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diff --git a/44837-h/44837-h.htm b/44837-h/44837-h.htm index d94eb16..65431b9 100644 --- a/44837-h/44837-h.htm +++ b/44837-h/44837-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thirty Years' View, Vol. 2, by Thomas Hart Benton. @@ -146,47 +146,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Thirty Years' View (Vol. II of 2), by Thomas Hart Benton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Thirty Years' View (Vol. II of 2) - or, A History of the Working of the American Government - for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850 - -Author: Thomas Hart Benton - -Release Date: February 5, 2014 [EBook #44837] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTY YEARS' VIEW (VOL. II OF 2) *** - - - - -Produced by Curtis Weyant, Julia Neufeld and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44837 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> <div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 383px;"> @@ -384,8 +344,8 @@ Southern District of New York. <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CIX">CIX.</a></td><td align="left">Message of the President at the Opening of the Regular Session of 1842-'3</td><td align="right">460</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CX">CX.</a></td><td align="left">Repeal of the Bankrupt Act—Mr. Benton's Speech—Extracts</td><td align="right">463</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXI">CXI.</a></td><td align="left">Military Academy and Army Expenses</td><td align="right">466</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXII">CXII.</a></td><td align="left">Emigration to the Columbia River, and Foundation of its Settlement by American Citizens—Frémont's First Expedition</td><td align="right">468</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIII">CXIII.</a></td><td align="left">Lieutenant Frémont's First Expedition—Speech, and Motion of Senator Linn</td><td align="right">478</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXII">CXII.</a></td><td align="left">Emigration to the Columbia River, and Foundation of its Settlement by American Citizens—Frémont's First Expedition</td><td align="right">468</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIII">CXIII.</a></td><td align="left">Lieutenant Frémont's First Expedition—Speech, and Motion of Senator Linn</td><td align="right">478</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIV">CXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Oregon Colonization Act—Mr. Benton's Speech</td><td align="right">479</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXV">CXV.</a></td><td align="left">Navy Pay and Expenses—Proposed Reduction—Speech of Mr. Meriwether, of Georgia—Extracts</td><td align="right">482</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXVI">CXVI.</a></td><td align="left">Eulogy on Senator Linn—Speeches of Mr. Benton and Mr. Crittenden</td><td align="right">485</td></tr> @@ -406,7 +366,7 @@ Southern District of New York. <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXI">CXXXI.</a></td><td align="left">Naval Academy, and Naval Policy of the United States</td><td align="right">571</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXII">CXXXII.</a></td><td align="left">The Home Squadron—Its Inutility and Expense</td><td align="right">575</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXIII">CXXXIII.</a></td><td align="left">Professor Morse—His Electro-Magnetic Telegraph</td><td align="right">578</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXIV">CXXXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Second Expedition</td><td align="right">579</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXIV">CXXXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Second Expedition</td><td align="right">579</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXV">CXXXV.</a></td><td align="left">Texas Annexation—Secret Origin—Bold Intrigue for the Presidency</td><td align="right">581</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXVI">CXXXVI.</a></td><td align="left">Democratic Convention for the Nomination of Presidential Candidates</td><td align="right">591</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXXVII">CXXXVII.</a></td><td align="left">Presidential—Democratic National Convention—Mr. Calhoun's Refusal to Submit his Name to it—His Reasons</td><td align="right">596</td></tr> @@ -436,7 +396,7 @@ Southern District of New York. <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXI">CLXI.</a></td><td align="left">War with Mexico—The War Declared, and an Intrigue for Peace commenced the same Day</td><td align="right">679</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXII">CLXII.</a></td><td align="left">Bloodless Conquest of New Mexico—How it was Done—Subsequent Bloody Insurrection, and its Cause</td><td align="right">682</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXIII">CLXIII.</a></td><td align="left">Mexican War—Doniphan's Expedition—Mr. Benton's Salutatory Address, St. Louis, Missouri</td><td align="right">684</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXIV">CLXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Third Expedition, and Acquisition of California</td><td align="right">688</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXIV">CLXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Third Expedition, and Acquisition of California</td><td align="right">688</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXV">CLXV.</a></td><td align="left">Pause in the War—Sedentary Tactics—"Masterly Inactivity"</td><td align="right">693</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXVI">CLXVI.</a></td><td align="left">The Wilmot Proviso—Or, Prohibition of Slavery in the Territories—Its Inutility and Mischief</td><td align="right">694</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXVII">CLXVII.</a></td><td align="left">Mr. Calhoun's Slavery Resolutions, and Denial of the Right of Congress to Prohibit Slavery in a Territory</td><td align="right">696</td></tr> @@ -448,8 +408,8 @@ Southern District of New York. <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXIII">CLXXIII.</a></td><td align="left">Downfall of Santa Anna—New Government in Mexico—Peace Negotiations—Treaty of Peace</td><td align="right">709</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXIV">CLXXIV.</a></td><td align="left">Oregon Territorial Government—Anti-Slavery Ordinance of 1787 applied to Oregon Territory—Missouri Compromise Line of 1820, and the Texas Annexation Renewal of it in 1845, affirmed</td><td align="right">711</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXV">CLXXV.</a></td><td align="left">Mr. Calhoun's New Dogma on Territorial Slavery—Self-extension of the Slavery Part of the Constitution to Territories</td><td align="right">713</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXVI">CLXXVI.</a></td><td align="left">Court-martial of Lieutenant-colonel Frémont</td><td align="right">715</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXVII">CLXXVII.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Fourth Expedition, and Great Disaster in the Snows at the Head of the Rio Grande del Norte—Subsequent Discovery of the Pass he sought</td><td align="right">719</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXVI">CLXXVI.</a></td><td align="left">Court-martial of Lieutenant-colonel Frémont</td><td align="right">715</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXVII">CLXXVII.</a></td><td align="left">Frémont's Fourth Expedition, and Great Disaster in the Snows at the Head of the Rio Grande del Norte—Subsequent Discovery of the Pass he sought</td><td align="right">719</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXVIII">CLXXVIII.</a></td><td align="left">Presidential Election</td><td align="right">722</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXIX">CLXXIX.</a></td><td align="left">Last Message of Mr. Polk</td><td align="right">724</td></tr> <tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_CLXXX">CLXXX.</a></td><td align="left">Financial Working of the Government under the Hard Money System</td><td align="right">726</td></tr> @@ -825,7 +785,7 @@ put up a wilderness of local banks. I did not join in putting down the paper currency of a national bank, to put up a national paper currency of a thousand local banks. I did not -strike Cæsar to make Antony master of Rome."</p> +strike Cæsar to make Antony master of Rome."</p> <p>The condition of our deposit banks was desperate—wholly inadequate to the slightest pressure @@ -6614,7 +6574,7 @@ nation; let us at least have a field covered with the bodies of heroes and of patriots, and consecrated forever to the memory of a subverted empire. Rome had her Pharsalia—Greece her -Chæronca—and many barbarian kingdoms have +Chæronca—and many barbarian kingdoms have given immortality to the spot on which they expired; and shall this great republic be subjected to extinction on the contingencies of trade @@ -6812,7 +6772,7 @@ their keeping. All this is shown, fully and at large, in a public document now on our tables. And who does not recognize in these collectors and receivers general of France and England, -the ancient Roman officers of quæstors and proquæstors? +the ancient Roman officers of quæstors and proquæstors? These fiscal officers of France and England are derivations from the Roman institutions; and the same are found in all the @@ -6873,7 +6833,7 @@ in another place. Thus it has been for thousands of years, and will for ever be. We read in Cicero's letters that, when he was Governor of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, he directed his -<em>quæstor</em> to deposit the tribute of the province in +<em>quæstor</em> to deposit the tribute of the province in Antioch, and exchange it for money in Rome with merchants engaged in the Oriental trade, of which Antioch was one of the emporiums. @@ -10980,7 +10940,7 @@ statesman accusing another, and before a national tribunal, and upon the events of a public life. More happy than the Athenian orator, the American statesman had no foul imputations -to repel. Different from Æschines and Demosthenes, +to repel. Different from Æschines and Demosthenes, both himself and Mr. Clay stood above the imputation of corrupt action or motive. If they had faults, and what public man is without @@ -14820,9 +14780,9 @@ both inclusive, published pursuant to the act <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Bank of England"> <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Liabilities.</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Assets.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Circulation,</td><td align="right">£18,600,000</td><td align="left">Securities,</td><td align="right">£22,792,900</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Circulation,</td><td align="right">£18,600,000</td><td align="left">Securities,</td><td align="right">£22,792,900</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Deposits,</td><td align="right"><span class="bb">11,535,000</span></td><td align="left">Bullion,</td><td align="right"><span class="bb">10,015,000</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">£30,135,000</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">£30,807,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">£30,135,000</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">£30,807,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>London, March 12.</i></td></tr> </table></div> @@ -15086,11 +15046,11 @@ was wholly in favor of the South; under the Union wholly against it. Thus, in the year 1760—only sixteen years before the Declaration of Independence—the foreign imports into Virginia -were £850,000 sterling, and into South -Carolina £555,000; while into New York -they were only £189,000, into Pennsylvania -£490,000; and into all the New England Colonies -collectively only £561,000.</p> +were £850,000 sterling, and into South +Carolina £555,000; while into New York +they were only £189,000, into Pennsylvania +£490,000; and into all the New England Colonies +collectively only £561,000.</p> <p>These figures exhibit an immense superiority of commercial prosperity on the side of the @@ -15391,7 +15351,7 @@ when ready for admission into the Union, and thus form a free State in the rear of all the great slave States, was equivalent to praying for a dissolution of the Union. Texas, if annexed, would -be south of 36° 30', and its character, in relation +be south of 36° 30', and its character, in relation to slavery, would be fixed by the Missouri compromise line of 1820. The slave trade between the States was an affair of the States, with which @@ -20814,7 +20774,7 @@ million of the circulation; and this change in the mode of collection has operated so beneficially that, though temporary at first, it has been made permanent. The amount fixed was at the -rate of £3,500 for every million. This was for +rate of £3,500 for every million. This was for the circulation only: a separate, and much heavier tax was laid upon bills of exchange, to be collected by a stamp duty, without the privilege @@ -20831,8 +20791,8 @@ specie of the country. She then began to issue notes under ten pounds, having been first chartered with the privilege of issuing none less than one hundred pounds. It was a century—from -1694 to 1790—before she got down to £5, and -afterwards to £2, and to £1; and from that time +1694 to 1790—before she got down to £5, and +afterwards to £2, and to £1; and from that time the specie basis was displaced, the currency convulsed, and the banks suspending and breaking. The government indemnified itself, in a @@ -20841,7 +20801,7 @@ currency which it had authorized; and the extract which he was about to read was the history of the taxation on the Bank of England notes which, commencing at the small composition -of £12,000 per annum, now amounts to a +of £12,000 per annum, now amounts to a large proportion of the near four millions of dollars which the paper system pays annually to the British Treasury. He read:</p> @@ -20851,21 +20811,21 @@ to the British Treasury. He read:</p> <p>"The Bank, till lately, has always been particularly favored in the composition which they paid for stamp duties. In 1791, they paid -composition of £12,000 per annum, in lieu of all +composition of £12,000 per annum, in lieu of all stamps, either on bill or notes. In 1799, on an increase of the stamp duty, their composition -was advanced to £20,000; and an addition of -£4,000 for notes issued under £5, raised the -whole to £24,000. In 1804, an addition of not +was advanced to £20,000; and an addition of +£4,000 for notes issued under £5, raised the +whole to £24,000. In 1804, an addition of not less than fifty per cent. was made to the stamp duty; but, although the Bank circulation of -notes under £5 had increased from one and a +notes under £5 had increased from one and a half to four and a half millions, the whole -composition was only raised from £24,000 to -£32,000. In 1808, there was a further increase +composition was only raised from £24,000 to +£32,000. In 1808, there was a further increase of thirty-three per cent. to the stamp duty, at which time the composition was raised from -£32,000 to £42,000. In both these instances, +£32,000 to £42,000. In both these instances, the increase was not in proportion even to the increase of duty; and no allowance whatever was made for the increase in the amount of the @@ -20876,12 +20836,12 @@ Bank compelled to pay a composition in some proportion to the amount of their circulation. The composition is now fixed as follows: Upon the average circulation of the preceding year, -the Bank is to pay at the rate of £3,500 per +the Bank is to pay at the rate of £3,500 per million, on their aggregate circulation, without reference to the different classes and value of their notes. The establishment of this principle, it is calculated, caused a saving to the public, -in the years 1815 and 1816, of £70,000. +in the years 1815 and 1816, of £70,000. By the neglect of this principle, which ought to have been adopted in 1799, Mr. Ricardo estimated the public to have been <em>losers</em>, and the @@ -20898,13 +20858,13 @@ good in the British paper system. We borrowed the banking system from the English, with all its foreign vices, and then added others of our own to it. England has suppressed the -pestilence of notes under £5 (near $25); we +pestilence of notes under £5 (near $25); we retain small notes down to a dollar, and thence to the fractional parts of a dollar. She has -taxed all notes; and those under £5 she taxed +taxed all notes; and those under £5 she taxed highest while she had them; we, on the contrary, -tax none. The additional tax of £4,000 -on the notes under £5 rested on the fair principle +tax none. The additional tax of £4,000 +on the notes under £5 rested on the fair principle of taxing highest that which was most profitable to the owner, and most injurious to the country. The small notes fell within that @@ -21704,7 +21664,7 @@ received blows; but all conducted courteously; and stings when inflicted gently extracted on either side by delicate compliments. Each morning he returned re-invigorated to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> -contest, like Antæus refreshed, not from a +contest, like Antæus refreshed, not from a fabulous contact with mother earth, but from a real communion with Mr. Calhoun! the actual subject of Mr. Webster's attack: and from @@ -25628,7 +25588,7 @@ Every citizen who is under fifty-two years old has lived all his life under the sub-treasury law, although the law itself has been superseded or avoided during the greater part of the time. -Like the country gentleman in Molière's comedy, +Like the country gentleman in Molière's comedy, who had talked prose all his life without knowing it, every citizen who is under fifty-two has lived his life under the sub-treasury law—under @@ -27026,7 +26986,7 @@ heads; and here is what he says of them:</p> <blockquote> <p>"The law of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cessio bonorum</i> had its origin in -Rome. It was introduced by Julius Cæsar, as +Rome. It was introduced by Julius Cæsar, as a remedy against the severity of the old Roman laws of imprisonment; and his law—which included only Rome and Italy—was, before the @@ -27098,7 +27058,7 @@ are both given. Its nature is that of an insolvent law, precisely as it exists at this day in the United States and in England. Its origin is Roman, dating from the dictatorship of Julius -Cæsar. That great man had seen the evils of +Cæsar. That great man had seen the evils of the severity of the Roman law against debtors. He had seen the iniquity of the law itself, in the cruel condemnation of the helpless debtor @@ -27110,7 +27070,7 @@ the time of the secession of the people to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mons Sacer</i> to the terrible conspiracy of Catiline, were all built upon the calamities of the debtor class, and had for their object an abolition -of debts. Cæsar saw this, and determined +of debts. Cæsar saw this, and determined to free the commonwealth from a deep-seated cause of commotion, while doing a work of individual justice. He freed the person of the @@ -27126,7 +27086,7 @@ Fourth—that act from which our bankrupt system<span class="pagenum"><a nam is compiled; and in two thousand years, and among all nations, there has been no departure from the wise and just principles of -Cæsar's edict, until our base act of Congress +Cæsar's edict, until our base act of Congress has undertaken to pervert it into an abolition debt law, by substituting a release from the debt for a release from jail!</p> @@ -27173,7 +27133,7 @@ appears, however, to be this difference between them: that the creditors are entirely uncontrolled in giving or withholding their concurrence; while, on the part of the trustee, it is -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">debitum justiliæ</i> either to the bankrupt or to +<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">debitum justiliæ</i> either to the bankrupt or to the creditors to give or withhold his concurrence. He acts not as a creditor, but as a judge. To his jurisdiction the bankrupt is subjected by @@ -27292,7 +27252,7 @@ debts by any majority of his creditors whatever. Cession of property—in French, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">la cession de biens</i>—was precisely the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">cessio omnium bonorum</i> of the Romans, as established by -Julius Cæsar. It applied to all persons, and +Julius Cæsar. It applied to all persons, and obtained for them freedom from imprisonment, and from suits, on the surrender of all their present property to their creditors; leaving @@ -28392,7 +28352,7 @@ D. White, Joseph L. Williams.</p></blockquote> <p>The Roman republic had existed four hundred and fifty years, and was verging towards -its fall under the first triumvirate—(Cæsar, +its fall under the first triumvirate—(Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus)—before pleadings were limited to two hours before the <span class="smcap">Judices Selecti</span>. In the Senate the speeches of senators @@ -33203,7 +33163,7 @@ redress for the loss of the vessel, he was soon after indicted by the appropriate grand jury, and has remained ever since in custody, awaiting the regular administration of justice. Guilty or innocent, -however, there he was, under the ægis +however, there he was, under the ægis of the law of the sovereign State of New York, with the full protection of every branch of the government of that State, when the present administration @@ -35294,11 +35254,11 @@ House had a right to interfere in these missions and control them by withholding compensation? and how far it was expedient to diminish their number, and to return to the Jeffersonian -policy? Chargés had been appointed to Sardinia +policy? Chargés had been appointed to Sardinia and Naples: Mr. Ingersoll thought them unnecessary; as also the mission to Austria, and that the ministers to Spain ought to be reduced -to chargéships. Mr. Caleb Cushing considered +to chargéships. Mr. Caleb Cushing considered the appointment of these ministers as giving them "vested rights in their salaries," and that the House was bound to vote. Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> @@ -35449,7 +35409,7 @@ without an object to accomplish, no perpetual succession of ministers, no ministers resident, no exclusion of one party by the other from this national representation abroad, no -rank higher than a chargé except when a special +rank higher than a chargé except when a special service is to be performed and then nationally composed: and the expenses inexorably brought back within one hundred thousand dollars a @@ -36996,7 +36956,7 @@ the wants of the people, might be established.</p> <p>"Under the influence of that spirit, the Senate and the House agreed, 1st, as to the name of the proposed bank. I confess, sir, that there -was something exceedingly <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">outré</i> and revolting +was something exceedingly <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">outré</i> and revolting to my ears in the term 'Fiscal Bank;' but I thought, 'What is there in a name? A rose, by any other name, would smell as sweet.' @@ -38166,7 +38126,7 @@ seen, I could have witnessed that most extraordinary reunion, I should have had an enjoyment which no dramatic performance could possibly communicate. I think that I can now -see the principal <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dramatis personæ</i> who figured +see the principal <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">dramatis personæ</i> who figured in the scene. There stood the grave and distinguished senator from South Carolina—</p> @@ -38876,7 +38836,7 @@ owl will do for this child of long name, and many fathers; but we must have a name, and must continue trying till we get one. Let us hunt far and wide. Let us have recourse to the -most renowned Æsop and his fables, and to that +most renowned Æsop and his fables, and to that one of his fables which teaches us how an old black cat succeeded in getting at the rats again after having eaten up too many of them, and @@ -42578,10 +42538,10 @@ enforcing as well as in the amount of the tax.</p> favorable, and as satisfactory to the United States. Mr. Webster cordially expressed this sentiment in a letter to Mr. Isaac -Rand Jackson, then our Chargé d'Affaires for +Rand Jackson, then our Chargé d'Affaires for Denmark, bearing date June 25, 1842, and also in another letter, two days later, to Mr. Steen -Billé, the Danish Chargé d'Affaires in the +Billé, the Danish Chargé d'Affaires in the United States. In the former letter Mr. Webster praised Mr. Jackson's 'diligence and fidelity in discharging his duties in regard to this @@ -43226,7 +43186,7 @@ from failure of banks in this country, since Mr. Patterson established the banks of England and Scotland at the close of the seventeenth century. The small population of Guernsey and -Jersey hold £200,000 of the stock of this U. +Jersey hold £200,000 of the stock of this U. States Bank. Call it an entire loss, and it is equal to a levy of three or four pounds on every man, woman, and child in the whole community @@ -43412,10 +43372,10 @@ trial, disclosed the following facts: Dr. Griffith, the prosecutor in the proceedings, and who, at the time of the failure of the defendants, had money and securities on deposit with them to -the amount of £22,000, about five years ago empowered +the amount of £22,000, about five years ago empowered them to purchase for him on three different occasions, Danish five per cent. bonds to -the value of £5,000. The defendants purchased +the value of £5,000. The defendants purchased the bonds, upon which they regularly received the dividends, and credited Dr. Griffith with the same on their books. This continued until @@ -43424,7 +43384,7 @@ the embarrassments under which the firm were laboring, sold these securities, together with others with which they were entrusted, and appropriated the proceeds, amounting to over -£12,000, to the use of the firm. This, as we +£12,000, to the use of the firm. This, as we have stated, was no offence at common law, and the indictment was preferred upon a statutory provision found in the 7th and 8th of George IV., @@ -44181,7 +44141,7 @@ to teach) that this renowned scheme of fraud, disgrace, and ruin, was the invention of a London scrivener, adopted by the king and his minister, passed through parliament by bribes -to the amount of £574,000; and that its vaunted +to the amount of £574,000; and that its vaunted object was to pay the debts of the nation, to ease the burdens of the subject, to encourage the industry of the country, and to enrich all @@ -44222,7 +44182,7 @@ South Sea Company. The bill passed without amendment or division; and on the 7th day of April, 1720, received the royal assent. Before any subscription could be made, a fictitious -stock of £574,000 had been disposed of by the +stock of £574,000 had been disposed of by the directors to facilitate the passing of the bill. Great part of this was distributed among the Earl Sunderland, Mr. Craggs, Secretary of State, @@ -44255,7 +44215,7 @@ of holding any office of honor or profit in the kingdom. The president and cashier of the <em>charitable corporation</em>—(which was chartered to relieve the distresses of the poor, and which -swindled the said poor out of £600,000 sterling)—this +swindled the said poor out of £600,000 sterling)—this president and this cashier were pursued into Holland—captured—brought back—criminally punished—and made to disgorge their @@ -44401,7 +44361,7 @@ from the day they issue. 2. The British cancel and destroy their bills when once paid: we are to reissue ours, like common bank notes, until worn out with use. 3. The British make no -small bills; none less than £100 sterling +small bills; none less than £100 sterling ($500), we begin with five dollars, like the old continentals; and, like them, will soon be down to one dollar, and to a shilling. 4. The British @@ -44469,13 +44429,13 @@ each reign:</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="issues"> -<tr><td align="left">Geo. I. in 1727 (one year),</td><td align="right">£370,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Geo. I. in 1727 (one year),</td><td align="right">£370,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Geo. II. from 1727 to 1760 (33 years),</td><td align="right">11,500,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Geo. III. from 1760 to 1820 (60 years),</td><td align="right">542,500,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Geo. IV. from 1820 to 1831 (11 years),</td><td align="right">320,000,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Will. IV. from 1831 to 1837 (6 years),</td><td align="right">160,000,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Victoria I. from 1837 to 1840 (4 years),</td><td align="right">160,000,000</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"><span class="bt">£1 140,370,000</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"><span class="bt">£1 140,370,000</span></td></tr> </table></div> @@ -44566,8 +44526,8 @@ two-fifths to be fictitious; other writers say more; but his authority is the highest, and I prefer to go by it. In his commercial dictionary, now on my table, under the word "<em>funds</em>," he -shows the means by which a stock for £100 -would be granted when only £60 or £70 were +shows the means by which a stock for £100 +would be granted when only £60 or £70 were paid for it; and goes on to say:</p> <blockquote> @@ -52987,9 +52947,9 @@ not their fault that they were not on duty; but ours, in making them so numerous that they could not be employed. He dwelt on the peace establishment of England—for her navy -averaged £18,000,000 in time of war, before the +averaged £18,000,000 in time of war, before the year 1820—but her peace establishment was -now only £5,000,000 to 6,000,000. Gentlemen +now only £5,000,000 to 6,000,000. Gentlemen talk of 103 post-captains being necessary, for employment in commission; while England has only 70 post-captains employed in vessels in @@ -55831,13 +55791,13 @@ countries.</p> <p>Connected with this emigration, and auxiliary to it, was the first expedition of Lieutenant -Frémont to the Rocky Mountains, and undertaken +Frémont to the Rocky Mountains, and undertaken and completed in the summer of 1842—upon its outside view the conception of the government, but in fact conceived without its knowledge, and executed upon solicited orders, of which the design was unknown. Lieutenant -Frémont was a young officer, appointed in the +Frémont was a young officer, appointed in the topographical corps from the class of citizens by President Jackson upon the recommendation of Mr. Poinsett, Secretary at War. He did not @@ -55862,7 +55822,7 @@ as a particular point to be examined, and its position fixed by him. It was through this Pass that the Oregon emigration crossed the mountains, and the exploration of Lieutenant -Frémont had the double effect of fixing an +Frémont had the double effect of fixing an important point in the line of the emigrants' travel, and giving them encouragement from the apparent interest which the government took @@ -55886,7 +55846,7 @@ SPEECH, AND MOTION OF SENATOR LINN.</h3> <p>A communication was received from the War Department, in answer to a call heretofore -made for the report of Lieutenant Frémont's +made for the report of Lieutenant Frémont's expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Linn moved that it be printed for the use of the Senate; and also that one thousand extra copies @@ -55900,7 +55860,7 @@ expedition had been undertaken to the Rocky Mountains, ordered by Col. Abert, chief of the Topographical Bureau, with the sanction of the Secretary at War, and executed by Lieutenant -Frémont of the topographical engineers. +Frémont of the topographical engineers. The object of the expedition was to examine and report upon the rivers and country between the frontiers of Missouri and the base of the @@ -55918,7 +55878,7 @@ barometrical instruments, well qualified to use them, and accompanied by twenty-five <em>voyageurs</em>, enlisted for the purpose at St. Louis, and trained to all the hardships and dangers of the -prairies and the mountains, Mr. Frémont left the +prairies and the mountains, Mr. Frémont left the mouth of the Kansas, on the frontiers of Missouri, on the 10th of June; and, in the almost incredibly short space of four months returned @@ -55927,7 +55887,7 @@ man, and with a vast mass of useful observations, and many hundred specimens in botany and geology.</p> -<p>"In executing his instructions, Mr. Frémont +<p>"In executing his instructions, Mr. Frémont proceeded up the Kansas River far enough to ascertain its character, and then crossed over to the Great Platte, and pursued that river to its @@ -55961,7 +55921,7 @@ country through which it flows.</p> <p>"Over the whole course of this extended route, barometrical observations were made by -Mr. Frémont, to ascertain elevations both of the +Mr. Frémont, to ascertain elevations both of the plains and of the mountains; astronomical observations were taken, to ascertain latitudes and longitudes; the face of the country was marked @@ -55988,7 +55948,7 @@ which proves that boys, as well as men, are able to traverse the country to the Rocky Mountains.</p> -<p>"The result of all his observations Mr. Frémont +<p>"The result of all his observations Mr. Frémont had condensed into a brief report—enough to make a document of ninety or one hundred pages; and believing that this document would @@ -59767,7 +59727,7 @@ and to account for such part of the expenditure of the sum as, in his judgment, might be made public, and he was limited in the sums he might allow to $9,000 outfit, and $9,000 salary to a -full minister—to $4,500 per annum to a chargé +full minister—to $4,500 per annum to a chargé de affaires—and to $1,350 to a secretary of legation. This bill for the Chinese mission was framed upon that early act of 1790, and even @@ -60170,7 +60130,7 @@ design of the bill to cheat the Senate out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page its constitutional control over the appointment. He said the language of the bill was studiously ambiguous. Whether the person was to be a -minister, a chargé, or an agent, was not expressed. +minister, a chargé, or an agent, was not expressed. He now desired to know whether it was to be understood that the person intended for this mission was to be appointed by the President @@ -65627,7 +65587,7 @@ comparison would not be entirely fair. Courts-martial, both of army and navy, since the trial of Admiral Byng in England to Commodore Porter, Commander Mackenzie, and Lieutenant-colonel -Frémont in the United States, have been machines +Frémont in the United States, have been machines in the hands of the government (where it took an interest in the event), to acquit, or convict: and has rarely disappointed the intention. @@ -65957,7 +65917,7 @@ Johnson.</p> <p><span class="smcap">North Carolina.</span>—Willie P. Mangum, Wm. H. Haywood, jr.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">South Carolina.</span>—Daniel E. Hugér, George +<p><span class="smcap">South Carolina.</span>—Daniel E. Hugér, George McDuffie.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Georgia.</span>—John M. Berrien, Walter T. Colquitt.</p> @@ -66088,7 +66048,7 @@ Alexander Harper, Joseph Morris, James Mathews, Wm. C. McCauslin, Ezra Dean, Daniel R. Tilden, Joshua R. Giddings, H. R. Brinkerhoff.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Louisiana.</span>—John Slidell, Alcée Labranche, +<p><span class="smcap">Louisiana.</span>—John Slidell, Alcée Labranche, John B. Dawson, P. E. Bossier.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Indiana.</span>—Robt. Dale Owen, Thomas J. Henley, @@ -66207,7 +66167,7 @@ most rigid, and, as far as practicable, unbiassed examination of the subject, the United States have always contended that their rights appertain to the entire region of country lying on the Pacific, -and embraced within 42° and 54° 40' of north +and embraced within 42° and 54° 40' of north latitude. This claim being controverted by Great Britain, those who have preceded the present Executive—actuated, no doubt, by an @@ -66544,7 +66504,7 @@ which I had been removed, crushing the front rank with its force and weight. Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State; Mr. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy; Commodore Kennon, of the navy; -Mr. Virgil Maxey, late United States chargé at +Mr. Virgil Maxey, late United States chargé at the Hague; Mr. Gardiner of New York, father-in-law that would have been to Mr. Tyler—were the dead. Eleven seamen were injured—two @@ -67608,7 +67568,7 @@ except the white race, remains where it was six thousand years ago. The smokes raised on successive hills to give warning of the approach of strangers, or enemies, were found to be the -same by Frémont in his western explorations +same by Frémont in his western explorations which were described by Herodotus as used for the same purpose by the barbarian nations of his time: the white race alone has made advances @@ -67733,13 +67693,13 @@ a corpse or a prisoner.</p> <p>"The government deserves credit for the zeal with which it has pursued geographical discovery." Such is the remark which a leading -paper made upon the discoveries of Frémont, on +paper made upon the discoveries of Frémont, on his return from his second expedition to the Great West; and such is the remark which all writers will make upon all his discoveries who write history from public documents and outside views. With all such writers the expeditions -of Frémont will be credited to the zeal of +of Frémont will be credited to the zeal of the government for the promotion of science; as if the government under which he acted had conceived and planned these expeditions, as Mr. @@ -67762,7 +67722,7 @@ performance—countermanding the expedition after it had begun; and lavishing censure upon the adventurous young explorer for his manner of undertaking it. The fact was, that his first -expedition barely finished, Mr. Frémont sought +expedition barely finished, Mr. Frémont sought and obtained orders for a second one, and was on the frontier of Missouri with his command when orders arrived at St. Louis to stop him, @@ -67779,12 +67739,12 @@ upon a regular requisition on the commandant of the Arsenal at St. Louis, approved by the commander of the military department (Colonel, afterwards General Kearney). Mr. -Frémont had left St. Louis, and was at the -frontier, Mrs. Frémont being requested to examine +Frémont had left St. Louis, and was at the +frontier, Mrs. Frémont being requested to examine the letters that came after him, and forward those which he ought to receive. She read the countermanding orders, and detained -them! and Frémont knew nothing of their existence +them! and Frémont knew nothing of their existence until after he had returned from one of the most marvellous and eventful expeditions of modern times—one to which the United States @@ -67796,17 +67756,17 @@ course which his daughter had taken (for she had stopped the orders before he knew of it); and he wrote a letter to the department condemning the recall, repulsing the reprimand -which had been lavished upon Frémont, and demanding +which had been lavished upon Frémont, and demanding a court-martial for him when he should return. The Secretary at War was then Mr. James Madison Porter, of Pennsylvania; the chief of the Topographical corps the same as now (Colonel Aberts), himself an office man, surrounded by West Point officers, to whose -pursuit of easy service Frémont's adventurous +pursuit of easy service Frémont's adventurous expeditions was a reproach; and in conformity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[580]</a></span> to whose opinions the secretary seemed to have -acted. On Frémont's return, upwards of a year +acted. On Frémont's return, upwards of a year afterwards, Mr. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, was Secretary at War, and received the young explorer with all honor and friendship, @@ -67818,7 +67778,7 @@ what documentary evidence would make it.</p> <p>To complete his survey across the continent, on the line of travel between the State of Missouri and the tide-water region of the Columbia, -was Frémont's object in this expedition; and +was Frémont's object in this expedition; and it was all that he had obtained orders for doing; but only a small part, and to his mind, an insignificant part, of what he proposed doing. People @@ -67875,7 +67835,7 @@ Ventura</em>: which may be translated, the <em>Good Chance</em>. Governor McLaughlin believed in the existence of this river, and made out a conjectural manuscript map to show its place and -course. Frémont believed in it, and his plan +course. Frémont believed in it, and his plan was to reach it before the dead of winter, and then hybernate upon it. As a great river, he knew that it must have some rich bottoms; @@ -67974,7 +67934,7 @@ towards the acquisition, and the one that led to it. That second expedition led to a third, just in time to snatch the golden California from the hands of the British, ready to clutch it. But -of this hereafter. Frémont's second expedition +of this hereafter. Frémont's second expedition was now over. He had left the United States a fugitive from his government, and returned with a name that went over Europe and America, @@ -70157,7 +70117,7 @@ from its head spring in the <em>Sierra Verde</em> (Green Mountain), near the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains, to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, four degrees south of New Orleans, in -latitude 26°. It is a "<em>grand and solitary river</em>," +latitude 26°. It is a "<em>grand and solitary river</em>," almost without affluents or tributaries. Its source is in the region of eternal snow; its outlet in the clime of eternal flowers. Its @@ -70197,7 +70157,7 @@ its left bank (for I only speak of the part which we propose to <em>re</em>-annex) is, first, the frontier village Taos, 3,000 souls, and where the custom-house is kept at which the Missouri caravans -enter their goods. Then comes Santa Fé, the +enter their goods. Then comes Santa Fé, the capital, 4,000 souls—then Albuquerque, 6,000 souls—then some scores of other towns and villages—all more or less populated, and surrounded @@ -70251,7 +70211,7 @@ with whom we have treaties of peace, and friendship, and commerce? Will it legitimate this seizure, made by virtue of a treaty with Texas, when no Texian force—witness the -disastrous expeditions to Mier and to Santa Fé—have +disastrous expeditions to Mier and to Santa Fé—have been seen near it without being killed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[602]</a></span> or taken, to the last man?</p> @@ -70262,7 +70222,7 @@ miles of her territory without a word of explanation with her, and by virtue of a treaty with Texas, to which she is no party. Our Secretary of State (Mr. Calhoun) in his letter -to the United States chargé in Mexico, and +to the United States chargé in Mexico, and seven days after the treaty was signed, and after the Mexican minister had withdrawn from our seat of government, shows full well @@ -70289,7 +70249,7 @@ citizens, and standing, in the language of the President's message, in a hostile attitude towards us, and subject to be repelled as invaders. Taos, the seat of the custom-house, where our -caravans enter their goods, is ours: Santa Fé, +caravans enter their goods, is ours: Santa Fé, the capital of New Mexico, is ours: Governor Armijo is our governor, and subject to be tried for treason if he does not submit to us: twenty @@ -70347,7 +70307,7 @@ and adopting her war with Mexico.</p> <p>I proceed to another piece of evidence to the same effect—namely, the letter of the present Secretary of State to Mr. Benjamin Green, our -chargé at Mexico, under date of the 19th of +chargé at Mexico, under date of the 19th of April past. The letter has been already referred to, and will be only read now in the sentence which declares that the treaty has been @@ -70386,7 +70346,7 @@ of annexation to a conclusion.</p> <p>After receiving this notification from the Mexican minister, the letter of our present Secretary, of the 19th instant, just quoted, directing -our chargé to inform the Mexican government +our chargé to inform the Mexican government of the conclusion of the treaty of annexation, must be considered as an official notification to Mexico that the war has begun! and so @@ -70486,7 +70446,7 @@ notice, suspends the war. Two thousand miles of Texian frontier is held in the hands of Mexico, and all attempts to conquer that frontier have signally failed: witness the disastrous expeditions -to Mier and to Santa Fé. We acknowledge +to Mier and to Santa Fé. We acknowledge the right—the moral and political right—of Mexico to resubjugate this province, if she can. We declare our neutrality: we profess @@ -70524,7 +70484,7 @@ Mexico is confessed in the fact of sending this messenger, and in the terms of the letter of which he was the bearer. That letter of Mr. Secretary Calhoun, of the 19th of April, to Mr. -Benjamin Green, the United States chargé in +Benjamin Green, the United States chargé in Mexico, is the most unfortunate in the annals of human diplomacy! By the fairest implications, it admits insult and injury to Mexico, @@ -70607,7 +70567,7 @@ British anti-slavery designs upon Texas, and the contents of which '<em>private letter</em>' were made the basis of the Secretary's leading despatch of the 8th of August following, to our -chargé in Texas, for procuring the annexation +chargé in Texas, for procuring the annexation of Texas to the United States, be <small>SUMMONED</small> to appear at the bar of the Senate, to answer on oath to all questions in relation to the contents @@ -70686,7 +70646,7 @@ the bar of the Senate.</p> <p>The first piece of testimony I shall use in making good the position I have assumed, is the letter of Mr. Upshur, our Secretary of State, to -Mr. Murphy, our chargé in Texas dated the 8th +Mr. Murphy, our chargé in Texas dated the 8th day of August, in the year 1843. It is the first one, so far as we are permitted to see, that begins the business of the Texas annexation; and @@ -70748,7 +70708,7 @@ destined for General Jackson—and whose complicity with this Texas plot is a fixed fact. Truly this "inhabitant of Maryland," who lived in Washington, and whose existence was as -ubiquitous as his <em>rôle</em> was vicarious, was a very +ubiquitous as his <em>rôle</em> was vicarious, was a very indispensable agent in all this Texas plot.</p> <p>The letter then goes on, through a dozen @@ -70773,7 +70733,7 @@ efforts to secure annexation had been made by our government, that it was discovered that the information given by Mr. Green was entirely mistaken and unfounded! The British minister -(the Earl of Aberdeen) and the Texian chargé +(the Earl of Aberdeen) and the Texian chargé in London (Mr. Ashbel Smith), both of whom were referred to by Mr. Green, being informed in the month of November of the use which had @@ -70827,7 +70787,7 @@ Britain! But this was not all. There was another witness in London who had been referred to by Mr. Duff Green; and it remained for this witness to confirm or contradict his story. -This was the Texian chargé (Mr. Ashbel +This was the Texian chargé (Mr. Ashbel Smith): and the same letter from Mr. Everett, of the 16th of November, brought his contradiction in unequivocal terms. Mr. Everett thus @@ -71727,11 +71687,11 @@ her, have excited feelings of resentment which must be allayed before any thing can be done.</p> <p>The senator from South Carolina compares -the rejected treaty to the slain Cæsar, and gives +the rejected treaty to the slain Cæsar, and gives it a ghost, which is to meet me at some future day, as the spectre met Brutus at Philippi. I accept the comparison, and thank the senator for -it. It is both classic and just; for as Cæsar +it. It is both classic and just; for as Cæsar was slain for the good of his country, so has been this treaty; and as the spectre appeared at Philippi on the side of the ambitious Antony @@ -71756,7 +71716,7 @@ States is to be fought—not with words, but with iron—and for the hearts of the traitors who appear in arms against their country.</p> -<p>The comparison is just. Cæsar was rightfully +<p>The comparison is just. Cæsar was rightfully killed for conspiring against his country; but it was not he that destroyed the liberties of Rome. That work was done by the profligate @@ -71764,7 +71724,7 @@ politicians, without him, and before his time; and his death did not restore the republic. There were no more elections. Rotten politicians had destroyed them; and the nephew of -Cæsar, as heir to his uncle, succeeded to the +Cæsar, as heir to his uncle, succeeded to the empire on the principle of hereditary succession.</p> <p>And here, Mr. President, History appears in @@ -71787,19 +71747,19 @@ Intrigue, and the dagger, disposed of rivals. Fraud, violence, bribes, terror, and the plunder of the public treasury, commanded votes. The people had no choice: and long before the time -of Cæsar nothing remained of republican government, +of Cæsar nothing remained of republican government, but the name, and the abuse. Read -Plutarch. In the life of Cæsar, and not three +Plutarch. In the life of Cæsar, and not three pages before the crossing of the Rubicon, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[616]</a></span> paints the ruined state of the elections—shows that all elective government was gone—that the hereditary form had become a necessary relief from the contests of the corrupt—and that in -choosing between Pompey and Cæsar, many +choosing between Pompey and Cæsar, many preferred Pompey, not because they thought him republican, but because they thought he would make the milder king. Even arms were -but a small part of Cæsar's reliance when he +but a small part of Cæsar's reliance when he crossed the Rubicon. Gold, still more than the sword, was his dependence: and he sent forward the accumulated treasures of plundered @@ -72271,8 +72231,8 @@ of the question, as it is unwise and unfortunate in the design which prompted it. The question is more Western than Southern, and as much free as slave. The territory to be recovered -extends to the latitude of 38° in its -north-east corner, and to latitude 42° in its +extends to the latitude of 38° in its +north-east corner, and to latitude 42° in its north-west corner. One-half of it will lie in the region not adapted to slave labor; and, of course when regained, will be formed into non-slaveholding @@ -73845,7 +73805,7 @@ Hopkins, George S. Houston, Edmund W. Hubard, William S. Hubbell, James M. Hughes, Charles J. Ingersoll, John Jameson, Cave Johnson, Andrew Johnson, George W. Jones. Andrew -Kennedy, Littleton Kirkpatrick, Alcée Labranche, +Kennedy, Littleton Kirkpatrick, Alcée Labranche, Moses G. Leonard, William Lucas, John H. Lumpkin, Lucius Lyon, William C. McCauslen, William B. Maclay, John A. McClernand, @@ -73946,7 +73906,7 @@ then established, and there he would let the question stand for ever. Who could complain of the terms of that compromise?</p> -<p>"It was then settled that north of 36° 30' +<p>"It was then settled that north of 36° 30' slavery should be for ever prohibited. The same line was fixed upon in the resolutions recently received from the House of Representatives, now @@ -73960,7 +73920,7 @@ Union! While, on the other hand, the fears entertained in the south and south-west as to the ultimate success of the abolitionists, were not less unfounded and vain. South of the -compromise line of 36° 30' the States within the +compromise line of 36° 30' the States within the limits of Texas applying to come into the Union were left to decide for themselves whether they would permit slavery within their limits or not. @@ -74103,7 +74063,7 @@ to the people and the governments of the two countries. And here, to avoid misapprehension and the appearance of disrespect where the contrary is felt, I would say that the -gentleman now in Texas as the chargé of the +gentleman now in Texas as the chargé of the United States, is, in my opinion, eminently fit and proper to be one of the envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary which my bill @@ -74556,7 +74516,7 @@ have been the cause of the war, any more than I consider the British march upon Concord and Lexington to have been the cause of the American Revolution, or the crossing of the Rubicon -by Cæsar to have been the cause of the civil +by Cæsar to have been the cause of the civil war in Rome. In all these cases, I consider the causes of war as pre-existing, and the marches as only the effect of these causes. I consider @@ -75303,7 +75263,7 @@ of peace, and throws all the blame of war upon Mr. Polk, to whom he bequeathed it.</p> <p>Cicero says that Antony, flying from Rome -to the camp of Cæsar in Cisalpine Gaul, was +to the camp of Cæsar in Cisalpine Gaul, was the cause of the civil war which followed—as much so as Helen was of the Trojan war. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ut Helena Trojanis, sic iste huic reipublica causa @@ -75311,7 +75271,7 @@ belli—causa pestis atque exitii fuit.</i> He says that that flight put an end to all chance of accommodation; closed the door to all conciliation; broke up the plans of all peaceable -men; and by inducing Cæsar to break up his +men; and by inducing Cæsar to break up his camp in Gaul, and march across the Rubicon, lit up the flames of civil war in Italy. In like manner, I say that the flight of the winged messenger @@ -75579,7 +75539,7 @@ worked so hard for him during the Texas annexation—and more wrong now than ever, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[649]</a></span> that string of resolutions which he has laid upon the table, and in which, as Sylla saw in -the young Cæsar many Mariuses, so do I see in +the young Cæsar many Mariuses, so do I see in them many nullifications.</p> <p>In a picture of so many and such dreadful @@ -77207,7 +77167,7 @@ form a treaty upon it. In this sense he—</p> <p>"Took a view of the course which had been pursued by the President, approving of the offer -of the parallel of 49° to Great Britain, and +of the parallel of 49° to Great Britain, and maintaining that there was nothing in the language of the President to render it improper in him to negotiate hereafter on that basis, notwithstanding @@ -77221,7 +77181,7 @@ dishonor of his country on the one hand, or to the reckless provocation of a war on the other. Believing that the administration stood committed to accept an offer of a division of the -territory on the parallel of 49°—or substantially +territory on the parallel of 49°—or substantially that—he should sustain the Executive in that position. He expressed his conviction that, whatever might be his individual opinions, the @@ -77241,7 +77201,7 @@ upon him. Mr. H. then proceeded to deduce, from the language and acts of the Executive, that he had not put himself in a position which imposed on him the necessity of refusing to negotiate -on the parallel of 49°, should negotiation +on the parallel of 49°, should negotiation be resumed on that basis. In this respect, the President did not occupy that attitude in which some of his friends wished to place him. @@ -77253,7 +77213,7 @@ she will not make resistance. And he asked what our government would be likely to do if placed in a similar position and reduced to the same alternative. No one could contend for a -moment that the rejection of the offer of 49° by +moment that the rejection of the offer of 49° by Great Britain released the President from the obligation to accept that offer whenever it should again be made. The question was to be settled @@ -77303,7 +77263,7 @@ go for the <em>re-occupation</em> of Oregon. Now, Old Oregon, embracing all the territory on which American foot ever trod, comprised merely the valley of Willamette, which did not extend -above 49°; and consequently this portion was +above 49°; and consequently this portion was all which could be contemplated in the expression "re-occupation," as it would involve an absurdity to speak of re-occupying what we had @@ -77414,16 +77374,16 @@ answer to my question or not. It is entirely immaterial. He assumes—no, he says there is no assumption about it—that there is no meaning in language, no truth in man, if the President -any where commits himself to 54° 40', as +any where commits himself to 54° 40', as his flattering friends assume for him. Now, sir, there is no truth in man, there is no meaning in language, if the President is not committed to -54° 40' in as strong language as that which +54° 40' in as strong language as that which makes up the Holy Book. From a period antecedent to that in which he became the nominee of the Baltimore convention, down to this moment, to all the world he stands committed for -54° 40'. I go back to his declaration made in +54° 40'. I go back to his declaration made in 1844, to a committee of citizens of Cincinnati, who addressed him in relation to the annexation of Texas, and he there uses this language @@ -77469,16 +77429,16 @@ proceeded to reply to it; and exclaimed—</p> <blockquote> <p>"What does the President here claim? Up -to 54° 40'—every inch of it. He has asserted +to 54° 40'—every inch of it. He has asserted that claim, and is, as he says, sustained by 'irrefragable facts and arguments.' But this is not all: I hold that the language of the Secretary of State is the language of the President of the United States; and has not Mr. Buchanan, in his last communication to Mr. Pakenham, -named 54° 40' in so many words? He +named 54° 40' in so many words? He has. The President adopts this language as his -own. He plants himself on 54° 40'."</p></blockquote> +own. He plants himself on 54° 40'."</p></blockquote> <p>Mr. Hannegan then proceeded to plant the whole democratic party upon the line of 54-40, @@ -77735,7 +77695,7 @@ from North Carolina was not a true one."</p></blockquote> merits of the question—the true line which should divide the British and American possessions beyond the Rocky Mountains; and placed -it on the parallel of 49° according to the treaty +it on the parallel of 49° according to the treaty of Utrecht, and in conformity with the opinions and diplomatic instructions of Mr. Jefferson, who had acquired Louisiana and sent an expedition @@ -77746,7 +77706,7 @@ not speak in this incidental debate, but he knew that Mr. Haywood spoke with a knowledge of the President's sentiments, and according to his wishes, and to prepare the country for a treaty -upon 49°. He knew this, because he was in +upon 49°. He knew this, because he was in consultation with the President, and was to speak for the same purpose, and was urged by him to speak immediately in consequence of the @@ -77823,7 +77783,7 @@ has labored.</p> assumption has been made the cause of all the Oregon excitement of the country, that we have a dividing line with Russia, made so by the -convention of 1824, along the parallel of 54° 40', +convention of 1824, along the parallel of 54° 40', from the sea to the Rocky Mountains, up to which our title is good. This is a great mistake. No such line was ever established; and @@ -77831,7 +77791,7 @@ so far as proposed and discussed, it was proposed and discussed as a northern British, and not as a northern American line. The public treaties will prove there is no such line; documents -will prove that, so far as 54° 40', from +will prove that, so far as 54° 40', from the sea to the mountains, was ever proposed as a northern boundary for any power, it was proposed by us for the British, and not for ourselves.</p> @@ -77915,7 +77875,7 @@ to none among themselves. The agreements with Russia were contained in two conventions signed nearly at the same time, and nearly in the same words, limiting the territorial claim -of Russia to 54° 40', confining her to the coasts +of Russia to 54° 40', confining her to the coasts and islands, and leaving the continent, out to the Rocky Mountains, to be divided between the United States and Great Britain, by an @@ -77930,7 +77890,7 @@ bring those powers to a settlement; acting upon the homely, but wise maxim, that short settlements make long friends.</p> -<p>Well, there is no such line as 54° 40'; and +<p>Well, there is no such line as 54° 40'; and that would seem to be enough to quiet the excitement which has been got up about it. But there is more to come. I set out with saying, @@ -78013,7 +77973,7 @@ the north, yet that makes no difference in the philosophy of our Fifty-four-Forties, who believe it to be so; and, on that belief, are ready to fight. Their notion is, that we go jam up to -54° 40', and the Russians come jam down to +54° 40', and the Russians come jam down to the same, leaving no place for the British lion to put down a paw, although that paw should be no bigger than the sole of the dove's foot @@ -78029,7 +77989,7 @@ degrees of latitude in that very place; and they will certainly want reasons for this so much compression now, where we offered them so much expansion then. These reasons cannot -be given. There is no boundary at 54° 40'; +be given. There is no boundary at 54° 40'; and so far as we proposed to make it one, it was for the British and not for ourselves; and so ends this redoubtable line, up to which all true @@ -78098,8 +78058,8 @@ Canada and Louisiana on the one side, and the Hudson Bay and Northwestern Companies on the other, was established by commissioners, by a line to commence at a cape or promontory -on the ocean, in 58° 31' north latitude; -to run thence, southwestwardly, to latitude 49° +on the ocean, in 58° 31' north latitude; +to run thence, southwestwardly, to latitude 49° north from the equator; and along that line indefinitely westward. Since that time, no attempt has been made to extend the limits of @@ -78275,10 +78235,10 @@ possession, without any more reference to an adverse title than if he had been speaking of Canada. So much for the written description: now let us look at the map, and see how it -stands there. Here is a map—a 54° 40' map—which +stands there. Here is a map—a 54° 40' map—which will show us the features of the country, and the names of the settlements upon it. Here -is Frazer's River, running from 55° to 49° and +is Frazer's River, running from 55° to 49° and here is a line of British posts upon it, from Fort McLeod, at its head, to Fort Langley, at its mouth, and from Thompson's Fork, on one side, @@ -78298,7 +78258,7 @@ named by Mackenzie fifty-three years ago, because its inhabitants were the most rascally Indians he had ever seen; and here is the representation of that famous boundary line -54° 40', which is supposed to be the exact +54° 40', which is supposed to be the exact boundary of American territorial rights in that quarter, and which happens to include the whole of New Caledonia, except McLeod's fort, and the @@ -78385,7 +78345,7 @@ as it offers their inhabitants the means of establishing hereafter water communications from the one to the other."</p></blockquote> -<p>From 42° to 49° is here laid down by Mr. +<p>From 42° to 49° is here laid down by Mr. Monroe and his cabinet as the extent of our unquestionable title, and on these boundaries they were ready to settle the question. Five @@ -78396,7 +78356,7 @@ Columbia River, and nothing more. They claim the land drained by its waters, and no more; but as the Columbia had a northern prong, drawing water just under the mountains from -as far north as 51°—yes! 51—not 54-40, they +as far north as 51°—yes! 51—not 54-40, they offered to cut off the head of that prong, and take the line of 49, which included all that was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[673]</a></span> worth having of the waters of the Columbia, @@ -78440,7 +78400,7 @@ and left some; and they divided by a line right in itself, and convenient in itself, and mutually suitable to each party. That President and his cabinet carry their "unquestionable right" to -Oregon as far as 49°, and no further. This is +Oregon as far as 49°, and no further. This is exactly what was done six years before. Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Rush offered the same line, as being a continuation of the line of Utrecht (describing @@ -79611,7 +79571,7 @@ proceeded to California, leaving General Sterling Price in command, with some Missouri volunteers. Archuletti prepared his insurrection, and having got the upper country above -Santa Fé ready, went below to prepare the +Santa Fé ready, went below to prepare the lower part. While absent, the plot was detected and broke out, and led to bloody scenes in which there was severe fighting, and many deaths on @@ -79637,7 +79597,7 @@ and let him run. And this was the cause of the insurrection, and its upshot.</p> <p>Mr. Magoffin having prepared the way for -the entrance of General Kearney into Santa Fé, +the entrance of General Kearney into Santa Fé, proceeded to the execution of the remaining part of his mission, which was to do the same by Chihuahua for General Wool, then advancing @@ -79652,7 +79612,7 @@ $36 00 a-dozen, champagne $50 00. He became a great favorite with the Mexican officers. One day the military judge advocate entered his quarters, and told him that Dr. Connolly, -an American, coming from Santa Fé, had been +an American, coming from Santa Fé, had been captured near El Paso del Norte, his papers taken, and forwarded to Chihuahua, and placed in his hands, to see if there were any that needed @@ -79864,7 +79824,7 @@ comfortable people, fields, orchards, and vineyards, and a hospitable reception, offered the rest and refreshment which toils and dangers, and victory had won. You rested there till -artillery was brought down from Sante Fé; +artillery was brought down from Sante Fé; but the pretty town of the Paso del Norte, with all its enjoyments, and they were many, and the greater for the place in which they @@ -79904,7 +79864,7 @@ for, and placed under the safeguard, first, of good will, and next, of guarantees not to be violated with impunity.</p> -<p>Chihuahua gained, it became, like Santa Fé, +<p>Chihuahua gained, it became, like Santa Fé, not the terminating point of a long expedition, but the beginning point of a new one. General Taylor was somewhere—no one knew where—but @@ -80076,7 +80036,7 @@ President approved the plan, and the Missourians being most distant, orders were despatched to New Mexico to put them in motion. Mr. Solomon Sublette carried the order, and delivered -it to the commanding officer at Santa Fé, +it to the commanding officer at Santa Fé, General Price, on the 22d day of February—just five days before you fought the marvellous action of Sacramento. I well remember what @@ -80133,7 +80093,7 @@ done what you did.</p> OF CALIFORNIA.</h3> -<p>In the month of May 1845, Mr. Frémont, then +<p>In the month of May 1845, Mr. Frémont, then a brevet captain of engineers (appointed a lieutenant-colonel of Rifles before he returned), set out on his third expedition of geographical and @@ -80141,7 +80101,7 @@ scientific exploration in the Great West. Hostilities had not broken out between the United States and Mexico; but Texas had been incorporated; the preservation of peace was precarious, -and Mr. Frémont was determined, by no +and Mr. Frémont was determined, by no act of his, to increase the difficulties, or to give any just cause of complaint to the Mexican government. His line of observation would lead @@ -80157,7 +80117,7 @@ coming, and his desire to pass the winter (for the refreshment of his men and horses) in the uninhabited parts of the valley of the San Joaquin. The permission was granted; but soon -revoked, under the pretext that Mr. Frémont +revoked, under the pretext that Mr. Frémont had come into California, not to pursue science, but to excite the American settlers to revolt against the Mexican government. Upon this @@ -80181,7 +80141,7 @@ pretext for complaint, by remaining in California.</p> <p>Turning his back on the Mexican possessions, and looking to Oregon as the field of his future -labors, Mr. Frémont determined to explore a +labors, Mr. Frémont determined to explore a new route to the Wah-lah-math settlements and the tide-water region of the Columbia, through the wild and elevated region of the Tla-math @@ -80198,7 +80158,7 @@ presented itself—almost a startling apparition—two men riding up, and penetrating a region which few ever approached without paying toll of life or blood. They proved to be two of Mr. -Frémont's old <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">voyageurs</i>, and quickly told their +Frémont's old <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">voyageurs</i>, and quickly told their story. They were part of a guard of six men conducting a United States officer, who was on his trail with despatches from Washington, and @@ -80208,7 +80168,7 @@ ask that assistance might be sent him. They themselves had only escaped the Indians by the swiftness of their horses. It was a case in which no time was to be lost, or a mistake made. Mr. -Frémont determined to go himself; and taking +Frémont determined to go himself; and taking ten picked men, four of them Delaware Indians, he took down the western shore of the lake on the morning of the 9th (the direction the officer @@ -80231,25 +80191,25 @@ November previous, to make his way by Vera Cruz, the City of Mexico, and Mazatlan to Monterey, in Upper California, deliver despatches to the United States' consul there; and then find -Mr. Frémont, wherever he should be. His -despatches for Mr. Frémont were only a letter +Mr. Frémont, wherever he should be. His +despatches for Mr. Frémont were only a letter of introduction from the Secretary of State (Mr. Buchanan), and some letters and slips of newspapers from Senator Benton and his family, and some verbal communications from the Secretary of State. The verbal communications were that -Mr. Frémont should watch and counteract any +Mr. Frémont should watch and counteract any foreign scheme on California, and conciliate the good will of the inhabitants towards the United States. Upon this intimation of the government's -wishes, Mr. Frémont turned back from +wishes, Mr. Frémont turned back from Oregon, in the edge of which he then was, and returned to California. The letter of introduction was in the common form, that it might tell nothing if it fell into the hands of foes, and signified nothing of itself; but it accredited the bearer, and gave the stamp of authority to what -he communicated; and upon this Mr. Frémont +he communicated; and upon this Mr. Frémont acted: for it was not to be supposed that Lieutenant Gillespie had been sent so far, and through so many dangers, merely to deliver a @@ -80259,7 +80219,7 @@ the Tlamath lake.</p> <p>The events of some days on the shores of this wild lake, sketched with the brevity which the occasion requires, may give a glimpse of the -hardships and dangers through which Mr. Frémont +hardships and dangers through which Mr. Frémont pursued science, and encountered and conquered perils and toils. The night he met Mr. Gillespie presented one of those scenes to which @@ -80277,7 +80237,7 @@ the proximity of snow-clad mountains, made the night intensely cold. His feelings joyfully excited by hearing from home (the first word of intelligence he had received since leaving the -U. S. a year before), Mr. Frémont sat up by a +U. S. a year before), Mr. Frémont sat up by a large fire, reading his letters and papers, and watching himself over the safety of the camp,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[690]</a></span> while the men slept. Towards midnight, he @@ -80300,7 +80260,7 @@ for food, that had disturbed them. He returned to the camp fire. Lieutenant Gillespie woke up, and talked with him awhile, and then lay down again. Finally nature had her -course with Mr. Frémont himself. Excited +course with Mr. Frémont himself. Excited spirits gave way to exhausted strength. The day's ride, and the night's excitement demanded the reparation of repose. He lay down to sleep, @@ -80320,10 +80280,10 @@ the tomahawk in his brains. All sprung to their feet. The savages were in the camp: the hatchet and the winged arrow were at work. Basil Lajeunesse, a brave and faithful young -Frenchman, the follower of Frémont in all his +Frenchman, the follower of Frémont in all his expeditions, was dead: an Iowa was dead: a brave Delaware Indian, one of those who had -accompanied Frémont from Missouri, was dying: +accompanied Frémont from Missouri, was dying: it was his groan that awoke Carson. Another of the Delawares was a target for arrows, from which no rifle could save him—only avenge him. @@ -80347,7 +80307,7 @@ and who had followed him all day to kill and rob his party at night—a design in which he would certainly have been successful had it not been for the promptitude and precision of -Mr. Frémont's movement. Mr. Frémont himself +Mr. Frémont's movement. Mr. Frémont himself would have been killed, when he went to the horses, had it not been that the savages counted upon the destruction of the whole @@ -80397,7 +80357,7 @@ of his master. Carson's rifle had missed fire, at ten feet distance. The Tlamath long bow, arrow on the string, was bending to the pull. All the rifles in the party could not have saved him. -A horse and his rider did it. Mr. Frémont +A horse and his rider did it. Mr. Frémont touched his horse; he sprang upon the savage! and the hatchet of a Delaware completed the deliverance of Carson. It was a noble horse, @@ -80406,7 +80366,7 @@ Toro del Sacramento: and which vindicated his title to the name in all the trials of travel, courage, and performance to which he was subjected. It was in the midst of such dangers as these, -that science was pursued by Mr. Frémont; +that science was pursued by Mr. Frémont; that the telescope was carried to read the heavens; the barometer to measure the elevations of the earth; the thermometer to gauge the @@ -80416,7 +80376,7 @@ beauty of flowers; the pen to write down whatever was new, or strange, or useful in the works of nature. It was in the midst of such dangers, and such occupations as these, and in the wildest -regions of the Farthest West, that Mr. Frémont +regions of the Farthest West, that Mr. Frémont was pursuing science and shunning war, when the arrival of Lieutenant Gillespie, and his communications from Washington, suddenly changed @@ -80438,7 +80398,7 @@ Mexican war, and to shelter California from the arms of the United States.</p> <p>The American settlers sent a deputation to -the camp of Mr. Frémont, in the valley of the +the camp of Mr. Frémont, in the valley of the Sacramento, laid all these dangers before him, and implored him to place himself at their head and save them from destruction. General Castro @@ -80456,7 +80416,7 @@ and all their plans so far advanced as to render the least delay fatal. It was then the beginning of June. War had broken out between the United States and Mexico, but that was unknown -in California. Mr. Frémont had left the +in California. Mr. Frémont had left the two countries at peace when he set out upon his expedition, and was determined to do nothing to disturb their relations: he had even @@ -80529,18 +80489,18 @@ on the pretext that they had no powder to return it—in reality because they momentarily expected the British fleet. Commodore Sloat remained five days before the town, and -until he heard of Frémont's operations: then -believing that Frémont had orders from his government +until he heard of Frémont's operations: then +believing that Frémont had orders from his government to take California, he having none himself, he determined to act himself. He received -the news of Frémont's successes on the +the news of Frémont's successes on the 6th day of July: on the 7th he took the town -of Monterey, and sent a despatch to Frémont. +of Monterey, and sent a despatch to Frémont. This latter came to him in all speed, at the head of his mounted force. Going immediately on board the commodore's vessel, an explanation took place. The commodore learnt with -astonishment that Frémont had no orders from +astonishment that Frémont had no orders from his government to commence hostilities—that he had acted entirely on his own responsibility. This left the commodore without authority for @@ -80558,21 +80518,21 @@ his flagship the Collingwood, of 80 guns, and his squadron the largest British fleet ever seen in the Pacific. To his astonishment he beheld the American flag flying over Monterey, the American -squadron in its harbor, and Frémont's +squadron in its harbor, and Frémont's mounted riflemen encamped over the town. His mission was at an end. The prize had escaped him. He attempted nothing further, -and Frémont and Stockton rapidly pressed the +and Frémont and Stockton rapidly pressed the conquest of California to its conclusion. The subsequent military events can be traced by any history: they were the natural sequence of the -great measure conceived and executed by Frémont +great measure conceived and executed by Frémont before any squadron had arrived upon the coast, before he knew of any war with Mexico, and without any authority from his government, except the equivocal and enigmatical visit of Mr. Gillespie. Before the junction of Mr. -Frémont with Commodore Sloat and Stockton, +Frémont with Commodore Sloat and Stockton, his operations had been carried on under the flag of Independence—the Bear Flag, as it was called—the device of the bear being adopted on @@ -80603,7 +80563,7 @@ Mexico, sensible of inability to stand alone, and looking, part to the United States, part to Great Britain, for the support which they needed. All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[693]</a></span> the American settlers were for the United States -protection, and joined Frémont. The leading +protection, and joined Frémont. The leading Californians were also joining him. His conciliatory course drew them rapidly to him. The Picos, who were the leading men of the revolt @@ -81160,7 +81120,7 @@ history of the time.</p> the time, were further characterized as nullification a few days afterwards, when Mr. Benton said of them, that, "<em>as Sylla saw in the young -Cæsar many Mariuses, so did he see in them +Cæsar many Mariuses, so did he see in them many nullifications</em>."</p> @@ -82561,7 +82521,7 @@ of his station required it, be the occasion great or small. As President, as cabinet minister, as minister abroad, he examined all questions that came before him, and examined all, in all their -parts—in all the minutiæ of their detail, as well +parts—in all the minutiæ of their detail, as well as in all the vastness of their comprehension. As senator, and as a member of the House of Representatives, the obscure committee-room @@ -82773,7 +82733,7 @@ at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista, was quarrelled with: Scott, who removed the obstacles to peace, and subdued the Mexican mind to peace, was superseded -in the command of the army: Frémont, +in the command of the army: Frémont, who had snatched California out of the hands of the British, and handed it over to the United States, was court-martialled: and Trist, who @@ -83188,7 +83148,7 @@ compromise, and re-establishing its line, in that part of it which had been abrogated by the laws and constitution of Texas, and which, if not re-established, would permit slavery in Texas, to -spread south of 36° 30'. Forgetting his own +spread south of 36° 30'. Forgetting his own part in that compromise, Mr. Calhoun equally forgot that of others. He says Mr. Clay moved the compromise—a clear mistake, as it came @@ -83319,7 +83279,7 @@ FREMONT.</h3> <p>Columbus, the discoverer of the New World, was carried home in chains, from the theatre of his discoveries, to expiate the crime of his glory: -Frémont, the explorer of California and its preserver +Frémont, the explorer of California and its preserver to the United States, was brought home a prisoner to be tried for an offence, of which the penalty was death, to expiate the offence of @@ -83332,14 +83292,14 @@ gallery at Fort Leavenworth, in the summer of 1846, where he had gone to see a son depart as a volunteer in General Kearney's expedition to New Mexico, heard a person at the other end -of the gallery speaking of Frémont in a way +of the gallery speaking of Frémont in a way that attracted his attention. The speaker was in the uniform of a United States officer, and -his remarks were highly injurious to Frémont. +his remarks were highly injurious to Frémont. He inquired the name of the speaker, and was told it was Lieutenant Emory, of the Topographical corps; and he afterwards wrote to a -friend in Washington that Frémont was to have +friend in Washington that Frémont was to have trouble when he got among the officers of the regular army: and trouble he did have: for he had committed the offence for which, in the eyes @@ -83365,7 +83325,7 @@ numbered 6:</p> <blockquote> <p>"In this, that he, Lieutenant-colonel John C. -Frémont, of the regiment of mounted riflemen, +Frémont, of the regiment of mounted riflemen, United States army, did, at Ciudad de los Angeles, on the second of March, 1847, in contempt of the lawful authority of his superior officer, @@ -83376,7 +83336,7 @@ words, to wit: '<em>In consideration of Francis Temple having conveyed to the United States a certain island, commonly called White, or Bird Island, situated near the mouth of San Francisco -Bay, I, John C. Frémont, Governor of +Bay, I, John C. Frémont, Governor of California, and in virtue of my office as aforesaid, hereby oblige myself as the legal representative of the United States, and my successors @@ -83388,10 +83348,10 @@ whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the Territory of California to be affixed, at Ciudad de los Angeles, the capital of California, this 2d day of March, -A. D. 1847.—John C. Frémont</em>.'"</p></blockquote> +A. D. 1847.—John C. Frémont</em>.'"</p></blockquote> <p>And of this specification, as well as of all the -rest, two dozen in number, Frémont was duly +rest, two dozen in number, Frémont was duly found guilty by a majority of the court. Now this case of mutiny consisted in this: That there being an island of solid rock, of some @@ -83401,7 +83361,7 @@ the bay, and on which the United States are now constructing forts and a light-house to cost millions, which island had been granted to a British subject and was about to be sold to a -French subject, Colonel Frémont bought it for +French subject, Colonel Frémont bought it for the United States, subject to their ratification in paying the purchase money: all which appears upon the face of the papers. Upon this @@ -83413,11 +83373,11 @@ down to dismission from the service. The President disapproved the absurd findings (seven of them) under the mutiny charge, but approved the finding and sentence on inferior -charges; and offered a pardon to Frémont: +charges; and offered a pardon to Frémont: which he scornfully refused. Since then the government has taken possession of that island by military force, without paying any thing for it; -Frémont having taken the purchase on his own +Frémont having taken the purchase on his own account since his conviction for "mutiny" in having purchased it for the government—a conviction about equal to what it would have been @@ -83436,10 +83396,10 @@ record, and not in answer to any question on that point, but simply to place himself right before the court, and the country, General Kearney swore in these words, and signed them: -"<em>The charges upon which Colonel Frémont is +"<em>The charges upon which Colonel Frémont is now arraigned, are not my charges. I preferred a single charge against Lieutenant-colonel -Frémont. These charges, upon which he is +Frémont. These charges, upon which he is now arraigned, have been changed from mine.</em>" The change was from one charge to three, and from one or a few specifications to two dozen—whereof @@ -83449,7 +83409,7 @@ authorship of the change, but the caption to the charges (page 4 of the record) declares them to have been preferred by order of the War Department. The caption runs thus: "<em>Charges -against Lieutenant-colonel Frémont, of the +against Lieutenant-colonel Frémont, of the regiment of mounted riflemen, United States army, preferred against him by order of the War Department, on information of Brigadier-general @@ -83462,13 +83422,13 @@ the head of that committee, because he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ not hold a place which would put him in communication with that department.</p> -<p>The gravamen of the charge was, that Frémont +<p>The gravamen of the charge was, that Frémont had mutinied because Kearney would not appoint him governor of California; and the answer to that was, that Commodore Stockton, acting under full authority from the President, had already appointed him to that place before -Kearney left Santa Fé for New Mexico: and +Kearney left Santa Fé for New Mexico: and the proof was ample, clear, and pointed to that effect: but more has since been found, and of a kind to be noticed by a court of West Point @@ -83493,10 +83453,10 @@ getting some ox carts from the Mexicans: after marching about three miles we met Kit Carson, direct on express from California, with a mail of public letters for Washington. He informs -us that Colonel Frémont is probably civil and +us that Colonel Frémont is probably civil and military governor of California, and that about forty days since, Commodore Stockton with the -naval forces, and Colonel Frémont, acting in +naval forces, and Colonel Frémont, acting in concert, commenced to revolutionize that country, and place it under the American flag: that in about ten days this was done, and Carson @@ -83522,7 +83482,7 @@ Carson is one: such honor to his name for it."</p></blockquote> <p>This is a natural and straightforward account of this meeting with Carson, and of the information he gave, that California was conquered by -Stockton and Frémont, and the latter governor +Stockton and Frémont, and the latter governor of it; and the journal goes on to show that, in consequence of this information, General Kearney turned back the body of his command, and @@ -83539,7 +83499,7 @@ had surrendered without a blow, and that the American flag floated in every part.</em>" This is a lame account, not telling to whom the country had surrendered, eschewing all mention -of Stockton and Frémont, and that governorship +of Stockton and Frémont, and that governorship which afterwards became the point in the court-martial trial. The next day's journal opens with Carson's news, equally lame at the same @@ -83553,7 +83513,7 @@ Sumner, with the dragoons, was ordered to retrace his steps.</em>" Here the news brought by Carson is again referred to, and the consequence of receiving it is stated; but still no mention -of Frémont and Stockton, and that governorship, +of Frémont and Stockton, and that governorship, the question of which became the whole point in the next year's trial for mutiny. But the lack of knowledge of what took place in his @@ -83567,13 +83527,13 @@ United States troops fell in New Mexico until after Lieutenant Emory left there, nor in California until he got there, nor at Cerro Gordo until April of the next year, when he was in -California, and could not know it until after Frémont +California, and could not know it until after Frémont was fixed upon to be arrested for that mutiny of which the governorship was the point. It stands to reason, then, that this part of the journal was altered nearly a year after it purports to have been written, and after the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">[718]</a></span> -arrest of Frémont had been resolved upon; and +arrest of Frémont had been resolved upon; and so, while absolutely proving an alteration of the journal, explains the omission of all mention of all reference to the governorship, the ignoring @@ -83591,7 +83551,7 @@ with itself. Thus:</p> <p>"I met General Kearney, with his troops, on the 6th of October, about —— miles below -Santa Fé. I had heard of their coming, and +Santa Fé. I had heard of their coming, and when I met them, the first thing I told them was that they were 'too late'—that California was conquered, and the United States flag raised @@ -83599,41 +83559,41 @@ in all parts of the country. But General Kearney said he would go on, and said something about going to establish a civil government. I told him a civil government was already established, -and Colonel Frémont appointed governor, +and Colonel Frémont appointed governor, to commence as soon as he returned from the north, some time in that very month (October). General Kearney said that made no difference—that -he was a friend of Colonel Frémont, and +he was a friend of Colonel Frémont, and he would make him governor himself. He began from the first to insist on my turning back to guide him into California. I told him I could not turn back—that I had pledged myself to -Commodore Stockton and Colonel Frémont to +Commodore Stockton and Colonel Frémont to take their despatches through to Washington City, and to return with despatches as far as New Mexico, where my family lived, and to carry them all the way back if I did not find -some one at Santa Fé that I could trust as well +some one at Santa Fé that I could trust as well as I could myself—that I had promised them I would reach Washington in sixty days, and that they should have return despatches from the government in 120 days. I had performed so much of the journey in the appointed time, and in doing so had already worn out and killed -thirty-four mules—that Stockton and Frémont +thirty-four mules—that Stockton and Frémont had given me letters of credit to persons on the way to furnish me with all the animals I needed, and all the supplies to make the trip to Washington and back in 120 days; and that I was pledged to them, and could not disappoint them; and besides, that I was under more obligations -to Colonel Frémont than to any other man +to Colonel Frémont than to any other man alive. General Kearney would not hear of any such thing as my going on. He told me he -was a friend to Colonel Frémont and Colonel +was a friend to Colonel Frémont and Colonel Benton, and all the family, and would send on the despatches by Mr. Fitzpatrick, who had -been with Colonel Frémont in his exploring +been with Colonel Frémont in his exploring party, and was a good friend to him, and would take the despatches through, and bring back despatches as quick as I could. When he could @@ -83651,9 +83611,9 @@ the night before they started, and made known my intention to Maxwell, who urged me not to do so. More than twenty times on the road, General Kearney told me about his being -a friend of Colonel Benton and Colonel Frémont, +a friend of Colonel Benton and Colonel Frémont, and all their family, and that he intended -to make Colonel Frémont the governor of California; +to make Colonel Frémont the governor of California; and all this of his own accord, as we were travelling along, or in camp, and without my saying a word to him about it. I say, more @@ -83672,14 +83632,14 @@ in New Mexico. But why back his word? The very despatches he was carrying conveyed to the government the same information that he gave to General Kearney, to wit, -that California was conquered and Frémont to +that California was conquered and Frémont to be governor. That information was communicated to Congress by the President, and also sworn to by Commodore Stockton before the court-martial: but without any effect upon the majority of the members.</p> -<p>Colonel Frémont was found guilty of all the +<p>Colonel Frémont was found guilty of all the charges, and all the specifications; and in the secrecy which hides the proceedings of courts-martial, it cannot be told how, or whether the @@ -83710,16 +83670,16 @@ the court. The sentence of the court is therefore approved; but in consideration of the peculiar circumstances of the case—of the previous meritorious and valuable services of Lieutenant-colonel -Frémont, and of the foregoing recommendation +Frémont, and of the foregoing recommendation of a majority of the court, to the clemency of the President, the sentence of dismissal from the service is remitted. Lieutenant-col. -Frémont will accordingly be released from +Frémont will accordingly be released from arrest, will resume his sword, and report for duty." (Dated, February 17, 1848.)</p></blockquote> <p>Upon the instant of receiving this order, -Frémont addressed to the adjutant-general this +Frémont addressed to the adjutant-general this note:</p> <blockquote> @@ -83743,7 +83703,7 @@ court-martial affair: he had to appear as prosecutor of charges which he swore before the court were not his: and he had been attended by West Point officers envious and jealous of -Frémont, and the clandestine sources of poisonous +Frémont, and the clandestine sources of poisonous publications against him, which inflamed animosities, and left the heats which they engendered to settle upon the head of General @@ -83770,7 +83730,7 @@ THE RIO GRANDE DEL NORTE: SUBSEQUENT DISCOVERY OF THE PASS HE SOUGHT.</h3> -<p>No sooner freed from the army, than Frémont +<p>No sooner freed from the army, than Frémont set out upon a fourth expedition to the western slope of our continent, now entirely at his own expense, and to be conducted during the winter, @@ -83876,7 +83836,7 @@ of their travel to the nearest New Mexican settlement. The guide, and three picked men, were despatched thither for some supplies, and twenty days fixed for their return. When they -had been gone sixteen days, Frémont, preyed +had been gone sixteen days, Frémont, preyed upon by anxiety and misgiving, set off after them, on foot, snow to the waist, blankets and some morsels of food on the back: the brave @@ -83891,7 +83851,7 @@ to an older camp, a little way off. Going there he found the man dead, and partly devoured. He had died of exhaustion, of fatigue, and his comrades fed upon him. Gathering up these three -survivors, Frémont resumed his journey, and +survivors, Frémont resumed his journey, and had not gone far before he fell on signs of Indians—two lodges, implying 15 or 20 men, and some 40 or 50 horses—all recently passed along. @@ -83909,9 +83869,9 @@ near the place where Pike encamped in the winter of 1807-'8, they saw an Indian behind his party, stopped to get water from an air hole. He was cautiously approached, circumvented, and -taken. Frémont told his name: the young man, +taken. Frémont told his name: the young man, for he was quite young, started, and asked him if -he was the Frémont that had exchanged presents +he was the Frémont that had exchanged presents with the chief of the Utahs at Las Vegas de Santa Clara three years before? He was answered, yes. Then, said the young man, we are @@ -83924,7 +83884,7 @@ conducted him to the neighborhood of the settlements, and then took his leave, to resume his scheme of depredation upon the frontier.</p> -<p>Frémont's party reached Taos, was sheltered +<p>Frémont's party reached Taos, was sheltered in the house of his old friend Carson—obtained the supplies needed—sent them back by the brave Godey, who was in time to save two-thirds @@ -83933,7 +83893,7 @@ along the road, scattered at intervals as each had sunk exhausted and frozen, or half burnt in the fire which had been kindled for them to die by. The survivors were brought in by Godey, some -crippled with frozen feet. Frémont found himself +crippled with frozen feet. Frémont found himself in a situation which tries the soul—which makes the issue between despair and heroism—and leaves no alternative but to sink under fate, @@ -83975,7 +83935,7 @@ whole hostile country was ahead, and narrow defiles to be passed in the mountains. All depended upon the address of the commander. Relying upon his ascendant over the savage -mind, Frémont took his interpreter, and went +mind, Frémont took his interpreter, and went to the two Indians. Godey said he should not go alone, and followed. Approaching them, a deep ravine was seen between. The Indians @@ -83998,13 +83958,13 @@ be punished for it. He ridiculed the idea of their hurting his men, charmed them into the camp, where they ate, and smoked, and told their secret, and became messengers to lead -their tribe in one direction, while Frémont and +their tribe in one direction, while Frémont and his men escaped by another; and the whole expedition went through without loss, and without molestation. A subsequent winter expedition completed the design of this one, so disastrously frustrated by the mistake of a guide. -Frémont went out again upon his own expense—went +Frémont went out again upon his own expense—went to the spot where the guide had gone astray—followed the course described by the mountain men—and found safe and easy passes @@ -84967,7 +84927,7 @@ the constitution into them; which arriving there, and recognizing slavery, and being the supreme law of the land, it would over-ride the anti-slavery laws of the territory, and plant the -institution of slavery under its Ægis, and above +institution of slavery under its Ægis, and above the reach of any territorial law, or law of Congress to abolish it. He, therefore, came to the defence of his own proposition, and thus replied @@ -85806,11 +85766,11 @@ of the vigorous policy which carried the American arms to the city of Mexico, and conquered a peace in the capital of the country. He also gave a proof of it in falling back upon -the line of 49° for the settlement of the Oregon +the line of 49° for the settlement of the Oregon boundary with Great Britain, while his cabinet, intimidated by their own newspapers, and alarmed at the storm which themselves had got -up, were publicly adhering to the line of 54° 40', +up, were publicly adhering to the line of 54° 40', with the secret hope that others would extricate them from the perils of that forlorn position. The Mexican war, under the impulse of speculators, @@ -85898,7 +85858,7 @@ Clay.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Ohio.</span>—Thomas Corwin, Salmon P. Chase.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Louisiana.</span>—Solomon W. Downs, Pierre -Soulé.</p> +Soulé.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Indiana.</span>—Jesse D. Bright, James Whitcomb.</p> @@ -86028,7 +85988,7 @@ Samuel W. Inge.</p> Featherston, William McWillie, Jacob Thompson.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Louisiana.</span>—Charles M. Conrad, John H. -Harmanson, Emile La Sère, Isaac E. Morse.</p> +Harmanson, Emile La Sère, Isaac E. Morse.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Ohio.</span>—Joseph Cable, Lewis D. Campbell, David K. Carter, Moses B. Corwin, John Crowell, @@ -86594,7 +86554,7 @@ Berrien, Butler, Cass, Clay, Clemens, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Dickinson, Dodge of Iowa, Downs, Foote, Houston, Hunter, Jones, King, Mangum, Mason, Morton, Pearce, Pratt, -Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Spruance, Sturgeon, +Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Spruance, Sturgeon, Turney, Underwood, Webster, and Yulee—33."</p></blockquote> @@ -88012,7 +87972,7 @@ or local propriety. It begins on the Rio del Norte, twenty miles in a straight line above El Paso, and thence, diagonally and northeastwardly, to the point where the Red River -crosses the longitude of 100°. Now this beginning, +crosses the longitude of 100°. Now this beginning, twenty miles above El Paso, is about three hundred miles in a straight line (near six hundred by the windings of the river) above @@ -88148,7 +88108,7 @@ of the line across the Puerco and its valley, and at some points on the left bank of the Del Norte below El Paso. And first, of the Puerco River. It rises in the latitude of -Santa Fé, and in its immediate neighborhood, +Santa Fé, and in its immediate neighborhood, only ten miles from it, and running south, falls into the Rio del Norte, about three hundred miles on a straight line below El Paso, and has @@ -88200,7 +88160,7 @@ under the Spaniards before the year 1680, when it was broken up in the great Indian revolt of that year.</p> -<p>San Miguel, twenty miles from Santa Fé, is +<p>San Miguel, twenty miles from Santa Fé, is the place where the Texian expedition, under Colonel Cooke, were taken prisoners in 1841.</p> @@ -88518,7 +88478,7 @@ is a high, sterile plain, some sixty miles wide upon some five hundred long, running north and south, its western declivity abrupt, and washed by the Puerco at its base: its eastern -broken into chasms—cañones—from which issue +broken into chasms—cañones—from which issue the myriad of little streams which, flowing towards the rising sun, form the great rivers—Red River, Brasos, Colorado, Nueces, which find @@ -88935,7 +88895,7 @@ for ever. It was an ecstatic moment for the senator, something like that of the heroic Pirithous when he surveyed the preparations for the nuptial feast—saw the company all -present, the lapithæ on couches, the centaurs +present, the lapithæ on couches, the centaurs on their haunches—heard the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Io hymen</i> beginning to resound, and saw the beauteous Hippodamia, about as beauteous I suppose as California, @@ -88944,7 +88904,7 @@ her stand on his left hand. It was a happy moment for Pirithous! and in the fulness of his feelings he might have given vent to his joy in congratulations to all the company present, to -all the lapithæ and to all the centaurs, to all +all the lapithæ and to all the centaurs, to all mankind, and to all horsekind, on the auspicious event. But, oh! the deceitfulness of human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_765" id="Page_765">[765]</a></span> felicity. In an instant the scene was @@ -89117,7 +89077,7 @@ reduced the ceremony of his inauguration to an official act, impressively done in Congress, and to be marked by solemnity without joy. A committee of the two Houses attended him—Messrs. -Soulé, of Louisiana, Davis, of Massachusetts, and +Soulé, of Louisiana, Davis, of Massachusetts, and Underwood, of Kentucky, on the part of the Senate; Messrs. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, Morse, of Louisiana, and Morehead, of Kentucky, @@ -89325,7 +89285,7 @@ and cherished it. The bill was taken up in the Senate, and many motions made to amend, of which the most material was by Mr. Turney of Tennessee, to limit the southern boundary of -the State to the latitude of 36° 30', and to extend +the State to the latitude of 36° 30', and to extend the Missouri line through to the Pacific, so as to authorize the existence of slavery in all the territory south of that latitude. On this @@ -89337,7 +89297,7 @@ motion the yeas and nays were:</p> Bell, Berrien, Butler, Clemens, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Downs, Foote, Houston, Hunter, King, Mangum, Mason, Morton, Pearce, -Pratt, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney, and +Pratt, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney, and Yulee—24.</p> <p>"<span class="smcap">Nays</span>—Messrs. Baldwin, Benton, Bradbury, @@ -89368,7 +89328,7 @@ Whitcomb, and Winthrop—34.</p> <p>"<span class="smcap">Nays</span>—Messrs. Atchison, Barnwell, Berrien, Butler, Clemens, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Foote, Hunter, King, Mason, Morton, -Pratt, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney, and +Pratt, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney, and Yulee—18."</p></blockquote> <p>Immediately upon the passage of the bill @@ -89481,7 +89441,7 @@ content to <em>remain</em> with less."</p></blockquote> and Hunter, senators from Virginia; Messrs. Butler and Barnwell, senators from South Carolina; Mr. Turney, senator from Tennessee; -Mr. Pierre Soulé, senator from Louisiana; Mr. +Mr. Pierre Soulé, senator from Louisiana; Mr. Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi; Mr. Atchison, senator from Missouri; and Messrs. Morton and Yulee, senators from Florida. It is @@ -89776,7 +89736,7 @@ and readily passed; and immediately receiving the approval of the President, the senators elect from California, who had been long waiting (Messrs. William M. Gwinn and John Charles -Frémont), were admitted to their seats; but +Frémont), were admitted to their seats; but not without further and strenuous resistance. Their credentials being presented, Mr. Davis, of Mississippi, moved to refer them to the Committee @@ -89786,7 +89746,7 @@ a discussion, terminated by a call for the yeas and nays. The yeas were 12 in number; to wit: Messrs. Atchison, Barnwell, Berrien, Butler, Davis of Mississippi, Hunter, Mason, Morton, -Pratt, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney. Only 12 +Pratt, Sebastian, Soulé, Turney. Only 12 voting for the reference, and 36 against it; the two senators elect were then sworn in, and took their seats.</p> @@ -90520,7 +90480,7 @@ Barnwell, Bell, Benton, Berrien, Butler, Cass, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Dodge of Iowa, Downs, Houston, Jones of Iowa, King, Mangum, Mason, Morton, Pratt of Maryland, Rusk, -Sebastian, Soulé, Sturgeon, Turney, Underwood, +Sebastian, Soulé, Sturgeon, Turney, Underwood, Wales, Yulee. The motion in favor of granting the benefit of the writ of habeas corpus to the fugitive was made by Mr. Winthrop, and rejected @@ -90580,7 +90540,7 @@ be made by way of amendment."</p></blockquote> Barnwell, Bell, Berrien, Butler, Davis of Miss., Dawson, Dodge of Iowa, Downs, Foote, Houston, Hunter, Jones of Iowa, King, Mangum, -Mason, Pearce, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Spruance, +Mason, Pearce, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Spruance, Sturgeon, Turney, Underwood, Wales, and Yulee. The nays were: Messrs. Baldwin, Bradbury, Cooper, Davis of Mass., Dayton, Dodge @@ -91337,7 +91297,7 @@ of the government, as is the President, is compatible with the <em>permanence</em> of a popular government; especially in a wealthy and populous community, with a large revenue, and a numerous -body of officers and employées. Certain +body of officers and employées. Certain it is, that there is no instance of a popular government so constituted which has long endured. Even ours, thus far, furnishes no evidence in its @@ -93827,18 +93787,18 @@ O<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">declaration of the President's message, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">feeling in England, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations recommended by us as a means of avoiding war, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the offer of 49° withdrawn, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the offer of 49° withdrawn, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting of Congress and debate on the subject, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speech of Mr. Hayward on the line of 49° as the correct line, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speech of Mr. Hayward on the line of 49° as the correct line, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">"the course pursued by the President in his offer, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">nothing improper in his repeating it, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under no necessity to refuse the line of 49° if offered," <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under no necessity to refuse the line of 49° if offered," <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his speech expressive of the sentiments of the President, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a demand made of him if he expressed the views of the President, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a call to order, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">remarks on the President's position from the extreme members, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advantages of concurring in the line of 49° if offered, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advantages of concurring in the line of 49° if offered, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the merits of the question discussed, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speech of Mr. Benton, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>;</span><br /> @@ -93860,13 +93820,13 @@ O<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of the vote, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Negotiations renewed, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49° offered by England, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">49° offered by England, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quandary of the administration, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice of the Senate asked, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">a message with a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">projet</i> of a treaty, sent in upon the advice of Senator Benton, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">extract, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty or no treaty depended on the Senate, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice of the Senate given in favor of 49°, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice of the Senate given in favor of 49°, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty sent in, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ratified, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">daily attack of the organ upon the Senators who were accomplishing the wishes of the President, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>;</span><br /> @@ -94686,7 +94646,7 @@ T<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">intrigue and speculation co-operate, but disunion is at the bottom, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">secession is the more cunning method of dissolving the Union, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the intrigue for the Presidency was the first act of the drama, the dissolution of the Union the second, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the rejected treaty compared to the slain Cæsar, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the rejected treaty compared to the slain Cæsar, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the lesson of history, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">all elective governments must fail unless elections can be taken out of the hands of politicians and restored to the people, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -94853,8 +94813,8 @@ T<br /> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second Annual Message, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">remarks on the Oregon territorial boundary, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">error of the Message in saying the United States had always contended for 54° 40' as the limit, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">always offered the parallel of 49°, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">error of the Message in saying the United States had always contended for 54° 40' as the limit, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">always offered the parallel of 49°, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">prospective war with Mexico shadowed forth, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reference to the exchequer scheme, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">regret at its rejection, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>;</span><br /> @@ -95446,7 +95406,7 @@ Third edition, revised and corrected by the author. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50.</p> With a Dictionary of Rhymes, an Examination of Classical Measures, and Comments upon Burlesque, Comic Verse, and Song-Writing. By the late <span class="smcap">Tom Hood</span>. Edited, with Additions, by <span class="smcap">Arthur Penn</span>. 18mo, cloth, gilt or red -edges. Uniform with "The Orthoëpist" and "The Verbalist," $1.00.</p> +edges. Uniform with "The Orthoëpist" and "The Verbalist," $1.00.</p> <p>Three whole chapters have been added to this work by the American editor—one on the sonnet, one on the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rondeau</i> and the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ballade</i>, and a third on other fixed forms of verse; while he has dealt @@ -95752,382 +95712,6 @@ of one or the other race."—<em>Jefferson.</em></p></div></div> furnished the basis for these imports;"</p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Thirty Years' View (Vol. II of 2), by -Thomas Hart Benton - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THIRTY YEARS' VIEW (VOL. 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