diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-03 18:01:22 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-03 18:01:22 -0800 |
| commit | 50da17f03d5c6902876d89c725dba240b1fa940a (patch) | |
| tree | a4d5f0f124c3386e7e86e970733a6f774b88cc2c /44849-h | |
| parent | 6630e79d1e601ea516b37a433a06d5cae80c39a5 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to '44849-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 44849-h/44849-h.htm | 669 |
1 files changed, 127 insertions, 542 deletions
diff --git a/44849-h/44849-h.htm b/44849-h/44849-h.htm index c7abecd..a888081 100644 --- a/44849-h/44849-h.htm +++ b/44849-h/44849-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Colouration in Animals and Plants, by Alfred Tylor. @@ -126,47 +126,7 @@ hr.l3m {width:3em; color: #000;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Colouration in Animals and Plants, by Alfred Tylor - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Colouration in Animals and Plants - -Author: Alfred Tylor - -Editor: Sydney B. J. Skertchly - -Release Date: February 9, 2014 [EBook #44849] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOURATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Nicole Henn-Kneif, Tom Cosmas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44849 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 384px;"> <img src="images/cover1.jpg" width="384" height="578" alt="" /> @@ -236,7 +196,7 @@ Where function changes the pattern alters, where function is localized colour is concentrated: and thus the law of emphasis was evolved. Symmetry was a necessary consequence, for like parts were decorated alike, and this symmetry was carried out in detail apparently for the sake of beauty, as in the spiracular markings -of many larvæ. Hence the reason for recognizing the law of repetition.</p> +of many larvæ. Hence the reason for recognizing the law of repetition.</p> <p>With the developing of these ideas the necessity for recognizing some sort of consciousness even in the lowest forms of life was forced @@ -500,10 +460,10 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <span class="ml1">Fig. 12. <i>Papilio podalirius.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 13. <i>Pieris napi</i>, summer form.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 14. Ditto, winter form.</span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 15. Ditto, var. <i>bryoniæ</i> (alpine form).</span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 15. Ditto, var. <i>bryoniæ</i> (alpine form).</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 16. Ditto, summer form, underside.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 17. Ditto, winter form, underside.</span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 18. Ditto, var. <i>bryoniæ</i>, underside.</span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 18. Ditto, var. <i>bryoniæ</i>, underside.</span><br /> Figs. 13-18 illustrate admirably the variations of the yellow and black in the same species. </td> </tr> @@ -514,7 +474,7 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. Ditto, female.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 3. <i>Araschnia levana</i>, female.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 4. Ditto, male.</span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 5. <i>Paragra ægeria.</i></span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 5. <i>Paragra ægeria.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 6. <i>Araschnia porima.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 7. Ditto, var. <i>meione</i>.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 8. <i>Grapta interrogationis.</i></span><br /> @@ -537,7 +497,7 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <span class="ml1">Fig. 1. A planoblast as seen passively floating in the water after liberation.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. The entire hydrosoma of syncoryne.</span><br /> <span class="ml4"><i>a.</i> The spadix.</span><br /> - <span class="ml4"><i>b.</i> The medusæ or planoblasts in various stages of development.</span><br /> + <span class="ml4"><i>b.</i> The medusæ or planoblasts in various stages of development.</span><br /> </td> </tr> <tr> @@ -546,14 +506,14 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <td class="pt1"> <span class="ml1">Fig. 1. <i>Deilephila galii</i>, immature.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. Ditto brown variety, adult.</span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 3. <i>Deilephila euphorbiæ.</i></span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 3. <i>Deilephila euphorbiæ.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 4. <i>Sphinx ligustri.</i></span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 5. <i>Deilephila euphorbiæ</i>, dorsal view.</span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 5. <i>Deilephila euphorbiæ</i>, dorsal view.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 6. <i>Orgyia antiqua.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 7. <i>Abraxas grossulariata.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 8. <i>Bombyx neustria.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 9. <i>Callimorpha dominula.</i></span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 10. <i>Euchelia jacobæa.</i></span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 10. <i>Euchelia jacobæa.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 11. <i>Papilio machaon.</i></span><br /> </td> </tr> @@ -603,7 +563,7 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <td class="caption3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_X">Plate X.</a></span><br /><i>p.</i> 90.</td> <td class="pt1"> <span class="ml1">Fig. 1. <i>Nectarinea chloropygia.</i></span><br /> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. <i>Nectarinea christinæ.</i></span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. <i>Nectarinea christinæ.</i></span><br /> These birds illustrate regional colouration well. </td> </tr> @@ -615,7 +575,7 @@ and very carefully printed by Messrs. Alabaster, Passmore, and Sons.</p> <tr> <td class="caption3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI.</a></span><br /><i>p.</i> 95.</td> <td class="pt1"> - <span class="ml1">Fig. 1. Horse Chestnut, <i>Æschulus hippocastanum</i>, decaying.</span><br /> + <span class="ml1">Fig. 1. Horse Chestnut, <i>Æschulus hippocastanum</i>, decaying.</span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 2. <i>Coleus.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 3. <i>Begonia rex.</i></span><br /> <span class="ml1">Fig. 4. <i>Begonia</i>.</span><br /> @@ -797,7 +757,7 @@ be the case. In the sea we have innumerable instances of protective colouring. Fishes that lie upon the sandy bottom are sand-coloured, like soles and plaice, in other orders we find the same hues in shrimps and crabs, and a common species on our shores -(<i>Carcinus mænas</i>) has, just behind the eyes, a little light irregular +(<i>Carcinus mænas</i>) has, just behind the eyes, a little light irregular patch, so like the shell fragments around that when it hides in the sand, with eyes and light spot alone showing, it is impossible to distinguish it.</p> @@ -1221,7 +1181,7 @@ they feel that safety lies in concealment; and while all the foraging party on the white floor are scuttling away into dark corners, the fortunate dweller on the hearth stands motionless beneath the shadow of the fire-irons; a picture of keen, intense excitement, with -antennæ quivering with alertness. On the clean floor a careless +antennæ quivering with alertness. On the clean floor a careless girl has dropped a piece of flat coal, and on it beetles stand rigidly. They are as conscious as we are that the shadow, and the colour of the coal afford concealment, and we cannot doubt that they @@ -1239,9 +1199,9 @@ this is a kind of natural colour photography; thus reducing the action to a mere physical one. We might as well say the dun coat <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> of the sportsman among the brown heather was acquired mechanically. -Moreover, Wallace distinctly shows that when the larvæ are +Moreover, Wallace distinctly shows that when the larvæ are made to pupate on unnatural colours, like sky-blue or vermilion, -the pupæ do not mimic the colour. There is no reason why +the pupæ do not mimic the colour. There is no reason why "natural photography" should not copy this as well as the greens, and browns, and yellows. But how easy the explanation becomes when memory, the sense of need, and Butler's little "dose of @@ -1623,8 +1583,8 @@ actually possess this power; and no one will ever doubt it if he watches a common hedge-sparrow hunting for caterpillars. To see this bird carefully seeking the green species in a garden, and deliberately avoiding the multitudes of highly coloured but nauseous -larvæ on the currant bushes, arduously examining every leaf and -twig for the protected brown and green larvæ which the keen eye +larvæ on the currant bushes, arduously examining every leaf and +twig for the protected brown and green larvæ which the keen eye of the naturalist detects only by close observation; hardly deigning to look at the speckled beauties that are feeding in decorated safety before his eyes, while his callow brood are clamouring for food—to @@ -1654,7 +1614,7 @@ need to steal close to his prey—he possesses missiles. His arm, in reality, is bounded, not by his finger tips, but by the distance to which he can send his bolts. He is not so directly dependent upon nature; and, as his mental powers increase, his dependence lessens, -and in this way—the æsthetic principle not yet being awakened—we +and in this way—the æsthetic principle not yet being awakened—we can understand how his colour sense, for want of practice, decayed, to be reawakened in these our times, with a vividness and power as unequalled as is his mastery over nature—the master of @@ -1834,7 +1794,7 @@ those limits which alone allow it to reflect the proper waves of light.</p> production, we should expect to find these tints largely used for very special purposes. Such is actually the case. The sense organs are frequently picked out with black, as witness the noses of dogs, -the tips of their ears, the insertion of their vibrissæ, or whiskers, and +the tips of their ears, the insertion of their vibrissæ, or whiskers, and so on; and white is the most usual warning or distinctive colour, as we see in the white stripes of the badger and skunk, the white spots of deer, and the white tail of the rabbit.</p> @@ -1914,7 +1874,7 @@ the strange smell of the city he first visits? and how vividly the scene is recalled in after years by a repetition of that odour!</p> <p>But insects, and, it may be, many other creatures, possess sense -organs whose nature we know not. The functions of the antennæ +organs whose nature we know not. The functions of the antennæ and of various organs in the wings, are unknown; and none can explain the charm by which the female Kentish Glory, or Oak Egger moths lure their mates. You may collect assiduously, using @@ -2339,7 +2299,7 @@ actually find the spot drawn out into a streak.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span></p> -<p>The family of <i>Pieridæ</i>, or whites, again afford us admirable examples +<p>The family of <i>Pieridæ</i>, or whites, again afford us admirable examples of the development of spots. The prevailing colours are white, black and yellow: green <i>appears</i> to occur in the Orange-tips (<i>Anthocaris</i>), but it is only the optical effect of a mixture of yellow @@ -2427,7 +2387,7 @@ the female is expanded into a band in the male.</p> to this colour we may remark that it seems to be itself a development from the white ground-colour of the family in the direction of the red end of the spectrum. Thus in the Black-veined white -(<i>Aporia cratægi</i>) we have both the upper and under surfaces of the +(<i>Aporia cratægi</i>) we have both the upper and under surfaces of the typical cream-white, for there is no pure white in the family. In the true whites the under surface of the hind-wings is lemon-yellow, in the female of <i>A. eupheno</i> the ground of the upper surface is faint @@ -2470,10 +2430,10 @@ edges, that is, whose sides are uninfluenced by structure. In all our British species such as <i>P. machaon</i>, <i>M. artemis</i>, <i>M. athalia</i>, <i>V. atalanta</i>, <i>L. sibilla</i>, <i>A. iris</i>, and some of the Browns, Frittilaries and Hair-streaks, which can alone be said to be striped, the bands are clearly -nothing more than spots which have spread up to the costæ, and +nothing more than spots which have spread up to the costæ, and still retain traces of their origin either in the different hue of the -costæ which intersect them, or in curved edges corresponding with -the interspaces of the costæ. This in itself is sufficient to indicate +costæ which intersect them, or in curved edges corresponding with +the interspaces of the costæ. This in itself is sufficient to indicate their origin. But in many foreign species true bands are found, though they are by no means common. Illustrations are given in <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>., of two Swallow-tails, <i>Papilio machaon</i>, <a href="#Plate_IV">Fig. 11</a>, and <i>P. podalirius</i>, @@ -2484,7 +2444,7 @@ the fore-wings retain traces of their spot-origin in the speckled character of the costal interspaces, and in the curved outlines of those parts. In <i>podalirius</i> the semi-lunar spots have coalesced into a stripe, only showing its spot-origin in the black markings of the -intersecting costæ; and the black band has become a true stripe, +intersecting costæ; and the black band has become a true stripe, with plain edges. Had only such forms as this been preserved, the origin of the spots would have been lost to view.</p> @@ -2494,7 +2454,7 @@ such a point. But very good examples can be found in the same species. A common German butterfly, <i>Araschnia Levana</i>, has two distinct varieties, <i>Levana</i> being the winter, and <i>prorsa</i> the summer form; and between these an intermediate form, <i>porima</i>, can be bred -from the summer form by keeping the pupæ cold. Dr. Weismann, +from the summer form by keeping the pupæ cold. Dr. Weismann, who has largely experimented on this insect, has given accurate illustrations of the varieties. <a href="#Plate_V">Plate V.</a> is taken from specimens in our possession. In the males of both <i>Levana</i>, <a href="#Plate_V">Fig. 4</a>, and @@ -2654,7 +2614,7 @@ the elongation of these latter, and you have the former, and both are nascent ocelli. We here, then, have a regular gradation between spots, bands, and ocelli, just as we can see in insects.</p> -<p>In some larvæ, those of the <i>Sphingidæ</i> especially, ocelli occur, and +<p>In some larvæ, those of the <i>Sphingidæ</i> especially, ocelli occur, and these may be actually watched as they grow from dots to perfect eye-spots, with the maturity of the larva.</p> @@ -3014,7 +2974,7 @@ with pink stripes.</p> <p>In the larval stage many of the animals belonging to the above and allied orders, are very like the true jelly-fishes. These free -swimming larvæ, or <i>gonophores</i>, possess four radiating canals, passing +swimming larvæ, or <i>gonophores</i>, possess four radiating canals, passing from the digestive sac to the margins of the bell, and these are often the seat of colour. In these creatures, too, we find the earliest trace of sense organs, and consequently, the first highly differentiated @@ -3023,11 +2983,11 @@ margins of the bell. The true oceanic Hydrozoa again afford us fine examples of structural colouration. The beautiful translucent blue-purple <i>Velella</i>, which is sometimes driven on to our shores, is a case in point; and its delicate structure lines are all emphasized in -deeper hues. The true jelly-fishes (<i>Medusidæ</i>) with their crystal +deeper hues. The true jelly-fishes (<i>Medusidæ</i>) with their crystal bells and radiating canals, frequently show brilliant colour, and it is applied to the canals, and also to the rudimentary eye-specks, which are frequently richly tinted, and in all cases strongly marked. In -the so-called "hidden-eyed" Medusæ we find the same arrangement +the so-called "hidden-eyed" Medusæ we find the same arrangement of colour, the same emphasized eye-specks, and the reproductive organs generally appear as a vivid coloured cross, showing through the translucent bell.</p> @@ -3119,7 +3079,7 @@ In the white brain-corals, the polyps are vivid red, green, yellow, purple and so on; but in almost every case vividly contrasting with the surrounding parts, the colour changing as the function changes.</p> -<p>The <i>Alcyonariæ</i>, which include the sea-fans, sea-pens, and the red +<p>The <i>Alcyonariæ</i>, which include the sea-fans, sea-pens, and the red coral of commerce, practically bring us to the end of the <i>Cœlenterata</i>, and afford us fresh proof of the dependence of colour upon structure and function. The well-known organ-pipe coral (<i>Tubipora musica</i>) @@ -3182,11 +3142,11 @@ colour of the polypidom (or "coral") and the polyp.</p> <p class="p0"><span class="hidden">T</span>HE Protozoa are divided into three orders.</p> <div class="tdl" style="margin-left:40%;"> - I.—<i>Gregarinidæ.</i><br /> + I.—<i>Gregarinidæ.</i><br /> II.—<i>Rhizopoda.</i><br /> III.—<i>Infusoria.</i></div> -<p>I. The <i>Gregarinidæ</i> consist of minute protozoa, parasitic in the +<p>I. The <i>Gregarinidæ</i> consist of minute protozoa, parasitic in the interior of insects, &c., and like other internal parasites are colourless, as we should expect.</p> @@ -3228,7 +3188,7 @@ regional tints in certain forms.</p> <p class="p0"><i>Red.</i> Eucecryphalus, Arachnocorys, Eucrytidium, Dictyoceras.<br /> <i>Yellow.</i> Carpocanium, Dictyophimus, Amphilonche.<br /> <i>Purple.</i> Eucrytidium, Acanthostratus.<br /> -<i>Blue.</i> Cyrtidosphæra, Cœlodendrum.<br /> +<i>Blue.</i> Cyrtidosphæra, Cœlodendrum.<br /> <i>Green.</i> Cladococeus, Amphilonche.<br /> <i>Brown.</i> Acanthometra, Amphilonche.</p> </blockquote> @@ -3333,7 +3293,7 @@ jelly-fish. These drop off, and swim freely about; and are so like jelly-fishes that they have been classed among them as separate organisms.</p> -<p>The Tubulariæ are all transparent; and in them we find +<p>The Tubulariæ are all transparent; and in them we find structural colouration finely shown, the colour, as is usual in transparent animals, being applied directly to the different organs.</p> @@ -3352,7 +3312,7 @@ as to form a continuous layer upon the free surface of this membrane. It is in the proper gastric cavity of the hydranth and medusa, in the spadix of the sporosac, and in the bulbous dilatations which generally occur at the bases of the marginal tentacles of the -medusæ, that they are developed in greatest abundance and +medusæ, that they are developed in greatest abundance and perfection; but they are also found, more or less <a name="abundantly" id="abundantly"></a>abundantly, in the walls of probably the whole somatic cavity, if we except that portion of the gastrovascular canals of the medusa which is not included @@ -3370,7 +3330,7 @@ various shades of brown; in others it is a reddish-brown, or light pink, or deeper carmine, or vermilion, or orange, or, occasionally, a fine lemon-yellow, as in the hydranth of <i>Coppinia arcta</i>, or even a bright emerald green, as in the bulbous bases of the marginal -tentacles of certain medusæ. No definite structure can be detected +tentacles of certain medusæ. No definite structure can be detected in it; it is entirely composed of irregular granules, irregular in form, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> and usually aggregated into irregularly shaped masses in the interior @@ -3447,12 +3407,12 @@ pulchella</i>, <a href="#Plate_VI">Fig. 2, Pl. VI.</a>, and its medusa, <a href="#Plate_VI">Fig. 1</a>. The endoderm of the spadix of the hydranths is of a rich orange colour, which becomes paler as it descends towards the less highly organized -stem. Medusæ are seen in various stages of development, and one, +stem. Medusæ are seen in various stages of development, and one, mature and free, is shown. In these the manubrium, and the bulbous terminations of the canals are also seen to be coloured orange.</p> -<p>In these medusæ we find the first appearance of sensory organs. +<p>In these medusæ we find the first appearance of sensory organs. They consist of pigment-cells enclosed in the ectoderm, or outside covering; and are singular as presenting the first true examples of opaque colouring in the animal kingdom. They are associated with @@ -3499,21 +3459,21 @@ viz.:—</p> <blockquote> <p class="p0" style="margin-left:40%"> -<i>a. Calycophoridæ.</i><br /> -<i>b. Physophoridæ.</i><br /> -<i>c. Medusidæ.</i><br /> +<i>a. Calycophoridæ.</i><br /> +<i>b. Physophoridæ.</i><br /> +<i>c. Medusidæ.</i><br /> </p> </blockquote> -<p><i>a. Calycophoridæ.</i> These animals have a thread-like cœnosarc, +<p><i>a. Calycophoridæ.</i> These animals have a thread-like cœnosarc, or common protoplasm, which is unbranched, cylindrical, and contractile. They are mostly quite transparent, but where colour exists it is always placed structurally. Thus, in <i>Diphyes</i> the sacculi of the -tentacles are reddish, in <i>Sphæronectes</i> they are deep red, and in <i>Abyla</i> +tentacles are reddish, in <i>Sphæronectes</i> they are deep red, and in <i>Abyla</i> the edges of the larger specimens are deep blue.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a> <a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> -<p><i>b. Physophoridæ.</i> These creatures are distinguished by the +<p><i>b. Physophoridæ.</i> These creatures are distinguished by the presence of a peculiar organ, the float, or <i>pneumatophore</i>, which is a sac enclosing a smaller sac. The float is formed by a reflexion of both the ectoderm and endoderm, and serves to buoy up the animal @@ -3523,7 +3483,7 @@ or Portuguese Man-o'-War.</p> <p>Prof. Huxley, in his monograph on the Oceanic Hydrozoa, gives many details of the colouration; and, not having had much opportunity of studying them, the following observations are taken from -his work. It will be seen that the Physophoridæ illustrate the +his work. It will be seen that the Physophoridæ illustrate the structural distribution of colour in a remarkable manner.</p> <p><i>Stephanomia amphitridis</i>, the hydrophyllia, colourless, and so @@ -3532,7 +3492,7 @@ transparent as to be almost imperceptible in water, cœnosarc whitish, enlarged portions of polypites, pink or scarlet, sacs of tentacles scarlet.</p> -<p>The enlarged portion of the polypites is marked with red striæ, +<p>The enlarged portion of the polypites is marked with red striæ, "which are simply elevations of the endoderm, containing thread-cells and coloured granules." The small polypites do not possess these elevations, and are colourless.</p> @@ -3540,7 +3500,7 @@ these elevations, and are colourless.</p> <p><i>Agalma breve</i>, like a prismatic mass of crystal, with pink float and polypites.</p> -<p><i>Athorybia rosacea</i>, float pink, with radiating dark-brown striæ, +<p><i>Athorybia rosacea</i>, float pink, with radiating dark-brown striæ, made up of dots; polypites lightish red, shading to pink at their apices; tentacles yellowish or colourless, with dark-brown sacculi; thread-cells dark brown.</p> @@ -3590,8 +3550,8 @@ are often of a beautiful blue colour, and the canals of the disk become deep blue as they approach the crest. The polypites may be blue, purple, green, or brown.</p> -<p><i>C. Medusidæ.</i> The structure and colouration of the true Medusæ -are so like that of the medusiform larvæ of the other Hydrozoa, that +<p><i>C. Medusidæ.</i> The structure and colouration of the true Medusæ +are so like that of the medusiform larvæ of the other Hydrozoa, that they need not be particularly described.</p> <p><i>D. Lucernarida.</i> Of this sub-class we need only cite the <i>Lucernaria</i> @@ -3826,7 +3786,7 @@ rosy, with white spots.</p> (riflessi).</p> <p>A few other examples may be given, all of which can be studied -in Dr. André's magnificently coloured plates.</p> +in Dr. André's magnificently coloured plates.</p> <p><i>Aiptasia mutabilis</i> is yellow brown, the tentacles spotted in longitudinal rows, the spots growing smaller towards the tip, thus @@ -3867,7 +3827,7 @@ which gives to them a value of the highest character in the study of biology. In them we can study every variation that geographical distribution can effect; for some species, like the Swallow-tail (<i>Papilio machaon</i>) and the Painted Lady (<i>Cynthia cardui</i>), are almost -universal, and others, like our now extinct Large Copper (<i>Lycæna +universal, and others, like our now extinct Large Copper (<i>Lycæna dispar</i>), are excessively local, being confined to a very few square miles. From the arctic regions to the tropics, from the mountain tops to the plains, on the arid deserts and amidst luxuriant vegetation, @@ -3883,8 +3843,8 @@ with a collection of moths brings out this fact more strongly than words can describe, especially when the apparent exceptions are considered; for many moths are as brightly coloured as butterflies. These will be found to belong either to day-flying species, like the -various Burnets (<i>Zygæna</i>), Tiger Moths (<i>Arctia</i>), or evening flyers -like the Hawk Moths (<i>Sphyngidæ</i>.) The true night-flying, darkness-loving +various Burnets (<i>Zygæna</i>), Tiger Moths (<i>Arctia</i>), or evening flyers +like the Hawk Moths (<i>Sphyngidæ</i>.) The true night-flying, darkness-loving moths cannot in any way compare with the insects that delight in sunshine. We see the same thing in birds, for very few nocturnal species, so far as we are aware, are brilliantly decorated.</p> @@ -4076,7 +4036,7 @@ wing is dusky, and instances are numerous on <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>.</ <p>The scales, which give the colour to the wings, deserve more than a passing notice. They are inserted by means of little stalks into corresponding pits in the wing-membrane, and overlap like tiles on a -roof; occasionally the attachment is a ball and socket (<i>Morphinæ</i>), in +roof; occasionally the attachment is a ball and socket (<i>Morphinæ</i>), in which case it is possible the insect has the power of erecting and moving its scales. The shapes are very numerous, but as a rule they are short. To this there is a remarkable exception on the wings of @@ -4092,11 +4052,11 @@ area.</p> <p>The scales are not simple structures, but consist of two or more plates, which are finely striated. The colouring matter consists of -granules, placed in rows between the striæ, and may exist upon the +granules, placed in rows between the striæ, and may exist upon the upper surface of the upper membrane (epidermal), or the upper surface of the under or middle plate (hypodermal), or the colour may be simple diffraction colour, arising from the interference of the lightwaves -by fine striæ.</p> +by fine striæ.</p> <p>Dr. Haagen, in the admirable paper before mentioned, has examined this question thoroughly, and gives the results set forth in @@ -4170,8 +4130,8 @@ as distinct, but the seals may easily be confounded by the casual observer with the manatees, which belong to quite a different order.</p> <p>Thus it is with the Lepidoptera, for from six-legged insects, whose -pupæ lie buried beneath the soil, like most moths, we pass to the -highest butterflies, whose fore-legs are atrophied, and whose pupæ +pupæ lie buried beneath the soil, like most moths, we pass to the +highest butterflies, whose fore-legs are atrophied, and whose pupæ hang suspended in the open air; and this by easy intermediate stages. Surely, if six-legged mammals were the rule, we should look upon four-legged ones as very distinct; and this is the case with @@ -4186,21 +4146,21 @@ under:—</p> <blockquote> -<p class="hanging">1. <i>Nymphalidæ</i>, having the fore-legs rudimentary, and the pupæ +<p class="hanging">1. <i>Nymphalidæ</i>, having the fore-legs rudimentary, and the pupæ suspended from the base of the abdomen.</p> -<p class="hanging">2. <i>Erycinidæ</i>, in which the males only have rudimentary fore-legs.</p> +<p class="hanging">2. <i>Erycinidæ</i>, in which the males only have rudimentary fore-legs.</p> -<p class="hanging">3. <i>Lycænidæ</i>, in which the fore-legs of the males are smaller +<p class="hanging">3. <i>Lycænidæ</i>, in which the fore-legs of the males are smaller than those of the females, and terminate in a simple hook.</p> -<p class="hanging">4. <i>Papilionidæ</i>, which have six perfect pairs of legs, and in which -the pupæ assume an upright posture, with a cincture round +<p class="hanging">4. <i>Papilionidæ</i>, which have six perfect pairs of legs, and in which +the pupæ assume an upright posture, with a cincture round the middle.</p> </blockquote> <p>It may, at first sight, appear curious that the imperfect-legged -<i>Nymphalidæ</i> should be placed at the head of the list, but this is based +<i>Nymphalidæ</i> should be placed at the head of the list, but this is based upon sound reasoning. The larva consists of thirteen segments, and, in passing to the mature stage, the second segment alone diminishes in size, and it is to this segment that the first pair of legs @@ -4209,7 +4169,7 @@ understand how, in the process of evolution towards perfect aerial structure, the legs, used only for walking, would first become modified; and, naturally, those attached to the segment which decreases with development would be the first affected. When this is found -to be combined with an almost aerial position of the pupæ, we see at +to be combined with an almost aerial position of the pupæ, we see at once how such insects approach nearest to an ideal flying insect. It is a general law that suppression of parts takes place as organisms become specialized. Thus, in the mammalia, the greatest number of @@ -4329,7 +4289,7 @@ forms, as was shown by J. W. Fuller.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32" follows the modification. In the thorax of dragon-flies, too, the principal muscular bands are marked out in black lines. This distinct representation of the internal structure is beautifully shown -in <i>Æschna</i> and <i>Gomphina</i>, and in the thorax of <i>Cicada</i>, as shown +in <i>Æschna</i> and <i>Gomphina</i>, and in the thorax of <i>Cicada</i>, as shown by Dr. Haagen in the paper quoted in the last chapter.</p> <p>We may, then, safely pronounce that the decoration of insects is @@ -4342,7 +4302,7 @@ modification of original structural decoration.</p> <p>To take familiar examples. Newman, in his British Butterflies, figures the varieties of the very common Small Tortoiseshell (<i>Vanessa -urticæ</i>). In the normal form there is a conspicuous white spot on +urticæ</i>). In the normal form there is a conspicuous white spot on the disc of the fore-wings, which is absent in the first variety, owing to the spreading of the red-brown ground colour. This variety is permanent on the Mediterranean shores. In variety two, the second @@ -4366,12 +4326,12 @@ of pre-existing patterns.</p> being impressed with the modification of patterns in almost every possible way. For instance, we have reared quantities of <i>Papilio Machaon</i>, and find great differences, not only in the pattern, but in -the colour itself. A number of pupæ from Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, +the colour itself. A number of pupæ from Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, were placed in cages, into which only coloured light could fall, and though these experiments are not sufficiently extended to allow us to form any sound conclusions as to the effect of the coloured light, we got more varieties than could be expected from -a batch of pupæ from the same locality. The tone of the yellow, +a batch of pupæ from the same locality. The tone of the yellow, the quantity of red, the proportion of the yellow to the blue scales in the clouds, varied considerably, but always along the known and established lines.</p> @@ -4380,7 +4340,7 @@ established lines.</p> admirably treated by Mr. J. Jenner Weir in a paper, only too short, read before the West Kent Natural History Society.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> He divides variations into two sections, Aberrations or Heteromorphism, and -constant variations or Orthopæcilism, and subdivides each into six +constant variations or Orthopæcilism, and subdivides each into six classes, as under:—</p> <table summary="heteromorphism" width="70%"> @@ -4424,7 +4384,7 @@ classes, as under:—</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td colspan="3"><i>Orthopæcilism.</i></td> + <td colspan="3"><i>Orthopæcilism.</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> @@ -4465,7 +4425,7 @@ with equal propriety be classed in either section.</p> locality known to him being the Outer Hebrides. This reminds us of Wallace's remark upon the tendency to albinism in islands. Xanthism, he finds to be more plentiful, and quotes the common -Small Heath (<i>Cænonympha pamphilus</i>) as an illustration. In these +Small Heath (<i>Cænonympha pamphilus</i>) as an illustration. In these varieties we have simply a bleaching of the colouring matter of the wings, and therefore no departure from structural lines. Melanism arises from the spreading of large black spots or bars, or, as in @@ -4533,7 +4493,7 @@ find that of course structure lines are followed, though the pattern is vastly changed. The <i>Papilio merope</i>, <a href="#Plate_II">Fig. 1, Plate II.</a>, which mimics <i>Danais niavius</i>, <a href="#Plate_II">Fig. 3</a>, does so by suppressing the tail appendage, changing the creamy yellow to white—a very easy -change, constantly seen in our own Pieridæ—and diffusing the +change, constantly seen in our own Pieridæ—and diffusing the black. A similar case is seen in <a href="#Plate_III">Figs. 4-5, Plate III.</a>, where a normally white butterfly (<i>Panopœa hirta</i>) mimics a normally dark one of quite a different section. Here again the change is not @@ -4570,7 +4530,7 @@ and often connected by a line. Here the tendency to repetition shows itself strongly, for not only the spiracles themselves, but the corresponding points in the segments without spiracles are frequently spotted, and, moreover, these spots are frequently repeated in rows -above the spiracular line. Of this, <i>Deilephila galii</i> and <i>D. Euphorbiæ</i>, +above the spiracular line. Of this, <i>Deilephila galii</i> and <i>D. Euphorbiæ</i>, <a href="#Plate_VII">Figs. 1-5, Plate VII.</a>, are good examples.</p> <p>The segmentation is also generally emphasized, as shown in all @@ -4579,16 +4539,16 @@ the examples on the plate, but in its simplicity in <a href="#Plate_VII">Fig. 10 <p>Running down the centre of the back a more or less distinct line is often seen, as shown in the figures. This corresponds with the great dorsal alimentary canal lying just below the skin, and -Weismann has shown that in young larvæ this line is transparent, +Weismann has shown that in young larvæ this line is transparent, and the green food can be seen through the skin. We have here, perhaps, a relic of the direct colouration noticed in the transparent cœlenterata.</p> -<p>Where larvæ possess horns either upon the head, as in <i>Apatura -iris</i> and <i>Papilio machaon</i>, or on the tail, as in many of the sphyngidæ, +<p>Where larvæ possess horns either upon the head, as in <i>Apatura +iris</i> and <i>Papilio machaon</i>, or on the tail, as in many of the sphyngidæ, like <a href="#Plate_VII">Figs. 1-5, Plate VII.</a>, these appendages are always emphasized in colour. As they are frequently oblique, we often find that this -obliquity is continued as a slanting spot, as in <i>D. galii</i> and <i>euphorbiæ</i>, +obliquity is continued as a slanting spot, as in <i>D. galii</i> and <i>euphorbiæ</i>, and sometimes repeated as a series of oblique stripes, as in <a href="#Plate_VII">Fig. 4</a>.</p> <p>It must be admitted that in insects we have strong evidence of @@ -4774,7 +4734,7 @@ shrimps, etc., little can be said here, as we have not yet been able to study them with anything like completeness. Still, we find the same laws to hold good. The animals are segmented, and we find their system of colouration segmental also. Thus, in the lobsters and crabs there is no dorsal line, but the segments -are separately and definitely decorated. The various organs, such as the antennæ +are separately and definitely decorated. The various organs, such as the antennæ and eyes, are picked out in colour, as may be beautifully seen in some prawns.</p> <p>When we come to the Mollusca, we meet with two distinct types, @@ -4837,7 +4797,7 @@ rugose, as in <i>Cerithium</i>, or spined, as in <i>Murex</i>. The structure of these shells being more complex than that of bivalves, we find, as a rule, they are more lavishly ornamented, and the prominent parts of the shell, and especially the borders, are the seat of strongest colour. -In some cases, as in adult Cowries (<i>Cypræa</i>), the mantle is reflexed +In some cases, as in adult Cowries (<i>Cypræa</i>), the mantle is reflexed so as to meet along the median line, where we see the darkest colour.</p> @@ -4947,7 +4907,7 @@ There are diagonal markings on some species which illustrate the development of colour-spots already alluded to.</p> <p>This snake-pattern is very singular and striking. The markings -are fewer in number than the vertebræ, yet their true vertebral +are fewer in number than the vertebræ, yet their true vertebral character is most obvious.</p> <p>In Snakes, again, we find the dorsal region is darker than the @@ -4972,8 +4932,8 @@ birds that the breast is the seat of vivid colour.</p> <p>As many birds are modified for protective purposes, the brightest species were selected to test our views, namely, the Birds of -Paradise (Paradisea), Humming Birds (Trochilidæ), and Sun Birds -(Nectarinidæ). In these birds it is clear that colour has had full +Paradise (Paradisea), Humming Birds (Trochilidæ), and Sun Birds +(Nectarinidæ). In these birds it is clear that colour has had full sway, untramelled by any necessity for modification.</p> <p>Nothing is more striking than the mapping out of the surface of @@ -5015,7 +4975,7 @@ following regions mapped in colour:—</p> </table> <p>A beautiful ruff emphasizes the pectoral muscles, and the tail -appendages emphasize the share-like caudal vertebræ.</p> +appendages emphasize the share-like caudal vertebræ.</p> <p>If we turn to the other species of this genus, we find in <i>P. Papuana</i> the claret breast suddenly change to green at the furculum; and @@ -5130,14 +5090,14 @@ ocelot, and jaguar with spots, inhabiting the forests.</p> <p>But the lion has a dark dorsal stripe, and the nose, etc., are emphasized in colour, and, moreover, the lion has probably lost its marked decoration for protective purposes, for young lions are -spotted. The tiger's stripes start from the vertebræ, and still +spotted. The tiger's stripes start from the vertebræ, and still follow the lines of the ribs. In the tiger the decoration changes at -the neck, and on the head, and the cervical vertebræ are often +the neck, and on the head, and the cervical vertebræ are often indicated by seven stripes. See <a href="#fig_5">Fig. 5</a>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> -<p>The markings over the vertebræ are not in continuous lines, as +<p>The markings over the vertebræ are not in continuous lines, as in many mammals, but form a series of vertebra-like spots. This plan of decoration is continued even on the tail, which is coloured more on the upper than on the lower surface.</p> @@ -5196,7 +5156,7 @@ this creature.</p> <p>Certain mammals are banded horizontally along their sides, thus losing most of their axial decoration, and this is well shown among -the Viverridæ, and smaller rodents. Now, however conspicuous +the Viverridæ, and smaller rodents. Now, however conspicuous such animals may appear in collections, they are in their native haunts very difficult to detect. In all cases there is a marked dorsal line; and we suggest that the mature decoration is due to a suppression @@ -5209,10 +5169,10 @@ the very young state it is clearly marked in yellow and brown, with a dark dorsal stripe, and spots, taking the line of the ribs, and over the shoulder and thigh. As the animal grows older, the spots run into stripes, and it becomes as clearly banded horizontally as the -viverridæ. Finally the dark bands increase in width, until they +viverridæ. Finally the dark bands increase in width, until they unite, and the creature becomes almost uniformly brown.</p> -<p>We have not been able to see young specimens of the viverridæ, +<p>We have not been able to see young specimens of the viverridæ, but a similar change may there occur, or it may have occurred in former times. We must also remember that these creatures are long-bodied, like the weasels, and hence they may have a tendency @@ -5277,7 +5237,7 @@ also.</p> <p>Among parallel veined leaves we find parallel decoration. Thus, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span> in the <i>Calatheas</i> we have dark marks running along the veins. In -<i>Dracæna ferrea</i> we have a dark green leaf, with a red border and tip, +<i>Dracæna ferrea</i> we have a dark green leaf, with a red border and tip, the red running downwards along the veins. This action may be continued until the leaf is all red except the mid-rib, which remains green. In long net-veined leaves we may cite <i>Pavetta Borbonica</i>, @@ -5443,7 +5403,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <li><span class="smcap">Hydrophyllia.</span> Gr. <i>hudor</i> and <i>phyllon</i>, a leaf. Leaf-like organs protecting the polypites of hydrozoa.</li> <li><span class="smcap">Hydrosoma.</span> Gr. <i>hudor</i> and <i>soma</i>, body. The - entire organism of a hydrozöon.</li> + entire organism of a hydrozöon.</li> <li><span class="smcap">Hypodermal.</span> Gr. <i>hypo</i>, beneath; <i>derma</i>, skin. In colour, such as lies beneath the surface, as distinct from epidermal. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></li> @@ -5461,9 +5421,9 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <li><span class="smcap">Pneumatocyst.</span> Gr. <i>pneuma</i>, air; <i>kystis</i> a bladder. The air-sac contained in the pneumatophore, see below.</li> <li><span class="smcap">Pneumatophore.</span> Gr. <i>pneuma</i>; <i>phero</i>, to carry. - The float of certain hydrozoa (<i>Physophoridæ</i>.)</li> + The float of certain hydrozoa (<i>Physophoridæ</i>.)</li> <li><span class="smcap">Polypite.</span> Gr. <i>polus</i>, many; <i>pous</i>, foot. - The separate animal or zöoid of a hydrozöon. <i>See</i> + The separate animal or zöoid of a hydrozöon. <i>See</i> <span class="smcap"><a href="#Hydranth">Hydranth</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="smcap">Protoplasm.</span> Gr. <i>protos</i>, first; <i>plasso</i>, I mould. The jelly-like matter which forms the basis of all tissues. It is identical @@ -5525,7 +5485,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Æschna</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Æschna</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5545,7 +5505,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Alcyonariæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Alcyonariæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5625,7 +5585,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">—— larvæ of</td> + <td class="tdl">—— larvæ of</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5769,7 +5729,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Calycophoridæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Calycophoridæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6010,11 +5970,11 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Cypræa</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cypræa</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Cyrtidosphæra</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Cyrtidosphæra</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6046,7 +6006,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Deilephila Euphorbiæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Deilephila Euphorbiæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6090,7 +6050,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Dracæna ferrea</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Dracæna ferrea</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6148,11 +6108,11 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Foraminiferæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Foraminiferæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fuller, W. J., on aquatic larvæ</td> + <td class="tdl">Fuller, W. J., on aquatic larvæ</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6192,7 +6152,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Gregarinidæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Gregarinidæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6312,7 +6272,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Larvæ, colours of</td> + <td class="tdl">Larvæ, colours of</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6400,7 +6360,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Lycæna dispar</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Lycæna dispar</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6470,7 +6430,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Medusæ</td> + <td class="tdl">Medusæ</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6482,7 +6442,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Melitæa artemis</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Melitæa artemis</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6506,7 +6466,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Morphinæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Morphinæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6542,7 +6502,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Nymphalidæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Nymphalidæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6674,7 +6634,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Physophoridæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Physophoridæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6816,7 +6776,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Sertularidæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sertularidæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6872,11 +6832,11 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Sphæronectes</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sphæronectes</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Sphingidæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Sphingidæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6884,7 +6844,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Spiracles of larvæ</td> + <td class="tdl">Spiracles of larvæ</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7008,7 +6968,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">—— <i>urticæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl">—— <i>urticæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7032,7 +6992,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Viverridæ</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Viverridæ</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -7084,7 +7044,7 @@ probably remain intact.</p> <td class="tdrsp"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Zygæna</i></td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Zygæna</i></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> </tr> </table> @@ -7155,7 +7115,7 @@ head-pattern.</i></div></div> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <a href="#Plate_II">Pl. II., Figs. 1-3</a></p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> - Pflüger's Archiv. f. d. ges. Phys. Bd. xxix, 1882, quoted by Romanes. Mental + Pflüger's Archiv. f. d. ges. Phys. Bd. xxix, 1882, quoted by Romanes. Mental Evolution, p. 80, 1883. _Op. cit._ p. 80.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Quoted by Romanes, _op. cit._ p. 81.</p> @@ -7180,7 +7140,7 @@ head-pattern.</i></div></div> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Haeckel. Die Radiolarien, Berlin, 1862.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> - Sollas. Spongidæ. Cassell's Nat. Hist. Vol. vi., p. 318.</p> + Sollas. Spongidæ. Cassell's Nat. Hist. Vol. vi., p. 318.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Allman's Hydroids. Ray. Soc., p. 123.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> @@ -7203,7 +7163,7 @@ head-pattern.</i></div></div> In the true scallop pattern the convexity is turned towards the body of the insect.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> - J. W. Fuller on the Breathing Apparatus of Aquatic Larvæ. Proc. Bristol + J. W. Fuller on the Breathing Apparatus of Aquatic Larvæ. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Entomologist, vol. xvi., p. 169, 1883.</p> @@ -7227,7 +7187,7 @@ head-pattern.</i></div></div> Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.</p> -<p class="pmt2">"Haeckel" and "Hæckel" were used interchangeably and have been +<p class="pmt2">"Haeckel" and "Hæckel" were used interchangeably and have been standardized to "Haeckel".</p> <p class="pmt2">Images interrupting paragraphs have been moved.</p> @@ -7237,381 +7197,6 @@ standardized to "Haeckel".</p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Colouration in Animals and Plants, by Alfred Tylor - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOURATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS *** - -***** This file should be named 44849-h.htm or 44849-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/8/4/44849/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Nicole Henn-Kneif, Tom Cosmas -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at - www.gutenberg.org/license. - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44849 ***</div> </body> </html> |