, one extending northwest, the other southwest. Many docks have
+been built along its fifteen miles of navigable channel, and its banks
+are lined with factories, warehouses, coal yards, and grain elevators.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago
+  CHICAGO'S FIRST GRAIN ELEVATOR]
+
+These grain elevators are really huge tanks where the grain is stored and
+kept dry until time to reship it. There are many of them along the river,
+and they bear witness to the fact that Chicago is the world's greatest
+grain center.
+
+In 1838 the city received only seventy-eight bushels of wheat. This was
+brought in by wagons rumbling across the unbroken prairie. Canal boats
+and railroads have taken the place of the wagons of early days and every
+year bring hundreds of millions of bushels of grain from the West to the
+elevators along the Chicago River.
+
+Though much of the grain remains here but a short time and is then
+shipped to other points, a great quantity is made into flour in the
+city's many flourishing mills.
+
+[Illustration: A GRAIN ELEVATOR OF TO-DAY]
+
+Of equal importance with the Chicago River harbor is the great harbor in
+South Chicago at the mouth of the Calumet River. Here ships from the Lake
+Superior region come with immense cargoes of ore. This ore, together with
+the supply of coal from the near-by Illinois coal fields, has developed
+the enormous steel industry of South Chicago.
+
+Vast quantities of steel are turned out. Some of this is shipped to
+foreign countries, but most of it is used in Chicago's many foundries for
+the making of all kinds of iron and steel articles, in the city's immense
+farm-tool factories, and in the shipyards for building large steamships.
+
+Close to the water front, too, are extensive lumber yards, for Chicago is
+the largest lumber market in the United States. Here boats can be seen
+unloading millions of feet of timber from the great forests of Michigan
+and Wisconsin, sent to Chicago's lumber yards to be distributed far and
+wide over the country. Large quantities are also taken to the factories
+in the city, to be cut and planed and made into doors, window frames,
+furniture, and practically everything that can be made of wood.
+
+In addition to her inner harbors, Chicago has a fine outer harbor. This
+is now being enlarged by the extension of its breakwaters, and a
+$5,000,000 pier is under construction which will be more than half a mile
+in length and will greatly increase the shipping facilities.
+
+With all these advantages as a shipping point, thousands of vessels come
+to Chicago every year. Steamers connect it with the states along the
+Great Lakes and with Canada and the outer world. Its trade with Europe is
+large, corn and oats being the chief exports. New York alone in America
+surpasses Chicago in the total value of its commerce.
+
+Of Chicago's nearly 2,500,000 inhabitants a large percentage are foreign
+born, Germans, Poles, Irish, and Jews having settled here in great
+numbers. About forty languages are spoken, and newspapers are regularly
+published in ten of them.
+
+With its suburbs, Chicago stretches nearly 30 miles along the shore of
+Lake Michigan and reaches irregularly inland about 10 miles. The city
+limits inclose an area of over 191 square miles, which the two branches
+of the Chicago River cut into three parts, known as the South, West, and
+North sides. The three divisions of the city are connected by bridges and
+by tunnels under the river.
+
+[Illustration: COURTHOUSE AND CITY HALL]
+
+Though business is spreading to the West Side, the central business
+section is still on the South Side and extends from the Chicago River
+beyond Twenty-sixth Street. Most of the great wholesale and retail
+houses, banks, theaters, hotels, and public buildings are crowded into
+this area, and here is the largest department store in the world, in
+which over 9000 people work. The automobile industry alone occupies
+nearly all of Michigan Avenue for two miles south of Twelfth Street.
+
+Surrounding this crowded business section are most of the terminals of
+Chicago's many railroads. These connect the city with New York, Boston,
+and Philadelphia in the East; with New Orleans, Galveston, and Atlanta in
+the South; as well as with San Francisco and the other large cities of
+the West. The courthouse and city hall and the new Northwestern Railway
+Station are among the city's finest buildings.
+
+Elevated railways and a freight subway have been built in recent years
+and have somewhat relieved the crowded condition of the streets. This
+subway, opened in 1905, connects with all the leading business and
+freight houses, and carries coal, ashes, garbage, luggage, and heavy
+materials of every kind to and from them.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION]
+
+Five miles southwest of the city hall are the Union Stockyards, the
+greatest market of any kind in the world, covering about five hundred
+acres. When Chicago was only a small village, herds of cattle were driven
+across the prairies to be slaughtered in the little packing houses which
+grew up along the Chicago River. As the raising of cattle and hogs
+increased in the state, most of them were sent to the Chicago market,
+and the stockyards continued to develop until to-day they can hold more
+than four hundred thousand animals at once.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO TO-DAY]
+
+Near the yards are the famous packing houses of Chicago, where over two
+thirds of the cattle, hogs, and sheep received in the city are
+slaughtered and prepared for shipping. The use, during the last forty
+years, of refrigerator cars has made possible the sending of dressed
+meats to far-distant points, and a great increase in Chicago's packing
+business has resulted.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE CARS ARE MADE]
+
+Beef, pork, hams, and bacon from Chicago are eaten in every town and city
+of America and in many parts of Europe. Other products are lard, soups,
+beef extracts, soap, candles, and glue, for every bit of the slaughtered
+animal is turned into use.
+
+[Illustration: THE SKELETON OF A PULLMAN CAR]
+
+In a district of South Chicago, known as Pullman, are the shops of the
+Pullman Palace Car Company and the homes of its army of workmen. Cars of
+all sorts are manufactured by the Pullman company, which owns and
+operates the dining and sleeping cars on most American railroads.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAR COMPLETED]
+
+There is no one striking residence quarter in Chicago, but beautiful
+homes are found in many parts of the city. Among the finest streets are
+Lake Shore Drive, along the lake front on the North Side, and Drexel and
+Grand avenues.
+
+[Illustration: MICHIGAN BOULEVARD]
+
+The parks of Chicago are nearly one hundred in number, the most important
+being Lincoln, Washington, Humboldt, Garfield, Douglas, and Jackson.
+These are connected by boulevards, or parkways, forming a great park
+system, sixty miles in length, which encircles the central part of the
+city. Lincoln Park borders the lake on the North Side and covers hundreds
+of acres, its area having been doubled by filling in along the shores of
+the lake. Jackson Park, on the lake shore of the South Side, was the site
+of the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the four-hundredth
+anniversary of the discovery of America. This park is connected with
+Washington Park by what is known as the Midway. Grant Park has been
+recently constructed on made land facing the central business portion of
+the city. Here is to be located the Field Museum of Natural History.
+
+Bordering the Midway are the fine stone buildings of The University of
+Chicago, opened in 1892. Its growth, like that of Chicago, has been
+marvelous. Already it is one of the largest universities of the country.
+
+[Illustration: © The University of Chicago
+  THE LAW SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO]
+
+But with all its parks, its boulevards, its splendid water front, and its
+many other advantages, the people of Chicago are not yet satisfied.
+To-day they are working to carry out a splendid plan which will give the
+city more and larger parks and playgrounds, better and wider streets, and
+a really wonderful harbor. All this is being done "that by properly
+solving Chicago's problems of transportation, street congestion,
+recreation, and public health, the city may grow indefinitely in wealth
+and commerce and hold her position among the great cities of the world."
+
+
+                               =CHICAGO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 2,000,000 (2,185,283).
+
+  Second city in population.
+
+  Second only to New York in value of manufactures.
+
+  The leading market in the world for grain and meat products.
+
+  A great iron and steel center.
+
+  Chief lumber and furniture market of the United States.
+
+  Greatest railroad center in the country.
+
+  Most important lake port in the country.
+
+  Has had a remarkable growth in industries and in population.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell what you can of Chicago's early history.
+
+   2. What great disaster befell Chicago in 1871?
+
+   3. Give five causes for the wonderful growth of Chicago.
+
+   4. What part has the Chicago River played in the development of the
+      city?
+
+   5. Describe a grain elevator. Why are they necessary in handling
+      grain?
+
+   6. Name the advantages which Chicago enjoys on account of its
+      location.
+
+   7. What are the great wheat-growing states of the United States?
+
+   8. Give reasons for the development of the following industries in
+      Chicago:
+
+                    Iron and steel industries
+                    Meat packing
+                    Lumber trade
+
+   9. What are the advantages of water transportation over rail
+      transportation?
+
+  10. In what respects is rail transportation better than water
+      transportation?
+
+  11. Why was Chicago willing to spend millions of dollars to improve
+      her water supply? How was this done?
+
+  12. Where are the workers secured to carry on the great industries of
+      Chicago?
+
+  13. Make a table, by measurement of a map of the United States,
+      showing the distance from Chicago to the following places:
+
+                  New York City           Denver
+                  Boston                  Seattle
+                  Washington, D.C.        San Francisco
+                  New Orleans             St. Louis
+
+  14. In what respects does Chicago stand first of American cities, and
+      in what two things does she lead the world?
+
+  15. Compare Chicago and New York as to exports and value of commerce.
+
+  16. What is the benefit of parks to a city? What has Chicago done to
+      make her parks among the best in this country?
+
+
+
+
+                             PHILADELPHIA
+
+
+In early days, when there was no United States and our big America was a
+vast wilderness inhabited mostly by Indians, people who came here were
+thought very adventuresome and brave.
+
+At that time there lived in England a distinguished admiral who was a
+great friend of the royal family. The king owed him about $64,000, and at
+his death this claim was inherited by his son, William Penn. Now William
+Penn was an ardent Quaker, and because of the persecution of the Quakers
+in England he decided to found a Quaker colony in another country. King
+Charles II, who seldom had money to pay his debts, was only too glad to
+settle Penn's claim by a grant of land in America. To this grant,
+consisting of 40,000 square miles lying west of the Delaware River, the
+king gave the name Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods." The next year,
+1682, William Penn and his Quaker followers entered the Delaware River in
+the ship _Welcome_.
+
+Penn believed in honesty and fair play. He was generous enough not to
+limit his colony to one religion or nationality. All who were honest and
+industrious were welcome. The laws he made were extremely just, and land
+was sold to immigrants on very easy terms.
+
+[Illustration: PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS]
+
+Soon after his arrival in America, Penn wisely made a treaty with the
+Indians whose wigwams and hunting grounds were on or near the banks of
+the Delaware River. Beneath the graceful branches of a great elm he and
+the Indian chief exchanged wampum belts, signifying peace and friendship.
+In the center of the belt which Penn received are two figures, one
+representing an Indian, the other a European, with hands joined in
+friendship. This belt is still preserved in Philadelphia by the
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
+
+[Illustration: PENN'S WAMPUM BELT]
+
+[Illustration: LOCATION OF PHILADELPHIA]
+
+In 1683 Penn laid out in large squares, between the Delaware and
+Schuylkill rivers, the beginning of a great city. This city he called
+Philadelphia, a word which means "brotherly love." At that time the
+so-called city had an area of 2 square miles and a population of only
+400. To-day Philadelphia has an area of nearly 130 square miles and a
+population of more than a million and a half. It is America's third city
+in population, and it ranks third among the manufacturing cities of the
+United States. Philadelphia is on the Delaware River, a hundred miles
+from the ocean, but it has all the advantages of a seaport, for the river
+is deep enough to let great ocean steamers navigate to the city's docks.
+Philadelphia's easy access to the vast stores of iron, coal, and
+petroleum, for which Pennsylvania is famous, its location on two
+tidewater rivers,--the Delaware and the Schuylkill,--and its important
+railroads, all have helped to make it a great industrial and commercial
+center. One half of the anthracite coal in the United States is mined in
+Pennsylvania. Much of it is shipped to Philadelphia and from there by
+rail and water to many other states and countries.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD STAGE WHICH JOURNEYED FROM PHILADELPHIA TO
+PITTSBURGH]
+
+Some of the greatest manufacturing plants in the United States, in fact
+in the world, are in Philadelphia. In certain branches of the textile, or
+woven-goods, industry Philadelphia is unsurpassed. In the making of
+woolen carpets she leads the world. This industry goes back to
+Revolutionary times, when the first yard of carpet woven in the United
+States came from a Philadelphia loom. In 1791 a local manufacturer made a
+carpet, adorned with patriotic emblems, for the United States Senate.
+
+Other important industries of the city include the manufacturing of
+woolen and worsted goods, hosiery and knit goods, rugs, cotton goods,
+felt hats, silk goods, cordage, and twine and the dyeing and finishing of
+textiles. The largest lace mill in the world is in Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: OLD IRONSIDES]
+
+Philadelphia is also noted for the manufacture of iron and steel. The
+largest single manufactory in Philadelphia is the Baldwin Locomotive
+Works, which is the greatest of its kind. Pictures of the old Flying
+Machine, a stagecoach which made trips to New York in 1776, and of Old
+Ironsides, the first locomotive built by Matthias W. Baldwin in 1832,
+seem very queer in comparison with the powerful 300-ton locomotives built
+in Philadelphia to-day. Old Ironsides weighed a little over 4 tons and
+lacked power to pull a loaded train on wet and slippery rails; hence the
+following notice which appeared in the newspapers: "The locomotive engine
+built by Mr. M. W. Baldwin of this city will depart daily when the
+weather is fair with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days horses will
+be attached."
+
+Besides the American railroads using Baldwin locomotives, engines built
+in this plant are in use in many foreign lands. There is hardly a part of
+the world to which one can go where a Philadelphia-made locomotive is
+not to be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD]
+
+Philadelphia holds an important place in the construction of high-grade
+machine tools. She has great rolling mills, foundries, and machine shops,
+and one of the most famous bridge-building establishments in the world.
+Her people smile at being called slow; in fourteen weeks a Philadelphia
+concern made from pig iron a steel bridge a quarter of a mile long,
+carried it halfway around the world, and set it up over a river in
+Africa.
+
+Shipbuilding in Philadelphia began with the founding of the colony. It
+was the first American city to build ships and was also the home of the
+steamboat. The first boat to be propelled by steam was built by John
+Fitch in Philadelphia in 1786. This was more than twenty years before
+Robert Fulton had his first steamboat on the Hudson River. Robert
+Fulton, who was a Pennsylvanian by birth, also lived at one time in
+Philadelphia. Shipbuilding, to-day, is one of the city's great
+industries.
+
+[Illustration: A PRESENT-DAY LOCOMOTIVE]
+
+The art of printing has been practiced in Philadelphia since the very
+beginning of its history. William Bradford, one of the first colonists,
+published an almanac for the year 1687. This was the first work printed
+in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin entered the printing business in
+Philadelphia in 1723, and six years later published the _Pennsylvania
+Gazette_. This was the second newspaper printed in the colony, the first
+being the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first edition of which was
+printed in Philadelphia in 1719. Both of these papers were very small and
+would appear very odd alongside of the daily papers of to-day. The first
+complete edition of the Bible printed in the United States was published
+by Christopher Saur in Germantown, which is now a part of Philadelphia,
+in 1743. Philadelphia ranks first among the cities of the United States
+in the publication of scientific books and law books. One of the large
+publishing houses of the city now uses over a million dollars' worth of
+paper each year. It is interesting to know that when the Revolutionary
+War began there were forty paper mills in and near Philadelphia. At that
+time, and for many years after, it was the great literary center of the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: IN FAIRMOUNT PARK]
+
+When William Penn founded his Quaker town in the wilderness, he made
+little provision for parks, as at that time the town was so small and was
+so surrounded by forests that no parks were needed. But Philadelphia now
+possesses the largest park in the United States. This is known as
+Fairmount Park, which covers over three thousand acres of land. Splendid
+paths and driveways give access to every section of this park. On all
+sides one sees beautiful landscape gardening, fine old trees, and
+picturesque streams and bridges. Here is a great open amphitheater where
+concerts are given during the summer months; here are athletic fields,
+playgrounds, race courses, and splendid stretches of water for rowing;
+and here also for many years were located the immense waterworks which
+pumped the city's water supply from the Schuylkill River.
+
+[Illustration: ONCE THE HOME OF WILLIAM PENN]
+
+Among the famous buildings in the park are Memorial Hall and
+Horticultural Hall. They were erected at the time of the great Centennial
+Exhibition, which was held in Philadelphia in 1876 to celebrate the
+hundredth birthday of American independence. Memorial Hall is now used as
+an art gallery and city museum. Horticultural Hall contains a magnificent
+collection of plants and botanical specimens, brought from many different
+countries.
+
+Another interesting building in Fairmount Park is the little brick house
+which was once the home of William Penn. It is said to have been the
+first brick house erected in Philadelphia. It stood on a lot south of
+Market Street, and between Front and Second streets. Some years ago it
+was moved from its original site to Fairmount Park, where thousands of
+people now visit it. Here too, before the Revolutionary War, was the home
+of Robert Morris, the great American financier, who, during that war,
+time and again raised money to pay the soldiers of the American army.
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING NORTH ON BROAD STREET]
+
+Many statues of American heroes ornament the driveways and walks of
+Fairmount Park. At the Green Street entrance stands one of the finest
+equestrian statues of Washington in the country. The carved base, which
+is made of granite and decorated with bronze figures, is approached by
+thirteen steps, to represent the original thirteen states.
+
+[Illustration: BALLOON VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT PARK AND THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER,
+1000 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND]
+
+[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA'S WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+The streets of Philadelphia, while not broad, are well paved, and many of
+them are bordered by fine old trees. It was William Penn who named many
+of the streets after trees. The names of several of the streets in the
+oldest part of the town are recalled in the old refrain:
+
+                  Market, Arch, Race, and Vine,
+                  Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine.
+
+Philadelphia is a city of homes. Besides its splendid residential
+suburbs, it has miles of streets lined with neat attractive houses where
+live the city's busy workmen.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+Perhaps the city hall is the most striking of the notable buildings. It
+is a massive structure of marble and granite and stands at the
+intersection of Broad and Market streets. This immense building covers
+four and a half acres and is built in the form of a hollow square around
+an open court. The most attractive feature of the building is the great
+tower surmounted by an immense statue of William Penn. This lofty tower
+is nearly 548 feet high and is 90 feet square at its base. It is 67 feet
+higher than the great Pyramid of Egypt and nearly twice as high as the
+dome of the Capitol at Washington. The Washington Monument exceeds it in
+height by but a few feet. The great statue of Penn is as tall as an
+ordinary three-story house and weighs over 26 tons. It is cast of bronze
+and was made of 47 pieces so skillfully put together that the closest
+inspection can scarcely discover the seams. Around the head is a circle
+of electric lights throwing their brilliant illumination a distance of 30
+miles. To one gazing upwards, the light seems a halo of glory about the
+head of the beloved founder of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY-HALL STATUE OF PENN]
+
+Philadelphia has many fine schools, both public and private. The two most
+noted educational institutions are the University of Pennsylvania and
+Girard College. The University of Pennsylvania was founded largely
+through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It now occupies more than fifty
+buildings west of the Schuylkill River and is widely known as a center of
+learning.
+
+[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA TO-DAY]
+
+Girard College was the gift of Stephen Girard, who, from a humble cabin
+boy, became one of Philadelphia's richest benefactors. The college is a
+charitable institution devoted to the education of orphan boys, who are
+admitted to it between the ages of six and ten. Girard left almost his
+entire fortune of over $7,000,000 for the establishment of this great
+educational home for poor boys. Two millions of this sum were for the
+erection of the buildings alone.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES MINT]
+
+Other prominent educational institutions are the Penn Charter School,
+chartered by William Penn; the Academy of Fine Arts; The Drexel Institute
+for the promotion of art, science, and industry; the School of Industrial
+Art; the School of Design for Women; and several medical colleges which
+are among the most noted in the country.
+
+When the United States became an independent nation it was necessary to
+have a coinage system of its own. In 1792 a mint was established in
+Philadelphia to coin money for the United States government. All of our
+money is not now made in Philadelphia. The paper currency is made in
+Washington, and there are mints for the coinage of gold, silver, and
+copper in San Francisco, Denver, and New Orleans as well as in
+Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: OLD CHRIST CHURCH]
+
+A visit to the Philadelphia mint is most interesting. Visitors are
+conducted through the many rooms of this great money factory and are
+shown the successive processes through which the gold, silver, nickel,
+and copper must pass before it becomes money.
+
+We first see the metal in the form of bars or bricks. In another room we
+find men at work melting the gold and mixing with it copper and other
+metals to strengthen it. Coins of pure gold would wear away very rapidly,
+and so these other metals are added. The prepared metal is cast into long
+strips, about the width and thickness of the desired coins. In still
+another room these strips are fed into a machine which punches out round
+pieces of the size and weight required. These disks are then carefully
+weighed and inspected, after which they are taken to the coining room to
+receive the impression of figures and letters which indicates their
+value. One by one the blank disks are dropped between two steel dies. The
+upper die bears the picture and lettering which is to appear upon the
+face of the coin, and the lower, that which is to appear on the reverse
+side. As the disk lies between them the two dies come together, exerting
+an enormous pressure upon the cold metal. The pressure is then removed,
+and the bright disk drops from the machine, stamped with the impression
+which has changed this piece of metal into a coin of the United States.
+All coins are made in much the same way.
+
+[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL]
+
+In our brief visit we see many wonderful machines for counting, weighing,
+and sorting the thousands of coins which are daily produced in this busy
+place. At every step we are impressed with the great precautions taken to
+safeguard the precious materials handled.
+
+The old parts of Philadelphia are even more interesting than the mint,
+because of their historic associations. Within the distance of a few
+squares one may visit famous buildings whose very names send thrills of
+pride through the heart of every good American.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIBERTY BELL]
+
+Old Christ Church, whose communion service was given by England's Queen
+Anne in 1708, is perhaps the most noted of Philadelphia's historic
+churches. In this old church Benjamin Franklin worshiped for many years,
+and when he died he was buried in its quaint churchyard. And here too
+George Washington and John Adams worshiped when Philadelphia was the
+capital city.
+
+Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall ought to be known and remembered
+by every boy and girl in America. When the Massachusetts colonists held
+the Boston Tea Party, England undertook to punish Massachusetts by
+closing her chief port. This meant ruin to Boston. All the English
+colonists in America were so aroused that they determined to call a
+meeting of representatives from each colony, to consider the wisest
+course of action and how to help Massachusetts. It was in Carpenters'
+Hall that this first Continental Congress met, in September, 1774. The
+building was erected in 1770 as a meeting place for the house carpenters
+of Philadelphia--hence its name.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME OF BETSY ROSS]
+
+On Chestnut Street stands the old statehouse, which is called
+Independence Hall because it was the birthplace of our liberty. Here it
+was that, when all hope of peace between the colonies and England had
+been given up, the colonial representatives met in 1776 in the
+Continental Congress and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which
+declared that England's American colonies should henceforth be free and
+independent. While the members of Congress discussed the Declaration and
+its adoption, throngs packed the streets outside, impatiently waiting to
+know the result. At last the great bell rang out--the signal of the
+joyous news that the Declaration of Independence had been adopted.
+
+Independence Hall was built to be used as a statehouse for the colony of
+Pennsylvania. The old building has been kept as nearly as possible in its
+original condition and is now considered "A National Monument to the
+Birth of the Republic." This sacred spot is under the supervision of the
+Sons of the American Revolution and is used as the home of many historic
+relics. Among these may be found the Liberty Bell, which hung in the
+tower of the statehouse for many years. It was later removed from the
+tower and placed on exhibition in the building. It has made many journeys
+to exhibitions in various cities, such as New Orleans, Atlanta, Chicago,
+Charleston, Boston, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The old bell is now
+shown in a glass case at the main entrance to Independence Hall.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG]
+
+On Arch Street, not far from Independence Hall, is the little house where
+it is claimed the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross.
+
+For ten years, from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the capital of the
+United States. In this city Washington and Adams were inaugurated for
+their second term as president and vice-president, and here Adams was
+inaugurated president in 1797.
+
+Philadelphia to-day is a great city: great in industry, great in
+commerce, and great in near-by resources. Every street of the old part of
+the town is rich in historic memories. William Penn dreamed of a
+magnificent city, and the City of Brotherly Love is worthy of her
+founder's dream.
+
+
+                            =PHILADELPHIA=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 1,500,000 (1,549,008).
+
+  Third city in rank according to population.
+
+  Place of great historic interest:
+
+        Founded by William Penn.
+        Home of Benjamin Franklin.
+        First Continental Congress met here in 1774.
+        Declaration of Independence signed here in 1776.
+        Capital of the nation from 1790 to 1800.
+        First United States mint located here.
+
+  A great industrial and commercial center.
+
+  Ranks third in the country as a manufacturing city.
+
+  Principal industries:
+
+        Leads the world in the making of woolen carpets.
+        Has the largest locomotive works in the United States.
+        Manufactures woolen and worsted goods.
+        Ranks high in printing and publishing, the refining of sugar,
+        and shipbuilding.
+
+  Deep-water communication with the sea.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. When, how, and by whom was the site of Philadelphia acquired?
+
+   2. Compare the city of 1683 with that of to-day.
+
+   3. How does Philadelphia rank in size and manufactures among the
+      great cities of the United States?
+
+   4. Name several advantages which have helped to make the city a great
+      industrial and commercial center.
+
+   5. What are the leading exports of the city?
+
+   6. Name some of the important industries of Philadelphia.
+
+   7. Tell what you can of Philadelphia's great iron and steel works.
+
+   8. Tell something of the history and the present importance of
+      printing in Philadelphia.
+
+   9. Give some interesting facts about the city's great park.
+
+  10. State briefly some of the things which may be seen in a visit to
+      the mint.
+
+  11. What events of great historical interest have taken place in
+      Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall?
+
+
+
+
+                               ST. LOUIS
+
+
+Soon after Thomas Jefferson became president of the United States, he
+bought from France the land known as Louisiana for $15,000,000. This sum
+seemed a great deal of money for a young nation to pay out, but the
+Louisiana Purchase covered nearly 900,000 square miles and extended from
+the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico
+to Canada. So when one stops to think that the United States secured the
+absolute control of the Mississippi and more than doubled its former area
+at a price less than three cents an acre, it is easier to understand why
+Jefferson bought than why France sold.
+
+When Louisiana became part of the United States in 1803, St. Louis was a
+straggling frontier village, frequented mostly by boatmen and trappers.
+It had been established as a trading post back in 1764 by a party of
+French trappers from New Orleans, and had, from the first, monopolized
+the fur trade of the upper Mississippi and Missouri River country. Here
+hunters and trappers brought the spoils of distant forests. Here the
+surrounding tribes of Indians came to trade with the friendly French.
+Here countless open boats were loaded with skins and furs and then
+floated down the Mississippi.
+
+[Illustration: LOUISIANA PURCHASE]
+
+Notwithstanding this flourishing trade, the growth of the settlement was
+slow. In 1803 the population numbered less than one thousand, made up of
+French trappers and hunters, a few other Europeans and Americans, and a
+considerable number of Indians, half-breeds, and negro slaves.
+
+But as soon as Louisiana belonged to the United States, a new era began
+in the West. Emigrants from the Eastern states poured over the
+Appalachian Mountains. St. Louis lay right in the path of this overland
+east-to-west travel. From here Lewis and Clark started, in 1804, on their
+famous exploring trip of nearly two years and a half, up the Missouri
+River, to find out for the country what Louisiana was like. It was here
+that emigrants headed for the Oregon country stopped to make final
+preparations and lay in supplies. The remote trading post of the
+eighteenth century was suddenly transformed into a wide-awake bustling
+town.
+
+[Illustration: MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOATS]
+
+Furs were now no longer the only article of trade. The newly settled
+Mississippi valley was producing larger crops each year. Because of the
+poor roads, overland transportation to the markets on the Atlantic was
+out of the question, and trade was dependent on the great inland
+waterways. Early in the century, keel boats and barges carried the
+products of field and forest down the Mississippi. Then came the arrival
+of the first steamboat, the real beginning of St. Louis' great
+prosperity, working wonders for this inland commerce whose growth kept
+pace with the marvelous development of the rich Middle West.
+
+[Illustration: ST. LOUIS AND HER ILLINOIS SUBURBS]
+
+St. Louis, lying on the west bank of the Mississippi, between the mouths
+of the Ohio and Missouri rivers and not far from the Illinois, became the
+natural center of this north-and-south river traffic. By 1860 it was the
+most important shipping point west of the Alleghenies.
+
+[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL COURT BUILDING]
+
+Meanwhile railroad building had begun in the West. Ground was broken in
+1850 for St. Louis' first railway, the Missouri Pacific. Other roads were
+begun during the next two years. In a short time the whole country was
+covered with a network of railroads, and a change in the methods of
+transportation followed. The steamboats were unable to compete with their
+new rivals in speed--a tremendous advantage in carrying passengers and
+perishable freight--and their former importance quickly grew less.
+
+St. Louis lost nothing by the change. Many of the cross-continent
+railroads, following the old pioneer trails, met here. To-day more than
+twenty-five railroads enter the city, connecting it with the remotest
+parts of the United States as well as with Canada and Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+St. Louis now has about 700,000 inhabitants and occupies nearly 65 square
+miles of land, which slopes gradually from the water's edge to the
+plateau that stretches for miles beyond the western limits of the city.
+The city is laid out in broad straight streets, crossing each other at
+right angles wherever possible and numbered north and south from Market
+Street.
+
+The shopping district lies mainly between Broadway,--the fifth street
+from the river,--Twelfth Street, Pine Street, and Franklin Avenue. The
+financial center is on Fourth Street and Broadway, while Washington
+Avenue, between Fourth and Eighteenth streets, is one of the greatest
+"wholesale rows" in the West.
+
+Besides its public schools--which include a teachers' college--and
+private schools, St. Louis has two higher institutions of learning,
+Washington University and St. Louis University.
+
+Among the most important public buildings in the business section are the
+municipal court building, the city hall, the courthouse, and the public
+library.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY]
+
+The St. Louis Union Station, used by all railroads entering the city, is
+one of the largest and finest stations in the world. Pneumatic tubes
+connect it with the post office and the customhouse, while underground
+driveways and passages for handling bulky freight, express, and mail
+matter radiate from it in all directions.
+
+Almost directly west of the business section, on the outskirts of the
+city, lies Forest Park, the largest of St. Louis' many recreation
+grounds. It covers more than thirteen hundred acres of field and forest
+land, left largely in a natural state. Here is the City Art Museum, which
+was part of the Art Palace of the world's fair held in St. Louis in 1904
+to celebrate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNION STATION]
+
+The beautiful Missouri Botanical Garden, generally known as Shaw's
+Garden, is open for the use of the public. Compton Hill Reservoir Park,
+on the South Side, though small, is one of the finest in the city. Its
+water tower and basins are a part of the municipal water system, costing
+more than $30,000,000. The city water is pumped from the Mississippi
+River and purified as it passes into great settling basins.
+
+Though St. Louis' attractive houses are found almost everywhere outside
+the strictly business quarters, the real residence section has gradually
+been growing toward Forest Park, and many of the city's business men have
+built homes in the suburbs beyond the western limits of the city. One of
+these suburbs, University City, bids fair to become America's most
+beautiful residence town.
+
+Unlike most of our large cities, St. Louis has no sharply defined factory
+district. Its manufacturing establishments are distributed over nearly
+the whole city. An important part of its manufacturing interests centers
+on the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the city's Illinois suburbs.
+
+[Illustration: THE ART MUSEUM]
+
+The industrial development of these Illinois suburbs was greatly
+increased by the opening of the Eads Bridge in 1874. Before this time
+there had been no bridge connection over the Mississippi. Passengers and
+freight ferries had plied regularly between St. Louis and her suburbs
+across the river, but there were seasons when floating ice made the river
+impassable, sometimes cutting off communication between the two shores
+for days.
+
+The Eads Bridge is 6220 feet long and is so built that the railroad
+tracks cross it on a level lower than the carriage drives and foot paths.
+With its completion, communication between opposite sides of the river
+became as easy as between different parts of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE EADS BRIDGE]
+
+Other bridges have since been built. In 1890 the Merchants Bridge, used
+solely by railroads, was built across the Mississippi three miles to the
+north of Eads Bridge, and now there is the McKinley Bridge between the
+two. In addition to these the city is building a bridge which, when
+completed, will be open to traffic without toll charges.
+
+[Illustration: SHAW'S GARDEN]
+
+[Illustration: A PUBLIC BATH]
+
+Among the Illinois suburbs thus brought into closer touch with the
+western side of the river are East St. Louis,--a growing city of about
+75,000,--Venice, Madison, Granite City, and Belleville. Being principally
+manufacturing communities, these cities contribute in no small degree to
+St. Louis' importance as an industrial center.
+
+[Illustration: A MISSOURI COAL MINE]
+
+St. Louis' importance, however, is mainly due to the city's favorable
+location at the heart of one of the world's richest river valleys. The
+vast natural resources of the Middle West are at her command. Raw
+materials of every kind abound almost at her door. Missouri ranks high
+as an agricultural and mining state. Its position in the great corn belt
+makes hog raising a highly profitable industry. The prairies to the north
+furnish extensive grazing areas for cattle. The Ozark Mountains to the
+southwest afford excellent pasturage for sheep and yield lumber as well
+as great quantities of lead, zinc, and other minerals. In addition, the
+state has large deposits of soft coal, while only the Mississippi
+separates St. Louis from the unlimited supply of the Illinois coal
+fields. As a result, the cost of manufacturing is low and the city's many
+and varied industries thrive. Chief among these is the manufacture of
+boots and shoes. Though this business is comparatively young in the West,
+St. Louis already ranks among the three leading footwear-producing
+cities of the country, turning out over $50,000,000 worth of boots and
+shoes yearly. Most of these are of the heavier type made for country
+trade, but the output of finer footwear is steadily increasing.
+
+[Illustration: MAKING SHOES]
+
+Next in importance are the tobacco, meat-packing, and malt-liquor
+industries. St. Louis is one of the leading cities in the country in the
+manufacture of tobacco. The meat-packing establishments, including those
+in East St. Louis, hold fourth place among America's great packing
+centers. Its mammoth breweries lead the country in the output of beer.
+Flour mills, foundries, and sugar refineries also do an immense business.
+Street and railroad cars, stoves of all kinds, paints, oils, and white
+lead are made in scores of factories, while hundreds of other industries
+flourish in the city, making it one of the greatest workshops in the
+United States.
+
+[Illustration: MULES IN A STOCKYARD]
+
+Important as St. Louis is as a manufacturing city, it is even more noted
+as a distributing center, its location making it the natural commercial
+metropolis of the Mississippi valley. It markets not only its own
+manufactures but products which represent every section of the country.
+The vast territory to the west and southwest depends almost entirely on
+St. Louis for its supply of dry goods and groceries. Other staples are
+boots and shoes, tobacco, hardware, timber, cotton, breadstuffs, cattle,
+and hogs.
+
+In the handling of furs St. Louis leads the cities of the world. She also
+holds a high place among the great grain markets. In this country her
+annual receipts of corn, wheat, and oats are exceeded only by those of
+Chicago and Minneapolis. Shipments of grain and breadstuffs to Central
+and South America, Cuba, Great Britain, and Germany constitute the city's
+leading exports.
+
+As a live-stock market it is no less important. The National Stockyards,
+located on the Illinois side of the river, contain several hundred acres.
+Though packing houses and slaughtering houses occupy some of this land,
+the main part is covered with sheds, pens, and enclosures for the
+reception and sale of live animals. Millions of cattle, hogs, and sheep
+are handled here every year. St. Louis also buys and sells hundreds of
+thousands of horses and mules, being the largest market for draft animals
+in the world.
+
+Just as the frontier trading post of the eighteenth century grew into the
+thriving river port of the nineteenth, so the river port of the
+nineteenth century has developed into one of the leading railroad and
+commercial centers of the twentieth. And the fourth city of America in
+size is now St. Louis.
+
+
+                              =ST. LOUIS=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (687,029).
+
+  Fourth city according to population.
+
+  Well located; center of the Mississippi valley, between the mouths of
+  the Missouri and Ohio rivers.
+
+  Important shipping point by rail and water.
+
+  A great railroad center.
+
+  The leading market in the world for furs and draft animals.
+
+  One of the greatest boot-and-shoe-manufacturing centers.
+
+  One of the chief markets in the United States for grain, flour, and
+  live stock.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Why did Jefferson buy the country included in the Louisiana
+      Purchase?
+
+   2. Give a brief account of the Louisiana Purchase; from whom
+      purchased, the cost, the territory included.
+
+   3. Tell what you know of St. Louis before the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+   4. What brought about the sudden and rapid growth of St. Louis after
+      the purchase?
+
+   5. What effect did the railroads have upon St. Louis' water
+      transportation? Why?
+
+   6. Describe the St. Louis Union Station.
+
+   7. What three bridges were built across the Mississippi at St. Louis,
+      and why?
+
+   8. To what does St. Louis owe her importance as an industrial center?
+
+   9. In what lines does St. Louis lead the world?
+
+  10. Name some of the products sent to St. Louis from the neighboring
+      country.
+
+  11. What are some of her most important industries?
+
+  12. Name some of the things which St. Louis supplies to other
+      sections of the country.
+
+  13. In what business has St. Louis held an important place from its
+      beginning?
+
+  14. By consulting a map, find what great railroad systems run to St.
+      Louis.
+
+
+
+
+                                BOSTON
+
+
+Let us take a trip to New England and visit Boston. Boston is New
+England's chief city in size, in population, in historic interest, and in
+importance. It is the capital of Massachusetts and the fifth city in size
+in the United States.
+
+If we were going to visit some far-away cousins whom we had never seen,
+we should surely want to know something about their age, their
+appearance, and their habits. Would it not be just as interesting to find
+out these things about the city we are to see on our journey?
+
+In the early days the Indians called the district where Boston now stands
+Shawmut, or "living waters." The first white man to come to Shawmut was
+William Blackstone, a hermit who made his home on the slope of what is
+now Beacon Hill. Though Blackstone liked to be alone, he was unselfish.
+So when he heard that the settlers of a Puritan colony not far away were
+suffering for want of pure water, he went to their governor, John
+Winthrop, "acquainted him with the excellent spring of water that was on
+his land and invited him and his followers thither." Blackstone's offer
+was gladly accepted. The Puritans purchased Shawmut from the Indians
+and in 1630 began their new settlement, which they named Boston in honor
+of the English town which had been the home of some of their leading men.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY]
+
+Originally Boston was a little irregular peninsula of scarcely 700 acres,
+entirely cut off from the mainland at high tide. It did not take the
+colonists long, however, to outgrow these narrow quarters. They soon
+filled in the marshes and coves with land from the hills. They spread out
+over two small islands and made them part of Boston. Then, one by one,
+they took in neighboring settlements. And from this start Boston has
+grown, until to-day it has an area of about 43 square miles and a
+population of nearly 700,000.
+
+We must get a clear idea of these various districts of Boston. If not, we
+shall be puzzled to meet friends from Roxbury or Dorchester and hear them
+say that they live in Boston. There is Boston proper, the old Boston
+before it annexed its neighbors; East Boston, comprising two islands in
+the harbor which joined Boston in 1635 and 1637; then, annexed from time
+to time, come Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown,--the scene of the Battle
+of Bunker Hill,--West Roxbury, and Brighton; and last, Hyde Park, which,
+by the vote of its people and the citizens of Boston, joined the city in
+November, 1911. These have all kept their original names, but have given
+up their local governments to share Boston's larger privileges and
+advantages. So remember that when we meet friends from Roxbury, West
+Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, East Boston, South Boston, or Hyde Park,
+they are all Boston people. The children from these districts would
+resent it if they were not known as Boston boys and girls just as much
+as those who live in the very heart of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL]
+
+While we have been reading all this, our boat has been drawing closer to
+the city, and now we must gather up our wraps and bags and be ready to
+start out. We see a very busy harbor, its noisy tugs drawing the
+sullen-looking coal barges; its graceful schooners loaded to the water's
+edge with lumber; and its fishing boats with their dirty sails, not
+attractive but doing the work that has placed Boston first in importance
+as a fishing port. Crowded steamers and ferryboats pass swiftly by, while
+huge ocean steamships may be seen poking their noses out from their docks
+at East Boston and South Boston or heading toward the city with their
+thousands of eager passengers.
+
+As we hurry along with our fellow travelers we must decide how best to
+reach our hotel. There are taxicabs and carriages for some; electric
+cars, both surface and elevated, for the many. Boston has excellent car
+and train service. The Boston Elevated Railway Company controls most of
+the car lines in the city as well as in the outlying towns. This makes it
+possible for us to ride for a nickel an average distance of at least five
+miles.
+
+[Illustration: A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BOSTON]
+
+A line of elevated trains running across the city connects West Roxbury
+on the south with Charlestown on the north. Some of these trains pass
+through the Washington Street tunnel, from which numerous well-lighted,
+well-ventilated stations lead directly to the shopping and business
+section of the city. On this elevated road are two huge terminal
+stations, into which rush countless surface cars, bringing from all
+points north and south the immense crowds of suburbanites who come to
+Boston proper each day, to work or on pleasure bent.
+
+Chelsea folks come to the city by ferry or by electric car, while those
+from East Boston have two ferry lines as well as a tunnel for cars under
+the harbor.
+
+The city proper has two immense union railroad depots, the North and the
+South station, where hundreds of local, as well as long-distance, trains
+leave and arrive each day. The railroads entering Boston are the Boston &
+Albany, which, by means of the New York Central lines, connects with the
+West; the Boston & Maine, leading northward to Maine and Canada; and the
+New York, New Haven & Hartford, which connects by way of New York with
+various points in the South.
+
+All these transportation advantages have made Boston an excellent place
+in which to live, as its suburbs afford the benefits of country life
+while yet they are within a few minutes' ride of a big city.
+
+There are several ways in which we can see Boston. We may climb into one
+of the great sight-seeing autos and ride from point to point while the
+man with the megaphone calls our attention to the interesting landmarks
+and gives their history; we can engage a guide who will take us from
+place to place; or we can simply follow the directions of our guide book.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH STATION]
+
+No trip to Boston is complete without a visit to the State House, or
+capitol, whose gilded dome is seen glittering in the sunlight by day and
+sparkling with electric lights by night. It is situated on Beacon Hill,
+the highest point of land in the city proper. Up to 1811 one peak of the
+hill was as high as the gilded dome is now, and on its summit a beacon
+was set up as early as 1634, to warn the people in the surrounding
+country of approaching disaster. It seems, however, that the beacon was
+never used, and during the Revolution the British pulled it down and
+built a fort in its place.
+
+Even if there were no gilded dome on the State House, the building itself
+is handsome enough to attract attention. It was designed in 1795 by
+Charles Bulfinch, a famous architect. The front of the building to-day is
+the historic Bulfinch front. But as Boston grew, so also did the State
+House, and additions were made in 1853, in 1889, and in 1915, until now
+we have the impressive building we are about to enter.
+
+[Illustration: DRILLING ON THE COMMON]
+
+But stop after climbing the main steps, turn around, and look at the
+green field before you. This is Boston Common, the famous Boston Common
+where the people of long ago used to pasture their cows; where the
+British in the early days of the Revolution set up their fortified camps
+during the siege of Boston; and where, at the present time, the admiring
+relatives of the high-school boys assemble yearly to see them go through
+their military drill. Situated as it is in the very heart of the city,
+Boston Common is the resting place, the breathing place, for thousands.
+It is the people's playground. Fireworks, band concerts, public speaking,
+all prove that its public character has never been lost, and that it is
+now as much of a Common as it was in 1649, when it was first laid out. By
+a wise clause in the city charter, this Common cannot be sold or leased
+without the consent of the citizens.
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE COMMON, SHOWING THE SHAW MEMORIAL]
+
+The Common contains many memorials erected by a grateful people. The most
+conspicuous is the Army and Navy Monument, which reaches far above the
+trees. Directly opposite the State House is the Shaw Memorial, a
+wonderful bronze bas-relief by Saint Gaudens, showing the gallant Colonel
+Shaw and his colored regiment.
+
+The sight of Shaw's earnest young face amid his dusky followers prepares
+us for entering Doric Hall in the State House, set apart as a memorial
+for those who died in their country's cause. We look with awe and
+reverence on the flags whose worn and tattered edges tell plainly of the
+struggles of their bearers and defenders.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE CODFISH]
+
+Let us peep into the Senate chamber and into the hall of the House of
+Representatives with its historic codfish suspended from the ceiling, a
+reminder of a most humble source of Massachusetts' wealth. We will then
+climb to the dome and see Boston before a cold east wind sweeps suddenly
+in, covering the city with fog and making all misty and uncertain. As we
+reach the highest point, it really seems as if the fog had rolled in, but
+it is only a fog of smoke from the many chimneys of the city's countless
+factories.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE HOUSE]
+
+As our eyes get accustomed to the view, the mist seems to roll away, and
+the city lies before us. That blue line to the east is the harbor, and
+between us and the harbor is the business section of Boston, the noisy,
+throbbing heart of a big city. Directly back of us as we stand facing the
+water is the West End, once a fashionable section where Boston's literary
+men held court, now a district largely given over to tenements and
+lodging-houses. To the north and south lie the North and South ends; the
+former, the oldest of the city and the great foreign district of the
+present time, where children from many lands have their homes.
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT]
+
+That broad winding stream of water that we see is the Charles River. Just
+beyond it to the north is Charlestown, its Bunker Hill Monument towering
+up for all to see. The city of Cambridge is just across the Charles River
+to the west, and next to it, skirting the southern bank of the river, is
+the district of Brighton. South Boston, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Hyde Park,
+and Dorchester lie toward the south. Among the many islands in the
+harbor, East Boston is the most crowded and the closest to the city
+proper. Towards the southwest, between us and the Charles, lies Back Bay,
+once tidewater but now filled in and made into land. Look around you and
+notice how the surrounding parts of Boston form a chain about their
+parent, a chain broken only by Cambridge--the seat of Harvard
+University--and Brookline,--Massachusetts' wealthiest town,--which
+refuses to become a city or to join its larger neighbor.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON STREET]
+
+As we leave the State House, a few minutes' walk brings us to the heart
+of Boston's great shopping district and to Boston's leading business
+street. You will be glad to know that this street is called neither Main
+Street nor Broadway, but Washington Street. Originally, part was known
+as Orange, part as Marlborough, and part as Newbury. But when, at the
+close of the Revolution, Washington rode through the city at the head of
+a triumphal procession, the people renamed the street along which he
+passed, Washington, and so it is called to-day in all its ten miles of
+length. Washington Street is very narrow in parts, and as it is lined on
+both sides with some of Boston's largest and finest department stores, it
+presents a very animated appearance on a week-day afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BOSTON]
+
+Stop for a moment on busy Newspaper Row. Here a bystander may read the
+news of the world as it is posted hourly upon the great bulletin boards
+of the various newspaper offices.
+
+Parallel to Washington Street, and connected with it by many short
+streets, is Tremont Street, another old historic road. Originally Tremont
+Street was a path outlined by William Blackstone's cows on their way to
+pasture; now it is second only to Washington Street in importance.
+
+Washington Street is really the main dividing line between the retail and
+wholesale parts of the city. The water front is the great wholesale
+section. Here there is a constant odor of leather in the air, and great
+heavy wagons laden with hides are continually passing to and from the
+wharves and stations. When we stop and consider that Boston and the
+neighboring cities of Brockton and Lynn are among the largest
+shoe-manufacturing cities in the world, then we do not wonder at the
+leather we see. It is no vain boast to say that in every quarter of the
+world may be seen shoes that once, in the form of leather, were carted
+through the streets of Boston.
+
+[Illustration: BOSTON'S LAND AND WATER CONNECTIONS]
+
+What is true of leather is also true of cotton and wool. Lowell, Fall
+River, and New Bedford are calling for cotton to be made into cloth in
+their busy mills, while Lawrence is the greatest wool-manufacturing city
+in the country. Boston, with its harbor and great railroad terminals, is
+constantly receiving these materials and distributing them to these
+cities.
+
+The finished cloths often return to Boston to be cut and made into
+clothes, and an army of men and women cut and sew from day to day on
+garments for people far distant from Boston as well as for those near
+home.
+
+One glance at the wharves along Atlantic Avenue and Commercial Street and
+our glimpse of busy Boston will be ended. Here are wharves and piers
+jutting out into the harbor, where are boats of every kind from every
+land. New York alone among American cities outranks Boston in the value
+of her foreign commerce. From one large steamer thousands of green
+bananas are being carried. They will be sold to the many fruit dealers,
+from those whose show windows are visions of beauty, to the Greek or
+Italian peddler who pushes his hand cart out into the suburbs.
+
+Some of the steamers are already puffing with importance as if to hasten
+the steps of travelers who are on their way to board ship for different
+ports in the South, for Nova Scotia and other points north, or perhaps to
+cross the Atlantic.
+
+Two of the wharves--T Wharf and the new fishing pier--are devoted to the
+fishing industry. From the banks of Newfoundland and the other splendid
+fishing grounds along the coast from Cape Cod to Labrador, fishermen are
+constantly bringing their catches to Boston, their chief market. In
+addition, Gloucester and other fishing ports re-ship most of the fish
+brought to them to the Boston market. Is it any wonder that Boston ranks
+first of all the cities of the United States in the fish trade? In 1910
+Boston received and marketed $10,500,000 worth of fish--more than any
+other American city, and exceeded by only one other port in the world.
+
+[Illustration: A FISHING FLEET]
+
+In this neighborhood too is a tablet marking the site of Griffin's Wharf,
+where the Boston Tea Party of the Revolution took place. We remember how
+the people of Boston refused to pay the tax on tea; how the shiploads
+of tea sent from England remained unloaded at the wharf; and how,
+finally, after an indignation meeting had been held at the Old South
+Meeting House, a band of men and boys, disguised as Indians, boarded the
+vessels, ripped open the chests, and emptied all the cargo into the
+harbor. It was rightly called the Boston Tea Party.
+
+[Illustration: © Dadmun Co. Boston
+  BOSTON'S NEW CUSTOMHOUSE]
+
+As we are so close to the North End, we may as well go there at once. The
+North End is the oldest section of Boston. It was here that Samuel Adams,
+John Hancock, Paul Revere, and other patriots had their headquarters
+during the troublous times before the Revolution. Paul Revere, of whose
+famous ride we have all read in Longfellow's poem, lived and carried on
+his business in this very district. If we wish, we can see his home as
+well as the famous Old North Church, where his friend hung the lanterns
+warning him of the movements of the British.
+
+[Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH]
+
+But to-day there is little else to remind us of the past. As we cross
+North Square and see the gesticulating, dark-skinned men, the stout,
+gayly kerchiefed women in the doorways, and the hordes of dark-eyed
+children on street and sidewalk, we wonder if by mistake we have not
+entered some city in southern Europe. To-day the North End of Boston is
+the great foreign section of the city. Here live the Jews, Italians, and
+Russians. They tell us that more than one third of the entire population
+of the city are foreigners.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH END]
+
+But when a group of boys rushes toward us, each begging to be our guide
+to the Old North Church, to Paul Revere's house, or to the famous Copp's
+Hill Burying Ground,--all for a nickel,--we are sure we are in America
+and gladly follow our leader through the narrow, crooked streets.
+
+From among the parents of these children come the fruit peddlers, the
+clothing makers, the street musicians, and the great army of laborers
+which helps to keep the city in repair.
+
+[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE]
+
+Are we tired of the noise and confusion of the crowded tenement district?
+If so, let us go to the broad streets and beautiful parks of the Back
+Bay, the abode of the wealthy. The Back Bay, as its name suggests, was
+originally the Back Cove, and where these houses now stand, the waves
+once danced in glee. But Boston filled in the marshes and coves and
+laid out fine streets on the newly made land. Here is the famous
+Beacon Street, and parallel to it is Boston's most beautiful
+thoroughfare,--Commonwealth Avenue,--two hundred and twenty feet wide,
+with a parkway running through the center. See the children with their
+nurses, playing on the grass or roller skating on the broad sidewalks,
+apparently no happier than the little ones of the North End.
+
+But it is not merely its fine streets and homes that make the Back Bay
+the handsomest part of the city. In this section are many of Boston's
+finest public buildings. Come to Copley Square, the most beautiful in the
+city. Here stands Trinity Church,--Phillips Brooks' church,--a
+magnificent structure of granite with sandstone trimmings. Phillips
+Brooks was for a brief year the Protestant Episcopal bishop of
+Massachusetts. He was loved by those of all denominations. After his
+death the citizens of Boston united in erecting a splendid memorial, in
+token of their love for him and their gratitude for his services. The
+statue is by Augustus Saint Gaudens and is considered one of the greatest
+works of that great sculptor.
+
+[Illustration: COMMONWEALTH AVENUE]
+
+On Copley Square we see also the New Old South Church and the Boston
+Public Library.
+
+Boston is very proud of her public library, and rightly so, for it is not
+only one of the finest buildings in Boston but also one of the finest
+libraries in the country. Look at the magnificent marble staircase, the
+curiously inlaid floor and ceiling of the entrance hall, the graceful
+statues, the wonderful paintings, and the fine courtyard with its
+sparkling fountain. On the floors above are the children's room with its
+low tables and chairs and rows upon rows of interesting books; Bates
+Hall, a most attractive reading room; Sargent's mystical paintings; and
+Edwin A. Abbey's series of paintings, which are called "The Quest of the
+Holy Grail."
+
+[Illustration: PHILLIPS BROOKS' MEMORIAL]
+
+Besides the main library there are branch libraries or reading rooms in
+every section of the city. Altogether the Boston Public Library contains
+over one million volumes, making it the largest circulating library in
+the United States.
+
+But there are other buildings in the Back Bay which rival those on Copley
+Square. We should see the Christian Science church with its massive dome;
+the Boston Opera House; and Symphony Hall, the home of the famous Boston
+Symphony Orchestra, known the country over.
+
+[Illustration: BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY]
+
+The Boston Museum of Fine Arts stood originally on Copley Square, but in
+1909 a new and magnificent building was opened, farther out in the Back
+Bay. Not far from the new museum stands the Harvard Medical School, an
+imposing group of five white-marble buildings.
+
+But now we are tired of buildings, so come into the Public Garden--the
+gateway to the Back Bay--and while you rest I will tell you about
+Boston's parks. Sitting in the beautiful Public Garden, it will not be
+hard for you to believe that the park system of Boston is the finest in
+the country. The first park was, as we have seen, the Common. For many
+years the Common was not a place of beauty. Edward Everett Hale spoke of
+it as a "pasture for cows, a playground for children, a training ground
+for the militia, a place for beating carpets." Many changes have taken
+place on the Common since the old days, but two of the characteristics
+still remain. Boston Common is still a playground for children, and
+military drills are still to be seen there from time to time.
+
+The Common is just across Charles Street from the Public Garden--the
+second great park to be laid out in Boston. This Public Garden was
+reclaimed from the marshes, and at present covers about twenty-four and a
+half acres. It is truly a garden, and during the spring, summer, and fall
+nearly every species of beautiful flower, plant, and shrub may here be
+seen--a riot of color and beauty.
+
+But the people of Boston did not stop even with the Public Garden. The
+city of Boston has, besides, numerous small squares at intervals through
+the city. She also has vast tracts of rural land, which, unlike the
+Public Garden, are left to their own wild beauty. Owing to Boston's
+expanse of water front, it is possible for her to have both inland and
+ocean parks, where may be found all kinds of open-air sports and
+recreations.
+
+Some of the most important of these parks are Franklin Park, the Fens,
+the Arnold Arboretum, Marine Park, and the Charles River Basin. In the
+Arnold Arboretum, the property of Harvard College, are rare shrubs and
+trees. Fortunate is the one who can visit it in lilac time, when scores
+of varieties of lilacs, both white and many shades of violet, scent the
+air with their delicate perfumes.
+
+The best example of the ocean parkways is Marine Park. There one finds
+extensive bathhouses, a good beach, lawns, and a long pier extending
+several hundred feet out into the water. Connected with Marine Park by a
+long bridge is Castle Island, the site of Fort Independence.
+
+The Charles River Basin is a popular promenade. This river, until
+recently, showed for many hours of the day the uncovered mud flats of low
+tide. Now by means of a dam it has been turned into a great fresh-water
+lake. Cambridge and Boston have laid out parkways on either side of the
+river, and before long further improvements will make this basin even
+more attractive.
+
+Through the influence of Boston the surrounding cities and towns have
+given certain large areas of great natural beauty to form the
+Metropolitan Park System. This Metropolitan Park System consists of 3
+forest reserves of 7000 acres of woodland, 30 miles of river park, 10
+miles of seacoast, and 40 miles of connecting parkways.
+
+Two great ocean parks in the system are Revere Beach and Nantasket, both
+favorite summer resorts, while the most noted inland reservations are the
+Blue Hills and the Middlesex Fells.
+
+A Roman matron of long ago, when asked to show her jewels, pointed to her
+sons with pride, saying, "These are my jewels." And so it is with Boston.
+She is proud of her history, her fine public buildings, her busy
+thoroughfares, her parks, her great centers of industry, and her
+commerce; but most of all, she is proud of her more than ninety thousand
+school children.
+
+From the earliest times Boston's schools have ranked among the best in
+the country. The first public school in America was established in
+Dorchester, and some of the greatest educators, such as Horace Mann and
+Charles W. Eliot, have been associated with Boston or its suburbs.
+
+[Illustration: © Leon Dadmun, Boston, 1903
+  THE HARVARD YARD]
+
+Boston is the home of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a famous
+training college in applied sciences; Simmons College for women; the
+Harvard Medical College; Boston College (Roman Catholic); Boston
+University; the Normal Art School; the Conservatory of Music; the Emerson
+School of Oratory; and other schools of high standing. Harvard, the
+oldest and largest university in the country, has its home in Cambridge.
+Radcliffe, a college for women, whose pupils receive the same courses of
+instruction as the students in Harvard, is also in Cambridge. Tufts
+College is in the neighboring city of Medford, while in the beautiful
+hill town of Wellesley, a suburb of Boston, is Wellesley College, a
+woman's college of high rank.
+
+But now, if we hurry, we shall be just in time to see the children
+flocking in crowds to one of their many playgrounds. Here they find
+swings and other apparatus for sport; and here they may play tennis,
+baseball, or football in the spring, summer, and fall. In the winter
+months they may make use of the ice, which is kept in good condition for
+the skater. In the various districts, also, are swimming pools and indoor
+gymnasiums, where old and young meet for recreation as well as for
+physical training.
+
+Having seen Boston at work and at play, we now ask ourselves where the
+food comes from to feed this vast multitude. Its meats, flour, and grain
+of all kinds are brought into its huge freight stations from the West.
+Its great ocean trade with the ports in the South as well as in Europe
+and Asia supplies other food necessities and luxuries. New England is a
+great dairy center, and much of the city's milk, butter, and other dairy
+products comes to Boston each morning from New Hampshire, Vermont, and
+western Massachusetts. The purity of the milk is carefully watched, and
+it is impossible to buy even a pint of milk in anything but a sealed jar.
+
+Boston's drinking-water is equally well guarded. The water, as well as
+the sewage, is under the control of the Metropolitan Water and Sewage
+Commission. There is a high-pressure distributing station at Chestnut
+Hill, which gives power sufficient to force water to the highest of
+Boston's buildings.
+
+The sewage of the down-town sections of the city is collected in a main
+drainage system, pumped through a tunnel under Dorchester Bay to Moon
+Island, held in large reservoirs, and discharged into the water when the
+tide is going out. The sewage of the outlying districts is conveyed to
+various places in the harbor and discharged into the water at a depth of
+thirty or forty feet, where it can be quickly carried out to sea.
+
+Our stay in Boston is now at an end. Not only have we traveled over many
+miles of her streets and visited her famous State House, her busy
+wharves, and her interesting playgrounds, but we have reviewed many
+events of her thrilling history. What of all we have seen or heard is it
+most important for us to remember? First, that Boston is the fifth city
+in size in the United States; second, that she is the capital city of
+Massachusetts; third, that she is the chief trade center of New England;
+and fourth, that among America's cities she ranks second only to New York
+in foreign commerce. Then we must not forget the important place she
+holds in the early history of our country.
+
+As we traveled into Boston, so we will journey out again. And with the
+last of the great city fading from our view, we call to mind the
+large-hearted Blackstone and say to ourselves, "Quite a change from the
+hermit's home on the sunny slope of Beacon Hill."
+
+
+                               =BOSTON=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (670,585).
+
+  Fifth in rank according to population.
+
+  Ranks first among American cities in fish and wool trades.
+
+  Chief trade center of New England.
+
+  Principal industries (as measured by value of products):
+
+    Printing and publishing; manufacture of boots and shoes, of
+    clothing, of foundry and machine-shop products.
+
+  Place of great historical interest.
+
+  One of the leading educational centers of the United States.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell something of the settlement and the early history of Boston.
+
+   2. Tell of the Boston Tea Party.
+
+   3. Tell the story of the naming of Boston's leading business street.
+
+   4. Why is Boston's chief park called the Common?
+
+   5. Compare the North End during Revolutionary times with the same
+      district to-day.
+
+   6. What is there of interest in Back Bay? in Copley Square?
+
+   7. Describe some of the busy scenes which may be observed along the
+      wharves of the city.
+
+   8. Tell something about the street railways and other means of
+      transportation.
+
+   9. Give a brief description of the Boston Public Library.
+
+  10. Tell what you know of Harvard University. What other noted
+      schools are in or near Boston?
+
+  11. Name some of the advantages which Boston enjoys on account of her
+      splendid harbor.
+
+  12. Give some facts about the commercial importance of Boston.
+
+  13. In the manufacture of what three products does Boston, with her
+      neighboring cities, rank high?
+
+  14. Why is a codfish suspended in the hall of the House of
+      Representatives in the State House?
+
+
+
+
+                               CLEVELAND
+
+
+In the days that followed the Revolution, Connecticut claimed certain
+lands south of Lake Erie. A large part of these she sold to the
+Connecticut Land Company, who wanted to colonize the country and
+establish New Connecticut.
+
+It was in 1796 that the Connecticut Land Company sent General Moses
+Cleaveland west, to survey the land and choose a site for a settlement.
+After surveying about sixty miles, Cleaveland fixed on a plateau just
+south of Lake Erie, where the Cuyahoga River runs into the lake. Soon the
+settlement was laid out with a square and two main streets and was very
+properly called Cleaveland. The name was spelled with an _a_, just as
+Moses Cleaveland spelled his name. There is no _a_ in the city's name
+to-day, the story being that the extra letter was dropped, and the new
+spelling adopted, in 1831, through a newspaper's claiming that the _a_
+would not fit conveniently into its headline.
+
+At first the new settlement did not prosper. The soil was poor, and
+commerce along the Ohio River attracted immigrants into the interior.
+Those that stayed in Cleveland had a hard struggle with fever. The mouth
+of the Cuyahoga River was frequently choked with sand, making the water
+in the river's bed stagnant and furnishing a breeding place for
+malaria-carrying mosquitoes. During the summer and autumn of 1798 affairs
+were in a desperate condition. Every one in the settlement was miserable.
+There was no flour, and for two months Nathaniel Doan's boy was the only
+person strong enough to go to the house of one James Kingsbury, on the
+highlands back of the town, for corn. This he carried to a gristmill at
+Newburgh, six miles to the south, and had it ground into meal for the
+sick.
+
+Besides the suffering caused by fever, there was danger of Indian attacks
+and the ever-present dread of the wolves and bears which prowled about
+the settlement, so that no one dared go out at night unarmed, and no door
+was left without a loaded musket to guard it.
+
+But in spite of the dangers of these early years, the settlers for the
+most part led a busy, happy life. The women especially had their hands
+full--keeping their houses clean and neat; doing the cooking and baking;
+spinning, weaving, cutting out, and sewing the clothes for their families
+(usually large) and knitting their stockings. Then there were the sick to
+be visited and nursed, and the neighbors to be helped with their
+quilting.
+
+When a new settler arrived, all the men would pitch in and help in the
+"cabin raising," finishing the work in short order. They often ended up
+with a jolly dance, though the music was sometimes nothing more than the
+whistling of the dancers.
+
+For the first ten years Cleveland was only a hamlet of a few dozen
+people. Still it continued to exist, and in 1815 was incorporated as a
+village. Another year saw the first bank started, and before long its
+first newspaper was printed. This paper was supposed to be a weekly, but
+often appeared only every ten, twelve, or fifteen days, at the
+convenience of the editor.
+
+Already, in supplying her own needs, Cleveland was laying the foundation
+for some of her future industries. In fact, soon after the settlement was
+founded, Nathaniel Doan built a blacksmith shop on what is now Superior
+Avenue. Though the shop was only a rude affair built of logs, it deserves
+the name of Cleveland's first manufacturing plant. Here Nathaniel Doan
+not only shod the few horses which needed his services but made tools as
+well. A gristmill and sawmill came next, and then began the building of
+small schooners.
+
+In the early years of the nineteenth century there was practically no way
+of communicating with the settlements on the Ohio River. And except for
+an occasional party of French and Indians, there was no means of hearing
+from Detroit. In 1818, however, regular stage routes began to be opened.
+One line went to Columbus, one to Norwalk, and one to Painesville. This
+last route advertised that its stage would leave Cleveland at two on
+Friday afternoon and would reach Painesville on Saturday morning at
+eight--a journey which to-day can easily be made by automobile in a
+little more than an hour. Turnpikes soon displaced these rough stage
+routes, and over them great six-horse wagons drew freight into Cleveland.
+
+Though all these things helped Cleveland, it was still nothing more than
+a village--and so primitive a village that when two hundred dollars was
+voted for improvements, one of the old citizens asked, "What on earth
+can the trustees find in this village to spend two hundred dollars on?"
+
+[Illustration: CLEVELAND AND HER NEIGHBORS]
+
+Finally, came two events which were the making of Cleveland. In 1827 the
+Ohio Canal was opened from Cleveland to Akron and later to the mouth of
+the Scioto River, which flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth; and in 1828 a
+channel was cut through the bar at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River.
+Consider what this meant to Cleveland. The Ohio Canal connected the
+village with the Ohio River, thus putting Cleveland in touch with the
+rich coal, iron, oil, and coke lands of western Pennsylvania. Travelers,
+too, found the canal boats much better to journey on than the old
+stagecoaches.
+
+[Illustration: A RIVER SCENE]
+
+The deepening of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River gave Cleveland a harbor
+and a place to build the enormous docks which to-day line the river's
+shore for the last few miles of its length. A few years earlier an effort
+to protect lake vessels had been made by building a pier out into the
+lake near the sand bar. The lake soon tore the pier to pieces, however,
+and the vessels still had to be hauled over the bar to safety. But with
+the sand bar cut, boats could sail in and out of the river at their
+pleasure.
+
+Splendid results followed. The population increased, frame houses
+gradually came to take the place of log cabins, business greatly
+improved, and in 1836 Cleveland became a city.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORE STEAMER ENTERING CLEVELAND'S HARBOR]
+
+The year 1851 saw a great celebration in Cleveland over the opening of
+the first railroad. This brought added prosperity to the city. Then, too,
+iron ore began to arrive by water from the Lake Superior mines. At the
+same time more and more coal was being received. The manufacturers
+commenced to appreciate the tremendous advantages of living at a natural
+meeting place of these two great necessities. Cleveland awoke to a new
+business activity.
+
+[Illustration: COAL DOCKS]
+
+Then came the Civil War, and the manufacturing of iron products for the
+government crowded Cleveland's factories. During the years of the war
+the refining of coal oil developed into one of the city's leading
+industries. It was then that the great Standard Oil Company was
+organized. Many came to the city, attracted by these growing industries,
+so that what proved a disastrous period in many sections of our country
+was really a time of growth for Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF CLEVELAND]
+
+Soon after the war East Cleveland was annexed to the city, and in 1873
+Newburgh too became a part of Cleveland. Then, in 1893, West Cleveland
+and Brooklyn were taken in, and when Cleveland celebrated the anniversary
+of its founding in 1896, it had become a city of great importance in the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: HUGE VIADUCTS SPAN THE VALLEY]
+
+At present Cleveland extends for over 14 miles along Lake Erie and covers
+more than 50 square miles. The larger part of the city lies to the east
+of the Cuyahoga River. The valley of this river is filled with car
+tracks, lumber yards, car shops, coal sheds, ore docks, and shipyards.
+Being in the valley, these are partially hidden from the city. Huge
+viaducts span the valley and unite the east and west sides of Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS QUARTER]
+
+The heart of the business quarter and the center of the street railway
+lines is Monumental Square, which lies about a mile from the lake shore.
+From this square radiate the streets in a fan shape, at every angle from
+northeast to west. Euclid Avenue is Cleveland's most famous street,
+having for years enjoyed the reputation of being one of the country's
+finest avenues. The lower end is taken up with business, but farther out
+are many splendid residences surrounded by extensive and beautifully kept
+lawns. Cleveland is called the Forest City, and it is to the old trees
+which grace its parks and line both sides of Euclid Avenue that it owes
+its name. Another important business street is Superior Avenue, which
+runs through the main business portion of the city.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENTAL SQUARE]
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING UP EUCLID AVENUE]
+
+Though Cleveland is a beautiful city, its importance really lies in the
+fact of its occupying just the position that it does. Being on Lake Erie
+puts it in touch with the copper fields of Michigan, the iron mines of
+Minnesota and Michigan, and the huge forests along the Great Lakes.
+Through railroad connections it is also in touch with the coal, oil, and
+iron supplies of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Thus, lying in the center
+of eastern and western commerce, Cleveland has become a great
+manufacturing center, and the Cleveland district is the largest ore
+market in the world. Lake vessels bring the ore to Cleveland's enormous
+docks, where huge machines quickly transfer it to cars waiting to carry
+it to Pittsburgh and other cities.
+
+[Illustration: ORE DOCKS]
+
+[Illustration: WHEELING & LAKE ERIE BRIDGE]
+
+Cleveland, also, has several blast furnaces and immense factories of iron
+and steel supplies. It holds first rank in America for the making of wire
+and nails. More ships are built in the Cleveland district than anywhere
+else in the world except in the shipyards on the Clyde River in Scotland.
+Then, too, Cleveland makes steel bridges and buildings, automobiles,
+and gas ranges. Quantities of women's clothing are made in Cleveland.
+Slaughtering and the wholesale meat-packing business are other important
+industries.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY CIRCLE]
+
+It is a simple matter to ship Cleveland's manufactures in every
+direction. The main lines of the New York Central and the Nickel Plate
+pass through Cleveland, and it is a terminal city of the Cleveland,
+Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis Railroad,--commonly known as the Big
+Four,--the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Wheeling
+& Lake Erie railroads. More than this, Cleveland is the center of a vast
+network of interurban electric railways that carry both passengers and
+freight and keep the city in hourly communication with the many smaller
+cities of northern Ohio.
+
+Cleveland gets its water supply from Lake Erie through tunnels built out
+under the lake, which connect with two intake cribs, one of which is five
+miles from the shore. Natural gas, pumped through large mains from the
+gas fields of West Virginia, more than 200 miles away, is sold to the
+people of Cleveland at 30 cents a thousand. The street railway service is
+among the best in the country, and the fare is lower than in any other
+large American city.
+
+[Illustration: A DRIVE IN GORDEN PARK]
+
+Cleveland has excellent educational advantages. Western Reserve
+University, founded in 1826, is especially noted for its law and medical
+schools. In Cleveland, also, are the Case School of Applied Science, the
+Cleveland School of Art, St. Ignatius College, the Homeopathic Medical
+College, and the University School. The public schools of the city are
+among the best.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW COURTHOUSE]
+
+Cleveland has a beautiful park system. The different parks are connected
+by boulevards, which form a great semicircle through the residence
+districts. There are also numerous small parks and playgrounds in the
+more congested districts. A plan for grouping the city's public buildings
+about a broad parkway is being carried out. Several of the buildings are
+already completed. When finished, this will be one of the most beautiful
+and most imposing spectacles in America.
+
+All of these things, added to the great possibilities for occupation
+offered by the city's many lines of work, have given Cleveland a
+population of over 560,000. To-day the little settlement of Cleaveland,
+made in 1796 at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, has become the second of all
+lake ports and the sixth city in size in the United States.
+
+
+                              =CLEVELAND=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 500,000 (560,663).
+
+  Sixth city in rank according to population.
+
+  Important manufacturing center.
+
+  Center of the largest ore market in the world.
+
+  Ranks first in America in making wire and nails.
+
+  Great shipbuilding center.
+
+  A center of trade in copper, iron, lumber, coal, and oil.
+
+  Important railroad center.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Give the history of the name and the settlement of Cleveland.
+
+   2. Tell something of the dangers and difficulties of the first
+      settlers of Cleveland.
+
+   3. What was Cleveland's first manufacturing plant, and what others
+      did it soon have?
+
+   4. What means of communication with other cities did Cleveland have
+      in the early days of its history?
+
+   5. To what two events does Cleveland chiefly owe its rapid growth?
+      Why?
+
+   6. What two products found a meeting place at Cleveland, and with
+      what results?
+
+   7. How did the Civil War help the growth of the city?
+
+   8. What benefits does Cleveland derive from its location on Lake Erie?
+
+   9. What are the most important industries of the Cleveland district?
+
+  10. What railroad facilities has Cleveland to-day?
+
+  11. Mention some of the things that make Cleveland a pleasant place
+      in which to live and a good place for business.
+
+
+
+
+                               BALTIMORE
+
+
+Near the head of Chesapeake Bay stands Baltimore, the largest of our
+Southern cities and the seventh city in size in the United States.
+
+Because of her importance as a Southern railroad center and her excellent
+harbor on the largest bay of the Atlantic coast, Baltimore is called "The
+Gateway to the South." Great ships from all parts of the world unload
+their cargoes at her docks and take in return products from nearly every
+section of the United States.
+
+The railroads bring to Baltimore vast quantities of iron, coal, and grain
+from the West, and up from the South ships and trains come laden with raw
+sugar, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. Here the oysters, fish, and crabs
+from Chesapeake Bay and the products of the rich farm lands of Maryland
+and Virginia find a ready market.
+
+Knowing these things, one can surmise what the city's leading industries
+and exports must be. Baltimore is the world's greatest oyster market, she
+leads the world in the canning of vegetables and fruits, she is one of
+the country's largest banana markets, and more corn is exported from this
+city than from anywhere else in America.
+
+Baltimore is a great sugar-refining center, she leads the world in the
+making of straw hats, and among her foremost industries are the
+manufacture of clothing and the making of tobacco goods.
+
+[Illustration: AN OYSTER BOAT]
+
+Thanks to the coal and iron she receives, Baltimore builds cars, ships,
+and almost everything made of iron and steel. Then, too, the city has the
+largest copper-refining plant in America.
+
+If this story had been written a few years ago, it would tell you that
+Baltimore's streets were narrow, that miles of them were paved with
+cobblestones or were not paved at all, and that the city generally was
+developing very slowly. But to-day we have a quite different Baltimore.
+
+[Illustration: THE BALTIMORE FIRE]
+
+On February 7th and 8th, 1904, a great fire swept the business section of
+the city, destroying $125,000,000 worth of property. While the ruins were
+still smoldering, the courageous people, refusing all help from outside,
+began to plan a bigger and better Baltimore.
+
+The work began in the burned part of the city. The narrow down-town
+streets were widened and paved, and new and better buildings took the
+place of the burned ones. Most of these new buildings are three or four
+stories high, though a few tall ones range from ten to sixteen stories.
+Fortunately three of Baltimore's oldest and most imposing buildings
+escaped the fire--the post office, the city hall, and the courthouse.
+
+[Illustration: THE BURNED PART OF THE CITY]
+
+Two important streets cross this newly built business section--Charles
+Street, running north and south, and Baltimore Street, running east and
+west. Baltimore Street is the chief business thoroughfare, and north and
+south of it are the wholesale, financial, and shipping districts.
+
+[Illustration: PIER 4]
+
+[Illustration: ONE OF THE NEW WHARVES]
+
+The city owned little wharf property of importance before 1904, but the
+fire made it possible to buy all the burned district fronting the harbor.
+This the city purchased and laid out in a wonderful system of public
+wharves and docks open to the commerce of the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE POST OFFICE]
+
+Pier 4, at the foot of Market Place, has been set aside for the use of
+market boats, and here small crafts bring much of the fruit, vegetables,
+fish, crabs, and oysters which make the markets of Baltimore among the
+most attractive in the United States. There are eleven of these markets,
+and on market days they are a most interesting sight with their busy
+jostling crowds all eagerly buying or selling.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+But these great improvements in the business center and along the water
+front are only part of the good results which have followed the fire. In
+past years Baltimore had many miles of open sewers, an unhealthful
+arrangement which caused much sickness. The very year after the fire,
+work was begun to do away with this evil, and to-day the city has a
+sanitary, up-to-date sewer system.
+
+[Illustration: LEXINGTON MARKET]
+
+[Illustration: FALLSWAY]
+
+Another important work of the city-betterment plan has to do with a
+stream called Jones Falls, which used to flow in an open channel right
+through the center of the city. This stream now flows through great
+concrete tubes, over which is a broad highway running diagonally across
+the city, all the way from the docks to the railroad terminal. Then, too,
+the city has a new water system, great enough to supply the entire city
+with purified water from Gunpowder River. And besides all these a great
+dam, the third longest in the world, has been built across the
+Susquehanna River at McCall Ferry, furnishing electric power which lights
+the streets, runs the cars, and supplies power for many of the city's
+factories.
+
+[Illustration: McCALL FERRY DAM]
+
+From the harbor Baltimore stretches away to the north and west, covering
+thirty-two square miles. Within the city are green hills and pleasant
+valleys, and a chain of beautiful parks with many splendid old trees
+bordering the boulevards which connect them. Two of these parks, Mount
+Vernon Place and Eutaw Place, are near the center of Baltimore. The
+former is cross shaped, and here stands the famous monument to George
+Washington, the first statue erected to his memory in this country. Eutaw
+Place is a long parkway made beautiful with statuary, flowers, fountains,
+and winding walks, and on either side stand handsome residences.
+
+Covering seven hundred acres of picturesque rolling land is Druid Hill
+Park, with its miles of driveways, its ancient oak trees, its athletic
+grounds, tennis courts, botanical palace, zoo, and a large reservoir
+lake. The rugged scenery of Gwynn's Falls Park challenges Druid Hill's
+claim to unequaled beauty. In Patterson Park there is the largest
+artificial swimming pool in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BALTIMORE]
+
+Besides its many swimming pools and indoor baths, the city has organized
+a system of portable baths--small houses which are moved from corner to
+corner in the crowded sections, supplying hot- and cold-water shower baths
+to many thousands each year.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+[Illustration: PATTERSON PARK SWIMMING POOL]
+
+Baltimore has won a reputation as an educational center through the
+splendid equipment and wonderful accomplishments of Johns Hopkins
+University, which is noted throughout the world, especially for its work
+along medical lines.
+
+[Illustration: A PORTABLE BATHHOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: A JOHNS HOPKINS BUILDING]
+
+Goucher College, for women, ranks with the best women's colleges in the
+South. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the oldest college of
+its kind in the world. The Walters Art Gallery, and the Peabody Institute
+with its art gallery, conservatory of music, and library, afford
+opportunities for the study of art, music, and literature.
+
+With its more than 550,000 inhabitants, Baltimore, like Philadelphia, is
+a city of homes and is renowned for its good old Southern hospitality.
+
+Way back in 1634, a company of Catholic pilgrims came to America to
+found a colony where their religion would not be interfered with. King
+Charles I of England granted to these people a certain territory north of
+the Potomac River, which he named Maryland in honor of his wife, Mary,
+who was also a Catholic. The founder of the province was Lord Baltimore,
+and from the very beginning, settlers of all beliefs were made heartily
+welcome.
+
+About one hundred years after the planting of this Catholic colony, sixty
+acres of land on the north side of the Patapsco River was purchased and
+laid out for a city. To honor the generous-hearted founder of Maryland,
+the place was named Baltimore.
+
+[Illustration: LOCATION OF BALTIMORE]
+
+One of the most thrilling events in Baltimore's history led to the
+writing of our national song--"The Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, was a prisoner on a British man-of-war
+in 1814, when the British attacked Fort McHenry. Fort McHenry guarded
+Baltimore, and if the fort fell, the city too must go. All day the
+English ships fired shot and shell at the fort. During all the night the
+attack went on. Anxiously Key watched through the darkness. Could the
+fort hold out against such a terrible bombardment? From time to time, by
+flashes from bursting bombs, he could see the outlines of the fort. Then
+came the dawn. In the early morning light Key saw our flag still waving,
+and in his joy he wrote on the back of an old letter the words of the
+song that has since become so famous.
+
+A wide thoroughfare which follows the curve of the water front for
+several miles is named in honor of Francis Scott Key. Key Highway, it is
+called, and it leads to Fort McHenry, which the War Department has lately
+given over to the care of the city of Baltimore.
+
+
+                              =BALTIMORE=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 500,000 (558,485).
+
+  Seventh city in rank, according to population, in the United
+  States.
+
+  Located near the head of Chesapeake Bay.
+
+  Has a fine harbor and a splendid dock system.
+
+  An important railroad center.
+
+  Has a large and growing foreign commerce.
+
+  An important manufacturing center.
+
+  Ranks first among the cities of the United States as a canning and
+  preserving center.
+
+  The world's chief center for the manufacture of straw hats.
+
+  An important center for shipping oysters and crabs.
+
+  Associated with the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. What advantages of location does Baltimore possess?
+
+   2. Why is Baltimore called the gateway to the South?
+
+   3. What are the leading exports of this city?
+
+   4. In what industries does Baltimore rank first in the United States?
+
+   5. What great disaster visited Baltimore in 1904, and how did the
+      people of the city make this great trouble result in a better city?
+
+   6. What educational institution has won a splendid reputation for
+      Baltimore?
+
+   7. Tell something of the settlement of Maryland and the city of
+      Baltimore.
+
+   8. Tell the story of the writing of a famous song of which Baltimore
+      is justly proud.
+
+   9. Find by inquiry or by consulting time tables the time required to
+      reach Baltimore from the following places:
+
+                    New York City           Atlanta
+                    Philadelphia            Norfolk
+                    Washington, D.C.        Richmond
+                    Pittsburgh              New Orleans
+
+
+
+
+                              PITTSBURGH
+
+
+Pittsburgh and New Orleans--both of vast commercial importance--are
+connected by one of the greatest water highways in the world. Never were
+two cities more unlike. New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi,
+with its French and its Southern population, might be termed the Paris of
+our country--this gay, fashionable town, with its fine opera houses, its
+noted restaurants, and its brilliant Mardi Gras pageants. Pittsburgh, on
+the other hand, at the head of the Ohio River, in the heart of a famous
+coal-and-iron region, is well named the "workshop of the world."
+
+Many years ago, when the governor of Virginia sent George Washington to
+drive the French from the Ohio valley, there stood, where the Allegheny
+and Monongahela rivers unite to form the Ohio River, a small fort which
+the French called Fort Duquesne. This fort was captured in 1758 by the
+British and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of England's great statesman,
+William Pitt. To-day the place is known as Pittsburgh, and is the center
+of the most extensive iron works in the United States.
+
+At first the little settlement was important as a break in
+transportation, for here cargoes were changed from the lighter boats
+used on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers to the heavier barges on the
+broad Ohio. Even then Pittsburgh was recognized as a gateway of the West.
+
+Gradually the settlement became a trading center, which soon developed
+into a big, busy, manufacturing city. Now Pittsburgh has a population of
+over half a million and is the eighth city in size in the Union.
+
+[Illustration: FORT DUQUESNE]
+
+In her countless factories, her mammoth steel mills, and her huge
+foundries, she uses the products of the rich surrounding country as well
+as an enormous amount of iron ore from the Lake Superior mines.
+
+Although western Pennsylvania too furnishes iron ore, its chief
+contribution to Pittsburgh is a vast amount of coal, which the city in
+turn supplies to the world.
+
+Pittsburgh leads the world in the manufacture of steel and iron,
+glassware (including plate and window glass), armor plate, steel cars,
+air brakes, iron and steel pipe, tin plate, fire brick, coke, sheet
+steel, white lead, cork wares, electrical machinery, and pickles.
+
+[Illustration: BLOCKHOUSE IN FORT DUQUESNE]
+
+To carry on these important industries, Pittsburgh, the city of
+McKeesport, the boroughs of Homestead and Braddock, and many other
+places,--all together known as the Pittsburgh district,--have more than
+5000 manufacturing plants and employ over 350,000 people. The amount paid
+the laborers in these factories in prosperous times is over $1,000,000 a
+day.
+
+[Illustration: THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT]
+
+[Illustration: FILLING MOLDS WITH MOLTEN METAL]
+
+The famous Homestead mills make armor plate for battleships. At Braddock
+are steel works, where great furnaces turn out enough rails in a year
+to span the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The great
+Carnegie Steel Company has its headquarters in the city of Pittsburgh and
+leads the world in the production of structural steel, steel rails, and
+armor plate.
+
+[Illustration: BLAST FURNACES OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY]
+
+[Illustration: MINERS AT WORK]
+
+Perhaps your knife blade is made of steel manufactured in one of the huge
+factories in this busy district. The car tracks of your town, the
+street-car wheels, and the great locomotives, to say nothing of the heavy
+steel beams and girders of your fireproof buildings, may all be products
+of this mighty workshop.
+
+[Illustration: IN A MODERN COAL MINE]
+
+[Illustration: THE ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE]
+
+Pittsburgh coal is used all over the country. The near-by mines form a
+great underground city, whose dark passageways, far below the surface of
+the earth, are lighted by tiny electric lights. More than fifteen
+thousand men find employment in this weird city. Day after day the brave
+miners go down into the mines, never sure that they will see the sunlight
+again, for many are the perils of mining. Who has not read of the
+terrible disasters caused by suffocation from fire damp, by flood, the
+falling of walls, or the explosion of coal dust? Small particles of coal
+dust are constantly floating in the mines, and much is stirred up by the
+cars used to carry the coal to the outside world. A tiny spark may ignite
+this dust and cause it to explode with terrific force. Sometimes even the
+presence of much oxygen in the air will make the dust explode, tearing
+down great blocks of coal which bury the poor miners or stop up the
+passageways so that there is no escape unless the victims are dug out
+before they die.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE IN A COAL MINE]
+
+[Illustration: PITTSBURGH COAL IS SENT ALL OVER THE WORLD]
+
+But the world must have coal, for, used for our great boilers, it drives
+our powerful locomotives, sends mighty vessels plowing across the ocean,
+and supplies the power which turns the wheels of industry, both great and
+small. Yes, the world must have coal. So Uncle Sam, in pity for the
+miners who brave these awful dangers, has bought a mine at Bruceton, a
+short distance from Pittsburgh. There the government is making
+experiments to find out the causes of explosion, aiming in this way to
+protect the miners by lessening their dangers.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH]
+
+Much of the coal is made into coke by burning out certain gases in
+open-air ovens. Thousands of these ovens are located in the Pittsburgh
+district, and their fires at night illuminate the country for miles. The
+coke is used as fuel in the steel furnaces of Pittsburgh, Cleveland,
+Chicago, and other cities.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUSINESS DISTRICT]
+
+A little more than fifty years ago petroleum, or rock oil, was discovered
+near Pittsburgh, and although oil has since been found in many other
+places, Pittsburgh is still one of the great centers for this product.
+Crude petroleum as it comes from the earth is a liquid, formed from the
+decay of plants and animals long ago buried underground. It is obtained
+by sinking wells, or pipes, into oil-bearing rock, which is very porous.
+Sometimes the pipes are sunk a quarter of a mile deep. The average yield
+is from 50 to 75 barrels a day, and occasionally a pipe well is found
+which yields as high as 1000 barrels.
+
+Sometimes a well stops flowing. Then the oil must be pumped from the
+earth or else forced out by the explosion of dynamite. Such a well is
+spoken of as a "shot well." When a well is shot, a vast column of oil is
+thrown into the air, just as water is thrown up in a geyser or hot
+spring, by the action of gases under ground.
+
+Pittsburgh makes great storage tanks for the oil, as well as apparatus
+for drilling wells, and supplies these not only to our own country but to
+every foreign land in which oil is found.
+
+When petroleum is heated it gives off vapors, varying according to the
+heat. These vapors are then condensed and form many products which are
+now in every-day use, such as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and benzine.
+Vaseline is what remains in the vats after heating the petroleum.
+Paraffin is another product. Pittsburgh manufactures all these and
+supplies them to the world.
+
+The discovery of natural gas about twenty-five years ago, and its use as
+a fuel, attracted the attention of the world to Pittsburgh as a center of
+cheap fuel. Natural gas is found in and around oil fields, so it is
+supposed that the gas and the oil have the same origin. The porous rock
+in which the gas is found is usually covered with clay rock, or shale,
+which prevents the gas from escaping. Natural gas, like petroleum, is
+obtained by sinking pipes. When the gas is reached, it rushes out with
+great force. Large quantities of it were formerly used in Pittsburgh's
+glass factories and iron works, but its greatest use to-day is for
+lighting and heating.
+
+The city of Pittsburgh stretches for 7 miles along the Allegheny, about
+the same distance on the Monongahela, and entirely covers the space
+between. The city of Allegheny, across the Allegheny River, has recently
+been annexed, thus giving Pittsburgh an area of 38 square miles. The two
+cities, with the river between, remind us of Brooklyn and Manhattan.
+
+[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1902]
+
+The city's water supply is taken from the Allegheny River and is purified
+in the largest single filtration plant in the world.
+
+The main business section covers the V-shaped space between the two
+rivers--known as the Point--and extends into the streets further back.
+Still beyond are heights upon which are many beautiful parks, fine
+residences, and splendid public buildings, including the Carnegie Museum,
+Library, and Technical Schools, and the buildings of Pittsburgh
+University.
+
+Though the population of the "Steel City" was at first mainly
+Scotch-Irish, it now includes citizens from almost every nation in
+Europe. The workmen in its factories are of at least thirty
+nationalities. Side by side stand English, Germans, Welsh, Irish, Scotch,
+Negroes, Jews, Italians, Syrians, Swedes, Greeks, Slavs, Poles, and
+Hungarians.
+
+[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1915]
+
+In one section of the city there is a distinct German center, whose
+inhabitants speak German and have German newspapers. Another section has
+received the name of Little Italy because of the number of Italians who
+have come there to live. Six papers are published for these people in
+their own tongue. In Little Italy are many of the fruit stands and market
+places which in this country seem to furnish a favorite employment for
+the sons of Italy.
+
+In still another section, which is called the Ghetto, live the Jews,
+whose conversation is largely carried on in Yiddish, and whose newspapers
+are printed in that language. All of these foreign-born people have
+adopted the dress of American citizens, and their descendants will soon
+become Americanized in manners and language. To-day their foreign ways
+make them the more interesting.
+
+But the laborers are by no means the only inhabitants of Pittsburgh.
+There are many wealthy residents, whose palatial homes, built beyond the
+reach of the soot and smoke, far away from the noises of the great
+business thoroughfares, are in great contrast to the workmen's simple
+homes near the furnaces.
+
+[Illustration: A FOREIGN QUARTER]
+
+Pittsburgh can boast of many great men. It is the home of Andrew
+Carnegie, whose reputation for wealth and benevolence is world wide. He
+it was who conceived the idea of founding free libraries in different
+cities, they in turn to support these libraries by giving an annual sum
+for that purpose. His first offer was to his own city. In 1881 he
+proposed to give Pittsburgh $250,000 for a free public library if the
+city would set apart $15,000 each year for its care. The offer was
+refused, and the library was given to Allegheny instead. Later
+Mr. Carnegie gave Pittsburgh an Institute and Library combined, for the
+support of which the city gives $200,000 each year. The Carnegie Institute
+is a massive and beautiful building in Schenley Park. It covers 5 acres
+of land and is filled with treasures of art and literature. To-day there
+are nine Carnegie libraries in Pittsburgh, containing over 360,000
+volumes.
+
+[Illustration: AN INCLINED PLANE]
+
+George Westinghouse was another Pittsburgh capitalist. His early days
+were spent in making agricultural implements in Schenectady. He was
+called Lazy George because he was always making pieces of machinery to
+save doing work with his hands. Later, by his invention of air brakes for
+trains, he became rich. Choosing Pittsburgh as his home, he established
+in and near the city the great Westinghouse Electric Company. It was Mr.
+Westinghouse who gave to Pittsburgh natural gas, conveying it through
+forty miles of pipe from Murrysville.
+
+Towering above Pittsburgh are high hills, which are reached from the
+business districts by inclined planes. Passengers and freight are carried
+up the inclines in cable cars. Up the steepest of these planes, the
+Monongahela, whose summit is four hundred feet above the river, the
+railroad runs through a tunnel and brings the passengers out upon a high
+bluff.
+
+[Illustration: FROM THE HEIGHTS ABOVE THE CITY]
+
+From the heights above the city one views the surrounding country--a
+wonderful panorama of hills and valleys, with the three great rivers,
+spanned by seventeen splendid bridges, stretching away in the distance.
+In every direction are towns called "little Pittsburghs," where live the
+workers engaged in the gigantic industries of the Pittsburgh district.
+And looking down, one sees the Point--the center of this great city, the
+heart of the "workshop of the world."
+
+
+                             =PITTSBURGH=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over half a million (533,905).
+
+  Eighth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Has the largest structural-steel plant in the world.
+
+  Has the largest glass-manufacturing plant in the United States.
+
+  Has the largest commercial coal plant in the United States.
+
+  Has the largest pickling plant in the world.
+
+  Has the largest electrical manufacturing plant in the world.
+
+  Leads the world in the manufacture of iron, steel, glass, electrical
+  machinery, steel cars, tin plate, air brakes, fire brick, white lead,
+  pickles, and cork wares.
+
+  Place of great historical interest in connection with the development
+  of the West.
+
+  One of the foremost commercial distributing centers.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Compare Pittsburgh with New Orleans in location and in interests.
+
+   2. Tell how Fort Pitt grew into the great city of Pittsburgh and give
+      two causes for its growth.
+
+   3. Where does Pittsburgh get her iron ore, coal, and petroleum?
+
+   4. In what manufactures does the city lead the world?
+
+   5. What great advantages does its location on the Ohio River give
+      Pittsburgh?
+
+   6. Where are her great steel works, and what do they manufacture?
+
+   7. Describe the mine cities and the miners. Tell of their dangers and
+      how these are to be lessened.
+
+   8. How is petroleum obtained? What products in daily use are made from
+      it?
+
+   9. Give some facts about natural gas and its use in Pittsburgh.
+
+  10. Why is Pittsburgh called the "workshop of the world"?
+
+  11. Name two famous men of Pittsburgh and tell what they have done for
+      the city and for the world.
+
+  12. Examine a map and find what shipping ports are within easy access of
+      Pittsburgh.
+
+  13. Find by what route ore and other material shipped by way of the Great
+      Lakes reach Pittsburgh.
+
+
+
+
+                                DETROIT
+
+
+In population, Detroit is the ninth city of the United States.
+
+In the value of its manufactured products, it is fifth.
+
+In the value of its exports, it is the leading port on the Canadian
+border.
+
+With these facts in mind it will be interesting to learn something of the
+history of Detroit; something of the goods it manufactures and the
+reasons for its growth and prosperity.
+
+During the years when the French governed Canada, manufacturing and
+agriculture played a very small part in their affairs. Their business men
+were chiefly interested in the fur trade; their governors were interested
+mainly in extending the territory over which floated the banner of their
+king; and the teaching of Christianity to the hordes of Indians who
+inhabited the country seemed of the greatest importance to their priests
+and missionaries.
+
+So, because it served the purpose of each, all three classes--the fur
+traders, the crown officers, and the missionaries--worked hand in hand in
+exploring and in penetrating the wilderness in every direction. They
+suffered every hardship, endured every privation, and very often fell
+victims to the cruelty of the savages.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT LAKES]
+
+In those days of French rule, railroads were unheard of, and wagon roads
+were almost as scarce. Travel was sometimes through the woods, along the
+trails made by the Indians; but usually it was by the water courses, over
+which the Indian canoes carried furs to be traded for the goods of the
+French.
+
+Now if you will look at a map which shows the Canadian border of the
+United States and follow the course of the Great Lakes, you will see that
+at four places their broad waters narrow into rivers or straits. These
+places are first, the Niagara River; second, where the waters of Lake
+Huron pass into Lake Erie; third, at the Sault Ste. Marie; and fourth, at
+the Straits of Mackinac.
+
+Between the East and the West, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River
+formed the main artery of travel. To control the narrow rivers and
+straits that connect the Great Lakes was to control the travel over
+them, and as the French extended their rule from Quebec to the West, they
+fortified these narrow places one by one.
+
+Fort Niagara was built at the mouth of the Niagara River. Then on July
+24, 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed on the banks of the Detroit
+River and began the work of building a palisade fort, almost where the
+river widens into Lake Saint Clair.
+
+Cadillac thought that at Fort Detroit he had found one of the garden
+spots of the country. In the pine forests of the Michigan peninsula game
+of every sort abounded, and their skins enriched alike the Indians and
+the French. The waters of Lake Saint Clair swarmed with wild fowl. In the
+woods wild grapes grew in profusion, and the rich lands bordering both
+sides of the river assured plentiful crops, depending only upon the
+industry of those who tilled the soil. However, in spite of his
+enthusiasm over the beauty of the site, Cadillac proceeded to lay out a
+very ugly little town with rude dwellings huddled along narrow muddy
+streets.
+
+Such as it was, Detroit remained under French rule for fifty-nine years,
+becoming one of the most prosperous of the French outposts. The Indians
+were, for the most part, friendly with the French, and in 1760 the place
+had a population of 2500, which made it of great importance in the
+sparsely settled West.
+
+Then came the years of the French and Indian wars, and finally the
+French, having lost Quebec, were obliged to surrender to the English. So
+in November, 1760, Detroit was given up to Major Robert Rogers in command
+of a detachment of British regulars and American militia.
+
+The English were not allowed to remain long in undisturbed possession of
+their new outpost. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas and one of the craftiest
+of all Indian warriors, was friendly to the French. In 1763, through his
+immense influence with all the Western tribes, he organized a conspiracy
+to drive the English from the territory which they had won with such
+difficulty. Detroit was one of the first places to be attacked. The siege
+lasted several months, but in spite of the cruelty and cunning of the
+attack, the garrison held out until at last relief came. Thus by their
+bravery they did much to prevent the success of Pontiac's Conspiracy, as
+the uprising is called.
+
+Then came the Revolution. At its close, the Treaty of Paris was signed in
+1783. By the terms of this treaty, Detroit, together with the other
+British outposts in the West, became the property of the United States.
+However, it was not until 1796 that the place was actually occupied by
+American troops.
+
+Sixteen years later Detroit again passed into the possession of the
+British. This was during the war of 1812 and followed the defeat of
+General William Hull's ill-fated expedition into Canada. Falling back to
+Detroit, Hull was attacked, and surrendered to the British after a
+half-hearted resistance.
+
+A little more than a year later, however, in October, 1813, Oliver Hazard
+Perry won the famous battle of Lake Erie. This gave the Americans control
+of the lake, and the British soon abandoned Detroit, which has since
+remained in the possession of the United States.
+
+Detroit had prospered but little since 1760. Its inhabitants were for the
+most part easy-going Frenchmen. They were not suited to the strenuous
+work of city building. Detroit, instead of growing larger, was becoming
+smaller; and when, in 1820, the United States took a census of the place,
+it had but 1442 inhabitants as against the 2500 that Major Rogers found
+in 1760.
+
+[Illustration: DETROIT IN 1820, AND STEAMER _WALK-IN-THE-WATER_ (From an
+old print)]
+
+But from 1820 the growth of Detroit has been continuous. In 1825 the Erie
+Canal was opened, furnishing an easy means of communication from the East
+to the West. Then came a great tide of immigration to all the states
+bordering on the Great Lakes. Michigan was one of the first to profit,
+and Detroit was the gateway to Michigan.
+
+Most of the pioneers who sought homes in the West were farmers. The life
+of cities and villages offered few attractions to them. The number that
+stayed in Detroit was small as compared to the number that passed
+through into the back country to clear the woodlands and take up the work
+of agriculture.
+
+But as the back country filled up, there came a demand for the things in
+which cities deal, while at the same time there came the need of places
+where the products of the farm could be gathered together ready for
+transportation to the Eastern market.
+
+[Illustration: A DRY DOCK]
+
+In this way Detroit began its great growth. It bought the wool and wheat
+which the Michigan farmers raised, and shipped them East. It bought from
+the East the dry goods, hardware, and various other things which the
+Michigan farmers needed, and distributed them. It grew prosperous as the
+country back of it became more populated, and as this population became
+richer and able to buy larger amounts and more expensive goods, Detroit
+reaped the advantage.
+
+[Illustration: A PASSENGER STEAMER]
+
+Then too the traffic on the lakes became more important, requiring larger
+and better vessels. Detroit has one of the best harbors on all the Great
+Lakes, making it splendidly suited for the building and launching of
+vessels. Always engaged more or less in shipbuilding, Detroit improved
+its shipyards and kept pace with the demand. To-day it builds all types
+of vessels, from magnificent passenger steamers to the great steel ore
+ships which carry the iron ore of the Lake Superior districts.
+
+It was in 1860 that Detroit began to take its place among the industrial
+cities of the country. Now it is fifth among the cities of the United
+States in the value of its manufactured products. Let us see what its
+chief industries are.
+
+[Illustration: A LAKE VESSEL BUILT IN DETROIT]
+
+First of all comes the manufacture of automobiles and the parts of which
+they are made. It is estimated that more than half of all the automobiles
+made in the United States are built in Detroit factories. Until 1899
+there was not a single automobile factory in the city. To-day there are
+over thirty, many of them covering acres of ground.
+
+As few of the automobile factories make all the parts of their machines,
+there are in Detroit many shops for the manufacture of steel, aluminium,
+and brass castings, and of gears, wheels, and various other automobile
+parts.
+
+Another of Detroit's important industries is the manufacture and repair
+of steam- and electric-railroad cars. These are largely freight cars,
+although many passenger cars are also made.
+
+Other lines of business include foundry and machine-shop products, the
+making of druggists' preparations, the manufacture of flour, the packing
+of beef and pork, and the preparation of other food stuffs.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE AUTOMOBILES ARE MADE]
+
+Then Detroit makes great quantities of soda ash and alkalies. This
+industry Detroit owes to the fact that here are found both limestone and
+salt, which is obtained from wells driven along the river bank. Both of
+these materials are required in the manufacture of soda ash.
+
+The printing-and-publishing business gives employment to thousands; so
+does the manufacture of paints and varnishes. In stoves, ranges, and
+furnaces, Detroit leads every other city in the country. It is
+interesting to know that Detroit makes great numbers of adding machines,
+that it is the largest producer of overalls in the country, that it is a
+center of the brass industry, that it turns out more than 300,000,000
+cigars each year, and that it is one of the largest producers of
+wrought- and malleable-iron castings.
+
+The entire business of a city is, of course, never wholly manufacturing.
+Part of its business is always the distribution of things to supply the
+needs of its inhabitants and of the people who live in the surrounding
+country.
+
+When these goods are sold in large quantities to merchants who in turn
+sell them to the person using them, the business is known as a wholesale
+business. When they are sold by the merchant directly to the user, he
+does what is called a retail business.
+
+The wholesale business of Detroit is very large. Its merchants do the
+larger part of the wholesale business through the entire state of
+Michigan and in parts of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and
+Minnesota. They even furnish certain supplies to some parts of Canada.
+Dry goods, drugs, hardware, and groceries are the principal things in
+which Detroit wholesalers deal.
+
+Detroit has also many large retail stores, which supply not only the
+people who live in the city of Detroit but those in the surrounding
+country as well. Thanks to the many suburban electric railroads and the
+many steam roads, the people who live in the smaller places are able to
+come to Detroit to purchase things they want.
+
+Now let us take our map again and notice the location of Detroit in
+relation to the rest of the country, for location, as you know, has very
+much to do with the growth of cities.
+
+[Illustration: THE DETROIT RIVER TUNNEL]
+
+We find in the first place that it is separated from Canada by only the
+width of a river. So we are not surprised to hear that Detroit is one of
+the principal points for the exchange of goods between the two countries.
+The two most important Canadian railroads have terminals at Windsor, on
+the Canadian side of the water, and also at Detroit. A very large part of
+the United States finds Detroit the most convenient point from which to
+send its products into Canada, since goods can so easily be brought to
+Detroit by water or rail.
+
+Statistics issued by the United States government show that of the
+eighteen customhouses on the Canadian border the one at Detroit does the
+largest volume of business.
+
+Then too, by the lakes, Detroit can reach all of the American lake ports,
+and from Buffalo, through the Erie Canal, it can even reach New York.
+
+The many railroads which serve Detroit give it excellent communication
+with all parts of the United States. The Michigan Central Railroad dives
+under the river, from Detroit to Windsor, through one of the most
+remarkable tunnels in the world. For years the cars of the Michigan
+Central Railroad, both passenger and freight, were carried across the
+river on ferryboats. This, of course, was a very slow way of crossing,
+but a bridge was impractical for various reasons, so at last it was
+decided to build a tunnel.
+
+When the engineers studied the river bottom, they found that it was
+covered with mud so deep that it was impossible to build a tunnel under
+it. Instead they built the tunnel of steel on the river bank, and when it
+was completed they sank it in sections and then fastened it together.
+
+Two belt-line railroads, extending from the river bank, circle through
+Detroit. One is some two miles from the center, the other, six. Along
+these railroads are many factories which have switches directly into
+their plants. This makes shipping a simple matter for the Detroit
+manufacturers.
+
+Now, having learned something of the history of Detroit, something of the
+manufacturing which it does and the commerce it carries on, let us take a
+look at the city itself.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF DETROIT]
+
+The older parts of most great cities are badly laid out. In very few
+cases do men realize that their little settlements are to grow into large
+cities. And so they pay little attention to laying out streets, but in
+building their houses follow the farm lanes and often the paths made by
+the cows as they are driven to and from the pastures.
+
+This is not always the case however. Washington was laid out long before
+it ever became a city, and, in consequence, it has magnificent broad
+streets and many parks.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH WOODWARD AVENUE]
+
+Detroit was one of the badly laid-out settlements, but in 1805 a fire
+burned every house in Detroit with one exception. Now at that time Judge
+Augustus B. Woodward was a prominent figure in the city government. When
+the fire wiped out the old town, the judge thought that a plan should be
+made for Detroit just as had been done for Washington. His idea was to
+have a great circle, called the Grand Circus, in the center of the town.
+Two streets, 120 feet wide, were to cross this circle, dividing it into
+quarters, and from the circle other broad avenues were to radiate in all
+directions. As the city grew, other circles were to be built with streets
+radiating from them.
+
+Unfortunately the citizens of Detroit did not have the belief in the
+growth of their city that Judge Woodward had, and so his scheme was only
+carried out in part. That part, however, gave to Detroit its Grand
+Circus, its broad avenues, and its down-town parks, and did much to earn
+for it the title of the City Beautiful.
+
+Detroit to-day has many splendid and costly residences. It has also
+street after street filled with comfortable medium-priced houses where
+the workmen live, and its people are fond of boasting that it is a city
+of homes.
+
+Woodward Avenue, which is 120 feet wide, is named after Judge Woodward.
+This avenue runs from the river bank right through the entire city. At
+its lower end it is the principal retail street of the city, while
+further out are many fine residences.
+
+As the town grew, a boulevard was built, which, starting at the river,
+runs completely around the city at a distance of some two and a half
+miles from the center. This boulevard is known as the Grand Boulevard and
+is more than 12 miles long and from 150 to 200 feet in width. In the
+center is a narrow strip upon which are grown flowers, trees, and grass,
+while upon either side run macadam roads.
+
+[Illustration: AT BELLE ISLE]
+
+The most popular of Detroit's parks is Belle Isle. This is on an island
+of about 700 acres, directly opposite the city. Originally the island was
+for the most part a swamp infested with snakes. In order to get rid of
+the snakes a drove of hogs was turned loose on the island, and for a
+long time it was known as Hog Island. Then the city bought it and turned
+it into a park. The swamps were drained, and lakes and canals were built,
+which in the summer time are covered with canoes and boats. In the winter
+they make excellent places for skating. Playgrounds, baseball fields, and
+picnic grounds were laid out and a zoo was built, as well as one of the
+best aquariums in the country. And here, too, is a horticultural
+building, where many rare plants and flowers are grown. A large part of
+the island was covered with woods, and this was left in its native state,
+with winding roads built through it. The island is connected with the
+mainland by a broad bridge.
+
+The health conditions of Detroit are excellent. Its water supply is taken
+at a depth of 40 feet from the Detroit River, just where it leaves Lake
+Saint Clair. The city has an ample sewerage system. It has many fine
+public schools, and here also are the University of Detroit and the
+Detroit colleges of law and medicine. In short, from every point of view
+Detroit is a good place in which to live.
+
+A short time ago prizes were offered to the public-school pupils in the
+fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades for the five best essays on "Why
+I am Glad I live in Detroit." Here is what one sixth-grade boy wrote
+about his home city:
+
+"What a beautiful city is Detroit," says the world-wide traveler, as
+he passes along its broad avenues, in the shade of its magnificent
+trees. "Detroit has a fine commercial center," says the enterprising
+manufacturer as he surveys its busy wharves. "What an excellent
+situation this city has," says the farmer, as he comes trudging to town
+with his load of produce. "In Detroit life is worth living," says the
+happy pleasure seeker, as he whiles away his time, either on the lake
+or in its many parks and boulevards. "You can have loads of fun at
+Belle Isle," whispers the small boy, as he thinks of the many pastimes
+which so appeal to every child. "What an interesting history has
+Detroit," says the historian, as he recalls its many struggles, first
+with the Indians, then with the French, and last of all the English.
+
+Many strangers will come to our city during the next few months, and
+I know that after they have seen it and go to their homes again, they
+will tell their neighbors and friends of our beautiful city, and I, who
+live here, will be very proud of it.
+
+
+                               =DETROIT=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), more than 450,000 (465,766).
+
+  Ninth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Important shipping and manufacturing center.
+
+  Important center for trade with Canada.
+
+  Most important center in United States for the automobile industry.
+
+  Place of great historical interest.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. How does Detroit rank among our great cities in population,
+      manufactured products, and exports?
+
+   2. What were the ambitions of the French governors, traders, and
+      missionaries of Canada in the early days?
+
+   3. Why did the French build forts on the narrow rivers and straits
+      that connect the Great Lakes?
+
+   4. Describe Detroit and its surroundings in 1701.
+
+   5. How and when did the English first acquire Detroit?
+
+   6. How did the development of the farm lands about the city help the
+      growth of Detroit?
+
+   7. Tell about its growth since 1760, and give three causes.
+
+   8. Name and describe some of the industries of the city.
+
+   9. Tell something of its vast wholesale and retail trade.
+
+  10. Show how the location of Detroit influences its commerce and
+      contributes to its growth.
+
+  11. Name three products in the manufacture of which Detroit leads all
+      other cities in the country.
+
+  12. What conditions have made Detroit a great center for commercial
+      relations with Canada?
+
+
+
+
+                                BUFFALO
+
+
+About 1783 Cornelius Winne, a trader, built a little log store at the
+mouth of Buffalo River, which empties into Lake Erie. That was the
+beginning of Buffalo, the queen city of the lakes, the home to-day of
+more than four hundred thousand people.
+
+To understand the wonderful growth of this city we must go back to the
+days of the Revolution and see New York in those early times. Almost all
+the people of the United States then lived on the narrow strip of land
+lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Highlands. The high
+forest-covered mountains made a barrier that kept the colonial settlers
+from attempting to push out toward the west.
+
+But in New York State nature had left an opening between the mountain
+ranges, along the courses of the Hudson and the Mohawk rivers. Settlers
+had early followed these streams and built homes in their valleys. Beyond
+lay the trackless hunting grounds of the Indians--the great West.
+
+With the close of the Revolution things began to change. New York made a
+treaty with the Indians, whereby they agreed to sell large tracts of
+their lands. Pioneers pushed their way into the unknown wilderness of the
+western part of the state and found a beautiful fertile country. Their
+reports led hundreds to follow them. Soon central and northern New York
+were dotted with settlements. More and more immigrants kept coming, all
+seeking the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The great western
+movement of the nineteenth century had begun.
+
+[Illustration: A LOCKPORT LOCK]
+
+Winne had built his trading post before this westward movement reached
+Lake Erie. For some time he lived in his log cabin in the midst of the
+forest, with no neighbors except the Indians with whom he traded. But
+gradually other settlers came and built homes near him. By 1804 there
+were about twenty houses in the little settlement, which, for a short
+time, was called New Amsterdam.
+
+[Illustration: Barge canals shown by solid lines; Erie and other canals
+by dotted lines.
+  NEW YORK'S CANALS]
+
+By 1812 the name had been changed to Buffalo, and the town had a
+population of 1500. That year war with England broke out, and in 1813 a
+body of British soldiers with their Indian allies crossed the Niagara
+River during the night, took the Americans by surprise, and burned
+Buffalo. Of its three hundred houses, just one escaped the flames. But
+nothing daunted, the men began to rebuild their homes, and in a few years
+no traces of the fire were to be seen.
+
+In early times the Indians going from the seacoast to the Great Lakes had
+followed the Hudson and Mohawk rivers and then gone on directly west to
+Lake Erie. With the coming of the white man the Indian pathway grew into
+a road, and in 1811 stagecoaches began to run over this road between
+Buffalo and Albany.
+
+But carrying passengers and freight by stagecoach was very expensive, and
+a few men, headed by Governor De Witt Clinton, began to say that the
+state ought to build a canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River.
+Many laughed at this idea. They knew very little about canals and thought
+it foolish to waste millions of dollars on a useless "big ditch," as they
+called it.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELING BY CANAL]
+
+However, those in favor of the scheme finally won, and the work of
+building the Erie Canal was begun in 1817. It very nearly followed the
+old trail between Albany and Buffalo and was 363 miles long. Eighty-three
+locks raised and lowered the boats where there was a difference of level
+in the canal. Lockport, a city 25 miles northeast of Buffalo, was named
+after these locks, there being 10 of them there.
+
+In 1825 the work was completed; the Erie Canal was opened, and at last
+there was a waterway between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. All the
+towns along the canal held a great celebration. None had better reason
+for rejoicing than Buffalo. In 1825 Buffalo was a little hamlet on the
+frontier. Thanks to the Erie Canal, it was soon to become one of the
+leading cities of the country.
+
+It was not long before the "big ditch" was known as the "path to the
+great West." A rush of emigration further west followed, and all these
+travelers stopped at Buffalo, for here they had to change from the
+flat-bottomed canal boats to the lake vessels. Hotels were crowded,
+business flourished, and Buffalo became "a great doorway of the inland
+sea."
+
+[Illustration: THE BARGE CANAL NEAR BUFFALO]
+
+During the first years after its completion little freight was carried
+over the Erie Canal, but settlers kept flocking into the West, and before
+many years these Western pioneers were raising far more grain than they
+could use. Lake commerce began. Hundreds of ships brought wheat, lumber,
+and furs to Buffalo from the West and returned laden with manufactured
+goods. Buffalo was the chief lake port, and for many years shipping was
+its leading industry.
+
+Then came the railroads. The first railroad to Buffalo was completed in
+1836. A few years later, trains ran between Albany and Buffalo, and in
+time carloads of grain were shipped by rail. Though shipments by canal
+continued and even increased for a time, the railroads gradually did more
+and more of the carrying, and finally robbed the canal of much of its
+former importance.
+
+[Illustration: THE SITE OF BUFFALO]
+
+Still, shipping by canal was cheaper. Improvements have been made in the
+Erie Canal from time to time, and in 1903 the state voted $101,000,000
+for the enlargement of the Erie, Oswego, and Champlain canals into the
+1000-ton-barge canal. When this is completed it will be 12 feet deep and
+will float much larger barges than did the Erie Canal.
+
+But to return to Buffalo. The city's location naturally made it one of
+the great centers of the country. Only the Niagara River separates the
+city from the most thickly settled part of Canada, and it is therefore a
+most convenient meeting place of the two countries. Already Buffalo's
+trade with Canada amounts to over $50,000,000 a year.
+
+Besides being one of the chief commercial centers of the country, Buffalo
+is an important manufacturing town. Three things are necessary to success
+in manufacturing--raw materials, power, and a market where the finished
+goods can be sold. Buffalo has all of these near at hand. The country
+round about is singularly rich in natural resources. Forests, fertile
+farm lands, and rich iron and coal deposits are all within easy reach of
+the city and supply it with raw material at small cost for
+transportation.
+
+No city in the world has greater advantages than Buffalo in the matter of
+power. The Niagara Falls furnish an unlimited supply of electric power,
+which is a substitute for coal and, for many purposes, more convenient.
+Buffalo's nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania makes the cost of
+both hard and soft coal low. Natural gas and oil furnish about one fifth
+of the power now used in the city. Both are found near Buffalo, stored in
+the pores and cavities of rocks. Holes are bored into the rocks, and the
+petroleum or rock oil is pumped into huge tanks. The gas is carried by
+underground pipes to the city, where it is used in heating and lighting
+thousands of homes and factories.
+
+Lastly, Buffalo does not have to ship its products far to find a market.
+Within 450 miles of the city live almost 50,000,000 people, and lakes,
+canals, and railroads offer cheap and rapid transportation to all parts
+of the country. Thirteen steamship lines and 18 railroads enter the city.
+There are 2 trunk lines from New England; 5 from New York; 1 from
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; 1 from St. Louis; and 4 from
+Chicago.
+
+[Illustration: LACKAWANNA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY]
+
+The richest iron mines in the world are located south of Lake Superior,
+but there are no coal deposits in this region, and coal is necessary for
+the manufacturing of iron and steel. As it was cheaper to ship the ore to
+the coal than to carry the coal to the ore, there were men who, as early
+as 1860, saw that iron and steel could be manufactured with profit in
+Buffalo. Though blast furnaces were built from time to time, the industry
+did not attract great attention until 1899. In that year the Lackawanna
+Iron and Steel Company, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, moved to Buffalo and
+built an immense metal-working plant. This plant is south of the city and
+extends several miles along the shore of Lake Erie. The company has built
+a ship canal over half a mile long, which the largest lake vessels can
+enter. On one side of this canal are hundreds of coke ovens and the
+storage grounds for coal; on the other side are the ore docks, a row of
+huge blast furnaces, and the steel works with their numerous mills,
+foundries, and workshops.
+
+In the coke ovens millions of tons of soft coal are every year turned
+into coke, which is really coal with certain things removed by heating.
+This coke is used in melting the iron in the blast furnaces--so called
+because during the melting strong blasts of air are forced into the
+furnaces. These furnaces are almost a hundred feet high, are made of
+iron, and lined with fire brick. Tons of coke, limestone, and iron ore
+are dropped in from above by machinery, and the intense heat of the
+burning coke melts the iron, which sinks to the bottom of the furnace
+while the limestone collects the impurities and forms an upper layer. At
+the bottom of the furnace there are openings where the fiery-hot liquid
+runs off into molds, or forms, in which it cools and hardens. The waste
+matter, called slag, is also drawn off at the bottom. More coke and ore
+are added from above, and the smelting goes on night and day without
+interruption until the furnace needs repair. After the iron has been
+separated from the ore, it is taken to the foundries where it is made
+into steel rails and many other kinds of iron and steel goods.
+
+Other iron and steel companies have sprung up in Buffalo, and the city
+and its vicinity is now manufacturing enormous quantities of pig iron,
+steel rails, engines, car wheels, tools, and machinery.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELECTRIC BUILDING]
+
+Back in the first half of the nineteenth century New York was the leading
+wheat-raising and flour-producing state. The first flour mill in the
+Buffalo district was run by water power furnished by the Erie Canal. As
+larger mills followed and steam took the place of water power, Buffalo
+became an important flour-milling center. Later, wheat began to be raised
+further west, and the Central States soon took the lead in wheat growing
+and flour milling. But Buffalo had the advantage of an early start. Its
+mills were already built and working. Grain from the West kept pouring
+into the city to be stored in its great grain elevators, and the
+production of flour increased. Larger mills were built, some of them
+making use of the Niagara water power. To-day there are more than a
+dozen companies in Buffalo operating flour mills which turn out over
+3,000,000 barrels of flour in a year.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUFFALO HOME OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY]
+
+Buffalo's slaughter-house products for a single year are worth millions
+of dollars. There are two large meat-packing firms in the city,
+slaughtering over a million cattle and hogs each year. They both had
+small beginnings in the butcher business more than fifty years ago. In
+1852 the first stockyards were opened, and the city's live-stock industry
+began. Shipments of live stock from the grazing states of the West
+increased until the city became the second cattle market in the world,
+Chicago alone handling more live stock than Buffalo.
+
+When first settled, the lake region was covered with forests, and lumber
+was one of the first products sent eastward by lake steamers. Millions
+and millions of feet of pine were towed down the lakes on barges and
+transferred to canal boats at Buffalo, and the city became one of the
+great lumber markets of the country. Although shipments from the Northern
+forests have not been so great in the last twenty years, the lumber
+industry continues to be of great importance to Buffalo. In addition to
+pine from the lake region, the city receives hard wood from the South.
+You see enormous piles of lumber in the yards of the city itself, and
+Tonawanda, a suburb ten miles north of Buffalo, has the largest lumber
+yards in the world. These yards carry on a large wholesale and retail
+trade, and sawmills, planing mills, and many lumber industries have grown
+up around them. Mill work, doors, mantels, piano cases, and furniture are
+some of the things made in the Buffalo workshops.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BUFFALO]
+
+[Illustration: THE ARMORY]
+
+While commerce and industry were thus developing, the city itself was
+growing in size, population, and beauty. It extends about ten miles along
+the shore of Lake Erie and the Niagara River. In the residence section
+there are thousands of beautiful homes, set well back from broad streets
+and surrounded by wide lawns and gardens. Delaware Avenue, with its
+branching boulevards and parkways, is the finest of these residence
+sections.
+
+[Illustration: WADING POOL IN HUMBOLDT PARK]
+
+[Illustration: A PUBLIC PLAYGROUND]
+
+Several large parks and many smaller squares are scattered throughout the
+city, while swimming pools, wading ponds, and public playgrounds delight
+the hearts of the children. Lake breezes make the city cool in summer,
+and altogether Buffalo is one of the cleanest, most healthful, and most
+beautiful cities of the country.
+
+[Illustration: THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY]
+
+Through the southern part of the city flows the sluggish and winding
+Buffalo River. In the early days the mouth of this stream was the only
+harbor of the port, although it was then very shallow. Millions of
+dollars have been spent in deepening and improving this inner harbor,
+while a larger outer harbor has been made by inclosing a part of the lake
+by breakwaters. The harbor of Buffalo is now one of the best on the Great
+Lakes.
+
+About two miles north of the mouth of Buffalo River is The Front, a park
+overlooking the water and giving a beautiful view of Lake Erie, the
+Niagara River, and the Canadian shore. It is a government reservation,
+and here is Fort Porter. Further north the International Railroad Bridge
+connects Canada with the city of Buffalo.
+
+[Illustration: THE McKINLEY MONUMENT]
+
+Delaware Park, in the northern part of the city, is the largest and most
+beautiful of Buffalo's parks. Near the northeastern entrance is the
+zoölogical garden, with a seal pool, bear pits, and many strange and
+interesting animals. In the western part is the Albright Art Gallery, a
+beautiful building of white marble. Here, too, is the Buffalo
+Historical-Society Building, which was the New York State Building during
+the Pan-American Exposition which was held in Delaware Park and on the
+adjoining land in 1901.
+
+[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS]
+
+In the center of Niagara Square stands the McKinley Monument, erected by
+the state of New York in honor of President William McKinley, who was
+shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, on September 6, 1901. It
+was in this city that President Roosevelt took the oath of office after
+President McKinley's death. It is also worthy of note that Buffalo was
+the home of two of our presidents--Fillmore and Cleveland.
+
+The business district of Buffalo is only a short distance from the
+harbor. The most important business streets are Main Street and Broadway.
+
+Twenty miles north of Buffalo the Niagara River plunges over a precipice
+more than one hundred and fifty feet high, forming the world-famous
+Niagara Falls. The width of the river, the beauty of the mighty waters as
+they rush thundering over the edge of the precipice, the foam and spray
+rising from the foot of the cataract, all combine to make Niagara Falls
+the greatest natural wonder on the American continent. In the middle of
+the stream lies Goat Island, which divides the Falls into the Horseshoe
+Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the New York side.
+
+Hardly less interesting than the Falls are the power plants on both sides
+of the river, which are making the force of Niagara do a mighty work. It
+has been reckoned that the volume of water which passes over the Falls is
+two hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic feet each second. Think of it!
+This tremendous rush of water, the experts tell us, represents five
+million horse power. To make this gigantic power of use to man, canals
+have been built above the Falls to bring water from the river to the
+power houses where its great force turns huge water wheels and produces
+electric power. Cables of copper wire raised high in the air carry this
+power to all the surrounding country. It runs many of Buffalo's
+factories, lights the city streets, and moves its trolley cars as well as
+those in Syracuse, one hundred and fifty miles away.
+
+Such then, with its wonderful power, its command of material, its
+beautiful and important location, is the Buffalo of to-day. The little
+settlement of one hundred years ago has become the eleventh city in size
+in the United States.
+
+
+                               =BUFFALO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1920), over 500,000 (506,775).
+
+  Eleventh city according to population.
+
+  Important lake port.
+
+  One of the best harbors on the Great Lakes.
+
+  Located at the western end of the Erie Canal.
+
+  Great transfer point between lake boats and canal boats and railroads.
+
+  Important railroad center.
+
+  Center for live-stock trade.
+
+  Important center for wheat, lumber, meat packing, and the iron and
+  steel industries.
+
+  Electric light and power obtained from Niagara Falls.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. How did it happen that the people of New York first came to settle
+      west of the Appalachian Mountains, and where were these first
+      settlements?
+
+   2. Tell about the beginning of Buffalo, and give its original name.
+
+   3. What was the first route from Albany to Buffalo, and why was it
+      used? How was the journey made between 1811 and 1825?
+
+   4. Tell the story of the Erie Canal, and give its effect on Buffalo
+      and the West.
+
+   5. How did Buffalo's location make it one of the great centers of
+      industry?
+
+   6. What three things are necessary to success in manufacturing?
+
+   7. How is Buffalo furnished with power for her great manufacturing
+      interests?
+
+   8. Where does Buffalo find a market for her products? How?
+
+   9. What great steel company is located near this city? Why?
+
+  10. Describe the wonderful coke ovens and blast furnaces near Buffalo.
+
+  11. Give some idea of Buffalo's flour mills, slaughter houses, and
+      lumber yards, and of her importance in these industries.
+
+  12. What do you know of Niagara Falls and the power plants on both
+      sides of the Niagara River?
+
+
+
+
+                             SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+The United States extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and just as
+New York is our leading seaport on the Atlantic, so San Francisco is the
+leading seaport on the Pacific.
+
+San Francisco's history is inseparably connected with the development of
+the resources of California. In 1769 Spain sent an expedition overland
+from Mexico to colonize the Pacific coast, and Don Gaspar de Portolá, at
+the head of these colonists, was the first white man known to have looked
+upon San Francisco Bay.
+
+Seven years later, in 1776, the Franciscan friars built a fortified
+settlement on the present site of San Francisco. The Mission Dolores,
+which is still standing, was begun the same year, and a little village
+slowly grew up around it.
+
+At the close of the Mexican War, in 1848, California was ceded to the
+United States, and the Stars and Stripes were raised over the little
+settlement, whose name was soon changed from Yerba Buena to San
+Francisco.
+
+In 1848, too, came the discovery of gold in California, and San Francisco
+suddenly grew from a Spanish village to a busy American town. The
+population jumped from 800 to 10,000 in a single year. A city of tents
+and shanties quickly arose on the sand dunes. Thousands of people were
+leaving their homes in the East to seek a fortune in the gold fields.
+Many came by water, either rounding Cape Horn or else traveling by boat
+to the Isthmus of Panama, crossing on foot, and reëmbarking on the
+Pacific coast. Others came overland in large canvas-covered wagons called
+prairie schooners.
+
+These newcomers were men of all classes--ministers, lawyers, farmers,
+laborers. Some were educated, others were ignorant. While most of them
+were industrious and law-abiding, a considerable number were desperate
+and lawless men. These last caused much trouble. Gambling, murders, and
+crimes of all kinds were alarmingly common, and the city government was
+powerless to punish the lawbreakers. Finally, the better class of
+citizens formed a vigilance committee, which hung four criminals and
+punished many in other ways until law and order were established.
+
+San Francisco has been called the "child of the mines." It was the
+discovery of gold that first made it the leading city of the Pacific
+coast. From that day the production of gold has been steadily maintained.
+Nearly $20,000,000 worth is mined in the state of California each year,
+with a total production of over $1,500,000,000. Later the silver mines in
+Nevada were discovered and developed, and their immense output brought
+increased wealth to San Francisco.
+
+As time went on, however, people began to see that California's real
+wealth lay not so much in her mines as in her fertile farm lands. These,
+combined with the wonderful climate, have made California a leading
+agricultural state.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORANGE GROVE]
+
+The great central valley of California, about 400 miles long and 50 miles
+wide, lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Ranges. Its
+farms, orchards, orange groves, and vineyards produce immense quantities
+of grain, and of grapes, and other fruits. Large numbers of cattle and
+sheep are raised. In the southern counties many tropical fruits are grown
+successfully. Irrigated groves of orange, lemon, and olive trees cover
+thousands of acres. Other important crops are English walnuts, almonds,
+prunes, and figs. Copper, silver, oil, quicksilver, and salt are also
+valuable products, while the forest-covered mountains supply excellent
+lumber. Such is the wealth of California's natural resources, and San
+Francisco is the great port and market of this rich back country.
+
+[Illustration: PICKING GRAPES]
+
+As the Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay from the north and
+the San Joaquin from the south, the two offer cheap transportation up and
+down their valleys, being navigable to river steamers for over 200 miles.
+
+The great bay of San Francisco is the largest landlocked harbor in the
+world. Here the navies of all the nations could ride at anchor side by
+side in safety. Though 65 miles long and from 4 to 10 miles wide, the bay
+is completely sheltered from dangerous winds and storms. It is connected
+with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is
+2-3/4 miles long and over a mile wide.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOLDEN GATE]
+
+Such advantages have made San Francisco a great commercial and financial
+center. Ships from San Francisco carry the products of California
+westward to all the countries bordering on the Pacific, while others sail
+to the Atlantic seaports of America and Europe.
+
+The outgoing steamers are loaded with wheat, cotton, canned goods, oil,
+barley, prunes, flour, dried fruits, leather, machinery, lumber, and iron
+manufactures. Incoming steamers bring raw silk, coffee, tea, copra,
+nitrate of soda, tin ingots, sugar, rice, cigars, coal, burlap, vanilla
+beans, cheese, and manila hemp.
+
+[Illustration: THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO]
+
+Already the foreign commerce of San Francisco amounts to more than
+$150,000,000 annually, and with the increasing trade of Japan and China
+and the shortened route to the Atlantic through the Panama Canal, the
+future of its foreign trade cannot be estimated.
+
+[Illustration: A FLOWER MARKET]
+
+In addition to her foreign trade, San Francisco has many growing
+industries at home. Printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat
+packing, are among the most important. The canning and preserving of
+fruits and vegetables is a leading industry of the city. The California
+Fruit Canners Association employs many thousands of people during the
+fruit season and is the largest fruit-and-vegetable canning company in
+the world. It operates thirty branches throughout the state, and its
+products are sent to all parts of the globe.
+
+Though iron has to be imported,--there being little mined in
+California,--the city does a thriving iron business. In the early days
+there was need of mining machinery in the West, and San Francisco at that
+time began manufacturing it. She also has one of the greatest
+shipbuilding plants in the United States. The famous battleship _Oregon_,
+the _Olympic_, the _Wisconsin_, the _Ohio_, and other ships of the
+United States Navy were built in San Francisco.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO]
+
+In 1906 a severe earthquake shook San Francisco, wrecking many buildings.
+Fire broke out in twenty places, and as the earthquake had broken the
+city's water mains, the fire fighters had to pump salt water from the bay
+and use dynamite to stop the progress of the flames. During the three
+days of the fire, four square miles were laid in ruins.
+
+[Illustration: ON SAN FRANCISCO'S WATER FRONT]
+
+Because of occasional slight shocks in former years, the inhabitants had
+built their city of wood, thinking it safer than brick or stone. They had
+not thought of the greater danger of fire. This earthquake taught them a
+lesson. The few skyscrapers in the city had stood the shock remarkably
+well, and profiting by this experience thousands of modern
+structures--steel, brick, and reënforced concrete--were built to replace
+the old wooden buildings. A far more modern and beautiful city has arisen
+from the ashes of the ruins.
+
+[Illustration: CHINATOWN]
+
+The city occupies 46-1/2 square miles at the end of the southern
+peninsula which lies between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The
+site of the city is hilly, especially in the northern and western parts.
+Market Street, 120 feet wide and the chief business thoroughfare, extends
+southwest from the water front and divides the city into two parts. The
+southern district contains many manufacturing plants and the homes of the
+laboring people. The streets here are level. North of Market Street lie
+three high hills--Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill. In this
+half of the city are the finest residences, Nob Hill having been given
+its name in the early days when the mining millionaires built their homes
+upon it.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNION FERRY BUILDING]
+
+The main business section is in the northeastern part of the city, facing
+the harbor, and is on level ground. It contains hundreds of new office
+buildings, many of them from eight to twenty or more stories high. Fine
+modern hotels and beautiful banks add much to the beauty of this part of
+San Francisco. The most important public buildings are the United States
+mint and the post office, which escaped the flames in 1906, the
+customhouse, the Hall of Justice, the new Auditorium, and the city hall.
+These last two face the Civic Center, which is being created at a cost of
+nearly $17,000,000.
+
+At the foot of Telegraph Hill is the largest Chinese quarter in the
+United States. It was completely destroyed during the fire, but is now
+rebuilt and much improved. Its temples, joss houses, and theaters, its
+markets, bazaars, and restaurants, with their strange life and customs
+and their oriental architecture, attract crowds of visitors. There are
+now about 10,000 Chinese in San Francisco, but their number has been
+steadily decreasing since the Exclusion Act was passed, prohibiting
+Chinese laborers from entering this country. It was thought necessary to
+have this law in order to protect the American workingman on the Pacific
+coast, as the Chinese laborers who had already been admitted were working
+for wages upon which no white man could live.
+
+[Illustration: FISHERMAN'S WHARF]
+
+At the foot of Market Street, on the water front, stands the Union Ferry
+Building, a large stone structure with a high clock tower.
+
+Only one of the cross-continent railroads--a branch of the Southern
+Pacific--lands its passengers in the city of San Francisco. All the other
+roads, which include the main line of the Southern Pacific, the
+Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the Union Pacific, and the Western Pacific,
+terminate on the eastern shore of the bay and send the travelers to San
+Francisco by ferry. In consequence, San Francisco has developed the best
+ferry service in the world, all lines meeting at the Union Ferry
+Building.
+
+[Illustration: MT. TAMALPAIS FROM NOB HILL]
+
+North and south of the Union Ferry Building stretch eight miles of
+wharves and docks and many factories, lumber yards, and warehouses. At
+the docks, ships are being loaded and unloaded continually.
+
+In March and April each year a fleet of forty or fifty vessels starts out
+for the Alaskan fisheries. San Francisco is the leading salmon port of
+the United States, distributing millions of dollars' worth of salmon
+yearly. Fisherman's Wharf, at the northern end of the water front, is
+full of interest, with its brown, weather-beaten fishermen and their odd
+fishing boats. To the south of the Union Ferry Building is "Man-of-war
+Row," where United States and foreign battleships ride at anchor.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDIO TERRACE]
+
+The cities of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, and Berkeley are directly
+across the bay from San Francisco, on the east shore. Like New York, San
+Francisco is the center of a large metropolitan district, and the
+residents of these neighboring cities daily travel to their work in San
+Francisco on the ferries. For several years there has been talk of
+uniting these cities with San Francisco. If this plan were carried out,
+it would add over 350,000 to San Francisco's present population, which is
+between 400,000 and 500,000.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER OF JEWELS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION]
+
+The University of California, in Berkeley, has nearly 7000 students,
+tuition being free to residents of California. The Leland Stanford
+University, 30 miles from San Francisco, is another noted institution in
+the state.
+
+[Illustration: IN GOLDEN GATE PARK]
+
+To the north of the Golden Gate is Mt. Tamalpais, 2592 feet high,
+overlooking the bay and San Francisco. To the south is the Presidio, the
+United States military reservation, covering 1542 acres. Here are the
+harbor fortifications and the headquarters of the western division of the
+United States Army. Fronting on the ocean beach and extending eastward
+for 4 miles is Golden Gate Park, the largest of San Francisco's many
+parks and squares.
+
+[Illustration: IN FRONT OF THE EXPOSITION'S PALACE OF FINE ARTS]
+
+Occupying part of the Presidio and facing the water at the northern end
+of the city is the site of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition,
+held in 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. That the
+citizens of San Francisco look to the future was shown at a gathering of
+business men in 1910, when more than $4,000,000 was raised in two hours
+for this Panama exposition. The climate of the city (averaging more than
+50 degrees in winter and less than 60 degrees in summer), the beauties
+and wonders of California, the romantic history of the city, exhibits
+from many parts of the world--all these, the citizens knew, would attract
+thousands of visitors from afar and make known to the world the
+advantages and prosperity of the Far West and its chief city, San
+Francisco.
+
+
+                            =SAN FRANCISCO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 400,000 (416,912).
+
+  Eleventh city according to population.
+
+  Largest city of the Western States.
+
+  One of the finest harbors in the world.
+
+  The natural shipping point for the products of the rich state of
+  California.
+
+  Chief center for the trade of the United States with the Orient.
+
+  Leads all American cities in the shipment of wheat.
+
+  Has great canning and preserving industries.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Find by measurements on a map of the United States the distance of
+      San Francisco from New York City in a direct line.
+
+   2. Find by consulting time tables or by inquiry of some railroad
+      official how long it would take to make the journey from New York
+      to San Francisco, and what railroad system might be used. Answer
+      this question, applying it to your own city.
+
+   3. Who founded San Francisco, and what was it first called?
+
+   4. When and how did San Francisco become an American possession?
+
+   5. Of what was the great wealth of California supposed to consist at
+      first? What is the great wealth of the state considered to be
+      to-day?
+
+   6. What are the chief exports of the city, and to what countries are
+      they sent?
+
+   7. What are the chief imports of the city?
+
+   8. What are the great advantages of San Francisco Bay?
+
+   9. When did the great fire at San Francisco occur, and what damage was
+      done?
+
+  10. What benefit will San Francisco derive from the completion of the
+      Panama Canal?
+
+  11. Why is the ferry system of San Francisco so important?
+
+  12. Name four cities across the bay from San Francisco, and tell how
+      they are related to that city.
+
+  13. Tell something of the fishing industry of San Francisco.
+
+  14. Does the name "Golden Gate" seem appropriate to you? Why?
+
+  15. Name the chief industries of San Francisco.
+
+  16. Describe the location of the city.
+
+  17. Find out how many days' journey by steamship are the following
+      places from San Francisco:
+
+                       Honolulu        Shanghai
+                       Manila          Yokohama
+                       Sydney          Buenos Aires
+
+
+
+
+                              NEW ORLEANS
+
+
+The story of New Orleans, the Crescent City, reads like a wonderful
+romance or a tale from the Arabian Nights. As in a moving picture, one
+can see men making a clearing along the east bank of the Mississippi
+River, one hundred and ten miles from its mouth. It is 1718. The French
+Canadian Bienville has been made governor of the great tract of land
+called Louisiana, and he has decided to found a settlement near the
+river's mouth.
+
+At the end of three years the little French town, named for the duke of
+Orleans, stands peacefully on the banks of the great Mississippi, its
+people buying, selling, fighting duels, and steadily thriving until the
+close of the French and Indian War. Then France cedes Louisiana to Spain,
+and for some years New Orleans is under Spanish rule. In 1800, however,
+Spain cedes Louisiana back to France, and once more New Orleans has a
+French commissioner and is a French possession.
+
+Again the scene changes. Energetic, sturdy men sail down the river, land
+in the quaint little town, and march to the Cabildo, or Government Hall,
+where they receive the keys of the town. Because of the Louisiana
+Purchase, New Orleans with all its inhabitants--Spanish, French,
+Italians, and Jews--is being given over to the United States. The French
+flag is taken down, and the Stars and Stripes are unfurled over what was,
+and is to-day, the least American of all American cities.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE NEW ORLEANS STANDS]
+
+As the history of New Orleans unrolls, one follows the thrilling scenes
+of a great battle. It is in the War of 1812, and on the last day of
+December, 1814, the British begin an attack on the city, with an army of
+10,000 trained soldiers. They mean to capture New Orleans and gain
+control of Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi.
+
+Andrew Jackson commands the American forces, made up of regulars,
+militia, pirates, negroes, and volunteers, numbering only about half the
+attacking British army. Day after day goes by with no great victory
+gained on either side, until Sunday, January 8, dawns. With the daylight,
+the British commence a furious assault. But Jackson and his men are ready
+for them. Rushing back and forth along his line of defense, the commander
+cries out, "Stand by your guns!" "See that every shot tells!" "Let's
+finish the business to-day!" Many of Jackson's men are sharpshooters.
+Time and again they aim and fire, and time and again the enemy advance,
+fall back, rally, and try to advance once more. But in three short hours
+the British leader and more than 2500 men have dropped, hundreds shot
+between the eyes. It is no use! In confusion the British turn and flee.
+Jackson has saved the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE CABILDO]
+
+In the Civil War the turn of affairs is different. Louisiana was one of
+the seven states to secede from the Union in 1860 and form themselves
+into the Confederate States of America. Of course this made New Orleans a
+Confederate city. Naturally, the north wanted to capture New Orleans in
+order to control the mouth of the Mississippi River. This time the
+attacking force is a Union fleet, and the defenders of the city are
+stanch Confederates who have done all in their power to prevent the
+approach of the Northerners. Across the river, near its mouth, two great
+cables have been stretched, and between the cables and the city are a
+Confederate fleet and two forts, one on each side of the river.
+
+The Union fleet under David Farragut appears, opens fire on the forts,
+and keeps up the attack for six days and nights. Still the forts hold
+out. Then Farragut decides that since he cannot take the forts he will
+run his ships past them. But there are the cables blocking his way. The
+steamer _Itasca_ undertakes to break them and rushes upon them under a
+raking fire from both forts. The cables snap. That night the Union ships,
+in single file, start up the river. At last the forts are passed and the
+Confederate ships overcome, but not the spirit of the people of New
+Orleans. They fight to the finish as best they can. Cotton bales are
+piled on rafts, set afire, and floated downstream among the Union ships.
+Still the ships come on. At least the Northerners shall not take the
+valuable stores of cotton, sugar, and molasses! So the cotton ships are
+fired, and hogsheads of molasses and barrels of sugar are hurriedly
+destroyed. When the Union forces land and takes possession, the people of
+New Orleans, though heartbroken, know that they have done their best.
+
+Then comes peace. The war is over, and New Orleans is once more a city of
+the United States.
+
+To-day New Orleans presents the unusual combination of an old city, full
+of historic interest, and a splendid new city, a place of industry,
+progress, and opportunity.
+
+The successful building of a great city on the site of New Orleans is a
+triumph of engineering skill. As the city lies below the high-water mark
+of the Mississippi, it was necessary to build great banks of earth to
+hold back the water in the flood season. These levees, as they are
+called, form the water front of the city.
+
+In the early days the only drinking-water in New Orleans was rain water
+caught from the roofs and stored in cisterns. Imagine a city without a
+single cellar. Then not even a grave could be dug in the marshy soil. The
+cemeteries were all aboveground. In some cemeteries there were tiers of
+little vaults, one above the other, in which the dead were laid. In
+others, magnificent tombs provided resting places for the wealthy. Such
+was old New Orleans. To-day modern sewers and huge steam pumps draw off
+the sewage and excess water, discharging them into the river, while a
+splendid water system filters water taken from higher up the river,
+giving a supply as pure as that enjoyed by any city in our land. The
+marshes have been drained by the construction of canals, which are used
+as highways for bringing raw materials from the surrounding country to
+the factories of New Orleans. Many of these canals extend for miles into
+the interior of the state of Louisiana.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS]
+
+The city proper covers nearly two hundred square miles and is laid out in
+beautiful streets, parks, and driveways, crossed in many places by
+picturesque waterways. Here are splendid trees, belonging both to the
+temperate zone and to the tropics. Palms and cypresses abound. In the
+City Park is one of the finest groves of live oaks in the world. Audubon
+Park, named for the great lover of birds, who was born near this city,
+is another of the beautiful parks of New Orleans.
+
+[Illustration: CANAL STREET]
+
+Canal Street divides New Orleans into two sections, with the Old Town, or
+French Quarter, on one side and the New Town, or American Quarter, on the
+other. This is the main thoroughfare of the city. It is a wide street,
+well-kept and busy. Here are many of the great retail stores, and to this
+street comes every car line. From Canal Street one may take a car to any
+section of the city, and a car taken in any part of New Orleans will
+sooner or later bring one to Canal Street. On this street are handsome
+stores, club buildings, hotels, railroad stations, and the United States
+customhouse. The upper end of the street is a beautiful residence
+section, whose houses are surrounded by spacious lawns and fine trees.
+Almost all of these houses have wide galleries, or verandas, upon which
+their owners may sit and enjoy, all the year round, the balmy air of the
+southern climate. Very seldom does the temperature drop below 30 degrees
+Fahrenheit. Usually it is between 50 and 60 degrees, and even in summer
+it varies only between 75 and 90 degrees. New Orleans is really cooler in
+summer than some of our northern cities, being so surrounded by river and
+lakes.
+
+[Illustration: A CREOLE COURTYARD]
+
+The old New Orleans lies northeast of Canal Street. Here the early
+settlers established their homes, and in this French Quarter the French
+language is still in common use, and many old French customs are
+observed. The streets, many of which bear French names, are narrow and
+roughly paved and are closely built up with old-fashioned brick buildings
+ornamented with iron verandas. Open gateways in the front of many a
+gloomy-looking house give us a glimpse of attractive interior courts, gay
+with flowers and splashing fountains. Many other courts, alas, are
+deserted or neglected, for this is no longer the fashionable section of
+New Orleans. Most of the city's creole population lives in the French
+Quarter. These people are the descendants of the early French and Spanish
+inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: JACKSON SQUARE AND THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS]
+
+In the French Quarter is Jackson Square, which was the center of
+governmental life in the early years of the city. Here are the
+Cabildo--the old Spanish court building--and the Cathedral of St. Louis,
+an old and beautiful church. On Chartres Street is the Archiepiscopal
+Palace, said to be the oldest public building in the Mississippi Valley.
+
+[Illustration: BAYOU ST. JOHN]
+
+The French Market is one of the world's famous market places. In the long
+low buildings occupying four city blocks may be found fruits, vegetables,
+meats, fish, and game in wonderful variety. To the Oyster Lugger Landing
+come the oyster boats, bringing from the bays of the Gulf coast some of
+the finest oysters in America. Other points of interest in the French
+Quarter are the Royal Hotel, formerly known as the St. Louis Hotel; the
+United States mint; the Soldiers' Home, whose gardens are noted for their
+beauty; Bayou St. John, a picturesque waterway; and Jackson Barracks.
+
+[Illustration: ST. ROCH'S CHAPEL]
+
+Two other places must not be slighted. In the Ursuline convent stands a
+statue before which, on January 8, 1815, the nuns prayed for the success
+of the Americans in the battle of New Orleans. Then there is St. Roch's
+Shrine, a chapel built by Father Thevis. Each stone in it was placed by
+his own hands, in fulfillment of a vow that "if none of his parishioners
+should die of an epidemic, he would, stone by stone, build a chapel in
+thanksgiving to God." This ancient shrine is visited by thousands of
+people every year.
+
+To the southwest of Canal Street is the American Quarter. This was
+originally a tract of land, known as the Terre Commune, reserved by the
+French government for public use. But after a while the land was laid out
+in streets. Soon the merchants of this section began to trade with the
+North and West. The river boats landed in front of the Faubourg St.
+Marie, as this part of the city was then called, bringing tobacco,
+cotton, pork, beef, corn, flour, and fabrics. Commercial buildings sprang
+up, and as the trade was distinctly American, the district came to be
+known as the American Quarter.
+
+In the days when the French Quarter was all there was of New Orleans, the
+city was in the shape of a half moon or crescent. The newer part of the
+city follows the course of the river and makes the New Orleans of to-day
+more like a letter S.
+
+[Illustration: ST. CHARLES AVENUE]
+
+St. Charles Avenue is the most beautiful residential street in the
+American Quarter. It is a wide avenue with driveways on either side of a
+grassy parkway. Rows of trees, many of them stately palms, border the
+avenue. Here are splendid homes, each with its flower beds and gardens of
+tropical plants.
+
+Churches and charitable institutions abound in New Orleans. One of the
+latter, Touro Infirmary, covers an entire city block. This infirmary was
+endowed by Judah Touro, a Jew, and is supported by Jews, but receives
+sufferers of any creed. In its courtyard is a fountain erected by the
+Hebrew children of New Orleans.
+
+Tulane University is the most renowned educational institution in the
+city, and is noted for its medical and engineering departments. On
+Washington Avenue is the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for young
+women, which is the women's department of Tulane University.
+
+The great hotels and many restaurants of the city are noted throughout
+the United States. The creole cooks have made famous such dishes as
+chicken gumbo, chicken à la creole, and pompano.
+
+The country around New Orleans is one of the richest in the world. Within
+a few hours' ride of the city are great fields of cotton, sugar, and
+rice. Two hundred miles from the city are immense deposits of sulphur and
+salt. Oil fields are within easy reach, and coal is brought by water from
+the mines of Alabama and even from Pennsylvania. Great forests to the
+north furnish lumber which is transported by water to the city, making
+New Orleans one of the foremost ports in lumber exportation.
+
+The immense sugar-cane fields of the South look very much like the
+cornfields of the more northern states. Negroes cut the cane close to the
+ground, as the lower part of the stalk has the most sugar. After the
+leaves and tops have been trimmed off, the stalks are shipped to the
+presses, cut into small pieces, and crushed between heavy rollers. The
+juice is strained, boiled, and worked over to remove the impurities, and
+then, in a brownish mass called raw sugar, is sent to great refineries to
+be made by more boiling and other processes into the white sugar we use
+daily. This sugar industry is very important, as figures show that each
+American, both grown-ups and children, consumes an average of more than
+seventy pounds of sugar a year.
+
+[Illustration: A SUGAR-CANE FIELD]
+
+[Illustration: A SUGAR REFINERY]
+
+Away down South is the land of cotton as well as the land of sugar, and
+there is no more beautiful sight than a field white with the opening
+bolls of the cotton plant. Between the long white rows pass the
+picturesque negroes with their big baskets into which they put the soft
+fleecy cotton as they pick it from the bolls. The raw cotton is then
+sent to the cotton gin, where the seeds are taken out to be made into
+cottonseed oil. The cotton itself is shipped to factories where it is
+made into thread and cotton cloth of all kinds. In addition to the
+immense quantities sent to the mills in various parts of the United
+States, New Orleans ships to Europe each year over $100,000,000 worth.
+When the cotton reaches the city it is in the form of bales covered with
+coarse cloth and bound with iron bands. The great steamers waiting at the
+dock must fill their holds to the best advantage in order that they may
+carry as large an amount as possible on each voyage. The cotton as it
+comes from the plantation presses occupies too much space. It is
+interesting to stand near the steamship landings and see the workmen cast
+off the iron bands and place the bales between the powerful jaws of huge
+presses which seem, almost without effort, to close down upon the mass of
+fleecy whiteness and cause it to shrink from four feet to about one foot
+in thickness. While the cotton is still under pressure, iron bands are
+once more placed upon it, and the bale is then taken from the press.
+After this process four bales can be loaded on the steamer in the space
+which one plantation bale would have occupied.
+
+[Illustration: A BANANA CONVEYOR]
+
+The location of New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi and close
+enough to the Gulf of Mexico to be called a Gulf port makes it naturally
+the great port of exchange of all the products of the Mississippi Valley,
+the islands of the Gulf, and the countries on the north coast of South
+America. It is the second largest export port in America and is the
+world's greatest export market for cotton. Oysters and fish in abundance
+are brought to the city from the Gulf, making New Orleans one of the
+largest fish-and-oyster markets in the United States. More bananas arrive
+at New Orleans than at any other port in the world. The great bunches of
+fruit are unloaded by machinery, placed upon specially designed cars, and
+sent by the fastest trains to the various parts of the United States.
+With the sugar-producing districts so near, New Orleans is, of course,
+one of our country's chief sugar markets. The largest sugar refinery in
+the world is located here.
+
+We have already mentioned the water front, but this important and
+interesting part of the city deserves more attention. For fifteen miles
+along the river, the port of this great city stretches in an almost
+unbroken line of wharves and steel sheds. The steamboat landings are near
+the foot of Canal Street, and here may be seen the river packets from
+Northern cities and the little stern-wheelers which run up Red River.
+Above is the flatboat landing, and further on still are the
+tropical-fruit wharves and miles of wharves for foreign shipping.
+
+Just below Canal Street are the sugar sheds, where barrels and hogsheads
+of sugar and molasses cover blocks and blocks. At Julia Street are huge
+coffee sheds where more than 80,000 bags of coffee, each bag holding
+about 138 pounds, can be stored in the large steel warehouses. At
+Louisiana Avenue are the huge Stuyvesant Docks, which cover 2000 feet of
+river frontage. One of the big elevators here will hold 1,500,000 bushels
+of grain, another 1,000,000 bushels. Each one can unload 250 cars a day
+and deliver freight to 4 steamships at the same time.
+
+[Illustration: MARDI GRAS PARADE]
+
+While the people of this interesting Southern city are great workers,
+they are quite as fond of play as of work. Their love of music is shown
+by their fine opera house, where celebrated French operas are given.
+Because of its gayety, which attracts many visitors, especially in
+winter, New Orleans has been called the Winter Capital of America.
+
+The city's great holiday is the Mardi Gras carnival, which is celebrated
+just before Lent. The keys of the city are then given over to the King of
+the Carnival, and all day long high revelry holds sway. Brilliant floats,
+representing scenes of wonderful quaintness and loveliness, parade
+through flower-garlanded avenues thronged with people who have come from
+every quarter of the globe. Carried away by the spirit of the fête, these
+guests join with the citizens in turning New Orleans for the time into a
+fairy city of wonder and delight.
+
+
+                             =NEW ORLEANS=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (339,075).
+
+  Fifteenth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  The natural port of export and exchange for the Mississippi Valley.
+
+  The second largest export port in the United States.
+
+  The world's greatest export market for cotton.
+
+  The center of a great sugar industry.
+
+  A great import port for tropical fruit and coffee.
+
+  Splendid harbor and shipping facilities along the river.
+
+  Excellent communications by water and rail with other great American
+  cities.
+
+  Protected by great levees from overflow of the Mississippi River.
+
+  Holds annually a great Mardi Gras carnival.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell briefly the story of the settlement of New Orleans.
+
+   2. Can you tell why it was important for the United States to own
+      New Orleans?
+
+   3. Describe the city's part in two wars. What wars were they?
+
+   4. What great natural disadvantages were overcome in improving the
+      city of New Orleans, and how was it done?
+
+   5. State some facts about the principal business street of the city.
+      What unusual arrangement of street cars is found in New Orleans?
+
+   6. Contrast the French Quarter of the past with the same section as it
+      is to-day.
+
+   7. What is interesting about Jackson Square?
+
+   8. Tell what you can of the river front.
+
+   9. What are the chief imports and exports of New Orleans?
+
+  10. Give a brief account of the preparation of cotton, from the field
+      to its being loaded for shipment to foreign lands.
+
+  11. Do you know why so much cotton is sent to foreign countries?
+
+  12. Tell how sugar is made from the sugar cane. Do you know from what
+      else we get sugar?
+
+  13. Tell what you can of the Mardi Gras carnival.
+
+  14. Find by reference to a map of the United States the great cities
+      which may be reached by river steamers from New Orleans.
+
+  15. Why was New Orleans called the Crescent City?
+
+
+
+
+                              WASHINGTON
+
+                           THE CAPITAL CITY
+
+
+Washington, the capital city of our nation, is the center of interest for
+the whole country. Every citizen of the United States thinks of the city
+of Washington as a place in which he has a personal pride.
+
+Here one may see in operation the work of governing a great nation. The
+representatives whom the people have chosen meet in the splendid Capitol
+to make laws for the whole country. The home of the president is here,
+and here are located the headquarters of the great departments of our
+government.
+
+The capital city is a city of splendid trees, of wide, well-paved streets
+and handsome avenues. At the intersection of many of the streets and
+avenues are beautiful parks and circles, ornamented by statues of the
+great men of the nation.
+
+"How," we are asked, "did it happen that the capital of a great nation
+was built almost on its eastern boundary?" The distance from Washington
+to San Francisco is 3205 miles. In other words, Washington is almost as
+near to London as to San Francisco. The answer is simple. The site was
+chosen when the settled part of our country lay between the Allegheny
+Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time most of the land west of
+the Alleghenies was looked upon as a wilderness whose settlement was
+uncertain, while no one dreamed that the infant nation would extend its
+boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+"And why was it decided to build a new city as the nation's capital, on a
+site where there was not even a settlement? Why was not some city already
+established chosen to be the chief city of the nation?" The story is
+interesting.
+
+Before the Revolutionary War the colonies were much like thirteen
+independent nations, having little to do with one another, but during the
+war a common peril held them together in a loose union. With the danger
+passed and independence won, this union threatened to dissolve, but
+thanks to the influence of the wisest and best men in the country the
+thirteen states finally became one nation and adopted the Constitution
+which governs the United States to-day. Then discussion arose as to the
+site of the new nation's capital. Several states clamored for the honor
+of having one of their cities chosen as the government city. The men who
+framed the Constitution were wise enough, however, to foresee difficulty
+if this were done, and insisted that the seat of government should be in
+no state but in a small territory which should be controlled entirely by
+the national government.
+
+After much debate the present location was chosen, and the two states of
+Maryland and Virginia each gave to the federal government entire control
+over a small territory on the Potomac River. The two pieces of land
+formed a square, ten miles on each side. The territory was named the
+District of Columbia, and the city to be built was called Washington in
+honor of our first president, whose home, Mount Vernon, was but a few
+miles away. Later, in 1846, the Virginia part of the District was given
+back, so now all the District is on the Maryland side of the Potomac and
+is no longer in the shape of a square.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON]
+
+A firm belief in the future of Washington led to the making of very
+elaborate and extensive plans for laying out the city. But as the public
+buildings began to rise, with great stretches of unimproved country
+between them, many thought the plans much too elaborate and feared that
+the attempt to build a new city would end in failure. It was in the fall
+of 1800 when the government moved to Washington. Then, in 1814, when
+things had taken a start, a dreadful misfortune happened; just a few
+months before the close of the war of 1812, the British attacked the city
+and burned both the Capitol and the White House. In spite of these early
+discouragements and years of ridicule, the capital has fully justified
+the plans and hopes of the far-seeing men who built not for their own day
+but for the years to come.
+
+[Illustration: THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA]
+
+Perhaps one gets the best idea of the city to-day from the height of the
+Capitol's beautiful dome that rises over three hundred feet above the
+pavement. There is a gallery around the outside of the dome, just below
+the lantern which lights its summit, and from here one can see for miles
+in any direction.
+
+Our view of the city from this height shows us that most of the streets
+are straight and run either north and south or east and west. The east
+and west streets are lettered; those running north and south are
+numbered. One might easily imagine four great checkerboards placed
+together, with the Capitol standing at the point where the four boards
+meet. I say four checkerboards, because from the Capitol three great
+streets go to the north, the south, and the east, while a broad park runs
+away to the west, thus dividing the city into four sections. Running
+across the regularly planned streets of these checkerboards are broad
+avenues, many of which seem to come like spokes of wheels from parks
+placed in different sections of the city. These avenues are named for
+different states.
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING WEST FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL]
+
+Close about us is a splendid group of majestic buildings. The Capitol,
+upon the brow of the hill overlooking the western part of the city, is
+the center of the group. To the north and south of the Capitol rise the
+beautiful marble buildings for the use of the committees of the Senate
+and the House of Representatives. To the east is the Library of Congress,
+the most beautiful building of its kind in the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF WASHINGTON]
+
+Toward the northwest and southeast runs Pennsylvania Avenue, one hundred
+sixty feet wide, the most famous street in the city. About a mile and a
+half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol is another imposing group of
+public buildings. Here are the Treasury Department, the Executive
+Mansion,--the home of the president,--and the State, War, and Navy
+Building. Pennsylvania Avenue leads past the fronts of these buildings
+and on for more than two miles to the far-western part of the city.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE]
+
+Directly west from the Capitol we look along the fine parkways which
+divide the city in that direction just as do the main streets which run
+from the Capitol to the north, east, and south. This handsome series of
+parks is called the Mall. In the Mall are a number of public buildings
+placed in an irregular line stretching west from the Capitol, with
+sufficient distance between them to allow spacious grounds for each
+building. Here we find the home of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army
+Medical Museum, the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the
+Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the
+Washington Monument.
+
+As we walk around the gallery of the Capitol dome, we see that almost
+every street and avenue is lined on either side with beautiful shade
+trees which give the city a gardenlike appearance. And looking toward the
+south we see the eastern branch of the Potomac meeting the main stream
+and flowing away in a majestic river, over a mile in width. On all sides
+of the city the land rises in beautiful green hills, guarding the
+nation's capital as it lies nestled between the river's protecting arms.
+
+Having this picture of the general plan of Washington, let us visit some
+of the buildings; first of all the Capitol, for it is the most imposing
+as well as the most important building in the city. For a good view of
+the building, walk out upon the spacious esplanade which extends across
+the eastern front. Even here it is hard to appreciate that the Capitol is
+over 751 feet long, 350 feet wide, and covers more than 3-1/2 acres of
+ground. The eastern front shows the building to have three divisions, a
+central building and a northern and a southern wing. Each division has a
+splendid portico with stately Corinthian columns and a broad flight of
+steps leading to the portico from the eastern esplanade.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL]
+
+Every four years a new president of the United States is elected, and
+March 4 is the day on which he takes office. On this day a great stand is
+put up over the steps leading to the central portico of the Capitol, and
+upon this platform a most imposing ceremony takes place. Here the new
+president, in the presence of all the members of Congress, the
+representatives of foreign nations, many distinguished guests, and an
+immense throng of people, takes upon himself the obligations of his high
+office. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court holds a Bible before the
+president, who places his hand upon it and repeats these words: "I do
+solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of
+the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect
+and defend the Constitution of the United States." After the president
+has delivered his inaugural address, a splendid procession escorts him to
+his new home, the Executive Mansion.
+
+[Illustration: WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON WAS INAUGURATED]
+
+Above the central division of the Capitol building, which for many years
+served as the entire Capitol, rises the imposing dome from which we have
+just come. It is crowned with a lantern upon the top of which is placed
+the statue of Freedom.
+
+Across the western front of the Capitol is a marble terrace overlooking
+the lower part of the city. Though the western front is ornamented with
+colonnades of Corinthian columns, it lacks the splendid approaches of the
+eastern side.
+
+This immense building, representing the dignity and greatness of our
+nation, is given over almost entirely to the work of lawmaking. In the
+central part is the large rotunda beneath the lofty dome. The northern
+wing is occupied by the Senate of the United States, while the southern
+wing is the home of the House of Representatives. We enter the rotunda by
+the broad stairs leading from the eastern esplanade and find ourselves in
+a great circular hall, almost a hundred feet in diameter, whose walls
+curve upward one hundred and eighty feet. At the top a beautiful canopy
+shows the Father of his Country in the company of figures representing
+the thirteen original states. About these are other figures, personifying
+commerce, freedom, mechanics, agriculture, dominion over the sea, and the
+arts and sciences. Encircling the upper part of the walls, but many feet
+below the canopy, is a frieze of scenes from the history of the United
+States.
+
+Around the lower part of the walls are eight great paintings. Four of
+them are the work of one of Washington's officers, Colonel John Trumbull
+of Connecticut, and are of great interest because the figures are actual
+portraits of the people represented. These paintings show the signing of
+the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga,
+the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the resignation of General
+Washington at the close of the Revolution.
+
+[Illustration: STATUARY HALL, IN THE CAPITOL]
+
+From the rotunda, broad corridors lead north to the Senate Chamber and
+south to the House of Representatives. Following the corridor to the
+south, we come to a large semicircular room. When the central division of
+the building was all there was to the Capitol, this room was occupied by
+the House of Representatives, and here were heard the speeches of Adams,
+Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and many other famous statesmen. It is now set
+apart as a national statuary hall, where each state may place two statues
+of her chosen sons. As many of the states have been glad to honor their
+great men in this way, a splendid array of national heroes is gathered in
+the hall. Among the Revolutionary heroes we find Washington, Ethan Allen,
+and Nathaniel Green. A statue of Fulton, sent by New York, shows him
+seated, looking at a model of his steamship. Of all these marble figures,
+perhaps none attracts more attention than that of Frances Elizabeth
+Willard, the great apostle of temperance, and to the state of Illinois
+belongs the distinction of having placed the only statue of a woman in
+this great collection.
+
+Leaving Statuary Hall, we go south to the Hall of Representatives. Here
+representatives from all the states gather to frame laws for the entire
+nation. Seated in the gallery it seems almost as if we were in a huge
+schoolroom, for the representatives occupy seats which are arranged in
+semicircles, facing a white marble desk upon a high platform reached by
+marble steps. This is the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Speaker's
+duty is to preserve order and to see that the business of this branch of
+Congress is carried on as it should be. Before delivering a speech, a
+representative must have the Speaker's permission. The Speaker is a most
+important person, for all business is transacted under his direction. The
+representatives come from every state in the Union, and even far-off
+Hawaii, Alaska, and the Philippines are allowed to send delegates to this
+assembly to represent them in making laws. Think what a serious matter it
+would have been to the people of the far West to have the capital of
+their nation in the extreme Eastern section of the country if the
+development of the railroads, the telegraph, and the telephone had not
+made travel and communication so easy that great distances are no longer
+obstacles.
+
+[Illustration: THE OPENING OF CONGRESS]
+
+But we can pay only a brief visit to the House of Representatives, for
+there is another body of lawmakers in the northern end of the Capitol
+which we wish to see. Back to the rotunda we go and then walk along a
+corridor leading to the northern, or Senate, end of the Capitol. Each
+day, for a number of months in the year, an interesting ceremony takes
+place in this corridor promptly at noon. Nine dignified men, clad in long
+black silk robes, march in solemn procession across the corridor and
+enter a stately chamber which, though smaller, resembles Statuary Hall in
+shape. These men make up the Supreme Court of the United States, the
+highest court of justice in the land.
+
+Often in cases at law a person does not feel that the decision of one
+court has been just. He may then have his case examined and passed upon
+by a higher court. This is called "appealing," and some cases, for good
+cause, may be appealed from one court to another until they reach the
+Supreme Court. Beyond the Supreme Court there is no appeal. What this
+court decides must be accepted as final. The room in which the Supreme
+Court meets was once used as the Senate Chamber, and many of the great
+debates heard in the Senate before our Civil War were held in this room.
+
+The Senate Chamber of to-day is further down the north corridor. This
+room is not unlike the Hall of Representatives in plan and arrangement,
+though it is somewhat smaller. Instead of having a chairman of their own
+choosing, as is the case in the House, the Senate is presided over by the
+vice president of the United States. This high official, seated upon a
+raised platform, directs the proceedings of the Senate just as the
+Speaker directs those of the House of Representatives. There seems to be
+an air of greater solemnity and dignity in this small group of lawmakers
+than in the House of Representatives. It is smaller because each state is
+entitled to send but two senators to the Senate, whereas the number of
+representatives is governed by the number of inhabitants in the state.
+The populous state of New York has thirty-seven representatives and but
+two senators, the same number as the little state of Rhode Island whose
+population entitles it to only two representatives.
+
+The purpose of having two lawmaking bodies is to provide a safeguard
+against hasty and unwise legislation. In the House of Representatives the
+most populous states have the greatest influence, while in the Senate all
+states are equally represented, and each state has two votes regardless
+of its size and population. Since every proposed law must be agreed to in
+both the Senate and the House before it is taken to the president for his
+approval, each body acts as a check on the other in lawmaking.
+
+[Illustration: INAUGURAL PARADE ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE]
+
+Just to the east of the Capitol grounds stands the magnificent Library of
+Congress. This wonderful storehouse of books is a marvelous palace. It
+covers almost an entire city block, and its towering gilded dome is
+visible from almost every part of the city. Once inside, we could easily
+believe ourselves in fairyland, so beautiful are the halls and the
+staircases of carved marble, so wonderful the paintings and the
+decorations. Every available space upon the walls and ceilings is adorned
+with pictures, with the names of the great men of the world, and with
+beautiful quotations from the poets and scholars who seem to live again
+in this magnificent building which is dedicated to the things they loved.
+
+[Illustration: BOTANICAL GARDENS]
+
+In the center of the building, just beneath the gilded dome, is a rotunda
+slightly wider than the rotunda of the Capitol, though not so high. Here
+are desks for the use of those who wish to consult any volume of the
+immense collection of books.
+
+The books are kept in great structures called stacks, 9 stories high and
+containing bookshelves which would stretch nearly 44 miles if placed in
+one line. Any one of the great collection of 1,300,000 volumes can be
+sent by machinery from the stacks to the reading room or to the Capitol.
+When a member of Congress wants a book which is in the Library, he need
+not leave the Capitol, for there is a tunnel connecting the two buildings
+through which runs a little car to carry books.
+
+The Librarian of Congress has charge of the enforcement of the copyright
+law. By means of this law an author may secure the exclusive right to
+publish a book, paper, or picture for twenty-eight years. One of the
+requirements of the copyright law is that the author must place in the
+Library of Congress two copies of whatever he has copyrighted. Hence, on
+the shelves of this great library may be found almost every book or paper
+published in the United States.
+
+Leaving the Library we once more find ourselves upon the great esplanade
+east of the Capitol. In the majestic white-marble buildings to the north
+and south,--known as the Senate and House office buildings,--committees
+of each House of Congress meet to discuss proposed laws.
+
+Having seen the lawmakers at work in the Capitol, let us visit the
+officials whose duty it is to enforce the laws made by Congress.
+
+Chief among these is the president of the United States. His house is
+officially known as the Executive Mansion, but nearly everybody speaks of
+it as the White House. The first public building erected in Washington
+was the White House. It is said that Washington himself chose the site.
+He lived to see it built but not occupied, for the capital was not moved
+to the District of Columbia until 1800, a year after Washington's death.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE FROM THE NORTH]
+
+This simple, stately building is a fitting home for the head of a great
+republic. In the main building are the living apartments of the president
+and his family, and the great rooms used for state receptions; the
+largest and handsomest of these is the famous East Room. Other rooms used
+on public occasions are known, from the color of the furnishings and
+hangings, as the Blue Room, the Green Room, and the Red Room. There is
+also the great State Dining Room, where the president entertains at
+dinner the important government officials and foreign representatives.
+
+In the Annex, adjoining the White House on the west, are the offices of
+the president and those who assist him in his work. In this part of the
+building is the cabinet room, where the president meets the heads of the
+various departments to consult with them concerning questions of national
+importance.
+
+Across the street from the president's office is the immense granite
+building occupied by the three departments of State, War, and Navy. The
+secretaries in charge of these departments have their offices here,
+together with a small army of clerks.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES TREASURY]
+
+On the opposite side of the White House from the State, War, and Navy
+Building is the National Treasury. The Treasury Building is one of the
+finest in the city. To see the splendid colonnade on the east is alone
+worth a journey to Washington. From this building all the money affairs
+of the United States government are directed.
+
+In the Treasury Building and in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing one
+may see the entire process of manufacturing and issuing paper money. In
+the Treasury we see new bills exchanged for old, worn-out bills, which
+are ground to pieces to destroy forever their value as money.
+
+[Illustration: BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, "UNCLE SAM'S MONEY
+FACTORY"]
+
+But to understand the story of a dollar bill or a bill of any other value
+we must visit the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. This building, which
+is some distance from the Treasury Building, reminds us of a large
+printing office, and that is just what it is. Here we are shown from room
+to room where many men and women are at work, some engraving the plates
+from which bills are to be printed and others printing the bills. The
+paper used is manufactured by a secret process for United States money,
+and every sheet is most carefully counted at every stage of the printing.
+Altogether the sheets are counted fifty-two times. Many clerks are
+employed to keep a careful account of these sheets, and it is almost
+impossible for a single bill or a single piece of paper to be lost or
+stolen. After the money is printed it is put into bundles, sealed, and
+sent in a closely guarded steel wagon to the Treasury Building, where it
+is stored in great vaults until it is issued.
+
+[Illustration: A CIRCLE AND ITS RADIATING AVENUES]
+
+At the Treasury we find the officials sending out these crisp new bills
+in payment of the debts of the United States or in exchange for bills
+which are so tattered and torn that they are no longer useful. This
+exchanging of new money for old is a large part of the business of the
+Treasury and calls for the greatest care in counting and keeping records,
+in order that no mistakes may be made.
+
+After the old bills are counted they are cut in half and the halves
+counted separately, to make sure that the first count was correct. When
+the exact amount of money has been determined, new bills are sent out to
+the owners of the old bills, and the old bills are destroyed.
+
+When we have seen enough of the counting of old money, our guide takes us
+down into the cellar of this great building, where we walk along a narrow
+passageway with millions of dollars in gold and silver on either hand.
+All is carefully secured by massive doors and locks, and none but trusted
+officials may enter the vaults themselves. These gold and silver coins
+are made in the United States mints in Philadelphia, Denver, New Orleans,
+and San Francisco.
+
+You see the paper bill is not real money but a sort of receipt
+representing gold and silver money which you can get at any time from the
+Treasury. As we peep through the barred doors of the vaults and see great
+piles of canvas sacks, it is interesting to know that some of the silver
+and gold coins they hold are ours, waiting here while we carry in our
+pockets the paper bills which represent them.
+
+In addition to issuing money, the Treasury Department has charge of
+collecting all the taxes and duties which furnish the money for the
+payment of the expenses of the government.
+
+Washington is a government city. Of its population of over 330,000, about
+36,000 are directly engaged in the various departments of the government,
+while most of the other lines of business thrive by supplying the needs
+of the government's employees and their families. Very little
+manufacturing is done in the District of Columbia, and such articles as
+are manufactured are chiefly for local use.
+
+People from almost every country in the world may be seen on the streets,
+for almost all civilized nations have ministers or ambassadors at
+Washington to represent them in official dealings with the United States.
+These foreign representatives occupy fine homes, and during the winter
+season many brilliant receptions are given by them as well as by our own
+high officials.
+
+[Illustration: CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL]
+
+The people of Washington have built fine churches and many handsome
+schools, to which all, from the president to the humblest citizen, send
+their children. In or near the city are the five universities of George
+Washington, Georgetown, Howard University for colored people, the
+Catholic University, and the American University, where graduates from
+other colleges take advanced work.
+
+[Illustration: ANNEX AND GARDEN OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION]
+
+The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote nor do they make
+their own laws, as it was feared there might be a disagreement between
+Congress and the city government if people voted on local matters. All
+laws for the District of Columbia are made by the Congress of the United
+States and are carried out by three commissioners appointed by the
+president with the consent of the Senate. Many inhabitants of the
+District are citizens of the states and go to their homes at election
+time to cast their votes. Isn't it strange that there is a place in the
+United States where the citizens cannot vote?
+
+[Illustration: UNION STATION]
+
+You are, no doubt, beginning to think that the places of interest in
+Washington must be very numerous. This is true, for few cities in the
+world have so many interesting public buildings. Among these are the
+Corcoran Art Gallery; the Continental Memorial Hall, the majestic marble
+building of the Daughters of the American Revolution; and the palatial
+home of the Pan-American Union, a place where representatives of all the
+American republics may meet. Then there is the Patent Office, for
+recording and filing old patents and granting new ones; the Pension
+Office, from which our war veterans receive a certain sum each year; the
+Government Printing Office, whose reports require over a million dollars'
+worth of paper each year; Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln was
+shot; the naval-gun factory, for making the fourteen-inch long-range guns
+used on our battleships; and the Union Railroad Station, whose east wing
+is reserved for the use of the president.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON MONUMENT FROM CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL]
+
+There is one almost sacred spot, upon which the nation has erected a
+splendid memorial to our greatest hero, George Washington. The Washington
+Monument is a simple obelisk of white marble, that towers 555 feet above
+the beautiful park in the midst of which it stands. Those openings near
+the top which seem so small are 504 feet above us and are actually large
+windows. On entering the door at the base of the monument, we pass
+through the wall, which is 15 feet thick, and find an elevator ready to
+carry us to the top. If we prefer to walk, there is an interior stairway
+of 900 steps leading to the top landing. At the end of our upward journey
+we find ourselves in a large room with two great windows on each of the
+four sides. From here we get another view of the hill-surrounded city,
+and the scene which lies before us is inspiring.
+
+The Washington Monument is near the western end of the Mall, that series
+of parks extending from the Capitol to the Potomac River. Near by are the
+buildings of the Department of Agriculture, which has been of the
+greatest help to the farmers of our land by sending out important
+information concerning almost everything connected with farm life.
+Through the Bureau of Chemistry this department did much to bring about
+the passage of the Pure Food Law, which protects the people by forbidding
+the sale of food and drugs that are not pure.
+
+In the spacious park adjoining the grounds of the Department of
+Agriculture is a building which looks like an ancient castle. This is the
+Smithsonian Institution, which carries on scientific work under
+government control.
+
+The National Museum, which is under the control of the Smithsonian
+Institution, has a fine building of its own. This museum is a perfect
+treasure house of interesting exhibits of all kinds. Here may be seen
+relics of Washington, of General Grant, and of other famous Americans;
+and here are exhibits showing the history of the telegraph, the
+telephone, the sewing machine, the automobile, and the flying machine.
+Stuffed animals of all kinds are arranged to look just as if they were
+alive. So numerous are the exhibits that it would require a large book
+simply to mention them. Many of the boys and girls of Washington spend
+their Saturday afternoons examining the wonderful things which have been
+brought to this museum from all parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS]
+
+Washington has also a zoölogical park where there are animals from
+everywhere. It is on the banks of a beautiful stream on the outskirts of
+the city and is part of a great public park which covers many acres of
+picturesque wooded country.
+
+We must not omit the Post Office Department, for that is the part of the
+federal government which comes nearest to our homes. Here are the offices
+of the postmaster general and his many assistants. To tell of the wonders
+of our postal system would be a long story in itself. If all the people
+employed by the Post Office Department lived in Washington, they would
+fill all of the houses and leave no room for anyone else. Of course this
+great army of employees are not all in any one city, for the work of the
+post office extends to every part of the United States, and, through
+arrangement with other nations, to every part of the civilized world.
+
+In the country surrounding the city of Washington are several important
+and interesting places. Just across the river, in the state of Virginia,
+are Fort Myer, an army post, and the famous Arlington National Cemetery.
+Arlington was the home of Martha Custis, who became the bride of George
+Washington. At the opening of the Civil War it was the home of the famous
+Confederate general, Robert E. Lee. Then it passed into the hands of the
+United States government and is now the burial place of over sixteen
+thousand soldiers who gave their lives for their country.
+
+On the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, sixteen miles south of the
+city of Washington, is Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George
+Washington. The spacious old mansion in the midst of fine trees and
+shady lawns looks out over the wide peaceful river which Washington
+loved. To this home Washington came to live shortly after his marriage.
+He spent his time in farming on this estate until he was called to take
+command of the American army. After our independence was won he returned
+to his home and his farm. Once more he was called upon to leave this
+quiet country life to become the first president of the new nation. When
+he had served his country two terms he gladly retired to Mount Vernon,
+where he lived until his death in 1799.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S TOMB]
+
+To-day the house and grounds are preserved with loving care. The rooms of
+the house are furnished with fine old mahogany furniture, many pieces of
+which belonged to Washington. In the grounds, not far from the stately
+mansion, is the simple brick tomb where rest the bodies of Washington and
+his wife. During the years which have passed since his death, thousands
+of his countrymen have come to this tomb to do honor to his memory.
+
+As we sail up the Potomac toward the city after our visit to the home of
+the great man whose name it bears, the Washington Monument, the White
+House, the State, War, and Navy Building, the Capitol, the Library, and
+the post office tower above the surrounding buildings and, shining in the
+golden light of sunset, make a picture never to be forgotten.
+
+This city of parks, of broad avenues, of beautiful buildings, belongs to
+the Americans who live in the far-distant states as well as to those who
+live and work in the capital itself. It is our capital and we may justly
+be proud of it, for it is one of the most beautiful cities in all the
+world.
+
+
+                             =WASHINGTON=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  The capital of the nation.
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (331,069).
+
+  Sixteenth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Center of the federal government of the United States.
+
+  Governed entirely by Congress under provision of the Constitution.
+
+  Chief offices of every department of the federal government located
+  here.
+
+  Splendid streets, avenues, parks, and monuments.
+
+  Many magnificent public buildings.
+
+  Very few manufacturing industries.
+
+  A city of homes of government employees.
+
+  One of the most interesting and beautiful cities in the world.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Give some reasons why every citizen of the United States should be
+      interested in Washington.
+
+   2. What interesting buildings are located here, and for what are they
+      used?
+
+   3. What were some of the reasons for selecting the location of the
+      capital city?
+
+   4. After whom was the city named?
+
+   5. In what year did Washington become the capital city, and what
+      disaster visited it a few years later?
+
+   6. Describe the plan of the city, and name one of its famous streets.
+
+   7. Name three interesting groups of buildings: one on Capitol Hill,
+      one on Pennsylvania Avenue, and one in the Mall.
+
+   8. What are some of the natural beauties of the city?
+
+   9. Give some idea of the size and beauty of the Capitol and of the
+      imposing ceremony which takes place there every four years.
+
+  10. Describe briefly the House of Representatives when in session and
+      the duties of its members.
+
+  11. Where does the Supreme Court of the country sit, and why is it
+      called the Supreme Court?
+
+  12. How does the Senate differ from the House of Representatives? What
+      are the duties of senators? How many come from each state?
+
+  13. Why do we have two lawmaking bodies?
+
+  14. Name some of the attractions of the Library of Congress. Tell how
+      its books are stacked and how they are sent to the Capitol, and
+      give some facts about the copyright law.
+
+  15. Tell what you know of the White House.
+
+  16. What two fine buildings are on either side of the White House, and
+      for what is each used?
+
+  17. Describe the making of paper money.
+
+  18. What are the duties of the Treasury Department, and what may be
+      seen in the Treasury vaults?
+
+  19. Tell something about the people of Washington, their chief
+      occupation, and why so many foreign diplomats have their homes
+      here.
+
+  20. How are the city of Washington and the District of Columbia
+      governed?
+
+  21. Name some places of interest in Washington not already mentioned.
+
+  22. Describe the splendid monument by which our greatest hero is
+      honored.
+
+  23. Tell why you would like to visit the Smithsonian Institution, the
+      National Museum, and the Zoölogical Park.
+
+  24. Why are Fort Myer, Arlington, and Mount Vernon very interesting to
+      all citizens of the United States?
+
+  25. To whom does the beautiful city of Washington really belong, and
+      why should we be proud of it?
+
+
+
+
+                           REFERENCE TABLES
+
+
+          LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO POPULATION
+
+                                          RANK
+
+                        London               1
+                        New York             2
+                        Paris                3
+                        Chicago              4
+                        Berlin               5
+                        Tokio                6
+                        Vienna               7
+                        Petrograd            8
+                        Philadelphia         9
+                        Moscow              10
+                        Buenos Ayres        11
+                        Constantinople      12
+
+
+      INCREASE IN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES--NATIONAL CENSUS
+
+  =============+===================================++====================
+               |             POPULATION            ||        RANK
+       CITY    |-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------
+               |    1910   |    1900   |    1890   || 1910 | 1900 | 1890
+  -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------
+  New York     | 4,766,883 | 3,437,202 | 1,515,301 ||   1  |   1  |   1
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Chicago      | 2,185,283 | 1,698,575 | 1,099,850 ||   2  |   2  |   2
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Philadelphia | 1,549,008 | 1,293,697 | 1,046,964 ||   3  |   3  |   3
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  St. Louis    |   687,029 |   575,238 |   451,770 ||   4  |   4  |   5
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Boston       |   670,585 |   560,892 |   448,477 ||   5  |   5  |   6
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Cleveland    |   560,663 |   381,768 |   261,353 ||   6  |   7  |  10
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Baltimore    |   558,485 |   508,957 |   434,439 ||   7  |   6  |   7
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Pittsburgh   |   533,905 |   321,616 |   238,617 ||   8  |  11  |  13
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Detroit      |   465,766 |   285,704 |   205,876 ||   9  |  13  |  15
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Buffalo      |   423,715 |   352,387 |   255,664 ||  10  |   8  |  11
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  San Francisco|   416,912 |   342,782 |   298,997 ||  11  |   9  |   8
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Milwaukee    |   373,857 |   285,315 |   204,468 ||  12  |  14  |  16
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Cincinnati   |   363,591 |   325,902 |   296,908 ||  13  |  10  |   9
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Newark       |   347,469 |   246,070 |   181,830 ||  14  |  16  |  17
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  New Orleans  |   339,075 |   287,104 |   242,039 ||  15  |  12  |  12
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Washington   |   331,069 |   278,718 |   230,392 ||  16  |  15  |  14
+  =============+===========+===========+===========++======+======+======
+
+
+            THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES
+
+           ==========================+=======================
+                                     |
+                    CITY             |
+                                     | LEADING COUNTRIES OF
+                                     | BIRTH OF FOREIGN-BORN
+                                     | POPULATION--1910
+                                     +-----------+-----------
+                                     |    First  |   Second
+           --------------------------+-----------+-----------
+           Baltimore                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           Boston                    | Ireland   |  Canada
+           Buffalo                   | Germany   |  Canada
+           Chicago                   | Germany   |  Austria
+           Cincinnati                | Germany   |  Hungary
+           Cleveland                 | Austria   |  Germany
+           Detroit                   | Germany   |  Canada
+           Jersey City               | Germany   |  Ireland
+           Los Angeles               | Germany   |  Canada
+           Milwaukee                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           Minneapolis               | Sweden    |  Norway
+           New Orleans               | Italy     |  Germany
+           New York                  | Russia    |  Italy
+           Newark                    | Germany   |  Russia
+           Philadelphia              | Russia    |  Ireland
+           Pittsburgh                | Germany   |  Russia
+           St. Louis                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           San Francisco             | Germany   |  Ireland
+           Washington                | Ireland   |  Germany
+           ==========================+===========+===========
+
+
+         SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM NEW YORK CITY
+
+                  San Francisco            3182 miles
+                  New Orleans              1344 miles
+                  St. Louis                1059 miles
+                  Chicago                   908 miles
+                  Detroit                   690 miles
+                  Cleveland                 576 miles
+                  Pittsburgh                441 miles
+                  Buffalo                   439 miles
+                  Boston                    235 miles
+                  Washington, D.C.          226 miles
+                  Baltimore                 186 miles
+                  Philadelphia               92 miles
+
+
+            SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM CHICAGO
+
+                  San Francisco           2274 miles
+                  Boston                  1021 miles
+                  New Orleans              923 miles
+                  New York                 908 miles
+                  Philadelphia             818 miles
+                  Baltimore                797 miles
+                  Washington, D.C.         787 miles
+                  Buffalo                  523 miles
+                  Pittsburgh               468 miles
+                  Cleveland                339 miles
+                  St. Louis                286 miles
+                  Detroit                  272 miles
+
+
+                       TO WHOM WE SELL THE MOST
+                          THE AMOUNT FOR 1914
+
+                  Great Britain         $594,271,863
+                  Germany               $344,794,276
+                  Canada                $344,716,981
+                  France                $159,818,924
+                  Netherlands           $112,215,673
+                  Italy                  $74,235,012
+                  Cuba                   $68,884,428
+                  Belgium                $61,219,894
+                  Japan                  $51,205,520
+                  Argentina              $45,179,089
+                  Mexico                 $38,748,793
+
+
+                       FROM WHOM WE BUY THE MOST
+                          THE AMOUNT FOR 1914
+
+                  Great Britain         $293,661,304
+                  Germany               $189,919,136
+                  Canada                $160,689,709
+                  France                $141,446,252
+                  Cuba                  $131,303,794
+                  Japan                 $107,355,897
+                  Brazil                $101,303,794
+                  Mexico                 $92,690,566
+                  British India          $73,630,880
+                  Italy                  $56,407,671
+
+[Illustration: SOME OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES]
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX
+
+
+  Abbey, Edwin A., 128
+
+  Adams, John, 84, 87
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 124
+
+  Alameda, 240
+
+  Allegheny, 182, 184
+
+  Allegheny River, 171, 172, 182
+
+
+  Baldwin, Matthias W., 71
+
+  Baldwin Locomotive Works, 71
+
+  Baltimore, 155-170
+    railroad center, 155
+    harbor, 155
+    industries, 155, 156
+    exports, 155
+    fire of 1904, 156
+    public markets, 160
+    settlement of, 167
+
+  Baltimore, Lord, 168
+
+  Barge canal, 212
+
+  Belleville, 98
+
+  Berkeley, 240
+
+  Bienville, Governor, 245
+
+  Blackstone, William, 105
+
+  Boston, 105-136
+    capital of Massachusetts, 105
+    settlement of, 105
+    divisions of, 107
+    harbor, 108
+    trade center, 119
+    foreign commerce, 121
+    industries, 121
+
+  Boston Tea Party, 84, 122
+
+  Braddock, 173
+
+  Bradford, William, 73
+
+  Brockton, 119
+
+  Brooklyn, 11, 24, 28, 30
+
+  Brooks, Phillips, 127
+
+  Bruceton, 178
+
+  Buffalo, 207-226
+    settlement of, 207, 208
+    named, 209
+    Erie Canal, 210
+    lake port, 211
+    importance of location, 212
+    trade with Canada, 212
+    manufacturing center, 213
+    Niagara power, 213, 216, 224-225
+    iron industry, 214
+    flour mills, 216
+    important live-stock market, 217
+    important lumber market, 217
+    harbor, 221
+
+  Buffalo River, 207, 221
+
+  Bulfinch, Charles, 111
+
+
+  Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 191
+
+  Calumet River, 56
+
+  Cambridge, 116, 117, 131, 133
+
+  Carnegie, Andrew, 184
+
+  Carnegie Steel Company, 175
+
+  Centennial Exhibition, 75
+
+  Charles River, 116
+
+  Chicago, 41-66, 180
+    fire of 1871, 41
+    settlement of, 43
+    harbor, 45, 56, 57
+    becomes a city, 46
+    important railroad center, 54
+    greatest lake port, 54
+    grain market, 55
+    steel industry, 56
+    largest lumber market, 57
+    exports, 57
+    center of packing industry, 61
+    Pullman, 62
+
+  Chicago drainage and ship canal, 54
+
+  Chicago River, 41, 43, 45, 53, 54, 57
+
+  Civil War, 247
+
+  Cleaveland, General Moses, 137
+
+  Cleveland, 137-154, 180
+    settlement of, 137
+    harbor, 141
+    becomes a city, 142
+    industries, 142, 143, 148
+    importance of location, 148
+    manufacturing center, 148
+    largest ore market in the world, 148
+    center of shipbuilding, 148
+    important lake port, 153
+
+  Cleveland, Grover, 224
+
+  Clinton, De Witt, 209
+
+  Coal, 56, 70, 100, 142, 172, 175, 213, 214, 215, 257
+
+  Coal mines, 175
+
+  Commerce, foreign, 35, 57, 121, 231, 259
+
+  Cotton, 257, 258, 261
+
+  Croton River, 18
+
+  Custis, Martha, 294
+
+  Cuyahoga River, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145
+
+
+  Declaration of Independence, 8, 85
+
+  Delaware River, 67, 68, 69
+
+  de Portolá, Don Gaspar, 227
+
+  Des Plaines River, 53
+
+  Detroit, 139, 189-206
+    leading port on Canadian shore, 189, 199
+    founded, 191
+    early history, 191
+    growth, 192
+    trade center, 194
+    harbor, 195
+    shipbuilding industry, 195
+    becomes industrial city, 196
+    center of automobile trade, 196
+    industries, 197
+    immense wholesale trade, 198
+    railroad center, 200
+
+  Detroit River, 191, 200, 205
+
+  District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289
+
+  Doan, Nathaniel, 139
+
+  Dutch West India Company, 5
+
+
+  East River, 27, 36
+
+  East St. Louis, 98
+
+  Erie Canal, 9, 193, 209, 210, 212
+
+  Exports, value of, 301
+
+
+  Fall River, 121
+
+  Farragut, David, 248
+
+  Fillmore, Millard, 224
+
+  Fish industry, 121, 239
+
+  Fitch, John, 72
+
+  Fort Dearborn, 44
+
+  Fort McHenry, 169
+
+  Fort Myer, 294
+
+  Fort Pitt, 171
+
+  Foreign-born population, 300
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 73, 84
+
+  French and Indian War, 171, 191, 245
+
+  Fulton, Robert, 72
+
+
+  Girard, Stephen, 79
+
+  Gold, 227
+
+  Golden Gate, 231, 241
+
+  Grain industry, 55, 102
+
+  Granite City, 98
+
+  Gunpowder River, 163
+
+
+  Hale, Edward Everett, 130
+
+  _Half Moon_, 3
+
+  Hancock, John, 124
+
+  Homestead, 173
+
+  Hudson, Henry, 4
+
+  Hudson River, 4, 30, 35, 36, 207, 209, 210
+
+  Hull, General William, 192
+
+
+  Illinois and Michigan Canal, 47
+
+  Illinois River, 47, 53, 93
+
+  Imports, value of, 302
+
+  Increase in population of our great cities, 299
+
+  Iron industry, 171, 172, 214, 233
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 246
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 89
+
+
+  Key, Francis Scott, 169
+
+  Kingsbury, James, 138
+
+  Kinzie, John, 43
+
+
+  Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, 215
+
+  Largest cities in the world, 299
+
+  Lawrence, 121
+
+  Lee, Robert E., 294
+
+  Lewis and Clark expedition, 90
+
+  Louisiana Purchase, 89, 245
+
+  Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 96
+
+  Lowell, 121
+
+  Lumber, 57, 100, 217, 257
+
+  Lynn, 119
+
+
+  Madison, 98
+
+  Manhattan, 4, 11
+
+  McCall Ferry dam, 163
+
+  McKeesport, 173
+
+  McKinley, William, 224
+
+  Mexican War, 227
+
+  Mints, 81, 82, 237
+
+  Minuit, Peter, 5
+
+  Mississippi River, 47, 89, 91, 96, 97, 171, 245, 248, 249
+
+  Missouri River, 90, 93
+
+  Mohawk River, 207, 209
+
+  Monongahela River, 171, 172, 182
+
+  Morris, Robert, 75
+
+  Mt. Vernon, 267, 294
+
+
+  Natural gas, 151, 181, 185, 213
+
+  New Amsterdam, 6, 14
+
+  New Bedford, 121
+
+  New Orleans, 171, 245-264
+    early history, 245
+    in the War of 1812, 246
+    in the Civil War, 247
+    building the city, 249
+    the French quarter, 251, 252
+    the American quarter, 251, 255
+    important lumber market, 257
+    important cotton market, 258, 261
+    Gulf port, 261
+    second export port in America, 261
+    exports, 261
+    important sugar market, 257, 261
+    Mardi Gras, 263
+
+  New York, 3-40
+    settlement of, 4
+    surrendered to English, 7
+    named, 8
+    capital city, 9
+    harbor, 9, 36
+    becomes Greater New York, 11
+    boroughs, 11
+    nation's chief market place, 32
+    imports, 32
+    exports, 32
+    nation's greatest workshop, 32
+    industries, 32
+
+  Niagara Falls, 213, 224
+
+  Niagara River, 190, 191, 209, 212, 219, 224
+
+
+  Oakland, 240
+
+  Ohio Canal, 140
+
+  Ohio River, 93, 137, 139, 140, 171, 172
+
+  Ore, 56, 142, 214
+
+
+  Packing industry, 59, 61, 101, 217, 233
+
+  Panama Canal, 233, 242
+
+  Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 242
+
+  Pan-American Exposition, 224
+
+  Patapsco River, 168
+
+  Penn, William, 67, 74, 75, 76
+
+  Perry, Oliver Hazard, 192
+
+  Petroleum, 180, 213, 257
+
+  Philadelphia, 67-88, 167
+    settlement of, 67
+    manufacturing city, 69
+    commercial center, 70
+    industries, 70
+    United States mint, 81
+    Continental Congress, 84, 85
+    Declaration of Independence signed at, 85
+    capital of the nation, 87
+
+  Pitt, William, 171
+
+  Pittsburgh, 148, 171-188
+    workshop of the world, 171
+    named, 171
+    trade center, 172
+    manufacturing city, 172
+    center of steel industry, 173
+    industries, 173
+    Pittsburgh district, 173
+    mines, 175, 177
+    petroleum, 180
+    natural gas, 181
+
+  Pontiac's conspiracy, 192
+
+  Population of our great cities, 299
+
+  Potomac River, 267, 272, 292
+
+  Pullman, 62
+
+  Puritans, 105
+
+
+  Quakers, 67
+
+
+  Railroads, 9, 49, 58, 70, 93, 110, 142, 150, 200, 211, 213, 238
+    Pennsylvania, 30, 150
+    New York Central, 32, 110, 150
+    Michigan Southern, 49
+    Michigan Central, 49, 200
+    Missouri Pacific, 93
+    Boston & Albany, 110
+    Boston & Maine, 110
+    New York, New Haven & Hartford, 110
+    Nickel Plate, 150
+    Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 150
+    Erie Railroad, 150
+    Baltimore & Ohio, 150
+    Wheeling & Lake Erie, 150
+    Southern Pacific, 238
+    Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, 239
+    Union Pacific, 239
+    Western Pacific, 239
+
+  Revere, Paul, 124
+
+  Revolution, War of the, 8, 75, 111, 112, 119, 122, 192, 207, 266
+
+  Richmond, 240
+
+  Rogers, Major Robert, 191, 193
+
+  Roosevelt, Theodore, 224
+
+  Ross, Betsy, 86
+
+
+  Sacramento River, 230
+
+  St. Gaudens, 113, 127
+
+  St. Lawrence River, 190
+
+  St. Louis, 89-104
+    frontier village, 89
+    trade center, 93
+    railroad center, 94
+    favorable location, 98
+    industries, 100
+    distributing center, 102
+    fur, grain, and live-stock market, 102, 103
+
+  San Francisco, 227-244
+    early history, 227
+    growth of, 227, 228
+    "child of the mines," 228
+    San Francisco Bay, 230
+    trade center, 231
+    exports, 231
+    imports, 231
+    industries, 233
+    United States mint, 237
+    leading salmon port, 239
+
+  San Joaquin River, 230
+
+  Sargent, John S., 128
+
+  Sault Ste. Marie, 190
+
+  Saur, Christopher, 73
+
+  Schuylkill River, 68, 75
+
+  Scioto River, 140
+
+  Shaw, Colonel, 113
+
+  Shortest railway routes from Chicago, 301
+
+  Shortest railway routes from New York, 300
+
+  Silver, 228
+
+  Standard Oil Company, 143
+
+  Steel, 56, 71, 173, 180
+
+  Straits of Mackinac, 190
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 6
+
+  Sugar, 32, 257, 261
+
+  Susquehanna River, 163
+
+
+  Thevis, Father, 255
+
+  Tonawanda, 219
+
+  Touro, Judah, 257
+
+  Trumbull, John, 275
+
+
+  Union Stockyards, 59
+
+  University City, 96
+
+
+  Venice, 98
+
+
+  War of 1812, 44, 192, 209, 246, 268
+
+  Washington, 202, 265-298
+    the capital city, 265
+    location, 265
+    story of, 266
+    District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289
+    plan of the city, 268
+    capitol, 272
+    House of Representatives, 277, 289
+    Supreme Court, 279
+    Senate, 279, 289
+    Library of Congress, 280
+    White House, 282
+    National Treasury, 284, 286
+    Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 285
+    Washington Monument, 291
+    Post Office Department, 294
+    Arlington National Cemetery, 294
+
+  Washington, George, 8, 84, 87, 119, 171, 267, 282, 294
+
+  Westinghouse, George, 185
+
+  Westinghouse Electric Company, 185
+
+  Winne, Cornelius, 207, 208
+
+  Winthrop, John, 105
+
+  Woodward, Augustus B., 202
+
+  World's Columbian Exposition, 63
+
+
+  York, Duke of, 7
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and
+formatting have been maintained.
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked
+as a misprint.
+
+Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected.
+
+Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_) and text in
+bold with equal signs (=text=).
+
+Captions have been added to the maps on page 69 and 268 as listed in the
+"List of Maps" at the beginning of the book.
+
+The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.
+
+  frontpage: BOOKS I AND II -> BOOKS I AND II,
+  p. 160: here small craft -> crafts
+  p. 225: Important center for. -> Important center for
+  p. 227: Pacific coast, and Don Gasper -> Gaspar
+  p. 239: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe -> Fé
+  p. 248: forces land and take -> takes
+  p. 306: de Portolá, Don Gasper -> Gaspar
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by 
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES ***
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+
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+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.caption  {font-weight: bold;
+           text-align: center;
+           text-indent: 0em;
+           margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+/* Images */
+.figcenter   {
+    margin-left: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figleft {
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
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+    clear: right;
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+    margin-bottom:
+    1em;
+    margin-top: 1em;
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+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+  /* Poetry */
+
+  .poem-container {text-align: center;}
+
+  .poem {display: inline-block;
+         text-align: left;
+        }
+
+  .stanza span,
+  .stanza div,
+  .stanza p {
+    display: block;
+    line-height: 1.2em;
+    margin-left: 2em;
+    text-indent: -2em;
+    margin-top: 0;
+    }
+
+  .poem br {display: none;}
+
+  .poem .stanza {padding: 0.5em 0;}
+
+  .poem span.i0 {
+      display: block;
+      margin-left: 0em;
+      padding-left: 3em;
+      text-indent: -3em;
+  }
+
+/* Transcriber's notes */
+.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA;
+    color: black;
+     font-size:smaller;
+     padding:0.5em;
+     margin-bottom:5em;
+     font-family:sans-serif, serif; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by 
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Cities of the United States
+       Historical, Descriptive, Commercial, Industrial
+
+Author: Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth
+        Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+Release Date: February 9, 2014 [EBook #44854]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jens Nordmann and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_frontispiece.jpg" width="390" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BUILDING A SKYSCRAPER</p>
+</div>
+
+<h1>GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES</h1>
+
+<p class="title"><span style="font-size: 150%;">HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, COMMERCIAL<br />
+INDUSTRIAL</span><br /><br />
+<span style="font-size: 110%;">BY</span><br /><br />
+<span style="font-size: 125%;">GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH</span><br />
+AUTHOR OF &ldquo;BUILDERS OF OUR COUNTRY,&rdquo; BOOKS I AND II,<br />
+&ldquo;THE STORY OF THE EMPIRE STATE,&rdquo; AND<br />
+&ldquo;A FIRST BOOK IN AMERICAN HISTORY&rdquo;<br /><br />
+<span style="font-size: 110%;">AND</span><br /><br />
+<span style="font-size: 125%;">STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER</span><br />
+ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON, D.C.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/title.jpg" width="100" height="75"
+        alt="ornament"
+        title="ornamen" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="title"><span style="font-size: 150%;"><br /><br />IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, <span class="smcap">Inc.</span></span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 110%;">SYRACUSE, NEW YORK</span><br /><br /><br /><br />
+COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY<br />
+<span style="font-size: 125%;">GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH AND STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER</span><br />
+<span style="font-size: 110%;">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br />
+316.3</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>Just as the history of a country is largely the history
+of its great men, so the geography of a country is largely
+the story of its great cities.</p>
+
+<p>How much more easily history is grasped and remembered
+when grouped around attractive biographies. With
+great cities as the centers of geography-study, what is
+generally considered a dry, matter-of-fact subject can be
+made to attract, to inspire, and to fix the things which
+should be remembered.</p>
+
+<p>This book, &ldquo;Great Cities of the United States,&rdquo; includes
+the ten largest cities of this country, together with
+San Francisco, New Orleans, and Washington. <i>In it the
+important facts of our country's geography have been grouped
+around these thirteen cities.</i> The story of Chicago includes
+the story of farming in the Middle West, of the great ore
+industry on and around the Great Lakes, and of the varied
+means of transportation. Cotton, sugar, and location are
+shown to account largely for the greatness of New Orleans.
+In a similar way, the stories of the other cities
+sum up the important geography of our country.</p>
+
+<p>Enough of the history of each city is given to show its
+growth and development. The distinctive points of interest
+are described so that one feels acquainted with the
+things which attract the sight-seer. The commercial and
+industrial features are made to stand out as the logical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>
+sequence of fortunate location for manufacturing, for
+securing raw materials, for markets, and for convenient
+means of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>In order to make uniformly fair comparisons, local
+statistics have been ignored and all data have been taken
+from the latest government reports.</p>
+
+<p>The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation
+to the historical societies, to the chambers of commerce,
+to those in the various cities who have furnished material
+and reviewed the manuscript, and to all others who have
+rendered assistance.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that by the use of this book our country,
+in all its greatness, will mean more and will appeal more
+to the boys and girls of America than ever before.</p>
+
+<p>To the publishers of Allen's &ldquo;Geographical and Industrial
+Studies: United States&rdquo; we are indebted for the use
+of the map appearing at the end of the text.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right; padding-right: 10%">THE AUTHORS</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table summary="TOC" cellpadding="4" width="50%">
+  <tr>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="page">PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#NEW_YORK">NEW YORK</a></td>
+    <td class="page">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#CHICAGO">CHICAGO</a></td>
+    <td class="page">41</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#PHILADELPHIA">PHILADELPHIA</a></td>
+    <td class="page">67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#ST_LOUIS">ST. LOUIS</a></td>
+    <td class="page">89</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#BOSTON">BOSTON</a></td>
+    <td class="page">105</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#CLEVELAND">CLEVELAND</a></td>
+    <td class="page">137</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#BALTIMORE">BALTIMORE</a></td>
+    <td class="page">155</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#PITTSBURGH">PITTSBURGH</a></td>
+    <td class="page">171</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#DETROIT">DETROIT</a></td>
+    <td class="page">189</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#BUFFALO">BUFFALO</a></td>
+    <td class="page">207</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#SAN_FRANCISCO">SAN FRANCISCO</a></td>
+    <td class="page">227</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#NEW_ORLEANS">NEW ORLEANS</a></td>
+    <td class="page">246</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#WASHINGTON">WASHINGTON</a></td>
+    <td class="page">265</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#TABLES">REFERENCE TABLES</a></td>
+    <td class="page">299</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td>
+    <td class="page">305</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF MAPS</h2>
+
+<table summary="MAPS" cellpadding="4">
+  <tr>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="page">PAGE</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The Boroughs of New York&mdash;Entrances to her Harbor</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_10">10</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Manhattan Island and the City Parks</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_20">20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">New York's Subway and Bridge Connections</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_29">29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Where Chicago was Founded</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_44">44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Chicago's Canals</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_48">48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Chicago To-day</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_60">60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Location of Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_69">69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Philadelphia To-day</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_80">80</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Louisiana Purchase</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_90">90</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">St. Louis and her Illinois Suburbs</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Map of Boston and its Vicinity</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_106">106</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Boston</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_118">118</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Boston's Land and Water Connections</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_120">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Cleveland and her Neighbors</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Cleveland</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_144">144</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_164">164</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Location of Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_168">168</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The Pittsburgh District</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_173">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_179">179</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The Great Lakes</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_190">190</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Detroit</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_201">201</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">New York's Canals</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_209">209</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The Site of Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_212">212</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_218">218</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The Site of San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_232">232</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_234">234</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Where New Orleans Stands</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_246">246</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_250">250</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The District of Columbia</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_268">268</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">The City of Washington</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_270">270</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Some of the Great Railroads of the United States</td>
+    <td class="page"><a href="#img_303">303</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_002.jpg" width="427" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_003_1.jpg" width="500" height="198"
+        alt="New York"
+        title="New York" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="title"><span style="font-size: 150%;">GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="NEW_YORK" id="NEW_YORK">NEW YORK</a></h2>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_003_2.jpg" width="350" height="286"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">INDIANS VISITING THE <i>HALF MOON</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Drop anchor!&rdquo; rang out the command as the little
+Dutch vessel furled her sails. On every side were the
+shining waters of
+a widespread bay,
+while just ahead
+stretched the forest-covered
+shores of
+an island.</p>
+
+<p>All on board were
+filled with excitement,
+wondering
+what lay beyond.
+&ldquo;Have we at last
+really found a waterway
+across this new
+land of America?&rdquo; they asked. There was only one way
+to know&mdash;to go and see. So on once more, past the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+island, glided the <i>Half Moon</i>. From time to time, as she
+sailed along, the redskin savages visited her and traded
+many valuable furs for mere trifles.</p>
+
+<p>But at last the <i>Half Moon</i> could go no further. This
+was not a waterway to India, only a river leading into the
+depths of a wild and rugged country. Sick with disappointment,
+her captain, Henry Hudson, turned about, journeyed
+the length of the river which was later to bear his name,
+once more passed the island at the mouth of the river, and
+sailed away. All this in 1609.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_004.jpg" width="600" height="406"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">&ldquo;MY BROTHERS, WE HAVE COME TO TRADE WITH YOU&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_005.jpg" width="350" height="448"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PETER STUYVESANT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Manhattan was the Indian name for the island at the
+mouth of the Hudson River. Tempted by Henry Hudson's
+furs, the thrifty Dutchmen sent ship after ship to trade
+with the American Indians. And as the years went by,
+these Dutchmen built a trading post on Manhattan, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+a little Dutch village grew up about the post. Soon the
+Dutch West India Company was formed to send out
+colonists to Manhattan and the land along the Hudson.
+A governor too was sent. His name was Peter Minuit.</p>
+
+<p>Now Peter Minuit was honest, and when he found that
+the Dutch were living on Indian land to which they had
+helped themselves,
+he was not content.
+So he called
+together the tribes
+which lived on Manhattan
+and, while
+the painted warriors
+squatted on the
+ground, spoke to
+them in words like
+these: &ldquo;My brothers,
+we have come
+to trade with you.
+And that we may
+be near to buy your
+furs when you have
+gathered them, we
+wish to live among
+you, on your land.
+It is your land, and as we do not mean to steal it from
+you, I have asked you to meet me here that I may
+buy from you this island which you call Manhattan.&rdquo;
+Then, in payment for the island, Peter Minuit offered
+the Indians ribbons, knives, rings, and colored beads&mdash;things
+dearly loved by the savages. The bargain was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+soon closed, and for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets
+the Dutch became the owners of Manhattan Island.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_006.jpg" width="600" height="480"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK IN OLDEN TIMES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Dutch settlement on Manhattan was called New
+Amsterdam. New Amsterdam was a pretty town, with its
+quaint Dutch houses built gable end toward the street and
+its gardens bright with flowers. Dutch windmills with
+their long sweeping arms rose here and there, and near
+the water stood the fort.</p>
+
+<p>But though New Amsterdam grew and prospered in
+the years after Peter Minuit bought Manhattan, life there
+did not run as smoothly as it might. In time Peter
+Stuyvesant came to be governor, and a stern, tyrannical
+ruler he was. He always saw things from the Dutch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+West India Company's point of view, not from the colonists'.
+Disagreement followed disagreement till the people
+were nearly at the end of their patience.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_007.jpg" width="350" height="449"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH OF OFFICE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, one day in 1664, an English fleet sailed into the
+bay. A letter was brought ashore for Governor Stuyvesant.
+England too, so it
+seemed, laid claim
+to this land along
+the Hudson River,
+and now asked the
+Dutch governor to
+give up his colony
+to the Duke
+of York, a brother
+of England's king.
+This done, the Dutch
+colonists could keep
+their property, and
+all their rights and
+privileges. In fact,
+even greater privileges
+would then
+be given them.</p>
+
+<p>In a towering
+rage Governor Stuyvesant tore the letter into bits and
+stamped upon them and called upon his colonists to rise
+and help him repulse the English. But the colonists
+would not rise. They felt that there was nothing to
+gain by so doing. The English promised much, far more
+than they had had under the rule of tyrannical Peter
+Stuyvesant and the Dutch West India Company.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What could the governor do? Surely he alone could
+not defeat the English fleet. So at last, sorrowfully and
+reluctantly, he signed a surrender, and the Dutch Colony
+was given over to the English.</p>
+
+<p>Once in possession, the English renamed New Amsterdam,
+calling it New York. Now followed a hundred years
+of ever-increasing river, coast, and foreign trade, of growing
+industries, of prosperity. And then&mdash;the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>When the Declaration
+of Independence
+was signed
+on July 4, 1776,
+George Washington
+and his army were
+in New York, guarding
+the city from
+the English. But before
+the close of the
+year he was forced
+to retreat, and the
+English took possession.
+By the close
+of the Revolution, in 1783, the English had robbed the
+city of much of its wealth and had ruined its business.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_008.jpg" width="350" height="308"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE FIRST TRAIN IN NEW YORK STATE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the war the thirteen states who had won their
+freedom from England joined together, drew up a constitution
+for their common government, and chose their first
+president. Then came the thirtieth of April, 1789. The
+streets were crowded, and a great throng packed the
+space before New York's Federal Hall. This was Inauguration
+Day, and on the balcony stood General Washington<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+taking the oath of office. It was a solemn moment. The
+ceremony over, a mighty shout arose&mdash;&ldquo;Long live George
+Washington, president of the United States.&rdquo; Cheers
+filled the air, bells pealed, and cannons roared. The new
+government had begun, and, for a time, New York was
+the capital city.</p>
+
+<p>Already New York was recovering from the effects of
+the war. Her trade with European ports had begun again,
+and it was no uncommon sight to see over one hundred
+vessels loading or unloading in her harbor at one time.</p>
+
+<p>New York harbor is one of the largest and best in the
+world. Add to this the city's central location on the
+Atlantic seaboard, and it is no wonder that a vast coasting
+trade grew up with Eastern and Southern ports.</p>
+
+<p>Without doubt, however, the greatest business event
+in the history of New York City was the opening of the
+Erie Canal in 1825. The canal joined the Great Lakes
+with the Hudson River, making a water route from the
+rich Northwest to the Atlantic, with New York as the
+natural terminus. So with nearly all of the trade of
+the lake region at her command, New York soon became
+a great commercial center, outstripping both Boston and
+Philadelphia, which up to this time had ranked ahead
+of New York.</p>
+
+<p>A few years later the building of railroads began.
+The first railway from New York was begun in 1831,
+and it was not long before the city was the terminus of
+several lines and the chief railroad center of the Atlantic
+coast. As the railroads did more and more of the carrying,
+and the Erie Canal lost its former importance,
+New York did not suffer from the change, but still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a><br /><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+controlled much of the trade between the Northwest and
+European nations. Besides, as time went on, she built up
+an immense traffic with all parts of the continent, being
+easily reached by rail from the north, east, south, and west.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_010.jpg" width="426" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_10" id="img_10"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK&mdash;ENTRANCES TO HER HARBOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first half of the nineteenth century saw the arrival
+of many thousand immigrants from Europe. These, with
+the thousands of people who came from other parts of
+America, attracted by the city's growing industries, made
+more and more room necessary. First, about 13,000 acres
+across the Harlem River were added to the city. Then,
+in 1895, the city limits were extended to the borders
+of Yonkers and Mt. Vernon. And finally, in 1898,
+New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, and some other
+near-by towns were united under one government, forming
+together Greater New York, the largest American city
+and the second largest city in the world.</p>
+
+<p>New York to-day covers about 360 square miles, its greatest
+length from north to south being 32 miles, its greatest
+width about 16. The city is divided into five boroughs:
+Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond.
+The Borough of Manhattan, on the long narrow
+island of that name, lies between the Hudson and the
+East River. North and east of Manhattan, on the mainland,
+lies the Borough of The Bronx. Just across the
+narrow East River, on Long Island, are the boroughs of
+Queens and Brooklyn; while Staten Island is known
+as the Borough of Richmond.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_012.jpg" width="525" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_013.jpg" width="350" height="474"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">HOW A SKYSCRAPER IS MADE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As more and more people came to the city the business
+area on Manhattan proved too small, and with water
+to the east, to the west, and to the south, there was
+no possibility of spreading out in these directions. Yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+business kept increasing, and the cry for added room
+became more and more urgent. Finally, the building
+of the ten-story Tower Building in 1889 solved the
+difficulty. It showed that, though hemmed in on all sides,
+there was still one direction in which the business section
+could grow&mdash;upwards. And upwards it has grown.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
+To-day lower Manhattan fairly bristles with huge steel-framed
+skyscrapers which furnish miles and miles of
+office space, twenty, thirty, forty, in one case even fifty-five,
+stories above the street level. The supplying of office
+and factory space is not the only use that has been made
+of these steel buildings.
+Great apartment
+houses from
+twelve to fifteen
+stories high provide
+homes for thousands.
+Mammoth
+hotels covering entire
+city blocks
+furnish temporary
+homes for the multitudes
+which visit
+the city each year.
+Fifteen of the largest
+of these can
+house more than
+15,000 guests at one
+time&mdash;a good-sized
+city in itself. Thus
+has Manhattan become
+one of the most densely populated areas on the
+globe. In the boroughs of Queens and Richmond, on the
+other hand, large tracts of land are given over to farms
+and market gardens.</p>
+
+<p>Manhattan is at once the smallest and the most important
+borough in the city. Here are the homes of more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+than 2,000,000 people, the business section of Greater
+New York, and the chief shipping districts.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_014.jpg" width="350" height="479"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A MAMMOTH HOTEL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When building the narrow irregular streets of their
+little town on lower Manhattan, the inhabitants of New
+Amsterdam little dreamed that they would one day be
+the scene of the
+enormous traffic of
+modern New York.
+Those old, narrow,
+winding streets to-day
+swarm with hurrying
+throngs from
+morning till night
+and are among the
+busiest and noisiest
+in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The newer part
+of the city from
+Fourteenth Street
+north to the Harlem
+River has been laid
+out in wide parallel
+avenues running
+north and south.
+These are crossed
+by numbered streets running east and west from river
+to river. Fifth Avenue runs lengthwise through the
+middle of the borough, dividing it into the East and
+West sides. On the East Side you will find the crowded
+homes of the poorer classes, where many of the working
+people of Manhattan live. On the West Side are many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+manufacturing plants, lumber yards, and warehouses. On
+the upper stretch of Fifth Avenue, and on the streets leading
+off, are the homes of many of New York's wealthiest
+residents. Opposite Central Park are some of the most
+costly and beautiful mansions in the city.</p>
+
+<p>In this regular arrangement of streets, Broadway alone
+is the exception to the rule. Beginning at the southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+end of the island, it runs straight north for more than
+two miles, then turns west and winds its way throughout
+the whole length of the city. About its lower end, and
+on some of the neighboring streets, center the banking
+and financial interests. Here are many of the city's
+richest banks and trust companies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_015.jpg" width="538" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FIFTH AVENUE FROM THIRTY-FOURTH STREET</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_016.jpg" width="600" height="457"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BROADWAY CROSSING SIXTH AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Wall Street, running east from Broadway about one
+third of a mile from the southern end of Manhattan, was
+named from the wall which the Dutch, in 1683, built
+across the island at this point, because they heard that
+the English were planning to attack them from the north.
+Though only half a mile in length, Wall Street probably
+surpasses all others in the extent of its business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_017.jpg" width="300" height="405"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WALL STREET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>North of the banking center is the great wholesale region,
+where merchants from all parts of the country buy
+their stock in large quantities, to sell again to the retail
+merchants. Beyond the wholesale region are the large
+retail stores&mdash;New York's great shopping district. In
+these retail stores
+the merchants who
+have bought from
+the wholesalers sell
+direct to the people
+who are to use
+the goods. In this
+middle section of
+the island are also
+most of the better-class
+hotels, restaurants,
+clubs, and
+theaters, which have
+been gradually making
+their way further
+and further
+uptown, crowding
+the best resident
+section still further
+north.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_018.jpg" width="250" height="435"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The customhouse, where the government collects duties
+on goods brought into the port of New York from other
+lands, was built at the extreme southern end of the island,
+where Fort Amsterdam used to stand. The United States
+Sub-Treasury, in Wall Street, stands on the site of Federal
+Hall, where Washington was inaugurated. Here are stored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+large quantities of gold, silver, and paper money belonging
+to the government. In and about City Hall Park
+are the post office, the courthouse, and the Hall of Records.
+The new public library, on Fifth Avenue between
+Fortieth and Forty-second
+streets, is the
+largest library building
+in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The city's parks are
+many. Central Park,
+in the center of Manhattan,
+ranks among
+the world's finest pleasure
+grounds. It is two
+miles and a half long
+and one-half mile wide,
+and has large stretches
+of woodland, beautiful
+lawns, gleaming lakes,
+and sparkling fountains.
+Here, too, are the
+Metropolitan Museum
+of Art and Cleopatra's
+Needle&mdash;an obelisk
+thousands of years old,
+presented to the city
+by a ruler of Egypt. And here are reservoirs which hold
+the water brought by aqueducts from the Croton River,
+about forty miles north of the city. This river was for
+many years the sole source of Manhattan's water supply.
+In 1905, however, the city began work on an immense<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a><br /><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a><br /><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+aqueduct which is to bring all the drinking-water for all five
+boroughs from reservoirs in the Catskill Mountain region.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_019_1.jpg" width="600" height="470"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_019_2.jpg" width="600" height="290"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_020.jpg" width="425" height="599"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_20" id="img_20"></a>
+<p class="caption">MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE CITY PARKS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_021.jpg" width="300" height="439"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE TOMB OF GENERAL GRANT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tomb of General Grant is at the northern end of
+Riverside Park, which is on a high ridge along the Hudson
+River above Seventy-second Street. Riverside Drive,
+skirting this park, is one
+of the most beautiful
+boulevards in the city.</p>
+
+<p>Then there are Prospect
+Park in Brooklyn,
+and Pelham Bay and
+Van Cortlandt parks in
+The Bronx. The city
+zoo and the Botanical
+Gardens are in Bronx
+Park. And in addition
+to all these there are
+more than two hundred
+smaller open spaces and
+squares scattered over
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>Columbia University,
+New York University,
+Fordham, the College of the City of New York, and Barnard College are
+among the most noted of New York's many educational
+institutions.</p>
+
+<p>About five million people live in this wonderful city,
+and to supply them all with food is a tremendous business
+in itself. During the night special trains bring milk,
+butter, and eggs; refrigerator cars come laden with beef;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+and from the market gardens of Long Island fruits and
+vegetables are gathered and taken to the city during the
+cool of the night that they may be sold, fresh and inviting,
+in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Great numbers of New York's inhabitants are from
+foreign lands. Several thousand Chinese manage to exist
+in the few blocks which make up New York's Chinatown.
+A large Italian population lives huddled together in Little
+Italy, as well as in other sections of the city. Thousands
+upon thousands of Jews are crowded into the Hebrew section
+on the lower east side of Manhattan. There is also
+a German and a French colony, as well as distinct Negro,
+Greek, Russian, Armenian, and Arab quarters. Most of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a><br /><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+these are in lower Manhattan, and in consequence lower
+Manhattan is by no means deserted when the vast army
+of shoppers, workers, and business men have gone home
+for the night.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_022.jpg" width="600" height="463"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHERE THE SEALS LIVE IN BRONX PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_023_1.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ELEPHANT HOUSE IN BRONX PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_023_2.jpg" width="600" height="426"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">VISITING THE BIRDS IN BRONX PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The necessity of carrying these shoppers, workers, and
+business men to and from their homes in the residence
+sections of the city and in the suburbs gradually led to
+the development of New York's wonderful rapid-transit
+system. Within the borders of Manhattan itself, horse cars
+soon proved unequal to handling the crowds that each day
+traveled north and south. So the first elevated railway
+was built. Then six years later, a second line was constructed.
+Others soon followed, not only in Manhattan
+but also in Brooklyn and The Bronx. Raised high above<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+the busy streets by means of iron trestles, and making
+but few stops, these elevated trains could carry passengers
+much faster than the surface cars, and for a time the
+problem seemed to be solved.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_024.jpg" width="600" height="443"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE OLD AND THE NEW</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_025.jpg" width="600" height="462"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The traveling public was rapidly increasing, however,
+and before the close of the nineteenth century both the
+surface cars, now run by electricity, and the elevated
+trains were sorely overcrowded during the morning and
+evening rush hours. More cars were absolutely necessary,
+and as there was little room to run them on or above
+the surface, New York decided to make use of the space
+under the ground, just as it had already turned to account
+that overhead.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_026_1.jpg" width="600" height="385"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK'S FIRST TWO-STORY CAR</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_026_2.jpg" width="600" height="461"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A SUBWAY ENTRANCE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The work was begun in 1901. A small army of men
+was set to blasting and digging tunnels underneath the
+city streets,&mdash;a tremendous task,&mdash;and in 1904 the first
+subway was opened. Electric cars running on these
+underground tracks carry passengers from one end of the
+island to the other with the speed of a railroad train.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_027.jpg" width="600" height="467"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">SUBWAY TUNNELS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_028.jpg" width="600" height="424"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A FERRY BOAT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But what of the means of travel for those living outside
+of Manhattan? Years back, business men living on Long
+Island had to cross the East River on ferry boats. This
+was particularly inconvenient in winter, when fogs or
+floating ice were liable to cause serious delays. Besides,
+as New York grew, such numbers crossed on the ferries
+that they were overcrowded. Relief came for a time when,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was built over the East River
+from Brooklyn to New York. This bridge is over a mile
+long. Across it run a roadway, a walk for foot passengers,
+and tracks for elevated trains as well as for surface cars.
+Two even longer bridges, the Williamsburg Bridge and the
+Manhattan Bridge, have since been built between Manhattan
+and Brooklyn. Then, too, there is the Queensboro
+Bridge, between Manhattan and the Borough of Queens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_029.jpg" width="423" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_29" id="img_29"></a>
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK'S SUBWAY AND BRIDGE CONNECTIONS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though thousands and thousands daily crossed the
+East River over these bridges, men soon foresaw that
+the time was not far distant when ferries and bridges together
+would be unable to take care of the ever-growing
+traffic. Further means of travel had to be provided, and
+the success of the city's underground railway suggested a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a><br /><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+practical idea. As early as 1908, the subway was continued
+and carried under the East River to Brooklyn.
+Several tubes have since been built under the Hudson,
+connecting Manhattan with the New Jersey shore. To-day
+New York is building many miles of new subway
+under various parts of the city as well as under the Harlem
+and East rivers. Carrying passengers under water has
+proved as great a success as carrying them underground.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_030.jpg" width="600" height="430"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BROOKLYN BRIDGE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Over and above all these means of rapid transit, Greater
+New York has at its service ten of America's great railroads.
+The Pennsylvania Railroad has an immense station
+in New York, one of the finest of its kind. Tunnels under
+the Hudson and East rivers carry its trains to New Jersey
+and Long Island.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_031_1.jpg" width="600" height="318"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_031_2.jpg" width="600" height="455"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The new Grand Central Station is the greatest railroad
+terminal in the world. The station is a beautiful building
+of stone and marble, large enough to accommodate thirty
+thousand people at one time. Between railroads and tunnels,
+bridges and ferries, surface cars, elevated trains, and
+subways, New York's rapid transit system is one of the
+best in the world.</p>
+
+<p>With such advantages as a receiving and distributing
+center, it is small wonder that the city has become the
+nation's chief market place. It is without a rival as the center
+of the wholesale dry-goods and wholesale grocery businesses.
+More than half of the imports of the United States
+enter by way of New York's port, and its total foreign commerce
+is five times that of any other city in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Rubber, silk goods, furs, jewelry, coffee, tea, sugar, and
+tin are among the leading imports. Cotton, meats, and
+breadstuffs are the most important exports.</p>
+
+<p>Besides being the principal market place of the United
+States, New York is also its greatest workshop, as it
+makes over one tenth of the manufactures of the country.
+In the manufacture of clothing alone, more than a hundred
+thousand people are employed. There are comparatively
+few large factories for carrying on this work, as
+much of it is done in tenement houses and in small workshops.
+The growth of this industry has been largely due
+to the abundance of cheap unskilled labor furnished by
+the immigrant population of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Second in importance is the refining of sugar and
+molasses, carried on chiefly in Brooklyn along the East
+River, where boats laden with raw sugar from the Southern
+states and the West Indies unload their cargoes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+New York City leads in the refining of sugar as well as
+in its importation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_033.jpg" width="600" height="466"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BATTERY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Added to these, printing and publishing, the refining
+of petroleum, slaughtering and meat packing, the roasting
+and grinding of coffee and spices, the making of
+foundry and machine-shop products, cigars, tobacco, millinery,
+furniture, and jewelry are the leading industries
+of the many thousands which have grown up in the city.
+All this is largely due to the ease with which raw materials
+can be obtained and finished articles marketed.
+Thanks to its commercial advantages, New York leads
+all American cities in the value of its manufactures and
+surpasses them in the variety of its products.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_034_1.jpg" width="650" height="225"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LOWER MANHATTAN</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_034_2.jpg" width="650" height="135"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK CITY DOCKS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_035.jpg" width="300" height="400"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LOADING A FREIGHT STEAMER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the southern end of Manhattan Island is the Battery.
+In the old days the Battery was a fort. Now
+it is used as an aquarium. From the Battery New
+York's docks extend for miles along both sides of lower
+Manhattan and line the Long Island and New Jersey
+shores as well. The
+wharves are piled
+high with bales and
+bags, boxes and
+barrels. Ships from
+the South come
+with cargoes of cotton,
+others bound
+for England take
+this cotton away.
+Tank steamers from
+Cuba bring molasses;
+similar ones
+are filled with petroleum
+destined for
+the ends of the
+earth. Cattle boats
+take on live stock
+brought from the
+West, grain ships
+load at the many elevators built at the water's edge, and
+vessels from all the larger ports of the world put ashore
+goods of every description. Along both shores of the Hudson
+River are the piers of the great trans-Atlantic steamship
+companies, the landing places of the largest and fastest
+passenger vessels in the world. Here also are the docks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+of the many river and coastwise lines which carry passengers
+to and from the cities and towns on the Hudson and
+the Atlantic coast. Half the foreign trade and travel of the
+United States passes over the wharves of lower Manhattan.</p>
+
+<p>The entire harbor includes the Hudson and East rivers
+and the upper and lower New York Bay with the connecting
+strait known as The Narrows. The upper bay, New York's
+real harbor, can be entered from the ocean in three ways&mdash;a
+narrow winding channel around Staten Island, a northeast
+entrance through Long Island Sound and the East River,
+and an entrance through The Narrows from the lower bay.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_036.jpg" width="600" height="458"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A DOCK SCENE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_037_1.jpg" width="600" height="238"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A GREAT OCEAN LINER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the islands in the upper bay is Ellis Island, where
+immigrants are inspected before being allowed to enter our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+country. On another island stands the splendid bronze
+statue of &ldquo;Liberty Enlightening the World,&rdquo; given to the
+United States by the people of France. It is now America's
+greeting to her future citizens as they sail up the harbor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_037_2.jpg" width="600" height="468"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NEW YORK HARBOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_038.jpg" width="245" height="400"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE STATUE OF LIBERTY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>What a different picture the harbor presents to-day from
+the one Hudson saw over three hundred years ago! The
+quiet undisturbed waters of that time are now alive the
+year around with craft of every sort, from the giant ocean
+liner to the graceful
+sailboat. Vessels
+freighted with
+merchandise, tugs
+towing canal boats,
+ferries for Staten Island,
+barges loaded
+with coal, river
+steamers, excursion
+boats, and battleships
+from far and
+near, day and night,
+pass in an endless
+procession where
+the solitary Indian
+used to glide in his
+silent canoe.</p>
+
+<p>When the Dutch
+bought Manhattan
+it was a beautiful
+wooded island inhabited
+by Indians
+who supplied their
+simple wants by hunting and fishing. What a change
+the island has undergone since that time! The Indians
+have disappeared with the forest. In their place live and
+struggle vast armies of human beings gathered together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+from all the corners of the earth. Where squaws used to
+pitch their wigwams, giant skyscrapers tower up toward
+the clouds. The stillness of the forest has been succeeded
+by the noise and bustle of a busy city. The lazy monotonous
+life of the savage has given way to a ceaseless
+activity and hurry.</p>
+
+<p>The twenty-four dollars which bought the whole island&mdash;less
+than three hundred years ago&mdash;would not now buy
+a single square inch in the center of the city. The hunting
+and fishing ground of the red men has become the
+heart of the greatest city of the Western Hemisphere.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>NEW YORK</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), nearly 5,000,000 (4,766,883).</p>
+
+<p>First city in population in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Second city in population in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Divided into five sections, called boroughs.</p>
+
+<p>Carries on more than half the foreign trade of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Leads all American cities in the value of its manufactures.</p>
+
+<p>One of the best harbors in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Connected by great railway systems with all parts of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Connected with the Great Lakes by the Hudson River
+and the Erie Canal.</p>
+
+<p>A city of skyscrapers.</p>
+
+<p>Wonderful system of underground, overhead, and surface
+transportation.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Why did the Dutch settle on Manhattan Island? How
+did the Dutch governor secure the land from the Indians?</p>
+
+<p>2. What great ceremony connected with the establishment
+of the government of the United States took place in New
+York? Why was this ceremony held in New York?</p>
+
+<p>3. What was the most important event in advancing the
+business growth of New York?</p>
+
+<p>4. What effect did the arrival of vast numbers of immigrants
+have upon the city?</p>
+
+<p>5. Why are there such tall buildings in New York?</p>
+
+<p>6. Name some of the principal streets and their chief
+features; name some of the colleges and universities.</p>
+
+<p>7. Give some facts about Central Park, The Bronx, and
+Riverside Drive.</p>
+
+<p>8. Give some idea of the size of New York, its population,
+and the nationalities that comprise it.</p>
+
+<p>9. Give a brief account of the means of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>10. In what respects does New York rank first of all the
+cities of the United States?</p>
+
+<p>11. What are its principal exports and imports?</p>
+
+<p>12. What commercial advantages does New York enjoy?</p>
+
+<p>13. What are the chief manufactured products of New
+York City, and how can it produce so much without many
+great factories?</p>
+
+<p>14. Compare the harbor and city of to-day with that of
+three hundred years ago.</p>
+
+<p>15. From a New York newspaper find out the foreign countries
+and the cities of this country to which vessels make
+regular sailings from New York.</p>
+
+<p>16. Name all the railroads entering the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_041.jpg" width="500" height="198"
+        alt="Chicago"
+        title="Chicago" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHICAGO" id="CHICAGO">CHICAGO</a></h2>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Chicago is wiped out.&rdquo; &ldquo;Chicago cannot rise again.&rdquo;
+So said the newspapers all over the country, in October,
+1871. And well they might think so, for the great fire
+of Chicago&mdash;one of the worst in the world's history&mdash;had
+laid low the city.</p>
+
+<p>The summer had been unusually dry. For months
+almost no rain had fallen. The ground was hot and
+parched, the whole city dry as kindling wood. Then
+about nine o'clock on a windy Sunday night, the fire
+broke out in a poor section of the West Side. It seemed
+as if everything a spark touched, blazed up. While the
+firemen stood by, helpless to check the flames, rows of
+houses and blocks of factories burned down.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time the lumber district was a great bonfire,
+the flames shooting hundreds of feet into the air. On and
+on swept the fire along the river front. Then the horror-stricken
+watchers saw the flames cross to the South Side.
+All had thought that the fire would be checked at the
+river, but the wind carried pieces of burning wood and
+paper to the roofs beyond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The business section was burning! The firemen worked
+desperately, but in vain. Hundreds of Chicago's finest
+buildings&mdash;stores, offices, banks, and hotels&mdash;were swallowed
+up by the flames. The city had become a roaring
+furnace, and the terrified people rushed madly for safety.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_042.jpg" width="600" height="584"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AFTER THE FIRE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Once more the fire crossed the river, this time to the
+North Side, with its beautiful residence districts. Here
+too wind and flame swept all before them till Lincoln
+Park was reached, where at last the fire was checked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+in its northward course; there was nothing more to
+burn. It had raged for two nights and a day, laying
+waste a strip of land almost four miles long and one
+mile wide.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_043.jpg" width="600" height="340"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%; padding-left: 30%;">Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago</span><br />
+HOME OF JOHN KINZIE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tuesday morning saw seventeen thousand buildings destroyed
+and one hundred thousand people homeless. The
+best part of Chicago lay in ruins. What wonder that men
+everywhere thought the stricken city could not rise again!</p>
+
+<p>At the time this terrible disaster happened, Chicago had
+been a city for a little less than thirty-five years.</p>
+
+<p>The mouth of the Chicago River had been a favorite
+meeting place for Indians and French trappers long before
+permanent settlement began. In 1777 a negro from San
+Domingo, who had come to trade with the Indians, built
+a log store on the north bank of the river. This store
+was bought in 1803 by John Kinzie, another trader and
+Chicago's first white settler.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The next year the United States government built
+Fort Dearborn on the south side of the river, not far
+from the lake. Though Fort Dearborn was nothing more
+than a stockade with blockhouses at the corners, a little
+settlement gradually grew up around it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_044.jpg" width="600" height="518"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_44" id="img_44"></a>
+<p class="caption">WHERE CHICAGO WAS FOUNDED</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the War of 1812 the Indians attacked the fort,
+burned it to the ground, and either massacred or captured
+most of the settlers while they were fleeing to Detroit for
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Dearborn was rebuilt after the war, but settlers
+were slow in coming. By 1830 there were scarcely a
+hundred people in Chicago, then a little village of log<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+houses scattered over a swampy plain. Fur trading was
+still the chief occupation.</p>
+
+<p>A change was soon to come. The southern part of
+Illinois was by this time being settled and dotted with
+farms, and each year larger crops were produced. The
+farmers saw that they must get their products to the
+Atlantic coast if they wished to prosper, and the Great
+Lakes were the most convenient route over which to
+send them.</p>
+
+<p>Lake Michigan extended into the heart of the fertile
+prairie lands, but its shores were almost unbroken by
+harbors. Men early saw the possibilities of the mouth
+of the Chicago River. It could be made into an excellent
+harbor with little expense, and if once this were
+done, Chicago would be the natural port of the rich
+Middle West.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833 the government began improvements by cutting
+a channel through the sand bar across the mouth of
+the river and building stone piers into the lake to keep
+out the drifting sand. Vessels were soon entering the
+river instead of anchoring in the lake as formerly. Lake
+trade increased. More and more boats were bringing
+goods from the East to be distributed among the farmers
+of Illinois. The new harbor made intercourse with the
+outer world easy.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of trade, however, was hindered by the
+absence of good roads. Farmers who wished to bring
+anything to the Chicago market had to cross the open
+prairie, which was wet and marshy near the town. Such
+a ride was an unpleasant experience, as often the wagon
+would stick in the deep mud, and the poor driver had no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+choice but to wait until help should happen along. Many
+preferred to take their crops to the cities farther south,
+where better roads had been built.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_046.jpg" width="600" height="413"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AN EARLY CHICAGO DRAWBRIDGE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We too will have roads,&rdquo; said the people of Chicago,
+anxious for more trade, and they set about building them
+with a will. Soon good roads entered the town from
+all directions, and over them the rich products of the
+surrounding country came pouring into Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>Business and wealth increased, and more and more
+settlers arrived. Most of them came by way of the lakes,
+but many came in prairie schooners, as the immigrants'
+great covered wagons were called. By 1837 the population
+had risen to four thousand, and Chicago became a city.</p>
+
+<p>Its growth from this time was marvelous. Its location
+at the head of Lake Michigan, its fine harbor, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+resources of the rich back country, all combined to make
+it the chief commercial center of the Middle West.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_047.jpg" width="600" height="442"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHERE THE STAGECOACH STARTED</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the early days, when Chicago was only a tiny
+village, there had been talk of connecting Lake Michigan
+at Chicago with the Illinois River by canal. As the
+Illinois flows into the Mississippi, this would furnish a
+water route from the East down the entire Mississippi
+valley. In 1836 the canal was actually begun. A few
+years later hard times came, and the work was stopped
+for a while, but it was finished in 1848. This was known
+as the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It extended from
+La Salle, on the Illinois River, to Chicago&mdash;a distance
+of over ninety miles&mdash;and offered cheap transportation
+between Chicago and the fertile farm lands to the south.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_048.jpg" width="600" height="381"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_48" id="img_48"></a>
+<p class="caption">CHICAGO'S CANALS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Though the canal was a success, railroads did even
+more for the city. The year that saw the canal completed
+also saw the first train run from Chicago to Galena, near
+the Mississippi, in the heart of the lead country.</p>
+
+<p>Four years later, in 1852, came railroad connection
+with the East, when the Michigan Southern and Michigan
+Central railroads entered the city. Other lines soon
+followed, and it was not long before Chicago was one
+of the important railroad centers of the country.</p>
+
+<p>But while Chicago was fast becoming rich and big, it
+was not a pleasant place in which to live. The site of the
+city was a low and marshy plain, almost on a level with
+the lake, and the problems of drainage of such a location
+had to be met and solved.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning, to keep the houses dry, they were
+built above the ground and supported by timbers or piles.
+Cellars and basements were unknown, and the city streets
+were a disgrace. In spring they were flooded and swimming
+with mud. Even in summer, pools of stagnant
+water stood in many places. For years wagons sticking
+fast in the mud were common sights.</p>
+
+<p>Cholera, smallpox, and scarlet fever swept the city
+again and again. People, knowing only too well that
+unsanitary conditions brought on these diseases, did their
+best to remedy matters. They saw that Chicago would
+be clean and healthy if only they could find a way to
+carry off her wastes.</p>
+
+<p>First they decided to turn the water into the river by
+sloping all the streets towards it. Then came a severe flood
+which did much damage and showed the folly of digging
+down any part of the city. Chicago was too low already.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So the people hastened to raise their streets again by
+filling them in with sand, and this time they made
+gutters along the side to carry off the water. Heavy
+wagons soon wore away the sand, however, and the
+streets were as muddy as before.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, an engineer advised the people to raise the
+whole city several feet; then brick sewers could be built
+beneath the street to carry the sewage into the river. At
+first many refused to listen to such a proposal. The
+undertaking was so great that it frightened them.</p>
+
+<p>But as things were, business and health were suffering.
+Something had to be done, and at last the city determined
+to raise itself out of the mud, and work was begun.
+Ground was hauled in from the surrounding country,
+streets and lots were filled in, the buildings were gradually
+raised, and sewers were built sloping toward the
+river. It was a gigantic task and cost years of labor, but
+when it was done, Chicago was, for the first time, a dry
+city. It must be remembered that the area of Chicago
+at that time was but a small part of the present city.</p>
+
+<p>Another source of trouble was the drinking-water,
+which was taken from Lake Michigan. The sewage in
+the river flowed into the lake and at times contaminated
+the water far out from the shore, thus poisoning the city's
+supply. It was therefore decided to build new waterworks,
+which would bring into the city pure water from farther
+out in the lake. A tunnel was built, extending two miles
+under Lake Michigan. At its outer end a great screened
+pipe reached up into the lake to let water into the tunnel.
+Over the pipe a crib was built to protect it. On the
+shore, pumping stations with powerful engines raised the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+water to high towers from which all parts of the city
+were supplied.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_051.jpg" width="600" height="462"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1856</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first tunnel was completed in 1867. With the
+growth of the city other tunnels and cribs have been
+built, farther out in the lake, to supply the increasing need.</p>
+
+<p>By 1870 Chicago had become one of the largest cities
+in the country. In 1830 the settlement at the mouth of
+the Chicago River had barely twenty houses. Forty years
+later it had over three hundred thousand inhabitants.
+The wonderful resources of the upper Mississippi valley
+had been largely responsible for the city's growth, and the
+rapid development of the entire West promised Chicago a
+still greater future.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then came the fire, and to the homeless people looking
+across miles of blackened ruins it seemed that Chicago
+had no future at all. Had not the fire undone the work
+of forty years?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_052.jpg" width="600" height="371"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CLARK STREET IN 1857</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first despair gradually gave way to a more hopeful
+feeling. Truly the loss was great&mdash;the best part
+of the city lay in ruins. But was not the wealth of
+the West left, and the harbor and the railroads? These
+had built up Chicago in the beginning, and they would
+do so again.</p>
+
+<p>The rebuilding began at once. At first little wooden
+houses and sheds were constructed to give temporary
+shelter to the homeless. Help came to the stricken city
+from all sides. Thousands of carloads of food were sent,
+and several million dollars were collected in Europe and
+America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Two thirds of the city had been built of wood. Now
+the business blocks, at least, were to be as nearly fireproof
+as possible. Tall buildings of brick and stone were
+planned. But such structures are heavy, and if they
+were built directly on the swampy ground underlying
+the city, there would be danger of their settling unevenly
+and possibly toppling over. So layers of steel
+rails crossing each other were sunk in the ground, and
+the spaces between them were filled in with concrete.
+Upon this solid foundation the first skyscrapers of
+Chicago were built.</p>
+
+<p>To-day concrete caissons are constructed on bed rock, often
+from 100 to 110 feet below the surface, and upon these
+rest the steel bases of the modern Chicago skyscrapers.</p>
+
+<p>Work went on quickly. In a year the business section
+was rebuilt. In three years there was hardly a trace of
+the fire to be seen in the city, which was larger and more
+beautiful than before.</p>
+
+<p>After the rebuilding, the water question came up for
+discussion again. In spite of all that had been done to
+protect the water supply, the increasing sewage of the
+city, carried by the river into the lake, at times still made
+the water unfit to drink. The one way of getting pure
+water was to prevent the river from flowing into the lake.
+This could be done only by building a new canal, large
+and deep enough to change the flow of the river away
+from the lake. Such a canal was finally completed in
+1900, after eight years' work and at a cost of over
+$75,000,000. It is 28 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 165
+feet wide, and it connects the Chicago River with the Des
+Plaines, a branch of the Illinois River. A large volume<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+of water from Lake Michigan continually flushes this immense
+drain, carrying the sewage away. The Chicago
+River no longer flows into the lake, and at last the danger
+of contaminated drinking-water from this source is past.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_054.jpg" width="600" height="351"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BUSY SCENE AT ENTRANCE TO CHICAGO RIVER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One dream of the builders of the canal has not yet
+been realized. They called it the Chicago Drainage and
+Ship Canal, in the hope that it might some day be used
+for shipping purposes as well as for draining the river.
+This cannot happen, however, till the rivers which it
+connects are deepened and otherwise improved.</p>
+
+<p>Such has been the history of the growth of Chicago&mdash;to-day
+the greatest railroad center and lake port in the
+world. It is now the second city in size in America and
+ranks fourth among the cities of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The port of Chicago owes much to the Chicago River,
+which has been repeatedly widened, deepened, and straightened.
+It is to-day one of the world's most important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+rivers, commercially considered. After extending about
+one mile westward from the lake, the river divides into
+two branches, one extending northwest, the other southwest.
+Many docks have been built along its fifteen miles
+of navigable channel, and its banks are lined with factories,
+warehouses, coal yards, and grain elevators.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_055.jpg" width="600" height="339"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%; padding-left: 30%;">Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago</span><br />
+CHICAGO'S FIRST GRAIN ELEVATOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These grain elevators are really huge tanks where the
+grain is stored and kept dry until time to reship it. There
+are many of them along the river, and they bear witness
+to the fact that Chicago is the world's greatest
+grain center.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838 the city received only seventy-eight bushels of
+wheat. This was brought in by wagons rumbling across
+the unbroken prairie. Canal boats and railroads have
+taken the place of the wagons of early days and every
+year bring hundreds of millions of bushels of grain from
+the West to the elevators along the Chicago River.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Though much of the grain remains here but a short
+time and is then shipped to other points, a great quantity
+is made into flour in the city's many flourishing mills.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_056.jpg" width="600" height="438"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A GRAIN ELEVATOR OF TO-DAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of equal importance with the Chicago River harbor is
+the great harbor in South Chicago at the mouth of the
+Calumet River. Here ships from the Lake Superior region
+come with immense cargoes of ore. This ore, together with
+the supply of coal from the near-by Illinois coal fields, has
+developed the enormous steel industry of South Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>Vast quantities of steel are turned out. Some of this is
+shipped to foreign countries, but most of it is used in
+Chicago's many foundries for the making of all kinds of
+iron and steel articles, in the city's immense farm-tool factories,
+and in the shipyards for building large steamships.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Close to the water front, too, are extensive lumber yards,
+for Chicago is the largest lumber market in the United
+States. Here boats can be seen unloading millions of feet
+of timber from the great forests of Michigan and Wisconsin,
+sent to Chicago's lumber yards to be distributed
+far and wide over the country. Large quantities are
+also taken to the factories in the city, to be cut and
+planed and made into doors, window frames, furniture,
+and practically everything that can be made of wood.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to her inner harbors, Chicago has a fine
+outer harbor. This is now being enlarged by the extension
+of its breakwaters, and a $5,000,000 pier is under
+construction which will be more than half a mile in
+length and will greatly increase the shipping facilities.</p>
+
+<p>With all these advantages as a shipping point, thousands
+of vessels come to Chicago every year. Steamers
+connect it with the states along the Great Lakes and with
+Canada and the outer world. Its trade with Europe is
+large, corn and oats being the chief exports. New York
+alone in America surpasses Chicago in the total value
+of its commerce.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_058.jpg" width="350" height="445"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">COURTHOUSE AND CITY HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of Chicago's nearly 2,500,000 inhabitants a large percentage
+are foreign born, Germans, Poles, Irish, and Jews
+having settled here in great numbers. About forty languages
+are spoken, and newspapers are regularly published
+in ten of them.</p>
+
+<p>With its suburbs, Chicago stretches nearly 30 miles
+along the shore of Lake Michigan and reaches irregularly
+inland about 10 miles. The city limits inclose an area
+of over 191 square miles, which the two branches of the
+Chicago River cut into three parts, known as the South,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+West, and North sides. The three divisions of the city
+are connected by bridges and by tunnels under the river.</p>
+
+<p>Though business is spreading to the West Side, the
+central business section is still on the South Side and
+extends from the Chicago River beyond Twenty-sixth
+Street. Most of the
+great wholesale and
+retail houses, banks,
+theaters, hotels, and
+public buildings are
+crowded into this
+area, and here is the
+largest department
+store in the world,
+in which over 9000
+people work. The
+automobile industry
+alone occupies
+nearly all of Michigan
+Avenue for
+two miles south of
+Twelfth Street.</p>
+
+<p>Surrounding this
+crowded business section
+are most of the terminals of Chicago's many railroads.
+These connect the city with New York, Boston, and Philadelphia
+in the East; with New Orleans, Galveston, and
+Atlanta in the South; as well as with San Francisco and
+the other large cities of the West. The courthouse and
+city hall and the new Northwestern Railway Station are
+among the city's finest buildings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Elevated railways and a freight subway have been built
+in recent years and have somewhat relieved the crowded
+condition of the streets. This subway, opened in 1905,
+connects with all the leading business and freight houses,
+and carries coal, ashes, garbage, luggage, and heavy
+materials of every kind to and from them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_059.jpg" width="600" height="478"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Five miles southwest of the city hall are the Union
+Stockyards, the greatest market of any kind in the world,
+covering about five hundred acres. When Chicago was
+only a small village, herds of cattle were driven across the
+prairies to be slaughtered in the little packing houses
+which grew up along the Chicago River. As the raising
+of cattle and hogs increased in the state, most of them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a><br /><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+were sent to the Chicago market, and the stockyards continued
+to develop until to-day they can hold more than
+four hundred thousand animals at once.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_060.jpg" width="412" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_60" id="img_60"></a>
+<p class="caption">CHICAGO TO-DAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the yards are the famous packing houses of Chicago,
+where over two thirds of the cattle, hogs, and sheep
+received in the city are slaughtered and prepared for shipping.
+The use, during the last forty years, of refrigerator
+cars has made possible the sending of dressed meats to far-distant
+points, and a great increase in Chicago's packing
+business has resulted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_061.jpg" width="600" height="421"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHERE CARS ARE MADE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beef, pork, hams, and bacon from Chicago are eaten in
+every town and city of America and in many parts of
+Europe. Other products are lard, soups, beef extracts,
+soap, candles, and glue, for every bit of the slaughtered
+animal is turned into use.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_062_1.jpg" width="600" height="301"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE SKELETON OF A PULLMAN CAR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a district of South Chicago, known as Pullman, are the
+shops of the Pullman Palace Car Company and the homes
+of its army of workmen. Cars of all sorts are manufactured
+by the Pullman company, which owns and operates the
+dining and sleeping cars on most American railroads.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_062_2.jpg" width="600" height="196"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CAR COMPLETED</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_063.jpg" width="350" height="447"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MICHIGAN BOULEVARD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is no one striking residence quarter in Chicago,
+but beautiful homes are found in many parts of the city.
+Among the finest streets are Lake Shore Drive, along the
+lake front on the North Side, and Drexel and Grand
+avenues.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The parks of Chicago are nearly one hundred in number,
+the most important being Lincoln, Washington, Humboldt,
+Garfield, Douglas, and Jackson. These are connected by
+boulevards, or parkways, forming a great park system,
+sixty miles in length, which encircles the central part of
+the city. Lincoln
+Park borders the
+lake on the North
+Side and covers hundreds
+of acres, its
+area having been
+doubled by filling
+in along the shores
+of the lake. Jackson
+Park, on the lake
+shore of the South
+Side, was the site
+of the World's Columbian
+Exposition,
+which celebrated the
+four-hundredth anniversary
+of the discovery
+of America.
+This park is connected
+with Washington Park by what is known as the
+Midway. Grant Park has been recently constructed on
+made land facing the central business portion of the
+city. Here is to be located the Field Museum of Natural
+History.</p>
+
+<p>Bordering the Midway are the fine stone buildings of
+The University of Chicago, opened in 1892. Its growth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+like that of Chicago, has been marvelous. Already it is
+one of the largest universities of the country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_064.jpg" width="600" height="449"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%; padding-left: 50%;">© The University of Chicago</span><br />
+THE LAW SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But with all its parks, its boulevards, its splendid
+water front, and its many other advantages, the people
+of Chicago are not yet satisfied. To-day they are working
+to carry out a splendid plan which will give the city more
+and larger parks and playgrounds, better and wider
+streets, and a really wonderful harbor. All this is being
+done &ldquo;that by properly solving Chicago's problems of
+transportation, street congestion, recreation, and public
+health, the city may grow indefinitely in wealth and commerce
+and hold her position among the great cities of
+the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>CHICAGO</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over 2,000,000 (2,185,283).</p>
+
+<p>Second city in population.</p>
+
+<p>Second only to New York in value of manufactures.</p>
+
+<p>The leading market in the world for grain and meat
+products.</p>
+
+<p>A great iron and steel center.</p>
+
+<p>Chief lumber and furniture market of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Greatest railroad center in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Most important lake port in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Has had a remarkable growth in industries and in
+population.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Tell what you can of Chicago's early history.</p>
+
+<p>2. What great disaster befell Chicago in 1871?</p>
+
+<p>3. Give five causes for the wonderful growth of Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>4. What part has the Chicago River played in the development
+of the city?</p>
+
+<p>5. Describe a grain elevator. Why are they necessary in
+handling grain?</p>
+
+<p>6. Name the advantages which Chicago enjoys on account
+of its location.</p>
+
+<p>7. What are the great wheat-growing states of the United
+States?</p>
+
+<p>8. Give reasons for the development of the following industries
+in Chicago:</p>
+
+<table cellpadding="4" summary="Industries">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Iron and steel industries</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Meat packing</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+<td class="tdl">Lumber trade</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>9. What are the advantages of water transportation over
+rail transportation?</p>
+
+<p>10. In what respects is rail transportation better than
+water transportation?</p>
+
+<p>11. Why was Chicago willing to spend millions of dollars
+to improve her water supply? How was this done?</p>
+
+<p>12. Where are the workers secured to carry on the great
+industries of Chicago?</p>
+
+<p>13. Make a table, by measurement of a map of the
+United States, showing the distance from Chicago to the
+following places:</p>
+
+<table cellpadding="4" summary="Cities_1">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New York City</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Denver</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boston</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Seattle</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Washington, D.C.</td>
+    <td class="tdl">San Francisco</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>14. In what respects does Chicago stand first of American
+cities, and in what two things does she lead the world?</p>
+
+<p>15. Compare Chicago and New York as to exports and
+value of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>16. What is the benefit of parks to a city? What has
+Chicago done to make her parks among the best in this
+country?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_067.jpg" width="500" height="195"
+        alt="Philadelphia"
+        title="Philadelphia" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PHILADELPHIA" id="PHILADELPHIA">PHILADELPHIA</a></h2>
+
+<p>In early days, when there was no United States and
+our big America was a vast wilderness inhabited mostly
+by Indians, people who came here were thought very
+adventuresome and brave.</p>
+
+<p>At that time there lived in England a distinguished
+admiral who was a great friend of the royal family. The
+king owed him about $64,000, and at his death this claim
+was inherited by his son, William Penn. Now William
+Penn was an ardent Quaker, and because of the persecution
+of the Quakers in England he decided to found a
+Quaker colony in another country. King Charles II, who
+seldom had money to pay his debts, was only too glad to
+settle Penn's claim by a grant of land in America. To
+this grant, consisting of 40,000 square miles lying west
+of the Delaware River, the king gave the name Pennsylvania,
+meaning &ldquo;Penn's Woods.&rdquo; The next year, 1682,
+William Penn and his Quaker followers entered the
+Delaware River in the ship <i>Welcome</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Penn believed in honesty and fair play. He was generous
+enough not to limit his colony to one religion or
+nationality. All who were honest and industrious were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+welcome. The laws he made were extremely just, and
+land was sold to immigrants on very easy terms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_068.jpg" width="600" height="433"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Soon after his arrival in America, Penn wisely made
+a treaty with the Indians whose wigwams and hunting
+grounds were on or near the banks of the Delaware River.
+Beneath the graceful branches of a great elm he and the
+Indian chief exchanged wampum belts, signifying peace
+and friendship. In the center of the belt which Penn
+received are two figures, one representing an Indian, the
+other a European, with hands joined in friendship. This
+belt is still preserved in Philadelphia by the Historical
+Society of Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_069_1.jpg" width="600" height="136"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PENN'S WAMPUM BELT</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_069_2.jpg" width="350" height="280"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_69" id="img_69"></a>
+<p class="caption">LOCATION OF PHILADELPHIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1683 Penn laid out in large squares, between the
+Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, the beginning of a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+city. This city he called Philadelphia, a word which
+means &ldquo;brotherly love.&rdquo; At that time the so-called city
+had an area of 2 square miles and a population of
+only 400. To-day Philadelphia has an area of nearly
+130 square miles and a population of more than a million
+and a half. It is America's third city in population, and
+it ranks third among the manufacturing cities of the
+United States.
+Philadelphia is
+on the Delaware
+River, a
+hundred miles
+from the ocean,
+but it has all
+the advantages
+of a seaport,
+for the river is
+deep enough
+to let great
+ocean steamers
+navigate to the city's docks. Philadelphia's easy access
+to the vast stores of iron, coal, and petroleum, for which
+Pennsylvania is famous, its location on two tidewater
+rivers,&mdash;the Delaware and the Schuylkill,&mdash;and its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+important railroads, all have helped to make it a great
+industrial and commercial center. One half of the anthracite
+coal in the United States is mined in Pennsylvania.
+Much of it is shipped to Philadelphia and from there
+by rail and water to many other states and countries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_070.jpg" width="600" height="394"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE OLD STAGE WHICH JOURNEYED FROM PHILADELPHIA TO PITTSBURGH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of the greatest manufacturing plants in the
+United States, in fact in the world, are in Philadelphia.
+In certain branches of the textile, or woven-goods, industry
+Philadelphia is unsurpassed. In the making of
+woolen carpets she leads the world. This industry goes
+back to Revolutionary times, when the first yard of carpet
+woven in the United States came from a Philadelphia
+loom. In 1791 a local manufacturer made a carpet,
+adorned with patriotic emblems, for the United States
+Senate.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Other important industries of the city include the manufacturing
+of woolen and worsted goods, hosiery and knit
+goods, rugs, cotton goods, felt hats, silk goods, cordage,
+and twine and the dyeing and finishing of textiles. The
+largest lace mill in the world is in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_071.jpg" width="350" height="261"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">OLD IRONSIDES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Philadelphia is also noted for the manufacture of iron
+and steel. The largest single manufactory in Philadelphia
+is the Baldwin Locomotive Works, which is the greatest
+of its kind. Pictures
+of the old
+Flying Machine, a
+stagecoach which
+made trips to New
+York in 1776, and
+of Old Ironsides,
+the first locomotive
+built by Matthias
+W. Baldwin in 1832,
+seem very queer
+in comparison with
+the powerful 300-ton locomotives built in Philadelphia
+to-day. Old Ironsides weighed a little over 4 tons and
+lacked power to pull a loaded train on wet and slippery
+rails; hence the following notice which appeared in the
+newspapers: &ldquo;The locomotive engine built by Mr. M. W.
+Baldwin of this city will depart daily when the weather
+is fair with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days
+horses will be attached.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Besides the American railroads using Baldwin locomotives,
+engines built in this plant are in use in many
+foreign lands. There is hardly a part of the world to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+which one can go where a Philadelphia-made locomotive
+is not to be seen.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_072.jpg" width="600" height="383"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE FIRST TRAIN ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Philadelphia holds an important place in the construction
+of high-grade machine tools. She has great rolling
+mills, foundries, and machine shops, and one of the most
+famous bridge-building establishments in the world. Her
+people smile at being called slow; in fourteen weeks a
+Philadelphia concern made from pig iron a steel bridge a
+quarter of a mile long, carried it halfway around the world,
+and set it up over a river in Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Shipbuilding in Philadelphia began with the founding
+of the colony. It was the first American city to build
+ships and was also the home of the steamboat. The first
+boat to be propelled by steam was built by John Fitch in
+Philadelphia in 1786. This was more than twenty years
+before Robert Fulton had his first steamboat on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+Hudson River. Robert Fulton, who was a Pennsylvanian
+by birth, also lived at one time in Philadelphia.
+Shipbuilding, to-day, is one of the city's great industries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_073.jpg" width="600" height="299"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A PRESENT-DAY LOCOMOTIVE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The art of printing has been practiced in Philadelphia
+since the very beginning of its history. William Bradford,
+one of the first colonists, published an almanac for the
+year 1687. This was the first work printed in Philadelphia.
+Benjamin Franklin entered the printing business
+in Philadelphia in 1723, and six years later published the
+<i>Pennsylvania Gazette</i>. This was the second newspaper
+printed in the colony, the first being the <i>American
+Weekly Mercury</i>, the first edition of which was printed
+in Philadelphia in 1719. Both of these papers were very
+small and would appear very odd alongside of the daily
+papers of to-day. The first complete edition of the Bible
+printed in the United States was published by Christopher
+Saur in Germantown, which is now a part of
+Philadelphia, in 1743. Philadelphia ranks first among
+the cities of the United States in the publication of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+scientific books and law books. One of the large publishing
+houses of the city now uses over a million dollars'
+worth of paper each year. It is interesting to know that
+when the Revolutionary War began there were forty
+paper mills in and near Philadelphia. At that time, and for
+many years after, it
+was the great literary
+center of the
+country.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_074.jpg" width="350" height="454"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">IN FAIRMOUNT PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When William
+Penn founded his
+Quaker town in
+the wilderness, he
+made little provision
+for parks, as
+at that time the
+town was so small
+and was so surrounded
+by forests
+that no parks were
+needed. But Philadelphia
+now possesses
+the largest
+park in the United
+States. This is known as Fairmount Park, which covers
+over three thousand acres of land. Splendid paths and
+driveways give access to every section of this park. On
+all sides one sees beautiful landscape gardening, fine old
+trees, and picturesque streams and bridges. Here is a
+great open amphitheater where concerts are given during
+the summer months; here are athletic fields, playgrounds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+race courses, and splendid stretches of water for rowing;
+and here also for many years were located the immense
+waterworks which pumped the city's water supply from
+the Schuylkill River.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_075.jpg" width="350" height="304"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ONCE THE HOME OF WILLIAM PENN</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_076.jpg" width="350" height="493"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LOOKING NORTH ON BROAD STREET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the famous buildings in the park are Memorial
+Hall and Horticultural Hall. They were erected at the
+time of the great Centennial Exhibition, which was held
+in Philadelphia in
+1876 to celebrate the
+hundredth birthday
+of American independence.
+Memorial
+Hall is now used as
+an art gallery and city
+museum. Horticultural
+Hall contains
+a magnificent collection
+of plants and
+botanical specimens,
+brought from many
+different countries.</p>
+
+<p>Another interesting building in Fairmount Park is the
+little brick house which was once the home of William
+Penn. It is said to have been the first brick house erected
+in Philadelphia. It stood on a lot south of Market Street,
+and between Front and Second streets. Some years ago it
+was moved from its original site to Fairmount Park, where
+thousands of people now visit it. Here too, before the
+Revolutionary War, was the home of Robert Morris, the
+great American financier, who, during that war, time and
+again raised money to pay the soldiers of the American army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Many statues of American heroes ornament the driveways
+and walks of Fairmount Park. At the Green Street
+entrance stands one of the finest equestrian statues
+of Washington in
+the country. The
+carved base, which
+is made of granite
+and decorated with
+bronze figures, is
+approached by thirteen
+steps, to represent
+the original
+thirteen states.</p>
+
+<p>The streets of
+Philadelphia, while
+not broad, are well
+paved, and many of
+them are bordered
+by fine old trees. It
+was William Penn
+who named many
+of the streets after
+trees. The names
+of several of the streets in the oldest part of the town
+are recalled in the old refrain:</p>
+
+<div class="poem-container">
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Market, Arch, Race, and Vine,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine.</span><br />
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>Philadelphia is a city of homes. Besides its splendid
+residential suburbs, it has miles of streets lined with neat
+attractive houses where live the city's busy workmen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_077_1.jpg" width="600" height="451"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BALLOON VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT PARK AND THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER, 1000 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_077_2.jpg" width="600" height="370"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PHILADELPHIA'S WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_078.jpg" width="600" height="492"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_079.jpg" width="350" height="431"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY-HALL STATUE OF PENN</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps the city hall is the most striking of the notable
+buildings. It is a massive structure of marble and
+granite and stands at the intersection of Broad and
+Market streets. This immense building covers four and a
+half acres and is built in the form of a hollow square
+around an open court. The most attractive feature of the
+building is the great tower surmounted by an immense
+statue of William Penn. This lofty tower is nearly
+548 feet high and is 90 feet square at its base. It is
+67 feet higher than the great Pyramid of Egypt and
+nearly twice as high as the dome of the Capitol at
+Washington. The Washington Monument exceeds it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
+height by but a few feet. The great statue of Penn is
+as tall as an ordinary three-story house and weighs over
+26 tons. It is cast of bronze and was made of 47 pieces
+so skillfully put together that the closest inspection can
+scarcely discover the seams. Around the head is a circle
+of electric lights throwing their brilliant illumination
+a distance of 30
+miles. To one gazing
+upwards, the
+light seems a halo
+of glory about the
+head of the beloved
+founder of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia has
+many fine schools,
+both public and private.
+The two most
+noted educational
+institutions are the
+University of Pennsylvania
+and Girard
+College. The University
+of Pennsylvania
+was founded
+largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It now
+occupies more than fifty buildings west of the Schuylkill
+River and is widely known as a center of learning.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_080.jpg" width="395" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_80" id="img_80"></a>
+<p class="caption">PHILADELPHIA TO-DAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Girard College was the gift of Stephen Girard, who,
+from a humble cabin boy, became one of Philadelphia's
+richest benefactors. The college is a charitable institution
+devoted to the education of orphan boys, who are admitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a><br /><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
+to it between the ages of six and ten. Girard left almost
+his entire fortune of over $7,000,000 for the establishment
+of this great educational home for poor boys. Two millions
+of this sum were for the erection of the buildings alone.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_081.jpg" width="600" height="419"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES MINT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Other prominent educational institutions are the Penn
+Charter School, chartered by William Penn; the Academy
+of Fine Arts; The Drexel Institute for the promotion of
+art, science, and industry; the School of Industrial Art;
+the School of Design for Women; and several medical
+colleges which are among the most noted in the country.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_082.jpg" width="350" height="475"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">OLD CHRIST CHURCH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the United States became an independent nation
+it was necessary to have a coinage system of its own. In
+1792 a mint was established in Philadelphia to coin
+money for the United States government. All of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
+money is not now made in Philadelphia. The paper currency
+is made in Washington, and there are mints for
+the coinage of gold, silver, and copper in San Francisco,
+Denver, and New Orleans as well as in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>A visit to the
+Philadelphia mint
+is most interesting.
+Visitors are conducted
+through the
+many rooms of this
+great money factory
+and are shown the
+successive processes
+through which the
+gold, silver, nickel,
+and copper must pass
+before it becomes
+money.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_083.jpg" width="350" height="404"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">INDEPENDENCE HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We first see the
+metal in the form
+of bars or bricks.
+In another room we
+find men at work
+melting the gold
+and mixing with it copper and other metals to strengthen
+it. Coins of pure gold would wear away very rapidly, and
+so these other metals are added. The prepared metal is
+cast into long strips, about the width and thickness of the
+desired coins. In still another room these strips are fed into
+a machine which punches out round pieces of the size and
+weight required. These disks are then carefully weighed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+and inspected, after which they are taken to the coining
+room to receive the impression of figures and letters which
+indicates their value. One by one the blank disks are
+dropped between two steel dies. The upper die bears the
+picture and lettering which is to appear upon the face of the
+coin, and the lower,
+that which is to appear
+on the reverse
+side. As the disk
+lies between them
+the two dies come together,
+exerting an
+enormous pressure
+upon the cold metal.
+The pressure is then
+removed, and the
+bright disk drops
+from the machine,
+stamped with the impression
+which has
+changed this piece of
+metal into a coin of
+the United States. All coins are made in much the same way.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_084.jpg" width="350" height="331"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE LIBERTY BELL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In our brief visit we see many wonderful machines for
+counting, weighing, and sorting the thousands of coins
+which are daily produced in this busy place. At every
+step we are impressed with the great precautions taken to
+safeguard the precious materials handled.</p>
+
+<p>The old parts of Philadelphia are even more interesting
+than the mint, because of their historic associations.
+Within the distance of a few squares one may visit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+famous buildings whose very names send thrills of pride
+through the heart of every good American.</p>
+
+<p>Old Christ Church, whose communion service was
+given by England's Queen Anne in 1708, is perhaps the
+most noted of Philadelphia's historic churches. In this
+old church Benjamin Franklin worshiped for many years,
+and when he died he was buried in its quaint churchyard.
+And here too
+George Washington
+and John Adams
+worshiped when Philadelphia
+was the
+capital city.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_085.jpg" width="350" height="569"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE HOME OF BETSY ROSS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Carpenters' Hall
+and Independence
+Hall ought to be
+known and remembered
+by every boy
+and girl in America.
+When the Massachusetts
+colonists
+held the Boston Tea
+Party, England undertook to punish Massachusetts by
+closing her chief port. This meant ruin to Boston. All the
+English colonists in America were so aroused that they
+determined to call a meeting of representatives from each
+colony, to consider the wisest course of action and how to
+help Massachusetts. It was in Carpenters' Hall that this
+first Continental Congress met, in September, 1774. The
+building was erected in 1770 as a meeting place for the
+house carpenters of Philadelphia&mdash;hence its name.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On Chestnut Street stands the old statehouse, which
+is called Independence Hall because it was the birthplace
+of our liberty. Here it was that, when all hope of peace
+between the colonies
+and England had
+been given up, the
+colonial representatives
+met in 1776 in
+the Continental Congress
+and adopted the
+Declaration of Independence,
+which
+declared that England's
+American colonies
+should henceforth
+be free and
+independent. While
+the members of Congress
+discussed the
+Declaration and its
+adoption, throngs
+packed the streets
+outside, impatiently
+waiting to know the
+result. At last the
+great bell rang out&mdash;the
+signal of the joyous news that the Declaration of
+Independence had been adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Independence Hall was built to be used as a statehouse
+for the colony of Pennsylvania. The old building
+has been kept as nearly as possible in its original condition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
+and is now considered &ldquo;A National Monument to the
+Birth of the Republic.&rdquo; This sacred spot is under the
+supervision of the Sons of the American Revolution and
+is used as the home of many historic relics. Among these
+may be found the Liberty Bell, which hung in the tower
+of the statehouse for many years. It was later removed
+from the tower and placed on exhibition in the building.
+It has made many journeys to exhibitions in various cities,
+such as New Orleans, Atlanta, Chicago, Charleston, Boston,
+St. Louis, and San Francisco. The old bell is now shown
+in a glass case at the main entrance to Independence Hall.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_086.jpg" width="600" height="456"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Arch Street, not far from Independence Hall, is the
+little house where it is claimed the first American flag was
+made by Betsy Ross.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For ten years, from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the
+capital of the United States. In this city Washington and
+Adams were inaugurated for their second term as president
+and vice-president, and here Adams was inaugurated
+president in 1797.</p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia to-day is a great city: great in industry,
+great in commerce, and great in near-by resources. Every
+street of the old part of the town is rich in historic memories.
+William Penn dreamed of a magnificent city, and the
+City of Brotherly Love is worthy of her founder's dream.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>PHILADELPHIA</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over 1,500,000 (1,549,008).</p>
+
+<p>Third city in rank according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Place of great historic interest:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub1">Founded by William Penn.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Home of Benjamin Franklin.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">First Continental Congress met here in 1774.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Declaration of Independence signed here in 1776.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Capital of the nation from 1790 to 1800.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">First United States mint located here.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>A great industrial and commercial center.</p>
+
+<p>Ranks third in the country as a manufacturing city.</p>
+
+<p>Principal industries:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+  <li class="isub1">Leads the world in the making of woolen carpets.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Has the largest locomotive works in the United States.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Manufactures woolen and worsted goods.</li>
+  <li class="isub1">Ranks high in printing and publishing, the refining of sugar, and shipbuilding.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Deep-water communication with the sea.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. When, how, and by whom was the site of Philadelphia
+acquired?</p>
+
+<p>2. Compare the city of 1683 with that of to-day.</p>
+
+<p>3. How does Philadelphia rank in size and manufactures
+among the great cities of the United States?</p>
+
+<p>4. Name several advantages which have helped to make
+the city a great industrial and commercial center.</p>
+
+<p>5. What are the leading exports of the city?</p>
+
+<p>6. Name some of the important industries of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>7. Tell what you can of Philadelphia's great iron and
+steel works.</p>
+
+<p>8. Tell something of the history and the present importance
+of printing in Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>9. Give some interesting facts about the city's great park.</p>
+
+<p>10. State briefly some of the things which may be seen in
+a visit to the mint.</p>
+
+<p>11. What events of great historical interest have taken
+place in Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_089.jpg" width="500" height="181"
+        alt="St_Louis"
+        title="St_Louis" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="ST_LOUIS" id="ST_LOUIS">ST. LOUIS</a></h2>
+
+<p>Soon after Thomas Jefferson became president of the
+United States, he bought from France the land known
+as Louisiana for $15,000,000. This sum seemed a great
+deal of money for a young nation to pay out, but the
+Louisiana Purchase covered nearly 900,000 square miles
+and extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky
+Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. So
+when one stops to think that the United States secured
+the absolute control of the Mississippi and more than
+doubled its former area at a price less than three cents
+an acre, it is easier to understand why Jefferson bought
+than why France sold.</p>
+
+<p>When Louisiana became part of the United States in
+1803, St. Louis was a straggling frontier village, frequented
+mostly by boatmen and trappers. It had been
+established as a trading post back in 1764 by a party of
+French trappers from New Orleans, and had, from the
+first, monopolized the fur trade of the upper Mississippi
+and Missouri River country. Here hunters and trappers
+brought the spoils of distant forests. Here the surrounding
+tribes of Indians came to trade with the friendly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
+French. Here countless open boats were loaded with
+skins and furs and then floated down the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_090.jpg" width="600" height="407"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_90" id="img_90"></a>
+<p class="caption">LOUISIANA PURCHASE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this flourishing trade, the growth of
+the settlement was slow. In 1803 the population numbered
+less than one thousand, made up of French trappers
+and hunters, a few other Europeans and Americans,
+and a considerable number of Indians, half-breeds, and
+negro slaves.</p>
+
+<p>But as soon as Louisiana belonged to the United States,
+a new era began in the West. Emigrants from the Eastern
+states poured over the Appalachian Mountains. St. Louis
+lay right in the path of this overland east-to-west travel.
+From here Lewis and Clark started, in 1804, on their
+famous exploring trip of nearly two years and a half, up
+the Missouri River, to find out for the country what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
+Louisiana was like. It was here that emigrants headed
+for the Oregon country stopped to make final preparations
+and lay in supplies. The remote trading post of
+the eighteenth century was suddenly transformed into a
+wide-awake bustling town.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_091.jpg" width="600" height="443"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOATS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Furs were now no longer the only article of trade.
+The newly settled Mississippi valley was producing larger
+crops each year. Because of the poor roads, overland
+transportation to the markets on the Atlantic was out
+of the question, and trade was dependent on the great
+inland waterways. Early in the century, keel boats and
+barges carried the products of field and forest down the
+Mississippi. Then came the arrival of the first steamboat,
+the real beginning of St. Louis' great prosperity, working<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a><br /><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
+wonders for this inland commerce whose growth kept pace
+with the marvelous development of the rich Middle West.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_092.jpg" width="396" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_92" id="img_92"></a>
+<p class="caption">ST. LOUIS AND HER ILLINOIS SUBURBS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>St. Louis, lying on the west bank of the Mississippi,
+between the mouths of the Ohio and Missouri rivers
+and not far from the Illinois, became the natural center
+of this north-and-south river traffic. By 1860 it was the
+most important shipping point west of the Alleghenies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_093.jpg" width="600" height="292"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE MUNICIPAL COURT BUILDING</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile railroad building had begun in the West.
+Ground was broken in 1850 for St. Louis' first railway,
+the Missouri Pacific. Other roads were begun during
+the next two years. In a short time the whole country
+was covered with a network of railroads, and a change in
+the methods of transportation followed. The steamboats
+were unable to compete with their new rivals in speed&mdash;a
+tremendous advantage in carrying passengers and
+perishable freight&mdash;and their former importance quickly
+grew less.</p>
+
+<p>St. Louis lost nothing by the change. Many of the
+cross-continent railroads, following the old pioneer trails,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
+met here. To-day more than twenty-five railroads enter
+the city, connecting it with the remotest parts of the
+United States as well as with Canada and Mexico.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_094.jpg" width="600" height="437"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>St. Louis now has about 700,000 inhabitants and
+occupies nearly 65 square miles of land, which slopes
+gradually from the water's edge to the plateau that
+stretches for miles beyond the western limits of the city.
+The city is laid out in broad straight streets, crossing
+each other at right angles wherever possible and numbered
+north and south from Market Street.</p>
+
+<p>The shopping district lies mainly between Broadway,&mdash;the
+fifth street from the river,&mdash;Twelfth Street, Pine
+Street, and Franklin Avenue. The financial center is on
+Fourth Street and Broadway, while Washington Avenue,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
+between Fourth and Eighteenth streets, is one of the
+greatest &ldquo;wholesale rows&rdquo; in the West.</p>
+
+<p>Besides its public schools&mdash;which include a teachers'
+college&mdash;and private schools, St. Louis has two higher
+institutions of learning, Washington University and
+St. Louis University.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most important public buildings in the
+business section are the municipal court building, the
+city hall, the courthouse, and the public library.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_095.jpg" width="600" height="305"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The St. Louis Union Station, used by all railroads
+entering the city, is one of the largest and finest stations
+in the world. Pneumatic tubes connect it with the post
+office and the customhouse, while underground driveways
+and passages for handling bulky freight, express, and
+mail matter radiate from it in all directions.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_096.jpg" width="350" height="465"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNION STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Almost directly west of the business section, on the
+outskirts of the city, lies Forest Park, the largest of
+St. Louis' many recreation grounds. It covers more than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
+thirteen hundred acres of field and forest land, left largely
+in a natural state. Here is the City Art Museum, which
+was part of the Art Palace of the world's fair held in
+St. Louis in 1904 to celebrate the centennial of the
+Louisiana Purchase.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful Missouri
+Botanical Garden,
+generally known
+as Shaw's Garden, is
+open for the use of
+the public. Compton
+Hill Reservoir Park,
+on the South Side,
+though small, is one
+of the finest in the
+city. Its water tower
+and basins are a
+part of the municipal
+water system,
+costing more than
+$30,000,000. The
+city water is pumped
+from the Mississippi
+River and purified as it passes into great settling basins.</p>
+
+<p>Though St. Louis' attractive houses are found almost
+everywhere outside the strictly business quarters, the real
+residence section has gradually been growing toward
+Forest Park, and many of the city's business men have
+built homes in the suburbs beyond the western limits of
+the city. One of these suburbs, University City, bids fair
+to become America's most beautiful residence town.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Unlike most of our large cities, St. Louis has no sharply
+defined factory district. Its manufacturing establishments
+are distributed over nearly the whole city. An important
+part of its manufacturing interests centers on the eastern
+bank of the Mississippi in the city's Illinois suburbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_097.jpg" width="600" height="256"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ART MUSEUM</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The industrial development of these Illinois suburbs
+was greatly increased by the opening of the Eads Bridge
+in 1874. Before this time there had been no bridge connection
+over the Mississippi. Passengers and freight ferries
+had plied regularly between St. Louis and her suburbs
+across the river, but there were seasons when floating
+ice made the river impassable, sometimes cutting off
+communication between the two shores for days.</p>
+
+<p>The Eads Bridge is 6220 feet long and is so built that
+the railroad tracks cross it on a level lower than the carriage
+drives and foot paths. With its completion, communication
+between opposite sides of the river became as easy
+as between different parts of the city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_098.jpg" width="700" height="199"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE EADS BRIDGE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Other bridges have since been built. In 1890 the
+Merchants Bridge, used solely by railroads, was built across<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
+the Mississippi three miles
+to the north of Eads Bridge,
+and now there is the McKinley
+Bridge between the two.
+In addition to these the city
+is building a bridge which,
+when completed, will be
+open to traffic without toll
+charges.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_099_1.jpg" width="600" height="423"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">SHAW'S GARDEN</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_099_2.jpg" width="600" height="416"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A PUBLIC BATH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the Illinois suburbs
+thus brought into
+closer touch with the western
+side of the river are
+East St. Louis,&mdash;a growing
+city of about 75,000,&mdash;Venice,
+Madison, Granite
+City, and Belleville. Being
+principally manufacturing
+communities, these cities
+contribute in no small degree
+to St. Louis' importance
+as an industrial center.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_100.jpg" width="600" height="394"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A MISSOURI COAL MINE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>St. Louis' importance,
+however, is mainly due to
+the city's favorable location
+at the heart of one of the
+world's richest river valleys.
+The vast natural resources
+of the Middle West are at
+her command. Raw materials
+of every kind abound<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a><br /><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
+almost at her door. Missouri ranks high as an agricultural
+and mining state. Its position in the great corn
+belt makes hog raising a highly profitable industry. The
+prairies to the north furnish extensive grazing areas for
+cattle. The Ozark Mountains to the southwest afford
+excellent pasturage for sheep and yield lumber as well
+as great quantities of lead, zinc, and other minerals. In
+addition, the state has large deposits of soft coal, while
+only the Mississippi separates St. Louis from the unlimited
+supply of the Illinois coal fields. As a result,
+the cost of manufacturing is low and the city's many
+and varied industries thrive. Chief among these is the
+manufacture of boots and shoes. Though this business
+is comparatively young in the West, St. Louis already
+ranks among the three leading footwear-producing cities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
+of the country, turning out over $50,000,000 worth of
+boots and shoes yearly. Most of these are of the heavier
+type made for country trade, but the output of finer footwear
+is steadily increasing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_101.jpg" width="600" height="387"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MAKING SHOES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Next in importance are the tobacco, meat-packing, and
+malt-liquor industries. St. Louis is one of the leading
+cities in the country in the manufacture of tobacco. The
+meat-packing establishments, including those in East St.
+Louis, hold fourth place among America's great packing
+centers. Its mammoth breweries lead the country in the
+output of beer. Flour mills, foundries, and sugar refineries
+also do an immense business. Street and railroad cars,
+stoves of all kinds, paints, oils, and white lead are made
+in scores of factories, while hundreds of other industries
+flourish in the city, making it one of the greatest workshops
+in the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_102.jpg" width="600" height="388"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MULES IN A STOCKYARD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Important as St. Louis is as a manufacturing city, it is
+even more noted as a distributing center, its location making
+it the natural commercial metropolis of the Mississippi
+valley. It markets not only its own manufactures but
+products which represent every section of the country.
+The vast territory to the west and southwest depends
+almost entirely on St. Louis for its supply of dry goods
+and groceries. Other staples are boots and shoes, tobacco,
+hardware, timber, cotton, breadstuffs, cattle, and hogs.</p>
+
+<p>In the handling of furs St. Louis leads the cities of
+the world. She also holds a high place among the great
+grain markets. In this country her annual receipts of
+corn, wheat, and oats are exceeded only by those of
+Chicago and Minneapolis. Shipments of grain and breadstuffs
+to Central and South America, Cuba, Great Britain,
+and Germany constitute the city's leading exports.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a live-stock market it is no less important. The
+National Stockyards, located on the Illinois side of the
+river, contain several hundred acres. Though packing
+houses and slaughtering houses occupy some of this land,
+the main part is covered with sheds, pens, and enclosures
+for the reception and sale of live animals. Millions of
+cattle, hogs, and sheep are handled here every year.
+St. Louis also buys and sells hundreds of thousands of
+horses and mules, being the largest market for draft
+animals in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Just as the frontier trading post of the eighteenth
+century grew into the thriving river port of the nineteenth,
+so the river port of the nineteenth century has
+developed into one of the leading railroad and commercial
+centers of the twentieth. And the fourth city of America
+in size is now St. Louis.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>ST. LOUIS</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (687,029).</p>
+
+<p>Fourth city according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Well located; center of the Mississippi valley, between
+the mouths of the Missouri and Ohio rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Important shipping point by rail and water.</p>
+
+<p>A great railroad center.</p>
+
+<p>The leading market in the world for furs and draft
+animals.</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest boot-and-shoe-manufacturing centers.</p>
+
+<p>One of the chief markets in the United States for grain,
+flour, and live stock.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Why did Jefferson buy the country included in the
+Louisiana Purchase?</p>
+
+<p>2. Give a brief account of the Louisiana Purchase; from
+whom purchased, the cost, the territory included.</p>
+
+<p>3. Tell what you know of St. Louis before the Louisiana
+Purchase.</p>
+
+<p>4. What brought about the sudden and rapid growth of
+St. Louis after the purchase?</p>
+
+<p>5. What effect did the railroads have upon St. Louis'
+water transportation? Why?</p>
+
+<p>6. Describe the St. Louis Union Station.</p>
+
+<p>7. What three bridges were built across the Mississippi
+at St. Louis, and why?</p>
+
+<p>8. To what does St. Louis owe her importance as an
+industrial center?</p>
+
+<p>9. In what lines does St. Louis lead the world?</p>
+
+<p>10. Name some of the products sent to St. Louis from
+the neighboring country.</p>
+
+<p>11. What are some of her most important industries?</p>
+
+<p>12. Name some of the things which St. Louis supplies to
+other sections of the country.</p>
+
+<p>13. In what business has St. Louis held an important place
+from its beginning?</p>
+
+<p>14. By consulting a map, find what great railroad systems
+run to St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_105.jpg" width="500" height="197"
+        alt="Boston"
+        title="Boston" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="BOSTON" id="BOSTON">BOSTON</a></h2>
+
+<p>Let us take a trip to New England and visit Boston.
+Boston is New England's chief city in size, in population,
+in historic interest, and in importance. It is the capital of
+Massachusetts and the fifth city in size in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>If we were going to visit some far-away cousins whom
+we had never seen, we should surely want to know something
+about their age, their appearance, and their habits.
+Would it not be just as interesting to find out these
+things about the city we are to see on our journey?</p>
+
+<p>In the early days the Indians called the district where
+Boston now stands Shawmut, or &ldquo;living waters.&rdquo; The
+first white man to come to Shawmut was William Blackstone,
+a hermit who made his home on the slope of what
+is now Beacon Hill. Though Blackstone liked to be
+alone, he was unselfish. So when he heard that the settlers
+of a Puritan colony not far away were suffering for
+want of pure water, he went to their governor, John Winthrop,
+&ldquo;acquainted him with the excellent spring of water
+that was on his land and invited him and his followers
+thither.&rdquo; Blackstone's offer was gladly accepted. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a><br /><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
+Puritans purchased Shawmut from the Indians and in
+1630 began their new settlement, which they named
+Boston in honor of the English town which had been the
+home of some of their leading men.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_106.jpg" width="750" height="475"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_106" id="img_106"></a>
+<p class="caption">MAP OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Originally Boston was a little irregular peninsula of
+scarcely 700 acres, entirely cut off from the mainland at
+high tide. It did not take the colonists long, however, to
+outgrow these narrow quarters. They soon filled in the
+marshes and coves with land from the hills. They spread
+out over two small islands and made them part of Boston.
+Then, one by one, they took in neighboring settlements.
+And from this start Boston has grown, until to-day it has
+an area of about 43 square miles and a population of
+nearly 700,000.</p>
+
+<p>We must get a clear idea of these various districts of
+Boston. If not, we shall be puzzled to meet friends from
+Roxbury or Dorchester and hear them say that they live
+in Boston. There is Boston proper, the old Boston before
+it annexed its neighbors; East Boston, comprising two
+islands in the harbor which joined Boston in 1635 and
+1637; then, annexed from time to time, come Roxbury,
+Dorchester, Charlestown,&mdash;the scene of the Battle of
+Bunker Hill,&mdash;West Roxbury, and Brighton; and last,
+Hyde Park, which, by the vote of its people and the citizens
+of Boston, joined the city in November, 1911. These
+have all kept their original names, but have given up their
+local governments to share Boston's larger privileges and
+advantages. So remember that when we meet friends
+from Roxbury, West Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, East
+Boston, South Boston, or Hyde Park, they are all Boston
+people. The children from these districts would resent it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
+if they were not known as Boston boys and girls just as
+much as those who live in the very heart of the city.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_108.jpg" width="350" height="304"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While we have been reading all this, our boat has been
+drawing closer to the city, and now we must gather up our
+wraps and bags and be ready to start out. We see a very
+busy harbor, its noisy tugs drawing the sullen-looking coal
+barges; its graceful
+schooners loaded to
+the water's edge
+with lumber; and
+its fishing boats with
+their dirty sails, not
+attractive but doing
+the work that has
+placed Boston first in
+importance as a fishing
+port. Crowded
+steamers and ferryboats
+pass swiftly
+by, while huge ocean
+steamships may be seen poking their noses out from their
+docks at East Boston and South Boston or heading toward
+the city with their thousands of eager passengers.</p>
+
+<p>As we hurry along with our fellow travelers we must
+decide how best to reach our hotel. There are taxicabs
+and carriages for some; electric cars, both surface and
+elevated, for the many. Boston has excellent car and train
+service. The Boston Elevated Railway Company controls
+most of the car lines in the city as well as in the outlying
+towns. This makes it possible for us to ride for
+a nickel an average distance of at least five miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a><br /><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_109.jpg" width="600" height="422"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A line of elevated trains running across the city connects
+West Roxbury on the south with Charlestown on
+the north. Some of these trains pass through the Washington
+Street tunnel, from which numerous well-lighted,
+well-ventilated stations lead directly to the shopping and
+business section of the city. On this elevated road are two
+huge terminal stations, into which rush countless surface
+cars, bringing from all points north and south the immense
+crowds of suburbanites who come to Boston proper each
+day, to work or on pleasure bent.</p>
+
+<p>Chelsea folks come to the city by ferry or by electric
+car, while those from East Boston have two ferry lines as
+well as a tunnel for cars under the harbor.</p>
+
+<p>The city proper has two immense union railroad depots,
+the North and the South station, where hundreds of local,
+as well as long-distance, trains leave and arrive each day.
+The railroads entering Boston are the Boston &amp; Albany,
+which, by means of the New York Central lines, connects
+with the West; the Boston &amp; Maine, leading northward
+to Maine and Canada; and the New York, New Haven &amp;
+Hartford, which connects by way of New York with various
+points in the South.</p>
+
+<p>All these transportation advantages have made Boston
+an excellent place in which to live, as its suburbs afford
+the benefits of country life while yet they are within a
+few minutes' ride of a big city.</p>
+
+<p>There are several ways in which we can see Boston.
+We may climb into one of the great sight-seeing autos
+and ride from point to point while the man with the megaphone
+calls our attention to the interesting landmarks
+and gives their history; we can engage a guide who will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
+take us from place to place; or we can simply follow the
+directions of our guide book.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_111.jpg" width="600" height="330"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE SOUTH STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No trip to Boston is complete without a visit to the
+State House, or capitol, whose gilded dome is seen glittering
+in the sunlight by day and sparkling with electric
+lights by night. It is situated on Beacon Hill, the highest
+point of land in the city proper. Up to 1811 one peak of
+the hill was as high as the gilded dome is now, and on its
+summit a beacon was set up as early as 1634, to warn
+the people in the surrounding country of approaching disaster.
+It seems, however, that the beacon was never used,
+and during the Revolution the British pulled it down and
+built a fort in its place.</p>
+
+<p>Even if there were no gilded dome on the State House,
+the building itself is handsome enough to attract attention.
+It was designed in 1795 by Charles Bulfinch, a
+famous architect. The front of the building to-day is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
+historic Bulfinch front. But as Boston grew, so also did
+the State House, and additions were made in 1853, in
+1889, and in 1915, until now we have the impressive
+building we are about to enter.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_112.jpg" width="600" height="459"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">DRILLING ON THE COMMON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But stop after climbing the main steps, turn around,
+and look at the green field before you. This is Boston
+Common, the famous Boston Common where the people
+of long ago used to pasture their cows; where the British
+in the early days of the Revolution set up their fortified
+camps during the siege of Boston; and where, at the present
+time, the admiring relatives of the high-school boys
+assemble yearly to see them go through their military
+drill. Situated as it is in the very heart of the city,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
+Boston Common is the resting place, the breathing place,
+for thousands. It is the people's playground. Fireworks,
+band concerts, public speaking, all prove that its public
+character has never been lost, and that it is now as much
+of a Common as it was in 1649, when it was first laid out.
+By a wise clause in the city charter, this Common cannot
+be sold or leased without the consent of the citizens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_113.jpg" width="600" height="350"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A CORNER OF THE COMMON, SHOWING THE SHAW MEMORIAL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Common contains many memorials erected by a
+grateful people. The most conspicuous is the Army and
+Navy Monument, which reaches far above the trees.
+Directly opposite the State House is the Shaw Memorial,
+a wonderful bronze bas-relief by Saint Gaudens, showing
+the gallant Colonel Shaw and his colored regiment.</p>
+
+<p>The sight of Shaw's earnest young face amid his dusky
+followers prepares us for entering Doric Hall in the State
+House, set apart as a memorial for those who died in their
+country's cause. We look with awe and reverence on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
+flags whose worn and tattered edges tell plainly of the
+struggles of their bearers and defenders.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_114.jpg" width="600" height="399"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE STATE-HOUSE CODFISH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us peep into the Senate chamber and into the hall
+of the House of Representatives with its historic codfish
+suspended from the ceiling, a reminder of a most humble
+source of Massachusetts' wealth. We will then climb to
+the dome and see Boston before a cold east wind sweeps
+suddenly in, covering the city with fog and making all
+misty and uncertain. As we reach the highest point, it
+really seems as if the fog had rolled in, but it is only
+a fog of smoke from the many chimneys of the city's
+countless factories.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_115.jpg" width="450" height="681"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE STATE HOUSE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As our eyes get accustomed to the view, the mist seems
+to roll away, and the city lies before us. That blue line
+to the east is the harbor, and between us and the harbor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a><br /><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
+is the business section of Boston, the noisy, throbbing
+heart of a big city. Directly back of us as we stand
+facing the water is the West End, once a fashionable
+section where Boston's
+literary men
+held court, now a
+district largely given
+over to tenements
+and lodging-houses.
+To the north and
+south lie the North
+and South ends; the
+former, the oldest
+of the city and the
+great foreign district
+of the present
+time, where children
+from many lands
+have their homes.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_116.jpg" width="300" height="475"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BUNKER HILL MONUMENT</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_117.jpg" width="300" height="563"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON STREET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>That broad winding
+stream of water
+that we see is the
+Charles River. Just
+beyond it to the
+north is Charlestown,
+its Bunker
+Hill Monument towering up for all to see. The city of
+Cambridge is just across the Charles River to the west,
+and next to it, skirting the southern bank of the river,
+is the district of Brighton. South Boston, Roxbury, West
+Roxbury, Hyde Park, and Dorchester lie toward the south.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
+Among the many islands in the harbor, East Boston is the
+most crowded and the closest to the city proper. Towards
+the southwest, between
+us and the
+Charles, lies Back
+Bay, once tidewater
+but now filled in
+and made into land.
+Look around you
+and notice how the
+surrounding parts of
+Boston form a chain
+about their parent,
+a chain broken only
+by Cambridge&mdash;the
+seat of Harvard
+University&mdash;and
+Brookline,&mdash;Massachusetts'
+wealthiest
+town,&mdash;which refuses
+to become a
+city or to join its
+larger neighbor.</p>
+
+<p>As we leave the
+State House, a few
+minutes' walk brings
+us to the heart of
+Boston's great shopping
+district and to
+Boston's leading business street. You will be glad to
+know that this street is called neither Main Street nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a><br /><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
+Broadway, but Washington Street. Originally, part was
+known as Orange, part as Marlborough, and part as Newbury.
+But when, at the close of the Revolution, Washington
+rode through the city at the head of a triumphal
+procession, the people renamed the street along which he
+passed, Washington, and so it is called to-day in all its
+ten miles of length. Washington Street is very narrow
+in parts, and as it is lined on both sides with some of
+Boston's largest and finest department stores, it presents
+a very animated appearance on a week-day afternoon.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_118.jpg" width="650" height="416"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_118" id="img_118"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF BOSTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Stop for a moment on busy Newspaper Row. Here a
+bystander may read the news of the world as it is posted
+hourly upon the great bulletin boards of the various
+newspaper offices.</p>
+
+<p>Parallel to Washington Street, and connected with it
+by many short streets, is Tremont Street, another old historic
+road. Originally Tremont Street was a path outlined
+by William Blackstone's cows on their way to pasture;
+now it is second only to Washington Street in importance.</p>
+
+<p>Washington Street is really the main dividing line between
+the retail and wholesale parts of the city. The
+water front is the great wholesale section. Here there is
+a constant odor of leather in the air, and great heavy
+wagons laden with hides are continually passing to and
+from the wharves and stations. When we stop and consider
+that Boston and the neighboring cities of Brockton
+and Lynn are among the largest shoe-manufacturing cities
+in the world, then we do not wonder at the leather we
+see. It is no vain boast to say that in every quarter of
+the world may be seen shoes that once, in the form of
+leather, were carted through the streets of Boston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_120.jpg" width="414" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_120" id="img_120"></a>
+<p class="caption">BOSTON'S LAND AND WATER CONNECTIONS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What is true of leather is also true of cotton and wool.
+Lowell, Fall River, and New Bedford are calling for
+cotton to be made into cloth in their busy mills, while
+Lawrence is the greatest wool-manufacturing city in the
+country. Boston, with its harbor and great railroad
+terminals, is constantly receiving these materials and
+distributing them to these cities.</p>
+
+<p>The finished cloths often return to Boston to be cut
+and made into clothes, and an army of men and women
+cut and sew from day to day on garments for people far
+distant from Boston as well as for those near home.</p>
+
+<p>One glance at the wharves along Atlantic Avenue and
+Commercial Street and our glimpse of busy Boston will
+be ended. Here are wharves and piers jutting out into
+the harbor, where are boats of every kind from every
+land. New York alone among American cities outranks
+Boston in the value of her foreign commerce. From one
+large steamer thousands of green bananas are being carried.
+They will be sold to the many fruit dealers, from those
+whose show windows are visions of beauty, to the Greek
+or Italian peddler who pushes his hand cart out into the
+suburbs.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the steamers are already puffing with importance
+as if to hasten the steps of travelers who are on
+their way to board ship for different ports in the South,
+for Nova Scotia and other points north, or perhaps to
+cross the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>Two of the wharves&mdash;T Wharf and the new fishing pier&mdash;are
+devoted to the fishing industry. From the banks
+of Newfoundland and the other splendid fishing grounds
+along the coast from Cape Cod to Labrador, fishermen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>
+are constantly bringing their catches to Boston, their chief
+market. In addition, Gloucester and other fishing ports
+re-ship most of the fish brought to them to the Boston
+market. Is it any wonder that Boston ranks first of all
+the cities of the United States in the fish trade? In 1910
+Boston received and marketed $10,500,000 worth of fish&mdash;more
+than any other American city, and exceeded by
+only one other port in the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_122.jpg" width="600" height="479"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A FISHING FLEET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this neighborhood too is a tablet marking the site
+of Griffin's Wharf, where the Boston Tea Party of the
+Revolution took place. We remember how the people of
+Boston refused to pay the tax on tea; how the shiploads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a><br /><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
+of tea sent from England remained unloaded at the wharf;
+and how, finally, after an indignation meeting had been held
+at the Old South Meeting
+House, a band of
+men and boys, disguised
+as Indians, boarded the
+vessels, ripped open the
+chests, and emptied all
+the cargo into the harbor.
+It was rightly called
+the Boston Tea Party.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_123.jpg" width="321" height="601"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%; padding-left: 20%;">© Dadmun Co. Boston</span><br />
+BOSTON'S NEW CUSTOMHOUSE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_124.jpg" width="325" height="681"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">OLD NORTH CHURCH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As we are so close to
+the North End, we may
+as well go there at once.
+The North End is the
+oldest section of Boston.
+It was here that Samuel
+Adams, John Hancock,
+Paul Revere, and other
+patriots had their headquarters
+during the troublous
+times before the
+Revolution. Paul Revere,
+of whose famous
+ride we have all read
+in Longfellow's poem,
+lived and carried on his
+business in this very district.
+If we wish, we can see his home as well as the
+famous Old North Church, where his friend hung the
+lanterns warning him of the movements of the British.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But to-day there is little else to remind us of the past.
+As we cross North Square and see the gesticulating,
+dark-skinned men, the stout, gayly kerchiefed women in
+the doorways, and the hordes of dark-eyed children on
+street and sidewalk, we wonder if by mistake we have
+not entered some city in southern Europe. To-day the
+North End of Boston is the great foreign section of the
+city. Here live the Jews, Italians, and Russians. They
+tell us that more than one third of the entire population
+of the city are foreigners.</p>
+
+<p>But when a group of boys rushes toward us, each begging
+to be our guide to the Old North Church, to Paul
+Revere's house, or to the famous Copp's Hill Burying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
+Ground,&mdash;all for a nickel,&mdash;we are sure we are in America
+and gladly follow our leader through the narrow, crooked
+streets.</p>
+
+<p>From among the parents of these children come the
+fruit peddlers, the clothing makers, the street musicians,
+and the great army
+of laborers which
+helps to keep the
+city in repair.</p>
+
+<p>Are we tired of
+the noise and confusion
+of the crowded
+tenement district?
+If so, let us go to
+the broad streets
+and beautiful parks
+of the Back Bay,
+the abode of the
+wealthy. The Back
+Bay, as its name suggests,
+was originally
+the Back Cove, and
+where these houses
+now stand, the
+waves once danced in glee. But Boston filled in the
+marshes and coves and laid out fine streets on the newly
+made land. Here is the famous Beacon Street, and parallel
+to it is Boston's most beautiful thoroughfare,&mdash;Commonwealth
+Avenue,&mdash;two hundred and twenty feet
+wide, with a parkway running through the center. See
+the children with their nurses, playing on the grass or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
+roller skating on the broad sidewalks, apparently no
+happier than the little ones of the North End.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_125.jpg" width="600" height="471"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE NORTH END</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_126.jpg" width="350" height="434"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But it is not merely its fine streets and homes that
+make the Back Bay the handsomest part of the city. In
+this section are many of Boston's finest public buildings.
+Come to Copley Square, the most beautiful in the city.
+Here stands Trinity Church,&mdash;Phillips Brooks' church,&mdash;a
+magnificent structure of granite with sandstone trimmings.
+Phillips Brooks was for a brief year the Protestant
+Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts. He was loved by
+those of all denominations. After his death the citizens of
+Boston united in erecting a splendid memorial, in token
+of their love for him and their gratitude for his services.
+The statue is by Augustus Saint Gaudens and is considered
+one of the greatest works of that great sculptor.</p>
+
+<p>On Copley Square we see also the New Old South
+Church and the Boston Public Library.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Boston is very proud of her public library, and rightly
+so, for it is not only one of the finest buildings in Boston
+but also one of the finest libraries in the country. Look at
+the magnificent marble staircase, the curiously inlaid floor
+and ceiling of the
+entrance hall, the
+graceful statues,
+the wonderful paintings,
+and the fine
+courtyard with its
+sparkling fountain.
+On the floors above
+are the children's
+room with its low
+tables and chairs
+and rows upon rows
+of interesting books;
+Bates Hall, a most
+attractive reading
+room; Sargent's mystical
+paintings; and
+Edwin A. Abbey's
+series of paintings,
+which are called
+&ldquo;The Quest of the
+Holy Grail.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_127.jpg" width="600" height="342"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">COMMONWEALTH AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_128.jpg" width="325" height="492"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PHILLIPS BROOKS' MEMORIAL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides the main library there are branch libraries or
+reading rooms in every section of the city. Altogether
+the Boston Public Library contains over one million
+volumes, making it the largest circulating library in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But there are other buildings in the Back Bay which
+rival those on Copley Square. We should see the Christian
+Science church with its massive dome; the Boston Opera
+House; and Symphony Hall, the home of the famous
+Boston Symphony Orchestra, known the country over.</p>
+
+<p>The Boston Museum of Fine Arts stood originally on
+Copley Square, but in 1909 a new and magnificent building
+was opened, farther out in the Back Bay. Not far
+from the new museum stands the Harvard Medical School,
+an imposing group of five white-marble buildings.</p>
+
+<p>But now we are tired of buildings, so come into the
+Public Garden&mdash;the gateway to the Back Bay&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
+while you rest I will tell you about Boston's parks.
+Sitting in the beautiful Public Garden, it will not be
+hard for you to believe that the park system of Boston
+is the finest in the country. The first park was, as we
+have seen, the Common. For many years the Common
+was not a place of beauty. Edward Everett Hale spoke
+of it as a &ldquo;pasture for cows, a playground for children,
+a training ground for the militia, a place for beating
+carpets.&rdquo; Many changes have taken place on the Common
+since the old days, but two of the characteristics still remain.
+Boston Common is still a playground for children,
+and military drills are still to be seen there from time
+to time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_129.jpg" width="600" height="481"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Common is just across Charles Street from the
+Public Garden&mdash;the second great park to be laid out in
+Boston. This Public Garden was reclaimed from the
+marshes, and at present covers about twenty-four and a
+half acres. It is truly a garden, and during the spring,
+summer, and fall nearly every species of beautiful flower,
+plant, and shrub may here be seen&mdash;a riot of color and
+beauty.</p>
+
+<p>But the people of Boston did not stop even with the
+Public Garden. The city of Boston has, besides, numerous
+small squares at intervals through the city. She also has
+vast tracts of rural land, which, unlike the Public Garden,
+are left to their own wild beauty. Owing to Boston's
+expanse of water front, it is possible for her to have both
+inland and ocean parks, where may be found all kinds
+of open-air sports and recreations.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the most important of these parks are Franklin
+Park, the Fens, the Arnold Arboretum, Marine Park, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>
+the Charles River Basin. In the Arnold Arboretum, the
+property of Harvard College, are rare shrubs and trees.
+Fortunate is the one who can visit it in lilac time, when
+scores of varieties of lilacs, both white and many shades
+of violet, scent the air with their delicate perfumes.</p>
+
+<p>The best example of the ocean parkways is Marine Park.
+There one finds extensive bathhouses, a good beach, lawns,
+and a long pier extending several hundred feet out into
+the water. Connected with Marine Park by a long bridge
+is Castle Island, the site of Fort Independence.</p>
+
+<p>The Charles River Basin is a popular promenade. This
+river, until recently, showed for many hours of the day
+the uncovered mud flats of low tide. Now by means of
+a dam it has been turned into a great fresh-water lake.
+Cambridge and Boston have laid out parkways on either
+side of the river, and before long further improvements
+will make this basin even more attractive.</p>
+
+<p>Through the influence of Boston the surrounding cities
+and towns have given certain large areas of great natural
+beauty to form the Metropolitan Park System. This Metropolitan
+Park System consists of 3 forest reserves of
+7000 acres of woodland, 30 miles of river park, 10 miles
+of seacoast, and 40 miles of connecting parkways.</p>
+
+<p>Two great ocean parks in the system are Revere Beach
+and Nantasket, both favorite summer resorts, while the
+most noted inland reservations are the Blue Hills and
+the Middlesex Fells.</p>
+
+<p>A Roman matron of long ago, when asked to show her
+jewels, pointed to her sons with pride, saying, &ldquo;These are
+my jewels.&rdquo; And so it is with Boston. She is proud of her
+history, her fine public buildings, her busy thoroughfares,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
+her parks, her great centers of industry, and her commerce;
+but most of all, she is proud of her more than
+ninety thousand school children.</p>
+
+<p>From the earliest times Boston's schools have ranked
+among the best in the country. The first public school
+in America was established in Dorchester, and some of
+the greatest educators, such as Horace Mann and Charles
+W. Eliot, have been associated with Boston or its suburbs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_132.jpg" width="600" height="403"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%; padding-left: 50%;">© Leon Dadmun, Boston, 1903</span><br />
+THE HARVARD YARD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Boston is the home of the Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology, a famous training college in applied sciences;
+Simmons College for women; the Harvard Medical College;
+Boston College (Roman Catholic); Boston University;
+the Normal Art School; the Conservatory of Music;
+the Emerson School of Oratory; and other schools of
+high standing. Harvard, the oldest and largest university<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
+in the country, has its home in Cambridge. Radcliffe, a
+college for women, whose pupils receive the same courses
+of instruction as the students in Harvard, is also in
+Cambridge. Tufts College is in the neighboring city of
+Medford, while in the beautiful hill town of Wellesley,
+a suburb of Boston, is Wellesley College, a woman's
+college of high rank.</p>
+
+<p>But now, if we hurry, we shall be just in time to see
+the children flocking in crowds to one of their many playgrounds.
+Here they find swings and other apparatus for
+sport; and here they may play tennis, baseball, or football
+in the spring, summer, and fall. In the winter months
+they may make use of the ice, which is kept in good condition
+for the skater. In the various districts, also, are
+swimming pools and indoor gymnasiums, where old and
+young meet for recreation as well as for physical training.</p>
+
+<p>Having seen Boston at work and at play, we now ask
+ourselves where the food comes from to feed this vast
+multitude. Its meats, flour, and grain of all kinds are
+brought into its huge freight stations from the West. Its
+great ocean trade with the ports in the South as well as
+in Europe and Asia supplies other food necessities and
+luxuries. New England is a great dairy center, and much
+of the city's milk, butter, and other dairy products comes
+to Boston each morning from New Hampshire, Vermont,
+and western Massachusetts. The purity of the milk is
+carefully watched, and it is impossible to buy even a pint
+of milk in anything but a sealed jar.</p>
+
+<p>Boston's drinking-water is equally well guarded. The
+water, as well as the sewage, is under the control of the
+Metropolitan Water and Sewage Commission. There is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
+high-pressure distributing station at Chestnut Hill, which
+gives power sufficient to force water to the highest of
+Boston's buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The sewage of the down-town sections of the city is
+collected in a main drainage system, pumped through a
+tunnel under Dorchester Bay to Moon Island, held in
+large reservoirs, and discharged into the water when the
+tide is going out. The sewage of the outlying districts is
+conveyed to various places in the harbor and discharged
+into the water at a depth of thirty or forty feet, where
+it can be quickly carried out to sea.</p>
+
+<p>Our stay in Boston is now at an end. Not only have
+we traveled over many miles of her streets and visited
+her famous State House, her busy wharves, and her interesting
+playgrounds, but we have reviewed many events
+of her thrilling history. What of all we have seen or
+heard is it most important for us to remember? First,
+that Boston is the fifth city in size in the United States;
+second, that she is the capital city of Massachusetts;
+third, that she is the chief trade center of New England;
+and fourth, that among America's cities she ranks second
+only to New York in foreign commerce. Then we must
+not forget the important place she holds in the early
+history of our country.</p>
+
+<p>As we traveled into Boston, so we will journey out
+again. And with the last of the great city fading from
+our view, we call to mind the large-hearted Blackstone
+and say to ourselves, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>&ldquo;Quite a change from the hermit's
+home on the sunny slope of Beacon Hill.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>BOSTON</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (670,585).</p>
+
+<p>Fifth in rank according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Ranks first among American cities in fish and wool trades.</p>
+
+<p>Chief trade center of New England.</p>
+
+<p>Principal industries (as measured by value of products):</p>
+
+<p><span style="padding-left: 1em;">Printing and publishing; manufacture of boots and
+shoes, of clothing, of foundry and machine-shop
+products.</span></p>
+
+<p>Place of great historical interest.</p>
+
+<p>One of the leading educational centers of the United
+States.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Tell something of the settlement and the early history
+of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>2. Tell of the Boston Tea Party.</p>
+
+<p>3. Tell the story of the naming of Boston's leading business
+street.</p>
+
+<p>4. Why is Boston's chief park called the Common?</p>
+
+<p>5. Compare the North End during Revolutionary times with
+the same district to-day.</p>
+
+<p>6. What is there of interest in Back Bay? in Copley
+Square?</p>
+
+<p>7. Describe some of the busy scenes which may be observed
+along the wharves of the city.</p>
+
+<p>8. Tell something about the street railways and other
+means of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>9. Give a brief description of the Boston Public Library.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>10. Tell what you know of Harvard University. What
+other noted schools are in or near Boston?</p>
+
+<p>11. Name some of the advantages which Boston enjoys on
+account of her splendid harbor.</p>
+
+<p>12. Give some facts about the commercial importance of
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p>13. In the manufacture of what three products does Boston,
+with her neighboring cities, rank high?</p>
+
+<p>14. Why is a codfish suspended in the hall of the House
+of Representatives in the State House?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_137.jpg" width="500" height="194"
+        alt="Cleveland"
+        title="Cleveland" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CLEVELAND" id="CLEVELAND">CLEVELAND</a></h2>
+
+<p>In the days that followed the Revolution, Connecticut
+claimed certain lands south of Lake Erie. A large
+part of these she sold to the Connecticut Land Company,
+who wanted to colonize the country and establish New
+Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1796 that the Connecticut Land Company
+sent General Moses Cleaveland west, to survey the land
+and choose a site for a settlement. After surveying about
+sixty miles, Cleaveland fixed on a plateau just south of
+Lake Erie, where the Cuyahoga River runs into the lake.
+Soon the settlement was laid out with a square and two
+main streets and was very properly called Cleaveland.
+The name was spelled with an <i>a</i>, just as Moses Cleaveland
+spelled his name. There is no <i>a</i> in the city's name
+to-day, the story being that the extra letter was dropped,
+and the new spelling adopted, in 1831, through a newspaper's
+claiming that the <i>a</i> would not fit conveniently
+into its headline.</p>
+
+<p>At first the new settlement did not prosper. The soil
+was poor, and commerce along the Ohio River attracted immigrants
+into the interior. Those that stayed in Cleveland<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
+had a hard struggle with fever. The mouth of the Cuyahoga
+River was frequently choked with sand, making the
+water in the river's bed stagnant and furnishing a breeding
+place for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. During the summer
+and autumn of 1798 affairs were in a desperate condition.
+Every one in the settlement was miserable. There was no
+flour, and for two months Nathaniel Doan's boy was the
+only person strong enough to go to the house of one James
+Kingsbury, on the highlands back of the town, for corn.
+This he carried to a gristmill at Newburgh, six miles to
+the south, and had it ground into meal for the sick.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the suffering caused by fever, there was danger
+of Indian attacks and the ever-present dread of the wolves
+and bears which prowled about the settlement, so that no
+one dared go out at night unarmed, and no door was left
+without a loaded musket to guard it.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of the dangers of these early years, the
+settlers for the most part led a busy, happy life. The
+women especially had their hands full&mdash;keeping their
+houses clean and neat; doing the cooking and baking;
+spinning, weaving, cutting out, and sewing the clothes
+for their families (usually large) and knitting their stockings.
+Then there were the sick to be visited and nursed,
+and the neighbors to be helped with their quilting.</p>
+
+<p>When a new settler arrived, all the men would pitch
+in and help in the &ldquo;cabin raising,&rdquo; finishing the work in
+short order. They often ended up with a jolly dance,
+though the music was sometimes nothing more than the
+whistling of the dancers.</p>
+
+<p>For the first ten years Cleveland was only a hamlet
+of a few dozen people. Still it continued to exist, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
+in 1815 was incorporated as a village. Another year saw
+the first bank started, and before long its first newspaper
+was printed. This paper was supposed to be a weekly,
+but often appeared only every ten, twelve, or fifteen days,
+at the convenience of the editor.</p>
+
+<p>Already, in supplying her own needs, Cleveland was
+laying the foundation for some of her future industries.
+In fact, soon after the settlement was founded, Nathaniel
+Doan built a blacksmith shop on what is now Superior
+Avenue. Though the shop was only a rude affair built
+of logs, it deserves the name of Cleveland's first manufacturing
+plant. Here Nathaniel Doan not only shod the
+few horses which needed his services but made tools as
+well. A gristmill and sawmill came next, and then began
+the building of small schooners.</p>
+
+<p>In the early years of the nineteenth century there was
+practically no way of communicating with the settlements
+on the Ohio River. And except for an occasional party
+of French and Indians, there was no means of hearing
+from Detroit. In 1818, however, regular stage routes
+began to be opened. One line went to Columbus, one to
+Norwalk, and one to Painesville. This last route advertised
+that its stage would leave Cleveland at two on Friday
+afternoon and would reach Painesville on Saturday morning
+at eight&mdash;a journey which to-day can easily be made
+by automobile in a little more than an hour. Turnpikes
+soon displaced these rough stage routes, and over them
+great six-horse wagons drew freight into Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Though all these things helped Cleveland, it was still
+nothing more than a village&mdash;and so primitive a village
+that when two hundred dollars was voted for improvements,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>
+one of the old citizens asked, &ldquo;What on earth can the trustees
+find in this village to spend two hundred dollars on?&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_140.jpg" width="600" height="602"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_140" id="img_140"></a>
+<p class="caption">CLEVELAND AND HER NEIGHBORS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Finally, came two events which were the making of
+Cleveland. In 1827 the Ohio Canal was opened from
+Cleveland to Akron and later to the mouth of the Scioto
+River, which flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth; and in
+1828 a channel was cut through the bar at the mouth
+of the Cuyahoga River. Consider what this meant to
+Cleveland. The Ohio Canal connected the village with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
+the Ohio River, thus putting Cleveland in touch with the
+rich coal, iron, oil, and coke lands of western Pennsylvania.
+Travelers, too, found the canal boats much better
+to journey on than the old stagecoaches.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_141.jpg" width="600" height="469"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A RIVER SCENE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The deepening of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River
+gave Cleveland a harbor and a place to build the enormous
+docks which to-day line the river's shore for the last few
+miles of its length. A few years earlier an effort to protect
+lake vessels had been made by building a pier out
+into the lake near the sand bar. The lake soon tore the
+pier to pieces, however, and the vessels still had to be
+hauled over the bar to safety. But with the sand bar cut,
+boats could sail in and out of the river at their pleasure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Splendid results followed. The population increased,
+frame houses gradually came to take the place of log
+cabins, business greatly improved, and in 1836 Cleveland
+became a city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_142.jpg" width="600" height="438"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AN ORE STEAMER ENTERING CLEVELAND'S HARBOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The year 1851 saw a great celebration in Cleveland over
+the opening of the first railroad. This brought added
+prosperity to the city. Then, too, iron ore began to arrive
+by water from the Lake Superior mines. At the same time
+more and more coal was being received. The manufacturers
+commenced to appreciate the tremendous advantages
+of living at a natural meeting place of these two great
+necessities. Cleveland awoke to a new business activity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_143.jpg" width="600" height="481"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">COAL DOCKS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then came the Civil War, and the manufacturing of
+iron products for the government crowded Cleveland's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>
+factories. During the years of the war the refining of
+coal oil developed into one of the city's leading industries.
+It was then that the great Standard Oil Company
+was organized. Many came to the city, attracted by
+these growing industries, so that what proved a disastrous
+period in many sections of our country was really a
+time of growth for Cleveland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_144.jpg" width="650" height="415"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_144" id="img_144"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF CLEVELAND</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Soon after the war East Cleveland was annexed to the
+city, and in 1873 Newburgh too became a part of Cleveland.
+Then, in 1893, West Cleveland and Brooklyn were
+taken in, and when Cleveland celebrated the anniversary
+of its founding in 1896, it had become a city of great
+importance in the country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a><br /><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_145.jpg" width="650" height="279"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">HUGE VIADUCTS SPAN THE VALLEY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At present
+Cleveland extends
+for over
+14 miles along
+Lake Erie and
+covers more than
+50 square miles.
+The larger part
+of the city lies
+to the east of
+the Cuyahoga
+River. The valley
+of this river
+is filled with car
+tracks, lumber
+yards, car shops,
+coal sheds, ore
+docks, and shipyards.
+Being in
+the valley, these
+are partially hidden
+from the
+city. Huge viaducts
+span the
+valley and unite
+the east and
+west sides of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_146.jpg" width="600" height="468"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS QUARTER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The heart of
+the business
+quarter and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
+center of the street railway lines is Monumental Square,
+which lies about a mile from the lake shore. From this
+square radiate the streets in a fan shape, at every angle
+from northeast to west. Euclid Avenue is Cleveland's most
+famous street, having for years enjoyed the reputation of
+being one of the country's finest avenues. The lower end
+is taken up with business, but farther out are many splendid
+residences surrounded by extensive and beautifully
+kept lawns. Cleveland is called the Forest City, and it is
+to the old trees which grace its parks and line both sides
+of Euclid Avenue that it owes its name. Another important
+business street is Superior Avenue, which runs
+through the main business portion of the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_147.jpg" width="650" height="295"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MONUMENTAL SQUARE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_148.jpg" width="350" height="446"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LOOKING UP EUCLID AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though Cleveland is a beautiful city, its importance
+really lies in the fact of its occupying just the position
+that it does. Being on Lake Erie puts it in touch with
+the copper fields of Michigan, the iron mines of Minnesota
+and Michigan, and the huge forests along the Great
+Lakes. Through railroad connections it is also in touch
+with the coal, oil, and
+iron supplies of western
+Pennsylvania and
+Ohio. Thus, lying in
+the center of eastern
+and western commerce,
+Cleveland has
+become a great manufacturing
+center, and
+the Cleveland district
+is the largest
+ore market in the
+world. Lake vessels
+bring the ore to
+Cleveland's enormous
+docks, where huge machines
+quickly transfer
+it to cars waiting
+to carry it to Pittsburgh and other cities.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland, also, has several blast furnaces and immense
+factories of iron and steel supplies. It holds first rank in
+America for the making of wire and nails. More ships
+are built in the Cleveland district than anywhere else
+in the world except in the shipyards on the Clyde River
+in Scotland. Then, too, Cleveland makes steel bridges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a><br /><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
+and buildings, automobiles, and gas ranges. Quantities
+of women's clothing are made in Cleveland. Slaughtering
+and the wholesale meat-packing business are other
+important industries.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+     <img src="images/img_149_1.jpg" width="600" height="398"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ORE DOCKS</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_149_2.jpg" width="600" height="469"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHEELING &amp; LAKE ERIE BRIDGE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is a simple matter to ship Cleveland's manufactures
+in every direction. The main lines of the New York Central
+and the Nickel Plate pass through Cleveland, and
+it is a terminal city of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago,
+&amp; St. Louis Railroad,&mdash;commonly known as the Big
+Four,&mdash;the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore &amp; Ohio,
+and the Wheeling &amp; Lake Erie railroads. More than this,
+Cleveland is the center of a vast network of interurban
+electric railways that carry both passengers and freight
+and keep the city in hourly communication with the many
+smaller cities of northern Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_150.jpg" width="600" height="399"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNIVERSITY CIRCLE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cleveland gets its water supply from Lake Erie
+through tunnels built out under the lake, which connect
+with two intake cribs, one of which is five miles from
+the shore. Natural gas, pumped through large mains
+from the gas fields of West Virginia, more than 200 miles
+away, is sold to the people of Cleveland at 30 cents a
+thousand. The street railway service is among the best
+in the country, and the fare is lower than in any other
+large American city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_151.jpg" width="600" height="443"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A DRIVE IN GORDEN PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cleveland has excellent educational advantages. Western
+Reserve University, founded in 1826, is especially
+noted for its law and medical schools. In Cleveland, also,
+are the Case School of Applied Science, the Cleveland
+School of Art, St. Ignatius College, the Homeopathic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
+Medical College, and the University School. The public
+schools of the city are among the best.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_152_1.jpg" width="600" height="276"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_152_2.jpg" width="600" height="406"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE NEW COURTHOUSE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cleveland has a beautiful park system. The different
+parks are connected by boulevards, which form a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
+semicircle through the residence districts. There are also
+numerous small parks and playgrounds in the more congested
+districts. A plan for grouping the city's public
+buildings about a broad parkway is being carried out.
+Several of the buildings are already completed. When
+finished, this will be one of the most beautiful and most
+imposing spectacles in America.</p>
+
+<p>All of these things, added to the great possibilities for
+occupation offered by the city's many lines of work, have
+given Cleveland a population of over 560,000. To-day
+the little settlement of Cleaveland, made in 1796 at the
+mouth of the Cuyahoga, has become the second of all
+lake ports and the sixth city in size in the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>CLEVELAND</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over 500,000 (560,663).</p>
+
+<p>Sixth city in rank according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Important manufacturing center.</p>
+
+<p>Center of the largest ore market in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Ranks first in America in making wire and nails.</p>
+
+<p>Great shipbuilding center.</p>
+
+<p>A center of trade in copper, iron, lumber, coal, and oil.</p>
+
+<p>Important railroad center.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Give the history of the name and the settlement of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>2. Tell something of the dangers and difficulties of the
+first settlers of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>3. What was Cleveland's first manufacturing plant, and
+what others did it soon have?</p>
+
+<p>4. What means of communication with other cities did
+Cleveland have in the early days of its history?</p>
+
+<p>5. To what two events does Cleveland chiefly owe its
+rapid growth? Why?</p>
+
+<p>6. What two products found a meeting place at Cleveland,
+and with what results?</p>
+
+<p>7. How did the Civil War help the growth of the city?</p>
+
+<p>8. What benefits does Cleveland derive from its location
+on Lake Erie?</p>
+
+<p>9. What are the most important industries of the Cleveland
+district?</p>
+
+<p>10. What railroad facilities has Cleveland to-day?</p>
+
+<p>11. Mention some of the things that make Cleveland a
+pleasant place in which to live and a good place for business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_155.jpg" width="500" height="182"
+        alt="Baltimore"
+        title="Baltimore" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="BALTIMORE" id="BALTIMORE">BALTIMORE</a></h2>
+
+<p>Near the head of Chesapeake Bay stands Baltimore, the
+largest of our Southern cities and the seventh city in size
+in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Because of her importance as a Southern railroad center
+and her excellent harbor on the largest bay of the
+Atlantic coast, Baltimore is called &ldquo;The Gateway to the
+South.&rdquo; Great ships from all parts of the world unload
+their cargoes at her docks and take in return products
+from nearly every section of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The railroads bring to Baltimore vast quantities of iron,
+coal, and grain from the West, and up from the South
+ships and trains come laden with raw sugar, tobacco,
+fruits, and vegetables. Here the oysters, fish, and crabs
+from Chesapeake Bay and the products of the rich farm
+lands of Maryland and Virginia find a ready market.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing these things, one can surmise what the city's
+leading industries and exports must be. Baltimore is the
+world's greatest oyster market, she leads the world in the
+canning of vegetables and fruits, she is one of the country's
+largest banana markets, and more corn is exported from
+this city than from anywhere else in America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Baltimore is a great sugar-refining center, she leads the
+world in the making of straw hats, and among her foremost
+industries are the manufacture of clothing and the
+making of tobacco goods.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_156.jpg" width="600" height="428"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AN OYSTER BOAT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thanks to the coal and iron she receives, Baltimore
+builds cars, ships, and almost everything made of iron
+and steel. Then, too, the city has the largest copper-refining
+plant in America.</p>
+
+<p>If this story had been written a few years ago, it
+would tell you that Baltimore's streets were narrow, that
+miles of them were paved with cobblestones or were not
+paved at all, and that the city generally was developing
+very slowly. But to-day we have a quite different
+Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_157.jpg" width="494" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BALTIMORE FIRE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On February 7th and 8th, 1904, a great fire swept the
+business section of the city, destroying $125,000,000 worth
+of property. While the ruins were still smoldering, the
+courageous people, refusing all help from outside, began
+to plan a bigger and better Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The work began in the burned part of the city. The
+narrow down-town streets were widened and paved, and
+new and better buildings took the place of the burned
+ones. Most of these new buildings are three or four
+stories high, though a few tall ones range from ten to
+sixteen stories. Fortunately three of Baltimore's oldest
+and most imposing buildings escaped the fire&mdash;the post
+office, the city hall, and the courthouse.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_158.jpg" width="600" height="474"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BURNED PART OF THE CITY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two important streets cross this newly built business
+section&mdash;Charles Street, running north and south, and
+Baltimore Street, running east and west. Baltimore Street
+is the chief business thoroughfare, and north and south of
+it are the wholesale, financial, and shipping districts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_159_1.jpg" width="600" height="350"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PIER 4</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_159_2.jpg" width="600" height="468"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ONE OF THE NEW WHARVES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The city owned little wharf property of importance
+before 1904, but the fire made it possible to buy all the
+burned district fronting the harbor. This the city purchased
+and laid out in a wonderful system of public
+wharves and docks open to the commerce of the world.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_160.jpg" width="600" height="493"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE POST OFFICE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pier 4, at the foot of Market Place, has been set aside for
+the use of market boats, and here small crafts bring much
+of the fruit, vegetables, fish, crabs, and oysters which
+make the markets of Baltimore among the most attractive
+in the United States. There are eleven of these markets,
+and on market days they are a most interesting sight with
+their busy jostling crowds all eagerly buying or selling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_161.jpg" width="600" height="496"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But these great improvements in the business center
+and along the water front are only part of the good results
+which have followed the fire. In past years Baltimore
+had many miles of open sewers, an unhealthful arrangement
+which caused much sickness. The very year after
+the fire, work was begun to do away with this evil, and
+to-day the city has a sanitary, up-to-date sewer system.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_162_1.jpg" width="600" height="477"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LEXINGTON MARKET</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_162_2.jpg" width="600" height="415"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FALLSWAY</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_163.jpg" width="350" height="436"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">McCALL FERRY DAM</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another important work of the city-betterment plan
+has to do with a stream called Jones Falls, which used to
+flow in an open channel right through the center of the
+city. This stream now flows through great concrete tubes,
+over which is a broad highway running diagonally across<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a><br /><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
+the city, all the way from the docks to the railroad terminal.
+Then, too, the city has a new water system, great
+enough to supply the entire city with purified water from
+Gunpowder River. And besides all these a great dam,
+the third longest in the world, has been built across the
+Susquehanna River
+at McCall Ferry,
+furnishing electric
+power which lights
+the streets, runs the
+cars, and supplies
+power for many of
+the city's factories.</p>
+
+<p>From the harbor
+Baltimore stretches
+away to the north
+and west, covering
+thirty-two square
+miles. Within the
+city are green hills
+and pleasant valleys,
+and a chain of
+beautiful parks with
+many splendid old trees bordering the boulevards which
+connect them. Two of these parks, Mount Vernon Place
+and Eutaw Place, are near the center of Baltimore. The
+former is cross shaped, and here stands the famous monument
+to George Washington, the first statue erected to his
+memory in this country. Eutaw Place is a long parkway
+made beautiful with statuary, flowers, fountains, and winding
+walks, and on either side stand handsome residences.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Covering seven hundred acres of picturesque rolling
+land is Druid Hill Park, with its miles of driveways, its
+ancient oak trees, its athletic grounds, tennis courts, botanical
+palace, zoo, and a large reservoir lake. The rugged
+scenery of Gwynn's Falls Park challenges Druid Hill's
+claim to unequaled beauty. In Patterson Park there is
+the largest artificial swimming pool in the United States.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_164.jpg" width="600" height="576"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_164" id="img_164"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF BALTIMORE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides its many swimming pools and indoor baths, the
+city has organized a system of portable baths&mdash;small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
+houses which are moved from corner to corner in the
+crowded sections, supplying hot- and cold-water shower
+baths to many thousands each year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_165.jpg" width="468" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE FIRST WASHINGTON MONUMENT</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_166_1.jpg" width="600" height="444"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PATTERSON PARK SWIMMING POOL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Baltimore has won a reputation as an educational center<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a><br /><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
+through the splendid equipment and wonderful accomplishments
+of Johns Hopkins University, which is noted
+throughout the world, especially for its work along
+medical lines.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_166_2.jpg" width="600" height="403"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A PORTABLE BATHHOUSE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_167.jpg" width="600" height="403"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A JOHNS HOPKINS BUILDING</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Goucher College, for women, ranks with the best
+women's colleges in the South. The Baltimore College
+of Dental Surgery is the oldest college of its kind in
+the world. The Walters Art Gallery, and the Peabody
+Institute with its art gallery, conservatory of music,
+and library, afford opportunities for the study of art,
+music, and literature.</p>
+
+<p>With its more than 550,000 inhabitants, Baltimore, like
+Philadelphia, is a city of homes and is renowned for its
+good old Southern hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>Way back in 1634, a company of Catholic pilgrims<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
+came to America to found a colony where their religion
+would not be interfered with. King Charles I of England
+granted to these people a certain territory north of the
+Potomac River, which he named Maryland in honor of
+his wife, Mary, who was also a Catholic. The founder
+of the province was Lord Baltimore, and from the very beginning,
+settlers of all beliefs were made heartily welcome.</p>
+
+<p>About one hundred years after
+the planting of this Catholic colony,
+sixty acres of land on the north side
+of the Patapsco River was purchased
+and laid out for a city. To honor the
+generous-hearted founder of Maryland,
+the place was named Baltimore.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_168.jpg" width="250" height="272"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_168" id="img_168"></a>
+<p class="caption">LOCATION OF BALTIMORE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the most thrilling events
+in Baltimore's history led to the writing
+of our national song&mdash;&ldquo;The
+Star-Spangled Banner.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, was a prisoner on a
+British man-of-war in 1814, when the British attacked
+Fort McHenry. Fort McHenry guarded Baltimore, and if
+the fort fell, the city too must go. All day the English
+ships fired shot and shell at the fort. During all the night
+the attack went on. Anxiously Key watched through the
+darkness. Could the fort hold out against such a terrible
+bombardment? From time to time, by flashes from bursting
+bombs, he could see the outlines of the fort. Then
+came the dawn. In the early morning light Key saw our
+flag still waving, and in his joy he wrote on the back of
+an old letter the words of the song that has since become
+so famous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A wide thoroughfare which follows the curve of the
+water front for several miles is named in honor of Francis
+Scott Key. Key Highway, it is called, and it leads to Fort
+McHenry, which the War Department has lately given
+over to the care of the city of Baltimore.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>BALTIMORE</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over 500,000 (558,485).</p>
+
+<p>Seventh city in rank, according to population, in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Located near the head of Chesapeake Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Has a fine harbor and a splendid dock system.</p>
+
+<p>An important railroad center.</p>
+
+<p>Has a large and growing foreign commerce.</p>
+
+<p>An important manufacturing center.</p>
+
+<p>Ranks first among the cities of the United States as a
+canning and preserving center.</p>
+
+<p>The world's chief center for the manufacture of straw
+hats.</p>
+
+<p>An important center for shipping oysters and crabs.</p>
+
+<p>Associated with the writing of &ldquo;The Star-Spangled
+Banner.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. What advantages of location does Baltimore possess?</p>
+
+<p>2. Why is Baltimore called the gateway to the South?</p>
+
+<p>3. What are the leading exports of this city?</p>
+
+<p>4. In what industries does Baltimore rank first in the
+United States?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>5. What great disaster visited Baltimore in 1904, and how
+did the people of the city make this great trouble result in
+a better city?</p>
+
+<p>6. What educational institution has won a splendid reputation
+for Baltimore?</p>
+
+<p>7. Tell something of the settlement of Maryland and the
+city of Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>8. Tell the story of the writing of a famous song of which
+Baltimore is justly proud.</p>
+
+<p>9. Find by inquiry or by consulting time tables the time
+required to reach Baltimore from the following places:</p>
+
+<table cellpadding="4" summary="Cities_2">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New York City</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Atlanta</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Norfolk</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Washington, D.C.</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Richmond</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_171.jpg" width="500" height="196"
+        alt="Pittsburgh"
+        title="Pittsburgh" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PITTSBURGH" id="PITTSBURGH">PITTSBURGH</a></h2>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh and New Orleans&mdash;both of vast commercial
+importance&mdash;are connected by one of the greatest water
+highways in the world. Never were two cities more unlike.
+New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi, with its
+French and its Southern population, might be termed the
+Paris of our country&mdash;this gay, fashionable town, with its
+fine opera houses, its noted restaurants, and its brilliant
+Mardi Gras pageants. Pittsburgh, on the other hand, at the
+head of the Ohio River, in the heart of a famous coal-and-iron
+region, is well named the &ldquo;workshop of the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Many years ago, when the governor of Virginia sent
+George Washington to drive the French from the Ohio
+valley, there stood, where the Allegheny and Monongahela
+rivers unite to form the Ohio River, a small fort which
+the French called Fort Duquesne. This fort was captured
+in 1758 by the British and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor
+of England's great statesman, William Pitt. To-day the
+place is known as Pittsburgh, and is the center of the
+most extensive iron works in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At first the little settlement was important as a break
+in transportation, for here cargoes were changed from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
+lighter boats used on the Allegheny and Monongahela
+rivers to the heavier barges on the broad Ohio. Even then
+Pittsburgh was recognized as a gateway of the West.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the settlement became a trading center,
+which soon developed into a big, busy, manufacturing
+city. Now Pittsburgh has a population of over half a
+million and is the eighth city in size in the Union.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_172.jpg" width="600" height="445"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FORT DUQUESNE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_173_1.jpg" width="350" height="332"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BLOCKHOUSE IN FORT DUQUESNE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In her countless factories, her mammoth steel mills, and
+her huge foundries, she uses the products of the rich surrounding
+country as well as an enormous amount of iron
+ore from the Lake Superior mines.</p>
+
+<p>Although western Pennsylvania too furnishes iron ore,
+its chief contribution to Pittsburgh is a vast amount of
+coal, which the city in turn supplies to the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_173_2.jpg" width="350" height="351"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_173" id="img_173"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh leads the world in the manufacture of steel
+and iron, glassware (including plate and window glass),
+armor plate, steel cars,
+air brakes, iron and steel
+pipe, tin plate, fire brick,
+coke, sheet steel, white
+lead, cork wares, electrical
+machinery, and
+pickles.</p>
+
+<p>To carry on these
+important industries,
+Pittsburgh, the city of
+McKeesport, the boroughs
+of Homestead and
+Braddock, and many
+other places,&mdash;all together known as the Pittsburgh district,&mdash;have
+more than 5000 manufacturing plants and
+employ over 350,000
+people. The amount
+paid the laborers in
+these factories in
+prosperous times is
+over $1,000,000 a
+day.</p>
+
+<p>The famous Homestead
+mills make
+armor plate for battleships.
+At Braddock
+are steel works,
+where great furnaces
+turn out enough rails<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a><br /><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
+in a year to span the United States from the Atlantic to
+the Pacific. The great Carnegie Steel Company has its headquarters
+in the city of Pittsburgh and leads the world in the
+production of structural steel, steel rails, and armor plate.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_174_1.jpg" width="600" height="478"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FILLING MOLDS WITH MOLTEN METAL</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_174_2.jpg" width="600" height="355"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BLAST FURNACES OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Perhaps your knife blade is made of steel manufactured
+in one of the huge factories in this busy district.
+The car tracks of your town, the street-car wheels, and
+the great locomotives, to say nothing of the heavy steel
+beams and girders of your fireproof buildings, may all
+be products of this mighty workshop.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_175.jpg" width="600" height="458"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MINERS AT WORK</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_176.jpg" width="600" height="486"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">IN A MODERN COAL MINE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh coal is used all over the country. The near-by
+mines form a great underground city, whose dark passageways,
+far below the surface of the earth, are lighted by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
+tiny electric lights. More than fifteen thousand men find
+employment in this weird city. Day after day the brave
+miners go down into the mines, never sure that they will
+see the sunlight again, for many are the perils of mining.
+Who has not read of the terrible disasters caused by
+suffocation from fire damp, by flood, the falling of walls,
+or the explosion of coal dust? Small particles of coal dust
+are constantly floating in the mines, and much is stirred
+up by the cars used to carry the coal to the outside world.
+A tiny spark may ignite this dust and cause it to explode
+with terrific force. Sometimes even the presence of much
+oxygen in the air will make the dust explode, tearing down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a><br /><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
+great blocks of coal which bury the poor miners or stop
+up the passageways so that there is no escape unless the
+victims are dug out before they die.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_177_1.jpg" width="600" height="423"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_177_2.jpg" width="600" height="455"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">SCENE IN A COAL MINE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the world must have coal, for, used for our great
+boilers, it drives our powerful locomotives, sends mighty
+vessels plowing across the ocean, and supplies the power
+which turns the wheels of industry, both great and small.
+Yes, the world must have coal. So Uncle Sam, in pity for
+the miners who brave these awful dangers, has bought a
+mine at Bruceton, a short distance from Pittsburgh. There
+the government is making experiments to find out the
+causes of explosion, aiming in this way to protect the
+miners by lessening their dangers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_178.jpg" width="600" height="398"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PITTSBURGH COAL IS SENT ALL OVER THE WORLD</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_179.jpg" width="675" height="410"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_179" id="img_179"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Much of the coal is made into coke by burning out
+certain gases in open-air ovens. Thousands of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a><br /><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
+ovens are located in the
+Pittsburgh district, and
+their fires at night illuminate
+the country for
+miles. The coke is used
+as fuel in the steel furnaces
+of Pittsburgh, Cleveland,
+Chicago, and other
+cities.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_180.jpg" width="650" height="201"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BUSINESS DISTRICT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A little more than fifty
+years ago petroleum, or
+rock oil, was discovered
+near Pittsburgh, and although
+oil has since been
+found in many other
+places, Pittsburgh is still
+one of the great centers
+for this product. Crude
+petroleum as it comes
+from the earth is a liquid,
+formed from the decay of
+plants and animals long
+ago buried underground.
+It is obtained by sinking
+wells, or pipes, into oil-bearing
+rock, which is
+very porous. Sometimes
+the pipes are sunk a quarter
+of a mile deep. The
+average yield is from 50
+to 75 barrels a day, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>
+occasionally a pipe well is found which yields as high
+as 1000 barrels.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes a well stops flowing. Then the oil must be
+pumped from the earth or else forced out by the explosion
+of dynamite. Such a well is spoken of as a &ldquo;shot well.&rdquo;
+When a well is shot, a vast column of oil is thrown into
+the air, just as water is thrown up in a geyser or hot
+spring, by the action of gases under ground.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh makes great storage tanks for the oil, as
+well as apparatus for drilling wells, and supplies these
+not only to our own country but to every foreign land
+in which oil is found.</p>
+
+<p>When petroleum is heated it gives off vapors, varying
+according to the heat. These vapors are then condensed and
+form many products which are now in every-day use, such
+as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and benzine. Vaseline is
+what remains in the vats after heating the petroleum.
+Paraffin is another product. Pittsburgh manufactures all
+these and supplies them to the world.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of natural gas about twenty-five years
+ago, and its use as a fuel, attracted the attention of the
+world to Pittsburgh as a center of cheap fuel. Natural
+gas is found in and around oil fields, so it is supposed
+that the gas and the oil have the same origin. The porous
+rock in which the gas is found is usually covered with
+clay rock, or shale, which prevents the gas from escaping.
+Natural gas, like petroleum, is obtained by sinking pipes.
+When the gas is reached, it rushes out with great force.
+Large quantities of it were formerly used in Pittsburgh's
+glass factories and iron works, but its greatest use to-day
+is for lighting and heating.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_182.jpg" width="350" height="446"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1902</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The city of Pittsburgh stretches for 7 miles along
+the Allegheny, about the same distance on the Monongahela,
+and entirely covers the space between. The city of
+Allegheny, across the Allegheny River, has recently been
+annexed, thus giving Pittsburgh an area of 38 square miles.
+The two cities, with
+the river between,
+remind us of Brooklyn
+and Manhattan.</p>
+
+<p>The city's water
+supply is taken
+from the Allegheny
+River and is purified
+in the largest single
+filtration plant in
+the world.</p>
+
+<p>The main business
+section covers
+the V-shaped space
+between the two
+rivers&mdash;known as
+the Point&mdash;and extends
+into the streets
+further back. Still
+beyond are heights upon which are many beautiful parks,
+fine residences, and splendid public buildings, including
+the Carnegie Museum, Library, and Technical Schools,
+and the buildings of Pittsburgh University.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_183.jpg" width="350" height="452"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1915</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though the population of the &ldquo;Steel City&rdquo; was at first
+mainly Scotch-Irish, it now includes citizens from almost
+every nation in Europe. The workmen in its factories are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>
+of at least thirty nationalities. Side by side stand English,
+Germans, Welsh, Irish, Scotch, Negroes, Jews, Italians,
+Syrians, Swedes, Greeks, Slavs, Poles, and Hungarians.</p>
+
+<p>In one section of the city there is a distinct German
+center, whose inhabitants speak German and have German
+newspapers. Another
+section has received
+the name of Little
+Italy because of the
+number of Italians
+who have come
+there to live. Six
+papers are published
+for these people in
+their own tongue.
+In Little Italy are
+many of the fruit
+stands and market
+places which in this
+country seem to
+furnish a favorite
+employment for the
+sons of Italy.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_184.jpg" width="350" height="440"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A FOREIGN QUARTER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In still another
+section, which is called the Ghetto, live the Jews, whose
+conversation is largely carried on in Yiddish, and whose
+newspapers are printed in that language. All of these
+foreign-born people have adopted the dress of American
+citizens, and their descendants will soon become Americanized
+in manners and language. To-day their foreign
+ways make them the more interesting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But the laborers are by no means the only inhabitants
+of Pittsburgh. There are many wealthy residents, whose
+palatial homes, built beyond the reach of the soot and
+smoke, far away from the noises of the great business
+thoroughfares, are in great contrast to the workmen's
+simple homes near
+the furnaces.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_185.jpg" width="350" height="462"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AN INCLINED PLANE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh can
+boast of many great
+men. It is the home
+of Andrew Carnegie,
+whose reputation for
+wealth and benevolence
+is world wide.
+He it was who conceived
+the idea of
+founding free libraries
+in different
+cities, they in turn
+to support these
+libraries by giving
+an annual sum for
+that purpose. His
+first offer was to
+his own city. In 1881 he proposed to give Pittsburgh
+$250,000 for a free public library if the city would set
+apart $15,000 each year for its care. The offer was refused,
+and the library was given to Allegheny instead.
+Later Mr. Carnegie gave Pittsburgh an Institute and
+Library combined, for the support of which the city gives
+$200,000 each year. The Carnegie Institute is a massive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>
+and beautiful building in Schenley Park. It covers 5 acres
+of land and is filled with treasures of art and literature.
+To-day there are nine Carnegie libraries in Pittsburgh,
+containing over 360,000 volumes.</p>
+
+<p>George Westinghouse was another Pittsburgh capitalist.
+His early days were spent in making agricultural implements
+in Schenectady.
+He was called
+Lazy George because
+he was always
+making pieces of
+machinery to save
+doing work with his
+hands. Later, by
+his invention of air
+brakes for trains, he
+became rich. Choosing
+Pittsburgh as
+his home, he established
+in and near
+the city the great
+Westinghouse Electric
+Company. It
+was Mr. Westinghouse
+who gave to
+Pittsburgh natural gas, conveying it through forty miles
+of pipe from Murrysville.</p>
+
+<p>Towering above Pittsburgh are high hills, which are
+reached from the business districts by inclined planes.
+Passengers and freight are carried up the inclines in cable
+cars. Up the steepest of these planes, the Monongahela,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
+whose summit is four hundred feet above the river, the
+railroad runs through a tunnel and brings the passengers
+out upon a high bluff.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_186.jpg" width="600" height="384"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FROM THE HEIGHTS ABOVE THE CITY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the heights above the city one views the surrounding
+country&mdash;a wonderful panorama of hills and
+valleys, with the three great rivers, spanned by seventeen
+splendid bridges, stretching away in the distance. In
+every direction are towns called &ldquo;little Pittsburghs,&rdquo;
+where live the workers engaged in the gigantic industries
+of the Pittsburgh district. And looking down, one sees
+the Point&mdash;the center of this great city, the heart
+of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>&ldquo;workshop of the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>PITTSBURGH</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over half a million (533,905).</p>
+
+<p>Eighth city in rank, according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Has the largest structural-steel plant in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Has the largest glass-manufacturing plant in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Has the largest commercial coal plant in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>Has the largest pickling plant in the world.</p>
+
+<p>Has the largest electrical manufacturing plant in the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Leads the world in the manufacture of iron, steel, glass,
+electrical machinery, steel cars, tin plate, air brakes,
+fire brick, white lead, pickles, and cork wares.</p>
+
+<p>Place of great historical interest in connection with the
+development of the West.</p>
+
+<p>One of the foremost commercial distributing centers.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Compare Pittsburgh with New Orleans in location and
+in interests.</p>
+
+<p>2. Tell how Fort Pitt grew into the great city of Pittsburgh
+and give two causes for its growth.</p>
+
+<p>3. Where does Pittsburgh get her iron ore, coal, and petroleum?</p>
+
+<p>4. In what manufactures does the city lead the world?</p>
+
+<p>5. What great advantages does its location on the Ohio
+River give Pittsburgh?</p>
+
+<p>6. Where are her great steel works, and what do they
+manufacture?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>7. Describe the mine cities and the miners. Tell of their
+dangers and how these are to be lessened.</p>
+
+<p>8. How is petroleum obtained? What products in daily
+use are made from it?</p>
+
+<p>9. Give some facts about natural gas and its use in
+Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>10. Why is Pittsburgh called the &ldquo;workshop of the
+world&rdquo;?</p>
+
+<p>11. Name two famous men of Pittsburgh and tell what
+they have done for the city and for the world.</p>
+
+<p>12. Examine a map and find what shipping ports are
+within easy access of Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>13. Find by what route ore and other material shipped by
+way of the Great Lakes reach Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_189.jpg" width="500" height="195"
+        alt="Detroit"
+        title="Detroit" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="DETROIT" id="DETROIT">DETROIT</a></h2>
+
+<p>In population, Detroit is the ninth city of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>In the value of its manufactured products, it is fifth.</p>
+
+<p>In the value of its exports, it is the leading port on
+the Canadian border.</p>
+
+<p>With these facts in mind it will be interesting to learn
+something of the history of Detroit; something of the
+goods it manufactures and the reasons for its growth and
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>During the years when the French governed Canada,
+manufacturing and agriculture played a very small part
+in their affairs. Their business men were chiefly interested
+in the fur trade; their governors were interested
+mainly in extending the territory over which floated the
+banner of their king; and the teaching of Christianity to
+the hordes of Indians who inhabited the country seemed of
+the greatest importance to their priests and missionaries.</p>
+
+<p>So, because it served the purpose of each, all three
+classes&mdash;the fur traders, the crown officers, and the missionaries&mdash;worked
+hand in hand in exploring and in penetrating
+the wilderness in every direction. They suffered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>
+every hardship, endured every privation, and very often
+fell victims to the cruelty of the savages.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_190.jpg" width="650" height="354"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_190" id="img_190"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE GREAT LAKES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In those days of French rule, railroads were unheard
+of, and wagon roads were almost as scarce. Travel was
+sometimes through the woods, along the trails made by
+the Indians; but usually it was by the water courses,
+over which the Indian canoes carried furs to be traded
+for the goods of the French.</p>
+
+<p>Now if you will look at a map which shows the Canadian
+border of the United States and follow the course
+of the Great Lakes, you will see that at four places their
+broad waters narrow into rivers or straits. These places
+are first, the Niagara River; second, where the waters
+of Lake Huron pass into Lake Erie; third, at the Sault
+Ste. Marie; and fourth, at the Straits of Mackinac.</p>
+
+<p>Between the East and the West, the Great Lakes and
+the St. Lawrence River formed the main artery of travel.
+To control the narrow rivers and straits that connect the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
+Great Lakes was to control the travel over them, and
+as the French extended their rule from Quebec to the
+West, they fortified these narrow places one by one.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Niagara was built at the mouth of the Niagara
+River. Then on July 24, 1701, Antoine de la Mothe
+Cadillac landed on the banks of the Detroit River and
+began the work of building a palisade fort, almost where
+the river widens into Lake Saint Clair.</p>
+
+<p>Cadillac thought that at Fort Detroit he had found one
+of the garden spots of the country. In the pine forests
+of the Michigan peninsula game of every sort abounded,
+and their skins enriched alike the Indians and the French.
+The waters of Lake Saint Clair swarmed with wild fowl.
+In the woods wild grapes grew in profusion, and the rich
+lands bordering both sides of the river assured plentiful
+crops, depending only upon the industry of those who
+tilled the soil. However, in spite of his enthusiasm over
+the beauty of the site, Cadillac proceeded to lay out a
+very ugly little town with rude dwellings huddled along
+narrow muddy streets.</p>
+
+<p>Such as it was, Detroit remained under French rule
+for fifty-nine years, becoming one of the most prosperous
+of the French outposts. The Indians were, for the most
+part, friendly with the French, and in 1760 the place had
+a population of 2500, which made it of great importance
+in the sparsely settled West.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the years of the French and Indian wars,
+and finally the French, having lost Quebec, were obliged
+to surrender to the English. So in November, 1760, Detroit
+was given up to Major Robert Rogers in command
+of a detachment of British regulars and American militia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The English were not allowed to remain long in undisturbed
+possession of their new outpost. Pontiac, chief of
+the Ottawas and one of the craftiest of all Indian warriors,
+was friendly to the French. In 1763, through his
+immense influence with all the Western tribes, he organized
+a conspiracy to drive the English from the territory which
+they had won with such difficulty. Detroit was one of
+the first places to be attacked. The siege lasted several
+months, but in spite of the cruelty and cunning of the
+attack, the garrison held out until at last relief came.
+Thus by their bravery they did much to prevent the success
+of Pontiac's Conspiracy, as the uprising is called.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the Revolution. At its close, the Treaty of
+Paris was signed in 1783. By the terms of this treaty,
+Detroit, together with the other British outposts in the
+West, became the property of the United States. However,
+it was not until 1796 that the place was actually
+occupied by American troops.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen years later Detroit again passed into the possession
+of the British. This was during the war of 1812
+and followed the defeat of General William Hull's ill-fated
+expedition into Canada. Falling back to Detroit,
+Hull was attacked, and surrendered to the British after
+a half-hearted resistance.</p>
+
+<p>A little more than a year later, however, in October,
+1813, Oliver Hazard Perry won the famous battle of
+Lake Erie. This gave the Americans control of the lake,
+and the British soon abandoned Detroit, which has since
+remained in the possession of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Detroit had prospered but little since 1760. Its inhabitants
+were for the most part easy-going Frenchmen. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>
+were not suited to the strenuous work of city building.
+Detroit, instead of growing larger, was becoming smaller;
+and when, in 1820, the United States took a census of the
+place, it had but 1442 inhabitants as against the 2500
+that Major Rogers found in 1760.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_193.jpg" width="600" height="408"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">DETROIT IN 1820, AND STEAMER <i>WALK-IN-THE-WATER</i><br />(From an old print)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But from 1820 the growth of Detroit has been continuous.
+In 1825 the Erie Canal was opened, furnishing
+an easy means of communication from the East to the
+West. Then came a great tide of immigration to all the
+states bordering on the Great Lakes. Michigan was one of
+the first to profit, and Detroit was the gateway to Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the pioneers who sought homes in the West
+were farmers. The life of cities and villages offered few
+attractions to them. The number that stayed in Detroit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
+was small as compared to the number that passed through
+into the back country to clear the woodlands and take
+up the work of agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>But as the back country filled up, there came a demand
+for the things in which cities deal, while at the same time
+there came the need of places where the products of the
+farm could be gathered together ready for transportation
+to the Eastern market.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_194.jpg" width="600" height="454"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A DRY DOCK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this way Detroit began its great growth. It bought
+the wool and wheat which the Michigan farmers raised,
+and shipped them East. It bought from the East the dry
+goods, hardware, and various other things which the
+Michigan farmers needed, and distributed them. It grew<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>
+prosperous as the country back of it became more populated,
+and as this population became richer and able to
+buy larger amounts and more expensive goods, Detroit
+reaped the advantage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_195.jpg" width="600" height="455"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A PASSENGER STEAMER</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then too the traffic on the lakes became more important,
+requiring larger and better vessels. Detroit has one
+of the best harbors on all the Great Lakes, making it
+splendidly suited for the building and launching of vessels.
+Always engaged more or less in shipbuilding, Detroit
+improved its shipyards and kept pace with the demand.
+To-day it builds all types of vessels, from magnificent
+passenger steamers to the great steel ore ships which
+carry the iron ore of the Lake Superior districts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was in 1860 that Detroit began to take its place
+among the industrial cities of the country. Now it is
+fifth among the cities of the United States in the value
+of its manufactured products. Let us see what its chief
+industries are.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_196.jpg" width="600" height="372"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A LAKE VESSEL BUILT IN DETROIT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>First of all comes the manufacture of automobiles and
+the parts of which they are made. It is estimated that
+more than half of all the automobiles made in the United
+States are built in Detroit factories. Until 1899 there
+was not a single automobile factory in the city. To-day
+there are over thirty, many of them covering acres of
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>As few of the automobile factories make all the parts
+of their machines, there are in Detroit many shops for
+the manufacture of steel, aluminium, and brass castings,
+and of gears, wheels, and various other automobile parts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another of Detroit's important industries is the manufacture
+and repair of steam- and electric-railroad cars.
+These are largely freight cars, although many passenger
+cars are also made.</p>
+
+<p>Other lines of business include foundry and machine-shop
+products, the making of druggists' preparations, the
+manufacture of flour, the packing of beef and pork, and
+the preparation of other food stuffs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_197.jpg" width="600" height="359"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHERE AUTOMOBILES ARE MADE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then Detroit makes great quantities of soda ash and
+alkalies. This industry Detroit owes to the fact that here
+are found both limestone and salt, which is obtained from
+wells driven along the river bank. Both of these materials
+are required in the manufacture of soda ash.</p>
+
+<p>The printing-and-publishing business gives employment
+to thousands; so does the manufacture of paints and varnishes.
+In stoves, ranges, and furnaces, Detroit leads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>
+every other city in the country. It is interesting to know
+that Detroit makes great numbers of adding machines,
+that it is the largest producer of overalls in the country,
+that it is a center of the brass industry, that it turns out
+more than 300,000,000 cigars each year, and that it is
+one of the largest producers of wrought- and malleable-iron
+castings.</p>
+
+<p>The entire business of a city is, of course, never wholly
+manufacturing. Part of its business is always the distribution
+of things to supply the needs of its inhabitants
+and of the people who live in the surrounding country.</p>
+
+<p>When these goods are sold in large quantities to merchants
+who in turn sell them to the person using them,
+the business is known as a wholesale business. When
+they are sold by the merchant directly to the user, he does
+what is called a retail business.</p>
+
+<p>The wholesale business of Detroit is very large. Its
+merchants do the larger part of the wholesale business
+through the entire state of Michigan and in parts of
+northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
+They even furnish certain supplies to some parts of
+Canada. Dry goods, drugs, hardware, and groceries are
+the principal things in which Detroit wholesalers deal.</p>
+
+<p>Detroit has also many large retail stores, which supply
+not only the people who live in the city of Detroit but
+those in the surrounding country as well. Thanks to the
+many suburban electric railroads and the many steam
+roads, the people who live in the smaller places are able
+to come to Detroit to purchase things they want.</p>
+
+<p>Now let us take our map again and notice the location
+of Detroit in relation to the rest of the country, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>
+location, as you know, has very much to do with the
+growth of cities.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_199.jpg" width="600" height="390"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE DETROIT RIVER TUNNEL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We find in the first place that it is separated from
+Canada by only the width of a river. So we are not surprised
+to hear that Detroit is one of the principal points
+for the exchange of goods between the two countries.
+The two most important Canadian railroads have terminals
+at Windsor, on the Canadian side of the water, and
+also at Detroit. A very large part of the United States
+finds Detroit the most convenient point from which to
+send its products into Canada, since goods can so easily
+be brought to Detroit by water or rail.</p>
+
+<p>Statistics issued by the United States government show
+that of the eighteen customhouses on the Canadian border
+the one at Detroit does the largest volume of business.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Then too, by the lakes, Detroit can reach all of the
+American lake ports, and from Buffalo, through the Erie
+Canal, it can even reach New York.</p>
+
+<p>The many railroads which serve Detroit give it excellent
+communication with all parts of the United States.
+The Michigan Central Railroad dives under the river, from
+Detroit to Windsor, through one of the most remarkable
+tunnels in the world. For years the cars of the Michigan
+Central Railroad, both passenger and freight, were carried
+across the river on ferryboats. This, of course, was a very
+slow way of crossing, but a bridge was impractical for
+various reasons, so at last it was decided to build
+a tunnel.</p>
+
+<p>When the engineers studied the river bottom, they
+found that it was covered with mud so deep that it was
+impossible to build a tunnel under it. Instead they built
+the tunnel of steel on the river bank, and when it was
+completed they sank it in sections and then fastened
+it together.</p>
+
+<p>Two belt-line railroads, extending from the river bank,
+circle through Detroit. One is some two miles from the
+center, the other, six. Along these railroads are many
+factories which have switches directly into their plants.
+This makes shipping a simple matter for the Detroit
+manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p>Now, having learned something of the history of Detroit,
+something of the manufacturing which it does and the
+commerce it carries on, let us take a look at the city itself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_201.jpg" width="650" height="391"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_201" id="img_201"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF DETROIT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The older parts of most great cities are badly laid out.
+In very few cases do men realize that their little settlements
+are to grow into large cities. And so they pay little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a><br /><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
+attention to laying out streets, but in building their
+houses follow the farm lanes and often the paths made
+by the cows as they are driven to and from the pastures.</p>
+
+<p>This is not always the case however. Washington was
+laid out long before it ever became a city, and, in consequence,
+it has magnificent broad streets and many parks.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_202.jpg" width="600" height="360"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NORTH WOODWARD AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Detroit was one of the badly laid-out settlements, but
+in 1805 a fire burned every house in Detroit with one
+exception. Now at that time Judge Augustus B. Woodward
+was a prominent figure in the city government.
+When the fire wiped out the old town, the judge thought
+that a plan should be made for Detroit just as had been
+done for Washington. His idea was to have a great
+circle, called the Grand Circus, in the center of the
+town. Two streets, 120 feet wide, were to cross this
+circle, dividing it into quarters, and from the circle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>
+other broad avenues were to radiate in all directions.
+As the city grew, other circles were to be built with
+streets radiating from them.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately the citizens of Detroit did not have the
+belief in the growth of their city that Judge Woodward
+had, and so his scheme was only carried out in part. That
+part, however, gave to Detroit its Grand Circus, its broad
+avenues, and its down-town parks, and did much to earn
+for it the title of the City Beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>Detroit to-day has many splendid and costly residences.
+It has also street after street filled with comfortable
+medium-priced houses where the workmen live, and its
+people are fond of boasting that it is a city of homes.</p>
+
+<p>Woodward Avenue, which is 120 feet wide, is named
+after Judge Woodward. This avenue runs from the river
+bank right through the entire city. At its lower end it is
+the principal retail street of the city, while further out are
+many fine residences.</p>
+
+<p>As the town grew, a boulevard was built, which, starting
+at the river, runs completely around the city at a distance
+of some two and a half miles from the center.
+This boulevard is known as the Grand Boulevard and is
+more than 12 miles long and from 150 to 200 feet in
+width. In the center is a narrow strip upon which are
+grown flowers, trees, and grass, while upon either side
+run macadam roads.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_204.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AT BELLE ISLE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The most popular of Detroit's parks is Belle Isle. This
+is on an island of about 700 acres, directly opposite the
+city. Originally the island was for the most part a swamp
+infested with snakes. In order to get rid of the snakes
+a drove of hogs was turned loose on the island, and for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>
+long time it was known as Hog Island. Then the city
+bought it and turned it into a park. The swamps were
+drained, and lakes and canals were built, which in the
+summer time are covered with canoes and boats. In the
+winter they make excellent places for skating. Playgrounds,
+baseball fields, and picnic grounds were laid out
+and a zoo was built, as well as one of the best aquariums
+in the country. And here, too, is a horticultural building,
+where many rare plants and flowers are grown. A large
+part of the island was covered with woods, and this was
+left in its native state, with winding roads built through
+it. The island is connected with the mainland by a
+broad bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The health conditions of Detroit are excellent. Its
+water supply is taken at a depth of 40 feet from the
+Detroit River, just where it leaves Lake Saint Clair. The
+city has an ample sewerage system. It has many fine
+public schools, and here also are the University of Detroit
+and the Detroit colleges of law and medicine. In short,
+from every point of view Detroit is a good place in which
+to live.</p>
+
+<p>A short time ago prizes were offered to the public-school
+pupils in the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades for
+the five best essays on &ldquo;Why I am Glad I live in
+Detroit.&rdquo; Here is what one sixth-grade boy wrote about
+his home city:</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;What a beautiful city is Detroit,&rdquo; says the world-wide
+traveler, as he passes along its broad avenues, in the shade of
+its magnificent trees. &ldquo;Detroit has a fine commercial center,&rdquo;
+says the enterprising manufacturer as he surveys its busy
+wharves. &ldquo;What an excellent situation this city has,&rdquo; says
+the farmer, as he comes trudging to town with his load of
+produce. &ldquo;In Detroit life is worth living,&rdquo; says the happy
+pleasure seeker, as he whiles away his time, either on the lake
+or in its many parks and boulevards. &ldquo;You can have loads of
+fun at Belle Isle,&rdquo; whispers the small boy, as he thinks of the
+many pastimes which so appeal to every child. &ldquo;What an interesting
+history has Detroit,&rdquo; says the historian, as he recalls
+its many struggles, first with the Indians, then with the
+French, and last of all the English.</p>
+
+<p>Many strangers will come to our city during the next
+few months, and I know that after they have seen it and
+go to their homes again, they will tell their neighbors and
+friends of our beautiful city, and I, who live here, will be
+very proud of it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>DETROIT</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), more than 450,000 (465,766).</p>
+
+<p>Ninth city in rank, according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Important shipping and manufacturing center.</p>
+
+<p>Important center for trade with Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Most important center in United States for the automobile
+industry.</p>
+
+<p>Place of great historical interest.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. How does Detroit rank among our great cities in population,
+manufactured products, and exports?</p>
+
+<p>2. What were the ambitions of the French governors,
+traders, and missionaries of Canada in the early days?</p>
+
+<p>3. Why did the French build forts on the narrow rivers
+and straits that connect the Great Lakes?</p>
+
+<p>4. Describe Detroit and its surroundings in 1701.</p>
+
+<p>5. How and when did the English first acquire Detroit?</p>
+
+<p>6. How did the development of the farm lands about the
+city help the growth of Detroit?</p>
+
+<p>7. Tell about its growth since 1760, and give three causes.</p>
+
+<p>8. Name and describe some of the industries of the city.</p>
+
+<p>9. Tell something of its vast wholesale and retail trade.</p>
+
+<p>10. Show how the location of Detroit influences its commerce
+and contributes to its growth.</p>
+
+<p>11. Name three products in the manufacture of which
+Detroit leads all other cities in the country.</p>
+
+<p>12. What conditions have made Detroit a great center for
+commercial relations with Canada?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_207.jpg" width="500" height="197"
+        alt="Buffalo"
+        title="Bufflo" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="BUFFALO" id="BUFFALO">BUFFALO</a></h2>
+
+<p>About 1783 Cornelius Winne, a trader, built a little
+log store at the mouth of Buffalo River, which empties
+into Lake Erie. That was the beginning of Buffalo, the
+queen city of the lakes, the home to-day of more than
+four hundred thousand people.</p>
+
+<p>To understand the wonderful growth of this city we
+must go back to the days of the Revolution and see New
+York in those early times. Almost all the people of the
+United States then lived on the narrow strip of land
+lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian
+Highlands. The high forest-covered mountains made a
+barrier that kept the colonial settlers from attempting to
+push out toward the west.</p>
+
+<p>But in New York State nature had left an opening
+between the mountain ranges, along the courses of the
+Hudson and the Mohawk rivers. Settlers had early
+followed these streams and built homes in their valleys.
+Beyond lay the trackless hunting grounds of the Indians&mdash;the
+great West.</p>
+
+<p>With the close of the Revolution things began to
+change. New York made a treaty with the Indians,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span>
+whereby they agreed to sell large tracts of their lands.
+Pioneers pushed their way into the unknown wilderness
+of the western part of the state and found a beautiful
+fertile country. Their reports led hundreds to follow
+them. Soon central and northern New York were dotted
+with settlements. More and more immigrants kept coming,
+all seeking the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
+The great western movement of the nineteenth century
+had begun.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_208.jpg" width="600" height="448"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A LOCKPORT LOCK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Winne had built his trading post before this westward
+movement reached Lake Erie. For some time he lived in
+his log cabin in the midst of the forest, with no neighbors
+except the Indians with whom he traded. But gradually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span>
+other settlers came and built homes near him. By 1804
+there were about twenty houses in the little settlement,
+which, for a short time, was called New Amsterdam.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_209.jpg" width="650" height="190"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_209" id="img_209"></a>
+<p class="caption"><span style="font-size: 75%;">Barge canals shown by solid lines; Erie and other canals by dotted lines.</span><br />
+NEW YORK'S CANALS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>By 1812 the name had been changed to Buffalo, and
+the town had a population of 1500. That year war with
+England broke out, and in 1813 a body of British soldiers
+with their Indian allies crossed the Niagara River during
+the night, took the Americans by surprise, and burned
+Buffalo. Of its three hundred houses, just one escaped the
+flames. But nothing daunted, the men began to rebuild
+their homes, and in a few years no traces of the fire
+were to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>In early times the Indians going from the seacoast to
+the Great Lakes had followed the Hudson and Mohawk
+rivers and then gone on directly west to Lake Erie.
+With the coming of the white man the Indian pathway
+grew into a road, and in 1811 stagecoaches began to
+run over this road between Buffalo and Albany.</p>
+
+<p>But carrying passengers and freight by stagecoach
+was very expensive, and a few men, headed by Governor
+De Witt Clinton, began to say that the state ought to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>
+build a canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson
+River. Many laughed at this idea. They knew very little
+about canals and thought it foolish to waste millions of
+dollars on a useless &ldquo;big ditch,&rdquo; as they called it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_210.jpg" width="350" height="329"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">TRAVELING BY CANAL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>However, those in favor of the scheme finally won, and
+the work of building the Erie Canal was begun in 1817.
+It very nearly followed the old trail between Albany and
+Buffalo and was 363
+miles long. Eighty-three
+locks raised and
+lowered the boats
+where there was a
+difference of level
+in the canal. Lockport,
+a city 25 miles
+northeast of Buffalo,
+was named after
+these locks, there being
+10 of them there.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 the work
+was completed; the
+Erie Canal was opened, and at last there was a waterway
+between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. All the
+towns along the canal held a great celebration. None had
+better reason for rejoicing than Buffalo. In 1825 Buffalo
+was a little hamlet on the frontier. Thanks to the Erie
+Canal, it was soon to become one of the leading cities of
+the country.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long before the &ldquo;big ditch&rdquo; was known as
+the &ldquo;path to the great West.&rdquo; A rush of emigration
+further west followed, and all these travelers stopped at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span>
+Buffalo, for here they had to change from the flat-bottomed
+canal boats to the lake vessels. Hotels were crowded,
+business flourished, and Buffalo became &ldquo;a great doorway
+of the inland sea.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_211.jpg" width="600" height="397"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BARGE CANAL NEAR BUFFALO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the first years after its completion little freight
+was carried over the Erie Canal, but settlers kept flocking
+into the West, and before many years these Western
+pioneers were raising far more grain than they could use.
+Lake commerce began. Hundreds of ships brought wheat,
+lumber, and furs to Buffalo from the West and returned
+laden with manufactured goods. Buffalo was the chief
+lake port, and for many years shipping was its leading
+industry.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_212.jpg" width="350" height="479"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_212" id="img_212"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE SITE OF BUFFALO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then came the railroads. The first railroad to Buffalo
+was completed in 1836. A few years later, trains ran<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>
+between Albany and Buffalo, and in time carloads of
+grain were shipped by rail. Though shipments by canal
+continued and even increased for a time, the railroads
+gradually did more and more of the carrying, and finally
+robbed the canal of much of its former importance.</p>
+
+<p>Still, shipping by
+canal was cheaper.
+Improvements have
+been made in the
+Erie Canal from
+time to time, and
+in 1903 the state
+voted $101,000,000
+for the enlargement
+of the Erie,
+Oswego, and Champlain
+canals into
+the 1000-ton-barge
+canal. When this
+is completed it will
+be 12 feet deep and
+will float much
+larger barges than
+did the Erie Canal.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to Buffalo. The city's location naturally made it one of the
+great centers of the country. Only the Niagara River
+separates the city from the most thickly settled part of
+Canada, and it is therefore a most convenient meeting
+place of the two countries. Already Buffalo's trade with
+Canada amounts to over $50,000,000 a year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Besides being one of the chief commercial centers of
+the country, Buffalo is an important manufacturing town.
+Three things are necessary to success in manufacturing&mdash;raw
+materials, power, and a market where the finished
+goods can be sold. Buffalo has all of these near at
+hand. The country round about is singularly rich in
+natural resources. Forests, fertile farm lands, and rich
+iron and coal deposits are all within easy reach of the
+city and supply it with raw material at small cost for
+transportation.</p>
+
+<p>No city in the world has greater advantages than
+Buffalo in the matter of power. The Niagara Falls
+furnish an unlimited supply of electric power, which is
+a substitute for coal and, for many purposes, more convenient.
+Buffalo's nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania
+makes the cost of both hard and soft coal low.
+Natural gas and oil furnish about one fifth of the power
+now used in the city. Both are found near Buffalo, stored
+in the pores and cavities of rocks. Holes are bored into
+the rocks, and the petroleum or rock oil is pumped into
+huge tanks. The gas is carried by underground pipes
+to the city, where it is used in heating and lighting
+thousands of homes and factories.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, Buffalo does not have to ship its products far
+to find a market. Within 450 miles of the city live
+almost 50,000,000 people, and lakes, canals, and railroads
+offer cheap and rapid transportation to all parts of the
+country. Thirteen steamship lines and 18 railroads enter
+the city. There are 2 trunk lines from New England;
+5 from New York; 1 from Philadelphia, Baltimore, and
+Washington; 1 from St. Louis; and 4 from Chicago.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_214.jpg" width="650" height="274"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LACKAWANNA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The richest
+iron mines in
+the world are
+located south of
+Lake Superior,
+but there are no
+coal deposits in
+this region, and
+coal is necessary
+for the manufacturing
+of iron
+and steel. As it
+was cheaper to
+ship the ore to
+the coal than
+to carry the coal
+to the ore, there
+were men who,
+as early as 1860,
+saw that iron
+and steel could
+be manufactured
+with profit in
+Buffalo. Though
+blast furnaces
+were built from
+time to time, the
+industry did not
+attract great
+attention until
+1899. In that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>
+year the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, of Scranton,
+Pennsylvania, moved to Buffalo and built an immense
+metal-working plant. This plant is south of the
+city and extends several miles along the shore of Lake
+Erie. The company has built a ship canal over half
+a mile long, which the largest lake vessels can enter.
+On one side of this canal are hundreds of coke ovens
+and the storage grounds for coal; on the other side are
+the ore docks, a row of huge blast furnaces, and the
+steel works with their numerous mills, foundries, and
+workshops.</p>
+
+<p>In the coke ovens millions of tons of soft coal are every
+year turned into coke, which is really coal with certain
+things removed by heating. This coke is used in melting
+the iron in the blast furnaces&mdash;so called because during
+the melting strong blasts of air are forced into the furnaces.
+These furnaces are almost a hundred feet high,
+are made of iron, and lined with fire brick. Tons of
+coke, limestone, and iron ore are dropped in from above
+by machinery, and the intense heat of the burning coke
+melts the iron, which sinks to the bottom of the furnace
+while the limestone collects the impurities and forms an
+upper layer. At the bottom of the furnace there are openings
+where the fiery-hot liquid runs off into molds, or
+forms, in which it cools and hardens. The waste matter,
+called slag, is also drawn off at the bottom. More coke
+and ore are added from above, and the smelting goes on
+night and day without interruption until the furnace
+needs repair. After the iron has been separated from the
+ore, it is taken to the foundries where it is made into
+steel rails and many other kinds of iron and steel goods.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_216.jpg" width="350" height="469"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ELECTRIC BUILDING</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Other iron and steel companies have sprung up in
+Buffalo, and the city and its vicinity is now manufacturing
+enormous quantities of pig iron, steel rails, engines,
+car wheels, tools, and machinery.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_217.jpg" width="350" height="423"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE BUFFALO HOME OF THE NEW YORK<br />TELEPHONE COMPANY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Back in the first half of the nineteenth century New
+York was the leading
+wheat-raising
+and flour-producing
+state. The first flour
+mill in the Buffalo
+district was run by
+water power furnished
+by the Erie
+Canal. As larger
+mills followed and
+steam took the place
+of water power,
+Buffalo became an
+important flour-milling
+center. Later,
+wheat began to be
+raised further west,
+and the Central
+States soon took the
+lead in wheat growing
+and flour milling. But Buffalo had the advantage of
+an early start. Its mills were already built and working.
+Grain from the West kept pouring into the city to be
+stored in its great grain elevators, and the production of
+flour increased. Larger mills were built, some of them making
+use of the Niagara water power. To-day there are more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
+than a dozen companies in Buffalo operating flour mills
+which turn out over 3,000,000 barrels of flour in a year.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo's slaughter-house products for a single year are
+worth millions of dollars. There are two large meat-packing
+firms in the city, slaughtering over a million
+cattle and hogs each
+year. They both had
+small beginnings in
+the butcher business
+more than fifty years
+ago. In 1852 the
+first stockyards were
+opened, and the city's
+live-stock industry
+began. Shipments of
+live stock from the
+grazing states of the
+West increased until
+the city became
+the second cattle
+market in the world,
+Chicago alone handling
+more live stock
+than Buffalo.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_218.jpg" width="412" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_218" id="img_218"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF BUFFALO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When first settled, the lake region was covered with
+forests, and lumber was one of the first products sent
+eastward by lake steamers. Millions and millions of feet
+of pine were towed down the lakes on barges and transferred
+to canal boats at Buffalo, and the city became one
+of the great lumber markets of the country. Although
+shipments from the Northern forests have not been so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a><br /><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
+great in the last twenty years, the lumber industry continues
+to be of great importance to Buffalo. In addition
+to pine from the lake region, the city receives hard wood
+from the South. You see enormous piles of lumber in the
+yards of the city itself, and Tonawanda, a suburb ten
+miles north of Buffalo, has the largest lumber yards in
+the world. These yards carry on a large wholesale and
+retail trade, and sawmills, planing mills, and many lumber
+industries have grown up around them. Mill work,
+doors, mantels, piano cases, and furniture are some of the
+things made in the Buffalo workshops.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_219.jpg" width="600" height="269"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ARMORY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While commerce and industry were thus developing,
+the city itself was growing in size, population, and beauty.
+It extends about ten miles along the shore of Lake Erie
+and the Niagara River. In the residence section there are
+thousands of beautiful homes, set well back from broad
+streets and surrounded by wide lawns and gardens.
+Delaware Avenue, with its branching boulevards and
+parkways, is the finest of these residence sections.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_220_1.jpg" width="600" height="379"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WADING POOL IN HUMBOLDT PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_220_2.jpg" width="600" height="437"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A PUBLIC PLAYGROUND</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Several large parks and many smaller squares are scattered
+throughout the city, while swimming pools, wading
+ponds, and public playgrounds delight the hearts of the
+children. Lake breezes make the city cool in summer, and
+altogether Buffalo is one of the cleanest, most healthful,
+and most beautiful cities of the country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_221.jpg" width="600" height="329"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Through the southern part of the city flows the sluggish
+and winding Buffalo River. In the early days the mouth
+of this stream was the only harbor of the port, although
+it was then very shallow. Millions of dollars have been
+spent in deepening and improving this inner harbor, while
+a larger outer harbor has been made by inclosing a part
+of the lake by breakwaters. The harbor of Buffalo is now
+one of the best on the Great Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>About two miles north of the mouth of Buffalo River
+is The Front, a park overlooking the water and giving
+a beautiful view of Lake Erie, the Niagara River, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
+the Canadian shore. It is a government reservation, and
+here is Fort Porter. Further north the International
+Railroad Bridge connects Canada with the city of Buffalo.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_222.jpg" width="600" height="605"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE McKINLEY MONUMENT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Delaware Park, in the northern part of the city, is the
+largest and most beautiful of Buffalo's parks. Near the
+northeastern entrance is the zoölogical garden, with a seal
+pool, bear pits, and many strange and interesting animals.
+In the western part is the Albright Art Gallery, a beautiful
+building of white marble. Here, too, is the Buffalo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a><br /><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>
+Historical-Society Building, which was the New York
+State Building during the Pan-American Exposition
+which was held in Delaware Park and on the adjoining
+land in 1901.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_223.jpg" width="435" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">NIAGARA FALLS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the center of Niagara Square stands the McKinley
+Monument, erected by the state of New York in honor of
+President William McKinley, who was shot at the Pan-American
+Exposition in Buffalo, on September 6, 1901.
+It was in this city that President Roosevelt took the oath
+of office after President McKinley's death. It is also
+worthy of note that Buffalo was the home of two of our
+presidents&mdash;Fillmore and Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The business district of Buffalo is only a short distance
+from the harbor. The most important business streets are
+Main Street and Broadway.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty miles north of Buffalo the Niagara River
+plunges over a precipice more than one hundred and fifty
+feet high, forming the world-famous Niagara Falls. The
+width of the river, the beauty of the mighty waters as
+they rush thundering over the edge of the precipice, the
+foam and spray rising from the foot of the cataract, all
+combine to make Niagara Falls the greatest natural wonder
+on the American continent. In the middle of the
+stream lies Goat Island, which divides the Falls into the
+Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side and the American
+Falls on the New York side.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly less interesting than the Falls are the power
+plants on both sides of the river, which are making the
+force of Niagara do a mighty work. It has been reckoned
+that the volume of water which passes over the Falls
+is two hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic feet each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>
+second. Think of it! This tremendous rush of water, the
+experts tell us, represents five million horse power. To
+make this gigantic power of use to man, canals have been
+built above the Falls to bring water from the river to
+the power houses where its great force turns huge water
+wheels and produces electric power. Cables of copper
+wire raised high in the air carry this power to all the
+surrounding country. It runs many of Buffalo's factories,
+lights the city streets, and moves its trolley cars as well
+as those in Syracuse, one hundred and fifty miles away.</p>
+
+<p>Such then, with its wonderful power, its command of
+material, its beautiful and important location, is the
+Buffalo of to-day. The little settlement of one hundred
+years ago has become the eleventh city in size in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>BUFFALO</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1920), over 500,000 (506,775).</p>
+
+<p>Eleventh city according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Important lake port.</p>
+
+<p>One of the best harbors on the Great Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Located at the western end of the Erie Canal.</p>
+
+<p>Great transfer point between lake boats and canal boats
+and railroads.</p>
+
+<p>Important railroad center.</p>
+
+<p>Center for live-stock trade.</p>
+
+<p>Important center for wheat, lumber, meat packing, and
+the iron and steel industries.</p>
+
+<p>Electric light and power obtained from Niagara Falls.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. How did it happen that the people of New York first
+came to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, and where
+were these first settlements?</p>
+
+<p>2. Tell about the beginning of Buffalo, and give its original
+name.</p>
+
+<p>3. What was the first route from Albany to Buffalo, and
+why was it used? How was the journey made between 1811
+and 1825?</p>
+
+<p>4. Tell the story of the Erie Canal, and give its effect on
+Buffalo and the West.</p>
+
+<p>5. How did Buffalo's location make it one of the great
+centers of industry?</p>
+
+<p>6. What three things are necessary to success in manufacturing?</p>
+
+<p>7. How is Buffalo furnished with power for her great
+manufacturing interests?</p>
+
+<p>8. Where does Buffalo find a market for her products?
+How?</p>
+
+<p>9. What great steel company is located near this city?
+Why?</p>
+
+<p>10. Describe the wonderful coke ovens and blast furnaces
+near Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>11. Give some idea of Buffalo's flour mills, slaughter
+houses, and lumber yards, and of her importance in these
+industries.</p>
+
+<p>12. What do you know of Niagara Falls and the power
+plants on both sides of the Niagara River?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_227.jpg" width="500" height="191"
+        alt="San_Francisco"
+        title="San_Francisco" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="SAN_FRANCISCO" id="SAN_FRANCISCO">SAN FRANCISCO</a></h2>
+
+<p>The United States extends from the Atlantic to the
+Pacific, and just as New York is our leading seaport on
+the Atlantic, so San Francisco is the leading seaport
+on the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>San Francisco's history is inseparably connected with
+the development of the resources of California. In 1769
+Spain sent an expedition overland from Mexico to colonize
+the Pacific coast, and Don Gaspar de Portolá, at the
+head of these colonists, was the first white man known
+to have looked upon San Francisco Bay.</p>
+
+<p>Seven years later, in 1776, the Franciscan friars built
+a fortified settlement on the present site of San Francisco.
+The Mission Dolores, which is still standing, was
+begun the same year, and a little village slowly grew
+up around it.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the Mexican War, in 1848, California
+was ceded to the United States, and the Stars and Stripes
+were raised over the little settlement, whose name was
+soon changed from Yerba Buena to San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, too, came the discovery of gold in California,
+and San Francisco suddenly grew from a Spanish village<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
+to a busy American town. The population jumped from
+800 to 10,000 in a single year. A city of tents and
+shanties quickly arose on the sand dunes. Thousands of
+people were leaving their homes in the East to seek a
+fortune in the gold fields. Many came by water, either
+rounding Cape Horn or else traveling by boat to the
+Isthmus of Panama, crossing on foot, and reëmbarking
+on the Pacific coast. Others came overland in large
+canvas-covered wagons called prairie schooners.</p>
+
+<p>These newcomers were men of all classes&mdash;ministers,
+lawyers, farmers, laborers. Some were educated, others
+were ignorant. While most of them were industrious and
+law-abiding, a considerable number were desperate and
+lawless men. These last caused much trouble. Gambling,
+murders, and crimes of all kinds were alarmingly common,
+and the city government was powerless to punish the
+lawbreakers. Finally, the better class of citizens formed
+a vigilance committee, which hung four criminals and
+punished many in other ways until law and order were
+established.</p>
+
+<p>San Francisco has been called the &ldquo;child of the mines.&rdquo;
+It was the discovery of gold that first made it the leading
+city of the Pacific coast. From that day the production of
+gold has been steadily maintained. Nearly $20,000,000
+worth is mined in the state of California each year, with
+a total production of over $1,500,000,000. Later the silver
+mines in Nevada were discovered and developed, and their
+immense output brought increased wealth to San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>As time went on, however, people began to see that
+California's real wealth lay not so much in her mines
+as in her fertile farm lands. These, combined with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>
+wonderful climate, have made California a leading agricultural
+state.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_229.jpg" width="600" height="447"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">AN ORANGE GROVE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The great central valley of California, about 400 miles
+long and 50 miles wide, lies between the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains and the Coast Ranges. Its farms, orchards,
+orange groves, and vineyards produce immense quantities
+of grain, and of grapes, and other fruits. Large numbers
+of cattle and sheep are raised. In the southern counties
+many tropical fruits are grown successfully. Irrigated
+groves of orange, lemon, and olive trees cover thousands
+of acres. Other important crops are English walnuts,
+almonds, prunes, and figs. Copper, silver, oil, quicksilver,
+and salt are also valuable products, while the forest-covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>
+mountains supply excellent lumber. Such is the wealth of
+California's natural resources, and San Francisco is the
+great port and market of this rich back country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_230.jpg" width="600" height="452"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PICKING GRAPES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As the Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay
+from the north and the San Joaquin from the south, the
+two offer cheap transportation up and down their valleys,
+being navigable to river steamers for over 200 miles.</p>
+
+<p>The great bay of San Francisco is the largest landlocked
+harbor in the world. Here the navies of all the
+nations could ride at anchor side by side in safety.
+Though 65 miles long and from 4 to 10 miles wide, the
+bay is completely sheltered from dangerous winds and
+storms. It is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
+strait called the Golden Gate, which is 2&frac34; miles long
+and over a mile wide.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_231.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE GOLDEN GATE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such advantages have made San Francisco a great
+commercial and financial center. Ships from San Francisco
+carry the products of California westward to all the
+countries bordering on the Pacific, while others sail to
+the Atlantic seaports of America and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The outgoing steamers are loaded with wheat, cotton,
+canned goods, oil, barley, prunes, flour, dried fruits,
+leather, machinery, lumber, and iron manufactures. Incoming
+steamers bring raw silk, coffee, tea, copra, nitrate
+of soda, tin ingots, sugar, rice, cigars, coal, burlap, vanilla
+beans, cheese, and manila hemp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_232.jpg" width="412" height="650"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_232" id="img_232"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_233.jpg" width="350" height="260"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A FLOWER MARKET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Already the foreign commerce of San Francisco amounts
+to more than $150,000,000 annually, and with the increasing
+trade of Japan and China and the shortened route to
+the Atlantic through the Panama Canal, the future of its
+foreign trade cannot be estimated.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to her foreign trade, San Francisco has
+many growing industries at home. Printing and publishing,
+slaughtering and meat packing, are among the most
+important. The
+canning and preserving
+of fruits
+and vegetables is
+a leading industry
+of the city. The
+California Fruit
+Canners Association
+employs many
+thousands of people
+during the fruit
+season and is the
+largest fruit-and-vegetable
+canning company in the world. It operates thirty
+branches throughout the state, and its products are sent to
+all parts of the globe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_234.jpg" width="382" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_234" id="img_234"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though iron has to be imported,&mdash;there being little
+mined in California,&mdash;the city does a thriving iron business.
+In the early days there was need of mining
+machinery in the West, and San Francisco at that time
+began manufacturing it. She also has one of the greatest
+shipbuilding plants in the United States. The famous
+battleship <i>Oregon</i>, the <i>Olympic</i>, the <i>Wisconsin</i>, the <i>Ohio</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a><br /><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>
+and other ships of the United States Navy were built in
+San Francisco.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_235.jpg" width="600" height="456"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ON SAN FRANCISCO'S WATER FRONT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1906 a severe earthquake shook San Francisco,
+wrecking many buildings. Fire broke out in twenty
+places, and as the earthquake had broken the city's water
+mains, the fire fighters had to pump salt water from the
+bay and use dynamite to stop the progress of the flames.
+During the three days of the fire, four square miles were
+laid in ruins.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_236.jpg" width="350" height="463"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CHINATOWN</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Because of occasional slight shocks in former years, the
+inhabitants had built their city of wood, thinking it safer
+than brick or stone. They had not thought of the greater
+danger of fire. This earthquake taught them a lesson.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>
+The few skyscrapers in the city had stood the shock remarkably
+well, and profiting by this experience thousands
+of modern structures&mdash;steel, brick, and reënforced concrete&mdash;were
+built to replace the old wooden buildings.
+A far more modern and beautiful city has arisen from
+the ashes of the ruins.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_237.jpg" width="350" height="478"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNION FERRY BUILDING</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The city occupies
+46&frac12; square miles at
+the end of the southern
+peninsula which
+lies between San Francisco
+Bay and the
+Pacific Ocean. The
+site of the city is
+hilly, especially in the
+northern and western
+parts. Market Street,
+120 feet wide and
+the chief business
+thoroughfare, extends
+southwest from the
+water front and divides
+the city into two
+parts. The southern
+district contains many manufacturing plants and the
+homes of the laboring people. The streets here are level.
+North of Market Street lie three high hills&mdash;Telegraph
+Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill. In this half of the city
+are the finest residences, Nob Hill having been given its
+name in the early days when the mining millionaires
+built their homes upon it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The main business section is in the northeastern part
+of the city, facing the harbor, and is on level ground. It
+contains hundreds of new office buildings, many of them
+from eight to twenty or more stories high. Fine modern
+hotels and beautiful banks add much to the beauty of this
+part of San Francisco.
+The most
+important public
+buildings are the
+United States mint
+and the post office,
+which escaped the
+flames in 1906, the
+customhouse, the
+Hall of Justice,
+the new Auditorium,
+and the city
+hall. These last
+two face the Civic
+Center, which is
+being created at
+a cost of nearly
+$17,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>At the foot of
+Telegraph Hill is
+the largest Chinese quarter in the United States. It was
+completely destroyed during the fire, but is now rebuilt
+and much improved. Its temples, joss houses, and theaters,
+its markets, bazaars, and restaurants, with their strange
+life and customs and their oriental architecture, attract
+crowds of visitors. There are now about 10,000 Chinese<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>
+in San Francisco, but their number has been steadily decreasing
+since the Exclusion Act was passed, prohibiting
+Chinese laborers from entering this country. It was
+thought necessary to have this law in order to protect
+the American workingman on the Pacific coast, as the
+Chinese laborers who had already been admitted were
+working for wages upon which no white man could live.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_238.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">FISHERMAN'S WHARF</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the foot of Market Street, on the water front,
+stands the Union Ferry Building, a large stone structure
+with a high clock tower.</p>
+
+<p>Only one of the cross-continent railroads&mdash;a branch of
+the Southern Pacific&mdash;lands its passengers in the city of
+San Francisco. All the other roads, which include the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>
+main line of the Southern Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka
+&amp; Santa Fé, the Union Pacific, and the Western Pacific,
+terminate on the eastern shore of the bay and send the
+travelers to San Francisco by ferry. In consequence, San
+Francisco has developed the best ferry service in the
+world, all lines meeting at the Union Ferry Building.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_239.jpg" width="600" height="465"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MT. TAMALPAIS FROM NOB HILL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>North and south of the Union Ferry Building stretch
+eight miles of wharves and docks and many factories,
+lumber yards, and warehouses. At the docks, ships are
+being loaded and unloaded continually.</p>
+
+<p>In March and April each year a fleet of forty or fifty
+vessels starts out for the Alaskan fisheries. San Francisco is
+the leading salmon port of the United States, distributing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
+millions of dollars' worth of salmon yearly. Fisherman's
+Wharf, at the northern end of the water front, is full
+of interest, with its brown, weather-beaten fishermen and
+their odd fishing boats. To the south of the Union Ferry
+Building is &ldquo;Man-of-war Row,&rdquo; where United States and
+foreign battleships ride at anchor.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_240.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">PRESIDIO TERRACE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cities of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, and Berkeley
+are directly across the bay from San Francisco, on the
+east shore. Like New York, San Francisco is the center
+of a large metropolitan district, and the residents of these
+neighboring cities daily travel to their work in San Francisco
+on the ferries. For several years there has been talk
+of uniting these cities with San Francisco. If this plan were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
+carried out, it would add over 350,000 to San Francisco's
+present population, which is between 400,000 and 500,000.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_241.jpg" width="600" height="490"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE TOWER OF JEWELS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_242_1.jpg" width="350" height="268"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">IN GOLDEN GATE PARK</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The University of California, in Berkeley, has nearly
+7000 students, tuition being free to residents of California.
+The Leland Stanford University, 30 miles from
+San Francisco, is another noted institution in the state.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_242_2.jpg" width="350" height="428"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">IN FRONT OF THE EXPOSITION'S PALACE<br />
+OF FINE ARTS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the north of the Golden Gate is Mt. Tamalpais,
+2592 feet high, overlooking the bay and San Francisco.
+To the south is the Presidio, the United States military
+reservation, covering 1542 acres. Here are the harbor
+fortifications and the headquarters of the western division
+of the United States Army. Fronting on the ocean beach<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
+and extending eastward
+for 4 miles is
+Golden Gate Park,
+the largest of San
+Francisco's many
+parks and squares.</p>
+
+<p>Occupying part
+of the Presidio and
+facing the water at
+the northern end
+of the city is the
+site of the Panama-Pacific
+International Exposition, held in 1915 to celebrate
+the completion of
+the Panama Canal.
+That the citizens of
+San Francisco look
+to the future was
+shown at a gathering
+of business men
+in 1910, when more
+than $4,000,000 was
+raised in two hours
+for this Panama exposition.
+The climate
+of the city
+(averaging more
+than 50 degrees in
+winter and less than
+60 degrees in summer),
+the beauties<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
+and wonders of California, the romantic history of the city,
+exhibits from many parts of the world&mdash;all these, the citizens
+knew, would attract thousands of visitors from afar
+and make known to the world the advantages and prosperity
+of the Far West and its chief city, San Francisco.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>SAN FRANCISCO</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), over 400,000 (416,912).</p>
+
+<p>Eleventh city according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Largest city of the Western States.</p>
+
+<p>One of the finest harbors in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The natural shipping point for the products of the rich
+state of California.</p>
+
+<p>Chief center for the trade of the United States with the
+Orient.</p>
+
+<p>Leads all American cities in the shipment of wheat.</p>
+
+<p>Has great canning and preserving industries.</p></div>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Find by measurements on a map of the United States
+the distance of San Francisco from New York City in a
+direct line.</p>
+
+<p>2. Find by consulting time tables or by inquiry of some
+railroad official how long it would take to make the journey
+from New York to San Francisco, and what railroad system
+might be used. Answer this question, applying it to your
+own city.</p>
+
+<p>3. Who founded San Francisco, and what was it first called?</p>
+
+<p>4. When and how did San Francisco become an American
+possession?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>5. Of what was the great wealth of California supposed
+to consist at first? What is the great wealth of the state
+considered to be to-day?</p>
+
+<p>6. What are the chief exports of the city, and to what
+countries are they sent?</p>
+
+<p>7. What are the chief imports of the city?</p>
+
+<p>8. What are the great advantages of San Francisco Bay?</p>
+
+<p>9. When did the great fire at San Francisco occur, and
+what damage was done?</p>
+
+<p>10. What benefit will San Francisco derive from the completion
+of the Panama Canal?</p>
+
+<p>11. Why is the ferry system of San Francisco so
+important?</p>
+
+<p>12. Name four cities across the bay from San Francisco,
+and tell how they are related to that city.</p>
+
+<p>13. Tell something of the fishing industry of San
+Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>14. Does the name &ldquo;Golden Gate&rdquo; seem appropriate to
+you? Why?</p>
+
+<p>15. Name the chief industries of San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>16. Describe the location of the city.</p>
+
+<p>17. Find out how many days' journey by steamship are
+the following places from San Francisco:</p>
+
+<table cellpadding="4" summary="Cities_3">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Honolulu</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Shanghai</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Manila</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Yokohama</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Sydney</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Buenos Aires</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_245.jpg" width="500" height="194"
+        alt="New_Orleans"
+        title="New_Orleans" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="NEW_ORLEANS" id="NEW_ORLEANS">NEW ORLEANS</a></h2>
+
+<p>The story of New Orleans, the Crescent City, reads like
+a wonderful romance or a tale from the Arabian Nights.
+As in a moving picture, one can see men making a clearing
+along the east bank of the Mississippi River, one
+hundred and ten miles from its mouth. It is 1718. The
+French Canadian Bienville has been made governor of the
+great tract of land called Louisiana, and he has decided
+to found a settlement near the river's mouth.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of three years the little French town, named
+for the duke of Orleans, stands peacefully on the banks
+of the great Mississippi, its people buying, selling, fighting
+duels, and steadily thriving until the close of the
+French and Indian War. Then France cedes Louisiana
+to Spain, and for some years New Orleans is under
+Spanish rule. In 1800, however, Spain cedes Louisiana
+back to France, and once more New Orleans has a French
+commissioner and is a French possession.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_246.jpg" width="350" height="445"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_246" id="img_246"></a>
+<p class="caption">WHERE NEW ORLEANS STANDS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Again the scene changes. Energetic, sturdy men sail
+down the river, land in the quaint little town, and march
+to the Cabildo, or Government Hall, where they receive
+the keys of the town. Because of the Louisiana Purchase,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
+New Orleans with all its inhabitants&mdash;Spanish, French,
+Italians, and Jews&mdash;is being given over to the United
+States. The French flag is taken down, and the Stars and
+Stripes are unfurled over what was, and is to-day, the
+least American of all American cities.</p>
+
+<p>As the history of New Orleans unrolls, one follows the
+thrilling scenes of a great battle. It is in the War of
+1812, and on the last
+day of December, 1814,
+the British begin an attack
+on the city, with
+an army of 10,000
+trained soldiers. They
+mean to capture New
+Orleans and gain control
+of Louisiana and the
+mouth of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Jackson commands
+the American
+forces, made up of regulars,
+militia, pirates,
+negroes, and volunteers,
+numbering only about
+half the attacking British
+army. Day after day goes by with no great victory gained
+on either side, until Sunday, January 8, dawns. With the
+daylight, the British commence a furious assault. But
+Jackson and his men are ready for them. Rushing back
+and forth along his line of defense, the commander cries
+out, &ldquo;Stand by your guns!&rdquo; &ldquo;See that every shot tells!&rdquo;
+&ldquo;Let's finish the business to-day!&rdquo; Many of Jackson's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
+men are sharpshooters. Time and again they aim and fire,
+and time and again the enemy advance, fall back, rally,
+and try to advance once more. But in three short hours
+the British leader and more than 2500 men have dropped,
+hundreds shot between the eyes. It is no use! In confusion
+the British turn and flee. Jackson has saved the city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_247.jpg" width="600" height="498"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CABILDO</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Civil War the turn of affairs is different. Louisiana
+was one of the seven states to secede from the Union
+in 1860 and form themselves into the Confederate States
+of America. Of course this made New Orleans a Confederate
+city. Naturally, the north wanted to capture
+New Orleans in order to control the mouth of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>
+Mississippi River. This time the attacking force is a
+Union fleet, and the defenders of the city are stanch
+Confederates who have done all in their power to prevent
+the approach of the Northerners. Across the river, near
+its mouth, two great cables have been stretched, and between
+the cables and the city are a Confederate fleet and
+two forts, one on each side of the river.</p>
+
+<p>The Union fleet under David Farragut appears, opens
+fire on the forts, and keeps up the attack for six days
+and nights. Still the forts hold out. Then Farragut decides
+that since he cannot take the forts he will run
+his ships past them. But there are the cables blocking his
+way. The steamer <i>Itasca</i> undertakes to break them and
+rushes upon them under a raking fire from both forts.
+The cables snap. That night the Union ships, in single
+file, start up the river. At last the forts are passed and
+the Confederate ships overcome, but not the spirit of the
+people of New Orleans. They fight to the finish as best
+they can. Cotton bales are piled on rafts, set afire, and
+floated downstream among the Union ships. Still the
+ships come on. At least the Northerners shall not take
+the valuable stores of cotton, sugar, and molasses! So
+the cotton ships are fired, and hogsheads of molasses and
+barrels of sugar are hurriedly destroyed. When the Union
+forces land and takes possession, the people of New Orleans,
+though heartbroken, know that they have done their best.</p>
+
+<p>Then comes peace. The war is over, and New Orleans
+is once more a city of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>To-day New Orleans presents the unusual combination
+of an old city, full of historic interest, and a splendid new
+city, a place of industry, progress, and opportunity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The successful building of a great city on the site of
+New Orleans is a triumph of engineering skill. As the
+city lies below the high-water mark of the Mississippi, it
+was necessary to build great banks of earth to hold back
+the water in the flood season. These levees, as they are
+called, form the water front of the city.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days the only drinking-water in New
+Orleans was rain water caught from the roofs and stored in
+cisterns. Imagine a city without a single cellar. Then not
+even a grave could be dug in the marshy soil. The cemeteries
+were all aboveground. In some cemeteries there
+were tiers of little vaults, one above the other, in which
+the dead were laid. In others, magnificent tombs provided
+resting places for the wealthy. Such was old New Orleans.
+To-day modern sewers and huge steam pumps draw off
+the sewage and excess water, discharging them into the
+river, while a splendid water system filters water taken
+from higher up the river, giving a supply as pure as that
+enjoyed by any city in our land. The marshes have been
+drained by the construction of canals, which are used as
+highways for bringing raw materials from the surrounding
+country to the factories of New Orleans. Many of these
+canals extend for miles into the interior of the state
+of Louisiana.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_250.jpg" width="470" height="600"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_250" id="img_250"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The city proper covers nearly two hundred square miles
+and is laid out in beautiful streets, parks, and driveways,
+crossed in many places by picturesque waterways. Here
+are splendid trees, belonging both to the temperate zone
+and to the tropics. Palms and cypresses abound. In the
+City Park is one of the finest groves of live oaks in the
+world. Audubon Park, named for the great lover of birds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a><br /><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>
+who was born near this city, is another of the beautiful
+parks of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_251.jpg" width="500" height="359"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CANAL STREET</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Canal Street divides New Orleans into two sections,
+with the Old Town, or French Quarter, on one side and the
+New Town, or American Quarter, on the other. This
+is the main thoroughfare of the city. It is a wide street,
+well-kept and busy. Here are many of the great retail
+stores, and to this street comes every car line. From
+Canal Street one may take a car to any section of the
+city, and a car taken in any part of New Orleans will
+sooner or later bring one to Canal Street. On this street
+are handsome stores, club buildings, hotels, railroad stations,
+and the United States customhouse. The upper
+end of the street is a beautiful residence section, whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
+houses are surrounded by spacious lawns and fine trees.
+Almost all of these houses have wide galleries, or verandas,
+upon which their owners may sit and enjoy, all the year
+round, the balmy air of the southern climate. Very seldom
+does the temperature drop below 30 degrees Fahrenheit.
+Usually it is between 50 and 60 degrees, and even
+in summer it varies only between 75 and 90 degrees. New
+Orleans is really cooler in summer than some of our
+northern cities, being so surrounded by river and lakes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_252.jpg" width="600" height="464"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A CREOLE COURTYARD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The old New Orleans lies northeast of Canal Street.
+Here the early settlers established their homes, and in
+this French Quarter the French language is still in common
+use, and many old French customs are observed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>
+The streets, many of which bear French names, are narrow
+and roughly paved and are closely built up with old-fashioned
+brick buildings ornamented with iron verandas.
+Open gateways in the front of many a gloomy-looking
+house give us a glimpse of attractive interior courts, gay
+with flowers and splashing fountains. Many other courts,
+alas, are deserted or neglected, for this is no longer the
+fashionable section of New Orleans. Most of the city's
+creole population lives in the French Quarter. These
+people are the descendants of the early French and
+Spanish inhabitants.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_253.jpg" width="600" height="462"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">JACKSON SQUARE AND THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the French Quarter is Jackson Square, which was the
+center of governmental life in the early years of the city.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>
+Here are the Cabildo&mdash;the old Spanish court building&mdash;and
+the Cathedral of St. Louis, an old and beautiful church.
+On Chartres Street is the Archiepiscopal Palace, said to
+be the oldest public building in the Mississippi Valley.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_254.jpg" width="600" height="420"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BAYOU ST. JOHN</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_255.jpg" width="350" height="445"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ST. ROCH'S CHAPEL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The French Market is one of the world's famous market
+places. In the long low buildings occupying four city
+blocks may be found fruits, vegetables, meats, fish, and
+game in wonderful variety. To the Oyster Lugger Landing
+come the oyster boats, bringing from the bays of the
+Gulf coast some of the finest oysters in America. Other
+points of interest in the French Quarter are the Royal
+Hotel, formerly known as the St. Louis Hotel; the
+United States mint; the Soldiers' Home, whose gardens
+are noted for their beauty; Bayou St. John, a picturesque
+waterway; and Jackson Barracks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Two other places must not be slighted. In the Ursuline
+convent stands a statue before which, on January 8, 1815,
+the nuns prayed for the success of the Americans in
+the battle of New Orleans. Then there is St. Roch's
+Shrine, a chapel built by Father Thevis. Each stone in it
+was placed by his
+own hands, in fulfillment
+of a vow
+that &ldquo;if none of his
+parishioners should
+die of an epidemic,
+he would, stone by
+stone, build a chapel
+in thanksgiving to
+God.&rdquo; This ancient
+shrine is visited by
+thousands of people
+every year.</p>
+
+<p>To the southwest
+of Canal Street is
+the American Quarter.
+This was originally
+a tract of land,
+known as the Terre
+Commune, reserved by the French government for public
+use. But after a while the land was laid out in streets.
+Soon the merchants of this section began to trade with
+the North and West. The river boats landed in front of
+the Faubourg St. Marie, as this part of the city was then
+called, bringing tobacco, cotton, pork, beef, corn, flour,
+and fabrics. Commercial buildings sprang up, and as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>
+trade was distinctly American, the district came to be
+known as the American Quarter.</p>
+
+<p>In the days when the French Quarter was all there was
+of New Orleans, the city was in the shape of a half moon
+or crescent. The newer part of the city follows the course
+of the river and makes the New Orleans of to-day more
+like a letter S.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_256.jpg" width="600" height="478"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ST. CHARLES AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>St. Charles Avenue is the most beautiful residential
+street in the American Quarter. It is a wide avenue with
+driveways on either side of a grassy parkway. Rows of
+trees, many of them stately palms, border the avenue.
+Here are splendid homes, each with its flower beds and
+gardens of tropical plants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Churches and charitable institutions abound in New
+Orleans. One of the latter, Touro Infirmary, covers an
+entire city block. This infirmary was endowed by Judah
+Touro, a Jew, and is supported by Jews, but receives sufferers
+of any creed. In its courtyard is a fountain erected
+by the Hebrew children of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>Tulane University is the most renowned educational
+institution in the city, and is noted for its medical and
+engineering departments. On Washington Avenue is the
+H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for young women,
+which is the women's department of Tulane University.</p>
+
+<p>The great hotels and many restaurants of the city are
+noted throughout the United States. The creole cooks
+have made famous such dishes as chicken gumbo, chicken
+à la creole, and pompano.</p>
+
+<p>The country around New Orleans is one of the richest
+in the world. Within a few hours' ride of the city are
+great fields of cotton, sugar, and rice. Two hundred miles
+from the city are immense deposits of sulphur and salt.
+Oil fields are within easy reach, and coal is brought by
+water from the mines of Alabama and even from Pennsylvania.
+Great forests to the north furnish lumber which
+is transported by water to the city, making New Orleans
+one of the foremost ports in lumber exportation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_258.jpg" width="600" height="471"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A SUGAR-CANE FIELD</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The immense sugar-cane fields of the South look very
+much like the cornfields of the more northern states.
+Negroes cut the cane close to the ground, as the lower part
+of the stalk has the most sugar. After the leaves and
+tops have been trimmed off, the stalks are shipped to the
+presses, cut into small pieces, and crushed between heavy
+rollers. The juice is strained, boiled, and worked over to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>
+remove the impurities, and then, in a brownish mass called
+raw sugar, is sent to great refineries to be made by more
+boiling and other processes into the white sugar we use
+daily. This sugar industry is very important, as figures
+show that each American, both grown-ups and children,
+consumes an average of more than seventy pounds of
+sugar a year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_259.jpg" width="650" height="248"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A SUGAR REFINERY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Away down South is the land of cotton as well as the
+land of sugar, and there is no more beautiful sight than a
+field white with the opening bolls of the cotton plant.
+Between the long white rows pass the picturesque negroes
+with their big baskets into which they put the soft fleecy
+cotton as they pick it from the bolls. The raw cotton is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>
+then sent to the cotton
+gin, where the
+seeds are taken out
+to be made into cottonseed
+oil. The cotton
+itself is shipped
+to factories where it
+is made into thread
+and cotton cloth of
+all kinds. In addition
+to the immense
+quantities sent to
+the mills in various
+parts of the United
+States, New Orleans
+ships to Europe each
+year over $100,000,000
+worth. When
+the cotton reaches
+the city it is in the
+form of bales covered
+with coarse cloth
+and bound with iron
+bands. The great
+steamers waiting at
+the dock must fill
+their holds to the
+best advantage in
+order that they may
+carry as large an
+amount as possible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>
+on each voyage. The cotton as it comes from the plantation
+presses occupies too much space. It is interesting to
+stand near the steamship landings and see the workmen
+cast off the iron bands and place the bales between the
+powerful jaws of huge presses which seem, almost without
+effort, to close down upon the mass of fleecy whiteness and
+cause it to shrink from four feet to about one foot in
+thickness. While the cotton is still under pressure, iron
+bands are once more placed upon it, and the bale is then
+taken from the press. After this process four bales can be
+loaded on the steamer in the space which one plantation
+bale would have occupied.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_260.jpg" width="600" height="488"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A BANANA CONVEYOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The location of New Orleans near the mouth of the
+Mississippi and close enough to the Gulf of Mexico to be
+called a Gulf port makes it naturally the great port of
+exchange of all the products of the Mississippi Valley, the
+islands of the Gulf, and the countries on the north coast
+of South America. It is the second largest export port in
+America and is the world's greatest export market for
+cotton. Oysters and fish in abundance are brought to
+the city from the Gulf, making New Orleans one of the
+largest fish-and-oyster markets in the United States. More
+bananas arrive at New Orleans than at any other port
+in the world. The great bunches of fruit are unloaded
+by machinery, placed upon specially designed cars, and
+sent by the fastest trains to the various parts of the
+United States. With the sugar-producing districts so
+near, New Orleans is, of course, one of our country's chief
+sugar markets. The largest sugar refinery in the world is
+located here.</p>
+
+<p>We have already mentioned the water front, but this
+important and interesting part of the city deserves more
+attention. For fifteen miles along the river, the port of this
+great city stretches in an almost unbroken line of wharves
+and steel sheds. The steamboat landings are near the foot
+of Canal Street, and here may be seen the river packets
+from Northern cities and the little stern-wheelers which
+run up Red River. Above is the flatboat landing, and
+further on still are the tropical-fruit wharves and miles of
+wharves for foreign shipping.</p>
+
+<p>Just below Canal Street are the sugar sheds, where
+barrels and hogsheads of sugar and molasses cover blocks
+and blocks. At Julia Street are huge coffee sheds where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>
+more than 80,000
+bags of coffee, each
+bag holding about
+138 pounds, can be
+stored in the large
+steel warehouses.
+At Louisiana Avenue
+are the huge
+Stuyvesant Docks,
+which cover 2000
+feet of river frontage.
+One of the
+big elevators here
+will hold 1,500,000
+bushels of grain,
+another 1,000,000
+bushels. Each one
+can unload 250
+cars a day and deliver
+freight to 4
+steamships at the
+same time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_262.jpg" width="650" height="259"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MARDI GRAS PARADE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While the people
+of this interesting
+Southern
+city are great
+workers, they are
+quite as fond of
+play as of work.
+Their love of music
+is shown by their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>
+fine opera house, where celebrated French operas are given.
+Because of its gayety, which attracts many visitors, especially
+in winter, New Orleans has been called the Winter
+Capital of America.</p>
+
+<p>The city's great holiday is the Mardi Gras carnival,
+which is celebrated just before Lent. The keys of the city
+are then given over to the King of the Carnival, and all
+day long high revelry holds sway. Brilliant floats, representing
+scenes of wonderful quaintness and loveliness,
+parade through flower-garlanded avenues thronged with
+people who have come from every quarter of the globe.
+Carried away by the spirit of the fête, these guests join
+with the citizens in turning New Orleans for the time into
+a fairy city of wonder and delight.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>NEW ORLEANS</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (339,075).</p>
+
+<p>Fifteenth city in rank, according to population.</p>
+
+<p>The natural port of export and exchange for the Mississippi
+Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The second largest export port in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The world's greatest export market for cotton.</p>
+
+<p>The center of a great sugar industry.</p>
+
+<p>A great import port for tropical fruit and coffee.</p>
+
+<p>Splendid harbor and shipping facilities along the river.</p>
+
+<p>Excellent communications by water and rail with other
+great American cities.</p>
+
+<p>Protected by great levees from overflow of the Mississippi
+River.</p>
+
+<p>Holds annually a great Mardi Gras carnival.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Tell briefly the story of the settlement of New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>2. Can you tell why it was important for the United States
+to own New Orleans?</p>
+
+<p>3. Describe the city's part in two wars. What wars were
+they?</p>
+
+<p>4. What great natural disadvantages were overcome in
+improving the city of New Orleans, and how was it done?</p>
+
+<p>5. State some facts about the principal business street of
+the city. What unusual arrangement of street cars is found
+in New Orleans?</p>
+
+<p>6. Contrast the French Quarter of the past with the same
+section as it is to-day.</p>
+
+<p>7. What is interesting about Jackson Square?</p>
+
+<p>8. Tell what you can of the river front.</p>
+
+<p>9. What are the chief imports and exports of New
+Orleans?</p>
+
+<p>10. Give a brief account of the preparation of cotton, from
+the field to its being loaded for shipment to foreign lands.</p>
+
+<p>11. Do you know why so much cotton is sent to foreign
+countries?</p>
+
+<p>12. Tell how sugar is made from the sugar cane. Do you
+know from what else we get sugar?</p>
+
+<p>13. Tell what you can of the Mardi Gras carnival.</p>
+
+<p>14. Find by reference to a map of the United States the
+great cities which may be reached by river steamers from
+New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>15. Why was New Orleans called the Crescent City?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_265.jpg" width="500" height="189"
+        alt="Washington"
+        title="Washington" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="WASHINGTON" id="WASHINGTON">WASHINGTON</a></h2>
+
+<p class="title"><span style="font-size: 125%;">THE CAPITAL CITY</span></p>
+
+<p>Washington, the capital city of our nation, is the
+center of interest for the whole country. Every citizen
+of the United States thinks of the city of Washington
+as a place in which he has a personal pride.</p>
+
+<p>Here one may see in operation the work of governing
+a great nation. The representatives whom the people
+have chosen meet in the splendid Capitol to make laws
+for the whole country. The home of the president is
+here, and here are located the headquarters of the great
+departments of our government.</p>
+
+<p>The capital city is a city of splendid trees, of wide,
+well-paved streets and handsome avenues. At the intersection
+of many of the streets and avenues are beautiful
+parks and circles, ornamented by statues of the great
+men of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;How,&rdquo; we are asked, &ldquo;did it happen that the capital
+of a great nation was built almost on its eastern boundary?&rdquo;
+The distance from Washington to San Francisco
+is 3205 miles. In other words, Washington is almost as
+near to London as to San Francisco. The answer is simple.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>
+The site was chosen when the settled part of our country
+lay between the Allegheny Mountains and the Atlantic
+Ocean. At that time most of the land west of the
+Alleghenies was looked upon as a wilderness whose
+settlement was uncertain, while no one dreamed that
+the infant nation would extend its boundaries to the
+Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;And why was it decided to build a new city as the
+nation's capital, on a site where there was not even a
+settlement? Why was not some city already established
+chosen to be the chief city of the nation?&rdquo; The story
+is interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Before the Revolutionary War the colonies were much
+like thirteen independent nations, having little to do with
+one another, but during the war a common peril held
+them together in a loose union. With the danger passed
+and independence won, this union threatened to dissolve,
+but thanks to the influence of the wisest and best men
+in the country the thirteen states finally became one
+nation and adopted the Constitution which governs the
+United States to-day. Then discussion arose as to the
+site of the new nation's capital. Several states clamored
+for the honor of having one of their cities chosen as the
+government city. The men who framed the Constitution
+were wise enough, however, to foresee difficulty if this
+were done, and insisted that the seat of government
+should be in no state but in a small territory which
+should be controlled entirely by the national government.</p>
+
+<p>After much debate the present location was chosen,
+and the two states of Maryland and Virginia each gave
+to the federal government entire control over a small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span>
+territory on the Potomac River. The two pieces of land
+formed a square, ten miles on each side. The territory was
+named the District of Columbia, and the city to be built
+was called Washington in honor of our first president,
+whose home, Mount Vernon, was but a few miles away.
+Later, in 1846, the Virginia part of the District was given
+back, so now all the District is on the Maryland side of
+the Potomac and is no longer in the shape of a square.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_267.jpg" width="600" height="366"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">MOUNT VERNON</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+     <img src="images/img_268.jpg" width="350" height="441"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_268" id="img_268"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A firm belief in the future of Washington led to the
+making of very elaborate and extensive plans for laying
+out the city. But as the public buildings began to rise,
+with great stretches of unimproved country between them,
+many thought the plans much too elaborate and feared
+that the attempt to build a new city would end in failure.
+It was in the fall of 1800 when the government moved
+to Washington. Then, in 1814, when things had taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>
+a start, a dreadful misfortune happened; just a few
+months before the close of the war of 1812, the British
+attacked the city and burned both the Capitol and the
+White House. In spite of these early discouragements
+and years of ridicule, the capital has fully justified the
+plans and hopes of the far-seeing men who built not
+for their own day but
+for the years to come.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps one gets the
+best idea of the city to-day
+from the height of
+the Capitol's beautiful
+dome that rises over
+three hundred feet above
+the pavement. There is
+a gallery around the outside
+of the dome, just
+below the lantern which
+lights its summit, and
+from here one can see
+for miles in any direction.</p>
+
+<p>Our view of the city from this height shows us that
+most of the streets are straight and run either north and
+south or east and west. The east and west streets are lettered;
+those running north and south are numbered. One
+might easily imagine four great checkerboards placed
+together, with the Capitol standing at the point where the
+four boards meet. I say four checkerboards, because from
+the Capitol three great streets go to the north, the south,
+and the east, while a broad park runs away to the west,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span>
+thus dividing the city into four sections. Running across
+the regularly planned streets of these checkerboards are
+broad avenues, many of which seem to come like spokes
+of wheels from parks placed in different sections of the
+city. These avenues are named for different states.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_269.jpg" width="600" height="479"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">LOOKING WEST FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Close about us is a splendid group of majestic buildings.
+The Capitol, upon the brow of the hill overlooking
+the western part of the city, is the center of the group.
+To the north and south of the Capitol rise the beautiful
+marble buildings for the use of the committees of the
+Senate and the House of Representatives. To the east is
+the Library of Congress, the most beautiful building of its
+kind in the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_270.jpg" width="600" height="380"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_270" id="img_270"></a>
+<p class="caption">THE CITY OF WASHINGTON</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Toward the northwest and southeast runs Pennsylvania
+Avenue, one hundred sixty feet wide, the most famous
+street in the city. About a mile and a half up Pennsylvania
+Avenue from the Capitol is another imposing group
+of public buildings. Here are the Treasury Department,
+the Executive Mansion,&mdash;the home of the president,&mdash;and
+the State, War, and Navy Building. Pennsylvania
+Avenue leads past the fronts of these buildings and on for
+more than two miles to the far-western part of the city.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_271.jpg" width="600" height="373"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Directly west from the Capitol we look along the fine
+parkways which divide the city in that direction just as
+do the main streets which run from the Capitol to the
+north, east, and south. This handsome series of parks is
+called the Mall. In the Mall are a number of public
+buildings placed in an irregular line stretching west
+from the Capitol, with sufficient distance between them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span>
+to allow spacious grounds for each building. Here we
+find the home of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army
+Medical Museum, the National Museum, the Smithsonian
+Institution, the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of
+Engraving and Printing, and the Washington Monument.</p>
+
+<p>As we walk around the gallery of the Capitol dome,
+we see that almost every street and avenue is lined on
+either side with beautiful shade trees which give the city
+a gardenlike appearance. And looking toward the south
+we see the eastern branch of the Potomac meeting the
+main stream and flowing away in a majestic river, over a
+mile in width. On all sides of the city the land rises
+in beautiful green hills, guarding the nation's capital as it
+lies nestled between the river's protecting arms.</p>
+
+<p>Having this picture of the general plan of Washington,
+let us visit some of the buildings; first of all the Capitol,
+for it is the most imposing as well as the most important
+building in the city. For a good view of the building,
+walk out upon the spacious esplanade which extends
+across the eastern front. Even here it is hard to appreciate
+that the Capitol is over 751 feet long, 350 feet wide,
+and covers more than 3&frac12; acres of ground. The eastern
+front shows the building to have three divisions, a central
+building and a northern and a southern wing. Each division
+has a splendid portico with stately Corinthian columns
+and a broad flight of steps leading to the portico from
+the eastern esplanade.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_273.jpg" width="650" height="429"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Every four years a new president of the United States
+is elected, and March 4 is the day on which he takes
+office. On this day a great stand is put up over the steps
+leading to the central portico of the Capitol, and upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a><br /><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>
+this platform a most imposing ceremony takes place. Here
+the new president, in the presence of all the members of
+Congress, the representatives of foreign nations, many distinguished
+guests, and an immense throng of people, takes
+upon himself the obligations of his high office. The Chief
+Justice of the Supreme Court holds a Bible before the
+president, who places his hand upon it and repeats these
+words: &ldquo;I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute
+the office of President of the United States, and will,
+to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the
+Constitution of the United States.&rdquo; After the president
+has delivered his inaugural address, a splendid procession
+escorts him to his new home, the Executive Mansion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_274.jpg" width="600" height="466"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON WAS INAUGURATED</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Above the central division of the Capitol building,
+which for many years served as the entire Capitol, rises
+the imposing dome from which we have just come. It is
+crowned with a lantern upon the top of which is placed
+the statue of Freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Across the western front of the Capitol is a marble
+terrace overlooking the lower part of the city. Though
+the western front is ornamented with colonnades of Corinthian
+columns, it lacks the splendid approaches of the
+eastern side.</p>
+
+<p>This immense building, representing the dignity and
+greatness of our nation, is given over almost entirely to
+the work of lawmaking. In the central part is the large
+rotunda beneath the lofty dome. The northern wing is
+occupied by the Senate of the United States, while the
+southern wing is the home of the House of Representatives.
+We enter the rotunda by the broad stairs leading
+from the eastern esplanade and find ourselves in a great
+circular hall, almost a hundred feet in diameter, whose
+walls curve upward one hundred and eighty feet. At the
+top a beautiful canopy shows the Father of his Country
+in the company of figures representing the thirteen original
+states. About these are other figures, personifying
+commerce, freedom, mechanics, agriculture, dominion over
+the sea, and the arts and sciences. Encircling the upper
+part of the walls, but many feet below the canopy, is a
+frieze of scenes from the history of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Around the lower part of the walls are eight great
+paintings. Four of them are the work of one of Washington's
+officers, Colonel John Trumbull of Connecticut,
+and are of great interest because the figures are actual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span>
+portraits of the people represented. These paintings show
+the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the
+surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, the surrender of
+Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the resignation of General
+Washington at the close of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_276.jpg" width="600" height="450"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">STATUARY HALL, IN THE CAPITOL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the rotunda, broad corridors lead north to the
+Senate Chamber and south to the House of Representatives.
+Following the corridor to the south, we come to
+a large semicircular room. When the central division of
+the building was all there was to the Capitol, this room
+was occupied by the House of Representatives, and here
+were heard the speeches of Adams, Webster, Clay, Calhoun,
+and many other famous statesmen. It is now set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>
+apart as a national statuary hall, where each state may
+place two statues of her chosen sons. As many of the
+states have been glad to honor their great men in this
+way, a splendid array of national heroes is gathered in
+the hall. Among the Revolutionary heroes we find Washington,
+Ethan Allen, and Nathaniel Green. A statue of
+Fulton, sent by New York, shows him seated, looking at a
+model of his steamship. Of all these marble figures, perhaps
+none attracts more attention than that of Frances
+Elizabeth Willard, the great apostle of temperance, and
+to the state of Illinois belongs the distinction of having
+placed the only statue of a woman in this great collection.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Statuary Hall, we go south to the Hall of
+Representatives. Here representatives from all the states
+gather to frame laws for the entire nation. Seated in
+the gallery it seems almost as if we were in a huge
+schoolroom, for the representatives occupy seats which
+are arranged in semicircles, facing a white marble desk
+upon a high platform reached by marble steps. This is
+the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Speaker's
+duty is to preserve order and to see that the business of
+this branch of Congress is carried on as it should be.
+Before delivering a speech, a representative must have
+the Speaker's permission. The Speaker is a most important
+person, for all business is transacted under his direction.
+The representatives come from every state in the
+Union, and even far-off Hawaii, Alaska, and the Philippines
+are allowed to send delegates to this assembly to
+represent them in making laws. Think what a serious
+matter it would have been to the people of the far West
+to have the capital of their nation in the extreme Eastern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>
+section of the country if the development of the railroads,
+the telegraph, and the telephone had not made travel
+and communication so easy that great distances are no
+longer obstacles.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_278.jpg" width="600" height="469"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE OPENING OF CONGRESS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But we can pay only a brief visit to the House of
+Representatives, for there is another body of lawmakers
+in the northern end of the Capitol which we wish to see.
+Back to the rotunda we go and then walk along a corridor
+leading to the northern, or Senate, end of the Capitol.
+Each day, for a number of months in the year, an interesting
+ceremony takes place in this corridor promptly
+at noon. Nine dignified men, clad in long black silk
+robes, march in solemn procession across the corridor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>
+and enter a stately chamber which, though smaller, resembles
+Statuary Hall in shape. These men make up
+the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest
+court of justice in the land.</p>
+
+<p>Often in cases at law a person does not feel that the
+decision of one court has been just. He may then have
+his case examined and passed upon by a higher court.
+This is called &ldquo;appealing,&rdquo; and some cases, for good
+cause, may be appealed from one court to another until
+they reach the Supreme Court. Beyond the Supreme
+Court there is no appeal. What this court decides must
+be accepted as final. The room in which the Supreme
+Court meets was once used as the Senate Chamber, and
+many of the great debates heard in the Senate before our
+Civil War were held in this room.</p>
+
+<p>The Senate Chamber of to-day is further down the
+north corridor. This room is not unlike the Hall of
+Representatives in plan and arrangement, though it is
+somewhat smaller. Instead of having a chairman of their
+own choosing, as is the case in the House, the Senate
+is presided over by the vice president of the United
+States. This high official, seated upon a raised platform,
+directs the proceedings of the Senate just as the Speaker
+directs those of the House of Representatives. There
+seems to be an air of greater solemnity and dignity in
+this small group of lawmakers than in the House of Representatives.
+It is smaller because each state is entitled to
+send but two senators to the Senate, whereas the number
+of representatives is governed by the number of inhabitants
+in the state. The populous state of New York has
+thirty-seven representatives and but two senators, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>
+same number as the little state of Rhode Island whose
+population entitles it to only two representatives.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of having two lawmaking bodies is to provide
+a safeguard against hasty and unwise legislation. In
+the House of Representatives the most populous states
+have the greatest influence, while in the Senate all states
+are equally represented, and each state has two votes
+regardless of its size and population. Since every proposed
+law must be agreed to in both the Senate and the
+House before it is taken to the president for his approval,
+each body acts as a check on the other in lawmaking.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_280.jpg" width="600" height="403"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">INAUGURAL PARADE ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Just to the east of the Capitol grounds stands the
+magnificent Library of Congress. This wonderful storehouse
+of books is a marvelous palace. It covers almost
+an entire city block, and its towering gilded dome is visible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span>
+from almost every part of the city. Once inside, we could
+easily believe ourselves in fairyland, so beautiful are the
+halls and the staircases of carved marble, so wonderful the
+paintings and the decorations. Every available space upon
+the walls and ceilings is adorned with pictures, with the
+names of the great men of the world, and with beautiful
+quotations from the poets and scholars who seem to live
+again in this magnificent building which is dedicated to
+the things they loved.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_281.jpg" width="600" height="419"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BOTANICAL GARDENS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the center of the building, just beneath the gilded
+dome, is a rotunda slightly wider than the rotunda of the
+Capitol, though not so high. Here are desks for the use
+of those who wish to consult any volume of the immense
+collection of books.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The books are kept in great structures called stacks,
+9 stories high and containing bookshelves which would
+stretch nearly 44 miles if placed in one line. Any one
+of the great collection of 1,300,000 volumes can be sent
+by machinery from the stacks to the reading room or to
+the Capitol. When a member of Congress wants a book
+which is in the Library, he need not leave the Capitol,
+for there is a tunnel connecting the two buildings through
+which runs a little car to carry books.</p>
+
+<p>The Librarian of Congress has charge of the enforcement
+of the copyright law. By means of this law an
+author may secure the exclusive right to publish a book,
+paper, or picture for twenty-eight years. One of the requirements
+of the copyright law is that the author must
+place in the Library of Congress two copies of whatever
+he has copyrighted. Hence, on the shelves of this great
+library may be found almost every book or paper published
+in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the Library we once more find ourselves upon
+the great esplanade east of the Capitol. In the majestic
+white-marble buildings to the north and south,&mdash;known
+as the Senate and House office buildings,&mdash;committees
+of each House of Congress meet to discuss proposed laws.</p>
+
+<p>Having seen the lawmakers at work in the Capitol,
+let us visit the officials whose duty it is to enforce the
+laws made by Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Chief among these is the president of the United States.
+His house is officially known as the Executive Mansion,
+but nearly everybody speaks of it as the White House.
+The first public building erected in Washington was the
+White House. It is said that Washington himself chose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>
+the site. He lived to see it built but not occupied, for
+the capital was not moved to the District of Columbia
+until 1800, a year after Washington's death.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_283.jpg" width="600" height="418"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE WHITE HOUSE FROM THE NORTH</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This simple, stately building is a fitting home for the
+head of a great republic. In the main building are the
+living apartments of the president and his family, and
+the great rooms used for state receptions; the largest
+and handsomest of these is the famous East Room. Other
+rooms used on public occasions are known, from the color
+of the furnishings and hangings, as the Blue Room, the
+Green Room, and the Red Room. There is also the great
+State Dining Room, where the president entertains at
+dinner the important government officials and foreign
+representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Annex, adjoining the White House on the west,
+are the offices of the president and those who assist him
+in his work. In this part of the building is the cabinet
+room, where the president meets the heads of the various
+departments to consult with them concerning questions
+of national importance.</p>
+
+<p>Across the street from the president's office is the immense
+granite building occupied by the three departments
+of State, War, and Navy. The secretaries in charge of
+these departments have their offices here, together with
+a small army of clerks.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_284.jpg" width="600" height="332"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE UNITED STATES TREASURY</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the opposite side of the White House from the
+State, War, and Navy Building is the National Treasury.
+The Treasury Building is one of the finest in the city.
+To see the splendid colonnade on the east is alone worth a
+journey to Washington. From this building all the money
+affairs of the United States government are directed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the Treasury Building and in the Bureau of Engraving
+and Printing one may see the entire process of manufacturing
+and issuing paper money. In the Treasury we
+see new bills exchanged for old, worn-out bills, which are
+ground to pieces to destroy forever their value as money.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_285.jpg" width="600" height="465"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, &ldquo;UNCLE SAM'S MONEY FACTORY&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>But to understand the story of a dollar bill or a bill
+of any other value we must visit the Bureau of Engraving
+and Printing. This building, which is some distance from
+the Treasury Building, reminds us of a large printing
+office, and that is just what it is. Here we are shown
+from room to room where many men and women are at
+work, some engraving the plates from which bills are to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span>
+be printed and others printing the bills. The paper used
+is manufactured by a secret process for United States
+money, and every sheet is most carefully counted at
+every stage of the printing. Altogether the sheets are
+counted fifty-two times. Many clerks are employed to
+keep a careful account of these sheets, and it is almost
+impossible for a single bill or a single piece of paper to
+be lost or stolen. After the money is printed it is put
+into bundles, sealed, and sent in a closely guarded steel
+wagon to the Treasury Building, where it is stored in
+great vaults until it is issued.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_286.jpg" width="600" height="374"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">A CIRCLE AND ITS RADIATING AVENUES</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the Treasury we find the officials sending out these
+crisp new bills in payment of the debts of the United
+States or in exchange for bills which are so tattered and
+torn that they are no longer useful. This exchanging of
+new money for old is a large part of the business of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span>
+Treasury and calls for the greatest care in counting and
+keeping records, in order that no mistakes may be made.</p>
+
+<p>After the old bills are counted they are cut in half
+and the halves counted separately, to make sure that
+the first count was correct. When the exact amount of
+money has been determined, new bills are sent out to the
+owners of the old bills, and the old bills are destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>When we have seen enough of the counting of old
+money, our guide takes us down into the cellar of this
+great building, where we walk along a narrow passageway
+with millions of dollars in gold and silver on either
+hand. All is carefully secured by massive doors and
+locks, and none but trusted officials may enter the vaults
+themselves. These gold and silver coins are made in the
+United States mints in Philadelphia, Denver, New Orleans,
+and San Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>You see the paper bill is not real money but a sort
+of receipt representing gold and silver money which you
+can get at any time from the Treasury. As we peep
+through the barred doors of the vaults and see great
+piles of canvas sacks, it is interesting to know that some
+of the silver and gold coins they hold are ours, waiting
+here while we carry in our pockets the paper bills which
+represent them.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to issuing money, the Treasury Department
+has charge of collecting all the taxes and duties which
+furnish the money for the payment of the expenses of
+the government.</p>
+
+<p>Washington is a government city. Of its population
+of over 330,000, about 36,000 are directly engaged in the
+various departments of the government, while most of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span>
+other lines of business thrive by supplying the needs of
+the government's employees and their families. Very little
+manufacturing is done in the District of Columbia, and
+such articles as are manufactured are chiefly for local use.</p>
+
+<p>People from almost every country in the world may
+be seen on the streets, for almost all civilized nations
+have ministers or ambassadors at Washington to represent
+them in official dealings with the United States. These
+foreign representatives occupy fine homes, and during the
+winter season many brilliant receptions are given by them
+as well as by our own high officials.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_288.jpg" width="600" height="409"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The people of Washington have built fine churches and
+many handsome schools, to which all, from the president
+to the humblest citizen, send their children. In or near
+the city are the five universities of George Washington,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span>
+Georgetown, Howard University for colored people, the
+Catholic University, and the American University, where
+graduates from other colleges take advanced work.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_289.jpg" width="600" height="418"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">ANNEX AND GARDEN OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote
+nor do they make their own laws, as it was feared there
+might be a disagreement between Congress and the city
+government if people voted on local matters. All laws
+for the District of Columbia are made by the Congress
+of the United States and are carried out by three
+commissioners appointed by the president with the consent
+of the Senate. Many inhabitants of the District are
+citizens of the states and go to their homes at election
+time to cast their votes. Isn't it strange that there is a
+place in the United States where the citizens cannot vote?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_290.jpg" width="650" height="203"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">UNION STATION</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>You are, no doubt,
+beginning to think that
+the places of interest in
+Washington must be very
+numerous. This is true,
+for few cities in the world
+have so many interesting
+public buildings. Among
+these are the Corcoran
+Art Gallery; the Continental
+Memorial Hall,
+the majestic marble building
+of the Daughters of
+the American Revolution;
+and the palatial home of
+the Pan-American Union,
+a place where representatives
+of all the American
+republics may meet.
+Then there is the Patent
+Office, for recording and
+filing old patents and
+granting new ones; the
+Pension Office, from
+which our war veterans
+receive a certain sum each
+year; the Government
+Printing Office, whose reports
+require over a million
+dollars' worth of paper
+each year; Ford's Theater,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span>
+where President Lincoln was shot; the naval-gun factory,
+for making the fourteen-inch long-range guns used on our
+battleships; and the Union Railroad Station, whose east wing
+is reserved for the
+use of the president.</p>
+
+<div class="figright">
+     <img src="images/img_291.jpg" width="350" height="501"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON MONUMENT FROM<br />
+CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is one almost
+sacred spot,
+upon which the nation
+has erected a
+splendid memorial
+to our greatest hero,
+George Washington.
+The Washington
+Monument is a simple
+obelisk of white
+marble, that towers
+555 feet above the
+beautiful park in
+the midst of which
+it stands. Those
+openings near the
+top which seem so
+small are 504 feet
+above us and are
+actually large windows.
+On entering the door at the base of the monument,
+we pass through the wall, which is 15 feet thick, and find
+an elevator ready to carry us to the top. If we prefer to
+walk, there is an interior stairway of 900 steps leading to
+the top landing. At the end of our upward journey we
+find ourselves in a large room with two great windows on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
+each of the four sides. From here we get another view of
+the hill-surrounded city, and the scene which lies before
+us is inspiring.</p>
+
+<p>The Washington Monument is near the western end of
+the Mall, that series of parks extending from the Capitol
+to the Potomac River. Near by are the buildings of the
+Department of Agriculture, which has been of the greatest
+help to the farmers of our land by sending out important
+information concerning almost everything connected
+with farm life. Through the Bureau of Chemistry this
+department did much to bring about the passage of the
+Pure Food Law, which protects the people by forbidding
+the sale of food and drugs that are not pure.</p>
+
+<p>In the spacious park adjoining the grounds of the
+Department of Agriculture is a building which looks like
+an ancient castle. This is the Smithsonian Institution,
+which carries on scientific work under government control.</p>
+
+<p>The National Museum, which is under the control of
+the Smithsonian Institution, has a fine building of its own.
+This museum is a perfect treasure house of interesting
+exhibits of all kinds. Here may be seen relics of Washington,
+of General Grant, and of other famous Americans;
+and here are exhibits showing the history of the telegraph,
+the telephone, the sewing machine, the automobile, and
+the flying machine. Stuffed animals of all kinds are arranged
+to look just as if they were alive. So numerous are
+the exhibits that it would require a large book simply to
+mention them. Many of the boys and girls of Washington
+spend their Saturday afternoons examining the wonderful
+things which have been brought to this museum from all
+parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_293.jpg" width="600" height="353"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">THE CITY FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Washington has also a zoölogical park where there
+are animals from everywhere. It is on the banks of a
+beautiful stream on the outskirts of the city and is part
+of a great public park which covers many acres of picturesque
+wooded country.</p>
+
+<p>We must not omit the Post Office Department, for that
+is the part of the federal government which comes nearest
+to our homes. Here are the offices of the postmaster general
+and his many assistants. To tell of the wonders of
+our postal system would be a long story in itself. If all
+the people employed by the Post Office Department lived
+in Washington, they would fill all of the houses and leave
+no room for anyone else. Of course this great army of
+employees are not all in any one city, for the work of the
+post office extends to every part of the United States, and,
+through arrangement with other nations, to every part of
+the civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>In the country surrounding the city of Washington are
+several important and interesting places. Just across the
+river, in the state of Virginia, are Fort Myer, an army post,
+and the famous Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington
+was the home of Martha Custis, who became the bride of
+George Washington. At the opening of the Civil War it
+was the home of the famous Confederate general, Robert
+E. Lee. Then it passed into the hands of the United States
+government and is now the burial place of over sixteen
+thousand soldiers who gave their lives for their country.</p>
+
+<p>On the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, sixteen
+miles south of the city of Washington, is Mount Vernon,
+the home and burial place of George Washington. The
+spacious old mansion in the midst of fine trees and shady<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span>
+lawns looks out over the wide peaceful river which Washington
+loved. To this home Washington came to live
+shortly after his marriage. He spent his time in farming
+on this estate until he was called to take command of the
+American army. After our independence was won he
+returned to his home and his farm. Once more he was
+called upon to leave this quiet country life to become the
+first president of the new nation. When he had served his
+country two terms he gladly retired to Mount Vernon,
+where he lived until his death in 1799.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_295.jpg" width="600" height="368"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+<p class="caption">WASHINGTON'S TOMB</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To-day the house and grounds are preserved with loving
+care. The rooms of the house are furnished with fine
+old mahogany furniture, many pieces of which belonged
+to Washington. In the grounds, not far from the stately
+mansion, is the simple brick tomb where rest the bodies
+of Washington and his wife. During the years which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span>
+have passed since his death, thousands of his countrymen
+have come to this tomb to do honor to his memory.</p>
+
+<p>As we sail up the Potomac toward the city after our
+visit to the home of the great man whose name it bears,
+the Washington Monument, the White House, the State,
+War, and Navy Building, the Capitol, the Library, and
+the post office tower above the surrounding buildings
+and, shining in the golden light of sunset, make a picture
+never to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>This city of parks, of broad avenues, of beautiful buildings,
+belongs to the Americans who live in the far-distant
+states as well as to those who live and work in the capital
+itself. It is our capital and we may justly be proud of it,
+for it is one of the most beautiful cities in all the world.</p>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="title"><b>WASHINGTON</b><br /><br />
+FACTS TO REMEMBER</p>
+
+<p>The capital of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (331,069).</p>
+
+<p>Sixteenth city in rank, according to population.</p>
+
+<p>Center of the federal government of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Governed entirely by Congress under provision of the
+Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>Chief offices of every department of the federal government
+located here.</p>
+
+<p>Splendid streets, avenues, parks, and monuments.</p>
+
+<p>Many magnificent public buildings.</p>
+
+<p>Very few manufacturing industries.</p>
+
+<p>A city of homes of government employees.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting and beautiful cities in the
+world.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="title">QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY</p>
+
+<p>1. Give some reasons why every citizen of the United
+States should be interested in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>2. What interesting buildings are located here, and for
+what are they used?</p>
+
+<p>3. What were some of the reasons for selecting the location
+of the capital city?</p>
+
+<p>4. After whom was the city named?</p>
+
+<p>5. In what year did Washington become the capital city,
+and what disaster visited it a few years later?</p>
+
+<p>6. Describe the plan of the city, and name one of its
+famous streets.</p>
+
+<p>7. Name three interesting groups of buildings: one on
+Capitol Hill, one on Pennsylvania Avenue, and one in
+the Mall.</p>
+
+<p>8. What are some of the natural beauties of the city?</p>
+
+<p>9. Give some idea of the size and beauty of the Capitol
+and of the imposing ceremony which takes place there every
+four years.</p>
+
+<p>10. Describe briefly the House of Representatives when
+in session and the duties of its members.</p>
+
+<p>11. Where does the Supreme Court of the country sit, and
+why is it called the Supreme Court?</p>
+
+<p>12. How does the Senate differ from the House of Representatives?
+What are the duties of senators? How many
+come from each state?</p>
+
+<p>13. Why do we have two lawmaking bodies?</p>
+
+<p>14. Name some of the attractions of the Library of Congress.
+Tell how its books are stacked and how they are sent
+to the Capitol, and give some facts about the copyright law.</p>
+
+<p>15. Tell what you know of the White House.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>16. What two fine buildings are on either side of the
+White House, and for what is each used?</p>
+
+<p>17. Describe the making of paper money.</p>
+
+<p>18. What are the duties of the Treasury Department, and
+what may be seen in the Treasury vaults?</p>
+
+<p>19. Tell something about the people of Washington, their
+chief occupation, and why so many foreign diplomats have
+their homes here.</p>
+
+<p>20. How are the city of Washington and the District of
+Columbia governed?</p>
+
+<p>21. Name some places of interest in Washington not
+already mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>22. Describe the splendid monument by which our greatest
+hero is honored.</p>
+
+<p>23. Tell why you would like to visit the Smithsonian
+Institution, the National Museum, and the Zoölogical Park.</p>
+
+<p>24. Why are Fort Myer, Arlington, and Mount Vernon
+very interesting to all citizens of the United States?</p>
+
+<p>25. To whom does the beautiful city of Washington really
+belong, and why should we be proud of it?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<h2><a name="TABLES" id="TABLES">REFERENCE TABLES</a></h2>
+
+<table summary="Cities">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO POPULATION</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="page"><span class="smcap">Rank</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">London</td>
+    <td class="page">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">New York</td>
+    <td class="page">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Paris</td>
+    <td class="page">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Chicago</td>
+    <td class="page">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Berlin</td>
+    <td class="page">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Tokio</td>
+    <td class="page">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Vienna</td>
+    <td class="page">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Petrograd</td>
+    <td class="page">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="page">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Moscow</td>
+    <td class="page">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Buenos Ayres</td>
+    <td class="page">11</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chaptitle">Constantinople</td>
+    <td class="page">12</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table id="p299" summary="Population">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="7">INCREASE IN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES&mdash;<br />NATIONAL CENSUS</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td1" rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">City</span></td>
+    <td class="td2" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Population</span></td>
+    <td class="td3" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Rank</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td4">1910</td>
+    <td class="td4">1900</td>
+    <td class="td4">1890</td>
+    <td class="td5">1910</td>
+    <td class="td4">1900</td>
+    <td class="td4">1890</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New York</td>
+    <td class="td6">4,766,883</td>
+    <td class="td6">3,437,202</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,515,301</td>
+    <td class="td7">1</td>
+    <td class="td6">1</td>
+    <td class="td6">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Chicago</td>
+    <td class="td6">2,185,283</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,698,575</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,099,850</td>
+    <td class="td7">2</td>
+    <td class="td6">2</td>
+    <td class="td6">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,549,008</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,293,697</td>
+    <td class="td6">1,046,964</td>
+    <td class="td7">3</td>
+    <td class="td6">3</td>
+    <td class="td6">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="td6">687,029</td>
+    <td class="td6">575,238</td>
+    <td class="td6">451,770</td>
+    <td class="td7">4</td>
+    <td class="td6">4</td>
+    <td class="td6">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boston</td>
+    <td class="td6">670,585</td>
+    <td class="td6">560,892</td>
+    <td class="td6">448,477</td>
+    <td class="td7">5</td>
+    <td class="td6">5</td>
+    <td class="td6">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cleveland</td>
+    <td class="td6">560,663</td>
+    <td class="td6">381,768</td>
+    <td class="td6">261,353</td>
+    <td class="td7">6</td>
+    <td class="td6">7</td>
+    <td class="td6">10</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="td6">558,485</td>
+    <td class="td6">508,957</td>
+    <td class="td6">434,439</td>
+    <td class="td7">7</td>
+    <td class="td6">6</td>
+    <td class="td6">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="td6">533,905</td>
+    <td class="td6">321,616</td>
+    <td class="td6">238,617</td>
+    <td class="td7">8</td>
+    <td class="td6">11</td>
+    <td class="td6">13</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Detroit</td>
+    <td class="td6">465,766</td>
+    <td class="td6">285,704</td>
+    <td class="td6">205,876</td>
+    <td class="td7">9</td>
+    <td class="td6">13</td>
+    <td class="td6">15</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="td6">423,715</td>
+    <td class="td6">352,387</td>
+    <td class="td6">255,664</td>
+    <td class="td7">10</td>
+    <td class="td6">8</td>
+    <td class="td6">11</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="td6">416,912</td>
+    <td class="td6">342,782</td>
+    <td class="td6">298,997</td>
+    <td class="td7">11</td>
+    <td class="td6">9</td>
+    <td class="td6">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Milwaukee</td>
+    <td class="td6">373,857</td>
+    <td class="td6">285,315</td>
+    <td class="td6">204,468</td>
+    <td class="td7">12</td>
+    <td class="td6">14</td>
+    <td class="td6">16</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cincinnati</td>
+    <td class="td6">363,591</td>
+    <td class="td6">325,902</td>
+    <td class="td6">296,908</td>
+    <td class="td7">13</td>
+    <td class="td6">10</td>
+    <td class="td6">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Newark</td>
+    <td class="td6">347,469</td>
+    <td class="td6">246,070</td>
+    <td class="td6">181,830</td>
+    <td class="td7">14</td>
+    <td class="td6">16</td>
+    <td class="td6">17</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="td6">339,075</td>
+    <td class="td6">287,104</td>
+    <td class="td6">242,039</td>
+    <td class="td7">15</td>
+    <td class="td6">12</td>
+    <td class="td6">12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td8">Washington</td>
+    <td class="td9">331,069</td>
+    <td class="td9">278,718</td>
+    <td class="td9">230,392</td>
+    <td class="td10">16</td>
+    <td class="td9">15</td>
+    <td class="td9">14</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p>
+
+<table id="p300" summary="Foreign_Population">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="3">THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td1" rowspan="2"><span class="smcap">City</span></td>
+    <td class="td2" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Leading Countries of Birth of<br />Foreign-Born Population&mdash;1910</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td3">First</td>
+    <td class="td3">Second</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boston</td>
+    <td class="td4">Ireland</td>
+    <td class="td4">Canada</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Canada</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Chicago</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Austria</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cincinnati</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Hungary</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cleveland</td>
+    <td class="td4">Austria</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Detroit</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Canada</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Jersey City</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Ireland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Los Angeles</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Canada</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Milwaukee</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Minneapolis</td>
+    <td class="td4">Sweden</td>
+    <td class="td4">Norway</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="td4">Italy</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New York</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+    <td class="td4">Italy</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Newark</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+    <td class="td4">Ireland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="td4">Germany</td>
+    <td class="td4">Ireland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="td5">Washington</td>
+    <td class="td6">Ireland</td>
+    <td class="td6">Germany</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Travel_1">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL&mdash;DISTANCE FROM NEW YORK CITY</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3182 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1344 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1059 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Chicago</td>
+    <td class="tdr">908 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Detroit</td>
+    <td class="tdr">690 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cleveland</td>
+    <td class="tdr">576 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="tdr">441 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="tdr">439 miles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boston</td>
+    <td class="tdr">235 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Washington, D.C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">226 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="tdr">186 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">92 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Travel_2">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL&mdash;DISTANCE FROM CHICAGO</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">San Francisco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2274 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boston</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1021 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="tdr">923 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">New York</td>
+    <td class="tdr">908 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="tdr">818 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="tdr">797 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Washington, D.C.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">787 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Buffalo</td>
+    <td class="tdr">523 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Pittsburgh</td>
+    <td class="tdr">468 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cleveland</td>
+    <td class="tdr">339 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="tdr">286 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Detroit</td>
+    <td class="tdr">272 miles</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Trading_1">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">TO WHOM WE SELL THE MOST<br /><span class="smcap">The Amount for 1914</span></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Great Britain</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$594,271,863</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$344,794,276</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Canada</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$344,716,981</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">France</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$159,818,924</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Netherlands</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$112,215,673</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$74,235,012</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cuba</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$68,884,428</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Belgium</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$61,219,894</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Japan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$51,205,520</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Argentina</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$45,179,089</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Mexico</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$38,748,793</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p>
+
+<table summary="Trading_2">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">FROM WHOM WE BUY THE MOST<br /><span class="smcap">The Amount for 1914</span></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Great Britain</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$293,661,304</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$189,919,136</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Canada</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$160,689,709</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">France</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$141,446,252</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cuba</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$131,303,794</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Japan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$107,355,897</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Brazil</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$101,303,794</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Mexico</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$92,690,566</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">British India</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$73,630,880</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+    <td class="tdr">$56,407,671</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+     <img src="images/img_303.jpg" width="650" height="392"
+        alt="see caption"
+        title="see caption" />
+        <a name="img_303" id="img_303"></a>
+<p class="caption">SOME OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr65" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="ifrst">Abbey, Edwin A., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Adams, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Adams, Samuel, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Alameda, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Allegheny, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Allegheny River, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Baldwin, Matthias W., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Baldwin Locomotive Works, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Baltimore, <a href="#Page_155">155&ndash;170</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">railroad center, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">exports, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">fire of 1904, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">public markets, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Baltimore, Lord, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Barge canal, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Belleville, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Berkeley, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Bienville, Governor, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Blackstone, William, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Boston, <a href="#Page_105">105&ndash;136</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">capital of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">divisions of, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade center, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">foreign commerce, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Boston Tea Party, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Braddock, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Bradford, William, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Brockton, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Brooklyn, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Brooks, Phillips, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Bruceton, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Buffalo, <a href="#Page_207">207&ndash;226</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Erie Canal, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">lake port, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">importance of location, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade with Canada, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">manufacturing center, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Niagara power, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224&ndash;225</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">iron industry, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">flour mills, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important live-stock market, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important lumber market, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Buffalo River, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Bulfinch, Charles, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Calumet River, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Cambridge, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Carnegie, Andrew, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Carnegie Steel Company, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Centennial Exhibition, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Charles River, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Chicago, <a href="#Page_41">41&ndash;66</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">fire of 1871, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">becomes a city, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important railroad center, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">greatest lake port, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">grain market, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">steel industry, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">largest lumber market, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">exports, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">center of packing industry, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pullman, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Chicago drainage and ship canal, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Chicago River, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Civil War, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Cleaveland, General Moses, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span></li>
+<li class="indx">Cleveland, <a href="#Page_137">137&ndash;154</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">becomes a city, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">importance of location, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">manufacturing center, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">largest ore market in the world, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">center of shipbuilding, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important lake port, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Cleveland, Grover, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Clinton, De Witt, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Coal, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Coal mines, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Commerce, foreign, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Cotton, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Croton River, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Custis, Martha, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Cuyahoga River, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Delaware River, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li class="indx">de Portolá, Don Gaspar, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Des Plaines River, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Detroit, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189&ndash;206</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">leading port on Canadian shore, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">founded, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">early history, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">growth, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade center, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">shipbuilding industry, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">becomes industrial city, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">center of automobile trade, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">immense wholesale trade, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">railroad center, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Detroit River, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
+<li class="indx">District of Columbia, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Doan, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Dutch West India Company, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">East River, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="indx">East St. Louis, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Erie Canal, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Exports, value of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Fall River, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Farragut, David, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fillmore, Millard, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fish industry, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fitch, John, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fort Dearborn, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fort McHenry, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fort Myer, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fort Pitt, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Foreign-born population, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+<li class="indx">French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Fulton, Robert, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Girard, Stephen, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Gold, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Golden Gate, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Grain industry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Granite City, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Gunpowder River, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Hale, Edward Everett, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="indx"><i>Half Moon</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Homestead, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Hudson, Henry, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Hudson River, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Hull, General William, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Illinois and Michigan Canal, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Illinois River, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Imports, value of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Increase in population of our great cities, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Iron industry, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Key, Francis Scott, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Kingsbury, James, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Kinzie, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Largest cities in the world, <a href="#Page_299">299</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span></li>
+<li class="indx">Lawrence, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Lee, Robert E., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Lewis and Clark expedition, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Louisiana Purchase, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Louisiana Purchase Exposition, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Lowell, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Lumber, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Lynn, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Madison, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Manhattan, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+<li class="indx">McCall Ferry dam, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="indx">McKeesport, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="indx">McKinley, William, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Mexican War, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Mints, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Minuit, Peter, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Mississippi River, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Missouri River, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Mohawk River, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Monongahela River, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Morris, Robert, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Mt. Vernon, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Natural gas, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
+<li class="indx">New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="indx">New Bedford, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="indx">New Orleans, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245&ndash;264</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">early history, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">in the War of 1812, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">in the Civil War, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">building the city, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">the French quarter, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">the American quarter, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important lumber market, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important cotton market, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Gulf port, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">second export port in America, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">exports, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">important sugar market, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Mardi Gras, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+<li class="indx">New York, <a href="#Page_3">3&ndash;40</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">surrendered to English, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">capital city, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">harbor, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">becomes Greater New York, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">boroughs, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">nation's chief market place, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">imports, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">exports, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">nation's greatest workshop, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Niagara Falls, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Niagara River, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Oakland, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Ohio Canal, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Ohio River, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Ore, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Packing industry, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Panama Canal, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Panama-Pacific International Exposition, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Pan-American Exposition, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Patapsco River, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Penn, William, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Perry, Oliver Hazard, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Petroleum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_67">67&ndash;88</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">settlement of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">manufacturing city, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">commercial center, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">United States mint, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Continental Congress, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Declaration of Independence signed at, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">capital of the nation, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Pitt, William, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171&ndash;188</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">workshop of the world, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade center, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">manufacturing city, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">center of steel industry, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pittsburgh district, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">mines, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">petroleum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">natural gas, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Pontiac's conspiracy, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span></li>
+<li class="indx">Population of our great cities, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Potomac River, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Pullman, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Puritans, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Quakers, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Railroads, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">New York Central, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Michigan Southern, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Michigan Central, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Missouri Pacific, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Boston &amp; Albany, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Boston &amp; Maine, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">New York, New Haven &amp; Hartford, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Nickel Plate, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &amp; St. Louis, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Erie Railroad, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Baltimore &amp; Ohio, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Wheeling &amp; Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Southern Pacific, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fé, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Union Pacific, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Western Pacific, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Revolution, War of the, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Richmond, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Rogers, Major Robert, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Ross, Betsy, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Sacramento River, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+<li class="indx">St. Gaudens, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="indx">St. Lawrence River, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+<li class="indx">St. Louis, <a href="#Page_89">89&ndash;104</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">frontier village, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade center, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">railroad center, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">favorable location, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">distributing center, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">fur, grain, and live-stock market, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="indx">San Francisco, <a href="#Page_227">227&ndash;244</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">early history, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">growth of, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">&ldquo;child of the mines,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">San Francisco Bay, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">trade center, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">exports, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">imports, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">industries, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">United States mint, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">leading salmon port, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
+<li class="indx">San Joaquin River, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Sargent, John S., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Sault Ste. Marie, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Saur, Christopher, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Schuylkill River, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Scioto River, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Shaw, Colonel, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Shortest railway routes from Chicago, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Shortest railway routes from New York, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Silver, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Standard Oil Company, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Steel, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Straits of Mackinac, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Stuyvesant, Peter, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Sugar, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Susquehanna River, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Thevis, Father, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Tonawanda, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Touro, Judah, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Trumbull, John, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Union Stockyards, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+<li class="indx">University City, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">Venice, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">War of 1812, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Washington, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265&ndash;298</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">the capital city, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">location, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">story of, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">District of Columbia, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">plan of the city, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">capitol, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">House of Representatives, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Supreme Court, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span></li>
+<li class="isub1">Senate, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Library of Congress, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">White House, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">National Treasury, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bureau of Engraving and Printing, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Washington Monument, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Post Office Department, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Arlington National Cemetery, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Washington, George, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Westinghouse, George, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Westinghouse Electric Company, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Winne, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Winthrop, John, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="indx">Woodward, Augustus B., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+<li class="indx">World's Columbian Exposition, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li class="ifrst">York, Duke of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="hr95" />
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<p>Transcriber's Notes:</p>
+
+<p>The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and
+formatting have been maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked
+as a misprint.</p>
+
+<p>Captions have been added to the maps on page 69 and 268 as listed in the
+"List of Maps" at the beginning of the book.</p>
+
+<table summary="corrections">
+  <tr>
+    <th>The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.</th>
+  </tr>
+    <tr>
+    <td>frontpage: BOOKS I AND II &#8594; BOOKS I AND II,</td>
+  </tr>
+    <tr>
+    <td>p. 160: here small craft &#8594; crafts</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>p. 225: Important center for. &#8594; Important center for</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>p. 227: Pacific coast, and Don Gasper &#8594; Gaspar</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>p. 239: Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe &#8594; Fé</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>p. 248: forces land and take &#8594; takes</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>p. 306: de Portolá, Don Gasper &#8594; Gaspar</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by 
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Great Cities of the United States
+       Historical, Descriptive, Commercial, Industrial
+
+Author: Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth
+        Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
+Release Date: February 9, 2014 [EBook #44854]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jens Nordmann and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                 [Illustration: BUILDING A SKYSCRAPER]
+
+
+
+
+                   GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+                  HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, COMMERCIAL
+                              INDUSTRIAL
+
+
+                                  BY
+
+                     GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH
+
+  AUTHOR OF "BUILDERS OF OUR COUNTRY," BOOKS I AND II, "THE STORY OF THE
+         EMPIRE STATE," AND "A FIRST BOOK IN AMERICAN HISTORY"
+
+
+                                  AND
+
+
+                        STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER
+
+         ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+
+                   IROQUOIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
+                           SYRACUSE, NEW YORK
+
+                          COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY
+        GERTRUDE VAN DUYN SOUTHWORTH AND STEPHEN ELLIOTT KRAMER
+
+                          ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
+                                 316.3
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE
+
+
+Just as the history of a country is largely the history of its great men,
+so the geography of a country is largely the story of its great cities.
+
+How much more easily history is grasped and remembered when grouped
+around attractive biographies. With great cities as the centers of
+geography-study, what is generally considered a dry, matter-of-fact
+subject can be made to attract, to inspire, and to fix the things which
+should be remembered.
+
+This book, "Great Cities of the United States," includes the ten largest
+cities of this country, together with San Francisco, New Orleans, and
+Washington. _In it the important facts of our country's geography have
+been grouped around these thirteen cities._ The story of Chicago includes
+the story of farming in the Middle West, of the great ore industry on and
+around the Great Lakes, and of the varied means of transportation.
+Cotton, sugar, and location are shown to account largely for the
+greatness of New Orleans. In a similar way, the stories of the other
+cities sum up the important geography of our country.
+
+Enough of the history of each city is given to show its growth and
+development. The distinctive points of interest are described so that one
+feels acquainted with the things which attract the sight-seer. The
+commercial and industrial features are made to stand out as the logical
+sequence of fortunate location for manufacturing, for securing raw
+materials, for markets, and for convenient means of transportation.
+
+In order to make uniformly fair comparisons, local statistics have been
+ignored and all data have been taken from the latest government reports.
+
+The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to the historical
+societies, to the chambers of commerce, to those in the various cities
+who have furnished material and reviewed the manuscript, and to all
+others who have rendered assistance.
+
+It is hoped that by the use of this book our country, in all its
+greatness, will mean more and will appeal more to the boys and girls of
+America than ever before.
+
+To the publishers of Allen's "Geographical and Industrial Studies: United
+States" we are indebted for the use of the map appearing at the end of
+the text.
+
+                                                            THE AUTHORS
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  NEW YORK                                                             3
+
+  CHICAGO                                                             41
+
+  PHILADELPHIA                                                        67
+
+  ST. LOUIS                                                           89
+
+  BOSTON                                                             105
+
+  CLEVELAND                                                          137
+
+  BALTIMORE                                                          155
+
+  PITTSBURGH                                                         171
+
+  DETROIT                                                            189
+
+  BUFFALO                                                            207
+
+  SAN FRANCISCO                                                      227
+
+  NEW ORLEANS                                                        245
+
+  WASHINGTON                                                         265
+
+  REFERENCE TABLES                                                   299
+
+  INDEX                                                              305
+
+
+
+
+                             LIST OF MAPS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  The Boroughs of New York--Entrances to her Harbor                   10
+
+  Manhattan Island and the City Parks                                 20
+
+  New York's Subway and Bridge Connections                            29
+
+  Where Chicago was Founded                                           44
+
+  Chicago's Canals                                                    48
+
+  Chicago To-day                                                      60
+
+  Location of Philadelphia                                            69
+
+  Philadelphia To-day                                                 80
+
+  Louisiana Purchase                                                  90
+
+  St. Louis and her Illinois Suburbs                                  92
+
+  Map of Boston and its Vicinity                                     106
+
+  The City of Boston                                                 118
+
+  Boston's Land and Water Connections                                120
+
+  Cleveland and her Neighbors                                        140
+
+  The City of Cleveland                                              144
+
+  The City of Baltimore                                              164
+
+  Location of Baltimore                                              168
+
+  The Pittsburgh District                                            173
+
+  The City of Pittsburgh                                             179
+
+  The Great Lakes                                                    190
+
+  The City of Detroit                                                201
+
+  New York's Canals                                                  209
+
+  The Site of Buffalo                                                212
+
+  The City of Buffalo                                                218
+
+  The Site of San Francisco                                          232
+
+  The City of San Francisco                                          234
+
+  Where New Orleans Stands                                           246
+
+  The City of New Orleans                                            250
+
+  The District of Columbia                                           268
+
+  The City of Washington                                             270
+
+  Some of the Great Railroads of the United States                   303
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL BUILDING]
+
+
+
+
+                   GREAT CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES
+
+                               NEW YORK
+
+
+"Drop anchor!" rang out the command as the little Dutch vessel furled her
+sails. On every side were the shining waters of a widespread bay, while
+just ahead stretched the forest-covered shores of an island.
+
+[Illustration: INDIANS VISITING THE _HALF MOON_]
+
+All on board were filled with excitement, wondering what lay beyond.
+"Have we at last really found a waterway across this new land of
+America?" they asked. There was only one way to know--to go and see. So
+on once more, past the island, glided the _Half Moon_. From time to
+time, as she sailed along, the redskin savages visited her and traded
+many valuable furs for mere trifles.
+
+But at last the _Half Moon_ could go no further. This was not a waterway
+to India, only a river leading into the depths of a wild and rugged
+country. Sick with disappointment, her captain, Henry Hudson, turned
+about, journeyed the length of the river which was later to bear his
+name, once more passed the island at the mouth of the river, and sailed
+away. All this in 1609.
+
+[Illustration: "MY BROTHERS, WE HAVE COME TO TRADE WITH YOU"]
+
+Manhattan was the Indian name for the island at the mouth of the Hudson
+River. Tempted by Henry Hudson's furs, the thrifty Dutchmen sent ship
+after ship to trade with the American Indians. And as the years went by,
+these Dutchmen built a trading post on Manhattan, and a little Dutch
+village grew up about the post. Soon the Dutch West India Company was
+formed to send out colonists to Manhattan and the land along the Hudson.
+A governor too was sent. His name was Peter Minuit.
+
+[Illustration: PETER STUYVESANT]
+
+Now Peter Minuit was honest, and when he found that the Dutch were living
+on Indian land to which they had helped themselves, he was not content.
+So he called together the tribes which lived on Manhattan and, while the
+painted warriors squatted on the ground, spoke to them in words like
+these: "My brothers, we have come to trade with you. And that we may be
+near to buy your furs when you have gathered them, we wish to live among
+you, on your land. It is your land, and as we do not mean to steal it
+from you, I have asked you to meet me here that I may buy from you this
+island which you call Manhattan." Then, in payment for the island, Peter
+Minuit offered the Indians ribbons, knives, rings, and colored
+beads--things dearly loved by the savages. The bargain was soon closed,
+and for twenty-four dollars' worth of trinkets the Dutch became the
+owners of Manhattan Island.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK IN OLDEN TIMES]
+
+The Dutch settlement on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam
+was a pretty town, with its quaint Dutch houses built gable end toward
+the street and its gardens bright with flowers. Dutch windmills with
+their long sweeping arms rose here and there, and near the water stood
+the fort.
+
+But though New Amsterdam grew and prospered in the years after Peter
+Minuit bought Manhattan, life there did not run as smoothly as it might.
+In time Peter Stuyvesant came to be governor, and a stern, tyrannical
+ruler he was. He always saw things from the Dutch West India Company's
+point of view, not from the colonists'. Disagreement followed
+disagreement till the people were nearly at the end of their patience.
+
+Then, one day in 1664, an English fleet sailed into the bay. A letter was
+brought ashore for Governor Stuyvesant. England too, so it seemed, laid
+claim to this land along the Hudson River, and now asked the Dutch
+governor to give up his colony to the Duke of York, a brother of
+England's king. This done, the Dutch colonists could keep their property,
+and all their rights and privileges. In fact, even greater privileges
+would then be given them.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON TAKING THE OATH OF OFFICE]
+
+In a towering rage Governor Stuyvesant tore the letter into bits and
+stamped upon them and called upon his colonists to rise and help him
+repulse the English. But the colonists would not rise. They felt that
+there was nothing to gain by so doing. The English promised much, far
+more than they had had under the rule of tyrannical Peter Stuyvesant and
+the Dutch West India Company.
+
+What could the governor do? Surely he alone could not defeat the English
+fleet. So at last, sorrowfully and reluctantly, he signed a surrender,
+and the Dutch Colony was given over to the English.
+
+Once in possession, the English renamed New Amsterdam, calling it New
+York. Now followed a hundred years of ever-increasing river, coast, and
+foreign trade, of growing industries, of prosperity. And then--the
+Revolution.
+
+When the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, George
+Washington and his army were in New York, guarding the city from the
+English. But before the close of the year he was forced to retreat, and
+the English took possession. By the close of the Revolution, in 1783, the
+English had robbed the city of much of its wealth and had ruined its
+business.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN IN NEW YORK STATE]
+
+After the war the thirteen states who had won their freedom from England
+joined together, drew up a constitution for their common government, and
+chose their first president. Then came the thirtieth of April, 1789. The
+streets were crowded, and a great throng packed the space before New
+York's Federal Hall. This was Inauguration Day, and on the balcony stood
+General Washington taking the oath of office. It was a solemn moment.
+The ceremony over, a mighty shout arose--"Long live George Washington,
+president of the United States." Cheers filled the air, bells pealed, and
+cannons roared. The new government had begun, and, for a time, New York
+was the capital city.
+
+Already New York was recovering from the effects of the war. Her trade
+with European ports had begun again, and it was no uncommon sight to see
+over one hundred vessels loading or unloading in her harbor at one time.
+
+New York harbor is one of the largest and best in the world. Add to this
+the city's central location on the Atlantic seaboard, and it is no wonder
+that a vast coasting trade grew up with Eastern and Southern ports.
+
+Without doubt, however, the greatest business event in the history of New
+York City was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. The canal joined the
+Great Lakes with the Hudson River, making a water route from the rich
+Northwest to the Atlantic, with New York as the natural terminus. So with
+nearly all of the trade of the lake region at her command, New York soon
+became a great commercial center, outstripping both Boston and
+Philadelphia, which up to this time had ranked ahead of New York.
+
+A few years later the building of railroads began. The first railway from
+New York was begun in 1831, and it was not long before the city was the
+terminus of several lines and the chief railroad center of the Atlantic
+coast. As the railroads did more and more of the carrying, and the Erie
+Canal lost its former importance, New York did not suffer from the
+change, but still controlled much of the trade between the Northwest and
+European nations. Besides, as time went on, she built up an immense
+traffic with all parts of the continent, being easily reached by rail
+from the north, east, south, and west.
+
+[Illustration: THE BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK--ENTRANCES TO HER HARBOR]
+
+The first half of the nineteenth century saw the arrival of many thousand
+immigrants from Europe. These, with the thousands of people who came from
+other parts of America, attracted by the city's growing industries, made
+more and more room necessary. First, about 13,000 acres across the Harlem
+River were added to the city. Then, in 1895, the city limits were
+extended to the borders of Yonkers and Mt. Vernon. And finally, in 1898,
+New York, Brooklyn, Long Island City, and some other near-by towns were
+united under one government, forming together Greater New York, the
+largest American city and the second largest city in the world.
+
+New York to-day covers about 360 square miles, its greatest length from
+north to south being 32 miles, its greatest width about 16. The city is
+divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and
+Richmond. The Borough of Manhattan, on the long narrow island of that
+name, lies between the Hudson and the East River. North and east of
+Manhattan, on the mainland, lies the Borough of The Bronx. Just across
+the narrow East River, on Long Island, are the boroughs of Queens and
+Brooklyn; while Staten Island is known as the Borough of Richmond.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS]
+
+As more and more people came to the city the business area on Manhattan
+proved too small, and with water to the east, to the west, and to the
+south, there was no possibility of spreading out in these directions.
+Yet business kept increasing, and the cry for added room became more and
+more urgent. Finally, the building of the ten-story Tower Building in
+1889 solved the difficulty. It showed that, though hemmed in on all
+sides, there was still one direction in which the business section could
+grow--upwards. And upwards it has grown. To-day lower Manhattan fairly
+bristles with huge steel-framed skyscrapers which furnish miles and miles
+of office space, twenty, thirty, forty, in one case even fifty-five,
+stories above the street level. The supplying of office and factory space
+is not the only use that has been made of these steel buildings. Great
+apartment houses from twelve to fifteen stories high provide homes for
+thousands. Mammoth hotels covering entire city blocks furnish temporary
+homes for the multitudes which visit the city each year. Fifteen of the
+largest of these can house more than 15,000 guests at one time--a
+good-sized city in itself. Thus has Manhattan become one of the most
+densely populated areas on the globe. In the boroughs of Queens and
+Richmond, on the other hand, large tracts of land are given over to farms
+and market gardens.
+
+[Illustration: HOW A SKYSCRAPER IS MADE]
+
+Manhattan is at once the smallest and the most important borough in the
+city. Here are the homes of more than 2,000,000 people, the business
+section of Greater New York, and the chief shipping districts.
+
+[Illustration: A MAMMOTH HOTEL]
+
+When building the narrow irregular streets of their little town on lower
+Manhattan, the inhabitants of New Amsterdam little dreamed that they
+would one day be the scene of the enormous traffic of modern New York.
+Those old, narrow, winding streets to-day swarm with hurrying throngs
+from morning till night and are among the busiest and noisiest in the
+world.
+
+The newer part of the city from Fourteenth Street north to the Harlem
+River has been laid out in wide parallel avenues running north and south.
+These are crossed by numbered streets running east and west from river to
+river. Fifth Avenue runs lengthwise through the middle of the borough,
+dividing it into the East and West sides. On the East Side you will find
+the crowded homes of the poorer classes, where many of the working people
+of Manhattan live. On the West Side are many manufacturing plants,
+lumber yards, and warehouses. On the upper stretch of Fifth Avenue, and
+on the streets leading off, are the homes of many of New York's
+wealthiest residents. Opposite Central Park are some of the most costly
+and beautiful mansions in the city.
+
+[Illustration: FIFTH AVENUE FROM THIRTY-FOURTH STREET]
+
+In this regular arrangement of streets, Broadway alone is the exception
+to the rule. Beginning at the southern end of the island, it runs
+straight north for more than two miles, then turns west and winds its way
+throughout the whole length of the city. About its lower end, and on some
+of the neighboring streets, center the banking and financial interests.
+Here are many of the city's richest banks and trust companies.
+
+[Illustration: BROADWAY CROSSING SIXTH AVENUE]
+
+Wall Street, running east from Broadway about one third of a mile from
+the southern end of Manhattan, was named from the wall which the Dutch,
+in 1683, built across the island at this point, because they heard that
+the English were planning to attack them from the north. Though only half
+a mile in length, Wall Street probably surpasses all others in the extent
+of its business.
+
+[Illustration: WALL STREET]
+
+North of the banking center is the great wholesale region, where
+merchants from all parts of the country buy their stock in large
+quantities, to sell again to the retail merchants. Beyond the wholesale
+region are the large retail stores--New York's great shopping district.
+In these retail stores the merchants who have bought from the wholesalers
+sell direct to the people who are to use the goods. In this middle
+section of the island are also most of the better-class hotels,
+restaurants, clubs, and theaters, which have been gradually making their
+way further and further uptown, crowding the best resident section still
+further north.
+
+The customhouse, where the government collects duties on goods brought
+into the port of New York from other lands, was built at the extreme
+southern end of the island, where Fort Amsterdam used to stand. The
+United States Sub-Treasury, in Wall Street, stands on the site of Federal
+Hall, where Washington was inaugurated. Here are stored large quantities
+of gold, silver, and paper money belonging to the government. In and
+about City Hall Park are the post office, the courthouse, and the Hall of
+Records. The new public library, on Fifth Avenue between Fortieth and
+Forty-second streets, is the largest library building in the world.
+
+[Illustration: CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE]
+
+The city's parks are many. Central Park, in the center of Manhattan,
+ranks among the world's finest pleasure grounds. It is two miles and a
+half long and one-half mile wide, and has large stretches of woodland,
+beautiful lawns, gleaming lakes, and sparkling fountains. Here, too, are
+the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Cleopatra's Needle--an obelisk
+thousands of years old, presented to the city by a ruler of Egypt. And
+here are reservoirs which hold the water brought by aqueducts from the
+Croton River, about forty miles north of the city. This river was for
+many years the sole source of Manhattan's water supply. In 1905, however,
+the city began work on an immense aqueduct which is to bring all the
+drinking-water for all five boroughs from reservoirs in the Catskill
+Mountain region.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY]
+
+[Illustration: METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART]
+
+[Illustration: MANHATTAN ISLAND AND THE CITY PARKS]
+
+The tomb of General Grant is at the northern end of Riverside Park, which
+is on a high ridge along the Hudson River above Seventy-second Street.
+Riverside Drive, skirting this park, is one of the most beautiful
+boulevards in the city.
+
+Then there are Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and Pelham Bay and Van
+Cortlandt parks in The Bronx. The city zoo and the Botanical Gardens are
+in Bronx Park. And in addition to all these there are more than two
+hundred smaller open spaces and squares scattered over the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOMB OF GENERAL GRANT]
+
+Columbia University, New York University, Fordham, the College of the
+City of New York, and Barnard College are among the most noted of New
+York's many educational institutions.
+
+About five million people live in this wonderful city, and to supply them
+all with food is a tremendous business in itself. During the night
+special trains bring milk, butter, and eggs; refrigerator cars come laden
+with beef; and from the market gardens of Long Island fruits and
+vegetables are gathered and taken to the city during the cool of the
+night that they may be sold, fresh and inviting, in the morning.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE THE SEALS LIVE IN BRONX PARK]
+
+Great numbers of New York's inhabitants are from foreign lands. Several
+thousand Chinese manage to exist in the few blocks which make up New
+York's Chinatown. A large Italian population lives huddled together in
+Little Italy, as well as in other sections of the city. Thousands upon
+thousands of Jews are crowded into the Hebrew section on the lower east
+side of Manhattan. There is also a German and a French colony, as well as
+distinct Negro, Greek, Russian, Armenian, and Arab quarters. Most of
+these are in lower Manhattan, and in consequence lower Manhattan is by no
+means deserted when the vast army of shoppers, workers, and business men
+have gone home for the night.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELEPHANT HOUSE IN BRONX PARK]
+
+[Illustration: VISITING THE BIRDS IN BRONX PARK]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW]
+
+The necessity of carrying these shoppers, workers, and business men to
+and from their homes in the residence sections of the city and in the
+suburbs gradually led to the development of New York's wonderful
+rapid-transit system. Within the borders of Manhattan itself, horse cars
+soon proved unequal to handling the crowds that each day traveled north
+and south. So the first elevated railway was built. Then six years later,
+a second line was constructed. Others soon followed, not only in
+Manhattan but also in Brooklyn and The Bronx. Raised high above the busy
+streets by means of iron trestles, and making but few stops, these
+elevated trains could carry passengers much faster than the surface cars,
+and for a time the problem seemed to be solved.
+
+[Illustration: A NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILWAY]
+
+The traveling public was rapidly increasing, however, and before the
+close of the nineteenth century both the surface cars, now run by
+electricity, and the elevated trains were sorely overcrowded during the
+morning and evening rush hours. More cars were absolutely necessary, and
+as there was little room to run them on or above the surface, New York
+decided to make use of the space under the ground, just as it had already
+turned to account that overhead.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK'S FIRST TWO-STORY CAR]
+
+[Illustration: A SUBWAY ENTRANCE]
+
+The work was begun in 1901. A small army of men was set to blasting and
+digging tunnels underneath the city streets,--a tremendous task,--and in
+1904 the first subway was opened. Electric cars running on these
+underground tracks carry passengers from one end of the island to the
+other with the speed of a railroad train.
+
+[Illustration: SUBWAY TUNNELS]
+
+[Illustration: A FERRY BOAT]
+
+But what of the means of travel for those living outside of Manhattan?
+Years back, business men living on Long Island had to cross the East
+River on ferry boats. This was particularly inconvenient in winter, when
+fogs or floating ice were liable to cause serious delays. Besides, as New
+York grew, such numbers crossed on the ferries that they were
+overcrowded. Relief came for a time when, in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge
+was built over the East River from Brooklyn to New York. This bridge is
+over a mile long. Across it run a roadway, a walk for foot passengers,
+and tracks for elevated trains as well as for surface cars. Two even
+longer bridges, the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge, have
+since been built between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Then, too, there is the
+Queensboro Bridge, between Manhattan and the Borough of Queens.
+
+Though thousands and thousands daily crossed the East River over
+these bridges, men soon foresaw that the time was not far distant
+when ferries and bridges together would be unable to take care of the
+ever-growing traffic. Further means of travel had to be provided, and
+the success of the city's underground railway suggested a practical idea.
+As early as 1908, the subway was continued and carried under the East
+River to Brooklyn. Several tubes have since been built under the Hudson,
+connecting Manhattan with the New Jersey shore. To-day New York is
+building many miles of new subway under various parts of the city as well
+as under the Harlem and East rivers. Carrying passengers under water has
+proved as great a success as carrying them underground.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK'S SUBWAY AND BRIDGE CONNECTIONS]
+
+[Illustration: BROOKLYN BRIDGE]
+
+Over and above all these means of rapid transit, Greater New York has at
+its service ten of America's great railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad
+has an immense station in New York, one of the finest of its kind.
+Tunnels under the Hudson and East rivers carry its trains to New Jersey
+and Long Island.
+
+[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION]
+
+The new Grand Central Station is the greatest railroad terminal in the
+world. The station is a beautiful building of stone and marble, large
+enough to accommodate thirty thousand people at one time. Between
+railroads and tunnels, bridges and ferries, surface cars, elevated
+trains, and subways, New York's rapid transit system is one of the best
+in the world.
+
+With such advantages as a receiving and distributing center, it is small
+wonder that the city has become the nation's chief market place. It is
+without a rival as the center of the wholesale dry-goods and wholesale
+grocery businesses. More than half of the imports of the United States
+enter by way of New York's port, and its total foreign commerce is five
+times that of any other city in the country.
+
+Rubber, silk goods, furs, jewelry, coffee, tea, sugar, and tin are among
+the leading imports. Cotton, meats, and breadstuffs are the most
+important exports.
+
+Besides being the principal market place of the United States, New York
+is also its greatest workshop, as it makes over one tenth of the
+manufactures of the country. In the manufacture of clothing alone, more
+than a hundred thousand people are employed. There are comparatively few
+large factories for carrying on this work, as much of it is done in
+tenement houses and in small workshops. The growth of this industry has
+been largely due to the abundance of cheap unskilled labor furnished by
+the immigrant population of the city.
+
+Second in importance is the refining of sugar and molasses, carried on
+chiefly in Brooklyn along the East River, where boats laden with raw
+sugar from the Southern states and the West Indies unload their cargoes.
+New York City leads in the refining of sugar as well as in its
+importation.
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTERY]
+
+Added to these, printing and publishing, the refining of petroleum,
+slaughtering and meat packing, the roasting and grinding of coffee and
+spices, the making of foundry and machine-shop products, cigars, tobacco,
+millinery, furniture, and jewelry are the leading industries of the many
+thousands which have grown up in the city. All this is largely due to the
+ease with which raw materials can be obtained and finished articles
+marketed. Thanks to its commercial advantages, New York leads all
+American cities in the value of its manufactures and surpasses them in
+the variety of its products.
+
+[Illustration: LOWER MANHATTAN]
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK CITY DOCKS]
+
+[Illustration: LOADING A FREIGHT STEAMER]
+
+At the southern end of Manhattan Island is the Battery. In the old days
+the Battery was a fort. Now it is used as an aquarium. From the Battery
+New York's docks extend for miles along both sides of lower Manhattan and
+line the Long Island and New Jersey shores as well. The wharves are piled
+high with bales and bags, boxes and barrels. Ships from the South come
+with cargoes of cotton, others bound for England take this cotton away.
+Tank steamers from Cuba bring molasses; similar ones are filled with
+petroleum destined for the ends of the earth. Cattle boats take on live
+stock brought from the West, grain ships load at the many elevators built
+at the water's edge, and vessels from all the larger ports of the world
+put ashore goods of every description. Along both shores of the Hudson
+River are the piers of the great trans-Atlantic steamship companies, the
+landing places of the largest and fastest passenger vessels in the world.
+Here also are the docks of the many river and coastwise lines which
+carry passengers to and from the cities and towns on the Hudson and the
+Atlantic coast. Half the foreign trade and travel of the United States
+passes over the wharves of lower Manhattan.
+
+[Illustration: A DOCK SCENE]
+
+The entire harbor includes the Hudson and East rivers and the upper and
+lower New York Bay with the connecting strait known as The Narrows. The
+upper bay, New York's real harbor, can be entered from the ocean in three
+ways--a narrow winding channel around Staten Island, a northeast entrance
+through Long Island Sound and the East River, and an entrance through The
+Narrows from the lower bay.
+
+[Illustration: A GREAT OCEAN LINER]
+
+Among the islands in the upper bay is Ellis Island, where immigrants are
+inspected before being allowed to enter our country. On another island
+stands the splendid bronze statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World,"
+given to the United States by the people of France. It is now America's
+greeting to her future citizens as they sail up the harbor.
+
+[Illustration: NEW YORK HARBOR]
+
+What a different picture the harbor presents to-day from the one Hudson
+saw over three hundred years ago! The quiet undisturbed waters of that
+time are now alive the year around with craft of every sort, from the
+giant ocean liner to the graceful sailboat. Vessels freighted with
+merchandise, tugs towing canal boats, ferries for Staten Island, barges
+loaded with coal, river steamers, excursion boats, and battleships from
+far and near, day and night, pass in an endless procession where the
+solitary Indian used to glide in his silent canoe.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY]
+
+When the Dutch bought Manhattan it was a beautiful wooded island
+inhabited by Indians who supplied their simple wants by hunting and
+fishing. What a change the island has undergone since that time! The
+Indians have disappeared with the forest. In their place live and
+struggle vast armies of human beings gathered together from all the
+corners of the earth. Where squaws used to pitch their wigwams, giant
+skyscrapers tower up toward the clouds. The stillness of the forest has
+been succeeded by the noise and bustle of a busy city. The lazy
+monotonous life of the savage has given way to a ceaseless activity and
+hurry.
+
+The twenty-four dollars which bought the whole island--less than three
+hundred years ago--would not now buy a single square inch in the center
+of the city. The hunting and fishing ground of the red men has become the
+heart of the greatest city of the Western Hemisphere.
+
+
+                              =NEW YORK=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 5,000,000 (4,766,883).
+
+  First city in population in the United States.
+
+  Second city in population in the world.
+
+  Divided into five sections, called boroughs.
+
+  Carries on more than half the foreign trade of the United States.
+
+  Leads all American cities in the value of its manufactures.
+
+  One of the best harbors in the world.
+
+  Connected by great railway systems with all parts of America.
+
+  Connected with the Great Lakes by the Hudson River and the Erie Canal.
+
+  A city of skyscrapers.
+
+  Wonderful system of underground, overhead, and surface transportation.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Why did the Dutch settle on Manhattan Island? How did the Dutch
+      governor secure the land from the Indians?
+
+   2. What great ceremony connected with the establishment of the
+      government of the United States took place in New York? Why was
+      this ceremony held in New York?
+
+   3. What was the most important event in advancing the business growth
+      of New York?
+
+   4. What effect did the arrival of vast numbers of immigrants have
+      upon the city?
+
+   5. Why are there such tall buildings in New York?
+
+   6. Name some of the principal streets and their chief features; name
+      some of the colleges and universities.
+
+   7. Give some facts about Central Park, The Bronx, and Riverside Drive.
+
+   8. Give some idea of the size of New York, its population, and the
+      nationalities that comprise it.
+
+   9. Give a brief account of the means of transportation.
+
+  10. In what respects does New York rank first of all the cities of
+      the United States?
+
+  11. What are its principal exports and imports?
+
+  12. What commercial advantages does New York enjoy?
+
+  13. What are the chief manufactured products of New York City, and
+      how can it produce so much without many great factories?
+
+  14. Compare the harbor and city of to-day with that of three hundred
+      years ago.
+
+  15. From a New York newspaper find out the foreign countries and the
+      cities of this country to which vessels make regular sailings from
+      New York.
+
+  16. Name all the railroads entering the city.
+
+
+
+
+                                CHICAGO
+
+
+"Chicago is wiped out." "Chicago cannot rise again." So said the
+newspapers all over the country, in October, 1871. And well they might
+think so, for the great fire of Chicago--one of the worst in the world's
+history--had laid low the city.
+
+The summer had been unusually dry. For months almost no rain had fallen.
+The ground was hot and parched, the whole city dry as kindling wood. Then
+about nine o'clock on a windy Sunday night, the fire broke out in a poor
+section of the West Side. It seemed as if everything a spark touched,
+blazed up. While the firemen stood by, helpless to check the flames, rows
+of houses and blocks of factories burned down.
+
+In a short time the lumber district was a great bonfire, the flames
+shooting hundreds of feet into the air. On and on swept the fire along
+the river front. Then the horror-stricken watchers saw the flames cross
+to the South Side. All had thought that the fire would be checked at the
+river, but the wind carried pieces of burning wood and paper to the roofs
+beyond.
+
+The business section was burning! The firemen worked desperately, but in
+vain. Hundreds of Chicago's finest buildings--stores, offices, banks, and
+hotels--were swallowed up by the flames. The city had become a roaring
+furnace, and the terrified people rushed madly for safety.
+
+[Illustration: AFTER THE FIRE]
+
+Once more the fire crossed the river, this time to the North Side, with
+its beautiful residence districts. Here too wind and flame swept all
+before them till Lincoln Park was reached, where at last the fire was
+checked in its northward course; there was nothing more to burn. It had
+raged for two nights and a day, laying waste a strip of land almost four
+miles long and one mile wide.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago
+  HOME OF JOHN KINZIE]
+
+Tuesday morning saw seventeen thousand buildings destroyed and one
+hundred thousand people homeless. The best part of Chicago lay in ruins.
+What wonder that men everywhere thought the stricken city could not rise
+again!
+
+At the time this terrible disaster happened, Chicago had been a city for
+a little less than thirty-five years.
+
+The mouth of the Chicago River had been a favorite meeting place for
+Indians and French trappers long before permanent settlement began. In
+1777 a negro from San Domingo, who had come to trade with the Indians,
+built a log store on the north bank of the river. This store was bought
+in 1803 by John Kinzie, another trader and Chicago's first white
+settler.
+
+The next year the United States government built Fort Dearborn on the
+south side of the river, not far from the lake. Though Fort Dearborn was
+nothing more than a stockade with blockhouses at the corners, a little
+settlement gradually grew up around it.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE CHICAGO WAS FOUNDED]
+
+During the War of 1812 the Indians attacked the fort, burned it to the
+ground, and either massacred or captured most of the settlers while they
+were fleeing to Detroit for safety.
+
+Fort Dearborn was rebuilt after the war, but settlers were slow in
+coming. By 1830 there were scarcely a hundred people in Chicago, then a
+little village of log houses scattered over a swampy plain. Fur trading
+was still the chief occupation.
+
+A change was soon to come. The southern part of Illinois was by this time
+being settled and dotted with farms, and each year larger crops were
+produced. The farmers saw that they must get their products to the
+Atlantic coast if they wished to prosper, and the Great Lakes were the
+most convenient route over which to send them.
+
+Lake Michigan extended into the heart of the fertile prairie lands, but
+its shores were almost unbroken by harbors. Men early saw the
+possibilities of the mouth of the Chicago River. It could be made into an
+excellent harbor with little expense, and if once this were done, Chicago
+would be the natural port of the rich Middle West.
+
+In 1833 the government began improvements by cutting a channel through
+the sand bar across the mouth of the river and building stone piers into
+the lake to keep out the drifting sand. Vessels were soon entering the
+river instead of anchoring in the lake as formerly. Lake trade increased.
+More and more boats were bringing goods from the East to be distributed
+among the farmers of Illinois. The new harbor made intercourse with the
+outer world easy.
+
+The growth of trade, however, was hindered by the absence of good roads.
+Farmers who wished to bring anything to the Chicago market had to cross
+the open prairie, which was wet and marshy near the town. Such a ride was
+an unpleasant experience, as often the wagon would stick in the deep mud,
+and the poor driver had no choice but to wait until help should happen
+along. Many preferred to take their crops to the cities farther south,
+where better roads had been built.
+
+[Illustration: AN EARLY CHICAGO DRAWBRIDGE]
+
+"We too will have roads," said the people of Chicago, anxious for more
+trade, and they set about building them with a will. Soon good roads
+entered the town from all directions, and over them the rich products of
+the surrounding country came pouring into Chicago.
+
+Business and wealth increased, and more and more settlers arrived. Most
+of them came by way of the lakes, but many came in prairie schooners, as
+the immigrants' great covered wagons were called. By 1837 the population
+had risen to four thousand, and Chicago became a city.
+
+Its growth from this time was marvelous. Its location at the head of Lake
+Michigan, its fine harbor, the resources of the rich back country, all
+combined to make it the chief commercial center of the Middle West.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE THE STAGECOACH STARTED]
+
+In the early days, when Chicago was only a tiny village, there had been
+talk of connecting Lake Michigan at Chicago with the Illinois River by
+canal. As the Illinois flows into the Mississippi, this would furnish a
+water route from the East down the entire Mississippi valley. In 1836 the
+canal was actually begun. A few years later hard times came, and the work
+was stopped for a while, but it was finished in 1848. This was known as
+the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It extended from La Salle, on the
+Illinois River, to Chicago--a distance of over ninety miles--and offered
+cheap transportation between Chicago and the fertile farm lands to the
+south.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO'S CANALS]
+
+Though the canal was a success, railroads did even more for the city. The
+year that saw the canal completed also saw the first train run from
+Chicago to Galena, near the Mississippi, in the heart of the lead
+country.
+
+Four years later, in 1852, came railroad connection with the East, when
+the Michigan Southern and Michigan Central railroads entered the city.
+Other lines soon followed, and it was not long before Chicago was one of
+the important railroad centers of the country.
+
+But while Chicago was fast becoming rich and big, it was not a pleasant
+place in which to live. The site of the city was a low and marshy plain,
+almost on a level with the lake, and the problems of drainage of such a
+location had to be met and solved.
+
+In the beginning, to keep the houses dry, they were built above the
+ground and supported by timbers or piles. Cellars and basements were
+unknown, and the city streets were a disgrace. In spring they were
+flooded and swimming with mud. Even in summer, pools of stagnant water
+stood in many places. For years wagons sticking fast in the mud were
+common sights.
+
+Cholera, smallpox, and scarlet fever swept the city again and again.
+People, knowing only too well that unsanitary conditions brought on these
+diseases, did their best to remedy matters. They saw that Chicago would
+be clean and healthy if only they could find a way to carry off her
+wastes.
+
+First they decided to turn the water into the river by sloping all the
+streets towards it. Then came a severe flood which did much damage and
+showed the folly of digging down any part of the city. Chicago was too
+low already.
+
+So the people hastened to raise their streets again by filling them in
+with sand, and this time they made gutters along the side to carry off
+the water. Heavy wagons soon wore away the sand, however, and the streets
+were as muddy as before.
+
+Finally, an engineer advised the people to raise the whole city several
+feet; then brick sewers could be built beneath the street to carry the
+sewage into the river. At first many refused to listen to such a
+proposal. The undertaking was so great that it frightened them.
+
+But as things were, business and health were suffering. Something had to
+be done, and at last the city determined to raise itself out of the mud,
+and work was begun. Ground was hauled in from the surrounding country,
+streets and lots were filled in, the buildings were gradually raised, and
+sewers were built sloping toward the river. It was a gigantic task and
+cost years of labor, but when it was done, Chicago was, for the first
+time, a dry city. It must be remembered that the area of Chicago at that
+time was but a small part of the present city.
+
+Another source of trouble was the drinking-water, which was taken from
+Lake Michigan. The sewage in the river flowed into the lake and at times
+contaminated the water far out from the shore, thus poisoning the city's
+supply. It was therefore decided to build new waterworks, which would
+bring into the city pure water from farther out in the lake. A tunnel was
+built, extending two miles under Lake Michigan. At its outer end a great
+screened pipe reached up into the lake to let water into the tunnel. Over
+the pipe a crib was built to protect it. On the shore, pumping stations
+with powerful engines raised the water to high towers from which all
+parts of the city were supplied.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1856]
+
+The first tunnel was completed in 1867. With the growth of the city other
+tunnels and cribs have been built, farther out in the lake, to supply the
+increasing need.
+
+By 1870 Chicago had become one of the largest cities in the country. In
+1830 the settlement at the mouth of the Chicago River had barely twenty
+houses. Forty years later it had over three hundred thousand inhabitants.
+The wonderful resources of the upper Mississippi valley had been largely
+responsible for the city's growth, and the rapid development of the
+entire West promised Chicago a still greater future.
+
+Then came the fire, and to the homeless people looking across miles of
+blackened ruins it seemed that Chicago had no future at all. Had not the
+fire undone the work of forty years?
+
+[Illustration: CLARK STREET IN 1857]
+
+The first despair gradually gave way to a more hopeful feeling. Truly the
+loss was great--the best part of the city lay in ruins. But was not the
+wealth of the West left, and the harbor and the railroads? These had
+built up Chicago in the beginning, and they would do so again.
+
+The rebuilding began at once. At first little wooden houses and sheds
+were constructed to give temporary shelter to the homeless. Help came to
+the stricken city from all sides. Thousands of carloads of food were
+sent, and several million dollars were collected in Europe and America.
+
+Two thirds of the city had been built of wood. Now the business blocks,
+at least, were to be as nearly fireproof as possible. Tall buildings of
+brick and stone were planned. But such structures are heavy, and if they
+were built directly on the swampy ground underlying the city, there would
+be danger of their settling unevenly and possibly toppling over. So
+layers of steel rails crossing each other were sunk in the ground, and
+the spaces between them were filled in with concrete. Upon this solid
+foundation the first skyscrapers of Chicago were built.
+
+To-day concrete caissons are constructed on bed rock, often from 100 to
+110 feet below the surface, and upon these rest the steel bases of the
+modern Chicago skyscrapers.
+
+Work went on quickly. In a year the business section was rebuilt. In
+three years there was hardly a trace of the fire to be seen in the city,
+which was larger and more beautiful than before.
+
+After the rebuilding, the water question came up for discussion again. In
+spite of all that had been done to protect the water supply, the
+increasing sewage of the city, carried by the river into the lake, at
+times still made the water unfit to drink. The one way of getting pure
+water was to prevent the river from flowing into the lake. This could be
+done only by building a new canal, large and deep enough to change the
+flow of the river away from the lake. Such a canal was finally completed
+in 1900, after eight years' work and at a cost of over $75,000,000. It is
+28 miles long, 22 feet deep, and 165 feet wide, and it connects the
+Chicago River with the Des Plaines, a branch of the Illinois River. A
+large volume of water from Lake Michigan continually flushes this
+immense drain, carrying the sewage away. The Chicago River no longer
+flows into the lake, and at last the danger of contaminated
+drinking-water from this source is past.
+
+[Illustration: BUSY SCENE AT ENTRANCE TO CHICAGO RIVER]
+
+One dream of the builders of the canal has not yet been realized. They
+called it the Chicago Drainage and Ship Canal, in the hope that it might
+some day be used for shipping purposes as well as for draining the river.
+This cannot happen, however, till the rivers which it connects are
+deepened and otherwise improved.
+
+Such has been the history of the growth of Chicago--to-day the greatest
+railroad center and lake port in the world. It is now the second city in
+size in America and ranks fourth among the cities of the world.
+
+The port of Chicago owes much to the Chicago River, which has been
+repeatedly widened, deepened, and straightened. It is to-day one of the
+world's most important rivers, commercially considered. After extending
+about one mile westward from the lake, the river divides into two
+branches, one extending northwest, the other southwest. Many docks have
+been built along its fifteen miles of navigable channel, and its banks
+are lined with factories, warehouses, coal yards, and grain elevators.
+
+[Illustration: Courtesy of Central Trust Company of Illinois, Chicago
+  CHICAGO'S FIRST GRAIN ELEVATOR]
+
+These grain elevators are really huge tanks where the grain is stored and
+kept dry until time to reship it. There are many of them along the river,
+and they bear witness to the fact that Chicago is the world's greatest
+grain center.
+
+In 1838 the city received only seventy-eight bushels of wheat. This was
+brought in by wagons rumbling across the unbroken prairie. Canal boats
+and railroads have taken the place of the wagons of early days and every
+year bring hundreds of millions of bushels of grain from the West to the
+elevators along the Chicago River.
+
+Though much of the grain remains here but a short time and is then
+shipped to other points, a great quantity is made into flour in the
+city's many flourishing mills.
+
+[Illustration: A GRAIN ELEVATOR OF TO-DAY]
+
+Of equal importance with the Chicago River harbor is the great harbor in
+South Chicago at the mouth of the Calumet River. Here ships from the Lake
+Superior region come with immense cargoes of ore. This ore, together with
+the supply of coal from the near-by Illinois coal fields, has developed
+the enormous steel industry of South Chicago.
+
+Vast quantities of steel are turned out. Some of this is shipped to
+foreign countries, but most of it is used in Chicago's many foundries for
+the making of all kinds of iron and steel articles, in the city's immense
+farm-tool factories, and in the shipyards for building large steamships.
+
+Close to the water front, too, are extensive lumber yards, for Chicago is
+the largest lumber market in the United States. Here boats can be seen
+unloading millions of feet of timber from the great forests of Michigan
+and Wisconsin, sent to Chicago's lumber yards to be distributed far and
+wide over the country. Large quantities are also taken to the factories
+in the city, to be cut and planed and made into doors, window frames,
+furniture, and practically everything that can be made of wood.
+
+In addition to her inner harbors, Chicago has a fine outer harbor. This
+is now being enlarged by the extension of its breakwaters, and a
+$5,000,000 pier is under construction which will be more than half a mile
+in length and will greatly increase the shipping facilities.
+
+With all these advantages as a shipping point, thousands of vessels come
+to Chicago every year. Steamers connect it with the states along the
+Great Lakes and with Canada and the outer world. Its trade with Europe is
+large, corn and oats being the chief exports. New York alone in America
+surpasses Chicago in the total value of its commerce.
+
+Of Chicago's nearly 2,500,000 inhabitants a large percentage are foreign
+born, Germans, Poles, Irish, and Jews having settled here in great
+numbers. About forty languages are spoken, and newspapers are regularly
+published in ten of them.
+
+With its suburbs, Chicago stretches nearly 30 miles along the shore of
+Lake Michigan and reaches irregularly inland about 10 miles. The city
+limits inclose an area of over 191 square miles, which the two branches
+of the Chicago River cut into three parts, known as the South, West, and
+North sides. The three divisions of the city are connected by bridges and
+by tunnels under the river.
+
+[Illustration: COURTHOUSE AND CITY HALL]
+
+Though business is spreading to the West Side, the central business
+section is still on the South Side and extends from the Chicago River
+beyond Twenty-sixth Street. Most of the great wholesale and retail
+houses, banks, theaters, hotels, and public buildings are crowded into
+this area, and here is the largest department store in the world, in
+which over 9000 people work. The automobile industry alone occupies
+nearly all of Michigan Avenue for two miles south of Twelfth Street.
+
+Surrounding this crowded business section are most of the terminals of
+Chicago's many railroads. These connect the city with New York, Boston,
+and Philadelphia in the East; with New Orleans, Galveston, and Atlanta in
+the South; as well as with San Francisco and the other large cities of
+the West. The courthouse and city hall and the new Northwestern Railway
+Station are among the city's finest buildings.
+
+Elevated railways and a freight subway have been built in recent years
+and have somewhat relieved the crowded condition of the streets. This
+subway, opened in 1905, connects with all the leading business and
+freight houses, and carries coal, ashes, garbage, luggage, and heavy
+materials of every kind to and from them.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION]
+
+Five miles southwest of the city hall are the Union Stockyards, the
+greatest market of any kind in the world, covering about five hundred
+acres. When Chicago was only a small village, herds of cattle were driven
+across the prairies to be slaughtered in the little packing houses which
+grew up along the Chicago River. As the raising of cattle and hogs
+increased in the state, most of them were sent to the Chicago market,
+and the stockyards continued to develop until to-day they can hold more
+than four hundred thousand animals at once.
+
+[Illustration: CHICAGO TO-DAY]
+
+Near the yards are the famous packing houses of Chicago, where over two
+thirds of the cattle, hogs, and sheep received in the city are
+slaughtered and prepared for shipping. The use, during the last forty
+years, of refrigerator cars has made possible the sending of dressed
+meats to far-distant points, and a great increase in Chicago's packing
+business has resulted.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE CARS ARE MADE]
+
+Beef, pork, hams, and bacon from Chicago are eaten in every town and city
+of America and in many parts of Europe. Other products are lard, soups,
+beef extracts, soap, candles, and glue, for every bit of the slaughtered
+animal is turned into use.
+
+[Illustration: THE SKELETON OF A PULLMAN CAR]
+
+In a district of South Chicago, known as Pullman, are the shops of the
+Pullman Palace Car Company and the homes of its army of workmen. Cars of
+all sorts are manufactured by the Pullman company, which owns and
+operates the dining and sleeping cars on most American railroads.
+
+[Illustration: THE CAR COMPLETED]
+
+There is no one striking residence quarter in Chicago, but beautiful
+homes are found in many parts of the city. Among the finest streets are
+Lake Shore Drive, along the lake front on the North Side, and Drexel and
+Grand avenues.
+
+[Illustration: MICHIGAN BOULEVARD]
+
+The parks of Chicago are nearly one hundred in number, the most important
+being Lincoln, Washington, Humboldt, Garfield, Douglas, and Jackson.
+These are connected by boulevards, or parkways, forming a great park
+system, sixty miles in length, which encircles the central part of the
+city. Lincoln Park borders the lake on the North Side and covers hundreds
+of acres, its area having been doubled by filling in along the shores of
+the lake. Jackson Park, on the lake shore of the South Side, was the site
+of the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the four-hundredth
+anniversary of the discovery of America. This park is connected with
+Washington Park by what is known as the Midway. Grant Park has been
+recently constructed on made land facing the central business portion of
+the city. Here is to be located the Field Museum of Natural History.
+
+Bordering the Midway are the fine stone buildings of The University of
+Chicago, opened in 1892. Its growth, like that of Chicago, has been
+marvelous. Already it is one of the largest universities of the country.
+
+[Illustration: (C) The University of Chicago
+  THE LAW SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO]
+
+But with all its parks, its boulevards, its splendid water front, and its
+many other advantages, the people of Chicago are not yet satisfied.
+To-day they are working to carry out a splendid plan which will give the
+city more and larger parks and playgrounds, better and wider streets, and
+a really wonderful harbor. All this is being done "that by properly
+solving Chicago's problems of transportation, street congestion,
+recreation, and public health, the city may grow indefinitely in wealth
+and commerce and hold her position among the great cities of the world."
+
+
+                               =CHICAGO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 2,000,000 (2,185,283).
+
+  Second city in population.
+
+  Second only to New York in value of manufactures.
+
+  The leading market in the world for grain and meat products.
+
+  A great iron and steel center.
+
+  Chief lumber and furniture market of the United States.
+
+  Greatest railroad center in the country.
+
+  Most important lake port in the country.
+
+  Has had a remarkable growth in industries and in population.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell what you can of Chicago's early history.
+
+   2. What great disaster befell Chicago in 1871?
+
+   3. Give five causes for the wonderful growth of Chicago.
+
+   4. What part has the Chicago River played in the development of the
+      city?
+
+   5. Describe a grain elevator. Why are they necessary in handling
+      grain?
+
+   6. Name the advantages which Chicago enjoys on account of its
+      location.
+
+   7. What are the great wheat-growing states of the United States?
+
+   8. Give reasons for the development of the following industries in
+      Chicago:
+
+                    Iron and steel industries
+                    Meat packing
+                    Lumber trade
+
+   9. What are the advantages of water transportation over rail
+      transportation?
+
+  10. In what respects is rail transportation better than water
+      transportation?
+
+  11. Why was Chicago willing to spend millions of dollars to improve
+      her water supply? How was this done?
+
+  12. Where are the workers secured to carry on the great industries of
+      Chicago?
+
+  13. Make a table, by measurement of a map of the United States,
+      showing the distance from Chicago to the following places:
+
+                  New York City           Denver
+                  Boston                  Seattle
+                  Washington, D.C.        San Francisco
+                  New Orleans             St. Louis
+
+  14. In what respects does Chicago stand first of American cities, and
+      in what two things does she lead the world?
+
+  15. Compare Chicago and New York as to exports and value of commerce.
+
+  16. What is the benefit of parks to a city? What has Chicago done to
+      make her parks among the best in this country?
+
+
+
+
+                             PHILADELPHIA
+
+
+In early days, when there was no United States and our big America was a
+vast wilderness inhabited mostly by Indians, people who came here were
+thought very adventuresome and brave.
+
+At that time there lived in England a distinguished admiral who was a
+great friend of the royal family. The king owed him about $64,000, and at
+his death this claim was inherited by his son, William Penn. Now William
+Penn was an ardent Quaker, and because of the persecution of the Quakers
+in England he decided to found a Quaker colony in another country. King
+Charles II, who seldom had money to pay his debts, was only too glad to
+settle Penn's claim by a grant of land in America. To this grant,
+consisting of 40,000 square miles lying west of the Delaware River, the
+king gave the name Pennsylvania, meaning "Penn's Woods." The next year,
+1682, William Penn and his Quaker followers entered the Delaware River in
+the ship _Welcome_.
+
+Penn believed in honesty and fair play. He was generous enough not to
+limit his colony to one religion or nationality. All who were honest and
+industrious were welcome. The laws he made were extremely just, and land
+was sold to immigrants on very easy terms.
+
+[Illustration: PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS]
+
+Soon after his arrival in America, Penn wisely made a treaty with the
+Indians whose wigwams and hunting grounds were on or near the banks of
+the Delaware River. Beneath the graceful branches of a great elm he and
+the Indian chief exchanged wampum belts, signifying peace and friendship.
+In the center of the belt which Penn received are two figures, one
+representing an Indian, the other a European, with hands joined in
+friendship. This belt is still preserved in Philadelphia by the
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
+
+[Illustration: PENN'S WAMPUM BELT]
+
+[Illustration: LOCATION OF PHILADELPHIA]
+
+In 1683 Penn laid out in large squares, between the Delaware and
+Schuylkill rivers, the beginning of a great city. This city he called
+Philadelphia, a word which means "brotherly love." At that time the
+so-called city had an area of 2 square miles and a population of only
+400. To-day Philadelphia has an area of nearly 130 square miles and a
+population of more than a million and a half. It is America's third city
+in population, and it ranks third among the manufacturing cities of the
+United States. Philadelphia is on the Delaware River, a hundred miles
+from the ocean, but it has all the advantages of a seaport, for the river
+is deep enough to let great ocean steamers navigate to the city's docks.
+Philadelphia's easy access to the vast stores of iron, coal, and
+petroleum, for which Pennsylvania is famous, its location on two
+tidewater rivers,--the Delaware and the Schuylkill,--and its important
+railroads, all have helped to make it a great industrial and commercial
+center. One half of the anthracite coal in the United States is mined in
+Pennsylvania. Much of it is shipped to Philadelphia and from there by
+rail and water to many other states and countries.
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD STAGE WHICH JOURNEYED FROM PHILADELPHIA TO
+PITTSBURGH]
+
+Some of the greatest manufacturing plants in the United States, in fact
+in the world, are in Philadelphia. In certain branches of the textile, or
+woven-goods, industry Philadelphia is unsurpassed. In the making of
+woolen carpets she leads the world. This industry goes back to
+Revolutionary times, when the first yard of carpet woven in the United
+States came from a Philadelphia loom. In 1791 a local manufacturer made a
+carpet, adorned with patriotic emblems, for the United States Senate.
+
+Other important industries of the city include the manufacturing of
+woolen and worsted goods, hosiery and knit goods, rugs, cotton goods,
+felt hats, silk goods, cordage, and twine and the dyeing and finishing of
+textiles. The largest lace mill in the world is in Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: OLD IRONSIDES]
+
+Philadelphia is also noted for the manufacture of iron and steel. The
+largest single manufactory in Philadelphia is the Baldwin Locomotive
+Works, which is the greatest of its kind. Pictures of the old Flying
+Machine, a stagecoach which made trips to New York in 1776, and of Old
+Ironsides, the first locomotive built by Matthias W. Baldwin in 1832,
+seem very queer in comparison with the powerful 300-ton locomotives built
+in Philadelphia to-day. Old Ironsides weighed a little over 4 tons and
+lacked power to pull a loaded train on wet and slippery rails; hence the
+following notice which appeared in the newspapers: "The locomotive engine
+built by Mr. M. W. Baldwin of this city will depart daily when the
+weather is fair with a train of passenger cars. On rainy days horses will
+be attached."
+
+Besides the American railroads using Baldwin locomotives, engines built
+in this plant are in use in many foreign lands. There is hardly a part of
+the world to which one can go where a Philadelphia-made locomotive is
+not to be seen.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST TRAIN ON THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD]
+
+Philadelphia holds an important place in the construction of high-grade
+machine tools. She has great rolling mills, foundries, and machine shops,
+and one of the most famous bridge-building establishments in the world.
+Her people smile at being called slow; in fourteen weeks a Philadelphia
+concern made from pig iron a steel bridge a quarter of a mile long,
+carried it halfway around the world, and set it up over a river in
+Africa.
+
+Shipbuilding in Philadelphia began with the founding of the colony. It
+was the first American city to build ships and was also the home of the
+steamboat. The first boat to be propelled by steam was built by John
+Fitch in Philadelphia in 1786. This was more than twenty years before
+Robert Fulton had his first steamboat on the Hudson River. Robert
+Fulton, who was a Pennsylvanian by birth, also lived at one time in
+Philadelphia. Shipbuilding, to-day, is one of the city's great
+industries.
+
+[Illustration: A PRESENT-DAY LOCOMOTIVE]
+
+The art of printing has been practiced in Philadelphia since the very
+beginning of its history. William Bradford, one of the first colonists,
+published an almanac for the year 1687. This was the first work printed
+in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin entered the printing business in
+Philadelphia in 1723, and six years later published the _Pennsylvania
+Gazette_. This was the second newspaper printed in the colony, the first
+being the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first edition of which was
+printed in Philadelphia in 1719. Both of these papers were very small and
+would appear very odd alongside of the daily papers of to-day. The first
+complete edition of the Bible printed in the United States was published
+by Christopher Saur in Germantown, which is now a part of Philadelphia,
+in 1743. Philadelphia ranks first among the cities of the United States
+in the publication of scientific books and law books. One of the large
+publishing houses of the city now uses over a million dollars' worth of
+paper each year. It is interesting to know that when the Revolutionary
+War began there were forty paper mills in and near Philadelphia. At that
+time, and for many years after, it was the great literary center of the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: IN FAIRMOUNT PARK]
+
+When William Penn founded his Quaker town in the wilderness, he made
+little provision for parks, as at that time the town was so small and was
+so surrounded by forests that no parks were needed. But Philadelphia now
+possesses the largest park in the United States. This is known as
+Fairmount Park, which covers over three thousand acres of land. Splendid
+paths and driveways give access to every section of this park. On all
+sides one sees beautiful landscape gardening, fine old trees, and
+picturesque streams and bridges. Here is a great open amphitheater where
+concerts are given during the summer months; here are athletic fields,
+playgrounds, race courses, and splendid stretches of water for rowing;
+and here also for many years were located the immense waterworks which
+pumped the city's water supply from the Schuylkill River.
+
+[Illustration: ONCE THE HOME OF WILLIAM PENN]
+
+Among the famous buildings in the park are Memorial Hall and
+Horticultural Hall. They were erected at the time of the great Centennial
+Exhibition, which was held in Philadelphia in 1876 to celebrate the
+hundredth birthday of American independence. Memorial Hall is now used as
+an art gallery and city museum. Horticultural Hall contains a magnificent
+collection of plants and botanical specimens, brought from many different
+countries.
+
+Another interesting building in Fairmount Park is the little brick house
+which was once the home of William Penn. It is said to have been the
+first brick house erected in Philadelphia. It stood on a lot south of
+Market Street, and between Front and Second streets. Some years ago it
+was moved from its original site to Fairmount Park, where thousands of
+people now visit it. Here too, before the Revolutionary War, was the home
+of Robert Morris, the great American financier, who, during that war,
+time and again raised money to pay the soldiers of the American army.
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING NORTH ON BROAD STREET]
+
+Many statues of American heroes ornament the driveways and walks of
+Fairmount Park. At the Green Street entrance stands one of the finest
+equestrian statues of Washington in the country. The carved base, which
+is made of granite and decorated with bronze figures, is approached by
+thirteen steps, to represent the original thirteen states.
+
+[Illustration: BALLOON VIEW OF FAIRMOUNT PARK AND THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER,
+1000 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND]
+
+[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA'S WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+The streets of Philadelphia, while not broad, are well paved, and many of
+them are bordered by fine old trees. It was William Penn who named many
+of the streets after trees. The names of several of the streets in the
+oldest part of the town are recalled in the old refrain:
+
+                  Market, Arch, Race, and Vine,
+                  Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine.
+
+Philadelphia is a city of homes. Besides its splendid residential
+suburbs, it has miles of streets lined with neat attractive houses where
+live the city's busy workmen.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+Perhaps the city hall is the most striking of the notable buildings. It
+is a massive structure of marble and granite and stands at the
+intersection of Broad and Market streets. This immense building covers
+four and a half acres and is built in the form of a hollow square around
+an open court. The most attractive feature of the building is the great
+tower surmounted by an immense statue of William Penn. This lofty tower
+is nearly 548 feet high and is 90 feet square at its base. It is 67 feet
+higher than the great Pyramid of Egypt and nearly twice as high as the
+dome of the Capitol at Washington. The Washington Monument exceeds it in
+height by but a few feet. The great statue of Penn is as tall as an
+ordinary three-story house and weighs over 26 tons. It is cast of bronze
+and was made of 47 pieces so skillfully put together that the closest
+inspection can scarcely discover the seams. Around the head is a circle
+of electric lights throwing their brilliant illumination a distance of 30
+miles. To one gazing upwards, the light seems a halo of glory about the
+head of the beloved founder of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY-HALL STATUE OF PENN]
+
+Philadelphia has many fine schools, both public and private. The two most
+noted educational institutions are the University of Pennsylvania and
+Girard College. The University of Pennsylvania was founded largely
+through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It now occupies more than fifty
+buildings west of the Schuylkill River and is widely known as a center of
+learning.
+
+[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA TO-DAY]
+
+Girard College was the gift of Stephen Girard, who, from a humble cabin
+boy, became one of Philadelphia's richest benefactors. The college is a
+charitable institution devoted to the education of orphan boys, who are
+admitted to it between the ages of six and ten. Girard left almost his
+entire fortune of over $7,000,000 for the establishment of this great
+educational home for poor boys. Two millions of this sum were for the
+erection of the buildings alone.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES MINT]
+
+Other prominent educational institutions are the Penn Charter School,
+chartered by William Penn; the Academy of Fine Arts; The Drexel Institute
+for the promotion of art, science, and industry; the School of Industrial
+Art; the School of Design for Women; and several medical colleges which
+are among the most noted in the country.
+
+When the United States became an independent nation it was necessary to
+have a coinage system of its own. In 1792 a mint was established in
+Philadelphia to coin money for the United States government. All of our
+money is not now made in Philadelphia. The paper currency is made in
+Washington, and there are mints for the coinage of gold, silver, and
+copper in San Francisco, Denver, and New Orleans as well as in
+Philadelphia.
+
+[Illustration: OLD CHRIST CHURCH]
+
+A visit to the Philadelphia mint is most interesting. Visitors are
+conducted through the many rooms of this great money factory and are
+shown the successive processes through which the gold, silver, nickel,
+and copper must pass before it becomes money.
+
+We first see the metal in the form of bars or bricks. In another room we
+find men at work melting the gold and mixing with it copper and other
+metals to strengthen it. Coins of pure gold would wear away very rapidly,
+and so these other metals are added. The prepared metal is cast into long
+strips, about the width and thickness of the desired coins. In still
+another room these strips are fed into a machine which punches out round
+pieces of the size and weight required. These disks are then carefully
+weighed and inspected, after which they are taken to the coining room to
+receive the impression of figures and letters which indicates their
+value. One by one the blank disks are dropped between two steel dies. The
+upper die bears the picture and lettering which is to appear upon the
+face of the coin, and the lower, that which is to appear on the reverse
+side. As the disk lies between them the two dies come together, exerting
+an enormous pressure upon the cold metal. The pressure is then removed,
+and the bright disk drops from the machine, stamped with the impression
+which has changed this piece of metal into a coin of the United States.
+All coins are made in much the same way.
+
+[Illustration: INDEPENDENCE HALL]
+
+In our brief visit we see many wonderful machines for counting, weighing,
+and sorting the thousands of coins which are daily produced in this busy
+place. At every step we are impressed with the great precautions taken to
+safeguard the precious materials handled.
+
+The old parts of Philadelphia are even more interesting than the mint,
+because of their historic associations. Within the distance of a few
+squares one may visit famous buildings whose very names send thrills of
+pride through the heart of every good American.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIBERTY BELL]
+
+Old Christ Church, whose communion service was given by England's Queen
+Anne in 1708, is perhaps the most noted of Philadelphia's historic
+churches. In this old church Benjamin Franklin worshiped for many years,
+and when he died he was buried in its quaint churchyard. And here too
+George Washington and John Adams worshiped when Philadelphia was the
+capital city.
+
+Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall ought to be known and remembered
+by every boy and girl in America. When the Massachusetts colonists held
+the Boston Tea Party, England undertook to punish Massachusetts by
+closing her chief port. This meant ruin to Boston. All the English
+colonists in America were so aroused that they determined to call a
+meeting of representatives from each colony, to consider the wisest
+course of action and how to help Massachusetts. It was in Carpenters'
+Hall that this first Continental Congress met, in September, 1774. The
+building was erected in 1770 as a meeting place for the house carpenters
+of Philadelphia--hence its name.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOME OF BETSY ROSS]
+
+On Chestnut Street stands the old statehouse, which is called
+Independence Hall because it was the birthplace of our liberty. Here it
+was that, when all hope of peace between the colonies and England had
+been given up, the colonial representatives met in 1776 in the
+Continental Congress and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which
+declared that England's American colonies should henceforth be free and
+independent. While the members of Congress discussed the Declaration and
+its adoption, throngs packed the streets outside, impatiently waiting to
+know the result. At last the great bell rang out--the signal of the
+joyous news that the Declaration of Independence had been adopted.
+
+Independence Hall was built to be used as a statehouse for the colony of
+Pennsylvania. The old building has been kept as nearly as possible in its
+original condition and is now considered "A National Monument to the
+Birth of the Republic." This sacred spot is under the supervision of the
+Sons of the American Revolution and is used as the home of many historic
+relics. Among these may be found the Liberty Bell, which hung in the
+tower of the statehouse for many years. It was later removed from the
+tower and placed on exhibition in the building. It has made many journeys
+to exhibitions in various cities, such as New Orleans, Atlanta, Chicago,
+Charleston, Boston, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The old bell is now
+shown in a glass case at the main entrance to Independence Hall.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG]
+
+On Arch Street, not far from Independence Hall, is the little house where
+it is claimed the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross.
+
+For ten years, from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the capital of the
+United States. In this city Washington and Adams were inaugurated for
+their second term as president and vice-president, and here Adams was
+inaugurated president in 1797.
+
+Philadelphia to-day is a great city: great in industry, great in
+commerce, and great in near-by resources. Every street of the old part of
+the town is rich in historic memories. William Penn dreamed of a
+magnificent city, and the City of Brotherly Love is worthy of her
+founder's dream.
+
+
+                            =PHILADELPHIA=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 1,500,000 (1,549,008).
+
+  Third city in rank according to population.
+
+  Place of great historic interest:
+
+        Founded by William Penn.
+        Home of Benjamin Franklin.
+        First Continental Congress met here in 1774.
+        Declaration of Independence signed here in 1776.
+        Capital of the nation from 1790 to 1800.
+        First United States mint located here.
+
+  A great industrial and commercial center.
+
+  Ranks third in the country as a manufacturing city.
+
+  Principal industries:
+
+        Leads the world in the making of woolen carpets.
+        Has the largest locomotive works in the United States.
+        Manufactures woolen and worsted goods.
+        Ranks high in printing and publishing, the refining of sugar,
+        and shipbuilding.
+
+  Deep-water communication with the sea.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. When, how, and by whom was the site of Philadelphia acquired?
+
+   2. Compare the city of 1683 with that of to-day.
+
+   3. How does Philadelphia rank in size and manufactures among the
+      great cities of the United States?
+
+   4. Name several advantages which have helped to make the city a great
+      industrial and commercial center.
+
+   5. What are the leading exports of the city?
+
+   6. Name some of the important industries of Philadelphia.
+
+   7. Tell what you can of Philadelphia's great iron and steel works.
+
+   8. Tell something of the history and the present importance of
+      printing in Philadelphia.
+
+   9. Give some interesting facts about the city's great park.
+
+  10. State briefly some of the things which may be seen in a visit to
+      the mint.
+
+  11. What events of great historical interest have taken place in
+      Carpenters' Hall and Independence Hall?
+
+
+
+
+                               ST. LOUIS
+
+
+Soon after Thomas Jefferson became president of the United States, he
+bought from France the land known as Louisiana for $15,000,000. This sum
+seemed a great deal of money for a young nation to pay out, but the
+Louisiana Purchase covered nearly 900,000 square miles and extended from
+the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico
+to Canada. So when one stops to think that the United States secured the
+absolute control of the Mississippi and more than doubled its former area
+at a price less than three cents an acre, it is easier to understand why
+Jefferson bought than why France sold.
+
+When Louisiana became part of the United States in 1803, St. Louis was a
+straggling frontier village, frequented mostly by boatmen and trappers.
+It had been established as a trading post back in 1764 by a party of
+French trappers from New Orleans, and had, from the first, monopolized
+the fur trade of the upper Mississippi and Missouri River country. Here
+hunters and trappers brought the spoils of distant forests. Here the
+surrounding tribes of Indians came to trade with the friendly French.
+Here countless open boats were loaded with skins and furs and then
+floated down the Mississippi.
+
+[Illustration: LOUISIANA PURCHASE]
+
+Notwithstanding this flourishing trade, the growth of the settlement was
+slow. In 1803 the population numbered less than one thousand, made up of
+French trappers and hunters, a few other Europeans and Americans, and a
+considerable number of Indians, half-breeds, and negro slaves.
+
+But as soon as Louisiana belonged to the United States, a new era began
+in the West. Emigrants from the Eastern states poured over the
+Appalachian Mountains. St. Louis lay right in the path of this overland
+east-to-west travel. From here Lewis and Clark started, in 1804, on their
+famous exploring trip of nearly two years and a half, up the Missouri
+River, to find out for the country what Louisiana was like. It was here
+that emigrants headed for the Oregon country stopped to make final
+preparations and lay in supplies. The remote trading post of the
+eighteenth century was suddenly transformed into a wide-awake bustling
+town.
+
+[Illustration: MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOATS]
+
+Furs were now no longer the only article of trade. The newly settled
+Mississippi valley was producing larger crops each year. Because of the
+poor roads, overland transportation to the markets on the Atlantic was
+out of the question, and trade was dependent on the great inland
+waterways. Early in the century, keel boats and barges carried the
+products of field and forest down the Mississippi. Then came the arrival
+of the first steamboat, the real beginning of St. Louis' great
+prosperity, working wonders for this inland commerce whose growth kept
+pace with the marvelous development of the rich Middle West.
+
+[Illustration: ST. LOUIS AND HER ILLINOIS SUBURBS]
+
+St. Louis, lying on the west bank of the Mississippi, between the mouths
+of the Ohio and Missouri rivers and not far from the Illinois, became the
+natural center of this north-and-south river traffic. By 1860 it was the
+most important shipping point west of the Alleghenies.
+
+[Illustration: THE MUNICIPAL COURT BUILDING]
+
+Meanwhile railroad building had begun in the West. Ground was broken in
+1850 for St. Louis' first railway, the Missouri Pacific. Other roads were
+begun during the next two years. In a short time the whole country was
+covered with a network of railroads, and a change in the methods of
+transportation followed. The steamboats were unable to compete with their
+new rivals in speed--a tremendous advantage in carrying passengers and
+perishable freight--and their former importance quickly grew less.
+
+St. Louis lost nothing by the change. Many of the cross-continent
+railroads, following the old pioneer trails, met here. To-day more than
+twenty-five railroads enter the city, connecting it with the remotest
+parts of the United States as well as with Canada and Mexico.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+St. Louis now has about 700,000 inhabitants and occupies nearly 65 square
+miles of land, which slopes gradually from the water's edge to the
+plateau that stretches for miles beyond the western limits of the city.
+The city is laid out in broad straight streets, crossing each other at
+right angles wherever possible and numbered north and south from Market
+Street.
+
+The shopping district lies mainly between Broadway,--the fifth street
+from the river,--Twelfth Street, Pine Street, and Franklin Avenue. The
+financial center is on Fourth Street and Broadway, while Washington
+Avenue, between Fourth and Eighteenth streets, is one of the greatest
+"wholesale rows" in the West.
+
+Besides its public schools--which include a teachers' college--and
+private schools, St. Louis has two higher institutions of learning,
+Washington University and St. Louis University.
+
+Among the most important public buildings in the business section are the
+municipal court building, the city hall, the courthouse, and the public
+library.
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY]
+
+The St. Louis Union Station, used by all railroads entering the city, is
+one of the largest and finest stations in the world. Pneumatic tubes
+connect it with the post office and the customhouse, while underground
+driveways and passages for handling bulky freight, express, and mail
+matter radiate from it in all directions.
+
+Almost directly west of the business section, on the outskirts of the
+city, lies Forest Park, the largest of St. Louis' many recreation
+grounds. It covers more than thirteen hundred acres of field and forest
+land, left largely in a natural state. Here is the City Art Museum, which
+was part of the Art Palace of the world's fair held in St. Louis in 1904
+to celebrate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNION STATION]
+
+The beautiful Missouri Botanical Garden, generally known as Shaw's
+Garden, is open for the use of the public. Compton Hill Reservoir Park,
+on the South Side, though small, is one of the finest in the city. Its
+water tower and basins are a part of the municipal water system, costing
+more than $30,000,000. The city water is pumped from the Mississippi
+River and purified as it passes into great settling basins.
+
+Though St. Louis' attractive houses are found almost everywhere outside
+the strictly business quarters, the real residence section has gradually
+been growing toward Forest Park, and many of the city's business men have
+built homes in the suburbs beyond the western limits of the city. One of
+these suburbs, University City, bids fair to become America's most
+beautiful residence town.
+
+Unlike most of our large cities, St. Louis has no sharply defined factory
+district. Its manufacturing establishments are distributed over nearly
+the whole city. An important part of its manufacturing interests centers
+on the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the city's Illinois suburbs.
+
+[Illustration: THE ART MUSEUM]
+
+The industrial development of these Illinois suburbs was greatly
+increased by the opening of the Eads Bridge in 1874. Before this time
+there had been no bridge connection over the Mississippi. Passengers and
+freight ferries had plied regularly between St. Louis and her suburbs
+across the river, but there were seasons when floating ice made the river
+impassable, sometimes cutting off communication between the two shores
+for days.
+
+The Eads Bridge is 6220 feet long and is so built that the railroad
+tracks cross it on a level lower than the carriage drives and foot paths.
+With its completion, communication between opposite sides of the river
+became as easy as between different parts of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE EADS BRIDGE]
+
+Other bridges have since been built. In 1890 the Merchants Bridge, used
+solely by railroads, was built across the Mississippi three miles to the
+north of Eads Bridge, and now there is the McKinley Bridge between the
+two. In addition to these the city is building a bridge which, when
+completed, will be open to traffic without toll charges.
+
+[Illustration: SHAW'S GARDEN]
+
+[Illustration: A PUBLIC BATH]
+
+Among the Illinois suburbs thus brought into closer touch with the
+western side of the river are East St. Louis,--a growing city of about
+75,000,--Venice, Madison, Granite City, and Belleville. Being principally
+manufacturing communities, these cities contribute in no small degree to
+St. Louis' importance as an industrial center.
+
+[Illustration: A MISSOURI COAL MINE]
+
+St. Louis' importance, however, is mainly due to the city's favorable
+location at the heart of one of the world's richest river valleys. The
+vast natural resources of the Middle West are at her command. Raw
+materials of every kind abound almost at her door. Missouri ranks high
+as an agricultural and mining state. Its position in the great corn belt
+makes hog raising a highly profitable industry. The prairies to the north
+furnish extensive grazing areas for cattle. The Ozark Mountains to the
+southwest afford excellent pasturage for sheep and yield lumber as well
+as great quantities of lead, zinc, and other minerals. In addition, the
+state has large deposits of soft coal, while only the Mississippi
+separates St. Louis from the unlimited supply of the Illinois coal
+fields. As a result, the cost of manufacturing is low and the city's many
+and varied industries thrive. Chief among these is the manufacture of
+boots and shoes. Though this business is comparatively young in the West,
+St. Louis already ranks among the three leading footwear-producing
+cities of the country, turning out over $50,000,000 worth of boots and
+shoes yearly. Most of these are of the heavier type made for country
+trade, but the output of finer footwear is steadily increasing.
+
+[Illustration: MAKING SHOES]
+
+Next in importance are the tobacco, meat-packing, and malt-liquor
+industries. St. Louis is one of the leading cities in the country in the
+manufacture of tobacco. The meat-packing establishments, including those
+in East St. Louis, hold fourth place among America's great packing
+centers. Its mammoth breweries lead the country in the output of beer.
+Flour mills, foundries, and sugar refineries also do an immense business.
+Street and railroad cars, stoves of all kinds, paints, oils, and white
+lead are made in scores of factories, while hundreds of other industries
+flourish in the city, making it one of the greatest workshops in the
+United States.
+
+[Illustration: MULES IN A STOCKYARD]
+
+Important as St. Louis is as a manufacturing city, it is even more noted
+as a distributing center, its location making it the natural commercial
+metropolis of the Mississippi valley. It markets not only its own
+manufactures but products which represent every section of the country.
+The vast territory to the west and southwest depends almost entirely on
+St. Louis for its supply of dry goods and groceries. Other staples are
+boots and shoes, tobacco, hardware, timber, cotton, breadstuffs, cattle,
+and hogs.
+
+In the handling of furs St. Louis leads the cities of the world. She also
+holds a high place among the great grain markets. In this country her
+annual receipts of corn, wheat, and oats are exceeded only by those of
+Chicago and Minneapolis. Shipments of grain and breadstuffs to Central
+and South America, Cuba, Great Britain, and Germany constitute the city's
+leading exports.
+
+As a live-stock market it is no less important. The National Stockyards,
+located on the Illinois side of the river, contain several hundred acres.
+Though packing houses and slaughtering houses occupy some of this land,
+the main part is covered with sheds, pens, and enclosures for the
+reception and sale of live animals. Millions of cattle, hogs, and sheep
+are handled here every year. St. Louis also buys and sells hundreds of
+thousands of horses and mules, being the largest market for draft animals
+in the world.
+
+Just as the frontier trading post of the eighteenth century grew into the
+thriving river port of the nineteenth, so the river port of the
+nineteenth century has developed into one of the leading railroad and
+commercial centers of the twentieth. And the fourth city of America in
+size is now St. Louis.
+
+
+                              =ST. LOUIS=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (687,029).
+
+  Fourth city according to population.
+
+  Well located; center of the Mississippi valley, between the mouths of
+  the Missouri and Ohio rivers.
+
+  Important shipping point by rail and water.
+
+  A great railroad center.
+
+  The leading market in the world for furs and draft animals.
+
+  One of the greatest boot-and-shoe-manufacturing centers.
+
+  One of the chief markets in the United States for grain, flour, and
+  live stock.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Why did Jefferson buy the country included in the Louisiana
+      Purchase?
+
+   2. Give a brief account of the Louisiana Purchase; from whom
+      purchased, the cost, the territory included.
+
+   3. Tell what you know of St. Louis before the Louisiana Purchase.
+
+   4. What brought about the sudden and rapid growth of St. Louis after
+      the purchase?
+
+   5. What effect did the railroads have upon St. Louis' water
+      transportation? Why?
+
+   6. Describe the St. Louis Union Station.
+
+   7. What three bridges were built across the Mississippi at St. Louis,
+      and why?
+
+   8. To what does St. Louis owe her importance as an industrial center?
+
+   9. In what lines does St. Louis lead the world?
+
+  10. Name some of the products sent to St. Louis from the neighboring
+      country.
+
+  11. What are some of her most important industries?
+
+  12. Name some of the things which St. Louis supplies to other
+      sections of the country.
+
+  13. In what business has St. Louis held an important place from its
+      beginning?
+
+  14. By consulting a map, find what great railroad systems run to St.
+      Louis.
+
+
+
+
+                                BOSTON
+
+
+Let us take a trip to New England and visit Boston. Boston is New
+England's chief city in size, in population, in historic interest, and in
+importance. It is the capital of Massachusetts and the fifth city in size
+in the United States.
+
+If we were going to visit some far-away cousins whom we had never seen,
+we should surely want to know something about their age, their
+appearance, and their habits. Would it not be just as interesting to find
+out these things about the city we are to see on our journey?
+
+In the early days the Indians called the district where Boston now stands
+Shawmut, or "living waters." The first white man to come to Shawmut was
+William Blackstone, a hermit who made his home on the slope of what is
+now Beacon Hill. Though Blackstone liked to be alone, he was unselfish.
+So when he heard that the settlers of a Puritan colony not far away were
+suffering for want of pure water, he went to their governor, John
+Winthrop, "acquainted him with the excellent spring of water that was on
+his land and invited him and his followers thither." Blackstone's offer
+was gladly accepted. The Puritans purchased Shawmut from the Indians
+and in 1630 began their new settlement, which they named Boston in honor
+of the English town which had been the home of some of their leading men.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF BOSTON AND ITS VICINITY]
+
+Originally Boston was a little irregular peninsula of scarcely 700 acres,
+entirely cut off from the mainland at high tide. It did not take the
+colonists long, however, to outgrow these narrow quarters. They soon
+filled in the marshes and coves with land from the hills. They spread out
+over two small islands and made them part of Boston. Then, one by one,
+they took in neighboring settlements. And from this start Boston has
+grown, until to-day it has an area of about 43 square miles and a
+population of nearly 700,000.
+
+We must get a clear idea of these various districts of Boston. If not, we
+shall be puzzled to meet friends from Roxbury or Dorchester and hear them
+say that they live in Boston. There is Boston proper, the old Boston
+before it annexed its neighbors; East Boston, comprising two islands in
+the harbor which joined Boston in 1635 and 1637; then, annexed from time
+to time, come Roxbury, Dorchester, Charlestown,--the scene of the Battle
+of Bunker Hill,--West Roxbury, and Brighton; and last, Hyde Park, which,
+by the vote of its people and the citizens of Boston, joined the city in
+November, 1911. These have all kept their original names, but have given
+up their local governments to share Boston's larger privileges and
+advantages. So remember that when we meet friends from Roxbury, West
+Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton, East Boston, South Boston, or Hyde Park,
+they are all Boston people. The children from these districts would
+resent it if they were not known as Boston boys and girls just as much
+as those who live in the very heart of the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE WASHINGTON STREET TUNNEL]
+
+While we have been reading all this, our boat has been drawing closer to
+the city, and now we must gather up our wraps and bags and be ready to
+start out. We see a very busy harbor, its noisy tugs drawing the
+sullen-looking coal barges; its graceful schooners loaded to the water's
+edge with lumber; and its fishing boats with their dirty sails, not
+attractive but doing the work that has placed Boston first in importance
+as a fishing port. Crowded steamers and ferryboats pass swiftly by, while
+huge ocean steamships may be seen poking their noses out from their docks
+at East Boston and South Boston or heading toward the city with their
+thousands of eager passengers.
+
+As we hurry along with our fellow travelers we must decide how best to
+reach our hotel. There are taxicabs and carriages for some; electric
+cars, both surface and elevated, for the many. Boston has excellent car
+and train service. The Boston Elevated Railway Company controls most of
+the car lines in the city as well as in the outlying towns. This makes it
+possible for us to ride for a nickel an average distance of at least five
+miles.
+
+[Illustration: A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF BOSTON]
+
+A line of elevated trains running across the city connects West Roxbury
+on the south with Charlestown on the north. Some of these trains pass
+through the Washington Street tunnel, from which numerous well-lighted,
+well-ventilated stations lead directly to the shopping and business
+section of the city. On this elevated road are two huge terminal
+stations, into which rush countless surface cars, bringing from all
+points north and south the immense crowds of suburbanites who come to
+Boston proper each day, to work or on pleasure bent.
+
+Chelsea folks come to the city by ferry or by electric car, while those
+from East Boston have two ferry lines as well as a tunnel for cars under
+the harbor.
+
+The city proper has two immense union railroad depots, the North and the
+South station, where hundreds of local, as well as long-distance, trains
+leave and arrive each day. The railroads entering Boston are the Boston &
+Albany, which, by means of the New York Central lines, connects with the
+West; the Boston & Maine, leading northward to Maine and Canada; and the
+New York, New Haven & Hartford, which connects by way of New York with
+various points in the South.
+
+All these transportation advantages have made Boston an excellent place
+in which to live, as its suburbs afford the benefits of country life
+while yet they are within a few minutes' ride of a big city.
+
+There are several ways in which we can see Boston. We may climb into one
+of the great sight-seeing autos and ride from point to point while the
+man with the megaphone calls our attention to the interesting landmarks
+and gives their history; we can engage a guide who will take us from
+place to place; or we can simply follow the directions of our guide book.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH STATION]
+
+No trip to Boston is complete without a visit to the State House, or
+capitol, whose gilded dome is seen glittering in the sunlight by day and
+sparkling with electric lights by night. It is situated on Beacon Hill,
+the highest point of land in the city proper. Up to 1811 one peak of the
+hill was as high as the gilded dome is now, and on its summit a beacon
+was set up as early as 1634, to warn the people in the surrounding
+country of approaching disaster. It seems, however, that the beacon was
+never used, and during the Revolution the British pulled it down and
+built a fort in its place.
+
+Even if there were no gilded dome on the State House, the building itself
+is handsome enough to attract attention. It was designed in 1795 by
+Charles Bulfinch, a famous architect. The front of the building to-day is
+the historic Bulfinch front. But as Boston grew, so also did the State
+House, and additions were made in 1853, in 1889, and in 1915, until now
+we have the impressive building we are about to enter.
+
+[Illustration: DRILLING ON THE COMMON]
+
+But stop after climbing the main steps, turn around, and look at the
+green field before you. This is Boston Common, the famous Boston Common
+where the people of long ago used to pasture their cows; where the
+British in the early days of the Revolution set up their fortified camps
+during the siege of Boston; and where, at the present time, the admiring
+relatives of the high-school boys assemble yearly to see them go through
+their military drill. Situated as it is in the very heart of the city,
+Boston Common is the resting place, the breathing place, for thousands.
+It is the people's playground. Fireworks, band concerts, public speaking,
+all prove that its public character has never been lost, and that it is
+now as much of a Common as it was in 1649, when it was first laid out. By
+a wise clause in the city charter, this Common cannot be sold or leased
+without the consent of the citizens.
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER OF THE COMMON, SHOWING THE SHAW MEMORIAL]
+
+The Common contains many memorials erected by a grateful people. The most
+conspicuous is the Army and Navy Monument, which reaches far above the
+trees. Directly opposite the State House is the Shaw Memorial, a
+wonderful bronze bas-relief by Saint Gaudens, showing the gallant Colonel
+Shaw and his colored regiment.
+
+The sight of Shaw's earnest young face amid his dusky followers prepares
+us for entering Doric Hall in the State House, set apart as a memorial
+for those who died in their country's cause. We look with awe and
+reverence on the flags whose worn and tattered edges tell plainly of the
+struggles of their bearers and defenders.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE-HOUSE CODFISH]
+
+Let us peep into the Senate chamber and into the hall of the House of
+Representatives with its historic codfish suspended from the ceiling, a
+reminder of a most humble source of Massachusetts' wealth. We will then
+climb to the dome and see Boston before a cold east wind sweeps suddenly
+in, covering the city with fog and making all misty and uncertain. As we
+reach the highest point, it really seems as if the fog had rolled in, but
+it is only a fog of smoke from the many chimneys of the city's countless
+factories.
+
+[Illustration: THE STATE HOUSE]
+
+As our eyes get accustomed to the view, the mist seems to roll away, and
+the city lies before us. That blue line to the east is the harbor, and
+between us and the harbor is the business section of Boston, the noisy,
+throbbing heart of a big city. Directly back of us as we stand facing the
+water is the West End, once a fashionable section where Boston's literary
+men held court, now a district largely given over to tenements and
+lodging-houses. To the north and south lie the North and South ends; the
+former, the oldest of the city and the great foreign district of the
+present time, where children from many lands have their homes.
+
+[Illustration: BUNKER HILL MONUMENT]
+
+That broad winding stream of water that we see is the Charles River. Just
+beyond it to the north is Charlestown, its Bunker Hill Monument towering
+up for all to see. The city of Cambridge is just across the Charles River
+to the west, and next to it, skirting the southern bank of the river, is
+the district of Brighton. South Boston, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Hyde Park,
+and Dorchester lie toward the south. Among the many islands in the
+harbor, East Boston is the most crowded and the closest to the city
+proper. Towards the southwest, between us and the Charles, lies Back Bay,
+once tidewater but now filled in and made into land. Look around you and
+notice how the surrounding parts of Boston form a chain about their
+parent, a chain broken only by Cambridge--the seat of Harvard
+University--and Brookline,--Massachusetts' wealthiest town,--which
+refuses to become a city or to join its larger neighbor.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON STREET]
+
+As we leave the State House, a few minutes' walk brings us to the heart
+of Boston's great shopping district and to Boston's leading business
+street. You will be glad to know that this street is called neither Main
+Street nor Broadway, but Washington Street. Originally, part was known
+as Orange, part as Marlborough, and part as Newbury. But when, at the
+close of the Revolution, Washington rode through the city at the head of
+a triumphal procession, the people renamed the street along which he
+passed, Washington, and so it is called to-day in all its ten miles of
+length. Washington Street is very narrow in parts, and as it is lined on
+both sides with some of Boston's largest and finest department stores, it
+presents a very animated appearance on a week-day afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BOSTON]
+
+Stop for a moment on busy Newspaper Row. Here a bystander may read the
+news of the world as it is posted hourly upon the great bulletin boards
+of the various newspaper offices.
+
+Parallel to Washington Street, and connected with it by many short
+streets, is Tremont Street, another old historic road. Originally Tremont
+Street was a path outlined by William Blackstone's cows on their way to
+pasture; now it is second only to Washington Street in importance.
+
+Washington Street is really the main dividing line between the retail and
+wholesale parts of the city. The water front is the great wholesale
+section. Here there is a constant odor of leather in the air, and great
+heavy wagons laden with hides are continually passing to and from the
+wharves and stations. When we stop and consider that Boston and the
+neighboring cities of Brockton and Lynn are among the largest
+shoe-manufacturing cities in the world, then we do not wonder at the
+leather we see. It is no vain boast to say that in every quarter of the
+world may be seen shoes that once, in the form of leather, were carted
+through the streets of Boston.
+
+[Illustration: BOSTON'S LAND AND WATER CONNECTIONS]
+
+What is true of leather is also true of cotton and wool. Lowell, Fall
+River, and New Bedford are calling for cotton to be made into cloth in
+their busy mills, while Lawrence is the greatest wool-manufacturing city
+in the country. Boston, with its harbor and great railroad terminals, is
+constantly receiving these materials and distributing them to these
+cities.
+
+The finished cloths often return to Boston to be cut and made into
+clothes, and an army of men and women cut and sew from day to day on
+garments for people far distant from Boston as well as for those near
+home.
+
+One glance at the wharves along Atlantic Avenue and Commercial Street and
+our glimpse of busy Boston will be ended. Here are wharves and piers
+jutting out into the harbor, where are boats of every kind from every
+land. New York alone among American cities outranks Boston in the value
+of her foreign commerce. From one large steamer thousands of green
+bananas are being carried. They will be sold to the many fruit dealers,
+from those whose show windows are visions of beauty, to the Greek or
+Italian peddler who pushes his hand cart out into the suburbs.
+
+Some of the steamers are already puffing with importance as if to hasten
+the steps of travelers who are on their way to board ship for different
+ports in the South, for Nova Scotia and other points north, or perhaps to
+cross the Atlantic.
+
+Two of the wharves--T Wharf and the new fishing pier--are devoted to the
+fishing industry. From the banks of Newfoundland and the other splendid
+fishing grounds along the coast from Cape Cod to Labrador, fishermen are
+constantly bringing their catches to Boston, their chief market. In
+addition, Gloucester and other fishing ports re-ship most of the fish
+brought to them to the Boston market. Is it any wonder that Boston ranks
+first of all the cities of the United States in the fish trade? In 1910
+Boston received and marketed $10,500,000 worth of fish--more than any
+other American city, and exceeded by only one other port in the world.
+
+[Illustration: A FISHING FLEET]
+
+In this neighborhood too is a tablet marking the site of Griffin's Wharf,
+where the Boston Tea Party of the Revolution took place. We remember how
+the people of Boston refused to pay the tax on tea; how the shiploads
+of tea sent from England remained unloaded at the wharf; and how,
+finally, after an indignation meeting had been held at the Old South
+Meeting House, a band of men and boys, disguised as Indians, boarded the
+vessels, ripped open the chests, and emptied all the cargo into the
+harbor. It was rightly called the Boston Tea Party.
+
+[Illustration: (C) Dadmun Co. Boston
+  BOSTON'S NEW CUSTOMHOUSE]
+
+As we are so close to the North End, we may as well go there at once. The
+North End is the oldest section of Boston. It was here that Samuel Adams,
+John Hancock, Paul Revere, and other patriots had their headquarters
+during the troublous times before the Revolution. Paul Revere, of whose
+famous ride we have all read in Longfellow's poem, lived and carried on
+his business in this very district. If we wish, we can see his home as
+well as the famous Old North Church, where his friend hung the lanterns
+warning him of the movements of the British.
+
+[Illustration: OLD NORTH CHURCH]
+
+But to-day there is little else to remind us of the past. As we cross
+North Square and see the gesticulating, dark-skinned men, the stout,
+gayly kerchiefed women in the doorways, and the hordes of dark-eyed
+children on street and sidewalk, we wonder if by mistake we have not
+entered some city in southern Europe. To-day the North End of Boston is
+the great foreign section of the city. Here live the Jews, Italians, and
+Russians. They tell us that more than one third of the entire population
+of the city are foreigners.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH END]
+
+But when a group of boys rushes toward us, each begging to be our guide
+to the Old North Church, to Paul Revere's house, or to the famous Copp's
+Hill Burying Ground,--all for a nickel,--we are sure we are in America
+and gladly follow our leader through the narrow, crooked streets.
+
+From among the parents of these children come the fruit peddlers, the
+clothing makers, the street musicians, and the great army of laborers
+which helps to keep the city in repair.
+
+[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE]
+
+Are we tired of the noise and confusion of the crowded tenement district?
+If so, let us go to the broad streets and beautiful parks of the Back
+Bay, the abode of the wealthy. The Back Bay, as its name suggests, was
+originally the Back Cove, and where these houses now stand, the waves
+once danced in glee. But Boston filled in the marshes and coves and
+laid out fine streets on the newly made land. Here is the famous
+Beacon Street, and parallel to it is Boston's most beautiful
+thoroughfare,--Commonwealth Avenue,--two hundred and twenty feet wide,
+with a parkway running through the center. See the children with their
+nurses, playing on the grass or roller skating on the broad sidewalks,
+apparently no happier than the little ones of the North End.
+
+But it is not merely its fine streets and homes that make the Back Bay
+the handsomest part of the city. In this section are many of Boston's
+finest public buildings. Come to Copley Square, the most beautiful in the
+city. Here stands Trinity Church,--Phillips Brooks' church,--a
+magnificent structure of granite with sandstone trimmings. Phillips
+Brooks was for a brief year the Protestant Episcopal bishop of
+Massachusetts. He was loved by those of all denominations. After his
+death the citizens of Boston united in erecting a splendid memorial, in
+token of their love for him and their gratitude for his services. The
+statue is by Augustus Saint Gaudens and is considered one of the greatest
+works of that great sculptor.
+
+[Illustration: COMMONWEALTH AVENUE]
+
+On Copley Square we see also the New Old South Church and the Boston
+Public Library.
+
+Boston is very proud of her public library, and rightly so, for it is not
+only one of the finest buildings in Boston but also one of the finest
+libraries in the country. Look at the magnificent marble staircase, the
+curiously inlaid floor and ceiling of the entrance hall, the graceful
+statues, the wonderful paintings, and the fine courtyard with its
+sparkling fountain. On the floors above are the children's room with its
+low tables and chairs and rows upon rows of interesting books; Bates
+Hall, a most attractive reading room; Sargent's mystical paintings; and
+Edwin A. Abbey's series of paintings, which are called "The Quest of the
+Holy Grail."
+
+[Illustration: PHILLIPS BROOKS' MEMORIAL]
+
+Besides the main library there are branch libraries or reading rooms in
+every section of the city. Altogether the Boston Public Library contains
+over one million volumes, making it the largest circulating library in
+the United States.
+
+But there are other buildings in the Back Bay which rival those on Copley
+Square. We should see the Christian Science church with its massive dome;
+the Boston Opera House; and Symphony Hall, the home of the famous Boston
+Symphony Orchestra, known the country over.
+
+[Illustration: BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY]
+
+The Boston Museum of Fine Arts stood originally on Copley Square, but in
+1909 a new and magnificent building was opened, farther out in the Back
+Bay. Not far from the new museum stands the Harvard Medical School, an
+imposing group of five white-marble buildings.
+
+But now we are tired of buildings, so come into the Public Garden--the
+gateway to the Back Bay--and while you rest I will tell you about
+Boston's parks. Sitting in the beautiful Public Garden, it will not be
+hard for you to believe that the park system of Boston is the finest in
+the country. The first park was, as we have seen, the Common. For many
+years the Common was not a place of beauty. Edward Everett Hale spoke of
+it as a "pasture for cows, a playground for children, a training ground
+for the militia, a place for beating carpets." Many changes have taken
+place on the Common since the old days, but two of the characteristics
+still remain. Boston Common is still a playground for children, and
+military drills are still to be seen there from time to time.
+
+The Common is just across Charles Street from the Public Garden--the
+second great park to be laid out in Boston. This Public Garden was
+reclaimed from the marshes, and at present covers about twenty-four and a
+half acres. It is truly a garden, and during the spring, summer, and fall
+nearly every species of beautiful flower, plant, and shrub may here be
+seen--a riot of color and beauty.
+
+But the people of Boston did not stop even with the Public Garden. The
+city of Boston has, besides, numerous small squares at intervals through
+the city. She also has vast tracts of rural land, which, unlike the
+Public Garden, are left to their own wild beauty. Owing to Boston's
+expanse of water front, it is possible for her to have both inland and
+ocean parks, where may be found all kinds of open-air sports and
+recreations.
+
+Some of the most important of these parks are Franklin Park, the Fens,
+the Arnold Arboretum, Marine Park, and the Charles River Basin. In the
+Arnold Arboretum, the property of Harvard College, are rare shrubs and
+trees. Fortunate is the one who can visit it in lilac time, when scores
+of varieties of lilacs, both white and many shades of violet, scent the
+air with their delicate perfumes.
+
+The best example of the ocean parkways is Marine Park. There one finds
+extensive bathhouses, a good beach, lawns, and a long pier extending
+several hundred feet out into the water. Connected with Marine Park by a
+long bridge is Castle Island, the site of Fort Independence.
+
+The Charles River Basin is a popular promenade. This river, until
+recently, showed for many hours of the day the uncovered mud flats of low
+tide. Now by means of a dam it has been turned into a great fresh-water
+lake. Cambridge and Boston have laid out parkways on either side of the
+river, and before long further improvements will make this basin even
+more attractive.
+
+Through the influence of Boston the surrounding cities and towns have
+given certain large areas of great natural beauty to form the
+Metropolitan Park System. This Metropolitan Park System consists of 3
+forest reserves of 7000 acres of woodland, 30 miles of river park, 10
+miles of seacoast, and 40 miles of connecting parkways.
+
+Two great ocean parks in the system are Revere Beach and Nantasket, both
+favorite summer resorts, while the most noted inland reservations are the
+Blue Hills and the Middlesex Fells.
+
+A Roman matron of long ago, when asked to show her jewels, pointed to her
+sons with pride, saying, "These are my jewels." And so it is with Boston.
+She is proud of her history, her fine public buildings, her busy
+thoroughfares, her parks, her great centers of industry, and her
+commerce; but most of all, she is proud of her more than ninety thousand
+school children.
+
+From the earliest times Boston's schools have ranked among the best in
+the country. The first public school in America was established in
+Dorchester, and some of the greatest educators, such as Horace Mann and
+Charles W. Eliot, have been associated with Boston or its suburbs.
+
+[Illustration: (C) Leon Dadmun, Boston, 1903
+  THE HARVARD YARD]
+
+Boston is the home of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a famous
+training college in applied sciences; Simmons College for women; the
+Harvard Medical College; Boston College (Roman Catholic); Boston
+University; the Normal Art School; the Conservatory of Music; the Emerson
+School of Oratory; and other schools of high standing. Harvard, the
+oldest and largest university in the country, has its home in Cambridge.
+Radcliffe, a college for women, whose pupils receive the same courses of
+instruction as the students in Harvard, is also in Cambridge. Tufts
+College is in the neighboring city of Medford, while in the beautiful
+hill town of Wellesley, a suburb of Boston, is Wellesley College, a
+woman's college of high rank.
+
+But now, if we hurry, we shall be just in time to see the children
+flocking in crowds to one of their many playgrounds. Here they find
+swings and other apparatus for sport; and here they may play tennis,
+baseball, or football in the spring, summer, and fall. In the winter
+months they may make use of the ice, which is kept in good condition for
+the skater. In the various districts, also, are swimming pools and indoor
+gymnasiums, where old and young meet for recreation as well as for
+physical training.
+
+Having seen Boston at work and at play, we now ask ourselves where the
+food comes from to feed this vast multitude. Its meats, flour, and grain
+of all kinds are brought into its huge freight stations from the West.
+Its great ocean trade with the ports in the South as well as in Europe
+and Asia supplies other food necessities and luxuries. New England is a
+great dairy center, and much of the city's milk, butter, and other dairy
+products comes to Boston each morning from New Hampshire, Vermont, and
+western Massachusetts. The purity of the milk is carefully watched, and
+it is impossible to buy even a pint of milk in anything but a sealed jar.
+
+Boston's drinking-water is equally well guarded. The water, as well as
+the sewage, is under the control of the Metropolitan Water and Sewage
+Commission. There is a high-pressure distributing station at Chestnut
+Hill, which gives power sufficient to force water to the highest of
+Boston's buildings.
+
+The sewage of the down-town sections of the city is collected in a main
+drainage system, pumped through a tunnel under Dorchester Bay to Moon
+Island, held in large reservoirs, and discharged into the water when the
+tide is going out. The sewage of the outlying districts is conveyed to
+various places in the harbor and discharged into the water at a depth of
+thirty or forty feet, where it can be quickly carried out to sea.
+
+Our stay in Boston is now at an end. Not only have we traveled over many
+miles of her streets and visited her famous State House, her busy
+wharves, and her interesting playgrounds, but we have reviewed many
+events of her thrilling history. What of all we have seen or heard is it
+most important for us to remember? First, that Boston is the fifth city
+in size in the United States; second, that she is the capital city of
+Massachusetts; third, that she is the chief trade center of New England;
+and fourth, that among America's cities she ranks second only to New York
+in foreign commerce. Then we must not forget the important place she
+holds in the early history of our country.
+
+As we traveled into Boston, so we will journey out again. And with the
+last of the great city fading from our view, we call to mind the
+large-hearted Blackstone and say to ourselves, "Quite a change from the
+hermit's home on the sunny slope of Beacon Hill."
+
+
+                               =BOSTON=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 700,000 (670,585).
+
+  Fifth in rank according to population.
+
+  Ranks first among American cities in fish and wool trades.
+
+  Chief trade center of New England.
+
+  Principal industries (as measured by value of products):
+
+    Printing and publishing; manufacture of boots and shoes, of
+    clothing, of foundry and machine-shop products.
+
+  Place of great historical interest.
+
+  One of the leading educational centers of the United States.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell something of the settlement and the early history of Boston.
+
+   2. Tell of the Boston Tea Party.
+
+   3. Tell the story of the naming of Boston's leading business street.
+
+   4. Why is Boston's chief park called the Common?
+
+   5. Compare the North End during Revolutionary times with the same
+      district to-day.
+
+   6. What is there of interest in Back Bay? in Copley Square?
+
+   7. Describe some of the busy scenes which may be observed along the
+      wharves of the city.
+
+   8. Tell something about the street railways and other means of
+      transportation.
+
+   9. Give a brief description of the Boston Public Library.
+
+  10. Tell what you know of Harvard University. What other noted
+      schools are in or near Boston?
+
+  11. Name some of the advantages which Boston enjoys on account of her
+      splendid harbor.
+
+  12. Give some facts about the commercial importance of Boston.
+
+  13. In the manufacture of what three products does Boston, with her
+      neighboring cities, rank high?
+
+  14. Why is a codfish suspended in the hall of the House of
+      Representatives in the State House?
+
+
+
+
+                               CLEVELAND
+
+
+In the days that followed the Revolution, Connecticut claimed certain
+lands south of Lake Erie. A large part of these she sold to the
+Connecticut Land Company, who wanted to colonize the country and
+establish New Connecticut.
+
+It was in 1796 that the Connecticut Land Company sent General Moses
+Cleaveland west, to survey the land and choose a site for a settlement.
+After surveying about sixty miles, Cleaveland fixed on a plateau just
+south of Lake Erie, where the Cuyahoga River runs into the lake. Soon the
+settlement was laid out with a square and two main streets and was very
+properly called Cleaveland. The name was spelled with an _a_, just as
+Moses Cleaveland spelled his name. There is no _a_ in the city's name
+to-day, the story being that the extra letter was dropped, and the new
+spelling adopted, in 1831, through a newspaper's claiming that the _a_
+would not fit conveniently into its headline.
+
+At first the new settlement did not prosper. The soil was poor, and
+commerce along the Ohio River attracted immigrants into the interior.
+Those that stayed in Cleveland had a hard struggle with fever. The mouth
+of the Cuyahoga River was frequently choked with sand, making the water
+in the river's bed stagnant and furnishing a breeding place for
+malaria-carrying mosquitoes. During the summer and autumn of 1798 affairs
+were in a desperate condition. Every one in the settlement was miserable.
+There was no flour, and for two months Nathaniel Doan's boy was the only
+person strong enough to go to the house of one James Kingsbury, on the
+highlands back of the town, for corn. This he carried to a gristmill at
+Newburgh, six miles to the south, and had it ground into meal for the
+sick.
+
+Besides the suffering caused by fever, there was danger of Indian attacks
+and the ever-present dread of the wolves and bears which prowled about
+the settlement, so that no one dared go out at night unarmed, and no door
+was left without a loaded musket to guard it.
+
+But in spite of the dangers of these early years, the settlers for the
+most part led a busy, happy life. The women especially had their hands
+full--keeping their houses clean and neat; doing the cooking and baking;
+spinning, weaving, cutting out, and sewing the clothes for their families
+(usually large) and knitting their stockings. Then there were the sick to
+be visited and nursed, and the neighbors to be helped with their
+quilting.
+
+When a new settler arrived, all the men would pitch in and help in the
+"cabin raising," finishing the work in short order. They often ended up
+with a jolly dance, though the music was sometimes nothing more than the
+whistling of the dancers.
+
+For the first ten years Cleveland was only a hamlet of a few dozen
+people. Still it continued to exist, and in 1815 was incorporated as a
+village. Another year saw the first bank started, and before long its
+first newspaper was printed. This paper was supposed to be a weekly, but
+often appeared only every ten, twelve, or fifteen days, at the
+convenience of the editor.
+
+Already, in supplying her own needs, Cleveland was laying the foundation
+for some of her future industries. In fact, soon after the settlement was
+founded, Nathaniel Doan built a blacksmith shop on what is now Superior
+Avenue. Though the shop was only a rude affair built of logs, it deserves
+the name of Cleveland's first manufacturing plant. Here Nathaniel Doan
+not only shod the few horses which needed his services but made tools as
+well. A gristmill and sawmill came next, and then began the building of
+small schooners.
+
+In the early years of the nineteenth century there was practically no way
+of communicating with the settlements on the Ohio River. And except for
+an occasional party of French and Indians, there was no means of hearing
+from Detroit. In 1818, however, regular stage routes began to be opened.
+One line went to Columbus, one to Norwalk, and one to Painesville. This
+last route advertised that its stage would leave Cleveland at two on
+Friday afternoon and would reach Painesville on Saturday morning at
+eight--a journey which to-day can easily be made by automobile in a
+little more than an hour. Turnpikes soon displaced these rough stage
+routes, and over them great six-horse wagons drew freight into Cleveland.
+
+Though all these things helped Cleveland, it was still nothing more than
+a village--and so primitive a village that when two hundred dollars was
+voted for improvements, one of the old citizens asked, "What on earth
+can the trustees find in this village to spend two hundred dollars on?"
+
+[Illustration: CLEVELAND AND HER NEIGHBORS]
+
+Finally, came two events which were the making of Cleveland. In 1827 the
+Ohio Canal was opened from Cleveland to Akron and later to the mouth of
+the Scioto River, which flows into the Ohio at Portsmouth; and in 1828 a
+channel was cut through the bar at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River.
+Consider what this meant to Cleveland. The Ohio Canal connected the
+village with the Ohio River, thus putting Cleveland in touch with the
+rich coal, iron, oil, and coke lands of western Pennsylvania. Travelers,
+too, found the canal boats much better to journey on than the old
+stagecoaches.
+
+[Illustration: A RIVER SCENE]
+
+The deepening of the mouth of the Cuyahoga River gave Cleveland a harbor
+and a place to build the enormous docks which to-day line the river's
+shore for the last few miles of its length. A few years earlier an effort
+to protect lake vessels had been made by building a pier out into the
+lake near the sand bar. The lake soon tore the pier to pieces, however,
+and the vessels still had to be hauled over the bar to safety. But with
+the sand bar cut, boats could sail in and out of the river at their
+pleasure.
+
+Splendid results followed. The population increased, frame houses
+gradually came to take the place of log cabins, business greatly
+improved, and in 1836 Cleveland became a city.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORE STEAMER ENTERING CLEVELAND'S HARBOR]
+
+The year 1851 saw a great celebration in Cleveland over the opening of
+the first railroad. This brought added prosperity to the city. Then, too,
+iron ore began to arrive by water from the Lake Superior mines. At the
+same time more and more coal was being received. The manufacturers
+commenced to appreciate the tremendous advantages of living at a natural
+meeting place of these two great necessities. Cleveland awoke to a new
+business activity.
+
+[Illustration: COAL DOCKS]
+
+Then came the Civil War, and the manufacturing of iron products for the
+government crowded Cleveland's factories. During the years of the war
+the refining of coal oil developed into one of the city's leading
+industries. It was then that the great Standard Oil Company was
+organized. Many came to the city, attracted by these growing industries,
+so that what proved a disastrous period in many sections of our country
+was really a time of growth for Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF CLEVELAND]
+
+Soon after the war East Cleveland was annexed to the city, and in 1873
+Newburgh too became a part of Cleveland. Then, in 1893, West Cleveland
+and Brooklyn were taken in, and when Cleveland celebrated the anniversary
+of its founding in 1896, it had become a city of great importance in the
+country.
+
+[Illustration: HUGE VIADUCTS SPAN THE VALLEY]
+
+At present Cleveland extends for over 14 miles along Lake Erie and covers
+more than 50 square miles. The larger part of the city lies to the east
+of the Cuyahoga River. The valley of this river is filled with car
+tracks, lumber yards, car shops, coal sheds, ore docks, and shipyards.
+Being in the valley, these are partially hidden from the city. Huge
+viaducts span the valley and unite the east and west sides of Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS QUARTER]
+
+The heart of the business quarter and the center of the street railway
+lines is Monumental Square, which lies about a mile from the lake shore.
+From this square radiate the streets in a fan shape, at every angle from
+northeast to west. Euclid Avenue is Cleveland's most famous street,
+having for years enjoyed the reputation of being one of the country's
+finest avenues. The lower end is taken up with business, but farther out
+are many splendid residences surrounded by extensive and beautifully kept
+lawns. Cleveland is called the Forest City, and it is to the old trees
+which grace its parks and line both sides of Euclid Avenue that it owes
+its name. Another important business street is Superior Avenue, which
+runs through the main business portion of the city.
+
+[Illustration: MONUMENTAL SQUARE]
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING UP EUCLID AVENUE]
+
+Though Cleveland is a beautiful city, its importance really lies in the
+fact of its occupying just the position that it does. Being on Lake Erie
+puts it in touch with the copper fields of Michigan, the iron mines of
+Minnesota and Michigan, and the huge forests along the Great Lakes.
+Through railroad connections it is also in touch with the coal, oil, and
+iron supplies of western Pennsylvania and Ohio. Thus, lying in the center
+of eastern and western commerce, Cleveland has become a great
+manufacturing center, and the Cleveland district is the largest ore
+market in the world. Lake vessels bring the ore to Cleveland's enormous
+docks, where huge machines quickly transfer it to cars waiting to carry
+it to Pittsburgh and other cities.
+
+[Illustration: ORE DOCKS]
+
+[Illustration: WHEELING & LAKE ERIE BRIDGE]
+
+Cleveland, also, has several blast furnaces and immense factories of iron
+and steel supplies. It holds first rank in America for the making of wire
+and nails. More ships are built in the Cleveland district than anywhere
+else in the world except in the shipyards on the Clyde River in Scotland.
+Then, too, Cleveland makes steel bridges and buildings, automobiles,
+and gas ranges. Quantities of women's clothing are made in Cleveland.
+Slaughtering and the wholesale meat-packing business are other important
+industries.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY CIRCLE]
+
+It is a simple matter to ship Cleveland's manufactures in every
+direction. The main lines of the New York Central and the Nickel Plate
+pass through Cleveland, and it is a terminal city of the Cleveland,
+Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis Railroad,--commonly known as the Big
+Four,--the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Wheeling
+& Lake Erie railroads. More than this, Cleveland is the center of a vast
+network of interurban electric railways that carry both passengers and
+freight and keep the city in hourly communication with the many smaller
+cities of northern Ohio.
+
+Cleveland gets its water supply from Lake Erie through tunnels built out
+under the lake, which connect with two intake cribs, one of which is five
+miles from the shore. Natural gas, pumped through large mains from the
+gas fields of West Virginia, more than 200 miles away, is sold to the
+people of Cleveland at 30 cents a thousand. The street railway service is
+among the best in the country, and the fare is lower than in any other
+large American city.
+
+[Illustration: A DRIVE IN GORDEN PARK]
+
+Cleveland has excellent educational advantages. Western Reserve
+University, founded in 1826, is especially noted for its law and medical
+schools. In Cleveland, also, are the Case School of Applied Science, the
+Cleveland School of Art, St. Ignatius College, the Homeopathic Medical
+College, and the University School. The public schools of the city are
+among the best.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+[Illustration: THE NEW COURTHOUSE]
+
+Cleveland has a beautiful park system. The different parks are connected
+by boulevards, which form a great semicircle through the residence
+districts. There are also numerous small parks and playgrounds in the
+more congested districts. A plan for grouping the city's public buildings
+about a broad parkway is being carried out. Several of the buildings are
+already completed. When finished, this will be one of the most beautiful
+and most imposing spectacles in America.
+
+All of these things, added to the great possibilities for occupation
+offered by the city's many lines of work, have given Cleveland a
+population of over 560,000. To-day the little settlement of Cleaveland,
+made in 1796 at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, has become the second of all
+lake ports and the sixth city in size in the United States.
+
+
+                              =CLEVELAND=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 500,000 (560,663).
+
+  Sixth city in rank according to population.
+
+  Important manufacturing center.
+
+  Center of the largest ore market in the world.
+
+  Ranks first in America in making wire and nails.
+
+  Great shipbuilding center.
+
+  A center of trade in copper, iron, lumber, coal, and oil.
+
+  Important railroad center.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Give the history of the name and the settlement of Cleveland.
+
+   2. Tell something of the dangers and difficulties of the first
+      settlers of Cleveland.
+
+   3. What was Cleveland's first manufacturing plant, and what others
+      did it soon have?
+
+   4. What means of communication with other cities did Cleveland have
+      in the early days of its history?
+
+   5. To what two events does Cleveland chiefly owe its rapid growth?
+      Why?
+
+   6. What two products found a meeting place at Cleveland, and with
+      what results?
+
+   7. How did the Civil War help the growth of the city?
+
+   8. What benefits does Cleveland derive from its location on Lake Erie?
+
+   9. What are the most important industries of the Cleveland district?
+
+  10. What railroad facilities has Cleveland to-day?
+
+  11. Mention some of the things that make Cleveland a pleasant place
+      in which to live and a good place for business.
+
+
+
+
+                               BALTIMORE
+
+
+Near the head of Chesapeake Bay stands Baltimore, the largest of our
+Southern cities and the seventh city in size in the United States.
+
+Because of her importance as a Southern railroad center and her excellent
+harbor on the largest bay of the Atlantic coast, Baltimore is called "The
+Gateway to the South." Great ships from all parts of the world unload
+their cargoes at her docks and take in return products from nearly every
+section of the United States.
+
+The railroads bring to Baltimore vast quantities of iron, coal, and grain
+from the West, and up from the South ships and trains come laden with raw
+sugar, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. Here the oysters, fish, and crabs
+from Chesapeake Bay and the products of the rich farm lands of Maryland
+and Virginia find a ready market.
+
+Knowing these things, one can surmise what the city's leading industries
+and exports must be. Baltimore is the world's greatest oyster market, she
+leads the world in the canning of vegetables and fruits, she is one of
+the country's largest banana markets, and more corn is exported from this
+city than from anywhere else in America.
+
+Baltimore is a great sugar-refining center, she leads the world in the
+making of straw hats, and among her foremost industries are the
+manufacture of clothing and the making of tobacco goods.
+
+[Illustration: AN OYSTER BOAT]
+
+Thanks to the coal and iron she receives, Baltimore builds cars, ships,
+and almost everything made of iron and steel. Then, too, the city has the
+largest copper-refining plant in America.
+
+If this story had been written a few years ago, it would tell you that
+Baltimore's streets were narrow, that miles of them were paved with
+cobblestones or were not paved at all, and that the city generally was
+developing very slowly. But to-day we have a quite different Baltimore.
+
+[Illustration: THE BALTIMORE FIRE]
+
+On February 7th and 8th, 1904, a great fire swept the business section of
+the city, destroying $125,000,000 worth of property. While the ruins were
+still smoldering, the courageous people, refusing all help from outside,
+began to plan a bigger and better Baltimore.
+
+The work began in the burned part of the city. The narrow down-town
+streets were widened and paved, and new and better buildings took the
+place of the burned ones. Most of these new buildings are three or four
+stories high, though a few tall ones range from ten to sixteen stories.
+Fortunately three of Baltimore's oldest and most imposing buildings
+escaped the fire--the post office, the city hall, and the courthouse.
+
+[Illustration: THE BURNED PART OF THE CITY]
+
+Two important streets cross this newly built business section--Charles
+Street, running north and south, and Baltimore Street, running east and
+west. Baltimore Street is the chief business thoroughfare, and north and
+south of it are the wholesale, financial, and shipping districts.
+
+[Illustration: PIER 4]
+
+[Illustration: ONE OF THE NEW WHARVES]
+
+The city owned little wharf property of importance before 1904, but the
+fire made it possible to buy all the burned district fronting the harbor.
+This the city purchased and laid out in a wonderful system of public
+wharves and docks open to the commerce of the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE POST OFFICE]
+
+Pier 4, at the foot of Market Place, has been set aside for the use of
+market boats, and here small crafts bring much of the fruit, vegetables,
+fish, crabs, and oysters which make the markets of Baltimore among the
+most attractive in the United States. There are eleven of these markets,
+and on market days they are a most interesting sight with their busy
+jostling crowds all eagerly buying or selling.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL]
+
+But these great improvements in the business center and along the water
+front are only part of the good results which have followed the fire. In
+past years Baltimore had many miles of open sewers, an unhealthful
+arrangement which caused much sickness. The very year after the fire,
+work was begun to do away with this evil, and to-day the city has a
+sanitary, up-to-date sewer system.
+
+[Illustration: LEXINGTON MARKET]
+
+[Illustration: FALLSWAY]
+
+Another important work of the city-betterment plan has to do with a
+stream called Jones Falls, which used to flow in an open channel right
+through the center of the city. This stream now flows through great
+concrete tubes, over which is a broad highway running diagonally across
+the city, all the way from the docks to the railroad terminal. Then, too,
+the city has a new water system, great enough to supply the entire city
+with purified water from Gunpowder River. And besides all these a great
+dam, the third longest in the world, has been built across the
+Susquehanna River at McCall Ferry, furnishing electric power which lights
+the streets, runs the cars, and supplies power for many of the city's
+factories.
+
+[Illustration: McCALL FERRY DAM]
+
+From the harbor Baltimore stretches away to the north and west, covering
+thirty-two square miles. Within the city are green hills and pleasant
+valleys, and a chain of beautiful parks with many splendid old trees
+bordering the boulevards which connect them. Two of these parks, Mount
+Vernon Place and Eutaw Place, are near the center of Baltimore. The
+former is cross shaped, and here stands the famous monument to George
+Washington, the first statue erected to his memory in this country. Eutaw
+Place is a long parkway made beautiful with statuary, flowers, fountains,
+and winding walks, and on either side stand handsome residences.
+
+Covering seven hundred acres of picturesque rolling land is Druid Hill
+Park, with its miles of driveways, its ancient oak trees, its athletic
+grounds, tennis courts, botanical palace, zoo, and a large reservoir
+lake. The rugged scenery of Gwynn's Falls Park challenges Druid Hill's
+claim to unequaled beauty. In Patterson Park there is the largest
+artificial swimming pool in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BALTIMORE]
+
+Besides its many swimming pools and indoor baths, the city has organized
+a system of portable baths--small houses which are moved from corner to
+corner in the crowded sections, supplying hot- and cold-water shower baths
+to many thousands each year.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST WASHINGTON MONUMENT]
+
+[Illustration: PATTERSON PARK SWIMMING POOL]
+
+Baltimore has won a reputation as an educational center through the
+splendid equipment and wonderful accomplishments of Johns Hopkins
+University, which is noted throughout the world, especially for its work
+along medical lines.
+
+[Illustration: A PORTABLE BATHHOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: A JOHNS HOPKINS BUILDING]
+
+Goucher College, for women, ranks with the best women's colleges in the
+South. The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is the oldest college of
+its kind in the world. The Walters Art Gallery, and the Peabody Institute
+with its art gallery, conservatory of music, and library, afford
+opportunities for the study of art, music, and literature.
+
+With its more than 550,000 inhabitants, Baltimore, like Philadelphia, is
+a city of homes and is renowned for its good old Southern hospitality.
+
+Way back in 1634, a company of Catholic pilgrims came to America to
+found a colony where their religion would not be interfered with. King
+Charles I of England granted to these people a certain territory north of
+the Potomac River, which he named Maryland in honor of his wife, Mary,
+who was also a Catholic. The founder of the province was Lord Baltimore,
+and from the very beginning, settlers of all beliefs were made heartily
+welcome.
+
+About one hundred years after the planting of this Catholic colony, sixty
+acres of land on the north side of the Patapsco River was purchased and
+laid out for a city. To honor the generous-hearted founder of Maryland,
+the place was named Baltimore.
+
+[Illustration: LOCATION OF BALTIMORE]
+
+One of the most thrilling events in Baltimore's history led to the
+writing of our national song--"The Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+Francis Scott Key, of Baltimore, was a prisoner on a British man-of-war
+in 1814, when the British attacked Fort McHenry. Fort McHenry guarded
+Baltimore, and if the fort fell, the city too must go. All day the
+English ships fired shot and shell at the fort. During all the night the
+attack went on. Anxiously Key watched through the darkness. Could the
+fort hold out against such a terrible bombardment? From time to time, by
+flashes from bursting bombs, he could see the outlines of the fort. Then
+came the dawn. In the early morning light Key saw our flag still waving,
+and in his joy he wrote on the back of an old letter the words of the
+song that has since become so famous.
+
+A wide thoroughfare which follows the curve of the water front for
+several miles is named in honor of Francis Scott Key. Key Highway, it is
+called, and it leads to Fort McHenry, which the War Department has lately
+given over to the care of the city of Baltimore.
+
+
+                              =BALTIMORE=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 500,000 (558,485).
+
+  Seventh city in rank, according to population, in the United
+  States.
+
+  Located near the head of Chesapeake Bay.
+
+  Has a fine harbor and a splendid dock system.
+
+  An important railroad center.
+
+  Has a large and growing foreign commerce.
+
+  An important manufacturing center.
+
+  Ranks first among the cities of the United States as a canning and
+  preserving center.
+
+  The world's chief center for the manufacture of straw hats.
+
+  An important center for shipping oysters and crabs.
+
+  Associated with the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. What advantages of location does Baltimore possess?
+
+   2. Why is Baltimore called the gateway to the South?
+
+   3. What are the leading exports of this city?
+
+   4. In what industries does Baltimore rank first in the United States?
+
+   5. What great disaster visited Baltimore in 1904, and how did the
+      people of the city make this great trouble result in a better city?
+
+   6. What educational institution has won a splendid reputation for
+      Baltimore?
+
+   7. Tell something of the settlement of Maryland and the city of
+      Baltimore.
+
+   8. Tell the story of the writing of a famous song of which Baltimore
+      is justly proud.
+
+   9. Find by inquiry or by consulting time tables the time required to
+      reach Baltimore from the following places:
+
+                    New York City           Atlanta
+                    Philadelphia            Norfolk
+                    Washington, D.C.        Richmond
+                    Pittsburgh              New Orleans
+
+
+
+
+                              PITTSBURGH
+
+
+Pittsburgh and New Orleans--both of vast commercial importance--are
+connected by one of the greatest water highways in the world. Never were
+two cities more unlike. New Orleans, near the mouth of the Mississippi,
+with its French and its Southern population, might be termed the Paris of
+our country--this gay, fashionable town, with its fine opera houses, its
+noted restaurants, and its brilliant Mardi Gras pageants. Pittsburgh, on
+the other hand, at the head of the Ohio River, in the heart of a famous
+coal-and-iron region, is well named the "workshop of the world."
+
+Many years ago, when the governor of Virginia sent George Washington to
+drive the French from the Ohio valley, there stood, where the Allegheny
+and Monongahela rivers unite to form the Ohio River, a small fort which
+the French called Fort Duquesne. This fort was captured in 1758 by the
+British and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of England's great statesman,
+William Pitt. To-day the place is known as Pittsburgh, and is the center
+of the most extensive iron works in the United States.
+
+At first the little settlement was important as a break in
+transportation, for here cargoes were changed from the lighter boats
+used on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers to the heavier barges on the
+broad Ohio. Even then Pittsburgh was recognized as a gateway of the West.
+
+Gradually the settlement became a trading center, which soon developed
+into a big, busy, manufacturing city. Now Pittsburgh has a population of
+over half a million and is the eighth city in size in the Union.
+
+[Illustration: FORT DUQUESNE]
+
+In her countless factories, her mammoth steel mills, and her huge
+foundries, she uses the products of the rich surrounding country as well
+as an enormous amount of iron ore from the Lake Superior mines.
+
+Although western Pennsylvania too furnishes iron ore, its chief
+contribution to Pittsburgh is a vast amount of coal, which the city in
+turn supplies to the world.
+
+Pittsburgh leads the world in the manufacture of steel and iron,
+glassware (including plate and window glass), armor plate, steel cars,
+air brakes, iron and steel pipe, tin plate, fire brick, coke, sheet
+steel, white lead, cork wares, electrical machinery, and pickles.
+
+[Illustration: BLOCKHOUSE IN FORT DUQUESNE]
+
+To carry on these important industries, Pittsburgh, the city of
+McKeesport, the boroughs of Homestead and Braddock, and many other
+places,--all together known as the Pittsburgh district,--have more than
+5000 manufacturing plants and employ over 350,000 people. The amount paid
+the laborers in these factories in prosperous times is over $1,000,000 a
+day.
+
+[Illustration: THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT]
+
+[Illustration: FILLING MOLDS WITH MOLTEN METAL]
+
+The famous Homestead mills make armor plate for battleships. At Braddock
+are steel works, where great furnaces turn out enough rails in a year
+to span the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The great
+Carnegie Steel Company has its headquarters in the city of Pittsburgh and
+leads the world in the production of structural steel, steel rails, and
+armor plate.
+
+[Illustration: BLAST FURNACES OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY]
+
+[Illustration: MINERS AT WORK]
+
+Perhaps your knife blade is made of steel manufactured in one of the huge
+factories in this busy district. The car tracks of your town, the
+street-car wheels, and the great locomotives, to say nothing of the heavy
+steel beams and girders of your fireproof buildings, may all be products
+of this mighty workshop.
+
+[Illustration: IN A MODERN COAL MINE]
+
+[Illustration: THE ENTRANCE TO A COAL MINE]
+
+Pittsburgh coal is used all over the country. The near-by mines form a
+great underground city, whose dark passageways, far below the surface of
+the earth, are lighted by tiny electric lights. More than fifteen
+thousand men find employment in this weird city. Day after day the brave
+miners go down into the mines, never sure that they will see the sunlight
+again, for many are the perils of mining. Who has not read of the
+terrible disasters caused by suffocation from fire damp, by flood, the
+falling of walls, or the explosion of coal dust? Small particles of coal
+dust are constantly floating in the mines, and much is stirred up by the
+cars used to carry the coal to the outside world. A tiny spark may ignite
+this dust and cause it to explode with terrific force. Sometimes even the
+presence of much oxygen in the air will make the dust explode, tearing
+down great blocks of coal which bury the poor miners or stop up the
+passageways so that there is no escape unless the victims are dug out
+before they die.
+
+[Illustration: SCENE IN A COAL MINE]
+
+[Illustration: PITTSBURGH COAL IS SENT ALL OVER THE WORLD]
+
+But the world must have coal, for, used for our great boilers, it drives
+our powerful locomotives, sends mighty vessels plowing across the ocean,
+and supplies the power which turns the wheels of industry, both great and
+small. Yes, the world must have coal. So Uncle Sam, in pity for the
+miners who brave these awful dangers, has bought a mine at Bruceton, a
+short distance from Pittsburgh. There the government is making
+experiments to find out the causes of explosion, aiming in this way to
+protect the miners by lessening their dangers.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF PITTSBURGH]
+
+Much of the coal is made into coke by burning out certain gases in
+open-air ovens. Thousands of these ovens are located in the Pittsburgh
+district, and their fires at night illuminate the country for miles. The
+coke is used as fuel in the steel furnaces of Pittsburgh, Cleveland,
+Chicago, and other cities.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUSINESS DISTRICT]
+
+A little more than fifty years ago petroleum, or rock oil, was discovered
+near Pittsburgh, and although oil has since been found in many other
+places, Pittsburgh is still one of the great centers for this product.
+Crude petroleum as it comes from the earth is a liquid, formed from the
+decay of plants and animals long ago buried underground. It is obtained
+by sinking wells, or pipes, into oil-bearing rock, which is very porous.
+Sometimes the pipes are sunk a quarter of a mile deep. The average yield
+is from 50 to 75 barrels a day, and occasionally a pipe well is found
+which yields as high as 1000 barrels.
+
+Sometimes a well stops flowing. Then the oil must be pumped from the
+earth or else forced out by the explosion of dynamite. Such a well is
+spoken of as a "shot well." When a well is shot, a vast column of oil is
+thrown into the air, just as water is thrown up in a geyser or hot
+spring, by the action of gases under ground.
+
+Pittsburgh makes great storage tanks for the oil, as well as apparatus
+for drilling wells, and supplies these not only to our own country but to
+every foreign land in which oil is found.
+
+When petroleum is heated it gives off vapors, varying according to the
+heat. These vapors are then condensed and form many products which are
+now in every-day use, such as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, and benzine.
+Vaseline is what remains in the vats after heating the petroleum.
+Paraffin is another product. Pittsburgh manufactures all these and
+supplies them to the world.
+
+The discovery of natural gas about twenty-five years ago, and its use as
+a fuel, attracted the attention of the world to Pittsburgh as a center of
+cheap fuel. Natural gas is found in and around oil fields, so it is
+supposed that the gas and the oil have the same origin. The porous rock
+in which the gas is found is usually covered with clay rock, or shale,
+which prevents the gas from escaping. Natural gas, like petroleum, is
+obtained by sinking pipes. When the gas is reached, it rushes out with
+great force. Large quantities of it were formerly used in Pittsburgh's
+glass factories and iron works, but its greatest use to-day is for
+lighting and heating.
+
+The city of Pittsburgh stretches for 7 miles along the Allegheny, about
+the same distance on the Monongahela, and entirely covers the space
+between. The city of Allegheny, across the Allegheny River, has recently
+been annexed, thus giving Pittsburgh an area of 38 square miles. The two
+cities, with the river between, remind us of Brooklyn and Manhattan.
+
+[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1902]
+
+The city's water supply is taken from the Allegheny River and is purified
+in the largest single filtration plant in the world.
+
+The main business section covers the V-shaped space between the two
+rivers--known as the Point--and extends into the streets further back.
+Still beyond are heights upon which are many beautiful parks, fine
+residences, and splendid public buildings, including the Carnegie Museum,
+Library, and Technical Schools, and the buildings of Pittsburgh
+University.
+
+Though the population of the "Steel City" was at first mainly
+Scotch-Irish, it now includes citizens from almost every nation in
+Europe. The workmen in its factories are of at least thirty
+nationalities. Side by side stand English, Germans, Welsh, Irish, Scotch,
+Negroes, Jews, Italians, Syrians, Swedes, Greeks, Slavs, Poles, and
+Hungarians.
+
+[Illustration: WOOD STREET AT SIXTH AVENUE IN 1915]
+
+In one section of the city there is a distinct German center, whose
+inhabitants speak German and have German newspapers. Another section has
+received the name of Little Italy because of the number of Italians who
+have come there to live. Six papers are published for these people in
+their own tongue. In Little Italy are many of the fruit stands and market
+places which in this country seem to furnish a favorite employment for
+the sons of Italy.
+
+In still another section, which is called the Ghetto, live the Jews,
+whose conversation is largely carried on in Yiddish, and whose newspapers
+are printed in that language. All of these foreign-born people have
+adopted the dress of American citizens, and their descendants will soon
+become Americanized in manners and language. To-day their foreign ways
+make them the more interesting.
+
+But the laborers are by no means the only inhabitants of Pittsburgh.
+There are many wealthy residents, whose palatial homes, built beyond the
+reach of the soot and smoke, far away from the noises of the great
+business thoroughfares, are in great contrast to the workmen's simple
+homes near the furnaces.
+
+[Illustration: A FOREIGN QUARTER]
+
+Pittsburgh can boast of many great men. It is the home of Andrew
+Carnegie, whose reputation for wealth and benevolence is world wide. He
+it was who conceived the idea of founding free libraries in different
+cities, they in turn to support these libraries by giving an annual sum
+for that purpose. His first offer was to his own city. In 1881 he
+proposed to give Pittsburgh $250,000 for a free public library if the
+city would set apart $15,000 each year for its care. The offer was
+refused, and the library was given to Allegheny instead. Later
+Mr. Carnegie gave Pittsburgh an Institute and Library combined, for the
+support of which the city gives $200,000 each year. The Carnegie Institute
+is a massive and beautiful building in Schenley Park. It covers 5 acres
+of land and is filled with treasures of art and literature. To-day there
+are nine Carnegie libraries in Pittsburgh, containing over 360,000
+volumes.
+
+[Illustration: AN INCLINED PLANE]
+
+George Westinghouse was another Pittsburgh capitalist. His early days
+were spent in making agricultural implements in Schenectady. He was
+called Lazy George because he was always making pieces of machinery to
+save doing work with his hands. Later, by his invention of air brakes for
+trains, he became rich. Choosing Pittsburgh as his home, he established
+in and near the city the great Westinghouse Electric Company. It was Mr.
+Westinghouse who gave to Pittsburgh natural gas, conveying it through
+forty miles of pipe from Murrysville.
+
+Towering above Pittsburgh are high hills, which are reached from the
+business districts by inclined planes. Passengers and freight are carried
+up the inclines in cable cars. Up the steepest of these planes, the
+Monongahela, whose summit is four hundred feet above the river, the
+railroad runs through a tunnel and brings the passengers out upon a high
+bluff.
+
+[Illustration: FROM THE HEIGHTS ABOVE THE CITY]
+
+From the heights above the city one views the surrounding country--a
+wonderful panorama of hills and valleys, with the three great rivers,
+spanned by seventeen splendid bridges, stretching away in the distance.
+In every direction are towns called "little Pittsburghs," where live the
+workers engaged in the gigantic industries of the Pittsburgh district.
+And looking down, one sees the Point--the center of this great city, the
+heart of the "workshop of the world."
+
+
+                             =PITTSBURGH=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over half a million (533,905).
+
+  Eighth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Has the largest structural-steel plant in the world.
+
+  Has the largest glass-manufacturing plant in the United States.
+
+  Has the largest commercial coal plant in the United States.
+
+  Has the largest pickling plant in the world.
+
+  Has the largest electrical manufacturing plant in the world.
+
+  Leads the world in the manufacture of iron, steel, glass, electrical
+  machinery, steel cars, tin plate, air brakes, fire brick, white lead,
+  pickles, and cork wares.
+
+  Place of great historical interest in connection with the development
+  of the West.
+
+  One of the foremost commercial distributing centers.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Compare Pittsburgh with New Orleans in location and in interests.
+
+   2. Tell how Fort Pitt grew into the great city of Pittsburgh and give
+      two causes for its growth.
+
+   3. Where does Pittsburgh get her iron ore, coal, and petroleum?
+
+   4. In what manufactures does the city lead the world?
+
+   5. What great advantages does its location on the Ohio River give
+      Pittsburgh?
+
+   6. Where are her great steel works, and what do they manufacture?
+
+   7. Describe the mine cities and the miners. Tell of their dangers and
+      how these are to be lessened.
+
+   8. How is petroleum obtained? What products in daily use are made from
+      it?
+
+   9. Give some facts about natural gas and its use in Pittsburgh.
+
+  10. Why is Pittsburgh called the "workshop of the world"?
+
+  11. Name two famous men of Pittsburgh and tell what they have done for
+      the city and for the world.
+
+  12. Examine a map and find what shipping ports are within easy access of
+      Pittsburgh.
+
+  13. Find by what route ore and other material shipped by way of the Great
+      Lakes reach Pittsburgh.
+
+
+
+
+                                DETROIT
+
+
+In population, Detroit is the ninth city of the United States.
+
+In the value of its manufactured products, it is fifth.
+
+In the value of its exports, it is the leading port on the Canadian
+border.
+
+With these facts in mind it will be interesting to learn something of the
+history of Detroit; something of the goods it manufactures and the
+reasons for its growth and prosperity.
+
+During the years when the French governed Canada, manufacturing and
+agriculture played a very small part in their affairs. Their business men
+were chiefly interested in the fur trade; their governors were interested
+mainly in extending the territory over which floated the banner of their
+king; and the teaching of Christianity to the hordes of Indians who
+inhabited the country seemed of the greatest importance to their priests
+and missionaries.
+
+So, because it served the purpose of each, all three classes--the fur
+traders, the crown officers, and the missionaries--worked hand in hand in
+exploring and in penetrating the wilderness in every direction. They
+suffered every hardship, endured every privation, and very often fell
+victims to the cruelty of the savages.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT LAKES]
+
+In those days of French rule, railroads were unheard of, and wagon roads
+were almost as scarce. Travel was sometimes through the woods, along the
+trails made by the Indians; but usually it was by the water courses, over
+which the Indian canoes carried furs to be traded for the goods of the
+French.
+
+Now if you will look at a map which shows the Canadian border of the
+United States and follow the course of the Great Lakes, you will see that
+at four places their broad waters narrow into rivers or straits. These
+places are first, the Niagara River; second, where the waters of Lake
+Huron pass into Lake Erie; third, at the Sault Ste. Marie; and fourth, at
+the Straits of Mackinac.
+
+Between the East and the West, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River
+formed the main artery of travel. To control the narrow rivers and
+straits that connect the Great Lakes was to control the travel over
+them, and as the French extended their rule from Quebec to the West, they
+fortified these narrow places one by one.
+
+Fort Niagara was built at the mouth of the Niagara River. Then on July
+24, 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed on the banks of the Detroit
+River and began the work of building a palisade fort, almost where the
+river widens into Lake Saint Clair.
+
+Cadillac thought that at Fort Detroit he had found one of the garden
+spots of the country. In the pine forests of the Michigan peninsula game
+of every sort abounded, and their skins enriched alike the Indians and
+the French. The waters of Lake Saint Clair swarmed with wild fowl. In the
+woods wild grapes grew in profusion, and the rich lands bordering both
+sides of the river assured plentiful crops, depending only upon the
+industry of those who tilled the soil. However, in spite of his
+enthusiasm over the beauty of the site, Cadillac proceeded to lay out a
+very ugly little town with rude dwellings huddled along narrow muddy
+streets.
+
+Such as it was, Detroit remained under French rule for fifty-nine years,
+becoming one of the most prosperous of the French outposts. The Indians
+were, for the most part, friendly with the French, and in 1760 the place
+had a population of 2500, which made it of great importance in the
+sparsely settled West.
+
+Then came the years of the French and Indian wars, and finally the
+French, having lost Quebec, were obliged to surrender to the English. So
+in November, 1760, Detroit was given up to Major Robert Rogers in command
+of a detachment of British regulars and American militia.
+
+The English were not allowed to remain long in undisturbed possession of
+their new outpost. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas and one of the craftiest
+of all Indian warriors, was friendly to the French. In 1763, through his
+immense influence with all the Western tribes, he organized a conspiracy
+to drive the English from the territory which they had won with such
+difficulty. Detroit was one of the first places to be attacked. The siege
+lasted several months, but in spite of the cruelty and cunning of the
+attack, the garrison held out until at last relief came. Thus by their
+bravery they did much to prevent the success of Pontiac's Conspiracy, as
+the uprising is called.
+
+Then came the Revolution. At its close, the Treaty of Paris was signed in
+1783. By the terms of this treaty, Detroit, together with the other
+British outposts in the West, became the property of the United States.
+However, it was not until 1796 that the place was actually occupied by
+American troops.
+
+Sixteen years later Detroit again passed into the possession of the
+British. This was during the war of 1812 and followed the defeat of
+General William Hull's ill-fated expedition into Canada. Falling back to
+Detroit, Hull was attacked, and surrendered to the British after a
+half-hearted resistance.
+
+A little more than a year later, however, in October, 1813, Oliver Hazard
+Perry won the famous battle of Lake Erie. This gave the Americans control
+of the lake, and the British soon abandoned Detroit, which has since
+remained in the possession of the United States.
+
+Detroit had prospered but little since 1760. Its inhabitants were for the
+most part easy-going Frenchmen. They were not suited to the strenuous
+work of city building. Detroit, instead of growing larger, was becoming
+smaller; and when, in 1820, the United States took a census of the place,
+it had but 1442 inhabitants as against the 2500 that Major Rogers found
+in 1760.
+
+[Illustration: DETROIT IN 1820, AND STEAMER _WALK-IN-THE-WATER_ (From an
+old print)]
+
+But from 1820 the growth of Detroit has been continuous. In 1825 the Erie
+Canal was opened, furnishing an easy means of communication from the East
+to the West. Then came a great tide of immigration to all the states
+bordering on the Great Lakes. Michigan was one of the first to profit,
+and Detroit was the gateway to Michigan.
+
+Most of the pioneers who sought homes in the West were farmers. The life
+of cities and villages offered few attractions to them. The number that
+stayed in Detroit was small as compared to the number that passed
+through into the back country to clear the woodlands and take up the work
+of agriculture.
+
+But as the back country filled up, there came a demand for the things in
+which cities deal, while at the same time there came the need of places
+where the products of the farm could be gathered together ready for
+transportation to the Eastern market.
+
+[Illustration: A DRY DOCK]
+
+In this way Detroit began its great growth. It bought the wool and wheat
+which the Michigan farmers raised, and shipped them East. It bought from
+the East the dry goods, hardware, and various other things which the
+Michigan farmers needed, and distributed them. It grew prosperous as the
+country back of it became more populated, and as this population became
+richer and able to buy larger amounts and more expensive goods, Detroit
+reaped the advantage.
+
+[Illustration: A PASSENGER STEAMER]
+
+Then too the traffic on the lakes became more important, requiring larger
+and better vessels. Detroit has one of the best harbors on all the Great
+Lakes, making it splendidly suited for the building and launching of
+vessels. Always engaged more or less in shipbuilding, Detroit improved
+its shipyards and kept pace with the demand. To-day it builds all types
+of vessels, from magnificent passenger steamers to the great steel ore
+ships which carry the iron ore of the Lake Superior districts.
+
+It was in 1860 that Detroit began to take its place among the industrial
+cities of the country. Now it is fifth among the cities of the United
+States in the value of its manufactured products. Let us see what its
+chief industries are.
+
+[Illustration: A LAKE VESSEL BUILT IN DETROIT]
+
+First of all comes the manufacture of automobiles and the parts of which
+they are made. It is estimated that more than half of all the automobiles
+made in the United States are built in Detroit factories. Until 1899
+there was not a single automobile factory in the city. To-day there are
+over thirty, many of them covering acres of ground.
+
+As few of the automobile factories make all the parts of their machines,
+there are in Detroit many shops for the manufacture of steel, aluminium,
+and brass castings, and of gears, wheels, and various other automobile
+parts.
+
+Another of Detroit's important industries is the manufacture and repair
+of steam- and electric-railroad cars. These are largely freight cars,
+although many passenger cars are also made.
+
+Other lines of business include foundry and machine-shop products, the
+making of druggists' preparations, the manufacture of flour, the packing
+of beef and pork, and the preparation of other food stuffs.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE AUTOMOBILES ARE MADE]
+
+Then Detroit makes great quantities of soda ash and alkalies. This
+industry Detroit owes to the fact that here are found both limestone and
+salt, which is obtained from wells driven along the river bank. Both of
+these materials are required in the manufacture of soda ash.
+
+The printing-and-publishing business gives employment to thousands; so
+does the manufacture of paints and varnishes. In stoves, ranges, and
+furnaces, Detroit leads every other city in the country. It is
+interesting to know that Detroit makes great numbers of adding machines,
+that it is the largest producer of overalls in the country, that it is a
+center of the brass industry, that it turns out more than 300,000,000
+cigars each year, and that it is one of the largest producers of
+wrought- and malleable-iron castings.
+
+The entire business of a city is, of course, never wholly manufacturing.
+Part of its business is always the distribution of things to supply the
+needs of its inhabitants and of the people who live in the surrounding
+country.
+
+When these goods are sold in large quantities to merchants who in turn
+sell them to the person using them, the business is known as a wholesale
+business. When they are sold by the merchant directly to the user, he
+does what is called a retail business.
+
+The wholesale business of Detroit is very large. Its merchants do the
+larger part of the wholesale business through the entire state of
+Michigan and in parts of northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and
+Minnesota. They even furnish certain supplies to some parts of Canada.
+Dry goods, drugs, hardware, and groceries are the principal things in
+which Detroit wholesalers deal.
+
+Detroit has also many large retail stores, which supply not only the
+people who live in the city of Detroit but those in the surrounding
+country as well. Thanks to the many suburban electric railroads and the
+many steam roads, the people who live in the smaller places are able to
+come to Detroit to purchase things they want.
+
+Now let us take our map again and notice the location of Detroit in
+relation to the rest of the country, for location, as you know, has very
+much to do with the growth of cities.
+
+[Illustration: THE DETROIT RIVER TUNNEL]
+
+We find in the first place that it is separated from Canada by only the
+width of a river. So we are not surprised to hear that Detroit is one of
+the principal points for the exchange of goods between the two countries.
+The two most important Canadian railroads have terminals at Windsor, on
+the Canadian side of the water, and also at Detroit. A very large part of
+the United States finds Detroit the most convenient point from which to
+send its products into Canada, since goods can so easily be brought to
+Detroit by water or rail.
+
+Statistics issued by the United States government show that of the
+eighteen customhouses on the Canadian border the one at Detroit does the
+largest volume of business.
+
+Then too, by the lakes, Detroit can reach all of the American lake ports,
+and from Buffalo, through the Erie Canal, it can even reach New York.
+
+The many railroads which serve Detroit give it excellent communication
+with all parts of the United States. The Michigan Central Railroad dives
+under the river, from Detroit to Windsor, through one of the most
+remarkable tunnels in the world. For years the cars of the Michigan
+Central Railroad, both passenger and freight, were carried across the
+river on ferryboats. This, of course, was a very slow way of crossing,
+but a bridge was impractical for various reasons, so at last it was
+decided to build a tunnel.
+
+When the engineers studied the river bottom, they found that it was
+covered with mud so deep that it was impossible to build a tunnel under
+it. Instead they built the tunnel of steel on the river bank, and when it
+was completed they sank it in sections and then fastened it together.
+
+Two belt-line railroads, extending from the river bank, circle through
+Detroit. One is some two miles from the center, the other, six. Along
+these railroads are many factories which have switches directly into
+their plants. This makes shipping a simple matter for the Detroit
+manufacturers.
+
+Now, having learned something of the history of Detroit, something of the
+manufacturing which it does and the commerce it carries on, let us take a
+look at the city itself.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF DETROIT]
+
+The older parts of most great cities are badly laid out. In very few
+cases do men realize that their little settlements are to grow into large
+cities. And so they pay little attention to laying out streets, but in
+building their houses follow the farm lanes and often the paths made by
+the cows as they are driven to and from the pastures.
+
+This is not always the case however. Washington was laid out long before
+it ever became a city, and, in consequence, it has magnificent broad
+streets and many parks.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH WOODWARD AVENUE]
+
+Detroit was one of the badly laid-out settlements, but in 1805 a fire
+burned every house in Detroit with one exception. Now at that time Judge
+Augustus B. Woodward was a prominent figure in the city government. When
+the fire wiped out the old town, the judge thought that a plan should be
+made for Detroit just as had been done for Washington. His idea was to
+have a great circle, called the Grand Circus, in the center of the town.
+Two streets, 120 feet wide, were to cross this circle, dividing it into
+quarters, and from the circle other broad avenues were to radiate in all
+directions. As the city grew, other circles were to be built with streets
+radiating from them.
+
+Unfortunately the citizens of Detroit did not have the belief in the
+growth of their city that Judge Woodward had, and so his scheme was only
+carried out in part. That part, however, gave to Detroit its Grand
+Circus, its broad avenues, and its down-town parks, and did much to earn
+for it the title of the City Beautiful.
+
+Detroit to-day has many splendid and costly residences. It has also
+street after street filled with comfortable medium-priced houses where
+the workmen live, and its people are fond of boasting that it is a city
+of homes.
+
+Woodward Avenue, which is 120 feet wide, is named after Judge Woodward.
+This avenue runs from the river bank right through the entire city. At
+its lower end it is the principal retail street of the city, while
+further out are many fine residences.
+
+As the town grew, a boulevard was built, which, starting at the river,
+runs completely around the city at a distance of some two and a half
+miles from the center. This boulevard is known as the Grand Boulevard and
+is more than 12 miles long and from 150 to 200 feet in width. In the
+center is a narrow strip upon which are grown flowers, trees, and grass,
+while upon either side run macadam roads.
+
+[Illustration: AT BELLE ISLE]
+
+The most popular of Detroit's parks is Belle Isle. This is on an island
+of about 700 acres, directly opposite the city. Originally the island was
+for the most part a swamp infested with snakes. In order to get rid of
+the snakes a drove of hogs was turned loose on the island, and for a
+long time it was known as Hog Island. Then the city bought it and turned
+it into a park. The swamps were drained, and lakes and canals were built,
+which in the summer time are covered with canoes and boats. In the winter
+they make excellent places for skating. Playgrounds, baseball fields, and
+picnic grounds were laid out and a zoo was built, as well as one of the
+best aquariums in the country. And here, too, is a horticultural
+building, where many rare plants and flowers are grown. A large part of
+the island was covered with woods, and this was left in its native state,
+with winding roads built through it. The island is connected with the
+mainland by a broad bridge.
+
+The health conditions of Detroit are excellent. Its water supply is taken
+at a depth of 40 feet from the Detroit River, just where it leaves Lake
+Saint Clair. The city has an ample sewerage system. It has many fine
+public schools, and here also are the University of Detroit and the
+Detroit colleges of law and medicine. In short, from every point of view
+Detroit is a good place in which to live.
+
+A short time ago prizes were offered to the public-school pupils in the
+fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades for the five best essays on "Why
+I am Glad I live in Detroit." Here is what one sixth-grade boy wrote
+about his home city:
+
+"What a beautiful city is Detroit," says the world-wide traveler, as
+he passes along its broad avenues, in the shade of its magnificent
+trees. "Detroit has a fine commercial center," says the enterprising
+manufacturer as he surveys its busy wharves. "What an excellent
+situation this city has," says the farmer, as he comes trudging to town
+with his load of produce. "In Detroit life is worth living," says the
+happy pleasure seeker, as he whiles away his time, either on the lake
+or in its many parks and boulevards. "You can have loads of fun at
+Belle Isle," whispers the small boy, as he thinks of the many pastimes
+which so appeal to every child. "What an interesting history has
+Detroit," says the historian, as he recalls its many struggles, first
+with the Indians, then with the French, and last of all the English.
+
+Many strangers will come to our city during the next few months, and
+I know that after they have seen it and go to their homes again, they
+will tell their neighbors and friends of our beautiful city, and I, who
+live here, will be very proud of it.
+
+
+                               =DETROIT=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), more than 450,000 (465,766).
+
+  Ninth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Important shipping and manufacturing center.
+
+  Important center for trade with Canada.
+
+  Most important center in United States for the automobile industry.
+
+  Place of great historical interest.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. How does Detroit rank among our great cities in population,
+      manufactured products, and exports?
+
+   2. What were the ambitions of the French governors, traders, and
+      missionaries of Canada in the early days?
+
+   3. Why did the French build forts on the narrow rivers and straits
+      that connect the Great Lakes?
+
+   4. Describe Detroit and its surroundings in 1701.
+
+   5. How and when did the English first acquire Detroit?
+
+   6. How did the development of the farm lands about the city help the
+      growth of Detroit?
+
+   7. Tell about its growth since 1760, and give three causes.
+
+   8. Name and describe some of the industries of the city.
+
+   9. Tell something of its vast wholesale and retail trade.
+
+  10. Show how the location of Detroit influences its commerce and
+      contributes to its growth.
+
+  11. Name three products in the manufacture of which Detroit leads all
+      other cities in the country.
+
+  12. What conditions have made Detroit a great center for commercial
+      relations with Canada?
+
+
+
+
+                                BUFFALO
+
+
+About 1783 Cornelius Winne, a trader, built a little log store at the
+mouth of Buffalo River, which empties into Lake Erie. That was the
+beginning of Buffalo, the queen city of the lakes, the home to-day of
+more than four hundred thousand people.
+
+To understand the wonderful growth of this city we must go back to the
+days of the Revolution and see New York in those early times. Almost all
+the people of the United States then lived on the narrow strip of land
+lying between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Highlands. The high
+forest-covered mountains made a barrier that kept the colonial settlers
+from attempting to push out toward the west.
+
+But in New York State nature had left an opening between the mountain
+ranges, along the courses of the Hudson and the Mohawk rivers. Settlers
+had early followed these streams and built homes in their valleys. Beyond
+lay the trackless hunting grounds of the Indians--the great West.
+
+With the close of the Revolution things began to change. New York made a
+treaty with the Indians, whereby they agreed to sell large tracts of
+their lands. Pioneers pushed their way into the unknown wilderness of the
+western part of the state and found a beautiful fertile country. Their
+reports led hundreds to follow them. Soon central and northern New York
+were dotted with settlements. More and more immigrants kept coming, all
+seeking the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The great western
+movement of the nineteenth century had begun.
+
+[Illustration: A LOCKPORT LOCK]
+
+Winne had built his trading post before this westward movement reached
+Lake Erie. For some time he lived in his log cabin in the midst of the
+forest, with no neighbors except the Indians with whom he traded. But
+gradually other settlers came and built homes near him. By 1804 there
+were about twenty houses in the little settlement, which, for a short
+time, was called New Amsterdam.
+
+[Illustration: Barge canals shown by solid lines; Erie and other canals
+by dotted lines.
+  NEW YORK'S CANALS]
+
+By 1812 the name had been changed to Buffalo, and the town had a
+population of 1500. That year war with England broke out, and in 1813 a
+body of British soldiers with their Indian allies crossed the Niagara
+River during the night, took the Americans by surprise, and burned
+Buffalo. Of its three hundred houses, just one escaped the flames. But
+nothing daunted, the men began to rebuild their homes, and in a few years
+no traces of the fire were to be seen.
+
+In early times the Indians going from the seacoast to the Great Lakes had
+followed the Hudson and Mohawk rivers and then gone on directly west to
+Lake Erie. With the coming of the white man the Indian pathway grew into
+a road, and in 1811 stagecoaches began to run over this road between
+Buffalo and Albany.
+
+But carrying passengers and freight by stagecoach was very expensive, and
+a few men, headed by Governor De Witt Clinton, began to say that the
+state ought to build a canal connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River.
+Many laughed at this idea. They knew very little about canals and thought
+it foolish to waste millions of dollars on a useless "big ditch," as they
+called it.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELING BY CANAL]
+
+However, those in favor of the scheme finally won, and the work of
+building the Erie Canal was begun in 1817. It very nearly followed the
+old trail between Albany and Buffalo and was 363 miles long. Eighty-three
+locks raised and lowered the boats where there was a difference of level
+in the canal. Lockport, a city 25 miles northeast of Buffalo, was named
+after these locks, there being 10 of them there.
+
+In 1825 the work was completed; the Erie Canal was opened, and at last
+there was a waterway between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. All the
+towns along the canal held a great celebration. None had better reason
+for rejoicing than Buffalo. In 1825 Buffalo was a little hamlet on the
+frontier. Thanks to the Erie Canal, it was soon to become one of the
+leading cities of the country.
+
+It was not long before the "big ditch" was known as the "path to the
+great West." A rush of emigration further west followed, and all these
+travelers stopped at Buffalo, for here they had to change from the
+flat-bottomed canal boats to the lake vessels. Hotels were crowded,
+business flourished, and Buffalo became "a great doorway of the inland
+sea."
+
+[Illustration: THE BARGE CANAL NEAR BUFFALO]
+
+During the first years after its completion little freight was carried
+over the Erie Canal, but settlers kept flocking into the West, and before
+many years these Western pioneers were raising far more grain than they
+could use. Lake commerce began. Hundreds of ships brought wheat, lumber,
+and furs to Buffalo from the West and returned laden with manufactured
+goods. Buffalo was the chief lake port, and for many years shipping was
+its leading industry.
+
+Then came the railroads. The first railroad to Buffalo was completed in
+1836. A few years later, trains ran between Albany and Buffalo, and in
+time carloads of grain were shipped by rail. Though shipments by canal
+continued and even increased for a time, the railroads gradually did more
+and more of the carrying, and finally robbed the canal of much of its
+former importance.
+
+[Illustration: THE SITE OF BUFFALO]
+
+Still, shipping by canal was cheaper. Improvements have been made in the
+Erie Canal from time to time, and in 1903 the state voted $101,000,000
+for the enlargement of the Erie, Oswego, and Champlain canals into the
+1000-ton-barge canal. When this is completed it will be 12 feet deep and
+will float much larger barges than did the Erie Canal.
+
+But to return to Buffalo. The city's location naturally made it one of
+the great centers of the country. Only the Niagara River separates the
+city from the most thickly settled part of Canada, and it is therefore a
+most convenient meeting place of the two countries. Already Buffalo's
+trade with Canada amounts to over $50,000,000 a year.
+
+Besides being one of the chief commercial centers of the country, Buffalo
+is an important manufacturing town. Three things are necessary to success
+in manufacturing--raw materials, power, and a market where the finished
+goods can be sold. Buffalo has all of these near at hand. The country
+round about is singularly rich in natural resources. Forests, fertile
+farm lands, and rich iron and coal deposits are all within easy reach of
+the city and supply it with raw material at small cost for
+transportation.
+
+No city in the world has greater advantages than Buffalo in the matter of
+power. The Niagara Falls furnish an unlimited supply of electric power,
+which is a substitute for coal and, for many purposes, more convenient.
+Buffalo's nearness to the coal fields of Pennsylvania makes the cost of
+both hard and soft coal low. Natural gas and oil furnish about one fifth
+of the power now used in the city. Both are found near Buffalo, stored in
+the pores and cavities of rocks. Holes are bored into the rocks, and the
+petroleum or rock oil is pumped into huge tanks. The gas is carried by
+underground pipes to the city, where it is used in heating and lighting
+thousands of homes and factories.
+
+Lastly, Buffalo does not have to ship its products far to find a market.
+Within 450 miles of the city live almost 50,000,000 people, and lakes,
+canals, and railroads offer cheap and rapid transportation to all parts
+of the country. Thirteen steamship lines and 18 railroads enter the city.
+There are 2 trunk lines from New England; 5 from New York; 1 from
+Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; 1 from St. Louis; and 4 from
+Chicago.
+
+[Illustration: LACKAWANNA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY]
+
+The richest iron mines in the world are located south of Lake Superior,
+but there are no coal deposits in this region, and coal is necessary for
+the manufacturing of iron and steel. As it was cheaper to ship the ore to
+the coal than to carry the coal to the ore, there were men who, as early
+as 1860, saw that iron and steel could be manufactured with profit in
+Buffalo. Though blast furnaces were built from time to time, the industry
+did not attract great attention until 1899. In that year the Lackawanna
+Iron and Steel Company, of Scranton, Pennsylvania, moved to Buffalo and
+built an immense metal-working plant. This plant is south of the city and
+extends several miles along the shore of Lake Erie. The company has built
+a ship canal over half a mile long, which the largest lake vessels can
+enter. On one side of this canal are hundreds of coke ovens and the
+storage grounds for coal; on the other side are the ore docks, a row of
+huge blast furnaces, and the steel works with their numerous mills,
+foundries, and workshops.
+
+In the coke ovens millions of tons of soft coal are every year turned
+into coke, which is really coal with certain things removed by heating.
+This coke is used in melting the iron in the blast furnaces--so called
+because during the melting strong blasts of air are forced into the
+furnaces. These furnaces are almost a hundred feet high, are made of
+iron, and lined with fire brick. Tons of coke, limestone, and iron ore
+are dropped in from above by machinery, and the intense heat of the
+burning coke melts the iron, which sinks to the bottom of the furnace
+while the limestone collects the impurities and forms an upper layer. At
+the bottom of the furnace there are openings where the fiery-hot liquid
+runs off into molds, or forms, in which it cools and hardens. The waste
+matter, called slag, is also drawn off at the bottom. More coke and ore
+are added from above, and the smelting goes on night and day without
+interruption until the furnace needs repair. After the iron has been
+separated from the ore, it is taken to the foundries where it is made
+into steel rails and many other kinds of iron and steel goods.
+
+Other iron and steel companies have sprung up in Buffalo, and the city
+and its vicinity is now manufacturing enormous quantities of pig iron,
+steel rails, engines, car wheels, tools, and machinery.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELECTRIC BUILDING]
+
+Back in the first half of the nineteenth century New York was the leading
+wheat-raising and flour-producing state. The first flour mill in the
+Buffalo district was run by water power furnished by the Erie Canal. As
+larger mills followed and steam took the place of water power, Buffalo
+became an important flour-milling center. Later, wheat began to be raised
+further west, and the Central States soon took the lead in wheat growing
+and flour milling. But Buffalo had the advantage of an early start. Its
+mills were already built and working. Grain from the West kept pouring
+into the city to be stored in its great grain elevators, and the
+production of flour increased. Larger mills were built, some of them
+making use of the Niagara water power. To-day there are more than a
+dozen companies in Buffalo operating flour mills which turn out over
+3,000,000 barrels of flour in a year.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUFFALO HOME OF THE NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY]
+
+Buffalo's slaughter-house products for a single year are worth millions
+of dollars. There are two large meat-packing firms in the city,
+slaughtering over a million cattle and hogs each year. They both had
+small beginnings in the butcher business more than fifty years ago. In
+1852 the first stockyards were opened, and the city's live-stock industry
+began. Shipments of live stock from the grazing states of the West
+increased until the city became the second cattle market in the world,
+Chicago alone handling more live stock than Buffalo.
+
+When first settled, the lake region was covered with forests, and lumber
+was one of the first products sent eastward by lake steamers. Millions
+and millions of feet of pine were towed down the lakes on barges and
+transferred to canal boats at Buffalo, and the city became one of the
+great lumber markets of the country. Although shipments from the Northern
+forests have not been so great in the last twenty years, the lumber
+industry continues to be of great importance to Buffalo. In addition to
+pine from the lake region, the city receives hard wood from the South.
+You see enormous piles of lumber in the yards of the city itself, and
+Tonawanda, a suburb ten miles north of Buffalo, has the largest lumber
+yards in the world. These yards carry on a large wholesale and retail
+trade, and sawmills, planing mills, and many lumber industries have grown
+up around them. Mill work, doors, mantels, piano cases, and furniture are
+some of the things made in the Buffalo workshops.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF BUFFALO]
+
+[Illustration: THE ARMORY]
+
+While commerce and industry were thus developing, the city itself was
+growing in size, population, and beauty. It extends about ten miles along
+the shore of Lake Erie and the Niagara River. In the residence section
+there are thousands of beautiful homes, set well back from broad streets
+and surrounded by wide lawns and gardens. Delaware Avenue, with its
+branching boulevards and parkways, is the finest of these residence
+sections.
+
+[Illustration: WADING POOL IN HUMBOLDT PARK]
+
+[Illustration: A PUBLIC PLAYGROUND]
+
+Several large parks and many smaller squares are scattered throughout the
+city, while swimming pools, wading ponds, and public playgrounds delight
+the hearts of the children. Lake breezes make the city cool in summer,
+and altogether Buffalo is one of the cleanest, most healthful, and most
+beautiful cities of the country.
+
+[Illustration: THE ALBRIGHT ART GALLERY]
+
+Through the southern part of the city flows the sluggish and winding
+Buffalo River. In the early days the mouth of this stream was the only
+harbor of the port, although it was then very shallow. Millions of
+dollars have been spent in deepening and improving this inner harbor,
+while a larger outer harbor has been made by inclosing a part of the lake
+by breakwaters. The harbor of Buffalo is now one of the best on the Great
+Lakes.
+
+About two miles north of the mouth of Buffalo River is The Front, a park
+overlooking the water and giving a beautiful view of Lake Erie, the
+Niagara River, and the Canadian shore. It is a government reservation,
+and here is Fort Porter. Further north the International Railroad Bridge
+connects Canada with the city of Buffalo.
+
+[Illustration: THE McKINLEY MONUMENT]
+
+Delaware Park, in the northern part of the city, is the largest and most
+beautiful of Buffalo's parks. Near the northeastern entrance is the
+zooelogical garden, with a seal pool, bear pits, and many strange and
+interesting animals. In the western part is the Albright Art Gallery, a
+beautiful building of white marble. Here, too, is the Buffalo
+Historical-Society Building, which was the New York State Building during
+the Pan-American Exposition which was held in Delaware Park and on the
+adjoining land in 1901.
+
+[Illustration: NIAGARA FALLS]
+
+In the center of Niagara Square stands the McKinley Monument, erected by
+the state of New York in honor of President William McKinley, who was
+shot at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, on September 6, 1901. It
+was in this city that President Roosevelt took the oath of office after
+President McKinley's death. It is also worthy of note that Buffalo was
+the home of two of our presidents--Fillmore and Cleveland.
+
+The business district of Buffalo is only a short distance from the
+harbor. The most important business streets are Main Street and Broadway.
+
+Twenty miles north of Buffalo the Niagara River plunges over a precipice
+more than one hundred and fifty feet high, forming the world-famous
+Niagara Falls. The width of the river, the beauty of the mighty waters as
+they rush thundering over the edge of the precipice, the foam and spray
+rising from the foot of the cataract, all combine to make Niagara Falls
+the greatest natural wonder on the American continent. In the middle of
+the stream lies Goat Island, which divides the Falls into the Horseshoe
+Falls on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the New York side.
+
+Hardly less interesting than the Falls are the power plants on both sides
+of the river, which are making the force of Niagara do a mighty work. It
+has been reckoned that the volume of water which passes over the Falls is
+two hundred and sixty-five thousand cubic feet each second. Think of it!
+This tremendous rush of water, the experts tell us, represents five
+million horse power. To make this gigantic power of use to man, canals
+have been built above the Falls to bring water from the river to the
+power houses where its great force turns huge water wheels and produces
+electric power. Cables of copper wire raised high in the air carry this
+power to all the surrounding country. It runs many of Buffalo's
+factories, lights the city streets, and moves its trolley cars as well as
+those in Syracuse, one hundred and fifty miles away.
+
+Such then, with its wonderful power, its command of material, its
+beautiful and important location, is the Buffalo of to-day. The little
+settlement of one hundred years ago has become the eleventh city in size
+in the United States.
+
+
+                               =BUFFALO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1920), over 500,000 (506,775).
+
+  Eleventh city according to population.
+
+  Important lake port.
+
+  One of the best harbors on the Great Lakes.
+
+  Located at the western end of the Erie Canal.
+
+  Great transfer point between lake boats and canal boats and railroads.
+
+  Important railroad center.
+
+  Center for live-stock trade.
+
+  Important center for wheat, lumber, meat packing, and the iron and
+  steel industries.
+
+  Electric light and power obtained from Niagara Falls.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. How did it happen that the people of New York first came to settle
+      west of the Appalachian Mountains, and where were these first
+      settlements?
+
+   2. Tell about the beginning of Buffalo, and give its original name.
+
+   3. What was the first route from Albany to Buffalo, and why was it
+      used? How was the journey made between 1811 and 1825?
+
+   4. Tell the story of the Erie Canal, and give its effect on Buffalo
+      and the West.
+
+   5. How did Buffalo's location make it one of the great centers of
+      industry?
+
+   6. What three things are necessary to success in manufacturing?
+
+   7. How is Buffalo furnished with power for her great manufacturing
+      interests?
+
+   8. Where does Buffalo find a market for her products? How?
+
+   9. What great steel company is located near this city? Why?
+
+  10. Describe the wonderful coke ovens and blast furnaces near Buffalo.
+
+  11. Give some idea of Buffalo's flour mills, slaughter houses, and
+      lumber yards, and of her importance in these industries.
+
+  12. What do you know of Niagara Falls and the power plants on both
+      sides of the Niagara River?
+
+
+
+
+                             SAN FRANCISCO
+
+
+The United States extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and just as
+New York is our leading seaport on the Atlantic, so San Francisco is the
+leading seaport on the Pacific.
+
+San Francisco's history is inseparably connected with the development of
+the resources of California. In 1769 Spain sent an expedition overland
+from Mexico to colonize the Pacific coast, and Don Gaspar de Portola, at
+the head of these colonists, was the first white man known to have looked
+upon San Francisco Bay.
+
+Seven years later, in 1776, the Franciscan friars built a fortified
+settlement on the present site of San Francisco. The Mission Dolores,
+which is still standing, was begun the same year, and a little village
+slowly grew up around it.
+
+At the close of the Mexican War, in 1848, California was ceded to the
+United States, and the Stars and Stripes were raised over the little
+settlement, whose name was soon changed from Yerba Buena to San
+Francisco.
+
+In 1848, too, came the discovery of gold in California, and San Francisco
+suddenly grew from a Spanish village to a busy American town. The
+population jumped from 800 to 10,000 in a single year. A city of tents
+and shanties quickly arose on the sand dunes. Thousands of people were
+leaving their homes in the East to seek a fortune in the gold fields.
+Many came by water, either rounding Cape Horn or else traveling by boat
+to the Isthmus of Panama, crossing on foot, and reembarking on the
+Pacific coast. Others came overland in large canvas-covered wagons called
+prairie schooners.
+
+These newcomers were men of all classes--ministers, lawyers, farmers,
+laborers. Some were educated, others were ignorant. While most of them
+were industrious and law-abiding, a considerable number were desperate
+and lawless men. These last caused much trouble. Gambling, murders, and
+crimes of all kinds were alarmingly common, and the city government was
+powerless to punish the lawbreakers. Finally, the better class of
+citizens formed a vigilance committee, which hung four criminals and
+punished many in other ways until law and order were established.
+
+San Francisco has been called the "child of the mines." It was the
+discovery of gold that first made it the leading city of the Pacific
+coast. From that day the production of gold has been steadily maintained.
+Nearly $20,000,000 worth is mined in the state of California each year,
+with a total production of over $1,500,000,000. Later the silver mines in
+Nevada were discovered and developed, and their immense output brought
+increased wealth to San Francisco.
+
+As time went on, however, people began to see that California's real
+wealth lay not so much in her mines as in her fertile farm lands. These,
+combined with the wonderful climate, have made California a leading
+agricultural state.
+
+[Illustration: AN ORANGE GROVE]
+
+The great central valley of California, about 400 miles long and 50 miles
+wide, lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Ranges. Its
+farms, orchards, orange groves, and vineyards produce immense quantities
+of grain, and of grapes, and other fruits. Large numbers of cattle and
+sheep are raised. In the southern counties many tropical fruits are grown
+successfully. Irrigated groves of orange, lemon, and olive trees cover
+thousands of acres. Other important crops are English walnuts, almonds,
+prunes, and figs. Copper, silver, oil, quicksilver, and salt are also
+valuable products, while the forest-covered mountains supply excellent
+lumber. Such is the wealth of California's natural resources, and San
+Francisco is the great port and market of this rich back country.
+
+[Illustration: PICKING GRAPES]
+
+As the Sacramento River flows into San Francisco Bay from the north and
+the San Joaquin from the south, the two offer cheap transportation up and
+down their valleys, being navigable to river steamers for over 200 miles.
+
+The great bay of San Francisco is the largest landlocked harbor in the
+world. Here the navies of all the nations could ride at anchor side by
+side in safety. Though 65 miles long and from 4 to 10 miles wide, the bay
+is completely sheltered from dangerous winds and storms. It is connected
+with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is
+2-3/4 miles long and over a mile wide.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOLDEN GATE]
+
+Such advantages have made San Francisco a great commercial and financial
+center. Ships from San Francisco carry the products of California
+westward to all the countries bordering on the Pacific, while others sail
+to the Atlantic seaports of America and Europe.
+
+The outgoing steamers are loaded with wheat, cotton, canned goods, oil,
+barley, prunes, flour, dried fruits, leather, machinery, lumber, and iron
+manufactures. Incoming steamers bring raw silk, coffee, tea, copra,
+nitrate of soda, tin ingots, sugar, rice, cigars, coal, burlap, vanilla
+beans, cheese, and manila hemp.
+
+[Illustration: THE SITE OF SAN FRANCISCO]
+
+Already the foreign commerce of San Francisco amounts to more than
+$150,000,000 annually, and with the increasing trade of Japan and China
+and the shortened route to the Atlantic through the Panama Canal, the
+future of its foreign trade cannot be estimated.
+
+[Illustration: A FLOWER MARKET]
+
+In addition to her foreign trade, San Francisco has many growing
+industries at home. Printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat
+packing, are among the most important. The canning and preserving of
+fruits and vegetables is a leading industry of the city. The California
+Fruit Canners Association employs many thousands of people during the
+fruit season and is the largest fruit-and-vegetable canning company in
+the world. It operates thirty branches throughout the state, and its
+products are sent to all parts of the globe.
+
+Though iron has to be imported,--there being little mined in
+California,--the city does a thriving iron business. In the early days
+there was need of mining machinery in the West, and San Francisco at that
+time began manufacturing it. She also has one of the greatest
+shipbuilding plants in the United States. The famous battleship _Oregon_,
+the _Olympic_, the _Wisconsin_, the _Ohio_, and other ships of the
+United States Navy were built in San Francisco.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF SAN FRANCISCO]
+
+In 1906 a severe earthquake shook San Francisco, wrecking many buildings.
+Fire broke out in twenty places, and as the earthquake had broken the
+city's water mains, the fire fighters had to pump salt water from the bay
+and use dynamite to stop the progress of the flames. During the three
+days of the fire, four square miles were laid in ruins.
+
+[Illustration: ON SAN FRANCISCO'S WATER FRONT]
+
+Because of occasional slight shocks in former years, the inhabitants had
+built their city of wood, thinking it safer than brick or stone. They had
+not thought of the greater danger of fire. This earthquake taught them a
+lesson. The few skyscrapers in the city had stood the shock remarkably
+well, and profiting by this experience thousands of modern
+structures--steel, brick, and reenforced concrete--were built to replace
+the old wooden buildings. A far more modern and beautiful city has arisen
+from the ashes of the ruins.
+
+[Illustration: CHINATOWN]
+
+The city occupies 46-1/2 square miles at the end of the southern
+peninsula which lies between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The
+site of the city is hilly, especially in the northern and western parts.
+Market Street, 120 feet wide and the chief business thoroughfare, extends
+southwest from the water front and divides the city into two parts. The
+southern district contains many manufacturing plants and the homes of the
+laboring people. The streets here are level. North of Market Street lie
+three high hills--Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill. In this
+half of the city are the finest residences, Nob Hill having been given
+its name in the early days when the mining millionaires built their homes
+upon it.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNION FERRY BUILDING]
+
+The main business section is in the northeastern part of the city, facing
+the harbor, and is on level ground. It contains hundreds of new office
+buildings, many of them from eight to twenty or more stories high. Fine
+modern hotels and beautiful banks add much to the beauty of this part of
+San Francisco. The most important public buildings are the United States
+mint and the post office, which escaped the flames in 1906, the
+customhouse, the Hall of Justice, the new Auditorium, and the city hall.
+These last two face the Civic Center, which is being created at a cost of
+nearly $17,000,000.
+
+At the foot of Telegraph Hill is the largest Chinese quarter in the
+United States. It was completely destroyed during the fire, but is now
+rebuilt and much improved. Its temples, joss houses, and theaters, its
+markets, bazaars, and restaurants, with their strange life and customs
+and their oriental architecture, attract crowds of visitors. There are
+now about 10,000 Chinese in San Francisco, but their number has been
+steadily decreasing since the Exclusion Act was passed, prohibiting
+Chinese laborers from entering this country. It was thought necessary to
+have this law in order to protect the American workingman on the Pacific
+coast, as the Chinese laborers who had already been admitted were working
+for wages upon which no white man could live.
+
+[Illustration: FISHERMAN'S WHARF]
+
+At the foot of Market Street, on the water front, stands the Union Ferry
+Building, a large stone structure with a high clock tower.
+
+Only one of the cross-continent railroads--a branch of the Southern
+Pacific--lands its passengers in the city of San Francisco. All the other
+roads, which include the main line of the Southern Pacific, the
+Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Union Pacific, and the Western Pacific,
+terminate on the eastern shore of the bay and send the travelers to San
+Francisco by ferry. In consequence, San Francisco has developed the best
+ferry service in the world, all lines meeting at the Union Ferry
+Building.
+
+[Illustration: MT. TAMALPAIS FROM NOB HILL]
+
+North and south of the Union Ferry Building stretch eight miles of
+wharves and docks and many factories, lumber yards, and warehouses. At
+the docks, ships are being loaded and unloaded continually.
+
+In March and April each year a fleet of forty or fifty vessels starts out
+for the Alaskan fisheries. San Francisco is the leading salmon port of
+the United States, distributing millions of dollars' worth of salmon
+yearly. Fisherman's Wharf, at the northern end of the water front, is
+full of interest, with its brown, weather-beaten fishermen and their odd
+fishing boats. To the south of the Union Ferry Building is "Man-of-war
+Row," where United States and foreign battleships ride at anchor.
+
+[Illustration: PRESIDIO TERRACE]
+
+The cities of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, and Berkeley are directly
+across the bay from San Francisco, on the east shore. Like New York, San
+Francisco is the center of a large metropolitan district, and the
+residents of these neighboring cities daily travel to their work in San
+Francisco on the ferries. For several years there has been talk of
+uniting these cities with San Francisco. If this plan were carried out,
+it would add over 350,000 to San Francisco's present population, which is
+between 400,000 and 500,000.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER OF JEWELS OF THE PANAMA-PACIFIC EXPOSITION]
+
+The University of California, in Berkeley, has nearly 7000 students,
+tuition being free to residents of California. The Leland Stanford
+University, 30 miles from San Francisco, is another noted institution in
+the state.
+
+[Illustration: IN GOLDEN GATE PARK]
+
+To the north of the Golden Gate is Mt. Tamalpais, 2592 feet high,
+overlooking the bay and San Francisco. To the south is the Presidio, the
+United States military reservation, covering 1542 acres. Here are the
+harbor fortifications and the headquarters of the western division of the
+United States Army. Fronting on the ocean beach and extending eastward
+for 4 miles is Golden Gate Park, the largest of San Francisco's many
+parks and squares.
+
+[Illustration: IN FRONT OF THE EXPOSITION'S PALACE OF FINE ARTS]
+
+Occupying part of the Presidio and facing the water at the northern end
+of the city is the site of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition,
+held in 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal. That the
+citizens of San Francisco look to the future was shown at a gathering of
+business men in 1910, when more than $4,000,000 was raised in two hours
+for this Panama exposition. The climate of the city (averaging more than
+50 degrees in winter and less than 60 degrees in summer), the beauties
+and wonders of California, the romantic history of the city, exhibits
+from many parts of the world--all these, the citizens knew, would attract
+thousands of visitors from afar and make known to the world the
+advantages and prosperity of the Far West and its chief city, San
+Francisco.
+
+
+                            =SAN FRANCISCO=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), over 400,000 (416,912).
+
+  Eleventh city according to population.
+
+  Largest city of the Western States.
+
+  One of the finest harbors in the world.
+
+  The natural shipping point for the products of the rich state of
+  California.
+
+  Chief center for the trade of the United States with the Orient.
+
+  Leads all American cities in the shipment of wheat.
+
+  Has great canning and preserving industries.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Find by measurements on a map of the United States the distance of
+      San Francisco from New York City in a direct line.
+
+   2. Find by consulting time tables or by inquiry of some railroad
+      official how long it would take to make the journey from New York
+      to San Francisco, and what railroad system might be used. Answer
+      this question, applying it to your own city.
+
+   3. Who founded San Francisco, and what was it first called?
+
+   4. When and how did San Francisco become an American possession?
+
+   5. Of what was the great wealth of California supposed to consist at
+      first? What is the great wealth of the state considered to be
+      to-day?
+
+   6. What are the chief exports of the city, and to what countries are
+      they sent?
+
+   7. What are the chief imports of the city?
+
+   8. What are the great advantages of San Francisco Bay?
+
+   9. When did the great fire at San Francisco occur, and what damage was
+      done?
+
+  10. What benefit will San Francisco derive from the completion of the
+      Panama Canal?
+
+  11. Why is the ferry system of San Francisco so important?
+
+  12. Name four cities across the bay from San Francisco, and tell how
+      they are related to that city.
+
+  13. Tell something of the fishing industry of San Francisco.
+
+  14. Does the name "Golden Gate" seem appropriate to you? Why?
+
+  15. Name the chief industries of San Francisco.
+
+  16. Describe the location of the city.
+
+  17. Find out how many days' journey by steamship are the following
+      places from San Francisco:
+
+                       Honolulu        Shanghai
+                       Manila          Yokohama
+                       Sydney          Buenos Aires
+
+
+
+
+                              NEW ORLEANS
+
+
+The story of New Orleans, the Crescent City, reads like a wonderful
+romance or a tale from the Arabian Nights. As in a moving picture, one
+can see men making a clearing along the east bank of the Mississippi
+River, one hundred and ten miles from its mouth. It is 1718. The French
+Canadian Bienville has been made governor of the great tract of land
+called Louisiana, and he has decided to found a settlement near the
+river's mouth.
+
+At the end of three years the little French town, named for the duke of
+Orleans, stands peacefully on the banks of the great Mississippi, its
+people buying, selling, fighting duels, and steadily thriving until the
+close of the French and Indian War. Then France cedes Louisiana to Spain,
+and for some years New Orleans is under Spanish rule. In 1800, however,
+Spain cedes Louisiana back to France, and once more New Orleans has a
+French commissioner and is a French possession.
+
+Again the scene changes. Energetic, sturdy men sail down the river, land
+in the quaint little town, and march to the Cabildo, or Government Hall,
+where they receive the keys of the town. Because of the Louisiana
+Purchase, New Orleans with all its inhabitants--Spanish, French,
+Italians, and Jews--is being given over to the United States. The French
+flag is taken down, and the Stars and Stripes are unfurled over what was,
+and is to-day, the least American of all American cities.
+
+[Illustration: WHERE NEW ORLEANS STANDS]
+
+As the history of New Orleans unrolls, one follows the thrilling scenes
+of a great battle. It is in the War of 1812, and on the last day of
+December, 1814, the British begin an attack on the city, with an army of
+10,000 trained soldiers. They mean to capture New Orleans and gain
+control of Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi.
+
+Andrew Jackson commands the American forces, made up of regulars,
+militia, pirates, negroes, and volunteers, numbering only about half the
+attacking British army. Day after day goes by with no great victory
+gained on either side, until Sunday, January 8, dawns. With the daylight,
+the British commence a furious assault. But Jackson and his men are ready
+for them. Rushing back and forth along his line of defense, the commander
+cries out, "Stand by your guns!" "See that every shot tells!" "Let's
+finish the business to-day!" Many of Jackson's men are sharpshooters.
+Time and again they aim and fire, and time and again the enemy advance,
+fall back, rally, and try to advance once more. But in three short hours
+the British leader and more than 2500 men have dropped, hundreds shot
+between the eyes. It is no use! In confusion the British turn and flee.
+Jackson has saved the city.
+
+[Illustration: THE CABILDO]
+
+In the Civil War the turn of affairs is different. Louisiana was one of
+the seven states to secede from the Union in 1860 and form themselves
+into the Confederate States of America. Of course this made New Orleans a
+Confederate city. Naturally, the north wanted to capture New Orleans in
+order to control the mouth of the Mississippi River. This time the
+attacking force is a Union fleet, and the defenders of the city are
+stanch Confederates who have done all in their power to prevent the
+approach of the Northerners. Across the river, near its mouth, two great
+cables have been stretched, and between the cables and the city are a
+Confederate fleet and two forts, one on each side of the river.
+
+The Union fleet under David Farragut appears, opens fire on the forts,
+and keeps up the attack for six days and nights. Still the forts hold
+out. Then Farragut decides that since he cannot take the forts he will
+run his ships past them. But there are the cables blocking his way. The
+steamer _Itasca_ undertakes to break them and rushes upon them under a
+raking fire from both forts. The cables snap. That night the Union ships,
+in single file, start up the river. At last the forts are passed and the
+Confederate ships overcome, but not the spirit of the people of New
+Orleans. They fight to the finish as best they can. Cotton bales are
+piled on rafts, set afire, and floated downstream among the Union ships.
+Still the ships come on. At least the Northerners shall not take the
+valuable stores of cotton, sugar, and molasses! So the cotton ships are
+fired, and hogsheads of molasses and barrels of sugar are hurriedly
+destroyed. When the Union forces land and takes possession, the people of
+New Orleans, though heartbroken, know that they have done their best.
+
+Then comes peace. The war is over, and New Orleans is once more a city of
+the United States.
+
+To-day New Orleans presents the unusual combination of an old city, full
+of historic interest, and a splendid new city, a place of industry,
+progress, and opportunity.
+
+The successful building of a great city on the site of New Orleans is a
+triumph of engineering skill. As the city lies below the high-water mark
+of the Mississippi, it was necessary to build great banks of earth to
+hold back the water in the flood season. These levees, as they are
+called, form the water front of the city.
+
+In the early days the only drinking-water in New Orleans was rain water
+caught from the roofs and stored in cisterns. Imagine a city without a
+single cellar. Then not even a grave could be dug in the marshy soil. The
+cemeteries were all aboveground. In some cemeteries there were tiers of
+little vaults, one above the other, in which the dead were laid. In
+others, magnificent tombs provided resting places for the wealthy. Such
+was old New Orleans. To-day modern sewers and huge steam pumps draw off
+the sewage and excess water, discharging them into the river, while a
+splendid water system filters water taken from higher up the river,
+giving a supply as pure as that enjoyed by any city in our land. The
+marshes have been drained by the construction of canals, which are used
+as highways for bringing raw materials from the surrounding country to
+the factories of New Orleans. Many of these canals extend for miles into
+the interior of the state of Louisiana.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS]
+
+The city proper covers nearly two hundred square miles and is laid out in
+beautiful streets, parks, and driveways, crossed in many places by
+picturesque waterways. Here are splendid trees, belonging both to the
+temperate zone and to the tropics. Palms and cypresses abound. In the
+City Park is one of the finest groves of live oaks in the world. Audubon
+Park, named for the great lover of birds, who was born near this city,
+is another of the beautiful parks of New Orleans.
+
+[Illustration: CANAL STREET]
+
+Canal Street divides New Orleans into two sections, with the Old Town, or
+French Quarter, on one side and the New Town, or American Quarter, on the
+other. This is the main thoroughfare of the city. It is a wide street,
+well-kept and busy. Here are many of the great retail stores, and to this
+street comes every car line. From Canal Street one may take a car to any
+section of the city, and a car taken in any part of New Orleans will
+sooner or later bring one to Canal Street. On this street are handsome
+stores, club buildings, hotels, railroad stations, and the United States
+customhouse. The upper end of the street is a beautiful residence
+section, whose houses are surrounded by spacious lawns and fine trees.
+Almost all of these houses have wide galleries, or verandas, upon which
+their owners may sit and enjoy, all the year round, the balmy air of the
+southern climate. Very seldom does the temperature drop below 30 degrees
+Fahrenheit. Usually it is between 50 and 60 degrees, and even in summer
+it varies only between 75 and 90 degrees. New Orleans is really cooler in
+summer than some of our northern cities, being so surrounded by river and
+lakes.
+
+[Illustration: A CREOLE COURTYARD]
+
+The old New Orleans lies northeast of Canal Street. Here the early
+settlers established their homes, and in this French Quarter the French
+language is still in common use, and many old French customs are
+observed. The streets, many of which bear French names, are narrow and
+roughly paved and are closely built up with old-fashioned brick buildings
+ornamented with iron verandas. Open gateways in the front of many a
+gloomy-looking house give us a glimpse of attractive interior courts, gay
+with flowers and splashing fountains. Many other courts, alas, are
+deserted or neglected, for this is no longer the fashionable section of
+New Orleans. Most of the city's creole population lives in the French
+Quarter. These people are the descendants of the early French and Spanish
+inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: JACKSON SQUARE AND THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. LOUIS]
+
+In the French Quarter is Jackson Square, which was the center of
+governmental life in the early years of the city. Here are the
+Cabildo--the old Spanish court building--and the Cathedral of St. Louis,
+an old and beautiful church. On Chartres Street is the Archiepiscopal
+Palace, said to be the oldest public building in the Mississippi Valley.
+
+[Illustration: BAYOU ST. JOHN]
+
+The French Market is one of the world's famous market places. In the long
+low buildings occupying four city blocks may be found fruits, vegetables,
+meats, fish, and game in wonderful variety. To the Oyster Lugger Landing
+come the oyster boats, bringing from the bays of the Gulf coast some of
+the finest oysters in America. Other points of interest in the French
+Quarter are the Royal Hotel, formerly known as the St. Louis Hotel; the
+United States mint; the Soldiers' Home, whose gardens are noted for their
+beauty; Bayou St. John, a picturesque waterway; and Jackson Barracks.
+
+[Illustration: ST. ROCH'S CHAPEL]
+
+Two other places must not be slighted. In the Ursuline convent stands a
+statue before which, on January 8, 1815, the nuns prayed for the success
+of the Americans in the battle of New Orleans. Then there is St. Roch's
+Shrine, a chapel built by Father Thevis. Each stone in it was placed by
+his own hands, in fulfillment of a vow that "if none of his parishioners
+should die of an epidemic, he would, stone by stone, build a chapel in
+thanksgiving to God." This ancient shrine is visited by thousands of
+people every year.
+
+To the southwest of Canal Street is the American Quarter. This was
+originally a tract of land, known as the Terre Commune, reserved by the
+French government for public use. But after a while the land was laid out
+in streets. Soon the merchants of this section began to trade with the
+North and West. The river boats landed in front of the Faubourg St.
+Marie, as this part of the city was then called, bringing tobacco,
+cotton, pork, beef, corn, flour, and fabrics. Commercial buildings sprang
+up, and as the trade was distinctly American, the district came to be
+known as the American Quarter.
+
+In the days when the French Quarter was all there was of New Orleans, the
+city was in the shape of a half moon or crescent. The newer part of the
+city follows the course of the river and makes the New Orleans of to-day
+more like a letter S.
+
+[Illustration: ST. CHARLES AVENUE]
+
+St. Charles Avenue is the most beautiful residential street in the
+American Quarter. It is a wide avenue with driveways on either side of a
+grassy parkway. Rows of trees, many of them stately palms, border the
+avenue. Here are splendid homes, each with its flower beds and gardens of
+tropical plants.
+
+Churches and charitable institutions abound in New Orleans. One of the
+latter, Touro Infirmary, covers an entire city block. This infirmary was
+endowed by Judah Touro, a Jew, and is supported by Jews, but receives
+sufferers of any creed. In its courtyard is a fountain erected by the
+Hebrew children of New Orleans.
+
+Tulane University is the most renowned educational institution in the
+city, and is noted for its medical and engineering departments. On
+Washington Avenue is the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for young
+women, which is the women's department of Tulane University.
+
+The great hotels and many restaurants of the city are noted throughout
+the United States. The creole cooks have made famous such dishes as
+chicken gumbo, chicken a la creole, and pompano.
+
+The country around New Orleans is one of the richest in the world. Within
+a few hours' ride of the city are great fields of cotton, sugar, and
+rice. Two hundred miles from the city are immense deposits of sulphur and
+salt. Oil fields are within easy reach, and coal is brought by water from
+the mines of Alabama and even from Pennsylvania. Great forests to the
+north furnish lumber which is transported by water to the city, making
+New Orleans one of the foremost ports in lumber exportation.
+
+The immense sugar-cane fields of the South look very much like the
+cornfields of the more northern states. Negroes cut the cane close to the
+ground, as the lower part of the stalk has the most sugar. After the
+leaves and tops have been trimmed off, the stalks are shipped to the
+presses, cut into small pieces, and crushed between heavy rollers. The
+juice is strained, boiled, and worked over to remove the impurities, and
+then, in a brownish mass called raw sugar, is sent to great refineries to
+be made by more boiling and other processes into the white sugar we use
+daily. This sugar industry is very important, as figures show that each
+American, both grown-ups and children, consumes an average of more than
+seventy pounds of sugar a year.
+
+[Illustration: A SUGAR-CANE FIELD]
+
+[Illustration: A SUGAR REFINERY]
+
+Away down South is the land of cotton as well as the land of sugar, and
+there is no more beautiful sight than a field white with the opening
+bolls of the cotton plant. Between the long white rows pass the
+picturesque negroes with their big baskets into which they put the soft
+fleecy cotton as they pick it from the bolls. The raw cotton is then
+sent to the cotton gin, where the seeds are taken out to be made into
+cottonseed oil. The cotton itself is shipped to factories where it is
+made into thread and cotton cloth of all kinds. In addition to the
+immense quantities sent to the mills in various parts of the United
+States, New Orleans ships to Europe each year over $100,000,000 worth.
+When the cotton reaches the city it is in the form of bales covered with
+coarse cloth and bound with iron bands. The great steamers waiting at the
+dock must fill their holds to the best advantage in order that they may
+carry as large an amount as possible on each voyage. The cotton as it
+comes from the plantation presses occupies too much space. It is
+interesting to stand near the steamship landings and see the workmen cast
+off the iron bands and place the bales between the powerful jaws of huge
+presses which seem, almost without effort, to close down upon the mass of
+fleecy whiteness and cause it to shrink from four feet to about one foot
+in thickness. While the cotton is still under pressure, iron bands are
+once more placed upon it, and the bale is then taken from the press.
+After this process four bales can be loaded on the steamer in the space
+which one plantation bale would have occupied.
+
+[Illustration: A BANANA CONVEYOR]
+
+The location of New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi and close
+enough to the Gulf of Mexico to be called a Gulf port makes it naturally
+the great port of exchange of all the products of the Mississippi Valley,
+the islands of the Gulf, and the countries on the north coast of South
+America. It is the second largest export port in America and is the
+world's greatest export market for cotton. Oysters and fish in abundance
+are brought to the city from the Gulf, making New Orleans one of the
+largest fish-and-oyster markets in the United States. More bananas arrive
+at New Orleans than at any other port in the world. The great bunches of
+fruit are unloaded by machinery, placed upon specially designed cars, and
+sent by the fastest trains to the various parts of the United States.
+With the sugar-producing districts so near, New Orleans is, of course,
+one of our country's chief sugar markets. The largest sugar refinery in
+the world is located here.
+
+We have already mentioned the water front, but this important and
+interesting part of the city deserves more attention. For fifteen miles
+along the river, the port of this great city stretches in an almost
+unbroken line of wharves and steel sheds. The steamboat landings are near
+the foot of Canal Street, and here may be seen the river packets from
+Northern cities and the little stern-wheelers which run up Red River.
+Above is the flatboat landing, and further on still are the
+tropical-fruit wharves and miles of wharves for foreign shipping.
+
+Just below Canal Street are the sugar sheds, where barrels and hogsheads
+of sugar and molasses cover blocks and blocks. At Julia Street are huge
+coffee sheds where more than 80,000 bags of coffee, each bag holding
+about 138 pounds, can be stored in the large steel warehouses. At
+Louisiana Avenue are the huge Stuyvesant Docks, which cover 2000 feet of
+river frontage. One of the big elevators here will hold 1,500,000 bushels
+of grain, another 1,000,000 bushels. Each one can unload 250 cars a day
+and deliver freight to 4 steamships at the same time.
+
+[Illustration: MARDI GRAS PARADE]
+
+While the people of this interesting Southern city are great workers,
+they are quite as fond of play as of work. Their love of music is shown
+by their fine opera house, where celebrated French operas are given.
+Because of its gayety, which attracts many visitors, especially in
+winter, New Orleans has been called the Winter Capital of America.
+
+The city's great holiday is the Mardi Gras carnival, which is celebrated
+just before Lent. The keys of the city are then given over to the King of
+the Carnival, and all day long high revelry holds sway. Brilliant floats,
+representing scenes of wonderful quaintness and loveliness, parade
+through flower-garlanded avenues thronged with people who have come from
+every quarter of the globe. Carried away by the spirit of the fete, these
+guests join with the citizens in turning New Orleans for the time into a
+fairy city of wonder and delight.
+
+
+                             =NEW ORLEANS=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (339,075).
+
+  Fifteenth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  The natural port of export and exchange for the Mississippi Valley.
+
+  The second largest export port in the United States.
+
+  The world's greatest export market for cotton.
+
+  The center of a great sugar industry.
+
+  A great import port for tropical fruit and coffee.
+
+  Splendid harbor and shipping facilities along the river.
+
+  Excellent communications by water and rail with other great American
+  cities.
+
+  Protected by great levees from overflow of the Mississippi River.
+
+  Holds annually a great Mardi Gras carnival.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Tell briefly the story of the settlement of New Orleans.
+
+   2. Can you tell why it was important for the United States to own
+      New Orleans?
+
+   3. Describe the city's part in two wars. What wars were they?
+
+   4. What great natural disadvantages were overcome in improving the
+      city of New Orleans, and how was it done?
+
+   5. State some facts about the principal business street of the city.
+      What unusual arrangement of street cars is found in New Orleans?
+
+   6. Contrast the French Quarter of the past with the same section as it
+      is to-day.
+
+   7. What is interesting about Jackson Square?
+
+   8. Tell what you can of the river front.
+
+   9. What are the chief imports and exports of New Orleans?
+
+  10. Give a brief account of the preparation of cotton, from the field
+      to its being loaded for shipment to foreign lands.
+
+  11. Do you know why so much cotton is sent to foreign countries?
+
+  12. Tell how sugar is made from the sugar cane. Do you know from what
+      else we get sugar?
+
+  13. Tell what you can of the Mardi Gras carnival.
+
+  14. Find by reference to a map of the United States the great cities
+      which may be reached by river steamers from New Orleans.
+
+  15. Why was New Orleans called the Crescent City?
+
+
+
+
+                              WASHINGTON
+
+                           THE CAPITAL CITY
+
+
+Washington, the capital city of our nation, is the center of interest for
+the whole country. Every citizen of the United States thinks of the city
+of Washington as a place in which he has a personal pride.
+
+Here one may see in operation the work of governing a great nation. The
+representatives whom the people have chosen meet in the splendid Capitol
+to make laws for the whole country. The home of the president is here,
+and here are located the headquarters of the great departments of our
+government.
+
+The capital city is a city of splendid trees, of wide, well-paved streets
+and handsome avenues. At the intersection of many of the streets and
+avenues are beautiful parks and circles, ornamented by statues of the
+great men of the nation.
+
+"How," we are asked, "did it happen that the capital of a great nation
+was built almost on its eastern boundary?" The distance from Washington
+to San Francisco is 3205 miles. In other words, Washington is almost as
+near to London as to San Francisco. The answer is simple. The site was
+chosen when the settled part of our country lay between the Allegheny
+Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time most of the land west of
+the Alleghenies was looked upon as a wilderness whose settlement was
+uncertain, while no one dreamed that the infant nation would extend its
+boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+"And why was it decided to build a new city as the nation's capital, on a
+site where there was not even a settlement? Why was not some city already
+established chosen to be the chief city of the nation?" The story is
+interesting.
+
+Before the Revolutionary War the colonies were much like thirteen
+independent nations, having little to do with one another, but during the
+war a common peril held them together in a loose union. With the danger
+passed and independence won, this union threatened to dissolve, but
+thanks to the influence of the wisest and best men in the country the
+thirteen states finally became one nation and adopted the Constitution
+which governs the United States to-day. Then discussion arose as to the
+site of the new nation's capital. Several states clamored for the honor
+of having one of their cities chosen as the government city. The men who
+framed the Constitution were wise enough, however, to foresee difficulty
+if this were done, and insisted that the seat of government should be in
+no state but in a small territory which should be controlled entirely by
+the national government.
+
+After much debate the present location was chosen, and the two states of
+Maryland and Virginia each gave to the federal government entire control
+over a small territory on the Potomac River. The two pieces of land
+formed a square, ten miles on each side. The territory was named the
+District of Columbia, and the city to be built was called Washington in
+honor of our first president, whose home, Mount Vernon, was but a few
+miles away. Later, in 1846, the Virginia part of the District was given
+back, so now all the District is on the Maryland side of the Potomac and
+is no longer in the shape of a square.
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT VERNON]
+
+A firm belief in the future of Washington led to the making of very
+elaborate and extensive plans for laying out the city. But as the public
+buildings began to rise, with great stretches of unimproved country
+between them, many thought the plans much too elaborate and feared that
+the attempt to build a new city would end in failure. It was in the fall
+of 1800 when the government moved to Washington. Then, in 1814, when
+things had taken a start, a dreadful misfortune happened; just a few
+months before the close of the war of 1812, the British attacked the city
+and burned both the Capitol and the White House. In spite of these early
+discouragements and years of ridicule, the capital has fully justified
+the plans and hopes of the far-seeing men who built not for their own day
+but for the years to come.
+
+[Illustration: THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA]
+
+Perhaps one gets the best idea of the city to-day from the height of the
+Capitol's beautiful dome that rises over three hundred feet above the
+pavement. There is a gallery around the outside of the dome, just below
+the lantern which lights its summit, and from here one can see for miles
+in any direction.
+
+Our view of the city from this height shows us that most of the streets
+are straight and run either north and south or east and west. The east
+and west streets are lettered; those running north and south are
+numbered. One might easily imagine four great checkerboards placed
+together, with the Capitol standing at the point where the four boards
+meet. I say four checkerboards, because from the Capitol three great
+streets go to the north, the south, and the east, while a broad park runs
+away to the west, thus dividing the city into four sections. Running
+across the regularly planned streets of these checkerboards are broad
+avenues, many of which seem to come like spokes of wheels from parks
+placed in different sections of the city. These avenues are named for
+different states.
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING WEST FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL]
+
+Close about us is a splendid group of majestic buildings. The Capitol,
+upon the brow of the hill overlooking the western part of the city, is
+the center of the group. To the north and south of the Capitol rise the
+beautiful marble buildings for the use of the committees of the Senate
+and the House of Representatives. To the east is the Library of Congress,
+the most beautiful building of its kind in the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY OF WASHINGTON]
+
+Toward the northwest and southeast runs Pennsylvania Avenue, one hundred
+sixty feet wide, the most famous street in the city. About a mile and a
+half up Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol is another imposing group of
+public buildings. Here are the Treasury Department, the Executive
+Mansion,--the home of the president,--and the State, War, and Navy
+Building. Pennsylvania Avenue leads past the fronts of these buildings
+and on for more than two miles to the far-western part of the city.
+
+[Illustration: A VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE]
+
+Directly west from the Capitol we look along the fine parkways which
+divide the city in that direction just as do the main streets which run
+from the Capitol to the north, east, and south. This handsome series of
+parks is called the Mall. In the Mall are a number of public buildings
+placed in an irregular line stretching west from the Capitol, with
+sufficient distance between them to allow spacious grounds for each
+building. Here we find the home of the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army
+Medical Museum, the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the
+Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the
+Washington Monument.
+
+As we walk around the gallery of the Capitol dome, we see that almost
+every street and avenue is lined on either side with beautiful shade
+trees which give the city a gardenlike appearance. And looking toward the
+south we see the eastern branch of the Potomac meeting the main stream
+and flowing away in a majestic river, over a mile in width. On all sides
+of the city the land rises in beautiful green hills, guarding the
+nation's capital as it lies nestled between the river's protecting arms.
+
+Having this picture of the general plan of Washington, let us visit some
+of the buildings; first of all the Capitol, for it is the most imposing
+as well as the most important building in the city. For a good view of
+the building, walk out upon the spacious esplanade which extends across
+the eastern front. Even here it is hard to appreciate that the Capitol is
+over 751 feet long, 350 feet wide, and covers more than 3-1/2 acres of
+ground. The eastern front shows the building to have three divisions, a
+central building and a northern and a southern wing. Each division has a
+splendid portico with stately Corinthian columns and a broad flight of
+steps leading to the portico from the eastern esplanade.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL]
+
+Every four years a new president of the United States is elected, and
+March 4 is the day on which he takes office. On this day a great stand is
+put up over the steps leading to the central portico of the Capitol, and
+upon this platform a most imposing ceremony takes place. Here the new
+president, in the presence of all the members of Congress, the
+representatives of foreign nations, many distinguished guests, and an
+immense throng of people, takes upon himself the obligations of his high
+office. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court holds a Bible before the
+president, who places his hand upon it and repeats these words: "I do
+solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of
+the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect
+and defend the Constitution of the United States." After the president
+has delivered his inaugural address, a splendid procession escorts him to
+his new home, the Executive Mansion.
+
+[Illustration: WHEN PRESIDENT WILSON WAS INAUGURATED]
+
+Above the central division of the Capitol building, which for many years
+served as the entire Capitol, rises the imposing dome from which we have
+just come. It is crowned with a lantern upon the top of which is placed
+the statue of Freedom.
+
+Across the western front of the Capitol is a marble terrace overlooking
+the lower part of the city. Though the western front is ornamented with
+colonnades of Corinthian columns, it lacks the splendid approaches of the
+eastern side.
+
+This immense building, representing the dignity and greatness of our
+nation, is given over almost entirely to the work of lawmaking. In the
+central part is the large rotunda beneath the lofty dome. The northern
+wing is occupied by the Senate of the United States, while the southern
+wing is the home of the House of Representatives. We enter the rotunda by
+the broad stairs leading from the eastern esplanade and find ourselves in
+a great circular hall, almost a hundred feet in diameter, whose walls
+curve upward one hundred and eighty feet. At the top a beautiful canopy
+shows the Father of his Country in the company of figures representing
+the thirteen original states. About these are other figures, personifying
+commerce, freedom, mechanics, agriculture, dominion over the sea, and the
+arts and sciences. Encircling the upper part of the walls, but many feet
+below the canopy, is a frieze of scenes from the history of the United
+States.
+
+Around the lower part of the walls are eight great paintings. Four of
+them are the work of one of Washington's officers, Colonel John Trumbull
+of Connecticut, and are of great interest because the figures are actual
+portraits of the people represented. These paintings show the signing of
+the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga,
+the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and the resignation of General
+Washington at the close of the Revolution.
+
+[Illustration: STATUARY HALL, IN THE CAPITOL]
+
+From the rotunda, broad corridors lead north to the Senate Chamber and
+south to the House of Representatives. Following the corridor to the
+south, we come to a large semicircular room. When the central division of
+the building was all there was to the Capitol, this room was occupied by
+the House of Representatives, and here were heard the speeches of Adams,
+Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and many other famous statesmen. It is now set
+apart as a national statuary hall, where each state may place two statues
+of her chosen sons. As many of the states have been glad to honor their
+great men in this way, a splendid array of national heroes is gathered in
+the hall. Among the Revolutionary heroes we find Washington, Ethan Allen,
+and Nathaniel Green. A statue of Fulton, sent by New York, shows him
+seated, looking at a model of his steamship. Of all these marble figures,
+perhaps none attracts more attention than that of Frances Elizabeth
+Willard, the great apostle of temperance, and to the state of Illinois
+belongs the distinction of having placed the only statue of a woman in
+this great collection.
+
+Leaving Statuary Hall, we go south to the Hall of Representatives. Here
+representatives from all the states gather to frame laws for the entire
+nation. Seated in the gallery it seems almost as if we were in a huge
+schoolroom, for the representatives occupy seats which are arranged in
+semicircles, facing a white marble desk upon a high platform reached by
+marble steps. This is the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Speaker's
+duty is to preserve order and to see that the business of this branch of
+Congress is carried on as it should be. Before delivering a speech, a
+representative must have the Speaker's permission. The Speaker is a most
+important person, for all business is transacted under his direction. The
+representatives come from every state in the Union, and even far-off
+Hawaii, Alaska, and the Philippines are allowed to send delegates to this
+assembly to represent them in making laws. Think what a serious matter it
+would have been to the people of the far West to have the capital of
+their nation in the extreme Eastern section of the country if the
+development of the railroads, the telegraph, and the telephone had not
+made travel and communication so easy that great distances are no longer
+obstacles.
+
+[Illustration: THE OPENING OF CONGRESS]
+
+But we can pay only a brief visit to the House of Representatives, for
+there is another body of lawmakers in the northern end of the Capitol
+which we wish to see. Back to the rotunda we go and then walk along a
+corridor leading to the northern, or Senate, end of the Capitol. Each
+day, for a number of months in the year, an interesting ceremony takes
+place in this corridor promptly at noon. Nine dignified men, clad in long
+black silk robes, march in solemn procession across the corridor and
+enter a stately chamber which, though smaller, resembles Statuary Hall in
+shape. These men make up the Supreme Court of the United States, the
+highest court of justice in the land.
+
+Often in cases at law a person does not feel that the decision of one
+court has been just. He may then have his case examined and passed upon
+by a higher court. This is called "appealing," and some cases, for good
+cause, may be appealed from one court to another until they reach the
+Supreme Court. Beyond the Supreme Court there is no appeal. What this
+court decides must be accepted as final. The room in which the Supreme
+Court meets was once used as the Senate Chamber, and many of the great
+debates heard in the Senate before our Civil War were held in this room.
+
+The Senate Chamber of to-day is further down the north corridor. This
+room is not unlike the Hall of Representatives in plan and arrangement,
+though it is somewhat smaller. Instead of having a chairman of their own
+choosing, as is the case in the House, the Senate is presided over by the
+vice president of the United States. This high official, seated upon a
+raised platform, directs the proceedings of the Senate just as the
+Speaker directs those of the House of Representatives. There seems to be
+an air of greater solemnity and dignity in this small group of lawmakers
+than in the House of Representatives. It is smaller because each state is
+entitled to send but two senators to the Senate, whereas the number of
+representatives is governed by the number of inhabitants in the state.
+The populous state of New York has thirty-seven representatives and but
+two senators, the same number as the little state of Rhode Island whose
+population entitles it to only two representatives.
+
+The purpose of having two lawmaking bodies is to provide a safeguard
+against hasty and unwise legislation. In the House of Representatives the
+most populous states have the greatest influence, while in the Senate all
+states are equally represented, and each state has two votes regardless
+of its size and population. Since every proposed law must be agreed to in
+both the Senate and the House before it is taken to the president for his
+approval, each body acts as a check on the other in lawmaking.
+
+[Illustration: INAUGURAL PARADE ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE]
+
+Just to the east of the Capitol grounds stands the magnificent Library of
+Congress. This wonderful storehouse of books is a marvelous palace. It
+covers almost an entire city block, and its towering gilded dome is
+visible from almost every part of the city. Once inside, we could easily
+believe ourselves in fairyland, so beautiful are the halls and the
+staircases of carved marble, so wonderful the paintings and the
+decorations. Every available space upon the walls and ceilings is adorned
+with pictures, with the names of the great men of the world, and with
+beautiful quotations from the poets and scholars who seem to live again
+in this magnificent building which is dedicated to the things they loved.
+
+[Illustration: BOTANICAL GARDENS]
+
+In the center of the building, just beneath the gilded dome, is a rotunda
+slightly wider than the rotunda of the Capitol, though not so high. Here
+are desks for the use of those who wish to consult any volume of the
+immense collection of books.
+
+The books are kept in great structures called stacks, 9 stories high and
+containing bookshelves which would stretch nearly 44 miles if placed in
+one line. Any one of the great collection of 1,300,000 volumes can be
+sent by machinery from the stacks to the reading room or to the Capitol.
+When a member of Congress wants a book which is in the Library, he need
+not leave the Capitol, for there is a tunnel connecting the two buildings
+through which runs a little car to carry books.
+
+The Librarian of Congress has charge of the enforcement of the copyright
+law. By means of this law an author may secure the exclusive right to
+publish a book, paper, or picture for twenty-eight years. One of the
+requirements of the copyright law is that the author must place in the
+Library of Congress two copies of whatever he has copyrighted. Hence, on
+the shelves of this great library may be found almost every book or paper
+published in the United States.
+
+Leaving the Library we once more find ourselves upon the great esplanade
+east of the Capitol. In the majestic white-marble buildings to the north
+and south,--known as the Senate and House office buildings,--committees
+of each House of Congress meet to discuss proposed laws.
+
+Having seen the lawmakers at work in the Capitol, let us visit the
+officials whose duty it is to enforce the laws made by Congress.
+
+Chief among these is the president of the United States. His house is
+officially known as the Executive Mansion, but nearly everybody speaks of
+it as the White House. The first public building erected in Washington
+was the White House. It is said that Washington himself chose the site.
+He lived to see it built but not occupied, for the capital was not moved
+to the District of Columbia until 1800, a year after Washington's death.
+
+[Illustration: THE WHITE HOUSE FROM THE NORTH]
+
+This simple, stately building is a fitting home for the head of a great
+republic. In the main building are the living apartments of the president
+and his family, and the great rooms used for state receptions; the
+largest and handsomest of these is the famous East Room. Other rooms used
+on public occasions are known, from the color of the furnishings and
+hangings, as the Blue Room, the Green Room, and the Red Room. There is
+also the great State Dining Room, where the president entertains at
+dinner the important government officials and foreign representatives.
+
+In the Annex, adjoining the White House on the west, are the offices of
+the president and those who assist him in his work. In this part of the
+building is the cabinet room, where the president meets the heads of the
+various departments to consult with them concerning questions of national
+importance.
+
+Across the street from the president's office is the immense granite
+building occupied by the three departments of State, War, and Navy. The
+secretaries in charge of these departments have their offices here,
+together with a small army of clerks.
+
+[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES TREASURY]
+
+On the opposite side of the White House from the State, War, and Navy
+Building is the National Treasury. The Treasury Building is one of the
+finest in the city. To see the splendid colonnade on the east is alone
+worth a journey to Washington. From this building all the money affairs
+of the United States government are directed.
+
+In the Treasury Building and in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing one
+may see the entire process of manufacturing and issuing paper money. In
+the Treasury we see new bills exchanged for old, worn-out bills, which
+are ground to pieces to destroy forever their value as money.
+
+[Illustration: BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, "UNCLE SAM'S MONEY
+FACTORY"]
+
+But to understand the story of a dollar bill or a bill of any other value
+we must visit the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. This building, which
+is some distance from the Treasury Building, reminds us of a large
+printing office, and that is just what it is. Here we are shown from room
+to room where many men and women are at work, some engraving the plates
+from which bills are to be printed and others printing the bills. The
+paper used is manufactured by a secret process for United States money,
+and every sheet is most carefully counted at every stage of the printing.
+Altogether the sheets are counted fifty-two times. Many clerks are
+employed to keep a careful account of these sheets, and it is almost
+impossible for a single bill or a single piece of paper to be lost or
+stolen. After the money is printed it is put into bundles, sealed, and
+sent in a closely guarded steel wagon to the Treasury Building, where it
+is stored in great vaults until it is issued.
+
+[Illustration: A CIRCLE AND ITS RADIATING AVENUES]
+
+At the Treasury we find the officials sending out these crisp new bills
+in payment of the debts of the United States or in exchange for bills
+which are so tattered and torn that they are no longer useful. This
+exchanging of new money for old is a large part of the business of the
+Treasury and calls for the greatest care in counting and keeping records,
+in order that no mistakes may be made.
+
+After the old bills are counted they are cut in half and the halves
+counted separately, to make sure that the first count was correct. When
+the exact amount of money has been determined, new bills are sent out to
+the owners of the old bills, and the old bills are destroyed.
+
+When we have seen enough of the counting of old money, our guide takes us
+down into the cellar of this great building, where we walk along a narrow
+passageway with millions of dollars in gold and silver on either hand.
+All is carefully secured by massive doors and locks, and none but trusted
+officials may enter the vaults themselves. These gold and silver coins
+are made in the United States mints in Philadelphia, Denver, New Orleans,
+and San Francisco.
+
+You see the paper bill is not real money but a sort of receipt
+representing gold and silver money which you can get at any time from the
+Treasury. As we peep through the barred doors of the vaults and see great
+piles of canvas sacks, it is interesting to know that some of the silver
+and gold coins they hold are ours, waiting here while we carry in our
+pockets the paper bills which represent them.
+
+In addition to issuing money, the Treasury Department has charge of
+collecting all the taxes and duties which furnish the money for the
+payment of the expenses of the government.
+
+Washington is a government city. Of its population of over 330,000, about
+36,000 are directly engaged in the various departments of the government,
+while most of the other lines of business thrive by supplying the needs
+of the government's employees and their families. Very little
+manufacturing is done in the District of Columbia, and such articles as
+are manufactured are chiefly for local use.
+
+People from almost every country in the world may be seen on the streets,
+for almost all civilized nations have ministers or ambassadors at
+Washington to represent them in official dealings with the United States.
+These foreign representatives occupy fine homes, and during the winter
+season many brilliant receptions are given by them as well as by our own
+high officials.
+
+[Illustration: CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL]
+
+The people of Washington have built fine churches and many handsome
+schools, to which all, from the president to the humblest citizen, send
+their children. In or near the city are the five universities of George
+Washington, Georgetown, Howard University for colored people, the
+Catholic University, and the American University, where graduates from
+other colleges take advanced work.
+
+[Illustration: ANNEX AND GARDEN OF THE PAN-AMERICAN UNION]
+
+The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote nor do they make
+their own laws, as it was feared there might be a disagreement between
+Congress and the city government if people voted on local matters. All
+laws for the District of Columbia are made by the Congress of the United
+States and are carried out by three commissioners appointed by the
+president with the consent of the Senate. Many inhabitants of the
+District are citizens of the states and go to their homes at election
+time to cast their votes. Isn't it strange that there is a place in the
+United States where the citizens cannot vote?
+
+[Illustration: UNION STATION]
+
+You are, no doubt, beginning to think that the places of interest in
+Washington must be very numerous. This is true, for few cities in the
+world have so many interesting public buildings. Among these are the
+Corcoran Art Gallery; the Continental Memorial Hall, the majestic marble
+building of the Daughters of the American Revolution; and the palatial
+home of the Pan-American Union, a place where representatives of all the
+American republics may meet. Then there is the Patent Office, for
+recording and filing old patents and granting new ones; the Pension
+Office, from which our war veterans receive a certain sum each year; the
+Government Printing Office, whose reports require over a million dollars'
+worth of paper each year; Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln was
+shot; the naval-gun factory, for making the fourteen-inch long-range guns
+used on our battleships; and the Union Railroad Station, whose east wing
+is reserved for the use of the president.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON MONUMENT FROM CONTINENTAL MEMORIAL HALL]
+
+There is one almost sacred spot, upon which the nation has erected a
+splendid memorial to our greatest hero, George Washington. The Washington
+Monument is a simple obelisk of white marble, that towers 555 feet above
+the beautiful park in the midst of which it stands. Those openings near
+the top which seem so small are 504 feet above us and are actually large
+windows. On entering the door at the base of the monument, we pass
+through the wall, which is 15 feet thick, and find an elevator ready to
+carry us to the top. If we prefer to walk, there is an interior stairway
+of 900 steps leading to the top landing. At the end of our upward journey
+we find ourselves in a large room with two great windows on each of the
+four sides. From here we get another view of the hill-surrounded city,
+and the scene which lies before us is inspiring.
+
+The Washington Monument is near the western end of the Mall, that series
+of parks extending from the Capitol to the Potomac River. Near by are the
+buildings of the Department of Agriculture, which has been of the
+greatest help to the farmers of our land by sending out important
+information concerning almost everything connected with farm life.
+Through the Bureau of Chemistry this department did much to bring about
+the passage of the Pure Food Law, which protects the people by forbidding
+the sale of food and drugs that are not pure.
+
+In the spacious park adjoining the grounds of the Department of
+Agriculture is a building which looks like an ancient castle. This is the
+Smithsonian Institution, which carries on scientific work under
+government control.
+
+The National Museum, which is under the control of the Smithsonian
+Institution, has a fine building of its own. This museum is a perfect
+treasure house of interesting exhibits of all kinds. Here may be seen
+relics of Washington, of General Grant, and of other famous Americans;
+and here are exhibits showing the history of the telegraph, the
+telephone, the sewing machine, the automobile, and the flying machine.
+Stuffed animals of all kinds are arranged to look just as if they were
+alive. So numerous are the exhibits that it would require a large book
+simply to mention them. Many of the boys and girls of Washington spend
+their Saturday afternoons examining the wonderful things which have been
+brought to this museum from all parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY FROM ARLINGTON HEIGHTS]
+
+Washington has also a zooelogical park where there are animals from
+everywhere. It is on the banks of a beautiful stream on the outskirts of
+the city and is part of a great public park which covers many acres of
+picturesque wooded country.
+
+We must not omit the Post Office Department, for that is the part of the
+federal government which comes nearest to our homes. Here are the offices
+of the postmaster general and his many assistants. To tell of the wonders
+of our postal system would be a long story in itself. If all the people
+employed by the Post Office Department lived in Washington, they would
+fill all of the houses and leave no room for anyone else. Of course this
+great army of employees are not all in any one city, for the work of the
+post office extends to every part of the United States, and, through
+arrangement with other nations, to every part of the civilized world.
+
+In the country surrounding the city of Washington are several important
+and interesting places. Just across the river, in the state of Virginia,
+are Fort Myer, an army post, and the famous Arlington National Cemetery.
+Arlington was the home of Martha Custis, who became the bride of George
+Washington. At the opening of the Civil War it was the home of the famous
+Confederate general, Robert E. Lee. Then it passed into the hands of the
+United States government and is now the burial place of over sixteen
+thousand soldiers who gave their lives for their country.
+
+On the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, sixteen miles south of the
+city of Washington, is Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of George
+Washington. The spacious old mansion in the midst of fine trees and
+shady lawns looks out over the wide peaceful river which Washington
+loved. To this home Washington came to live shortly after his marriage.
+He spent his time in farming on this estate until he was called to take
+command of the American army. After our independence was won he returned
+to his home and his farm. Once more he was called upon to leave this
+quiet country life to become the first president of the new nation. When
+he had served his country two terms he gladly retired to Mount Vernon,
+where he lived until his death in 1799.
+
+[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S TOMB]
+
+To-day the house and grounds are preserved with loving care. The rooms of
+the house are furnished with fine old mahogany furniture, many pieces of
+which belonged to Washington. In the grounds, not far from the stately
+mansion, is the simple brick tomb where rest the bodies of Washington and
+his wife. During the years which have passed since his death, thousands
+of his countrymen have come to this tomb to do honor to his memory.
+
+As we sail up the Potomac toward the city after our visit to the home of
+the great man whose name it bears, the Washington Monument, the White
+House, the State, War, and Navy Building, the Capitol, the Library, and
+the post office tower above the surrounding buildings and, shining in the
+golden light of sunset, make a picture never to be forgotten.
+
+This city of parks, of broad avenues, of beautiful buildings, belongs to
+the Americans who live in the far-distant states as well as to those who
+live and work in the capital itself. It is our capital and we may justly
+be proud of it, for it is one of the most beautiful cities in all the
+world.
+
+
+                             =WASHINGTON=
+
+                           FACTS TO REMEMBER
+
+  The capital of the nation.
+
+  Population (1910), nearly 350,000 (331,069).
+
+  Sixteenth city in rank, according to population.
+
+  Center of the federal government of the United States.
+
+  Governed entirely by Congress under provision of the Constitution.
+
+  Chief offices of every department of the federal government located
+  here.
+
+  Splendid streets, avenues, parks, and monuments.
+
+  Many magnificent public buildings.
+
+  Very few manufacturing industries.
+
+  A city of homes of government employees.
+
+  One of the most interesting and beautiful cities in the world.
+
+
+                    QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND STUDY
+
+   1. Give some reasons why every citizen of the United States should be
+      interested in Washington.
+
+   2. What interesting buildings are located here, and for what are they
+      used?
+
+   3. What were some of the reasons for selecting the location of the
+      capital city?
+
+   4. After whom was the city named?
+
+   5. In what year did Washington become the capital city, and what
+      disaster visited it a few years later?
+
+   6. Describe the plan of the city, and name one of its famous streets.
+
+   7. Name three interesting groups of buildings: one on Capitol Hill,
+      one on Pennsylvania Avenue, and one in the Mall.
+
+   8. What are some of the natural beauties of the city?
+
+   9. Give some idea of the size and beauty of the Capitol and of the
+      imposing ceremony which takes place there every four years.
+
+  10. Describe briefly the House of Representatives when in session and
+      the duties of its members.
+
+  11. Where does the Supreme Court of the country sit, and why is it
+      called the Supreme Court?
+
+  12. How does the Senate differ from the House of Representatives? What
+      are the duties of senators? How many come from each state?
+
+  13. Why do we have two lawmaking bodies?
+
+  14. Name some of the attractions of the Library of Congress. Tell how
+      its books are stacked and how they are sent to the Capitol, and
+      give some facts about the copyright law.
+
+  15. Tell what you know of the White House.
+
+  16. What two fine buildings are on either side of the White House, and
+      for what is each used?
+
+  17. Describe the making of paper money.
+
+  18. What are the duties of the Treasury Department, and what may be
+      seen in the Treasury vaults?
+
+  19. Tell something about the people of Washington, their chief
+      occupation, and why so many foreign diplomats have their homes
+      here.
+
+  20. How are the city of Washington and the District of Columbia
+      governed?
+
+  21. Name some places of interest in Washington not already mentioned.
+
+  22. Describe the splendid monument by which our greatest hero is
+      honored.
+
+  23. Tell why you would like to visit the Smithsonian Institution, the
+      National Museum, and the Zooelogical Park.
+
+  24. Why are Fort Myer, Arlington, and Mount Vernon very interesting to
+      all citizens of the United States?
+
+  25. To whom does the beautiful city of Washington really belong, and
+      why should we be proud of it?
+
+
+
+
+                           REFERENCE TABLES
+
+
+          LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO POPULATION
+
+                                          RANK
+
+                        London               1
+                        New York             2
+                        Paris                3
+                        Chicago              4
+                        Berlin               5
+                        Tokio                6
+                        Vienna               7
+                        Petrograd            8
+                        Philadelphia         9
+                        Moscow              10
+                        Buenos Ayres        11
+                        Constantinople      12
+
+
+      INCREASE IN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES--NATIONAL CENSUS
+
+  =============+===================================++====================
+               |             POPULATION            ||        RANK
+       CITY    |-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------
+               |    1910   |    1900   |    1890   || 1910 | 1900 | 1890
+  -------------+-----------+-----------+-----------++------+------+------
+  New York     | 4,766,883 | 3,437,202 | 1,515,301 ||   1  |   1  |   1
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Chicago      | 2,185,283 | 1,698,575 | 1,099,850 ||   2  |   2  |   2
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Philadelphia | 1,549,008 | 1,293,697 | 1,046,964 ||   3  |   3  |   3
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  St. Louis    |   687,029 |   575,238 |   451,770 ||   4  |   4  |   5
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Boston       |   670,585 |   560,892 |   448,477 ||   5  |   5  |   6
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Cleveland    |   560,663 |   381,768 |   261,353 ||   6  |   7  |  10
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Baltimore    |   558,485 |   508,957 |   434,439 ||   7  |   6  |   7
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Pittsburgh   |   533,905 |   321,616 |   238,617 ||   8  |  11  |  13
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Detroit      |   465,766 |   285,704 |   205,876 ||   9  |  13  |  15
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Buffalo      |   423,715 |   352,387 |   255,664 ||  10  |   8  |  11
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  San Francisco|   416,912 |   342,782 |   298,997 ||  11  |   9  |   8
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Milwaukee    |   373,857 |   285,315 |   204,468 ||  12  |  14  |  16
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Cincinnati   |   363,591 |   325,902 |   296,908 ||  13  |  10  |   9
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Newark       |   347,469 |   246,070 |   181,830 ||  14  |  16  |  17
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  New Orleans  |   339,075 |   287,104 |   242,039 ||  15  |  12  |  12
+               |           |           |           ||      |      |
+  Washington   |   331,069 |   278,718 |   230,392 ||  16  |  15  |  14
+  =============+===========+===========+===========++======+======+======
+
+
+            THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION OF OUR GREAT CITIES
+
+           ==========================+=======================
+                                     |
+                    CITY             |
+                                     | LEADING COUNTRIES OF
+                                     | BIRTH OF FOREIGN-BORN
+                                     | POPULATION--1910
+                                     +-----------+-----------
+                                     |    First  |   Second
+           --------------------------+-----------+-----------
+           Baltimore                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           Boston                    | Ireland   |  Canada
+           Buffalo                   | Germany   |  Canada
+           Chicago                   | Germany   |  Austria
+           Cincinnati                | Germany   |  Hungary
+           Cleveland                 | Austria   |  Germany
+           Detroit                   | Germany   |  Canada
+           Jersey City               | Germany   |  Ireland
+           Los Angeles               | Germany   |  Canada
+           Milwaukee                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           Minneapolis               | Sweden    |  Norway
+           New Orleans               | Italy     |  Germany
+           New York                  | Russia    |  Italy
+           Newark                    | Germany   |  Russia
+           Philadelphia              | Russia    |  Ireland
+           Pittsburgh                | Germany   |  Russia
+           St. Louis                 | Germany   |  Russia
+           San Francisco             | Germany   |  Ireland
+           Washington                | Ireland   |  Germany
+           ==========================+===========+===========
+
+
+         SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM NEW YORK CITY
+
+                  San Francisco            3182 miles
+                  New Orleans              1344 miles
+                  St. Louis                1059 miles
+                  Chicago                   908 miles
+                  Detroit                   690 miles
+                  Cleveland                 576 miles
+                  Pittsburgh                441 miles
+                  Buffalo                   439 miles
+                  Boston                    235 miles
+                  Washington, D.C.          226 miles
+                  Baltimore                 186 miles
+                  Philadelphia               92 miles
+
+
+            SHORTEST RAILWAY TRAVEL--DISTANCE FROM CHICAGO
+
+                  San Francisco           2274 miles
+                  Boston                  1021 miles
+                  New Orleans              923 miles
+                  New York                 908 miles
+                  Philadelphia             818 miles
+                  Baltimore                797 miles
+                  Washington, D.C.         787 miles
+                  Buffalo                  523 miles
+                  Pittsburgh               468 miles
+                  Cleveland                339 miles
+                  St. Louis                286 miles
+                  Detroit                  272 miles
+
+
+                       TO WHOM WE SELL THE MOST
+                          THE AMOUNT FOR 1914
+
+                  Great Britain         $594,271,863
+                  Germany               $344,794,276
+                  Canada                $344,716,981
+                  France                $159,818,924
+                  Netherlands           $112,215,673
+                  Italy                  $74,235,012
+                  Cuba                   $68,884,428
+                  Belgium                $61,219,894
+                  Japan                  $51,205,520
+                  Argentina              $45,179,089
+                  Mexico                 $38,748,793
+
+
+                       FROM WHOM WE BUY THE MOST
+                          THE AMOUNT FOR 1914
+
+                  Great Britain         $293,661,304
+                  Germany               $189,919,136
+                  Canada                $160,689,709
+                  France                $141,446,252
+                  Cuba                  $131,303,794
+                  Japan                 $107,355,897
+                  Brazil                $101,303,794
+                  Mexico                 $92,690,566
+                  British India          $73,630,880
+                  Italy                  $56,407,671
+
+[Illustration: SOME OF THE GREAT RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES]
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX
+
+
+  Abbey, Edwin A., 128
+
+  Adams, John, 84, 87
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 124
+
+  Alameda, 240
+
+  Allegheny, 182, 184
+
+  Allegheny River, 171, 172, 182
+
+
+  Baldwin, Matthias W., 71
+
+  Baldwin Locomotive Works, 71
+
+  Baltimore, 155-170
+    railroad center, 155
+    harbor, 155
+    industries, 155, 156
+    exports, 155
+    fire of 1904, 156
+    public markets, 160
+    settlement of, 167
+
+  Baltimore, Lord, 168
+
+  Barge canal, 212
+
+  Belleville, 98
+
+  Berkeley, 240
+
+  Bienville, Governor, 245
+
+  Blackstone, William, 105
+
+  Boston, 105-136
+    capital of Massachusetts, 105
+    settlement of, 105
+    divisions of, 107
+    harbor, 108
+    trade center, 119
+    foreign commerce, 121
+    industries, 121
+
+  Boston Tea Party, 84, 122
+
+  Braddock, 173
+
+  Bradford, William, 73
+
+  Brockton, 119
+
+  Brooklyn, 11, 24, 28, 30
+
+  Brooks, Phillips, 127
+
+  Bruceton, 178
+
+  Buffalo, 207-226
+    settlement of, 207, 208
+    named, 209
+    Erie Canal, 210
+    lake port, 211
+    importance of location, 212
+    trade with Canada, 212
+    manufacturing center, 213
+    Niagara power, 213, 216, 224-225
+    iron industry, 214
+    flour mills, 216
+    important live-stock market, 217
+    important lumber market, 217
+    harbor, 221
+
+  Buffalo River, 207, 221
+
+  Bulfinch, Charles, 111
+
+
+  Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 191
+
+  Calumet River, 56
+
+  Cambridge, 116, 117, 131, 133
+
+  Carnegie, Andrew, 184
+
+  Carnegie Steel Company, 175
+
+  Centennial Exhibition, 75
+
+  Charles River, 116
+
+  Chicago, 41-66, 180
+    fire of 1871, 41
+    settlement of, 43
+    harbor, 45, 56, 57
+    becomes a city, 46
+    important railroad center, 54
+    greatest lake port, 54
+    grain market, 55
+    steel industry, 56
+    largest lumber market, 57
+    exports, 57
+    center of packing industry, 61
+    Pullman, 62
+
+  Chicago drainage and ship canal, 54
+
+  Chicago River, 41, 43, 45, 53, 54, 57
+
+  Civil War, 247
+
+  Cleaveland, General Moses, 137
+
+  Cleveland, 137-154, 180
+    settlement of, 137
+    harbor, 141
+    becomes a city, 142
+    industries, 142, 143, 148
+    importance of location, 148
+    manufacturing center, 148
+    largest ore market in the world, 148
+    center of shipbuilding, 148
+    important lake port, 153
+
+  Cleveland, Grover, 224
+
+  Clinton, De Witt, 209
+
+  Coal, 56, 70, 100, 142, 172, 175, 213, 214, 215, 257
+
+  Coal mines, 175
+
+  Commerce, foreign, 35, 57, 121, 231, 259
+
+  Cotton, 257, 258, 261
+
+  Croton River, 18
+
+  Custis, Martha, 294
+
+  Cuyahoga River, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145
+
+
+  Declaration of Independence, 8, 85
+
+  Delaware River, 67, 68, 69
+
+  de Portola, Don Gaspar, 227
+
+  Des Plaines River, 53
+
+  Detroit, 139, 189-206
+    leading port on Canadian shore, 189, 199
+    founded, 191
+    early history, 191
+    growth, 192
+    trade center, 194
+    harbor, 195
+    shipbuilding industry, 195
+    becomes industrial city, 196
+    center of automobile trade, 196
+    industries, 197
+    immense wholesale trade, 198
+    railroad center, 200
+
+  Detroit River, 191, 200, 205
+
+  District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289
+
+  Doan, Nathaniel, 139
+
+  Dutch West India Company, 5
+
+
+  East River, 27, 36
+
+  East St. Louis, 98
+
+  Erie Canal, 9, 193, 209, 210, 212
+
+  Exports, value of, 301
+
+
+  Fall River, 121
+
+  Farragut, David, 248
+
+  Fillmore, Millard, 224
+
+  Fish industry, 121, 239
+
+  Fitch, John, 72
+
+  Fort Dearborn, 44
+
+  Fort McHenry, 169
+
+  Fort Myer, 294
+
+  Fort Pitt, 171
+
+  Foreign-born population, 300
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 73, 84
+
+  French and Indian War, 171, 191, 245
+
+  Fulton, Robert, 72
+
+
+  Girard, Stephen, 79
+
+  Gold, 227
+
+  Golden Gate, 231, 241
+
+  Grain industry, 55, 102
+
+  Granite City, 98
+
+  Gunpowder River, 163
+
+
+  Hale, Edward Everett, 130
+
+  _Half Moon_, 3
+
+  Hancock, John, 124
+
+  Homestead, 173
+
+  Hudson, Henry, 4
+
+  Hudson River, 4, 30, 35, 36, 207, 209, 210
+
+  Hull, General William, 192
+
+
+  Illinois and Michigan Canal, 47
+
+  Illinois River, 47, 53, 93
+
+  Imports, value of, 302
+
+  Increase in population of our great cities, 299
+
+  Iron industry, 171, 172, 214, 233
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 246
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 89
+
+
+  Key, Francis Scott, 169
+
+  Kingsbury, James, 138
+
+  Kinzie, John, 43
+
+
+  Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, 215
+
+  Largest cities in the world, 299
+
+  Lawrence, 121
+
+  Lee, Robert E., 294
+
+  Lewis and Clark expedition, 90
+
+  Louisiana Purchase, 89, 245
+
+  Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 96
+
+  Lowell, 121
+
+  Lumber, 57, 100, 217, 257
+
+  Lynn, 119
+
+
+  Madison, 98
+
+  Manhattan, 4, 11
+
+  McCall Ferry dam, 163
+
+  McKeesport, 173
+
+  McKinley, William, 224
+
+  Mexican War, 227
+
+  Mints, 81, 82, 237
+
+  Minuit, Peter, 5
+
+  Mississippi River, 47, 89, 91, 96, 97, 171, 245, 248, 249
+
+  Missouri River, 90, 93
+
+  Mohawk River, 207, 209
+
+  Monongahela River, 171, 172, 182
+
+  Morris, Robert, 75
+
+  Mt. Vernon, 267, 294
+
+
+  Natural gas, 151, 181, 185, 213
+
+  New Amsterdam, 6, 14
+
+  New Bedford, 121
+
+  New Orleans, 171, 245-264
+    early history, 245
+    in the War of 1812, 246
+    in the Civil War, 247
+    building the city, 249
+    the French quarter, 251, 252
+    the American quarter, 251, 255
+    important lumber market, 257
+    important cotton market, 258, 261
+    Gulf port, 261
+    second export port in America, 261
+    exports, 261
+    important sugar market, 257, 261
+    Mardi Gras, 263
+
+  New York, 3-40
+    settlement of, 4
+    surrendered to English, 7
+    named, 8
+    capital city, 9
+    harbor, 9, 36
+    becomes Greater New York, 11
+    boroughs, 11
+    nation's chief market place, 32
+    imports, 32
+    exports, 32
+    nation's greatest workshop, 32
+    industries, 32
+
+  Niagara Falls, 213, 224
+
+  Niagara River, 190, 191, 209, 212, 219, 224
+
+
+  Oakland, 240
+
+  Ohio Canal, 140
+
+  Ohio River, 93, 137, 139, 140, 171, 172
+
+  Ore, 56, 142, 214
+
+
+  Packing industry, 59, 61, 101, 217, 233
+
+  Panama Canal, 233, 242
+
+  Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 242
+
+  Pan-American Exposition, 224
+
+  Patapsco River, 168
+
+  Penn, William, 67, 74, 75, 76
+
+  Perry, Oliver Hazard, 192
+
+  Petroleum, 180, 213, 257
+
+  Philadelphia, 67-88, 167
+    settlement of, 67
+    manufacturing city, 69
+    commercial center, 70
+    industries, 70
+    United States mint, 81
+    Continental Congress, 84, 85
+    Declaration of Independence signed at, 85
+    capital of the nation, 87
+
+  Pitt, William, 171
+
+  Pittsburgh, 148, 171-188
+    workshop of the world, 171
+    named, 171
+    trade center, 172
+    manufacturing city, 172
+    center of steel industry, 173
+    industries, 173
+    Pittsburgh district, 173
+    mines, 175, 177
+    petroleum, 180
+    natural gas, 181
+
+  Pontiac's conspiracy, 192
+
+  Population of our great cities, 299
+
+  Potomac River, 267, 272, 292
+
+  Pullman, 62
+
+  Puritans, 105
+
+
+  Quakers, 67
+
+
+  Railroads, 9, 49, 58, 70, 93, 110, 142, 150, 200, 211, 213, 238
+    Pennsylvania, 30, 150
+    New York Central, 32, 110, 150
+    Michigan Southern, 49
+    Michigan Central, 49, 200
+    Missouri Pacific, 93
+    Boston & Albany, 110
+    Boston & Maine, 110
+    New York, New Haven & Hartford, 110
+    Nickel Plate, 150
+    Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 150
+    Erie Railroad, 150
+    Baltimore & Ohio, 150
+    Wheeling & Lake Erie, 150
+    Southern Pacific, 238
+    Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 239
+    Union Pacific, 239
+    Western Pacific, 239
+
+  Revere, Paul, 124
+
+  Revolution, War of the, 8, 75, 111, 112, 119, 122, 192, 207, 266
+
+  Richmond, 240
+
+  Rogers, Major Robert, 191, 193
+
+  Roosevelt, Theodore, 224
+
+  Ross, Betsy, 86
+
+
+  Sacramento River, 230
+
+  St. Gaudens, 113, 127
+
+  St. Lawrence River, 190
+
+  St. Louis, 89-104
+    frontier village, 89
+    trade center, 93
+    railroad center, 94
+    favorable location, 98
+    industries, 100
+    distributing center, 102
+    fur, grain, and live-stock market, 102, 103
+
+  San Francisco, 227-244
+    early history, 227
+    growth of, 227, 228
+    "child of the mines," 228
+    San Francisco Bay, 230
+    trade center, 231
+    exports, 231
+    imports, 231
+    industries, 233
+    United States mint, 237
+    leading salmon port, 239
+
+  San Joaquin River, 230
+
+  Sargent, John S., 128
+
+  Sault Ste. Marie, 190
+
+  Saur, Christopher, 73
+
+  Schuylkill River, 68, 75
+
+  Scioto River, 140
+
+  Shaw, Colonel, 113
+
+  Shortest railway routes from Chicago, 301
+
+  Shortest railway routes from New York, 300
+
+  Silver, 228
+
+  Standard Oil Company, 143
+
+  Steel, 56, 71, 173, 180
+
+  Straits of Mackinac, 190
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, 6
+
+  Sugar, 32, 257, 261
+
+  Susquehanna River, 163
+
+
+  Thevis, Father, 255
+
+  Tonawanda, 219
+
+  Touro, Judah, 257
+
+  Trumbull, John, 275
+
+
+  Union Stockyards, 59
+
+  University City, 96
+
+
+  Venice, 98
+
+
+  War of 1812, 44, 192, 209, 246, 268
+
+  Washington, 202, 265-298
+    the capital city, 265
+    location, 265
+    story of, 266
+    District of Columbia, 267, 288, 289
+    plan of the city, 268
+    capitol, 272
+    House of Representatives, 277, 289
+    Supreme Court, 279
+    Senate, 279, 289
+    Library of Congress, 280
+    White House, 282
+    National Treasury, 284, 286
+    Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 285
+    Washington Monument, 291
+    Post Office Department, 294
+    Arlington National Cemetery, 294
+
+  Washington, George, 8, 84, 87, 119, 171, 267, 282, 294
+
+  Westinghouse, George, 185
+
+  Westinghouse Electric Company, 185
+
+  Winne, Cornelius, 207, 208
+
+  Winthrop, John, 105
+
+  Woodward, Augustus B., 202
+
+  World's Columbian Exposition, 63
+
+
+  York, Duke of, 7
+
+                   *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and
+formatting have been maintained.
+
+Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked
+as a misprint.
+
+Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected.
+
+Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_) and text in
+bold with equal signs (=text=).
+
+Captions have been added to the maps on page 69 and 268 as listed in the
+"List of Maps" at the beginning of the book.
+
+The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.
+
+  frontpage: BOOKS I AND II -> BOOKS I AND II,
+  p. 160: here small craft -> crafts
+  p. 225: Important center for. -> Important center for
+  p. 227: Pacific coast, and Don Gasper -> Gaspar
+  p. 239: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe -> Fe
+  p. 248: forces land and take -> takes
+  p. 306: de Portola, Don Gasper -> Gaspar
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Cities of the United States, by
+Gertrude Van Duyn Southworth and Stephen Elliott Kramer
+
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