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Also see later <a href="#tnalchemy">note</a> about alchemy symbols.</p> +</div> + +<h1>Perpetual Motion</h1> + +<blockquote id="Page_3" class="narrow"> + +<p>Comprising a History of the Efforts to Attain +Self-Motive Mechanism with a Classified, +<i>ILLUSTRATED</i> Collection and Explanation +of the Devices Whereby it Has Been Sought +and Why They Failed, and Comprising Also a +Revision and Re-Arrangement of the Information +Afforded by "Search for Self-Motive +Power During The 17th, 18th and 19th +Centuries," London, 1861, and "A History +of the Search for Self-Motive Power from +the 13th to The 19th Century," London, +1870, by Henry Dircks, C. E., LL. D., Etc.</p></blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_002" class="figcenter" style="width: 187px;"><img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="187" height="150" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p class="p2 center vspace"> +<span class="small">BY</span><br /> +<span class="large">PERCY VERANCE</span> +</p> + +<p class="p4 center small"> +Copyright 1916<br /> +By<br /> +20th Century Enlightenment Specialty Co.<br /> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2> + +<p>For Summarized Table of Contents, see page <a href="#Page_358">358</a> <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<table summary="Contents"> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdr">Page</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Introduction</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Preface</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>–<a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Introductory Essay</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>–<a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Devices by Means of Wheels and Weights</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>–<a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Devices by Means of Rolling Weights and Inclined Planes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>–<a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>–<a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Pneumatic Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>–<a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Magnetic Devices</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>–<a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter VI.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Devices Utilizing Capillary Attraction and Physical Affinity</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>–<a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter VII.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Liquid Air as a Means of Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>–<a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Radium and Radio-Active Substances Considered as a Conceived Source of Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>–<a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter IX.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Perpetual Motion Devices Attempting Its Attainment by a Misconception of the Relation of Momentum and Energy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a>–<a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter X.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">The Alleged Inventions of Edward Sommerset, Sixth Earl and Second Marquis of Worcester, and of Jean Ernest Eli-Bessler (Councillor) Orffyreus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a>–<a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter XI.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Conservation of Energy. A Discussion of the Relation of the Doctrine of Conservation of Energy, and the Possibility of Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>–<a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Chapter XII.</span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Will Perpetual Motion Ever Be Accomplished? A Discussion by the Author, with a Review of the Opinions of Eminent Scientists on the Subject</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>–<a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</a></h2> + +<p>The author has no apology to offer for the +production of this book. He has spent his life +in environments that have brought him into +constant contact with mechanics, artisans and +laborers as well as professional men, engineers, +chemists and technical experts of various types. +He knows a great many men—young men, for +the most part—are constantly working on the +old, old problem of Perpetual Motion; that +much money, and much time are being spent in +search of a solution for that problem which all +scientific and technical men tell us is impossible +of solution.</p> + +<p>It is believed by the author that a classification +and presentation of selected groups of +the devices produced in the past by which it was +by the inventor believed, self-motive power had +been attained, will save much work in fields +already thoroughly exploited.</p> + +<p>So far as the author knows no book on the +subject has appeared since 1870. The various +encyclopedias published contain articles on the +subject, but they are necessarily brief, and not +satisfying to young men who have become interested +in the subject.</p> + +<p>In 1861, Henry Dircks, a civil engineer, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> +London, published a work entitled "Perpetuum +Mobile; or, Search for Self-Motive Power, During +the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth +Centuries." The book contains 599 +pages, and was followed in 1870, by a second +series by the same author entitled "Perpetuum +Mobile, or a History of the Search for Self-Motive +Power from the Thirteenth, to the +Nineteenth Century." In these two books +there is amassed a wonderful amount of material +showing on the part of the author diligence, +great patience and wide and thorough +search.</p> + +<p>The author of these works was not enamoured +of his subject, and his books clearly +show that he was not writing them because of +any interest he had in the subject of Perpetual +Motion. On the contrary, they appear to have +been written because of a deep detestation entertained +by the author for the subject of Perpetual +Motion, and a contemptuous pity for +any one seriously interested in the subject. +Mr. Dircks's works may be said to be the works +of a scold. His sentiments were deep, and his +impulses strong, which accounts for the vast +amount of labor he did in the preparation of +his books. Those books are now out of print, +and it is believed by the author of this book +that they may well remain so. They contain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +much material that no one would be justified +in wading through. The most complicated +mechanisms devised by enthusiastic dreamers +are shown in the same detail with which the +inventors described them in presenting them +to the public, or to the patent offices. Little is +to be gained by this.</p> + +<p>So complicated are many of the devices +that only technically trained engineers could +read them understandingly, and few technically +trained engineers are now greatly interested +in self-motive power devices. We believe that +every useful or interesting purpose is served if +enough devices are collected, classified and presented +to show the various principles relied +upon by the inventors; with an explanation of +why they failed—i. e., wherein the principles +relied upon are wrong, and while possibly not +out of harmony with any mechanical principles +then known, are entirely out of harmony with +principles since discovered and now well +known.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of this volume a vast +amount of the information furnished by the +two works of Mr. Dircks has been rearranged, +reclassified, and used.</p> + +<p>Everyone who has to any extent, by environment, +associated with the mass of people +who are not technically educated, knows that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> +the persons who are still interested in the subject +of Perpetual Motion, and who still seek its +attainment, are not technically trained engineers +or mathematicians, but for the greater part +untrained people of naturally strong mechanical +sense, and of natural mechanical and +mathematical adaptation.</p> + +<p>This book is written for the perusal of that +large class of people. It is not designed as an +argument either for or against the possibility +of the attainment of Perpetual Motion.</p> + +<p>The author is content to classify and +present—clearly, it is hoped—the leading endeavors +that have been known in that field of +effort, and to explain their failure.</p> + +<p>It is believed by the author that the perusal +of the present volume by anyone whose mind +has been attracted by the subject of Perpetual +Motion will result in an enlightenment, and, +it is also believed, will have a tendency to direct +his mind from a struggle with theories +long ago exploded, and may result in directing +his efforts to things practical, and not without +hope of attainment.</p> + +<p>This work is offered only to minds mechanically +or mathematically inclined. It is not +even hoped that it will interest people who +prefer fiction to fact, nor people who read simply +for idle entertainment.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTORY_ESSAY" id="INTRODUCTORY_ESSAY">INTRODUCTORY ESSAY</a></h2> + +<p>Perpetual Motion as used in this book is +to be taken in its conventional, and not in its +strict literal sense. The strict literal analysis +of the two words implies unceasing motion. +Of this we have many illustrations—the tides, +the waves of the ocean, the course of the earth +around the sun, and in the movements of all +heavenly and astronomical bodies. In fact, it +is difficult to conceive in a strictly scientific +sense of any substance having an entire absence +of motion.</p> + +<p>Perpetual Motion as used in this book +means what it is usually understood to mean—Self-Motive +Power—a machine that furnishes +the power to keep its parts going as a machine. +In this sense Perpetual Motion has +always engaged the minds of many, many people—and +what is more natural? As soon as a +boy begins to take an interest in moving parts +of machinery, vehicles, locomotives, and what +not, he perceives that the application of power +results in the motion of bodies, and again that +bodies in motion are productive of power. A +wheel moved by muscular, or other mechanical +power, is made by machinery to elevate water, +and elevated water can be made in descending +to run machinery. The windlass, or other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> +wheel, turned by applied force, lifts buckets +from wells—raises stone, and elevates heavy +bodies, if desired. Heavy bodies descending +can be, and are used through means of machinery +to make machinery run.</p> + +<p>A great many similar illustrations could +be given. What, then, is more natural than +that a boy with an active mind who is at all +mechanically turned, as most boys are, begins +to wonder why, if wheels lift stones, and if +stones descending make wheels run, cannot a +machine be made that will lift stones, or other +weights, and in turn be run by the descent of +the lifted stones, or other weights? Why, if +the turning of wheels lift water, and if descending +water makes wheels go, should not an +adaptation be made by which the same machine +will elevate water, and be run by the descent +of the elevated water?</p> + +<p>That it cannot be done is now the consensus +of opinion of all technically trained +mechanics, but, that it can not be done, and why +it can not be done, is sure not to occur to the +boy, nor to the man who has only a strong +natural mechanical sense to guide him, and has +not the advantage of technical training.</p> + +<p>Again, it is well known that many, many +men have spent considerable sums of money +and given hours and hours, and days, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> +months, and years of close and careful thought, +and experiment to the production of a machine +that will accomplish Perpetual Motion, and +that many have announced to the world that +they had succeeded in its accomplishment, but +that all their devices so far have turned out +failures.</p> + +<p>It is to no purpose to tell the Perpetual +Motion worker that he is seeking to attain the +impossible; that the attainment of self-motive +power has been demonstrated to be an impossibility. +He will answer, or, at least, he will +reason to himself that many things once pronounced +impossibilities and claimed to be so +demonstrated, have since been attained. The +Perpetual Motion worker is usually a person +of active intelligence, and being enamoured of +mechanical projects is likely to read extensively +along mechanical lines, and knows as every +well-informed person knows, that there are +many instances in the history of the discovery +and development of the most important mechanical +inventions and scientific discoveries +where the persistent efforts of so-called enthusiastic +dreamers and cranks finally triumphed +over the settled and conventional "impossibilities" +of dignified scientists.</p> + +<p>When, less than a century ago, it was +proposed to propel a ship across the Atlantic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +ocean by steampower, Ignatius Lardner, a +scientific teacher, lecturer and interpreter of +real note and merit wrote a book "demonstrating" +the physical impossibility of a vessel carrying +enough fuel to propel itself through that +distance of water. The book was actually +printed, but was scarcely off the press until the +first steamship had successfully crossed the +Atlantic with steampower, and steamed triumphantly +into port.</p> + +<p>After communication by electric telegraph +was well established and had been in successful +commercial use for decades, it was proposed to +converse by long distance over a wire. The +idea was hooted and declared impossible, and +it did seem so, and yet today, there is scarcely +a farm house in the nation but what has an +instrument by which the occupants can talk +over wires not only to their near-by neighbors, +but to remote cities.</p> + +<p>Prof. Samuel P. Langley, less than two +decades ago undertook in a thoroughly scientific +manner to accomplish what is called +"heavier than air flight." His scientific ideas +on the subject were entirely correct, but he +did not have the advantage of engine refinement +as it is known today, by which high +energy development can be attained with an +engine or motor of small weight. Nevertheless,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +Prof. Langley succeeded in flying a considerable +distance, and in fact, made a number +of successful demonstrations of the <i>physical +possibility</i> of heavier than air flight. Prof. +Simon Newcomb, who is to be ranked as the +greatest astronomer, mathematician and scientist +the United States has ever produced, and +with the possible exception of Benjamin Franklin, +the most original thinker along scientific +lines, wrote an article which was published +generally in scientific journals, in which he +warned Prof. Langley of the folly of his attempts, +not claiming, however, the scientific +impossibility of heavier than air flight, but +claiming that it could never be of any real practical +value; that the instability of the air, etc., +limited flight by man to a daredevil show performance. +A child then born would now be +scarcely grown, and yet, aeroplanes are in use +in every civilized country in the world for observation +and military purposes, and even for +carrying mail to places not otherwise easily +accessible.</p> + +<p>Thousands of flights are undertaken every +day with the confident expectation of a successful +trip and return. How many, many +boys and mechanics, prior to the achievement +of human flight, have been attracted by the +problem, only to have their ambitions and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> +dreams discouraged and suppressed by being +told that the scientific world knows that human +flight is impossible—"God made man to walk +on the ground, and the birds to fly, and if +Nature had intended that we should fly we +would have been equipped with wings," and +probably to be dubbed "Darius Green," as a +reminder of the inglorious fate of the pseudo +hero of that name in Trowbridge's clever and +immortal poem about Darius Green and his +Flying Machine.</p> + +<p>The announcement of the discovery of +rays by means of which views may be made +and photographs taken through substances +supposedly opaque to all light rays was scouted +as a ridiculously visionary dream; but the discoverers +were not dismayed by scout and +ridicule, but persisted in their dreams and enthusiasm. +There is not a village of any considerable +size in the civilized world but has +its X-Ray Machine by which foreign substances +in the flesh may be viewed and photographed +and located with exactitude, fractures examined +and all surgical operations aided to the +benefit and health and recovery of the sick and +wounded. Mankind is the recipient of the +benefits resulting from the fact that enthusiastic +cranks were not deterred by ridicule and +supposed demonstrations of their folly.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> +The above are only a few of the many like +instances recorded in scientific progress. While +not accurately true, and while less true during +the last two decades than formerly, it is, nevertheless, +a general truth that scientific progress +has been made in spite of, and in the face of +discouragement and ridicule from the multitudes +who were destined to be benefited by +the discoveries made by the persistent so-called +cranks.</p> + +<p>These facts are all well known to the Perpetual +Motion enthusiast. It is, therefore, of +no avail to tell him that the scientific world +has pronounced his aspirations and attempts +but dreams, and that Perpetual Motion workers +are by the scientific world denominated +cranks.</p> + +<p>If it be admitted that Perpetual Motion is, +as scientific men tell us, a chimerical dream, it +is still to be very greatly doubted if the world +at large is to be benefited by dissuading minds +from working on the problem. There is no +doubt that many persons who have become +more intensely interested in mechanics by +thinking and working on the problem of Perpetual +Motion, have thereby been lead to study +more and more generally into mechanical subjects, +and became not merely tyros, but useful +men in various mechanical pursuits. Many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +doubtless have followed mechanical subjects to +which they were introduced by labors toward +Perpetual Motion, to the making of useful and +valuable inventions and discoveries.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the fact that a countless +number of devices for the attainment of Perpetual +Motion have been proclaimed and exhibited, +it is to be supposed that those actually +proclaimed and brought to light constitute but +an infinitesimally small proportion of those +actually made. It is to be supposed that the +Perpetual Motion worker has some sense, and +that the great majority of them before proclaiming +his apparatus would want to know +himself that it was not a failure, and would not, +when ushered before the public, bring upon +him humiliation and jeers. It is to be believed +that in nearly every instance the produced device +was tested before being proclaimed and +ushered into the light of day. It goes without +saying that all that were so tested were failures, +and were never heard of except by the +inventor and a very few intimate friends or +co-laborers. Those that have been heralded +to the world represent only that small proportion +where over-confidence in the operation, or +a disregard for the truth, or some other unexplainable +something caused the inventor and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +his friends to make the announcement and disclosure +of the device before the test.</p> + +<p>It is almost impossible to conceive of a +person of any intelligence exposing himself to +the ridicule resulting from the failure of a +pompously heralded device, when a simple test +would have saved the exposure, and yet the +civilized world has been filled with Perpetual +Motion devices proclaimed and heralded with +trumpet blast, which, when tested, "didn't +work."</p> + +<p>It is not, however, the purview, or purpose +of this book, to incite people to work on the +problem of Perpetual Motion, neither is it its +purview or purpose to dissuade them from it.</p> + +<p>In the works of Mr. Dircks, mentioned in +the preface of this work, the devices for Perpetual +Motion are classified somewhat with +reference to the time each was produced. In +some instances with reference to whether or +not patents were applied for and obtained, or +as to the source of information concerning +them.</p> + +<p>A careful examination of the devices presented +in Mr. Dirck's two works, and of those, +information concerning which has been obtained +elsewhere, leads the author to believe +that nothing is to be gained by an attempted +classification along those lines.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> +In countless instances Perpetual Motion +seekers of different races and living in separate +countries, and, indeed, on different continents, +centuries apart, have sought the attainment of +Perpetual Motion by practically the same devices, +and inventor after inventor has brought +forth alleged inventions depending upon precisely +the same underlying mechanical principle.</p> + +<p>The author has attempted to classify the +various devices presented in this book according +to the underlying mechanical principles +upon which the inventor chiefly relied for the +success of his invention. Even this classification +is extremely difficult and not well distinguished. +Many of them, indeed most of +them, depend for their success upon more than +one mechanical principle, and the classifications +thereby inevitably intermingle and overlap +what otherwise would be their distinguishing +boundaries. Still it is believed by the author +that it is the best that could be adopted, and +that no better or clearer classification is possible +than the one here presented.</p> + +<p>The various devices are classified by the +author under the following heads:</p> + +<p>Devices by Means of Wheels and Weights.</p> + +<p>Devices by Means of Rolling Weights and +Inclined Planes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices.</p> + +<p>Pneumatic Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic +Devices.</p> + +<p>Magnetic Devices.</p> + +<p>Devices Utilizing Capillary Attraction and +Physical Affinity.</p> + +<p>Liquid Air as a Means of Perpetual Motion.</p> + +<p>Radium and Radio-Active Substances Considered +as a Conceived Source of Perpetual +Motion.</p> + +<p>Perpetual Motion Devices Attempting Its +Attainment by a Misconception of the Relation +of Momentum and Energy.</p> + +<p class="in0">to which is added—</p> + +<blockquote class="in2 higher"> + +<p class="hang">"A Discussion of the Alleged Inventions +of the very eminent Edward Sommerset, +Sixth Earl and Second Marquis of +Worcester, and Jean Ernest Eli-Bessler +Orffyreus.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="in0">Also—</p> + +<blockquote class="in2 higher"> + +<p class="hang">"A Discussion by the Author of the 'Doctrine +of Conservation of Energy, and +Its Relation to the Possibility of Perpetual +Motion.'"</p></blockquote> + +<p class="in0">And—</p> + +<blockquote class="in2 higher"> + +<p class="hang">"A Discussion by the Author of 'Will +Perpetual Motion Ever Be Accomplished?'"</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">DEVICES BY MEANS OF WHEELS AND +WEIGHTS</span></h2> + +<h3>Wilars de Honecort</h3> + +<p>While attempts at Perpetual Motion are +as old as the human race, not many of the more +ancient devices have been preserved, either by +engraving or by explanation.</p> + +<p>Among the very earliest of these attempts +of which we have detailed information is the +device of Wilars de Honecort. He was an +architect, and lived in the thirteenth century. +The information is preserved in "A Sketch +Book" by him which was deposited and remains +in the Ecole des Chartes at Paris. About +the middle of the nineteenth century comments +were published in France on this ancient device. +Some of these were translated into English. +The following account is an extract from a +translation made by Professor Willis, of Cambridge.</p> + +<p>"<i>Many a time have skilful workmen tried to +contrive a wheel that shall turn of itself: here is a +way to make such a one, by means of an uneven +number of mallets, or by quicksilver.</i>"</p> + +<p>Wilars de Honecort presents to us a device<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +for a perpetual motion; it is not clear +whether he intends to claim the contrivance of +it, or whether he had met with it in the course +of his travels. It differs very little from a well-known +contrivance for this purpose which has +been so often published, and its fallacy so fully +explained in popular books, that it is unnecessary +to dwell at length upon the mechanical +principles which it involves. It is extremely +curious in this place, because it shows the great +antiquity of the problem, the solution of which +has wasted the time, the brains, and the means +of many an unhappy artisan or philosopher.</p> + +<p>In the drawing we have now before us, the +two upright posts, which are framed together +and skilfully braced so as to ensure their steadiness, +support between them a long horizontal +axle, to the center of which is fixed a wheel +with four spokes. The absence of perspective +in this drawing makes the wheel appear as if +it were parallel to the frame, instead of being, +as it is, at right angles to it.</p> + +<div id="if_i_024" class="figcenter" style="width: 289px;"><img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="289" height="308" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Seven mallets, or arms, each loaded with +a heavy weight at the end, are jointed at equal +distances to the circumference of the wheel, so +that those which happen to have their joints +below the diameter of the wheel will hang +freely down, but if the wheel be turned round by +hand or otherwise, the weights of those which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +are on the ascending side will, in succession, +rest on its circumference, and will, in that position, +be carried over the highest part of the +wheel and downwards on the descending side, +until the arms that bear them are brought into +a vertical position and a little beyond it, and +then the weight will fall suddenly over and rest +on the opposite position on the circumference of +the wheel, until its further descent enables it +to dangle freely as before. The effect of this +mechanism upon the position of the weights +is not truly represented, for the upper mallet +has fallen over too soon. In the modern form +of this contrivance a pin, or stop, is introduced, +by which the mallet, when it falls over, is compelled +to rest so that its arm shall point to the +center of the wheel, and thus the descending +weight be held at a greater distance from the +center than when ascending. It is extremely +probable that this difference is a mere error of +the artist, for the drawing has the appearance +of having been made from a model of the wheel +at rest; a condition in which, of course, it would +always be found, unless moved by some external +force. The inventor seems to have +thought that the action above described would +always place four weights on the descending +side, and leave but three on the ascending side, +each weight as it rises to the top being intended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +to leap suddenly over to the descending side, +in the manner just explained; or perhaps, as +M. Lassus suggests, the contriver imagined +that the blows given to the wheel in succession +by the falling mallets would help it forward. +It is surprising that although the slightest +model would show the failure of devices of this +class to persons incapable of mathematical reasoning, +yet such machines have been seriously +proposed in books, and are continually recontrived +by ingenious workmen. The allusion +to quicksilver in the manuscript shows that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +Wilars was acquainted with the well-known +contrivance described in the books already referred +to, in which portions of that metal inclosed +in channels are used instead of the falling +weights.</p> + +<h3>A Repetition of Wilars de Honecort's Plan</h3> + +<p>This device was brought forth in 1831 in +England, and illustrates what we say in the +Introductory Essay to the effect of inventors +working on the same plan in different parts of +the earth and centuries apart.</p> + +<div id="if_i_025" class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><img src="images/i_025.jpg" width="336" height="335" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +We are unable to give the inventor's name. +He was a correspondent to Mechanics' Magazine, +and the description furnished by the inventor +as published in Mechanics' Magazine, +is as follows:</p> + +<p>Description.—A A A is a ring of thin wood; +B B B, several spokes, movable round the fixed +points C C C, and only allowed to move one way +by the construction of the openings D D D; +E E E, heavy weights fixed to the ends of the +spokes.</p> + +<p>From the position in which the wheel is at +present, it is evident that the weights on the right-hand +side (1 and 2) acting at a greater distance +from the center than those (4 and 5) on the other +side, will cause that side to descend until the spoke +1 reaches the position 3, when it will exert no +moving influence, but by which time the weight 8 +will have fallen into the position 1, when a similar +effect will take place, and so on with the rest.</p> + +<h3>Leonardo da Vinci</h3> + +<p>It is with a mingled feeling of sorrow and +exaltation that we note the Perpetual Motion +labors of the great Leonardo da Vinci. Of all +of the men who ever gave the subject more +than a passing notice he is the most famous.</p> + +<p>Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian, born in +1452, and died in 1519. He was the illegitimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +son of Florentine, lawyer. His mother has +been variously described as a peasant, and as +of gentle birth. Little about her is known. +The father belonged to a family of lawyers, +and never repudiated the son, but took him, +educated him, and cared for him. It is well +for the world that he did, for Leonardo da Vinci +has perhaps contributed more to art and learning +in the world than any other single individual +that ever lived. He was a painter, a sculptor, +an architect, a musician, a mechanician, +engineer and natural philosopher. Each subject +in art or science that he touched he not +only mastered, but improved and embellished. +He painted the original of the well-known picture +of the Christ and His twelve Apostles, +known as the "Last Supper," or the "Last Supper +of Our Lord." This, and Mona Lisa, are +perhaps the paintings by which he is known to +the greatest number of people, and are considered +by many connoisseurs the highest perfection +in art ever attained by mortal man.</p> + +<p>But, as painter and sculptor, he is to be +regarded as among the greatest, if not the very +greatest that ever lived. In art he ranks beside, +if not ahead of Michelangelo and Raffael, +and yet they are known only as artists, while +he was preeminent in both art and science. The +work he did in natural science was entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +original and emanated from an inherent initiative +and originality, and as a scientist, he is +entitled to rank below only Newton, Gallileo +and Copernicus, and very few others. In all +the history of the world he is the only man of +whom it can be said that he attained the apex +of eminence in both art and science.</p> + +<p>The information concerning Leonardo da +Vinci's devices for obtaining Perpetual Motion +is extremely meager. There does not seem to +be extant any detailed explanation of just how +he expected his different designs to work.</p> + +<p>All that is known concerning his efforts +is sufficiently illustrated by the following cuts +and language from Dircks:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Fig. 1 may be taken as a scheme belonging +to the fifteenth century. It seems to be placed +at the head as a simple or elementary design +for future improvement. It is a chambered +drum wheel, containing balls or weights, which, +being always farthest from the center on one +side, as compared to the other, are expected to +keep the wheel constantly rotating.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Failing in this scheme, the inventor +next offers one with weighted levers, which +are to fall outwards on one side, but to fall inwards +on the opposite side, the weight at the +same time sliding up the lever when vertical +at the bottom, so as to be nearer the center +throughout on the ascending side. But how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +the weight is to be made to ascend <i>at the bottom</i> +remains to be shown.</p> + +<div id="if_i_029" class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;"><img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="347" height="600" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 3. The difficulty of elevating the +weight would appear to have suggested its immersion +in a trough of water, as here shown. +The weights seem to be attached to some contrivance +to float them <i>upwards</i>; but we are perplexed, +and so no doubt was da Vinci, how to +sink them, or being sunk, how to render them +again buoyant by any self-motive process.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4. It would appear as though the difficulties +observable in Fig. 3 were attempted +to be met here, in a plan which evidently combines +several views of the case, yet without +removing the main difficulty; for although the +weight at the end of the long arm may be quite +capable of sinking in the liquid, we still inquire, +How is it ever to be raised again?</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 seems to be an incomplete sketch, +and a mere variation on the preceding designs, +with the addition either of machinery below to +be worked by it, or to give it motion. Possibly +it was proposed to have a magnet at the bottom +of the vessel.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 appears to be two designs in one +sketch. On one side we have long single +levers, with a single weight at their ends, and a +weight between each at the periphery; on the +other end, double or forked levers and double +weights. Its mixed character renders it probable +that it was merely some preliminary +sketch.</p> + +<p>The great value of the present exhibition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +of these early contrivances of misdirected mechanical +ingenuity consists in the convincing +evidence which they afford, that all young inventors +who occupy themselves in the search +for self-motive machines, do little more than +reproduce the blunders of a past age. After a +lapse of five centuries modern inventors often +become patentees of contrivances which are +only more complicated than the assumed-to-be +overweight wheel of Wilars de Honecort, or +the six similar ones of Leonardo da Vinci. +But such has hitherto been the ignorance of +mechanics on this subject, that Fig. 1 of the +annexed diagrams has frequently been adduced +by writers on the subject, as the veritable wheel +invented by the Marquis of Worcester, in the +seventeenth century!</p></blockquote> + +<h3>A. Capra's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1678, A Capra, of Italy, revived the ancient, +but still favorite scheme that dates back +to the 13th century. (See page 22 ante.) He +illustrates his idea with the following figure +and the following comment:</p> + +<p>On the wheel A (of the facsimile engraving +opposite), which must be hung well equipoised +between two uprights, are appended +counter-weights, eighteen in number, all precisely +at the same distance from each other, +and all exactly of the same weight. The counter-weights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> +are provided with a small ring by +which they are hung.</p> + +<div id="if_i_032" class="figcenter" style="width: 339px;"><img src="images/i_032.jpg" width="339" height="410" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Whilst the counter-weights B are farther +from the center C of the wheel, they weigh +more than the counter-weights I, because these +are low and nearer to the center C of the wheel, +so that the counter-weights B descend and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +weight I drops; and whilst the weight B is alternately +descending and the weight I ascending, +the wheel will revolve continually. But +it must be understood that it is necessary to +make the wheel perfectly true in equilibrium, +so that it do not weigh more on one side than +on the other on account of the counter-weights.</p> + +<h3>The Device of Dixon Vallance. England, 1825</h3> + +<p>This inventor was certain he had overtaken +and captured the ever-illusive Perpetual +Motion. He gives a description of his happiness +and his machine in the following effusively +joyous language:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The annexed drawing shows how I have +at length taken this enticing jilt (perpetual +motion), though after a long and weary +<span class="locked">chase—</span></p> + +<div class="poem-container"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Through pleasant and delightful fields,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Through barren tracts and lonely wilds;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Mongst quagmires, mosses, muirs and marshes,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Where deil or spunkie never scarce is!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">By chance I happened on her den,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And took her when she didna ken.<br /></span> +</div></div> +</div> + +<div id="if_i_034" class="figcenter" style="width: 260px;"><img src="images/i_034.jpg" width="260" height="308" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>W W W W represents a wheel with +twelve hollow spokes, in each of which there +is a rolling weight or ball. C C C C is a chain +passing over two pulleys P P. There is an opening +round the wheel from the nave to the circumference,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> +so as to allow the chain to pass +freely and to meet the weights. The weights +are met by the chain as the wheel revolves, +and are raised from the circumference till they +are at last brought close to the nave, where +they remain till, by the revolution of the wheel, +they are allowed to roll out to the circumference. +By this arrangement the weights are, +on one side of the wheel, always at the circumference, +so that that side is more powerful than +the other, which causes the wheel continually +to revolve. F F F F is the frame of the machine;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +M M M M the mortices for joining the +two sides of the frame by cross rails. The +arrows point out the direction in which the +wheel turns.—I am, yours, &c., Dixon Vallance. +Liberton, Lanarkshire, Nov. 10, 1825.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Furman's Device</h3> + +<p>Strange as it may seem, the patent office +of the U. S. government as late as 1884 and +1886, received and filed, seriously considered +and granted Letters Patent on Perpetual Motion +Devices as appears from the description of +Furman's Device following, and from Schirrmeister's +"Mechanical Movement," and Enbom +& Anderson's "Improvement in Pumps," appearing +on pages 38 and 76 respectively, supra.</p> + +<p>These were not denominated Perpetual +Motion Devices by the inventors, but the specifications +show them to be simply that and +nothing more.</p> + +<p>July 15, 1884, George H. Furman, of +Rochester, Ohio, U. S. A., was granted U. S. +Patent No. 301979, on</p> + +<p class="center"> +"A New and Improved Motor."<br /> +</p> + +<p>The essentials are sufficiently shown by +the following excerpt from the specifications +and the following figure. We have omitted +Figure 2, mentioned in the specifications:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="center bold larger">UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.</p> + +<p class="center bold">George H. Furman, of Rochester, Ohio.</p> + +<p class="center bold larger">MOTOR.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Specification forming part of Letters Patent<br /> +No. 301979, dated July 15, 1884.<br /> +Application filed March 6, 1884. (No model.)<br /> +</p> + +<p>The action of the motor is as follows: A +suitable quantity of the small weights <i>d</i> being +placed in the outer drum, F, through the door +<i>f</i>, the machine being at rest, they will accumulate +at the lower part of the drum F in the +pockets <i>c´ c´</i>. Now, to run the machine a person +will apply his hands to the rim H and revolve +the outer drum, F, in the direction of the +arrow shown in Fig. 1. This movement of the +outer drum will cause the weights <i>d</i> to be carried +in the pockets <i>c´ c´</i> to the upper side of the +drum, at which point they will roll from the +pockets <i>c´ c´</i> into the pockets <i>b b</i> of the inner +drum, G, where their weight will cause the drum +G and shaft E to revolve. <i>As the pockets</i> b <i>of +the inner drum pass below the shaft E they empty +the weights into the troughs</i> c´ <i>of the outer wheel, +F, to be again carried above the shaft and dropped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +into the pockets</i> b, <i>so that the inner wheel, G, and +shaft E will be revolved continuously.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_037" class="figcenter" style="width: 351px;"><img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="351" height="302" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<h3>Schirrmeister's Mechanical Movement</h3> + +<p>July 6, 1886, Charles Schirrmeister, of +Brooklyn, Kings County, State of New York, +U. S. A., obtained Letters Patent No. 345077, +on a new and useful</p> + +<p>"Mechanical Movement."</p> + +<p>The essentials of the patented device appear +from the following excerpts from the specifications, +and the following figures accompanying +the specifications. (Figs. 2, 3 and 4 +we do not show.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_038" class="figcenter" style="width: 577px;"><img src="images/i_038.jpg" width="577" height="352" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The object of my invention is to furnish a +cheap and simple <i>means for imparting mechanical +power</i>; and I accomplish this by means of +a series of radial arms placed at right angles to +and projecting from the axis of motion where +power is first applied, and so arranged that each +arm is in a different vertical plane, said arms +being weighted at each end with a ball of metal. +Some of these arms are also made hollow and +inclose sliding or rolling weights, which move +back and forth as the axis revolves, and the motion +is still further re-enforced by a series of +springs which are attached to the axis by a +lever and eccentric.</p> + +<div id="if_i_039" class="figcenter" style="width: 168px;"><img src="images/i_039.jpg" width="168" height="168" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Taking the simplest form of my device, I +illustrate the same by the accompanying drawings, +in <span class="locked">which—</span></p> + +<p>Figure 1 is a side elevation of the entire +apparatus. Fig. 2 is a sectional view showing +the hollow arm with a rolling weight. Fig. 3 +is an end view showing the operation of a re-enforcing +spiral spring. Fig. 4 is a detailed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +view showing still further the method of re-enforcing +motion by springs. Fig. 5 is a view +of the driving-pulley with its hollow arms.</p> + +<p>Similar letters refer to similar parts in the +several views.</p> + +<p>A is the axis to which the power first imparting +motion is applied.</p> + +<p>N are the bearings supporting the same.</p> + +<p>B is the driving-pulley attached to said +axis, and from which motion is imparted by +means of the driving belt <i>b</i> to any point desired.</p> + +<p>C are the hollow arms of the driving-pulley +B.</p> + +<p>D are the solid arms radiating from the +axis A.</p> + +<p>E are the hollow arms radiating from the +axis A.</p> + +<p>F are the solid balls or weights secured to +the ends of the arms D and E.</p> + +<p><i>a</i> are the sliding or rolling weights, which +are inclosed within the hollow arms C and E.</p> + +<p><i>c</i> are the slots cut into the hollow arms E, +to relieve the air-pressure formed by the backward +and forward motion of the weights <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>G are springs so arranged as to expend +their force upon the axis A by means of the +connecting rods H, both attached to the springs +and one attached to the axis A by means of the +eccentric I and the other to the wheel J at one +end of the axis.</p> + +<p>K is a balanced lever, upon which the +springs G may rest, said lever being supported +at each end upon the springs L.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +M is a crank attached to one end of the +axis A, and serves to show the place and manner +in which the power may be applied.</p> + +<p>The manner of constructing and operating +my invention is as follows: The entire apparatus +is made of steel or iron, and the shaft, +bearings, arms, springs and connecting-rods +are of ordinary form. The main or driving +pulley is cast with four hollow arms, in which +round weights are inclosed, which move back +and forth within the arms when the wheel is +set in motion. The solid arms, as well as the +hollow arms, which are used in addition to +those forming a part of the driving-pulley, are +arranged by means of set-screws a suitable distance +apart upon the axis and in different perpendicular +planes, so as to give steadiness in +motion. A thread is cut upon each end of these +arms, and the fixed weights are then screwed +on. When the shaft or axis revolves, the +weights which move toward the ends of the +arms above the center accelerate the motion, +and the momentum of the machine aids in overcoming +the resistance caused by the weights, +which are below the center. At the same time +the revolution of the eccentric and crank-pin +upon the axis depresses the connecting-rods, +which in turn depress the springs, which, being +released as soon as the eccentric and crank-pin +have reached their lowest point, contribute a +lifting power to overcome the resistance above +mentioned. As shown in the drawings, these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> +springs joined to the connecting-rods may be +supported and assisted by other springs.</p> + +<p>The power is applied by hand, operating +upon a crank at the end of the axis, or may be +imparted by steam, hot air, electricity, or in +any other known method, and is conducted to +any desired point by means of the belt <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>Having fully described my invention, what +I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters +Patent, is:</p> + +<p>1. The combination, in apparatus for increasing +mechanical power, of an axis, as A, +supported upon bearings N, with a driving-pulley, +as B, having hollow arms, as C, with +movable weights, as <i>a</i>, and radial arms, both +solid and hollow, the latter having movable +weights, together with fixed weights attached +to the end of each arm, all substantially as and +for the purpose described.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Ferguson's Device</h3> + +<p>James Ferguson was an eminent Scotch +mechanician and astronomer. He was born in +1710, and died in 1776. He was reared in very +humble circumstances, and is known as the +Peasant Boy Philosopher. A most interesting +story of his life was written by Henry Mayhew, +and published in England in 1857, entitled +"The Story of the Peasant Boy Philosopher."</p> + +<p>He prepared astronomical tables of great +value and lectured on astronomical and mechanical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +subjects. His lectures were edited by +a no less eminent man than Sir David Brewster.</p> + +<div id="if_i_043" class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;"><img src="images/i_043.jpg" width="352" height="332" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>While Perpetual Motion seemed to have received +considerable time and attention from him, +and while his writings show that he examined a +great many mechanical devices, he seems all the +time to have entertained serious doubt of the possibility +of a machine having self-motive power. +However, in 1770, he devised a machine for the +purpose of producing Perpetual Motion. It +does not appear that he ever offered the machine +to the public, or sought publicity for it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +A description of it is to be found in his Common +Place Book in the University Library, Edinburg. +The description there furnished is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The axle at A is placed horizontally, and +the spokes B, C, D, etc., turn in a vertical position. +They are jointed at <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>u</i>, etc., as a common +sector is, and to each of them is fixed a +frame as R, S, T, etc., in which the weights +7, 8, 9, 1, 2, etc., have liberty to move. When +any spoke as D is in a horizontal position, the +weight I in it falls down and pulls the part <i>b</i> +of the then vertical spoke B straight out, by +means of a cord going over the pulleys K and +k to the weight I. The spoke C <i>c</i> was pulled +straight out before, when it was vertical, by +means of the weight 2, belonging to the spoke +E <i>e</i> which is in the horizontal position D <i>d</i>; and +so of all the others on the right hand. But +when these spokes come about to the left hand, +their weights 4, 5, 6 fall back, and cease pulling +the parts <i>f</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>i</i>; so that the spokes then +bend at their joints X, <i>y, z</i>, and the balls at +their ends come nearer the center A, all on the +left side. Now, as the balls or weights at the +right hand side are farther from the center A +than they are on the left, it might be supposed +that this machine would turn round perpetually. +I have shown it to many who have declared +it would; and yet for all that, whoever +makes it, will find it to be only a mere balance. +I leave them to find out the reason.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span></p> + +<h3>B. Belidor's Device</h3> + +<p>This device was incubated in the brain of +an American. His name is unknown. We +have denominated it "B. Belidor's Device," not +because B. Belidor was the inventor, but because +the account of the invention was furnished +by him. This device seems to the author +to have possessed originality, though, of +course, it failed to work for reasons clearly +apparent.</p> + +<div id="if_i_045" class="figcenter" style="width: 322px;"><img src="images/i_045.jpg" width="322" height="329" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>An account of it was given in the Journal +of Franklin's Institute, Philadelphia, in 1828.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> +The article contributed by B. Belidor is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Even the pursuit after perpetual motion, +hopeless as it is, may not be considered entirely +vain, in occasionally leading to useful +modifications of machinery. As an instance of +this, I here submit to you a plan suggested by +an ingenious friend of mine, several years ago, +as in the diagrams annexed, Fig. 1, a perpendicular, +and Fig. 2 a horizontal view.</p> + +<p>A A, two vertical wheels, placed diagonally, +and revolving on the axes X X. The +levers B B and C C are hinged at the peripheries +of the wheels. By rotation the arms B B are +projected from the center of motion, while the +arms C C are drawn in.</p> + +<p>It is plain that a series of arms as shown +in Fig. 2, will produce an eccentric motion, +causing the weights at their ends apparently +to preponderate on the side B.—<span class="smcap">Belidor.</span></p></blockquote> + +<h3>Desagulier's Proposition on the Balance</h3> + +<p>This so-called problem is of doubtful classification. +The author of the problem did not +claim that the discovery of the problem discloses +any means for attaining Perpetual Motion, +and, yet, it is apparent that if the author +of the problem was correct in his solution of it, +Perpetual Motion was thereby already within +his grasp. The difficulty about it all is that +while the problem is quite interesting, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +author's solution shows that he was not familiar +with even fundamental mechanics. The +name of the author was J. T. Desagulier, LL.D., +F. R. S. He was a minister of the gospel, but +evidently gave considerable attention to mechanical +questions. He is mentioned in chapter +X of this work.</p> + +<p>Rev. Desagulier presented two problems +of the balance. One he calls "A Proposition on +the Balance, not taken notice of by Mechanical +Writers, explained and confirmed by an Experiment." +The article under this heading is +as follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_048" class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;"><img src="images/i_048.jpg" width="504" height="346" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>In the last papers I published in "Philosophical +Transaction" against this perpetual motion, +described in No. 177, I intreated the author to +permit me to say nothing as to what alterations he +might make in his engine, resolving to leave it +to others to show him that upon that principle +all he can do signifies nothing. But I +find since, in the "Nouvelles de la Republique" +for December last, that he still persists to urge +some new contrivances, which being added, he +conceives his engine must succeed. To this I +answer, that I undertook only to shew that his +first device would faile, which yet I should +scarce have done if I had thought a dispute of this +nature could have lasted so long. To come, +therefore, to the point where he saith that this +engine may well succeed without alteration, +because he hath tryed with liquors put into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +bellows immersed in water; I again say that I +grant him the truth of the experiments, but +deny the consequences he would draw from +them. I have already given the reasons of my +dissent, which this gentleman is not pleased to +understand. But to end all controversies, he +may please to consult Mr. Perrault, De la Hire, +or any other at Paris well known to be skilled +in hydraulicks, and I doubt not but he will find +them of the same opinion with Mr. Boyle, Mr. +Hook, and other knowing persons here, who all +agree that our author is in this matter under a +mistake.</p> + +<h4>A Proposition on the Balance, not taken notice +of by Mechanical Writers, explained and +confirmed by an Experiment.</h4> + +<p>A B is a balance, on which is supposed to +hang at one end, B, the scale E, with a man in +it, who is counterpoised by the weight W hanging +at A, the other end of the balance. I say, +that if such a man, with a cane or any rigid +straight body, pushes upwards against the +beam anywhere between the points C and B +(provided he does not push directly against B), +he will thereby make himself heavier, or overpoise +the weight W, though the stop G G hinders +the scale E from being thrust outwards +from C towards G G. I say likewise, that if +the scale and man should hang from D, the +man, by pushing upwards against B, or anywhere +between B and D (provided he does not +push directly against D), will make himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> +lighter, or be overpoised by the weight W, +which before did only counterpoise the weight +of his body and the scale.</p> + +<p>If the common center of gravity of the +scale E, and the man supposed to stand in it, +be at <i>k</i>, and the man, by thrusting against any +part of the beam, cause the scale to move outwards +so as to carry the said common center of +gravity to <i>k</i> <i>x</i>, then, instead of B E, L <i>l</i> will +become the line of direction of the compound +weight, whose action will be increased in the +ratio of L C to B C. This is what has been +explained by several writers of mechanics; but +no one, that I know of, has considered the case +when the scale is kept from flying out, as here +by the post G G, which keeps it in its place, as +if the strings of the scale were become inflexible. +Now, to explain this case, let us suppose +the length B D of half of the brachium +B C to be equal to 3 feet, the line B E to 4 feet, +the line E D of 5 feet to be the direction in +which the man pushes, D F and F E to be respectively +equal and parallel to B E and B D, +and the whole or absolute force with which the +man pushes equal to (or able to rise) 10 stone. +Let the oblique force E D (= 10 stone) be resolved +into the two E F and E B (or its equal +F D) whose directions are at right angles to +each other, and whose respective quantities +(or intensities) are as 6 and 8, because E F and +B E are in that proportion to each other and to +E D. Now, since E F is parallel to B D C A, +the beam, it does no way affect the beam to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> +move it upwards; and therefore there is only +the force represented by F D, or 8 stone, to +push the beam upwards at D. For the same +reason, and because action and reaction are +equal, the scale will be pushed down at E with +the force of 8 stone also. Now, since the force +at E pulls the beam perpendicularly downwards +from the point B, distant from C the whole +length of the brachium B C, its action downwards +will not be diminished, but may be +expressed by 8 × B C; whereas the action upwards +against D will be half lost, by reason of +the diminished distance from the center, and +is only to be expressed by 8 × B C/2; and when +the action upwards to raise the beam is subtracted +from the action downwards to depress +it, there will still remain 4 stone to push down +the scale; because 8 × B C - 8 × B C/2 = 4 B C. +Consequently, a weight of 4 stone must be +added at the end A to restore the æquilibrium. +Therefore a man, &c., pushing upwards under +the beam between B and D, becomes heavier. +Q. E. D.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, if the scale should hang +at F, from the point D, only 3 feet from the +center of motion C, and a post G G hinders the +scale from being pushed inwards towards C, +then, if a man in this scale F pushes obliquely +against B with the oblique force above mentioned,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +the whole force, for the reasons before +given (in resolving the oblique force into two +others acting in lines perpendicular to each +other) will be reduced to 8 stone, which pushes +the beam directly upwards at B, while the same +force of 8 stone draws it directly down at D +towards F. But as C D is only equal to half +of C B, the force at D, compared with that at +B, loses half its action, and therefore can only +take off the force of 4 stone from the push upwards +at B; and consequently the weight W +at A will preponderate, unless an additional +weight of 4 stone be hanged at B. Therefore, +a man, &c., pushing upwards under the beam +between B and D, becomes lighter.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The other problem presented by Rev. +Desagulier is denominated by him "An Experiment +explaining a Mechanical Paradox, +that two bodies of equal weight suspended on a +certain sort of balance do not lose their equilibrium +by being removed, one farther from, the +other nearer to, the center."</p> + +<p>The article concerning this problem is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>If the two weights P W hangs at the ends +of the balance A B, whose center of motion is +C, those weights will act against each other +(because their directions are contrary) with +forces made up of the quantity of matter in +each multiplied by its velocity; that is, by +the velocity which the motion of the balance +turning about C will give to the body suspended.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +Now, the velocity of a heavy body is +its perpendicular ascent or descent, as will appear +by moving the balance into the position +<i>a b</i>, which shews the velocity of P to be the +perpendicular line <i>e a</i>, and the velocity of B +will be the perpendicular line <i>b g</i>; for if the +weights P and W are equal, and also the lines +<i>e a</i> and <i>b g</i>, their momenta, made up of <i>e a</i> +multiplied into W, and <i>b g</i> multiplied into P, +will be equal, as will appear by their destroying +one another in making an equilibrium. But +if the body W was removed to M, and suspended +at the point D, then, its velocity being +only <i>f d</i>, it would be overbalanced by the body +P, because <i>f d</i> multiplied into M would produce +a less momentum than P multiplied into <i>b g</i>.</p> + +<div id="if_i_053" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/i_053.jpg" width="500" height="450" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>As the arcs A <i>a</i>, B <i>b</i>, and D <i>d</i>, described by +the ends of the balance or points of suspension, +are proportionable to their sines <i>e a</i>, <i>g b</i>, and +<i>d f</i>, as also the radii or distances C A, C B, and +C D; in the case of this common sort of balance, +the arcs described by the weights, or their +points of suspension, or the distances from the +center, may be taken for velocities of the +weights hanging at A, B, or D, and, therefore, +the acting force of the weights will be reciprocally +as their distances from the center.</p> + +<p>Scholium.—The distances from the center +are taken here for the velocities of the bodies, +only because they are proportionable to the +lines <i>e a</i>, <i>b g</i>, and <i>f d</i>, which are the true velocities; +for there are a great many cases wherein the +velocities are neither proportionable to the distances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> +from the center of motion of a machine, +nor to the arcs described by the weights or +their points of suspension. Therefore, it is not +a general rule that weights act in proportion +to their distances from the center of motion; +but a corollary of the general rule that weights +act in proportion to their velocities, which is +only true in some cases. Therefore, we must +not take this case as a principle, which most +workmen do, and all those people who make +attempts to find the perpetual motion, as I have +more amply shewn in the Phil. Trans., No. 369.</p> + +<p>But to make this evident even in the balance, +we need only take notice of the following +experiment:—A C B E K D is a balance in the +form of a parallelogram passing through a slit +in the upright piece N O standing on the pedestal +M, so as to be moveable upon the center +pins C and K. To the upright pieces A D and +B E of this balance are fixed at right angles the +horizontal pieces F G and H I. That the equal +weights P W must keep each other in æquilibrio, +is evident; but it does not at first appear +so plainly, that if W be removed to V, being +suspended at 6, yet it shall still keep P in +æquilibrio, though the experiment shews it. +Nay, if W be successively moved to any of the +points 1, 2, 3, E, 4, 5, or 6, the æquilibrium will +be continued; or if, W hanging at any of those +points, P be successively moved to D, or any +of the points of suspension on the cross-piece +F G, P will at any of those places make an +æquilibrium with W. Now, when the weights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +are at P and V, if the least weight that is +capable to overcome the friction at the points +of suspension C and K be added to V, as u, the +weight V will overpower, and that as much at +V as if it was at W.</p> + +<p>From what we have said above, the reason +of this experiment will be very plain.</p> + +<p>As the lines A C and K D, C B and K E, +always continue of the same length in any position +of the machine, the pieces A D and B E +will always continue parallel to one another, +and perpendicular to the horizon. However, +the whole machine turns upon the points C and +K, as appears by bringing the balance to any +other position, as <i>a b e d</i>; and therefore, as the +weights applied to any part of the pieces F G +and H I can only bring down the pieces A D +and B E perpendicularly, in the same manner +as if they were applied to the hooks D and E, +or to X and Y, the centers of gravity of A D +and B E, the force of the weights (if their +quantity of matter is equal) will be equal, because +their velocities will be their perpendicular +ascent or descent, which will always be as the +equal lines 4 <i>l</i> and 4 L, whatever part of the +pieces F G and H I the weights are applied to. +But if to the weight at V be added the little +weight <i>u</i>, those two weights will overpower, +because in this case the momentum is made up +of the sum of V and <i>u</i> multiplied by the common +velocity 4 L.</p> + +<p>Hence follows, that it is not the distance +C 6 multiplied into the weight V which makes its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +momentum, but its perpendicular velocity L 4 +multiplied into its mass. Q. E. D.</p> + +<p>This is still further evident by taking out +the pin at K; for then the weight P will overbalance +the other weight at V, because then +their perpendicular ascent and descent will not +be equal.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Rev. Dr. Desagulier was evidently a +man of scientific turn and capacity. It is unusual +to find ministers deeply interested in scientific +matters, and yet, he seems to have been. The net +result of his experiments can be succinctly stated +as follows:</p> + +<p>In the first problem there is <i>no change in +the distance of the center of gravity from the +support</i>, and, therefore, there could be no disturbance +of the equilibrium.</p> + +<p>In the second problem there <i>is a change in +the distance in the center of gravity from the +support</i>, and there must have been a disturbance +of the equilibrium.</p> + +<h3>John Haywood's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1790, John Haywood, of Long Acre, +Middlesex, draftsman and mechanic, obtained +British patent on:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>"A machine for working mills and engines +without the aid of fire, water, or wind, or in aid +of all or any of those or any other powers."</p> + +<p>The specification describes the device as +follows:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_058" class="figcenter" style="width: 406px;"><img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="406" height="432" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>"The machine acts on a rotative principle, +or, in other words, has a revolving circular or +circulating motion round an axis, center, or +centers. It may be made or constructed of any +materials or matter whatsoever, so it be of sufficient +strength to sustain the power of action +when applied to any mill, engine, or machine to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +which action or motion can or may be communicated +by a wheel. The size or dimensions +of this machine are by no means confined, but +may be varied or altered as circumstances may +require.</p> + +<p>"References to the drawings of the machine +hereunto annexed:—Fig. 1 is the section +of the machine. A, A, B, a cranked or double +center, fixed to the stand or frame D by the +bolts E. C, C, the wheel which turns or revolves +round that part of the cranked center mark +A. F, levers which turn or revolve round the +cranked center B. G, G, rollers or weights +which revolve in the circular guides or grooves +by means of the leavers F. H, H, circular +grooves or guides which are affixed to the inner +sides of the wheel. N. B.—the distance from A +to B is the radius in all cases to determine the +space between the center of the guide or groove +H and the center of the roller or weight G. The +distance of the two concentric circles which +form the guides or grooves H must be equal to +the diameter of the roller or weight G. I, I, +springs which stop the rollers or weights G +from returning when at the horizontal diameter +of the wheel. K, weights, which may be increased +or diminished at pleasure. L, ledges +which connect the sides of the wheel together. +N. B.—By fixing cogs or teeth on the rim of the +wheel, so as to connect it with any mill, machine, +or engine to which motion can be given by a +wheel, the power of this machine may be communicated."</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p> + +<h3>Explanation of the Failure of the Preceding +Wheels and Weights Devices</h3> + +<p>It must not be presumed that the preceding +devices shown in this chapter constitute any considerable +part of the Wheels and Weights Devices +that have been constructed through the hope of +attaining Perpetual Motion. Of all the means +whereby Perpetual Motion has been sought +wheels and weights have been by far the most +prolific. There is scarcely a village or a rural +community in the civilized world that cannot +point out its Perpetual Motion worker, and +he generally starts with wheels and weights, +though often, after long labor and final failure +with wheels and weights, he still exploits other +attractive fields of hopeless endeavor. Of the +devices of that kind, accounts of which have appeared +in scientific journals, or application for +patents upon which have been made, and, indeed, +patents often granted, it would be possible +to write a book of thousands of pages, but to do +so would be to no purpose.</p> + +<p>It is believed by the author that the preceding +devices are sufficient to illustrate, and show +the controlling features of all the various mechanical +contrivances for the utilization of wheels +and weights as a means of Self-Motive Power. +Countless others could be shown of more or less +complicated mechanism, but an examination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +would disclose the fact that each gets back to +some combination of parts well illustrated in the +preceding. Also, in endeavoring to express why +all wheels and weights devices have failed to +work, each essential point of weakness is disclosed +in the preceding. Now, why have they +failed to work, and wherein are they inherently +wrong and unscientific?</p> + +<p>A cursory examination of the preceding devices +shows that each depends ultimately on the +supposition:</p> + +<p>1. That a descending weight elevates an +equal weight through a distance equal to the +descent, and at the same time overcomes the frictional +resistance of mechanism, both ascent and +descent being measured on perpendicular lines, or</p> + +<p>2. That weights affixed to an axis and +caused to have a longer leverage on the descending +side than on the ascending side, and consequently +the downward pull on the long lever side +is supposed to be greater than the downward pull +or resistance on the short lever side of the axis.</p> + +<p>If the fallacy of these supposed principles is +explained and fully understood, it disposes, and +disposes effectually, of the possibility of obtaining +Perpetual Motion by means of wheels, +weights and the force of gravity.</p> + +<p>It should be remembered that a wheel is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +lever, or rather it is a continuous series of levers—nothing +more—nothing less.</p> + +<div id="if_i_062" class="figcenter" style="width: 209px;"><img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="209" height="264" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>We first refer to the figure shown in A. +Capra's device, page 33 ante. The left side of +this wheel is, of course, supposed to be the descending +side on which the weights are farthest +from the center of the wheel. It is apparent that +only five weights are having any leverage advantage +whatever, while a much greater number are +being made to ascend. The advantage which a +few of the weights have by virtue of the leverage +pulling downward is always exactly counterbalanced +by an <i>increased number</i> of weights being +drawn upward. It should be borne in mind that +the direction of the force of gravity is toward<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +the center of the earth, and not in the direction +of the motion of the wheel, except at the extreme +left side of the wheel.</p> + +<p>Again, consider the figure appearing on +page 63. It is manifest that the weights on the +right hand are further out, and have a leverage +advantage of the weights on the left hand +side, but it is also manifest that there is, and always +must be, a greater <i>number</i> of weights on +the left hand side. The <i>greater leverage</i> of the +weights on one side is exactly balanced by the +greater number of weights on the other side.</p> + +<p>For a further illustration, take the figure +shown on sheet 65, ante. The weight "1" has a +distinct advantage over weight "5." Weight "2" +has a distinct advantage over weight "6." But +here we have only three weights: 1, 2 and 8, tending +to pull the wheel from left to right, whereas +there are five weights, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, tending to +prevent its going to the right.</p> + +<p>In other words, if weights 1, 2 and 8 were +removed, it is clear that the wheel would turn +back to the left by reason of the action of the +weights 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Here again the <i>leverage +advantage</i> which weights have descending is +counterbalanced by the <i>increased number of +weights</i> on the opposite side acted on by the force +of gravity, tending to prevent the descent of those +having the greater leverage.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_064" class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><img src="images/i_064.jpg" width="336" height="336" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>All the simpler devices failed, of course, to +work. The more complicated devices are simply +efforts to overcome the elementary principles that +prevented the simpler devices from working. +Among these that of Dixon Vallance (see page +34, ante), is best adapted to illustrate the folly +and the fallacy of these various devices to overcome +elementary principles.</p> + +<p>We here refer to the figure appearing on +page 35, ante, shown in connection with Dixon +Vallance's Device. The obvious purpose was to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +keep all the weights close to the hub, except those +depended upon to produce continuous motion by +their greater leverage.</p> + +<p>To the untrained and untechnical person it +would perhaps not be manifest at first just why +the Vallance machine failed to work. Here is +its failure: Weight "c" must be raised toward the +hub of the wheel. To raise that weight requires +the application of force. That force must be +supplied. The belt "cc" would work more freely +if it were not elevating a weight, and the force +required from "w" to turn the wheel so as to +elevate the weight at "c" is counterbalanced by +the resistance the weight "c" offers to being +raised, and consequently to the motion of the belt +and in turn to the progress of the wheel.</p> + +<p>It should always be remembered that, omitting +friction, the energy exerted by a descending +body is the <i>perpendicular distance</i> of its descent +multiplied by its weight. For, notwithstanding +what its course may be from an elevated point to +a lower point the energy accumulated in the descent +is still the product of the perpendicular distance +and the mass, or weight.</p> + +<p>In all of these devices it is apparent that +every weight is brought back by some force from +the lowest point it reaches to the same elevation +from which it started to descend. It is axiomatic, +therefore, that the perpendicular ascent is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +equal to the perpendicular descent. The ascending +weight and the descending weight are, of +course, the same. Therefore, the product of the +weight and the perpendicular distance of <i>ascent</i> +is exactly equal to the product of the weight and +the perpendicular distance of <i>descent</i>. Hence, +there is an exact balancing of energies, and no +motion results. Any motion imparted by wind, +water or steam will, if the moving force be withdrawn, +soon be overcome by unavoidable friction, +and a state of rest follows. There can be no +doubt that any attempt to attain Self-Motive +Power by means of wheels, weights, levers, and +the force of gravity must result in failure. The +thing itself is physically impossible.</p> + +<p>In addition to what is above stated, read +carefully Chapter XI, on Conservation of Energy; +also read Chapter XIV, entitled "The +Seeming Probability of Effecting a Continual +Motion by Solid Weights in a Hollow Wheel or +Sphere" at page 290 of this book.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">DEVICES BY MEANS OF ROLLING +WEIGHTS AND INCLINED PLANES</span></h2> + +<h3>Device by Mercury in Inclined Glass Tube and +Heavy Ball on Inclined Plane</h3> + +<p>Neither the inventor's name nor his nativity +can we give. An account of the invention was +furnished by a correspondent to Mechanics' +Magazine in 1829. The account is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>To the curious who delight in mechanical intricacies, +to whom ingenuity of contrivance is the +goal for which they run, nothing seems to afford +and require such endless resources as that most +puzzling thing—perpetual motion. The unfortunate +name "perpetual motion," if changed for +"mechanical experiment," would eventually, perhaps, +remove the real cause of censuring it, by the +different idea of the object aimed at.</p> + +<p>I now beg leave to offer some account of a +combination of movements, which, from its originality, +and seeming to possess every requisite for +retaining it in action, may possibly be acceptable.</p> + +<div id="if_i_068" class="figcenter" style="width: 204px;"><img src="images/i_068.jpg" width="204" height="173" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>This diagram shows a side view. On the +stand A are raised two supports B, each having +a center hole at <i>a</i>, to receive the axle of the balanced +apparatus, consisting of C, a glass tube<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +containing a portion of mercury G; and D, a +grooved scaleboard, in which a ball, E, can roll +backwards and forwards. F F are two jointed +levers, which are to serve, when struck by the +ball, to reverse the position of the compound balance: +the whole centred at <i>a</i>, the tube at <i>b</i>, and +the grooved board at <i>c</i>. In its present position, +the mercury (it is supposed), having flowed to +the end C, will depress D, and cause the ball E +to roll to D, and depress the end G F D; and so +on continually.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Series of Inclined Planes</h3> + +<p>This scheme is of English origin, and was +promulgated in 1864. The name of the inventor +is unknown, but he described his invention in a +communication to a scientific publication in the +following language:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The accompanying diagram represents a +series of inclined semi-tubes connected together +in the form of a rectangle.</p> + +<div id="if_i_069" class="figcenter" style="width: 167px;"><img src="images/i_069.jpg" width="167" height="125" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The ball A, is placed at the top of an incline +in such a position that it shall descend to B, at +which point it will have sufficient velocity or +gravity to carry it up the ascent to C; and so supposing +the inclines and ascents to be endless, the +repetition of the movement must be also endless. +I think it is not unreasonable to suppose that a +perpetual movement of the ball will take place, +from the fact that the velocity imparted to it by +its <i>first</i> descent is sufficient to carry it from A to +C, <i>those two points being at the same level</i>. I +think the only thing to guard against is the ball +rushing over the point C, and thus accelerating +the velocity at each descent. The incline on road +upon which the ball runs can be made either circular, +square, octagonal, or, in fact, almost of +any form.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span></p> + +<h3>Device by Oscillating Trough and Cannon +Balls</h3> + +<p class="center">(Name of inventor unknown)</p> + +<p>An adaptation from a "Perpetual Pump" +substituting cannon-balls for water.</p> + +<p>An account of this invention was published +in London in 1825, in the language of the inventor, +who says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The description of the perpetual pump has +suggested to me whether the long-sought "perpetual +motion" may not be found by a simple mechanical +alteration of that machine, and substituting +a cannon-ball as a <i>primum mobile</i>, in lieu +of the water, not always obtainable. I would +recommend that in the bottom of the trough be +inserted at each end two dropping-boards, of a +triangular form, moving on an axis at one corner, +one of which falling below the level of the trough +at the elevated end, the other shall be raised by +the stop affixed to the standard-post, which, +throwing the ball again back to the former end, +shall depress that, until the same process is repeated +in perpetual activity.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Fig. 1. A, the trough, +swinging on an axis at B. C, the cannon-ball, +raised by one of the dropping-boards, D, whilst +the other falls through the opening at E, into the +trough. F, the support or stop, raising the dropping-board<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +D. The center of the trough ought +to be pierced, leaving the sides as a support to the +ball, which ought not to be wider than the ball +may travel freely through.</p> + +<div id="if_i_071" class="figcenter" style="width: 170px;"><img src="images/i_071.jpg" width="170" height="201" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 2. D D, the dropping-boards, which +pass through the center so as to leave a sufficiency +of the trough as a resting place for the ball to +give a momentum, and depress the trough, previously +to its being again raised by the dropping-board.</p></blockquote> + +<p>We meekly venture to call the attention of +this inventor, if he is still living, and to any +others who may be working along the same line, +that to our certain knowledge water is more generally +obtainable than cannon-balls. We, therefore, +suggest the use of water instead of +cannon-balls.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span></p> + +<h3>Unpublished Incline Plane and Weights Devices +Noted by the Author</h3> + +<p>Except the preceding three devices the author +does not remember ever to have seen reported +in any book, patent, application for patent, +or report, the account of a device for obtaining +self-motive power by means of weights and inclined +planes, and yet, it is believed by the author +from the use that has been made of inclined +planes and rolling weights in demonstrating mechanical +principles by many natural philosophers, +and also from devices that have from time to time +been brought to the attention of the author during +thirty years last past, that the inclined plane +with rolling weights has been a fertile field of +folly among Perpetual Motion seekers.</p> + +<p>On a number of occasions the author has +been asked to view and inspect mechanical devices +of that kind, which it was claimed by the confident +inventor and his friends "would surely +work when just one little thing could be overcome." +The phraseology was sometimes varied a +little from the preceding quotation, but the substance +was always there.</p> + +<p>In one instance the device attracted the enthusiastic +attention and elicited breathless interest +from a doctor and surgeon of much more than +ordinary skill and intelligence in his profession, +and was hopefully regarded by a number of other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +persons who had had schooling advantages and +were supposed to be versed in the rudiments of +mechanics, and, it would seem to the author, +ought at first sight to have perceived the fallacy +and hopelessness of the inventor's dreams.</p> + +<p>All of these claimed inventions relying on +the inclined plane with rolling weights were so +nearly alike in the principle involved that all may +be illustrated by the following explanation:</p> + +<div id="if_i_073" class="figcenter" style="width: 160px;"><img src="images/i_073.jpg" width="160" height="147" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The above figure shows a vertical section of +a device that illustrates the controlling principle +in all of these devices. It is manifest that the +balls between A and C are hanging equally between +A D and C D, the points of suspension +A and C being in a horizontal line. It is also +manifest that there will be a greater number of +balls on the sloping incline A B than on the +sloping incline B C. The Perpetual Motion +seeker has always argued to himself that the +<i>four</i> balls between A and B should pull stronger +to the left at B than the <i>two</i> balls between B and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +C can pull. Sometimes this device has been +varied whereby the balls would roll freely down +the incline from B to A and then roll back toward +C down another incline where they would be supposed +to strike a lever and impel a ball from C +to B, which ball would then roll down the incline +B A, and so on indefinitely.</p> + +<p>The error of all this lies in the fact that the +four balls between B and A will not elevate the +two balls between B and C for the reason that +they are on a less inclined slope. As we would +ordinarily state it, B C is a "steeper" incline. +One ball between B and C by force of gravity +pulls stronger toward C than one ball on B A +will pull toward A. It is manifest, therefore, +that an equilibrium requires a greater number of +balls on B A than B C.</p> + +<p>B A is longer and accommodates a greater +number of balls than can be accommodated on +B C. The number of balls that can be accommodated +on the respective sides is always found +to be such that the small number of balls between +B C pull in the aggregate toward C the same as +the greater number of balls between B and A +pull toward A, and thus equilibrium is established.</p> + +<p>It is manifest, therefore, that with the pull +from B toward C equal to the pull from B toward +A, the mechanism finds its balance and motion +ceases. This is true of all similar devices.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">HYDRAULIC AND HYDRO-MECHANICAL +DEVICES</span></h2> + +<h3>Enbom & Anderson's Pump</h3> + +<p>"June 13, 1882 U. S. Patent, No. 259514 was +granted to Andro Enbom and John A. Anderson, +of Augusta, Kansas, U. S. A., on</p> + +<p class="center">"Improvements in Pumps."</p> + +<p>It seems probable that the inventors did not +suspect, and that the patent office examiners did +not discover that the device had in the claimed +"Improvement" the essentials of self-motive +power. An examination of the specifications +clearly shows, however, that the claim of the inventors +that "the water lifted by the pump is +caused in its passage over the wheel A² to give +power to the same and thus lessen the labor required," +presupposes the principle of self-motive +power. The following figure taken from the +specifications and the following excerpt from the +specifications illustrate the intended operation:</p> + +<p>The operation is substantially as follows: +By the application of power to the crank a revolution +is given to the main shaft A, and by means +of this the pump-handle is properly actuated +through the intermediate mechanism described. +The water lifted by the pump is discharged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +through the spout <i>e´</i> to the buckets of the wheel +<i>a</i>², and by these is delivered to the trough F. By +means of the construction described the water +lifted by the pump is caused, in its passage over +the wheel <i>a</i>², to give power to the same, and thus +lessen the labor required to produce a given result.</p> + +<div id="if_i_076" class="figcenter" style="width: 354px;"><img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="354" height="273" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>We suggest to the inventors that if instead +of elevating the water to the place of discharge +E´ they discharge it at the level of the trough +"F" they will lessen the distance of elevation and +will save many times the energy that can be realized +by the descent of the water from the level +of E´ to the level of "F."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span></p> + +<h3>Device of "Ed. Vocis Rationis"</h3> + +<p>In 1831 Mechanics' Magazine printed an article +contributed by a correspondent who signed +himself "Ed. Vocis Rationis." He claimed to +have invented a very powerful Perpetual Motion +Machine.</p> + +<p>His enthusiasm is as interesting as his device +is absurd. We give the article as published in +full:</p> + +<div id="if_i_077" class="figcenter" style="width: 158px;"><img src="images/i_077.jpg" width="158" height="227" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I propose to endeavor to show how my plan +of perpetual motion could be applied to practical +and useful purposes. With a view to this, I give +the prefixed sketch, with the following description +of its construction and use: Let A represent +the side-wall or gable-end of a house, from 40 to +50 feet in elevation; B, a cistern, filled with water, +having an orifice near its bottom, and another<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +open at the top, for the ready escape of waste +water, as before; C, a reservoir, so far filled with +water as not to come in contact with the bottom +of the water-wheel D, which, being an undershot +wheel, may, of course, be of such radius as is +suitable for the power required to raise the water. +Let E be another cistern, filled with water, equal +to and provided with orifices as in cistern B, both +orifices together discharging water faster than it +escapes from the lower orifice of the cistern B; +F, two (or more, as the case may require) pumps, +or expressing-fountains, supported against the +walls by ties <i>d d</i>, and having their cylinders inserted +in the reservoir C, and their lower suckers +fixed at a little less than 32 feet above the surface +of the fluid in the reservoir C. These expressing-fountains +discharging their water into the +cistern E a trifle faster than it escapes from its +lower orifice, at an elevation of at least 33 or 34 +feet above the surface of the water in the reservoir +C, will afford space for water-wheels, supported +against the wall by the upright K, say +three water-wheels, G H I, of at least eight feet +in diameter each, or two only of greater diameter. +The upper wheel G being an undershot one, if not +of greater radius than four feet, which it might +be, may have its axle fixed at an altitude of at +least 30 feet, and allowing the space of a foot +between each water-wheel for the troughs a and +b, which collect and convey the water from wheel +to wheel, will give a space of 22 feet, occupied by +the three water-wheels, leaving 10 feet for the +descent of the water by the trough <i>c</i> to the cistern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +B (which may be four or five feet in depth), and +thence to the reservoir C, which may be three or +four feet in depth; also the cistern E may be four +or five feet in depth, and all of other corresponding +dimensions <i>ad libitum</i>. To produce the motion, +remove the plugs or stoppers from the lower +orifices of the cisterns E and B; the water rushing +from the latter turns the great water-wheel +D, which works the expressing-fountains into the +upper cistern E; from the orifices of which, the +water escaping turns the undershot wheel G +(which may be of larger diameter, if required); +whence being collected by the spout <i>a</i>, it shoots +over and turns the wheel H; being collected by +the spout <i>b</i>, it turns the overshot wheel I; whence +being collected by the spout <i>c</i>, it is conveyed into +the cistern B, from thence to the water wheel D, +and, finally, into the reservoir C, from which it +is raised again by the fountains into the upper +cistern E; and so on as long as you please, or as +long as the whole keeps in repair and in good +order. The apparatus may, with facility, be +stopped for convenience at any time without fear +of derangement, because the fountains carrying +water faster than it escapes from the lower orifices, +the cisterns will be always full; and it may +be again set in motion with equal facility. With +the above proviso, it cannot stop till the prevailing +natural causes which gave it motion—viz., +the pressure of the atmosphere and the descent of +water, which in their nature and tendency are of +themselves perpetual—shall be diverted. Thus +you may have the power, free and disposable, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +three water-wheels in perpetual motion, to be applied +to such useful purposes of machinery within +the building as its inmates may require. A supply +of water-mills might be thus provided in any +situation—in the center of the metropolis or other +large towns—in places subject to a deficiency of +rivulets suitable for mills on the common system. +Neither would there be any necessity for resorting +to rivers, or raising immense buildings upon +their banks; wherever there was a convenient +house, it might be readily appropriated with little +further expense than machinery.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l6">Yours, etc.,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Ed. "Vocis Rationis."</span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="p0"> +Jan. 10, 1831.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Böckler's Plates</h3> + +<p>In 1662 George Andrew Böckler published +a work on mechanics. The work is replete with +fine drawings. Not a great deal of space is devoted +to Perpetual Motion devices, but the following +three plates which are numbered 150, 151 +and 152 in his work are shown as Perpetual Motion +devices.</p> + +<p>These devices do not appear to have been the +inventions of Böckler himself, but are devices +noticed by him. They are not explained with any +considerable detail.</p> + +<div id="if_i_081" class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;"><img src="images/i_081.jpg" width="355" height="476" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Figure 150 is "A Water Screw," and it is +stated that the inventor intends it for a Perpetual +Motion device, and it is further stated that he has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> +scarcely worked out his purpose. The author +states that the excellence consists in the proportion +and distribution of the wheel, balls and +weights, and says further that he does not describe +it in detail, and that it is his intention to +publish at a future time a separate treatise on +Perpetual Motion in which this and other similar +machines will be considered.</p> + +<p>He gives the first as Fig. 150, "A Water Screw," +the purpose of which is not quite so obvious +as to be understood at the first view of the +figure; for the inventor intimates that he intends +it for a perpetuum mobile. He has, however, +scarcely worked out his purpose, as we may, +nevertheless, say without any prejudice to the +inventor. Nor will we here describe how the excellence +of this work consists in the proportion +and distribution of the wheel, and the balls or +weights, because it is our intention to publish, at +a future time, a separate treatise on the perpetuum +mobile, in which we shall consider this +and several similar machines.</p> + +<p>Figure 151 is "A Water Screw," having a +grindstone for cutlery. The author remarks +concerning this machine as follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_083" class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;"><img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="352" height="471" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>This machine also is intended for a perpetuum +mobile. The inventor discharges water +from the reservoir A, by the canal B, on the +water-wheel C, which turns the open screw-cylinder +D, by means of the toothed wheel E, the cog-wheel +F, the spoked wheel G, together with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> +cylinder H, and the spoked wheel I, whilst this +spoked wheel I, catching the small cog-wheel L, +together with the cylinder M, and the handle R, +turns the small spoked wheel of the screw-cylinder +H, and the screw-cylinder itself, and thus +draws up again the water discharged from the +reservoir A through the spiral screw Q. In +order to render this machine useful, a couple of +grindstones are placed on the cylinder D. Concerning +this machine, it is particularly to be considered, +whether a sufficient amount of water can +be raised again, as has been frequently remarked +before about similar works.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Figure 152 is said to represent "A Double +Water Screw, with Double Pump," and the author +observes:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>This machine is, on the whole, similar to the +preceding ones. The water is discharged from +the round or square reservoir A, by B, on the +water-wheel C. A continual supply of water for +the water-wheel is provided as follows: The +crown wheel H is fixed on the upright cylinder +M, and is turned by the revolutions of the cylinder, +whilst it turns at the same time the upper +wheel L, which, acting on the spokes of the double +screw K, K, draws up sufficient water by I, I, and +then, as stated, discharges it by B, on the wheel C.</p> + +<p>The machine may be rendered useful by furnishing +the cylinder D with the double crank E, +to drive the two pistons of the tubes F, F, which +lift the water through the pipes G, G, into the +reservoir N, whence it may be carried off for +service.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_085" class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;"><img src="images/i_085.jpg" width="355" height="489" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span></p> + +<h3>John Linley's Hydraulic Device. 1831</h3> + +<p>An account of this was published in 1831 in +Mechanics' Magazine, and is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>32. Perpetual Water-wheels and Pumps +(vol. 14, 1831).—A correspondent gives a description +of a plan which he says he believes to +be entirely original, and not without considerable +claims to plausibility, thus:</p> + +<div id="if_i_086" class="figcenter" style="width: 189px;"><img src="images/i_086.jpg" width="189" height="284" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Let <i>a b c d</i> represent a wooden cistern, or +trough, half filled with water; E F G, three +overshot water-wheels, supported by the upright +piece; K is another cistern, or trough, +filled with water up to the dotted lines; P is a +syphon to convey water from the lower to the +upper cistern K; R is a beam supported from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +the cistern; S T U are moveable cranks attached +to the horizontal shafts through the +center of the water-wheels—each crank has a +connecting-rod to the beam R; V W are two +curved spouts to convey water from one wheel +to another. It may be well here to premise +that each water-wheel has a pump and beam, +as only one is seen in the section.</p> + +<p>Now, in order to put the machine in motion, +it is only necessary to draw a portion of +water from the syphon over the wheel E, which +immediately revolves, consequently the pump +L M draws water from the lower to the upper +cistern K. Now, the water passing over the +wheel E is collected by means of the curved +spout V, and is conveyed upon the middle +wheel F, which also gives motion to another +pump, and draws in like manner. Again, the +water passing over the middle wheel, is collected +as before by another curved spout W; +consequently, the lower wheel is put in action, +accompanied with another pump. Hence it is +obvious that three water-wheels and three +pumps are worked by one stream of water from +the syphon. What more is required to perpetuate +its motion?</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +John Linley.</p> +<p class="p0">Wicker Sheffield, May 28, 1830. +</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Device of Author of the "Voice of Reason"</h3> + +<p>In 1831 a contributor who signed himself +Author of the "Voice of Reason," furnished to +the scientific journals of England an account of +what he claimed was a Perpetual Motion Device<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +invented by him. It should be said to his credit +that he claimed no surplus power for his device—only +that it would run itself. He, in fact, stated +that his machine could not perform more than +the simple operation of pumping its own water.</p> + +<p>The principle upon which he relied is sufficiently +shown by the following figure, and the +following excerpt from the contributed article:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Observing that persons no less distinguished +than Bishop Wilkins, the Marquis of Worcester, +etc., have amused themselves with such things as +perpetual motion, it may be some apology for a +humble individual residing as I do in a very retired +part of the country—scarcely within reach +of much society—to confess that by way of a +little rational amusement and relief to the mind, +I have at times, amid a variety of other investigations +and inventions, amused myself amongst the +rest, with this of perpetual motion. The result +I will, with your permission, lay before your readers. +That I trespass upon your pages, you are +indebted to your correspondent, Mr. Linley, +whose invention I thought might partially lead +to an anticipation of one of my own, a model of +which I constructed a short time ago. The system +which first came to my mind, as likely to +lead to the accomplishment of perpetual motion, +was that of the syphon; experimenting with +which, opened discoveries that might prove useful +in hydrostatics. Amongst these was a mode of +equalizing the horizontal surface of the water in +two separate vessels of different altitudes. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +following sketch will afford an idea of my invention.</p> + +<div id="if_i_089" class="figcenter" style="width: 161px;"><img src="images/i_089.jpg" width="161" height="285" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Let A be a vessel, having two orifices, one at +the bottom of it, <i>a</i>, and the other open at the top +for waste water <i>b</i>, filled to the brim. B, a reservoir, +so far filled with water as not to come in +contact with the bottom of the great wheel C, +whose axle turns in the wood <i>c</i>, attached to the +side of the reservoir; <i>d</i>, a crank fixed to the axle +of the great water-wheel, which turning moves +up and down the rod <i>e</i>, attached to the beam E, +which works the pump D, having its cylinder inserted +in the reservoir B; <i>f</i>, an upright attached +to the upper vessel A, to form a support for the +beam E; the whole, together with the cylinder of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +the pump, being supported and tied together by +the woodwork <i>g g g</i>.</p> + +<p>To produce the motion, draw the plug from +the orifice <i>a</i>, from which the water gushing out +with considerable force will immediately turn the +water-wheel, which communicating motion, by +the crank <i>d</i> and rod <i>e</i>, to the beam E, will cause +the pump D to be worked, the water from the +spout passing into the upper vessel A. Now, the +cylinder of the pump, if one only be used, must +be of suitable dimensions, or the velocity of its +movement so increased by means of a multiplying-wheel +as to enable it to discharge water into +the upper vessel A faster than the same escapes +through the lower orifice <i>a</i>; consequently, the vessel +A will soon overflow from the capacious opening +at <i>b</i>, to which a trough is attached, which collecting +the waste water, causes it to descend also +upon the circumference of the water-wheel; thus +contributing to its movement, and at the same +time tending to preserve an uniform supply of +water in the reservoir for the continued action of +the pump. Hence you have a perpetual motion, +so long as the whole keeps in repair and in good +order, which is all that can be expected of any +perpetual motion, constructed as it must be of +perishable materials.</p> + +<p>But of what use are all the perpetual motion +machines, if they can perform no other work +than that of keeping themselves in motion? For +it is evident, in the case of my machine, that if I +wish to increase the power of the wheel, fixed as +it is in size, radius, etc., I must increase the jet of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> +water, and consequently the pumps must be made +of corresponding dimensions, or exert a corresponding +increase of force or velocity to replace +the water; so that it is evident, neither Mr. Linley's +machine nor mine, in their present fixed +state, can perform more than the simple operation +of pumping their own water.</p> + +<p>And this is the case with all the perpetual +motion machines I have ever observed—they can +exert no useful or disposable power beyond that +of keeping up an equilibrium, or getting beyond +the point of equilibrium.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l8">Yours, etc.,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Author of the "Voice of Reason."</span><br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<h3>An Italian Device</h3> + +<p>In 1825 there was published in London in +Mechanics' Magazine the account of a very ancient +invention by an Italian. He had written an +account of his invention in Latin. It had been +translated and furnished to Mechanics' Magazine +by a correspondent of that Magazine. The +communication so furnished as published is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The underwritten is translated from an +ancient Latin book * * * (entitled "De +Simia Naturæ," Autore Roberto Fludd), which +treats of every science known at the time it was +published, and largely of the science of mechanics. +What followed I have extracted merely to show +that the discovery of the perpetual motion was as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +nearly attained then, perhaps, as it is now.—I +am, &c., P.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="hang"><i>Of another useful invention for raising water +easily, by the which a certain Italian ventured +to boast that he had discovered the +Perpetual Motion.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Description of the Instrument.</span>—A is +an exhauster, or pump.</p> + +<div id="if_i_092" class="figcenter" style="width: 323px;"><img src="images/i_092.jpg" width="323" height="353" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>B, a little wheel placed at the bottom of the +exhauster, about which pestils, or circular flaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +of prepared leather, revolve lightly, so that they +rise easily: they are connected by crooked iron.</p> + +<p>C C C, pestils, or circular leathers, by means +of which the water is raised in the pump.</p> + +<p>D, a wheel, by which the said circular +leathers are raised up.</p> + +<p>E, a pinion, moving the wheels D and B.</p> + +<p>F is a wheel, continued from the wheel G, +whose teeth the pinion E propels circularly.</p> + +<p>H, a pinion moving the wheel G.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Use of the Instrument.</span>—This instrument +is classed with those of the first sort, on which +account it is absolutely necessary for a multitude +of purposes, because it bears upward a large +quantity of water with the least labor; for the +number of wheels is not variable; but the length +of the receiver A is about the proportion of 35 +feet, and its breadth one foot and one-third. The +concavities of it should be made exactly round, +that they may not lose any water by contracting +in their ascension; the concavity of the pump, +therefore, should be perfectly round. The great +water-wheel should be 24 feet diameter, and the +wheel G 20 feet.</p> + +<p>The Italian, deceived by his own thoughts, +conceived that as much water would be raised +by this pump as would keep the wheel perpetually +in motion; because he said that more force was +required at the extremity of this machine than at +the centre; but because he calculated the proportions +of power wrong, he was deceived in practice.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span></p> + +<h3>P. Valentine Stansel's Device. Prior to 1657</h3> + +<p class="in0">(Exact date not known):</p> + +<div id="if_i_094" class="figcenter" style="width: 337px;"><img src="images/i_094.jpg" width="337" height="289" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>A, B, C is a large cistern of water, above +which is another cistern D, E, which is supplied +from the lower cistern by the pump X, operated +by the water-wheel M, N, the crank L of which +is attached by a rod K to the horizontal beam H, +I, K, which swings at H, from the side of the +upper cistern, as shown at F, G, H. The force-pump +X, on the depression of the plunger O, +causes the water to rise up the vertical pipe P, Q, +R, S, and thence discharge itself into the cistern +D, from which a small portion is allowed to escape +through the short pipe T, V, whence it falls +on the water-wheel, and so on continuously.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span></p> + +<h3>Vogel's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1847, A. F. Vogel, of Leipzig, invented +what he called</p> + +<p class="center">"Hydrostatic General Mobile."</p> + +<p>It was described at the time in a pamphlet,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> +and its operation is sufficiently illustrated by the +following annexed figure and explanation:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_095" class="figcenter" style="width: 332px;"><img src="images/i_095.jpg" width="332" height="458" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>A water-wheel, A, B, C, D, raising the water +by means of which it is to be operated. This is +effected, he supposes, by the wheel acting at A, +by the pressure of one of six pins D, on a vertical +rod, attached to a horizontal beam, working on +a centre, and its opposite end being secured to the +pump-rod of the barrel M, N. The projector has +an idea that by means of flaps, which close the +cells of the wheel as they pass under rollers at B, +while at C there is a similar contrivance to open +the flaps and let out the water, and therefore by +its retention on the descending side it will become +more effective in turning the wheel.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>A Water Wheel-Driven Pump</h3> + +<p>This device is claimed by the writer to be an +adaptation of Rangely's Patent Roller Pump. A +description by the writer, whose name is not +given, was published in Mechanics' Magazine, +1823, in the following language:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I think it possible to produce a self-moving +power by such a machine as that, a drawing of +which is now prefixed. From its very simple construction, +a very brief description is necessary. +A represents a pump immersed in a reservoir B; +the pump is worked by the rotary motion of the +water-wheel C, which is four feet in diameter. +On the shaft of the water-wheel is the drum-wheel +D, working by a small cord the wheel E, +on the axis of the pump discharging the water by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +the pipe F into a reservoir G over the water-wheel. +In this reservoir is a cock to regulate the +quantity of water to be discharged on the wheel. +The wheel on the shaft of the water-wheel being +nine inches diameter, and the wheel on the axis +of the pump three in diameter, the latter will consequently +make three revolutions for one of the +water-wheel. As the pump is not required to +turn with great velocity, the speed might be +regulated by the quantity of water thrown on +the water-wheel, the latter being four feet in +diameter, and the wheel on its shaft nine inches; +consequently the radius or arm of the wheel has +near 4½ powers to counteract the friction of the +axis of the pump and water-wheel, and of a fine +cord passed over the wheels D and E. If necessary, +the friction of the machine might be still +farther reduced by the axes of the pump and +water-wheel being made to run in gudgeons with +friction rollers.</p> + +<div id="if_i_097" class="figcenter" style="width: 388px;"><img src="images/i_097.jpg" width="388" height="512" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The pipe H is intended to convey the surplus +water from the reservoir over the wheel to the +reservoir below.</p> + +<p>The pump might easily be turned by a cog-wheel; +but this is unnecessary, as the cord passing +over the drum-wheels will do equally well, +and is, besides, a more simple method.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>"A Journeyman Mechanic's" Device</h3> + +<p>The gentleman, whose real name is unknown, +but who styled himself "A Journeyman Mechanic," +made an invention, an account of which +appeared in "Mechanics' Magazine," in 1831. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> +was an attempted adaptation of the wellknown +principles of Barker's Mill.</p> + +<p>The inventor undoubtedly thought he had +successfully solved the long sought problem of +Self-Motive Power, and he benevolently and +graciously offered to contribute his valuable invention +to the world, having "no wish to profit by +monopoly."</p> + +<p>We cannot but contrast the plenary benevolence +of his heart with the mechanical paucity of +his head. He describes his invention with the +following language and figure:</p> + +<p>The inventor offers the accompanying +sketch, with description of an Hydraulic Mover, +for communicating power to machinery, and recently +invented by <span class="locked">him:—</span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>A is a hollow cylinder or pipe, forming the +upright shaft of a mill on Barker's well-known +and effective centrifugal principle.</p> + +<p>B B, the lateral pipes from ditto; <i>a a</i>, the jets +of water, whose centrifugal force gives the motion.</p> + +<p>C, beam to support the machinery, built at +each end into the wall D D.</p> + +<p>E E, two cog-wheels to communicate the +motion to</p> + +<p>P, the rod of a pump (on Shalder's principle), +which derives its supply from the well into +which the water from the pipes is conducted, +which it raises to</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_100" class="figcenter" style="width: 294px;"><img src="images/i_100.jpg" width="294" height="361" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>H, a cistern into which one end of a syphon, +I I, is introduced, the other end of which is +soldered with an air-tight joint into the top of +pipe A, to which it thus supplies the water which +is continually running from the pipes B B, producing +a constant motion which may be given +by carrying the horizontal rod F through the wall +D, to machinery for any purpose. And, if the +statement in the pamphlet on Hydrostatics, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, +as to the effect of Barker's Centrifugal +Mill, be correct, the power gained must be very +great.</p> + +<p>The advantages of the invention are obvious. +The whole of the machinery for a large factory +may be contained underground, which, indeed, +will be the most desirable situation for it, and +valuable room will thus be saved; the expense of +erection will not be great; and the saving in coals, +&c., necessary for a steam-engine of the like +powers, will be immense. I might, perhaps, have +secured much benefit to myself by taking out a +patent for the discovery, but I have no wish to +profit by monopoly. All I desire is, that it may +be recollected that the machine was invented by +one who is</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="smcap">A Journeyman Mechanic</span>.<br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<h3>James Black's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1858, James Black, Machine Maker, of +Edinburgh, Scotland, applied for a British patent +on</p> + +<p>"An improved mode or means of obtaining, +applying, and transmitting motive power."</p> + +<p>The expected operation is sufficiently illustrated +by the following figure and excerpt from +the specifications:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>A face plate or disc is fixed on an axis, and +has formed in it a number of wipers, eccentrics,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +or curved paths, which +receive (in the space +taken out) a pulley or +roller, free to revolve +on its own axis, and attached +to an adjustable +lever in equal balance +with the desired lift or +pressure. On rotary +motion being communicated +to the plate (by a band or otherwise), the +pulley or roller moves round the eccentrics or +paths, imparting a rocking motion to the lever +(similar to the action of a beam), wherefrom +motion may be transmitted or applied, as desired, +or converted by suitable appliances into any description +of motion.</p> + +<div id="if_i_102" class="figright" style="width: 165px;"><img src="images/i_102.jpg" width="165" height="141" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>In connection herewith, a pump may be set +in a tank of water, and a tank added above; on +the same shaft with the face plate is a water-wheel +driven by the water from above; when it +passes the centre, the water falls into the lower +tank and is pumped up again; whatever weight +of water is in each stroke is equalized by a balance +weight on the lever; the number of eccentrics +and size of water-wheel may be increased to correspond +with the quantity of water required to +secure a desired power.</p> + +<p>One means of imparting rotary motion from +my arrangement is by attaching at the end of the +lever a crank and connecting rod of same radius +as the lift of the lever, carried over the centre by +a fly wheel.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> +The invention is applicable to the actuating +of pumps, mincing machines, and other machinery, +instruments, and apparatus, and to parts +thereof; to propelling on land and water, and to +various motive purposes.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 is an elevation, showing an arrangement +for obtaining power according to my invention. +X is the general framework of the apparatus; +A, a disc or plate, mounted on a shaft E, +and formed with curved paths B; the same shaft +E also carries a water-wheel W, provided with +vanes or blades <i>w w</i>, as is usual; C is a roller, +working in the paths B, and connected to a lever +D, attached to rods <i>d d</i> of pumps G G. G¹ is a +balance weight at the further end of the lever, +which is supported in the bearing <i>f</i>; H H are +tanks fixed below the water-wheel, and I is a +tank set above it; <i>i i</i> are supply pipes, for conveying +the water from tanks H H to the tank I; +<i>j j</i>, escape water pipes. The water falling from +the tank I on the wheel W, drives that wheel in +the usual manner; and when it passes the centre, +the water falls into the lower tanks H, from which +it is pumped up again into the upper tank I by the +pumps G, actuated by the levers E, driven by the +rollers C, in the pathways B of the face plate A, +as the latter is caused to revolve by the revolution +of the water-wheel W on the same shaft with it, +thus producing a continuous motive power.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Archimedean Screw and Liquid</h3> + +<p>This device was made public by a communication +from a correspondent to "Mechanics'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +Magazine" in England, in 1823. The device is +described as follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_104" class="figcenter" style="width: 307px;"><img src="images/i_104.jpg" width="307" height="254" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>A is the screw turning on its two pivots G G; +B is a cistern to be filled above the level of the +lower aperture of the screw with mercury (which +I conceive to be preferable to water on many accounts, +and principally because it does not adhere +or evaporate like water); C is a reservoir, which, +when the screw is turned round, receives the +mercury which falls from the top; D is a pipe, +which by the force of gravity conveys the mercury +from the reservoir C on to (what, for want of a +better term, may be called) the float-board E, +fixed at right angles to the centre of the screw, +and furnished at its circumference with ridges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> +or floats to intercept the mercury, the moment +and weight of which will cause the float-board +and screw to revolve, until, by the proper inclination +of the floats, the mercury falls into the receiver +F, from whence it again falls by its spout +into the cistern G, where the constant revolution +of the screw takes it up again as before.</p> + +<p>To overcome this (the power of the fluid in +the screw to turn it backwards), I thought of +placing a metallic ball, or some mercury, on the +ledge above the floats (as at H in the drawing), +of just so much weight, and no more, as would +exactly neutralize this backward endeavor; +whether or no this would increase the difficulty +of raising the mercury in the screw I cannot say, +having never tried the experiment.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>John Sims's Problem. 1830</h3> + +<p>John Sims, a Welshman, furnished the following +suggested device to "Mechanics' Magazine" +in 1830:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Let us suppose an apparatus to be constructed +of the description represented in the annexed +engraving: <i>a</i> is a water cistern, whence +water is to be raised by the pump <i>b</i>, to supply the +cistern; <i>c d</i> is a small pipe with a stop-cock at <i>e</i>, +which lets the water from cistern <i>c</i> into a strong +water-tight bellows <i>f</i>. The bellows have no valve, +but a cock <i>g</i> to let out the water into cistern <i>a</i>; <i>h</i> +is a weight, and <i>i</i> a rack on the top of the bellows +which works in the cogs on the axle of the large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +cog-wheel <i>j</i>; <i>j</i> turns the little cog-wheel <i>k</i>, that +gives motion to the arm <i>l</i>, and works the pump-handle +<i>m</i>; <i>n</i> is an upright rod on the end of the +lever <i>o</i>, which rod has a turn at <i>p</i> and <i>q</i> for the +top of the bellows to press against in ascending +and descending. The water being let into the +bellows from the pipe <i>d</i>, will cause the top of the +bellows, with the weight and rack, to ascend till +the former reaches and presses <i>p</i>, which will move +the lever <i>o</i> and the arm or rod <i>r</i>; by which means +the stop-cock <i>e</i> of the pipe will be shut, and the +cock <i>g</i> opened, and the water let in from the bellows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +into the cistern <i>a</i>. The top of the bellows +will now descend till it comes down and presses +the turn <i>q</i>, which will again shut the cock <i>g</i> and +open <i>e</i>, on which the water will again flow from +the pipe into the bellows, and cause the top with +the rack to ascend.</p> + +<div id="if_i_106" class="figcenter" style="width: 189px;"><img src="images/i_106.jpg" width="189" height="345" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Now it is generally known that the power of +an hydrostatic bellows is thus <span class="locked">calculated:—</span></p> + +<p>As the area of the orifice or section of the +pipe,</p> + +<p>To the area of the bellows:</p> + +<p>The weight of water in the pipe is,</p> + +<p>To the weight the bellows will sustain on the +top-board.</p> + +<p>We will suppose, therefore, the pipe <i>d</i> to be +10 feet high, with a bore equal to 1 square inch, +which would give 120 cubic inches, and about 4¼ +lbs. of water. Let us suppose, also, the boards +of the bellows to be 20 inches square, which gives +400 square inches. When the water is let from +the pipe into the bellows, there will be a pressure +of 4¼ lbs. on every square inch, which on the +whole will amount to 1,700 lbs. Now take half of +this force and place it on the top of the bellows; +there will then be a working power of 850 lbs. up +and down, and allowing the bellows to raise one +foot, it will contain about 20 gallons of water. +Now the question is, will not the machinery, with +a moving power of 2 feet and 850 lbs., raise 20 +gallons of water 10 feet, which would, of course, +cause the motion to be perpetual?—<span class="smcap">John Sims.</span></p> + +<p>Pwllheli, North Wales, Dec. 11, 1829.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +The foregoing device brought from another +correspondent the following:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Had Mr. Sims gained the power exerted by +the descending weight on his bellows, he would +have been fortunate indeed; but it unfortunately +happens that its returning power (or an equivalent) +was expended in raising it.</p> + +<p>With respect to his question, whether a circulation +of water would be kept up by the arrangement, +I answer, no; as the velocities will be +in the inverse ratios to the forces, and the descending +column of 120 inches must expend itself +forty times to raise the ascending one to the +height of twelve inches, as <span class="locked">proposed:—</span></p> + +<p>10 ft. or 120 in. × 40 = 4,800, lifting force +or power.</p> + +<p>400 in. × 12 = 4,800, opposing force, resistance, +or weight.</p> + +<p>Here is an equilibrium, and nothing gained +to overcome friction or the weight of the atmosphere +on the piston of the pump. Were it possible +to annihilate both friction and atmospheric +weight, even then, unless the power exceed the +weight, the power would not be a moving one.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>A Perpetual Pump, by an Unknown Inventor</h3> + +<p>In Volume I of "Mechanics' Magazine," +1823, appears an account by a correspondent of a +Perpetual Motion device which is illustrated by +the figure, and the quotations following:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p><i>a b c d</i> is the section of the reservoir, &c., +showing the wheel, the pump, &c. A B is an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +overshot water-wheel; C D the working beam; +E the pump; F a pipe from the top of the pump, +through which the water was to fall upon the +wheel; C G an arm, communicating, by means of +a crank attached to an horizontal shaft through +the centre of the wheel, motion to the lever or +working beam, and so raising water from the +reservoir by means of the pump; H I the water. +It was supposed that the water which had fallen +upon the wheel into the reservoir would be raised +by means of the pump, fall through the horizontal +pipe, and so produce a continued rotary motion.</p></blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_109" class="figcenter" style="width: 312px;"><img src="images/i_109.jpg" width="312" height="183" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The persistence of Perpetual Motion workers +is amusingly illustrated by the inventions of +William Willcocks Sleigh and Burrowes Willcocks +Arthur Sleigh. Their devices were so extremely +complicated and not susceptible of being +understood, and hence are mentioned rather than +shown in this work.</p> + +<p>In 1845, William Willcocks Sleigh, a doctor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> +of medicine and surgery, of Chiswick, Middlesex, +England, applied for and obtained British Patent +on what he called</p> + +<p>"A Hydro-mechanic apparatus for producing +motive power."</p> + +<p>He took out other patents on hydro-mechanical +devices in 1853, 1856, and 1860. Then in +1864, his son, Burrowes Willcocks Arthur Sleigh +took out two patents on similar devices, and then +in 1866, still another patent.</p> + +<p>The specifications for each of the above mentioned +patents are lengthy and detailed. The inventors +evidently had the greatest confidence in +their efforts, though surely they never put them +to actual test. They seemed to have been mechanically +stupid, and incapable of correct mechanical +thinking, but their efforts were so tireless +and so earnest that we submit that the Sleigh +family had done its full, fair share in the efforts +to accomplish Self-Motive power.</p> + +<p>Equally amusing are the efforts of James +Smith of Seaforth, Liverpool, and Sidney Arthur +Chease, Liverpool, gentlemen: These two co-laborers +applied for British patents on four different +Hydro-mechanical devices—one in 1858, +two in 1863, and one in 1865. On three they +obtained patents, and on the other one provincial +protection. One of them seems to have been a +capitalist, and the other one a machinist. Their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> +models were complicated beyond understanding, +and apparently they were laboring in the dark +without intelligent plan. They seemed to have +thought that when a complicated mess of machinery +parts and fluid were assembled Perpetual +Motion must somehow result.</p> + +<p>Nothing could be gained by setting forth +their inventions fully, but their labors were so +great, and their efforts so intense that we feel +like preserving their names from oblivion, and +hence we give them mention here.</p> + +<h3>Why Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices +for Obtaining Perpetual Motion +Failed to Work</h3> + +<p>Next to wheels and weights, the use of +liquids in a hydraulic, hydrostatic, or hydro-mechanical +manner have been sought to be utilized +by Perpetual Motion seekers as a means of obtaining +energy from the machine not supplied to +the machine. The foregoing are only a few of +the many devices of that kind, but they are the +most simple of those that have been brought to +light, and consequently better illustrate the manner +in which it has been sought to utilize the +interesting properties of liquid pressure and mobility +in the solution of the problem.</p> + +<p>An examination of the preceding devices +discloses that in each case the inventor sought by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> +the energy of the descent of a liquid to elevate +through the same distance of ascent the same or +a greater quantity of the same liquid, or in some +cases to obtain from the pressure of a liquid a +greater force than is required to expand a bag, +bellows or vessel, submerged the same distance +below the level.</p> + +<p>The impossibility of all of these schemes is +apparent from the same reasoning that is applied +to illustrate and show the impossibility of obtaining +Perpetual Motion by the use of wheels, +weights, levers and the force of gravity.</p> + +<p>In each case the basic idea and error was in +supposing that by some possibility the descent of +a liquid through a given distance could be made +to deliver more energy than would be required +to elevate the same quantity of liquid the same +distance. As a matter of fact, the descent of a +liquid, the same as any other weight, through a +given distance represents exactly the amount of +energy necessary to elevate the same weight of +liquid through the same distance measured vertically. +Some loss by friction of the liquid in the +containing tubes is inevitable as well as from +friction in the working parts of the mechanism. +Therefore, as this loss continues, some outside +energy must be supplied. If all friction could be +eliminated (which is an impossibility) and if the +liquid were started in motion, the motion would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> +be constant, but no energy could be taken from it +for running other machinery without reducing +the motion.</p> + +<p>There have been many arguments on this +subject. We select one which was elicited by the +publication in "Mechanics' Magazine" of an account +of the device of the author of the "Voice +of Reason." This argument was published in +"Mechanics' Magazine" in 1831, and is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I am induced to make an attempt to demonstrate +the utter impossibility, under any circumstances, +of making a water-wheel that will supply +itself instead of having any surplus power.</p> + +<p>The accompanying drawing represents part +of an overshot wheel in section, the buckets only +part filled, by which the whole of the water expended +continues to act through a greater portion +of the circumference than it otherwise would do. +The area of the vertical section of the complement +of water to each bucket is made 40 inches; and +taking the breadth of the wheel at, say 28 2/3 +inches, gives 40 lbs. as the weight of water in +each bucket; therefore, as there are 12 buckets +containing 40 lbs. each, No. 13 30 lbs., and No. +14 only 20 lbs., altogether making a total of 530 +lbs. acting on the wheel at the same time;—to +show clearly all the effect that can be expected +from this, I have divided the horizontal radius +into a scale of 40 equals parts (there being 40 lbs. +in each bucket); and from the gravitating centre +of the fluid contained in each is drawn a perpendicular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> +to the scale, where the effective force, +or weight in each bucket, may be read off as on +the arm of a common steelyard. The weights +will be found as follows, <span class="locked">viz:—</span></p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="center-table"> +<table id="weights" summary="Weights"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc">No.</td> + <td class="tdl">Lbs.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1</td> + <td class="tdl">21½</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2</td> + <td class="tdl">26¼</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3</td> + <td class="tdl">30½</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4</td> + <td class="tdl">33¾</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5</td> + <td class="tdl">36¾</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6</td> + <td class="tdl">38¾</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7</td> + <td class="tdl">39¾</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">8</td> + <td class="tdl">40</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">9</td> + <td class="tdl">39½</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">10</td> + <td class="tdl">38</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">11</td> + <td class="tdl">35¾</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">12</td> + <td class="tdl">32½</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">13</td> + <td class="tdl">21</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">14</td> + <td class="tdl">12</td></tr> +</table></div></div> + +<p>It is therefore quite evident that, although +we have 530 lbs. acting on one side of the wheel, +a column of water weighing 446 lbs. reacting at +the same distance from the centre, on the opposite +side, will exactly balance the whole 530 lbs. +contained in the buckets; so that about a sixth of +the expenditure rests on the axis without producing +any useful effect, and the wheel so loaded +must remain in a state of rest. Now, in spite of +friction and the <i>vis inertia</i> of matter, if we suppose +the wheel at work, it can raise only 446 lbs. +at the expense of 530 lbs.; but even if it could raise +the whole 530 lbs., we should then be but little +nearer the mark, for we must remember that the +gravitating centre of our power falls through a +space of only 8 ft. 11 in., while the water must be +raised at least 11 ft. before it could be laid on and +delivered clear of the wheel.</p> + +<div id="if_i_115" class="figcenter" style="width: 352px;"><img src="images/i_115.jpg" width="352" height="541" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>As a further means of coming at the end I +had in view at the commencement of this letter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +I will conclude with a simple rule for calculating +the quantity of water a wheel of this kind will +raise:—Multiply the number of pounds expended +in a minute by the height or diameter of the +wheel in feet, divide the product by the height +(also in feet) of the reservoir to be filled, and two-thirds +of the quotient will be the answer required. +Example, for the wheel above described, making +six revolutions per <span class="locked">minute:—</span></p> + +<pre> + 42 buckets on wheel. + 6 revolutions per minute. + --- + 252 buckets filled per minute. + 40 the weight of water in each bucket. + ----- + 10080 lbs. expended per minute. + 10 feet height of wheel. + ------ +11) 100800 momentum, dividing by 11 feet as + the height of reservoir. + ------ + 3) 9163.636 divided by 3. + -------- + 3054.545 multiplying by 2. + 2 + -------- + 6109.09 answer in lbs. +</pre> + +<p class="in0">So that for every 1008 gallons expended on the +wheel, we only gain sufficient power to supply 611 +nearly.</p> + +<p class="p1 smaller">See also Chap. XV, Bishop Wilkin's Work, appearing at +page 297 et seq. supra.</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">PNEUMATIC, SIPHON AND HYDRO-PNEUMATIC +DEVICES</span></h2> + +<h3>The Hydrostatical Paradox</h3> + +<p>Next to the wheel with levers and weights, +we believe this simple Hydrostatical Paradox has +more frequently occurred to mechanical and +scientific tyros as a means whereby it was hoped +to attain Perpetual Motion. There is no record +that we know of of the name of anyone who has +ever attempted it, and, yet, the instances are +doubtless myriads.</p> + +<p>The author believes he has heard dozens of +young persons mention it as a means of obtaining +a continuous flow of water.</p> + +<p>In 1828, Niel Arnott, M. D., published the +third edition of his "Elements of Physics, or Natural +Philosophy." At page 141 under the subject +of "Mechanics" he comments generally on +the subject of Perpetual Motion, and says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>What an infinity of vain schemes—some of +them displaying great ingenuity—for perpetual +motions, and new mechanical engines of power, +etc., would have been checked at once, had the +great truth been generally understood, that no +form or combination of machinery ever did or +ever can increase, in the slightest degree, the +quantity of power applied. Ignorance of this is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> +the hinge on which most of the dreams of mechanical +projectors have turned. No year passes, +even now, in which many patents are not taken +out for such supposed discoveries; and the deluded +individuals, after selling perhaps even their +household goods to obtain the means of securing +the supposed advantages, often sink in despair, +when their attempts, instead of bringing riches +and happiness to their families, end in disappointment +and utter ruin. The frequency and eagerness +and obstinacy with which even talented individuals, +owing to their imperfect knowledge of +this part of natural philosophy, have engaged in +such undertakings, is a remarkable phenomenon +in human nature.</p></blockquote> + +<p>At page 270 in treating on "Hydrostatics," +he says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_118" class="figleft" style="width: 96px;"><img src="images/i_118.jpg" width="96" height="94" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>A projector thought that the vessel of his +contrivance, represented here, was to solve the renowned +problem of the perpetual motion. It was +goblet-shaped, lessening gradually +towards the bottom until it +became a tube, bent upwards at +<i>c</i>, and pointing with an open extremity +into the goblet again. +He reasoned thus: A pint of +water in the goblet <i>a</i> must more +than counterbalance an ounce +which the tube <i>b</i> will contain, and must therefore +be constantly pushing the ounce forward into the +vessel again at <i>a</i>, and keeping up a stream or circulation, +which will cease only when the water<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +dries up. He was confounded when a trial +showed him the same level in <i>a</i> and in <i>b</i>.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Pickering's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1858, Peter Pickering, Landed Proprietor +of Danzig, Prussia, applied for a British patent +on</p> + +<p>"An Atmospheric Engine."</p> + +<p>It may be described as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_119" class="figleft" style="width: 167px;"><img src="images/i_119.jpg" width="167" height="108" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are cylinders 18 feet long or high +and 3 feet diameter, so that the surface of each +piston has 1,296 square inches acting with an +atmospheric pressure +of 15 lbs. to the square +inch, causes a pressure +of 19,440 lbs. to each +cylinder (saying nothing +of friction, which +will be accounted for +later); 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, +pistons of each cylinder, +as they must be placed when the engine +begins to work; 6, 7, 8, 9, causing a vacuum under +each piston (as they have for the first time been +brought into their present situation by main +force), afterwards, when the engine is permitted +to start, they will regulate themselves; No. 10 +lies flat on the bottom of the cylinder; 11, 12, 13, +14, 15, piston rods acting on shaft No. 16; 17, +wheel to communicate the engine's power to the +machinery of the engine itself; 18, wheel to communicate +the engine's power to the wheel or propelling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +screw of a ship, manufactory, locomotive, +etc.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Stuckey's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1842, William Henry Stuckey, Esquire, +of St. Petersburgh, applied for a British patent +on</p> + +<p>"A Pneumatic Engine for Producing Motive +Power."</p> + +<p>His specifications describe his alleged invention +as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_121" class="figleft" style="width: 145px;"><img src="images/i_121.jpg" width="145" height="155" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 1 is a front view of my said pneumatic +engine, partly in section. A¹ and B¹ two horizontal +cylinders, united at their inner extremities +a, a, which rotate on gudgeons that have their +bearings C, C, in the upright standards D, D; A² +and B² two pistons which work to and fro in these +cylinders; E¹ and E³ two hollow arms or tubes +which radiate from the cylinder A¹, and E², E⁴, +two similar arms or tubes which radiate in opposite +directions from the cylinder B¹, each cylinder +having an open communication with the arms or +tubes attached to it. F¹, F², F³, and F⁴, four other +cylinders, affixed to a circular ring R, R, open at +top to the atmosphere, and open at bottom to the +radial tubes E¹, E², E³, E⁴, connected with them +at their outer extremities. G¹, G², G³, G⁴, pistons +working in the cylinders F¹, F², F³, and F⁴, and H¹, +H², H³, and H⁴, caps screwed on to the flanges of +the cylinders. The different parts described form +a wheel, which, on being set in motion, rotates on +the gudgeons in the bearing C, C. The motion is +produced as follows:—I adjust the wheel so that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> +the tubes E¹ and E³ shall be in a vertical position; +and pour into the tube E¹, through the cylinder +F¹, withdrawing the piston G¹, as much mercury +or other suitable fluid body (previously determined +by calculation) as will fill the tube from +the point of its connection with the inner cylinder +A¹ up to the bottom (<i>a</i>, <i>a</i>,) of the outer cylinder +F¹. The mercury thus introduced flows into the +cylinder A¹ at the back of the piston A², and +presses that piston forward +to the extremity +of its range, the piston +G¹ being then restored +to its place in the cylinder +F¹, and pressed +close down on the +mercury in the tube +E¹. I next turn the +wheel till the tubes E² +and E⁴ are in a vertical +position, by which turning the mercury therein is +forced into the tube E³, flowing down which it +drives the piston G³ of the cylinder F³ forward to +the extremity of its range, leaving a vacuum in +the cylinder A¹ at O, equal to the difference between +the heights from which the mercury descends +in the tubes E¹ and E³. I then fill the tube +E² and cylinder B² with mercury, to the same extent +and in the same way as I previously filled the +tube E¹ and cylinder A¹, after which I turn the +wheel till the tubes E¹ and E³ are once more in a +vertical position, whereby I produce a vacuum +in each pair of tubes, and their intermediate cylinder,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> +to the degree of the difference before explained. +To the four tubes there are attached four +cocks K¹, K², K³, K⁴, which, after the vacua have +been obtained, are closed; and to the four rods of +the pistons of the outer cylinders F¹, F², F³, F⁴, +there are attached four hanging or balance +weights L¹, L², L³, L⁴, in such manner that they +shall co-operate with the atmospheric pressure on +the said vacua in giving rotation to the wheel. +M¹, M², M³, M⁴, are jointed levers, by which these +weights are connected at one end with the pistons +G¹, G², G³, G⁴; and N¹, N², are cords or bands, by +which they are suspended at the other end from +standards P, P, projecting from the ring R, and +bearing pulleys, over which the cords or bands +pass, each cord or band serving to suspend the two +weights which are opposite to each other, for +which purpose it is passed internally across the +wheel and over the exterior of one of the cylinders +A¹ or B¹. The cords or bands are attached to +the weights at the lower ends thereof, and pass +over small pulleys close to the points of connection, +so that the cords or bands, when pulled, may +act the more effectually on the weights. It will +be readily understood that when any two of the +tubes are in a vertical position, and the mercury +or other suitable fluid has descended to the bottom +of the lower tube, its pressure on the piston +of the outer cylinder G¹, or G², or G³, or G⁴, will +cause the weight connected with that piston to +turn inwards towards the centre of the wheel, by +which movement a strain is exerted on the connecting +cord or band N¹ or N², which throws up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +the opposite weight at top, and causes it to force +down the piston of the top cylinder, or the surface +of the mercury in the upper tube, whereby any +excess of pressure at the bottom of the lower tube +is transferred to the top piston, where it acts in +aid of the atmospheric pressure on the vacua obtained +in manner aforesaid. The four cocks K, +have regulating rods connected to them in the way +common in steam and other engines, so that as +each tube comes into a vertical position the cock +attached to it is opened, and as it passes from that +position towards the horizontal, is shut, so that +the mercury always retains its proper position in +the tubes or cylinders, and is acted on by the pressure +of the atmosphere at those points only where +such pressure can be of service. The power of +this wheel will be, of course, in proportion to the +vacua produced in manner aforesaid, and to the +altitude of the columns of mercury employed. +The inner cylinders might be dispensed with, and +the tubes be made to communicate directly with +each other, but I prefer, for most purposes, the +arrangement which I have before described, with +the two intermediate cylinders A¹, B¹; where the +inner cylinders are dispensed with, I make use of +eccentrics instead of the joined levers before described, +to enable the weights to turn to the extent +of about half a circle. The number of tubes also +need not be limited to four, but increased to any +convenient extent.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Prof. George Sinclair's Device</h3> + +<p>This device was invented by George Sinclair,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> +who was a professor of philosophy at Glasgow +University. He died in 1696. In 1669 he published +a work on Pneumatics, and in that work +claimed to have discovered Perpetual Motion. +Explanations of his device consumed eighteen +pages of a Latin work on Pneumatics. It very +absurdly depended for its operation upon the delivery +of water from the short leg of a siphon, +instead of the long leg. The figure illustrates +the contemplated operation.</p> + +<div id="if_i_124" class="figcenter" style="width: 148px;"><img src="images/i_124.jpg" width="148" height="189" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<h3>Jacob Brazill's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1839 Jacob Brazill, of Deptford, Kent, +Governor of Trinity Ground, applied for a British +patent on</p> + +<p class="center">"Improvements in Obtaining Motive Power."</p> + +<p>In his application he describes his alleged +invention as follows:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>My invention consists in a certain arrangement +or combination of mechanism wherein the +atmospheric air is employed as the impelling +agent, being brought to bear in such a manner as +by exerting a constant urging pressure, to produce +a continuous rotary motion, and applies to +all the purposes where a prime mover is required.</p> + +<div id="if_i_125" class="figleft" style="width: 155px;"><img src="images/i_125.jpg" width="155" height="126" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 1 is an end view of the apparatus <i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, +are the bearings, top and bottom, for the vertical +shaft <i>b</i>, which bearings +are to be so constructed as +to produce the least possible +amount of friction. +<i>c</i> is a large drum furnished +with radial plates +or fans, some of the plates +being so arranged as to +slope down towards the +bottom plate, thus forming, as it were, a series of +boxes decreasing in their transverse dimensions +as they approach the boss. This drum is to be +put in motion by means of a current of air directed +through the pipes <i>d</i> and <i>e</i>, from the two +pairs of double bellows <i>f</i> and <i>g</i>. <i>h</i> is a worm +fixed on the vertical shaft by means of a tightening +screw, or in any other convenient way, taking +into the worm wheel <i>i</i> on the horizontal crankshaft +<i>j</i>, supported in bearings <i>k</i>, <i>k</i>. The cranks +<i>l</i>, <i>l</i>, work the bellows by connecting rods <i>m</i>, <i>m</i>; +<i>n</i> is a spur wheel taking into a pinion <i>o</i>, on the +axle of which is a winch handle <i>p</i>, for starting the +apparatus.</p> + +<p>What I claim as my peculiar right is, the +impulsion of a current of air against the fans of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +a drum (as that at <i>c</i>) through pipes, as at <i>d</i> and +<i>e</i>, for the purposes of a motive power, together +with a certain arrangement of mechanism, by +means of which the action first induced shall be +kept up.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Läserson's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1860 Marc Antoine F. Mennons, of Paris, +applied on behalf of Louis Diodor Läserson of +Moscow, Russia, for, and obtained, a British +patent on</p> + +<p>"Certain Improvements in the Production +of Motive Power, and in the Apparatus Connected +Therewith."</p> + +<p>He described the essentials of his device as +follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_127" class="figcenter" style="width: 329px;"><img src="images/i_127.jpg" width="329" height="200" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The invention consists in the application of +the ascensional force of air or gases developed +under water to the generation of motive power, +and in the combination of apparatus, by means of +which the power thus produced is accumulated, +transmitted and applied. The principal element +of this combination is a wheel or disc (shown in +plan and section, Figs. 1, 2), the dimensions of +which are proportioned to the power required. +On the circumference of this wheel are fixed at +equal distances a given number (say sixteen) of +flexible air reservoirs <i>a</i>, communicating with an +equal number of tubular passages <i>b</i>, which open +in the nave <i>c</i>. In the length of the fixed shaft +<i>d</i>, on which this wheel is mounted, are formed +two cylindrical cells E by which the air is admitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> +to and discharged from the flexible reservoirs +<i>a</i> by the tubular passages <i>b</i>, with which +they correspond. The hydro-atmospheric wheel +thus mounted and immersed to the required depth +in a suitable reservoir as in <i>f</i>, is placed in communication +by its hollow shaft with an air-compressing +apparatus of any convenient form, which +in its turn is connected with the shaft of an ordinary +hydraulic wheel. The latter being set in +motion acts on the forcing apparatus, by which a +jet of compressed air is thrown into the hollow +shaft of the hydro-atmospheric wheel by the entry +cell corresponding with the orifices of the fourth +quadrant or lowest immersed section of the latter. +The air injected following the tubular passages +within its range enters and inflates the corresponding +flexible reservoirs, which thus acquiring +an ascensional force proportioned to their +displacing capacity and degree of immersion, +carry forward the wheel in their movement towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> +the surface. On reaching the water line +the tubular passage come into communication by +the nave orifices with the discharge cell of the +fixed shaft, and give egress to the air compressed +in the flexible reservoirs, which collapse simultaneously +with the inflation of the succeeding +series by which they have in the meantime been +replaced in the fourth quadrant. The latter following +the ascensional movement of their predecessors +give place to a third series, and collapse +in the same way on passing the surface, so that +each air reservoir on re-entering the water in the +continued revolution of the wheel presents comparatively +little resistance until it arrives at the +turning point, when the communication with the +entry cell of the axle being again established the +movements above described are reproduced. The +force thus developed by the hydro-atmospheric +wheel, which represents about three times that +of the prime motor, may be at this stage applied +to the required transmissions of movement. +When natural watercourses are not to be had +within a reasonable distance of the locality in +which the force is to be applied, it becomes necessary +to replace them by an artificial fall.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Von Rathen and Ellis's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1866 Anthony Bernhard Baron Von +Rathen and George Henry Ellis, both of London, +applied for and obtained British patent on</p> + +<p>"A New or Improved Mode of Constructing +a Motive-power Wheel Whereby to Obtain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> +Permanent Motion by the Application of Compressed +Air or any other Elastic Fluid."</p> + +<p>In the specifications for patent the essentials +of their invention are described as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>This invention may be considered supplementary +to an invention of the Baron Von Rathen +of an elementary motive-power engine, for which +a patent has been granted to him, No. 818, and +dated March 23, 1865, and consisting in a newly-discovered +plan for the construction of a motive-power +wheel or engine, on the principle that the +motor, consisting of compressed air or other elastic +fluid, is maintained in permanent activity and +without removal or renewal, and the useful resistance +of the air in the chambers is on the surface +of a fixed cylinder, the motion is regular and +direct, the wheel rotating on its fixed central axis.</p> + +<p>The nature of our present invention consists +principally in our providing, instead of that a +motive-power wheel having its axis upon fixed +bearings in an eccentric position and turning in +an oscillating cylinder. The motor being brought +through a hollow shaft, or any convenient channel, +is introduced into one or more closed chambers +formed upon the longest arm of the power +wheel for the purpose of driving it round; by this +means, according to the uniform pressure of the +elastic fluid upon all surfaces, we obtain not only +a continuous but an additional degree of driving +power from the leverage given by the position of +the wheel. There is, as shown in Fig. 1 of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> +accompanying drawing, a fixed arm or driving +rod fixed upon the cylinder by which to impart +motion to a crank, piston, or other apparatus. +We propose to obtain the motor by pumps worked +by or in connection with the power wheel, and +having other suitable and necessary appliances +for regulating, storing, transmitting, and manipulating +the force supplied to or communicated +by the power wheel, as have been described, to be +applied with the plan for working the elementary +motive-power engine hereinbefore referred to.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 is a vertical section of the power wheel +revolving inside and moving the oscillating cylinder.</p> + +<p>A¹ and A² are air-tight chambers, the former +being the driving chamber and the latter intended +to check or counterbalance its wedging or binding +effect upon the cylinder, owing to the extra leverage +obtained and the pressure upon the surface +of the rod B, the wheel will revolve in that direction +by the action of the elastic force which finds +its useful resistance on the internal surface of the +cylinder C. D¹, D², D³, D⁴, are packings to render +the two chambers air-tight and to afford bearings +for the four arms of the wheel upon the +cylinder; E, E, are two tubes for conducting the +motor into the chambers, and F is the axle, upon +which the wheel is firmly fixed and driven round +with it.</p> + +<div id="if_i_131" class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"><img src="images/i_131.jpg" width="320" height="218" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the power wheel. +F is the hollow shaft or axle through which the +motor passes from the pumps or reservoir in connection +therewith, and upon which the wheel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> +rotates; G is the rod or arm fixed at one end to +the cylinder C, and attached at the other end by a +joint or coupling H to the rod I, acting within a +cylinder to give motion to the piston K; L is one +of the side covers of the power wheel, and N the +support or framework for the wheel.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Richard Varley's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1797 Richard Varley, of Damside, Lancashire, +England, a merchant, applied for and obtained +a British patent on</p> + +<p>"A New Perpetual Moving Power."</p> + +<p>His device is explained by the following +excerpt from his application:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>"My invention consists of a method of applying +the weight of the atmosphere upon a wheel in +any other fluid, and by that means destroying its +spring or reaction, the manner of doing which I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +describe as follows, agreeable to the drawing +(Fig. 6) annexed:</p> + +<div id="if_i_132" class="figcenter" style="width: 394px;"><img src="images/i_132.jpg" width="394" height="425" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>"A is a circular vessel, made of copper or any +other substance, capable of containing water, and +covered with a top part so as to be perfectly air-tight. +B is a wheel placed in the inside of the +vessel, with its axle perpendicular, the uppermost +part of which comes through the top of the vessel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> +and is made to work air-tight; the lower end runs +in a step within the vessel, and no part of the +wheel is to touch the vessel but its axis. C is a cylinder +placed firmly upon the wheel. D is the piston, +suspended by a chain to a strong spring fixed +on the wheel. This spring is to be made of such +strength as that when the whole weight of the +atmosphere is upon the piston the air will only +move it about one inch down. E is the tube leading +from the axle, which is hollow from the top to +the level of the wheel, so as to admit the external +air by this tube to the piston D, which piston is a +circular vessel, made air-tight, and exactly fits +the cylinder. There is a joint in the tube E at F, +which is made air-tight by leathers, so that when +the piston descends the tube may give way to it. +G is a small tube leading from the bottom of the +cylinder to the center of the axle, and from thence +brought out at the end of it, and by which the air +is extracted from the cylinder by means of an air +pump and a vacuum formed in it. On the top +part or any other convenient place of the vessel, +are fixed two cylinders or tubes of a proportional +size to the cylinders on the wheel, one of which +is a condensing cylinder, by means of a screw and +piston, and by which the water in the vessel may +be compressed; the other has its piston suspended +at the bottom, and the top part of the cylinder +being filled with air as the other piston is screwed +down this rises, and condenses the air in the cylinder, +the spring of which keeps the water in the +vessel pressed to all parts alike; and when the air +is extracted from the cylinder C and the piston D<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +is forced down by the external atmosphere into +the cylinder, this pressure is continued, and the +condensed air expands in proportion and prevents +any tendency to a vacuum being formed, which +would cause a cohesion of all the parts. By this +means the external air is suspended upon the +wheel by the chain, the same as a weight, and the +spring of the atmosphere being taken from the +cylinder there is nothing to oppose this weight, +there being no spring in water; and this power +may be increased in proportion to the size and +number of cylinders on the wheel and its diameter."</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Siphon and Funnel Device</h3> + +<p>This was the work of an Englishman whose +name is unknown. An account of it appeared in +"Mechanics' Magazine," 1828, in the following +language:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p><i>a</i> is a circular glass vessel 1 foot 6 inches +diameter; <i>b b</i> a tube fixed thereunto; <i>c c</i> are funnels +containing valves; <i>d</i>, a float of hollow copper, +or any light substance; <i>e</i>, an open mouth; <i>f</i>, +an open vessel filled with mercury as high as the +dotted line.</p> + +<p>It is well known that several experiments +were made by M. Venturi, Sir Isaac Newton, etc., +demonstrating that a vessel shaped <span class="locked">thus—</span></p> + +<div id="if_i_134" class="figcenter" style="width: 58px;"><img src="images/i_134.jpg" width="58" height="93" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span></p> + +<p class="in0">will emit water with a much greater rapidity than +a vessel shaped <span class="locked">thus—</span></p> + +<div id="if_i_135a" class="figcenter" style="width: 57px;"><img src="images/i_135a.jpg" width="57" height="56" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p class="in0">say, with more than a third as much speed. I +propose, then, to have the mouth of the vessel <i>a</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> +of the former shape, being the natural form of +flowing water. The vessel <i>a</i>, and tube <i>b</i>, must +be completely filled with mercury, by means of the +funnels <i>c c</i>, which will also contain mercury. In +order to set the fluid in motion, the valve in the +large vessel <i>c</i> is to be raised; the mercury (which +was hitherto held up by a greater weight of atmosphere) +will instantly run out of the mouth <i>e</i>, +and must be suffered to do so till the mercury in +<i>c</i> is level with the dotted line; by this time the +mercury in <i>a</i> will have obtained a momentum +which will be more than equivalent to the pressure +of the atmosphere: consequently, the mercury +will run out of the large vessel <i>a</i>, till it falls as +low as the dotted line; the float <i>d</i>, resting on the +mercury, of course, falls with it, opens the valve, +and admits a proportionable quantity of mercury +through the tube <i>b</i>, driven by the pressure of the +atmosphere (the height from the mercury in <i>f</i>, +to the top of the tube <i>b</i>, being only 26 inches, +which is 2 inches less than what the atmosphere +will at all times raise mercury in a vacuum).</p> + +<div id="if_i_135b" class="figcenter" style="width: 303px;"><img src="images/i_135b.jpg" width="303" height="415" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>By this means will there not be a continual +circulation of mercury?</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Orchard's Vacuum Engine</h3> + +<p>In 1826 there was published in "Mechanics' +Magazine," London, a communication from a Mr. +Orchard, concerning an invention he considered +himself as having made. The account is published +in his own words, and is as follows:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>A is an iron reservoir nearly filled with mercury; +B, a tube twenty-four inches long, having +its lower end inserted in that reservoir; and C and +D, two cocks for the convenience of filling the +tube B. From this another tube M proceeds at +right angles, to the vessel G. In this latter tube +is the cock F, to admit of, or shut off, a communication +between the tube and the vessel G. This +communication being closed, the tube B is carefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> +filled with mercury; after which the cock D +is closed and the cap E screwed on.</p> + +<div id="if_i_137" class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"><img src="images/i_137.jpg" width="365" height="388" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The vessel G is to be filled with mercury +through the cock H, the pipe I being open to allow +of the escape of air. When this vessel has been +filled, the cock H should be closed and its cap +screwed on; and the pipe I be also closed by a +valve, which is to be pressed tight by the cap on +the head of the pipe. I is a vent-pipe, open at the +top. The space represented by the double lines +is a panel of thick plate glass having two horizontal +lines described on its surface, whereby the +attendant may observe the quantity of mercury +within the vessel.</p> + +<p>The cock F being closed, a quantity of mercury +must be allowed to run out of the vessel G, +equal to the space 1, 2, 3, 4, which space will become +a vacuum. If, therefore, the cock L be +then opened, to allow of the discharge of a certain +quantity of mercury on the wheel, and the +cocks C and L also opened, the mercury will continually +rise from the reservoir A into the vessel +G, and thence be discharged on the wheel, whence +it will again fall into the vessel A, to keep up the +supply. The cock F must be so adjusted as to +admit into the vessel G a quantity of mercury +equal to that which is discharged by the cock L. +This can be ascertained and regulated by means +of the panel of glass above described.</p> + +<p>The specific gravity of mercury being 7½ +ounces, it is evident that but a small quantity of +it is required to turn the wheel, which has no +friction but that of the axis on which it turns.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span></p> + +<h3>Robert Copland's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1819 Robert Copland applied for a British +patent on</p> + +<p>"A New or Improved Method or Methods of +Gaining Power by New or Improved Combinations +of Apparatus, Applicable to Various Purposes."</p> + +<p>His specifications describe in great detail his +invention in the following language:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_139" class="figleft" style="width: 152px;"><img src="images/i_139.jpg" width="152" height="184" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Figure 1 is a view of a machine by which I +purpose to derive a disposable force or power +from the action, weight or pressure of the atmosphere, +through the medium +of the column of water or +other heavy liquid descending +on one side of the enclosed +vertical wheel, and +from thence through the +centrifugal wheel, being returned +into the same reservoir +from which the pressure +of the atmosphere +raises it to be again delivered +on the top of the +vertical wheel to supply the discharge on the descending +side, arising from the centrifugal force +communicated to it by the rotary velocity of the +centrifugal wheel, and the pressure of the descending +column overbalancing the reaction or +resistance of the atmosphere at the discharging +apertures of the centrifugal wheel. Thus a small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> +quantity of water or other liquid (according to +the size of the machine required) being continually +returned onto the top of the vertical wheel +by the pressure or action of the atmosphere, and +acting by its unbalanced gravity or impetus in its +descent, will produce a disposable force or power +of any required magnitude, by increasing the size +or number of the machines, provided the height +the fluid is required to be raised is not quite so +high as the column which the atmosphere, when +lightest, will raise of that fluid, and allowing for +the requisite velocity on the vertical wheel. In +Fig. 1, A is the feeding pipe through which the +fluid is raised by the pressure or action of +the atmosphere on the fluid in the lowest +reservoir in which the lower end of the +pipe is immersed, closed by a cock, sliding +plate, valve or shutter, to allow the machine +to be filled at the commencement, and which +may be under the surface of the fluid, also +to keep it air-tight. The other end is inserted +air-tight into the top reservoir, or by a curve, as +shown by the dotted line <i>a</i>, joined to pipe C, and +delivering upon the vertical wheel, without any +top reservoir. In this case, if water is used, the +highest part of the bend or curve inside should +not exceed thirty feet above the level of the water +in lowest reservoir. B is the top reservoir, the +lowest internal part of which should never exceed +twenty-nine or thirty feet above the water in +lowest reservoir, but it will admit the top of the +reservoir, if wished, to be rather higher than +when the curved tube <i>a</i> only is used. It must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> +quite air-tight, and supported as convenient. C +is a pipe, joined air-tight to top reservoir, or forming +part of A, <i>a</i>, C. C is a movable flap of +strong leather, or other substance, which may be +joined to the lowest part of C, where the water is +delivered so high on the wheel and where floats +with hinges are used on the wheel to prevent its +going down on the ascending side; but not necessary +when water is delivered lower on the wheel. +D, D, D, D, is the fixed and immovable waterway, +and the fixed case or cover (of the vertical +wheel), of which it is a part, joining also the +stuffing boxes, through which the axle of the +vertical wheel moves air-tight, thus entirely enclosing +and surrounding every part of the wheel +but the projections of the axle, and allowing the +float boards and wheel just to turn freely in it +without touching in any part except the axle in +turning in the packing of the stuffing boxes; the +float boards are fastened on to the iron rim or +sole of the vertical wheel by very strong hinges or +movable joints just within the fixed waterway D. +E is a pipe or pipes joined air-tight to the fixed +cover or case enclosing the vertical wheel where +the water is to be taken off it, having their lower +ends inserted air-tight also into the bottom of the +fixed and immovable top of the centrifugal wheel +in such a direction that they may deliver the water +into the moveable waterway of the centrifugal +wheel as near as possible in the same direction as +the water circulates in the wheel. F, F, is the +centrifugal wheel, of any diameter convenient, +according to the size of the machine, placed horizontally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> +above the fluid in the lowest reservoir, +so as to move on its axis as near as possible to +the surface of the fluid without touching it, having +an immovable cover or top, leaving a hollow +waterway round the rim, into which the fluid is +discharged from E in the direction of the wheels' +motion. G, G, are the discharging apertures of +the centrifugal wheel. H, H, is the surface of +the fluid in I, I, the lowest reservoir, containing a +sufficient quantity of water when the machine is +put to work, to allow the bottom of feeding pipe +A to be immersed in it at least two feet below the +surface, or a greater depth may be given to that +part of the reservoir under the mouth of pipe A, +forming a sort of well in which A may be inserted +any required depth, better to exclude any +particles of air or bubbles mixed with the water +nearer its surface from ascending in pipe A. This +reservoir should be large enough to contain the +whole of the water used before the machine is +filled. K, K, are the ends of the axle of vertical +wheel outside of the stuffing boxes of the fixed +case, and are the only parts of the vertical wheel +seen, and turning air-tight through the packing +or stuffing boxes, or in any other manner the external +air is entirely excluded from the vertical +wheel when at work; <i>e</i> is an air-tight cock to +discharge the air out of the machine when filling. +L is an aperture into top reservoir, or into highest +part of pipe A, <i>a</i> when no top reservoir, closed +air-tight by a screw cap; by this the whole machine +is filled in every part with the fluid used +before it can be set to work, the bottom of pipe A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> +and apertures G (as well as cock to bottom of pipe +E when required) being previously closed. P is +part of the axle on which the centrifugal wheel +revolves. Before the machine can be put to work +everything being previously arranged as directed, +the apertures at G and bottom of A (and at E if +required also), must be closed by sliding plates, +valves, cocks, or other methods, as most convenient, +and every part of the machine must be +filled with the water or fluid used by the aperture +L, or any other convenient method by which the +highest parts may be filled, the air allowed to discharge +by opening E and O, the latter to be shut +as soon as the centrifugal wheel is filled, and the +cock at E closed where required, when the water +is above it a little, <i>e</i> continuing open so as to allow +the air to be entirely discharged from every part, +which being done, and the machine entirely filled +with water, this cock and aperture L must be +carefully closed; having then fixed upon the most +convenient method for giving the required assistance +to set the machine to work, by giving the +centrifugal wheel motion, and assisting it till arrived +at the velocity fixed, it must be put in motion +and the apertures G opened; after it has got a +little into motion, and as soon as the velocity of +the wheel has given a centrifugal force to the +water sufficient to overbalance the slight difference +in the height of the feeding and descending +columns, the pipe A must be opened; a discharge +from the apertures G will now take place, which +is supplied from top reservoir B over the loaded +side of vertical wheel, where, by its gravity and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> +impetus acting on the float boards, it causes the +wheel to turn till it descends, so as to be discharged +through E, on the rim or waterway W, +of the centrifugal wheel, which it strikes with the +velocity of its descent in nearly the direction of +the wheel's motion, and is discharged through +apertures G into the water contained at commencement +in lower reservoir I, from whence this +discharge is again supplied by the pressure of the +atmosphere, returning it through pipe A into top +reservoir, or through <i>a</i>, C, and the part intended +of the vertical wheel. As the velocity of the +centrifugal wheel is accelerated, the velocity of +the descending column over the vertical wheel +will also be accelerated, and, consequently, the +vertical wheels, when having arrived at their respective +fixed velocities, the assisting force being +no longer necessary, may be withdrawn, and the +centrifugal wheel may now receive what assistance +is required to support its velocity from the +vertical wheel through the connecting shafts and +wheelwork, or in any other manner.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Eaton's Perpetual Siphon. London. 1850</h3> + +<p>The account of this is taken from Dircks's +great work, mentioned in the preface, and is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_145" class="figcenter" style="width: 168px;"><img src="images/i_145.jpg" width="168" height="281" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>This is a plan proposed by Mr. Eaton in +1850, and consists in providing two water cisterns +A, B; the short leg of a siphon C enters the upper +cistern, and terminates in three escape pipes, +capable of being rotated by the pulley <i>a</i>, connected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> +by a band with the pulley <i>b</i>, affixed to the vertical +shaft <i>c</i>, rotated by the inverted Barker's mill D, +constructed on the short leg of the inverted +siphon E, supplied from the bottom of the upper +water cistern. By this means it was expected to +keep up a continual flow down the pipes C and up +E, as shown by the arrows.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Legge's Hydro-Pneumatic Power Device. 1850</h3> + +<p>This is an English production, and the inventor +claims that it is the result of fourteen +years' study. We take the description from +Dircks. It is as follows:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_146" class="figcenter" style="width: 155px;"><img src="images/i_146.jpg" width="155" height="152" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>It is a dome-shaped vessel; its upper part A +filled with air, and the lower half with water, as +at B. This vessel contains two apparatus for returning +the water which is worked through C D, +apparently like pump barrels. The air is to be +at from 250 to 500 pounds pressure on the square +inch. When once started it will (it is stated) go +on as long as it is oiled. The inventor estimates +a one thirty-second share at one thousand pounds +value.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Waterblowing Machine</h3> + +<p>In 1827 "Mechanics' Magazine," London, +published an account of an invention which was +furnished to it by some correspondent. The invention, +it seems from the communication, had +previously been described in an appendix by Dr. +Brewster to a volume of Ferguson's lectures, and +it also seems that the description furnished "Mechanics' +Magazine" was copied from such appendix. +The following is the article as it appeared +in "Mechanics' Magazine":</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I am encouraged to send you the following +attempt at perpetual motion, because I think it is +upon a principle that has not yet been examined in +your pages.</p> + +<p>In Dr. Brewster's appendix to Ferguson's +lectures, the following description is given of +what is called a "Water Blowing Machine": "Let +A B (see Fig.) be a cistern of water, with the +bottom of which is connected the bended leaden +pipe B C H. The lower extremity H, of the pipe +is inserted into the top of a cask or vessel, D E, +called the condensing vessel, having the pedestal +P fitted to its bottom, which is perforated with +two openings, M N. When the water which +comes from the cistern A is falling through the +part, C H of the pipe, it is supplied by the openings +or tubes, <i>m</i> <i>n</i> <i>o</i> <i>p</i>, with a quantity of air +which it carries along with it. This mixture of +air and water, issuing from the aperture H, and +impinging upon the surface of the stone pedestal +P, is driven back and dispersed in various directions. +The air being thus separated from the +water, ascends into the upper part of the vessel, +and rushes through the opening F, whence it is +conveyed to the fire, while the water falls to the +lower part of the vessel, and runs out by the +openings M N." The author then goes on to +describe the construction of the pipe B C H, in +the curve of which some nicety is required, and +to explain some atmospherical phenomena upon +the principle of this machine, adding that "Franciscus +Tertius de Lanis observes that he has seen +a greater wind generated by a blowing machine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> +of this kind than could be produced by bellows +ten or twelve feet long."</p> + +<div id="if_i_148" class="figcenter" style="width: 197px;"><img src="images/i_148.jpg" width="197" height="265" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Now, if, instead of the pedestal P, a wheel +were placed in the condensing vessel, as in the +figure, would not the water, in falling upon the +wheel, be sufficiently dispersed to disengage the +air at the same time that it drove the wheel, and +would not the motion of the wheel be retarded by +the density of the internal air?</p> + +<p>I do not apprehend that any considerable +resistance would be offered by the internal air, +and the motion of the wheel can be regulated by +its load, so as to offer a sufficient resistance to +the descending stream of water; and I, therefore, +assume that the water, in its descent, would produce +by means of the wheel, a power capable of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> +raising a part of the water expended back again +to the cistern; and this is the extent of the power +of most of those machines which have been mistaken +for perpetual motions by their projectors. +But I have a blast of wind which is described as +being of great force. Can this blast be in any +way applied to raise the surplus water? I think +I see the smile which the proposal will produce in +those who deny the possibility of a perpetual motion. +"A mere puff of wind!" is doubtless ejaculated +from all sides. But let me tell these gentlemen +that, though I may not know any method +by which such blast can produce that effect, it +does not, by any means, follow that the impossibility +of the thing is thence to be presumed. Far +from it; for such a conclusion rests upon the supposition +that the powers and application of a blast +of wind are fully known, and that no research or +experience can add to our knowledge on that subject—assumptions +which appear to me somewhat +ridiculous. Allow me, for the sake of argument, +to suppose that this blast instead of wind, had +been a blast of steam. Time was when wise men +would have smiled and said, "A puff of steam—a +mere puff of steam!"—and had some one, more +sanguine than the rest, attempted by its application +to produce a motion, he would have applied +it to the floatboards of a wheel, as in Branca's +engine, and have been disappointed. It is not +given to man to know when the powers of any +great agent have been fully developed; and those +who act upon such presumptions throw the greatest +obstacles in the way of inquiry. But, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> +show the anti-perpetualists that within their own +time since the commencement of the "Mechanics' +Magazine," an addition has been made to our +knowledge of the powers of a blast of wind, I +have added a tube, G, to my figure, the proposed +use of which I shall now describe.</p> + +<p>In a part of the "Mechanics' Magazine," +published some time ago, there was described a +novel mode of raising water in a tube by directing +a stream of air over its mouth, thereby destroying +the pressure of the atmosphere.</p> + +<p>I do not suppose it will rise to the height of +the cistern as I have figured it; but it may still be +a question whether it may not be accomplished +by a series of short tubes, the bottom of the one +being placed in the cistern into which the next +below discharges its water, each being constructed +with a blast and two valves, in the same +manner as the single tube—namely, the valves <i>x</i> +(under water) and <i>y</i>, worked in such a manner +by the arms K L, that the one may shut when the +other opens. Presuming that the water will rise +to the top of the tube when the blast is in action +(<i>x</i> open and <i>y</i> shut), the water in the part of the +tube between the blast and <i>y</i> will be discharged +into the cistern at the next motion of the valves—namely, +when <i>x</i> is shut and <i>y</i> opened, the blast, at +the same time, being discontinued.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Device by Means of Buoyancy Through Media +of Different Densities</h3> + +<p>An account of this appeared in "Mechanics' +Magazine," 1825. The author apparently had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> +no great faith in the accomplishment of Perpetual +Motion, and yet it is manifest that he had not +abandoned hope of accomplishing it, and is still +thinking along some line of attaining it. It goes +without saying that the device failed. The account +furnished, however, is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The unsuccessful (but far from fruitless) +search made to discover the "philosopher's stone," +and the "elixir vitæ," were productive of most +important and beneficial results in the kingdom +of chemistry; so, by a parity of consequence, I +am disposed to believe that from inquiry after +the "perpetual motion" (though equally unsuccessful), +a similar good will result to the mechanical +world. * * I beg leave to offer the prefixed +device. The point at which, like all the +rest, it fails, I confess I did not (as I do now) +plainly perceive at once, although it is certainly +very obvious. The original idea was this—to +enable a body which would float in a heavy medium +and sink in a lighter one, to pass successively +through the one to the other, the continuation of +which would be the end in view. To say that +valves cannot be made to act as proposed will not +be to show the <i>rationale</i> (if I may so say) upon +which the idea is fallacious.</p> + +<p>The figure is supposed to be tubular, and +made of glass, for the purpose of seeing the action +of the balls inside, which float or fall as they +travel from air through water and from water +through air. The foot is supposed to be placed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> +water, but it would answer the same purpose if +the bottom were closed.</p> + +<div id="if_i_152" class="figcenter" style="width: 165px;"><img src="images/i_152.jpg" width="165" height="336" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Description of the Engraving.</span>—No. 1, +the left leg, filled with water from B to A. 2 and +3, valves, having in their centers very small projecting +valves; they all open upwards. 4, the +right leg, containing air from A to F. 5 and 6, +valves, having very small ones in their centers; +they all open downwards. The whole apparatus +supposed to be air- and water-tight. The round +figures represent hollow balls, which will sink +one-fourth of their bulk in water (of course will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span> +fall in air); the weight, therefore, of three balls +resting upon one ball in water, as at E, will just +bring this top even with the water's edge; the +weight of four balls will sink it under the surface +until the ball immediately over it is one-fourth its +bulk in water, when the under ball will escape +round the corner at C, and begin to ascend.</p> + +<p>The machine is supposed (in the figure) to +be in action, and No. 8 (one of the balls) to have +just escaped round the corner at C, and to be, by +its buoyancy, rising up to valve No. 3, striking +first the small projecting valve in the center, +which, when opened, the large one will be raised +by the buoyancy of the ball; because the moment +the small valve in the center is opened (although +only the size of a pin's head), No. 2 valve will +have taken upon itself to sustain the whole column +of water from A to B. The said ball (No. 8) +having passed through the valve No. 3, will, by +appropriate weights or springs, close; the ball will +proceed upwards to the next valve (No. 2), and +perform the same operation there. Having arrived +at A, it will float upon the surface three-fourths +of its bulk out of water. Upon another +ball in due course arriving under it, it will be +lifted quite out of the water and fall over the +point D, pass into the right leg (containing air), +and fall to valve No. 5, strike and open the small +valve in its center, then open the large one and +pass through; this valve will then, by appropriate +weights or springs, close, the ball will roll on +through the bent tube (which is made in that +form to gain time as well as to exhibit motion)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> +to the next valve (No. 6), where it will perform +the same operation, and then, falling upon the +four balls at E, force the bottom one round the +corner at C. This ball will proceed as did No. 8, +and the rest in the same manner successively.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Device by Compressible and Distensible Bags +in Liquid</h3> + +<p>In the year 1823, an account of a Perpetual +Motion device was sent to "Mechanics' Magazine" +by some correspondent. This appears to +have considerable claim to ingenuity, though the +correspondent states that "it failed from friction." +The figure and account furnished are as +follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_155" class="figcenter" style="width: 318px;"><img src="images/i_155.jpg" width="318" height="309" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>A A A A is a cistern of water, filled as high +as B B. C C C C C C are six bladders, communicating +by the tubes D D D D D D with the hollow +axle E, which axle is connected with the bellows +F by the pipe G. H is a crank connected with +the crank I by the rod K. L is a saucer-wheel, +M a pinion, N its shaft. O is a crank attached +to the bellows F by the rod P. Q Q Q Q Q Q are +valves with a projecting lever. R and S are two +projecting knobs. T is a hole in the axle E, forming +a communication with it and the lowermost +bladder. The axle B being put in motion carried +round the bladders and tables, and by the cranks +H and I, and the connecting-rod K, caused the +wheel L to revolve, which communicating a similar +but accelerated motion to the pinion M, shaft +N, and crank O, worked or blew the bellows F<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> +by the rod P; the air entered the axle E by the +tube G, and passing through the hole in it at T, +entered the lower bladder C by the tube D; this +bladder being thus rendered lighter than the space +it occupied, ascended, bringing the bladder behind +it over the hole in the axle T in like manner, and +which thereby gained an ascending power, producing +a similar effect on the one behind it. When +one of the bladders arrived at the knob S, the +lever of the valve Q struck against it and opened +the valve; when the bladder arrived at U and +began to descend, its pressure on the water drove +out the air and gave it a descending power; the +knob R then closed the valve Q and prevented the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> +entrance of any water into the bladder; by this +contrivance three of the bladders were full and +empty, according as they passed over the hole T +or the knob S.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>George Cunningham's Mercurial Pneumatic +Device. Ireland. 1729</h3> + +<div id="if_i_156" class="figcenter" style="width: 170px;"><img src="images/i_156.jpg" width="170" height="326" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Among the papers in the British Museum is +one which purports to relate to the Royal Society, +and in that Royal Society volume it is number 32. +It is quite amusing. The author explains that he +is withholding many precise details and measurements +"such as workmen should follow in making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> +the engine. Intending no more here than the endeavor +to satisfy some others as well as myself, +that there is really such a thing to be found as +that long-sought for Perpetual Motion, which is +looked upon by every one to be the true parent of +the Longitude.—Description of the Perpetual +Motion":</p> + +<blockquote> + +<blockquote class="hangp"> + +<p>A, a cup nearly full of mercury.</p> + +<p>B, the height the mercury will rise by its own +weight <span class="locked">in—</span></p> + +<p>K, the main pipe, <span class="locked">when—</span></p> + +<p>C, the lower cock is open.</p> + +<p>E, a hollow globe which must be capable of a +greater quantity than the whole pipe K.</p> + +<p>F, the upper cock by which the mercury is +filled into the engine and about 27 inches +higher than the line B.</p> + +<p>D, the middle cock which, when open, lets the +mercury fall upon the buckets of the +<span class="locked">wheel—</span></p> + +<p>G, and then passing <span class="locked">down—</span></p> + +<p>I, a funnel which contracts itself at</p> + +<p>L, into a pipe which directs the mercury into +the cup A.</p> + +<p>H, a case which entirely covers the wheel +(being of the same metal, and of a piece +with the pipe), through which the axis +of the wheel passes to set another wheel +agoing; so becom [ing] the principal +mover in the clock or engine to be contrived.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span></p> + +<h4><i>The Manner of Setting It to Work</i></h4> + +<p>Stop the cock at C and fill mercury into the +cup A, higher than the line B; then stop the cock +at D and turn in mercury at the cock F, till K and +E are full; stop the cock at F, very close, open +C, first, and then D, out of which the mercury will +fall upon the buckets of the wheel G, down the +funnel I, L, into the cup A, and be pressed up K, +by the weight of the air, as in the barometer.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Why the Devices Described in this Chapter +Failed to Work</h3> + +<p>The devices explained in the preceding chapter +are of such complicated and ridiculous structure +that it is impossible to explain anything from +them. It is better to abandon them all and to discuss +in a general way why Perpetual Motion has +not been, and cannot be, attained by devices constructed +on similar plans. An examination of +the preceding devices in this chapter shows that +they depended ultimately upon the fact:</p> + +<p>1. That air or some other gas is to be compressed +by work done upon it and that upon expanding +it will do a greater amount of work than +was required for the compression, or</p> + +<p>2. That a bag empty, or partially filled with +air, or other gas, can be easily immersed, and that +if blown full of gas while immersed it will, in its +tendency to float, do more work than was required +to immerse it, or</p> + +<p>3. That the weight of the atmosphere and +its consequent pressure upon vacua can be utilized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> +to drive a piston, or compress a bag and by +some sort of means at the same time produce +another vacua ready for a similar operation, the +loss of the driven piston, or the compressed bag +being utilized to drive machinery, if desired.</p> + +<p>It is now believed by all scientific men that +none of these things are possible. In the first +place, it is well known that compressed air will +do exactly the same work in regaining its former +volume that was expended upon it to compress it, +and this with absolute exactness. In compressing +the gas with a piston the force exerted upon +the rod to drive the piston must be sufficient not +only to compress the gas but also to overcome the +friction of the tight fitting piston, and further, if +the pressure on the rod be removed, the expanding +gas will deliver against the face of the piston +exactly the force and energy required to drive +the piston for the compression, but not all of this +can be returned to any machinery driven by the +piston-rod, for a part will be lost in the friction of +the tight-fitting parts. Thus here, as elsewhere, +there is an exact equivalent of energy a part of +which is consumed in friction, and only a part +available for returned motion. The same thing +is true in compressing a bag, except that possibly +the bending of the fabric is less resistance than +the friction of the tight-fitting piston. Still, the +bending of the fabric is some resistance, and consequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +the bag so expanding cannot return all +the energy required for its compression, the difference +being the loss, however slight, in the +bending of the fabric of which the bag is made.</p> + +<p>Again, let us admit that a dilated bag is +easily immersed in water, and that if inflated with +air there will be considerable tendency to rise, but +how much energy is required for the inflation? +It is manifest that if it is immersed the weight of +the water and its consequent pressure will resist +the attempted inflation, and must be overcome +before the inflation is complete. The deeper the +immersion the more the compression, and consequently +the more work required for the inflation. +If a bag having a contents of one cubic foot were +immersed a mile in fresh water, and if it should +be attempted to inflate it, the reader will perhaps +be surprised to know that the inflation would +have to be done against a pressure of substantially +2,400 pounds to the square inch. It is simple +that the deeper the bag is immersed the more +work it will do in rising to the surface, but it is +equally plain that the deeper it is immersed the +more energy is required for its inflation. In +each case the work of inflating is exactly equal to +the work returned in rising to the surface, and +there is not one whit to spare for running machinery +of any kind.</p> + +<p>The third classes of devices above mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> +assume atmospheric pressure, and a piston driven +by atmospheric pressure. This is easily attained, +but in order for atmospheric pressure to drive a +piston it must only be on one side of the piston, +and when the piston has been driven what force +and energy will be required to put it in a position +again such that there will be atmosphere on only +one side, and a vacuum into which it can retire, +on the other side? It is easily answered. The +same work must be done, and the same work exactly, +to put the piston again in the position with +the vacuum with equal dimensions into which it +can be driven by atmospheric pressure, that first +drove it to occupy the vacuum—exactly the same +work, and no less and no more, except that the +amount lost by friction must be supplied in addition.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">MAGNETIC DEVICES</span></h2> + +<h3>A Magnetic Pendulum</h3> + +<p>Here we present a device for Perpetual Motion +by magnetism, but we are unable to give the +inventor's name or his nativity. It seems to have +been brought forth in the early part of the nineteenth +century, prior to 1828. The description is +as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_163" class="figcenter" style="width: 301px;"><img src="images/i_163.jpg" width="301" height="327" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Let A A, in the prefixed engraving, represent +two magnets revolving on axes. Let B represent +a larger magnet, hanging on an axis, pendulum +fashion, between the two former. As the poles +of the two smaller magnets lie in the same direction, +the effect will be to draw the larger magnet +towards that on the left hand, while it is at the +same time repelled by that on the right; but while +this is going on, the upper end of the large magnet +raises by means of a guide wire, the tumbler D, +which, just before the magnets come in contact, +passes the perpendicular and falls over, carrying +with it the lever connected with the two wheels +C C, and causing them to perform a quarter revolution; +these wheels are connected by lines with +two small wheels fixed on the axles of the two +magnets A A. While the former make a quarter +revolution, the latter turn half round; consequently, +the position of the magnets is reversed, +and the same motions are then performed by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> +pendulum magnet being attracted and repelled in +the opposite direction; and just before the magnets +touch each other the arrangement is again +instantly reversed.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Magnetic-Driven Wheel</h3> + +<p>Another plan for Perpetual Motion by magnetism +appeared in the public journals of England +in 1828. The inventor states in effect that he desires +to get before the readers an</p> + +<p>"Attempt at Perpetual Motion by Means of +Magnetism, Applied in a New Way."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> +His attempt as published is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The object of the present communication is +to lay before your readers an attempt at perpetual +motion by means of magnetism applied somewhat +differently to any that has yet been published +in your Magazine.</p> + +<div id="if_i_164" class="figcenter" style="width: 173px;"><img src="images/i_164.jpg" width="173" height="187" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The above is a wheel of light construction, +moving on friction wheels <i>in vacuo</i>; the rim is +furnished with slips of steel—pieces of watch-spring +will do. N N are two magnets, which, +attracting the rim of the wheel, will render one +side lighter and the other heavier, causing it to +revolve <i>ad infinitum</i>: or to render it more powerful, +let the steel rims be magnetized and fixed on +the wheel with their north poles towards its center. +Let two more magnets be added, as shown +by the dotted lines: let these two, S S, be placed +with their south poles nearest the rim of the +wheel; and the other two, N N, with their north +poles in that position. Now, as similar poles +repel and opposite poles attract, the wheel will be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> +driven round by attraction and repulsion acting +conjointly on four points of its circumference. +B B are blocks of wood to keep off the attraction +of the magnets from that part of the wheel which +has passed them.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Mackintosh's Experiment</h3> + +<p>F. S. Mackintosh, of England, in 1823, +sought to accomplish Perpetual Motion, and made +the attempt here described. It was not made +public until 1836, when it was published in "Mechanics' +Magazine." In the meantime, the inventor +had become convinced of the impossibility of +perpetual motion, as his comments on his own +alleged invention discloses.</p> + +<p>(The classification in this book of Mackintosh's +invention is somewhat doubtful. The article +as contributed in 1836 would as aptly be +classified under arguments against Perpetual Motion, +Chapter XII. But, in view of the fact +that at the time of the invention the inventor was +seriously working at a scheme for the accomplishment +of Perpetual Motion, it has been decided to +classify it under Magnetic Perpetual Motion Devices.)</p> + +<p>The published article was in the nature of a +contribution from the inventor, and is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I herewith forward you a description of a +machine which was constructed by me in the year +1823, with a view to produce a perpetual motion. +With this machine and the studies necessarily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> +connected with it, first originated the suspicion +that the planets could not continue in motion unless +they gradually approached the center of the +attraction.</p> + +<p>In the first place, let us describe the machine. +Fig. 1: A is a sectional view of the interior of the +wheel, which is formed in two halves upon one +shaft; each half or section is furnished with a +projecting ledge and an opening is left between +the two ledges sufficiently wide to admit of a magnet +being introduced between them, by which arrangement +the magnet may be brought as near +to the ball as may be necessary (see Fig. 2). B +is a magnet whose line of attraction acts at right +angles with the line of gravity. C is an iron ball +under the action of two forces. The magnet continually +drawing the ball up the inclined plane +within the wheel, and gravity continually drawing +it to the bottom, by their united action it was +supposed the wheel would revolve forever, or till +it was worn out; upon the same principle that a +wheel revolves by the animal force or muscular +action of a mouse or squirrel, which carries it up +the inclined plane, whilst it is continually drawn +to the bottom by the action of gravity, thereby +causing the wheel to revolve by the weight of its +body. The model was taken from the earth's +motion round the sun; and the following process +of reasoning seemed to justify the assumption +that the wheel would move on till it was worn out:</p> + +<p>"The earth is carried round the sun by the +action of two forces, one of which is momentum, +which is not, in reality, a force or cause of motion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> +but an effect derived from an original impulse; +and that impulse or the momentum derived +from it is not destroyed, because there is no resistance +to the moving body—that is, there is no +friction. Well, I cannot make this machine without +having resistance to the motion—that is, friction; +but to compensate for this I have two real +forces, two causes of motion, each of them +capable of imparting momentum to a body: they +are both constant forces; and from one of them, +the magnet, I can obtain any power that may be +required within certain limits."</p> + +<div id="if_i_167" class="figcenter" style="width: 358px;"><img src="images/i_167.jpg" width="358" height="330" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> +This reasoning appeared conclusive, and the +wheel was made; but when the magnet was applied +instead of the ball rolling up the inclined +plane, the wheel moved backwards upon its center. +It occurred to me that by placing a small +ratchet upon the wheel, as shown at D, this backward +motion of the wheel on its center might be +prevented, in which case the ball must roll up the +inclined plane, and that a perpetual motion might +then ensue; but this ratchet I never tried, having +about that time begun to perceive that the idea of +a perpetual mechanical motion, either on the earth +or in the heavens, involves an absurdity; and that, +therefore, the motions of the planets must necessarily +carry them continually nearer and nearer +to the center of attraction.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The above described device by Mr. Mackintosh +brought forth the following comment from +R. Munro, which was published in 1836:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The result of Mr. Mackintosh's essay at +perpetual motion might be attributed to the avoidable +friction caused by the manner in which the +iron ball is placed in the wheel. Curious to try the +experiment, I proceeded, and, with the view of +diminishing the friction, I placed two wheels on +the axis of the ball, but the result was precisely +that described by Mr. Mackintosh. I next applied +the ratchet, as suggested, but with no better +effect; the ball rolled towards the magnet, but +did not give the required motion to the wheel. It +is not unlikely, then, that the present ingenious +attempt will not be realized.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span></p> + +<h3>Spence's Device</h3> + +<p>John Spence, of Linlithgow, Scotland, was a +shoemaker, but possessed great mechanical ingenuity. +He could not keep his mind from the +subject of mechanics. He devoted a great deal of +time to designing mechanical schemes for Perpetual +Motion. An account of his efforts is taken +from "Percy Anecdotes."</p> + +<p>The device was exhibited in Edinburgh and +amazing to state it attracted the attention of one +of the greatest and most original scientists that +ever lived, Sir David Brewster.</p> + +<p>It is from a letter written by Brewster, in +1818, to the "Annales de Chimie," that we get a +description of the Spence invention. The editor of +"Annales de Chimie," was evidently reluctant to +publish any article concerning Perpetual Motion, +and only the great fame of Sir David induced him +to give space to the contribution. The article was +first published in France, but it has, with an introductory +statement by the editor, been translated +into English, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The reader will readily conclude that in publishing +this article we are influenced solely by the +great reputation of the learned contributor. Sir +David writes from Edinburgh:</p> + +<div id="if_i_170a" class="figcenter" style="width: 203px;"><img src="images/i_170a.jpg" width="203" height="153" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>I am almost afraid to inform you that at this +moment in Edinburgh may be seen a machine, +made by a shoemaker at Linlithgow, which realizes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +the perpetual motion. This effect is produced +by two magnets A and B, acting alternately upon +a needle <i>m n</i>, of which the point of attachment <i>n</i> +corresponds exactly with the axis around which +turns the movable lever C D. When the needle +<i>m n</i> has been attracted into the position <i>m´ n</i> by +the action of the magnet B, and C D is in consequence +found in C´ D´, a <i>substance</i> connected +with m n is interposed by mechanism between <i>m´ +n</i> and B. This substance has the property of +intercepting, or rather of modifying the action +of the magnet B, and this permits the other magnet +A to draw the needle into the position <i>m´´ n</i>; +but no sooner has it reached this point than a +second plate or layer of the same substance places +itself before magnet, and immediately B attracts +anew the needle.</p> + +<div id="if_i_170b" class="figcenter" style="width: 152px;"><img src="images/i_170b.jpg" width="152" height="72" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The annexed figure exhibits a second form +of the machine. A and B are two horse-shoe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> +magnets, <i>a</i> and <i>b</i> the <i>mysterious substance</i>, and +<i>m n</i> the needle, which turns constantly with great +rapidity. Mr. Playfair and Capt. Kater have +inspected both of these machines, and are satisfied +that they resolve the problem of <i>perpetual +motion</i>.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Joannis Theisneri's Semi-Circle</h3> + +<p>An account of this invention has been preserved +by Gaspar Schott in a work entitled +"Thaumaturgus Physicus, sive Magiae Universalis +Naturae et Artis," published in 1859. It is +illustrated by the following figure:</p> + +<div id="if_i_171" class="figcenter" style="width: 157px;"><img src="images/i_171.jpg" width="157" height="144" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The inventor expected the operation of his +device to be as follows: "A" is a large magnet, +elevated on a short pillar at the foot of which is +a straight inclined tube, "C" "F" the ends of +which are connected with a curved or semicircular +tube "C", "D", "E", "F", as shown in the +figure.</p> + +<p>The weight at the lower extremity is supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> +to ascend through the curved tube by the +attraction of the magnet "A" and upon reaching +the point "C" the supposition was that upon passing +the point "C" the attraction of the magnet +"A" would be sufficient to hold it there * * * +back to the point "F" through the straight tube, +and then be drawn by the magnet through the +curved tube to the point "C" and so on perpetually.</p> + +<p>The impracticability of the above device is +manifest. At a point between "D" and "E" it is +plain the ball would have to ascend perpendicularly +and if the magnet exerts sufficient attraction +to elevate the weight at that point it would surely +hold the weight at the point "C", for at "C" the +weight would be much nearer the magnet and consequently +much more strongly attracted.</p> + +<h3>Device of Dr. Jacobus</h3> + +<p>In the same work by Gaspar Schott from +which an account of the preceding device is obtained +he gives an account of the device of Dr. +Jacobus.</p> + +<p>Dr. Jacobus's scheme is illustrated by the +following figure:</p> + +<div id="if_i_173" class="figcenter" style="width: 179px;"><img src="images/i_173.jpg" width="179" height="146" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>It will be observed that the above figure +shows a string of iron balls "A" suspended on a +grooved wheel "E" on an axle "C" between two +uprights "FF". At "H" lies a large lodestone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> +which is to attract the balls at "D" and was expected +by the inventor to cause the wheel to rotate.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">DEVICES UTILIZING CAPILLARY ATTRACTION +AND PHYSICAL +AFFINITY</span></h2> + +<h3>Ludeke and Wilckens's Device</h3> + +<p>In 1864, Johann Ernst Friedrich Ludeke, of +London, and Daniel Wilckens, of Surrey, applied +for British patent on "Improvements in Motive +Power by Capillary Attraction." They describe +their invention as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Our invention consists of improvements in +motive power by capillary attraction constructed +as follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_174" class="figcenter" style="width: 297px;"><img src="images/i_174.jpg" width="297" height="131" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings represents +in horizontal section a square case or cistern; +this cistern is filled with water nearly to +the top, and two wheels marked <i>a</i>, <i>a</i>, and <i>b</i>, <i>b</i>, are +placed in the water in the cistern. By capillary +attraction the water rises between the two wheels +marked <i>x</i>, <i>x</i>, to a height above the level of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> +water in proportion to the distance of the wheels +from each other at <i>x</i>, <i>x</i>. As the water rises between +the wheels marked <i>x</i>, <i>x</i>, above its level, the +weight of water between the wheels at <i>x</i>, <i>x</i>, will +cause the wheels to continually revolve.</p> + +<p>Figure 2 represents the same as Figure 1, +but in a vertical section. The said power may be +obtained by wheels moved on axis, or by other +apparatus by rise and fall in the water by vertical +motion.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>The Jurin Device</h3> + +<p>The device which we have designated "The +Jurin Device," was not, in fact, invented by Jurin. +James Jurin furnished an account of the invention +to The Royal Society of London, and it appears +in the reports of that society published in 1720. +The invention was by a friend of Jurin's whose +name he does not give in the account.</p> + +<p>Jurin's account of his friend's invention is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Some days ago a method was proposed to me +by an ingenious friend for making a perpetual +motion, which seemed so plausible, and indeed so +easily demonstrable from an observation of the +late Mr. Hawksbee, said to be grounded upon experiment, +that though I am far from having any +opinion of attempts of this nature, yet, I confess, +I could not see why it should not succeed. Upon +trial indeed I found myself disappointed. But +as searches after things impossible in themselves +are frequently observed to produce other discoveries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> +unexpected by the Inventor; so this +Proposal has given occasion not only to rectify +some mistakes into which we had been led, by that +ingenious and useful member of the Royal Society +above named, but likewise to detect the real principle, +by which water is raised and suspended in +capillary tubes, above the level.</p> + +<p>My friend's proposal was as follows:</p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Let A B C be a capillary siphon, +composed of two legs A B, B C, unequal both in +length and diameter; whose longer and narrower +leg A B having its orifice A immersed in water, +the water will rise above the level, till it fills the +whole tube A B, and will then continue suspended. +If the wider and shorter leg B C, be in like manner +immersed, the water will only rise to same +height as F C, less than the entire height of the +tube B C.</p> + +<p>This siphon being filled with water and the +orifice A sunk below the surface of the water D +E, my friend reasons thus:</p> + +<p>Since the two columns of water A B and F C, +by the supposition, will be suspended by some +power acting within the tubes they are contained +in, they cannot determine the water to move one +way, or the other. But the column B F, having +nothing to support it, must descend, and cause the +water to run out at C. Then the pressure of the +atmosphere driving the water upward through +the orifice A, to supply the vacuity, which would +otherwise be left in the upper part of the tube B C, +this must necessarily produce a perpetual motion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> +since the water runs into the same vessel, out of +which it rises. But the fallacy of this reasoning +appears upon making the experiment.</p> + +<div id="if_i_177" class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;"><img src="images/i_177.jpg" width="441" height="319" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Exp. 1. For the water, instead of running +out at the orifice C rises upwards towards F, and +running all out of the leg B C, remains suspended +in the other leg to the height A B.</p> + +<p>Exp. 2. The same thing succeeds upon +taking the siphon out of the water, into which its +lower orifice A had been immersed, the water then +falling in drops out of the orifice A, and standing +at last at the height A B. But in making these +two experiments it is necessary that A G the difference +of the legs exceed F C, otherwise the +water will not run either way.</p> + +<p>Exp. 3. Upon inverting the siphon full of +water, it continues without motion either way.</p> + +<p>The reason of all which will plainly appear, +when we come to discover the principle, by which +the water is suspended in capillary tubes.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hawksbee's observation is as follows:</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Let A B F C be a capillary siphon, +into which the water will rise above the level to +the height C F, and let B A be the depth of the +orifice of its longer leg below the surface of the +water D E. Then the siphon being filled with +water, if B A be not greater than C F, the water +will not run out at A, but will remain suspended.</p> + +<p>This seems indeed very plausible at first +sight. For since the column of water F C will be +suspended by some power within the tube, why +should not the column B A, being equal to, or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> +than the former, continue suspended by the same +power.</p> + +<p>Exp. 4. In fact, if the orifice C be lifted up +out of the water D E, the water in the tube will +continue suspended, unless B A exceed F C.</p> + +<p>Exp. 5. But when C is never so little immersed +in the water immediately the water in the +tube runs out in drops at the orifice A, though +the length A B be considerably less than the +height C F.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hawksbee, in his book of Experiments, +has advanced another observation, namely, that +the shorter leg of a capillary siphon, as A B F C, +must be immersed in the water to the depth F C, +which is equal to the height of the column, that +would be suspended in it, before the water will +run out of the longer leg.</p> + +<p>Exp. 6. From what mistake this has proceeded, +I cannot imagine; for the water runs out +at the longer leg, as soon as the orifice of the +shorter leg comes to touch the surface of the stagnant +water, without being at all immersed therein.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Jurin's attitude concerning his friend's discovery +is pleasing. He appears to have had better +judgment than to rush into print, or herald +forth that Perpetual Motion had been accomplished. +Indeed, the account as given to the Royal +Society was that of an experiment and a failure. +Nevertheless, it presents an interesting point. +Capillary Attraction, however, creates no new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> +energy. Adhesion is a force, and is often quite a +strong force in nature.</p> + +<p>If a rod or tube be held by the hand at one +end, and the other end inserted in a liquid, it will +be observed that in some instances, depending +upon the nature of the material of the rod or tube, +and the liquid, at the point of contact the liquid +will slightly rise in the tube and on the outside +edges of the tube. In other instances it will be +depressed slightly at the same point. Whether it +will be elevated or depressed depends on whether +the adhesion of the liquid to the material of which +the tube or rod is composed is greater than the +cohesion of the particles of the liquid.</p> + +<p>If there be a depression it is manifest that +the entire surface of the liquid will be slightly elevated +by reason of the depression. On the contrary, +if the liquid adheres to and creeps slightly +upward on the tube or rod, then it is manifest that +the surface of the liquid will come to rest slightly +lower than though it did not so creep.</p> + +<p>The net result finally gets back to the principle +of flotation. The immersion or insertion is +a little more difficult in the case of depression, and +a little easier in the case of elevation. There is +no gain or loss of energy. It simply increases in +one case, and diminishes in the other case the +amount of displacement, with all the resulting +mechanical phenomena.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span></p> + +<h3>Sir William Congreve</h3> + +<p>As stated in the preface of this work, pursuit +of Perpetual Motion has by no means been confined +to mechanics and tradesmen. Many men +eminent, and even famous in professions, art and +science have devoted much time and thought to +the subject. Among such eminent men is to be +mentioned Sir William Congreve, of England, a +baronet. He was born 1772, and died in 1828. +He was an artillerist and an inventor, and was a +son of Lieutenant General Sir William Congreve; +was distinguished as a military man, as a member +of parliament, and as a business man; was an +inventor of note, having invented a war rocket, a +gun-recoil mounting, a time-fuse, a parachute attachment +for rockets, a hydro-pneumatic canal +lock sluice, a process for color painting, a new +form of steam engine, a method of consuming +smoke, a clock which measured time by a ball rolling +down an inclined plane, besides other inventions +and discoveries. He published a large number +of works on scientific subjects.</p> + +<p>It is not, therefore, surprising that whatever +Sir William Congreve said or did concerning any +scientific or mechanical subject should have attracted +general attention.</p> + +<p>He devised and made a Perpetual Motion +Machine, which, like all others, failed to work. +We submit that his plan is peculiarly ingenious,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> +and we fail to see how, without a knowledge of +the principles of Conservation of Energy, the +Congreve idea should not have appealed to any +one as reasonable, and its failure puzzling.</p> + +<p>An account of the Congreve device and an +explanation of his ideas appeared in "The Atlas" +in 1827, and the following description is taken +from the article appearing in "The Atlas":</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The celebrated Boyle entertained an idea +that perpetual motion might be obtained by means +of capillary attraction; and, indeed, there seems +but little doubt that nature has employed this +force in many instances to produce this effect.</p> + +<p>There are many situations in which there is +every reason to believe that the sources of springs +on the tops and sides of mountains depend on the +accumulation of water created at certain elevations +by the operation of capillary attraction, acting +in large masses of porous material, or through +laminated substances. These masses being +saturated, in process of time become the sources +of springs and the heads of rivers; and thus, by +an endless round of ascending and descending +waters, form, on the great scale of nature, an +incessant cause of perpetual motion, in the purest +acceptance of the term, and precisely on the principle +that was contemplated by Boyle. It is probable, +however, that any imitation of this process +on the limited scale practicable by human art +would not be of sufficient magnitude to be effective. +Nature, by the immensity of her operations, +is able to allow for a slowness of process which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> +would baffle the attempts of man in any direct +and simple imitation of her works. Working, +therefore, upon the same causes, he finds himself +obliged to take a more complicated mode to produce +the same effect.</p> + +<p>To amuse the hours of a long confinement +from illness, Sir William Congreve has recently +contrived a scheme of perpetual motion, founded +on this principle of capillary attraction, which, it +is apprehended, will not be subject to the general +refutation applicable to those plans in which the +power is supposed to be derived from gravity +only. Sir William's perpetual motion is as follows:</p> + +<div id="if_i_183" class="figcenter" style="width: 249px;"><img src="images/i_183.jpg" width="249" height="221" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Let A B C be three horizontal rollers fixed +in a frame; <i>a a a</i>, etc., is an endless band of +sponge, running round these rollers; and <i>b b b</i>, +etc., is an endless chain of weights, surrounding +the band of sponge, and attached to it, so that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> +must move together; every part of this band and +chain being so accurately uniform in weight that +the perpendicular side A B will, in all positions +of the band and chain, be in equilibrium with the +hypothenuse A C, on the principle of the inclined +plane. Now, if the frame in which these rollers +are fixed be placed in a cistern of water, having +its lower part immersed therein, so that the +water's edge cuts the upper part of the rollers B +C, then, if the weight and quantity of the endless +chain be duly proportioned to the thickness and +breadth of the band of sponge, the band and chain +will, on the water in the cistern being brought to +the proper level, begin to move round the rollers +in the direction A B, by the force of capillary attraction, +and will continue so to move. The +process is as follows:</p> + +<p>On the side A B of the triangle, the weights +<i>b b b</i>, etc., hanging perpendicularly alongside the +band of sponge, the band is not compressed by +them, and its pores being left open, the water at +the point <i>x</i>, at which the band meets its surface, +will rise to a certain height, <i>y</i>, above its level, and +thereby create a load, which load will not exist on +the ascending side C A, because on this side the +chain of weights compresses the band at the +water's edge, and squeezes out any water that +may have previously accumulated in it; so that +the band rises in a dry state, the weight of the +chain having been so proportioned to the breadth +and thickness of the band as to be sufficient to +produce this effect. The load, therefore, on the +descending side A B, not being opposed by any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> +similar load on the ascending side, and the equilibrium +of the other parts not being disturbed by +the alternate expansion and compression of the +sponge, the band will begin to move in the direction +A B; and as it moves downwards, the accumulation +of water will continue to rise, and +thereby carry on a constant motion, provided the +load at <i>x y</i> be sufficient to overcome the friction +on the rollers A B C.</p> + +<p>Now, to ascertain the quantity of this load +in any particular machine, it must be stated that +it is found by experiment that the water will rise +in a fine sponge about an inch above its level; if, +therefore, the band and sponge be one foot thick +and six feet broad, the area of its horizontal section +in contact with the water would be 864 square +inches, and the weight of the accumulation of +water raised by the capillary attraction being one +inch rise upon 864 square inches, would be 30 +lbs., which, it is conceived, would be much more +than equivalent to the friction of the rollers.</p> + +<p>The deniers of this proposition, on the first +view of the subject, will say, it is true the accumulation +of the weight on the descending side thus +occasioned by the capillary attraction would produce +a perpetual motion, if there were not as +much power lost on the ascending side by the +change of position of the weights, in pressing the +water out of the sponge.</p> + +<p>The point now to be established is, that the +change in the position of the weights will not +cause any loss of power. For this purpose, we +must refer to the following diagram.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_186" class="figcenter" style="width: 229px;"><img src="images/i_186.jpg" width="229" height="230" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>With reference to this diagram, suppose +<i>a a a</i>, etc., an endless strap, and <i>b b b</i>, etc., an +endless chain running round the rollers; A B C +not having any sponge between them, but kept at +a certain distance from each other by small and +inflexible props, <i>p p p</i>, etc., then the sides A B +and C A would, in all positions of this system, be +precisely an equilibrium, so as to require only a +small increment of weight on either side to produce +motion. Now, we contend that this equilibrium +would still remain unaffected, if small +springs were introduced in lieu of the inflexible +props <i>p p p</i>, so that the chain <i>b b b</i> might approach +the lower strap <i>a a a</i>, by compressing these small +springs with its weight on the ascending side; for +although the centre of gravity of any portion of +chain would move in a different line in the latter +case—for instance, in the dotted line—still the +quantity of the actual weight of every inch of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> +strap and chain would remain precisely the same +in the former case, where they are kept at the +same distance in all positions, as in the latter case, +where they approach on the ascending side; and +so, also, these equal portions of weights, notwithstanding +any change of distance between their +several parts which may take place in one case +and not in the other, would in both cases rise and +fall, though the same perpendicular space, and +consequently the equilibrium, would be equally +preserved in both cases, though in the first case +they may rise and fall through rather more than +in the second. The application of this demonstration +to the machine described in Fig. 1, is obvious; +for the compression of the sponge by the sinking +of the weights on the ascending side, in pressing +out the water, produces precisely the same effect +as to the position and ascent of the weights, as the +approach of the chain to the lower strap on the +ascending side, in Fig. 2, by the compression of +the springs; and consequently, if the equilibrium +is not affected in one case—that is, in Fig. 2, as +above demonstrated—it will not be affected in the +other case, Fig. 1; and, therefore, the water would +be squeezed out by the pressure of the chain without +any loss of power. The quantity of weight +necessary for squeezing dry any given quantity +of sponge must be ascertained and duly apportioned +by experiment. It is obvious, however, +that whether one cubic inch of sponge required +one, two, or four ounces for this purpose, it would +not affect the equilibrium, since, whatever were +the proportion on the ascending side, precisely the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> +same would the proportion be on the descending +side.</p> + +<p>This principle is capable of application in +various ways, and with a variety of materials. It +may be produced by a single roller or wheel. +Mercury may also be substituted for water, by +using a series of metallic plates instead of +sponges; and, as the mercury will be found to rise +to a much greater height between these plates, +than water will do in a sponge, it will be found +that the power to be obtained by the latter materials +will be from 70 to 80 times as great as by +the use of water. Thus, a machine, of the same +dimensions as given above, would have a constant +power of 2,000 lbs. acting upon it.</p> + +<p>We now proceed to show how the principle +of perpetual motion proposed by Sir William Congreve +may be applied upon one centre instead of +three.</p> + +<p>In the following figure, <i>a b c d</i> represents a +drum-wheel or cylinder, moving on a horizontal +axis surrounded with a band of sponge 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7 8, and immersed in water, so that the surface of +the water touches the lower end of the cylinder. +Now then, if, as in Fig. 2, the water on the +descending side <i>b</i> be allowed to accumulate in the +sponge at <i>x</i>, while, on the ascending side D, the +sponge at the water's edge shall, by any means +not deranging the equilibrium, be so compressed +that it shall quit the water in a dry state, the +accumulation of water above its level at <i>x</i>, by the +capillary attraction, will be a source of constant +rotary motion; and, in the present case, it will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> +be found that the means of compressing the +sponge may be best obtained by buoyancy, instead +of weight.</p> + +<p>For this purpose, therefore, the band of +sponge is supposed to be divided into eight or +more equal parts, 1 2 3 4, etc., each part being +furnished with a float or buoyant vessel, <i>f</i> 1, <i>f</i> 2, +etc., rising and falling upon spindles, <i>s s s</i>, etc., +fixed in the periphery of the drum; these floats +being of such dimensions that, when immersed in +water, the buoyancy or pressure upwards of each +shall be sufficient to compress that portion of the +sponge connected with it, so as to squeeze out +any water it may have absorbed. These floats +are further arranged by means of levers <i>l l l</i>, etc., +and plates <i>p p p</i>, etc., so that, when the float <i>f</i> No. +1 becomes immersed in the water, its buoyant +pressure upwards acts not against the portion of +the sponge No. 1, immediately above it, but +against No. 2, next in front of it; and so, in like +manner, the buoyancy of <i>f</i> No. 2 float acts on the +portion of the sponge No. 3, and <i>f</i> No. 3 float +upon No. 4 sponge.</p> + +<p>Now, from this arrangement it follows, that +the portion of sponge No. 4, which is about to quit +the water, is pressed upon by that float, which, +from acting vertically, is most efficient in squeezing +the sponge dry; while that portion of the +sponge No. 1, on the point of entering the water, +is not compressed at all from its corresponding +float No. 8, not having yet reached the edge of the +water. By these means, therefore, it will be seen +that the sponge always rises in a dry state from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> +the water on the ascending side, while it approaches +the water on the descending side in an +uncompressed state, and open to the full action of +absorption by the capillary attraction.</p> + +<div id="if_i_190" class="figcenter" style="width: 221px;"><img src="images/i_190.jpg" width="221" height="205" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The great advantage of effecting this by the +buoyancy of light vessels instead of a burthen of +weights, as in Fig. 2, is that, by a due arrangement +of the dimensions and buoyancy of the floats +immersed, the whole machine may be made to +float on the surface of the water, so as to take off +all friction whatever from the centre of suspension. +Thus, therefore, we have a cylindrical machine +revolving on a single centre without friction, +and having a collection of water in the +sponge on the descending side, while the sponge +on the ascending side is continually dry; and if +this cylinder be six feet wide, and the sponge that +surrounds it one foot thick, there will be a constant +moving power of thirty pounds on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> +descending side, without any friction to counteract +it.</p> + +<p>It has been already stated, that to perpetuate +the motion of this machine, the means used to +leave the sponge open on the descending side, +and press it dry on the ascending side, must be +such as will not derange the equilibrium of the +machine when floating in water. As, therefore, +in this case the effect is produced by the ascent of +the buoyant floats <i>b</i>, to demonstrate the perpetuity +of the motion, we must show that the ascent of the +floats <i>f</i> No. 1 and <i>f</i> No. 3 will be equal in all corresponding +situations on each side of the perpendicular; +for the only circumstance that could +derange the equilibrium on this system, would be +that <i>f</i> No. 1 and <i>f</i> No. 3 should not in all such +corresponding situations approach the centre of +motion equally; for it is evident that in the position +of the floats described in the above figure, if +<i>f</i> No. 1 float did not approach the centre as much +as <i>f</i> No. 3, the equilibrium would be destroyed, +and the greater distance of <i>f</i> No. 1 from the +centre than that of f No. 3 would create a resistance +to the moving force caused by the accumulation +of the water at <i>x</i>.</p> + +<p>It will be found, however, that the floats <i>f</i> +No. 1 and <i>f</i> No. 3 do retain equal distances from +the centre in all corresponding situations, for the +resistance to their approach to the centre by +buoyancy is the elasticity of the sponge at the +extremity of the respective levers; and as this +elasticity is the same in all situations, while this +centrifugal force of the float <i>f</i> No. 1 is equal to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> +that of the float <i>f</i> No. 3, at equal distances from +the perpendicular, the floats <i>f</i> No. 1 and <i>f</i> No. 3 +will, in all corresponding situations on either side +of the perpendicular, be at equal distances from +the centre. It is true, that the force by which +these floats approach the centre of motion varies +according to the obliquity of the spindles on which +they work, it being greatest in the perpendicular +position; but, as the obliquity of these spindles is +the same at all equal distances from the perpendicular, +and as the resistance of the ascent of the +floats is equal in all cases, the center of buoyancy +will evidently describe a similar curve on each +side of the perpendicular; and consequently the +equilibrium will be preserved, so as to leave a +constant moving force at <i>x</i>, equal to the whole +accumulation of water in the sponge. Nor will +this equilibrium be disturbed by any change of +position in the floats not immersed in the water, +since, being duly connected with the sponge by +the levers and plates, they will evidently arrange +themselves at equal distances from the center, in +all corresponding situations on either side.</p> + +<p>It may be said that the equilibrium of the +band of sponge may be destroyed by its partial +compression; and it must be admitted that the +centre of gravity of the part compressed, according +to the construction above described, does approach +the center of motion nearer than the center +of gravity of the part not compressed. The whole +weight of the sponge is, however, so inconsiderable, +that this difference would scarcely produce +any sensible effect; and if it did, a very slight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> +alteration in the construction, by which the +sponge should be compressed as much outwards +as inwards, would retain the center of gravity of +the compressed part at the same distance from +the center of motion as the center of gravity of +the part not compressed.</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">Liquid Air as a Means of Perpetual Motion</span></h2> + +<p>A few years ago air was liquefied. This was +accomplished by a very high compression accompanied +by a very low temperature.</p> + +<p>It is manifest that when liquid air is removed +from the extremely low temperature necessary +for its liquefaction, and introduced into ordinary +atmospheric temperatures, it will exert a most +tremendous expansive force which can be utilized +for driving machinery and thereby producing +heat or electricity, or for any other purpose for +which force is required. But, by the law of Conservation +of Energy, the liquefied air by expansion +can yield no more energy than was required +to extract the heat from the air and compress it +into the liquid state.</p> + +<p>One enthusiastic individual who had worked +in a plant for liquefying air announced throughout +the United States of America, and perhaps +throughout the civilized world, that he had a +device by which the expansive force of three +pounds of liquid air could be made to liquefy ten +pounds, and that seven of the ten could be utilized +for driving machinery, or for any other purpose +for which force is required, the remaining three +being utilized in the production of another ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> +pounds of liquid air, and so on ad infinitum. He +boldly announced that thereby he had discovered +an inexhaustible supply of energy at a nominal +cost, whereby we could all be warmed and have +our machinery of all kinds driven without the +expense of gas, coal, fuel of any kind, wind, +waves, tides or streams. This enthusiastic individual +produced considerable excitement for a +time, and then the public ceased to hear about +either him or his device. He dropped out of sight +and his name sank into oblivion. His claims were +absurd, and the absurdity is readily apparent to +anyone versed in thermodynamics or familiar +with the principles of Conservation of Energy.</p> + +<p>There was little excuse for his ever having +made such pretentions or for his pretentions ever +to have been seriously listened to by any one; for +the principle of Conservation of Energy had +years before been fully established and heralded +throughout the world.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">Radium and Radio-Active Substances Considered +as a Conceived Source of +Perpetual Motion</span></h2> + +<p>A few years ago when the remarkable properties +of radium were discovered it was thought +by many that here at last was the long sought +solution of the problem of Perpetual Motion. +Radium seemed to have the power of maintaining +its own temperature <i>permanently</i> above that +of surrounding bodies. Many versed in the science +of thermodynamics (heat power) shook their +heads in doubt. If, indeed, it were really true +that the substance, radium, or any other substance +had the quality of remaining permanently warmer +than surrounding bodies without having heat supplied +to it, then, indeed, there was an inexhaustible +supply of heat, and consequently power.</p> + +<p>Hon. R. J. Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), devised +a radium clock to run on this principle, consisting +of a vacuum vessel in which was suspended a +radio-active substance contained in a tube. At +the lower end of the tube are two gold leaves as +in an electroscope. Platinum wires extended +through the glass and touched the gold leaves. +The other end of the platinum wires are extended +to connect with the earth. The radio-active substance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> +electrifies the gold leaves and causes them +to be extended, and upon being extended they +come in contact with the platinum wires and their +charge of electricity is lost, being conducted +through the wires and dispersed in the earth, and +the leaves losing their charge fall by the force of +gravity from the wires back to their position near +the tube containing the radio-active substance to +be again charged, to again move to and touch the +platinum wires, and again lose their charge; this +process to go on indefinitely.</p> + +<p>Here, indeed, was Perpetual Motion, except +for the fact that further and more refined experiments +and investigations demonstrated that +radio-active substances are not permanently +radio-active, but gradually, though very slowly, +lose their radio-activity just as a fire will finally +burn out, no matter how slowly it burns, or just +as an electric battery will finally lose its charge +and become exhausted.</p> + +<p>This loss, however, of radio-active energy in +radio-active substances is so slow that it is said +the Strutt clock will run for over one thousand +years. But the fact that it will not run permanently, +and that the motion is the result of energy +supplied by the radio-active substance, and is not +supplied by the mechanism itself, deprives it of +any right to be called a solution of the problem +of self-motive power.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> +It should be noted that Hon. R. J. Strutt +(Lord Rayleigh) of England, who devised the +radium clock, above mentioned, is not to be +classed with the ordinary Perpetual Motion enthusiast. +He was, and is, in fact, a man of very +great scientific ability and attainments, and has +to his credit many actual and splendid achievements +demonstrating him to be a genius of the +rarest and most exalted type. His radium clock +is founded on correct principles, and surely a clock +that will run one thousand years without having +power supplied from an outside source is worth +while. It should be here also mentioned that the +force derived from radio-activity in the manner +it is applied in the Strutt clock is very slight, and +the instrument necessarily extremely delicate.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">Perpetual Motion Devices Attempting Its Attainment +by a Misconception of the Relation +of Momentum and Energy</span></h2> + +<p>The author, within twenty years last past, +has had his attention called by two different persons, +each ignorant of the efforts of the other, +who were seeking to obtain Perpetual Motion by +utilizing certain physical facts concerning Momentum +and Energy. These facts and the principles +out of which they grow are familiar to all +who understand thoroughly, even the rudiments +of physics; but to persons who are inclined to +mechanics, but who have never had the advantages +of the presentation of clear principles, they +are confusing, and it is surprising that they have +not become more fertile fields for Perpetual Motion +workers. However, we are unable to find +any written or printed account or description of +a plan or device of that kind, and our information +is confined to instances that have been brought +to our personal observation, and concerning +which the advice and counsel of the author was +sought.</p> + +<p>The worker in each case was a man of more +than ordinary natural intelligence, and with a +bent for mechanical pursuits and reflection. Each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> +had taken a course in what is conventionally +called High School Physics.</p> + +<p>The idea in each case was so novel and interesting +that we deem the presentation worth while. +They were so nearly alike that instead of attempting +to narrate what they said, we will endeavor +in our own way to present the idea, and then to +give our explanation, showing wherein lay their +error.</p> + +<p>The following definitions and laws of +physics may be regarded as established:</p> + +<h3>Momentum</h3> + +<p><i>Momentum</i> is the quantity of motion of a +moving body, and is the velocity multiplied by the +weight.</p> + +<p>Thus, a body weighing two pounds, moving +at four feet per second, may be represented as +having a momentum of eight.</p> + +<p>A body weighing two pounds moving at the +rate of six feet per second may be said to have a +momentum of twelve.</p> + +<p>A body weighing ten pounds moving at the +rate of ten feet per second will have a momentum +of one hundred—and so on.</p> + +<p>Now, a step further. A body in motion +striking another body free to move will lose part +of its motion, and will impart some of its motion +to the body moved against. The aggregate momentum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> +after the striking is the same as before—that +is to say—if a body weighing ten pounds +have a velocity of twenty feet per second, its +momentum we will call two hundred. Now, if +in moving it strike another body either larger or +smaller its motion will be somewhat retarded, and +the body struck will possess some motion.</p> + +<p>Multiply the weight of each by its motion +after the striking, and it will be found that the +sum of the products is two hundred. This may +be illustrated by swinging balls like pendulums +to cords of equal length from a beam, having the +arrangement such that balls of different materials +and sizes can be substituted at liberty. If a body +be drawn back parallel to the beam, and released +so as to swing against another swinging body, +both will have motion. This motion will, in some +cases be a rebounding motion, as in the case of a +small elastic body swinging against and striking +a larger elastic body, but in all cases the sum total +of the momentum after the impingement is the +same as before.</p> + +<p>The following statement of the law then, is +deducible:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p><i>The Momentum</i> of one body in motion may +be made to impart momentum to another body, +the amount of momentum lost by the former being +exactly equal to that thus acquired by the +latter.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> +Before leaving these remarks on momentum +the reader should observe carefully what momentum +is and bear in mind it is the <i>quantity of motion</i> +possessed by a moving body, and has to do +only with <i>mass</i> and <i>velocity</i>—and takes no account +of distance passed through.</p> + +<h3>Energy</h3> + +<p>Energy is the <i>capacity to do work</i>, and the +energy of a moving body is the amount of <i>work</i> +it will do, i. e., the <i>distance</i> it will move against a +resistance by virtue of its tendency to move, before +being brought to a state of rest.</p> + +<p>Now note, and note carefully, that the +amount of <i>energy is proportional</i> to the mass, and +to the <i>square</i> of the velocity.</p> + +<p>Note this carefully: Any body in motion +<i>has both momentum and energy</i>. Its momentum +is proportional to its velocity; its energy to the +<i>square</i> of its velocity. If the velocity be doubled, +the momentum will be doubled, but its energy +quadrupled. If the velocity be trebled, its momentum +will be trebled, but its energy increased +nine-fold.</p> + +<p>It is important that the student get clearly +what is meant by saying that Energy is the +<i>capacity to do work</i>, and is proportional to the +square of the velocity.</p> + +<p>The capacity to do work means the capacity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> +to move against resistance, i. e., to overcome resistance. +The word "work" being used in a purely +mechanical sense and in that sense it is used +whether the result accomplished is destructive or +beneficial.</p> + +<p>A revolving fly wheel will run machinery for +some time after the application of force has +ceased. This is doing work, and represents energy.</p> + +<p>A bullet fired from a gun will accomplish +destruction before having its motion arrested. +This is work—energy.</p> + +<p>If a boy throw a ball into a snow bank, its +motion will sink it into the snow, but not far, the +resistance of the snow will soon bring the ball to +rest. The ball overcomes resistance in passing +through the snow until it is brought to rest, and +thus it does the <i>work</i> of forcing itself through +the snow, and possesses the <i>energy</i> necessary to +do that work.</p> + +<p>The overcoming of the resistance of the air +by a moving body is work. A steamboat will +move for some time in water after the steam has +been turned off. The overcoming of the resistance +of the water is work, and by virtue of the +motion of the boat when the steam was turned off +it possessed the energy to do the work of forcing +itself for some time through the resistance of the +water.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> +The Perpetual Motion worker in each case +had reasoned himself into this conclusion: That +the same energy will impart the same <i>acceleration</i> +of velocity, regardless of the velocity at the beginning +of the application of energy. That the +same amount of energy or work necessary to impart +to a body a velocity of ten feet per second +will increase that velocity to twenty feet per +second, or from twenty feet per second to thirty +feet per second. In other words, that the same +amount of energy, and only the same amount of +energy is required for a given <i>increase</i> in velocity +without regard to the initial velocity. This appears +plausible, and almost self-evident. We believe +the great majority of people, other than +mechanical engineers would, upon presentation of +the theory accept it as axiomatic, and as a matter +of course. The fallacy becomes manifest only +from a critical and technical examination of the +Laws of Momentum and Energy.</p> + +<p>The Perpetual Motion worker had learned +from his text-books that if the velocity be <i>doubled</i>, +the energy would be <i>multiplied by four</i>. His idea +was to so arrange his mechanism that he would +apply the amount of energy to move a fly wheel +free to revolve, from a position of rest to a revolving +velocity of ten revolutions per second. Then +apply again the <i>same amount of energy</i>, and accelerate +that velocity from ten revolutions per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> +second to twenty revolutions per second. Thus, +the energy at the end of the second second would +be four times what it was at the end of the first +second. But to make it so, only double the amount +of energy had been applied that had been expended +at the end of the first second. Thus, he +reasoned, his machine was by virtue of its structure, +accumulating energy, and this energy could +be used one-half to continue the motion of his +machine, and the other half to run other machinery, +or for any other purpose for which +energy might be desired.</p> + +<p>Wherein lies the fallacy of this supposition?</p> + +<p>We will now endeavor to explain. And for +the young student to get the explanation fully, it +will be necessary for him to pay the closest attention +to what we here state.</p> + +<p>A force, for instance the pressure of the +finger or the hand, equal to one pound against a +body free to move, will, we will say, move that +body in one second of time through a space of +ten feet, and at the end of that second the body +will have a velocity of twenty feet. It is manifest +that at the end of the second the velocity will be +twenty feet per second for its initial velocity is +zero, and its average velocity ten feet per second, +the acceleration being, of course, presumed uniform.</p> + +<p>Now, it is <i>not</i> true as the Perpetual Motion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> +worker had assumed that the same energy—i. e., +the same work that is required to increase the +velocity from zero to ten feet per second will increase +the velocity from ten feet per second to +twenty feet per second, and <i>in that assumption</i> lay +the fallacy of our friends who were thus seeking +Perpetual Motion.</p> + +<p>The greater the velocity, the more energy is +required to impart a given acceleration. To increase +the velocity from ten feet per second to +twenty feet per second, the applied force must +continue through one second of time, and more +energy is required to follow a rapidly moving +body, and continue to apply to it a given force for +one second than would be required to follow and +maintain the application of the same force to a +body moving more slowly—the <i>distance</i> traveled +is greater in one case than in the other.</p> + +<p>It must be plain that if the moving body have +a velocity at the end of the first second of twenty +feet per second, it will, at the end of the second +second, with the same pressure (force) continued +against the same resistance, have a velocity of +forty feet per second, and at the end of three seconds +have a velocity of sixty feet, and at the +end of four seconds a velocity of eighty feet, and +so on.</p> + +<p>Now, at the beginning of the second second it +had a velocity of twenty feet, and at the end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> +that second a velocity of forty feet. It therefore, +traveled through that second with an average velocity +of thirty feet and, of course, during the second +second traveled exactly thirty feet. It traveled +ten feet the first second, and if it traveled thirty +feet the second, then in the two seconds it traveled +forty feet—four times as far as it traveled the +first second. At the beginning of the third second +it had a velocity of forty feet, and at the end of the +third second a velocity of sixty feet. The average +velocity then for the third second would be one-half +the sum of forty feet and plus sixty feet—that +is to say, it would be fifty feet, and that +would be the distance traveled during the third +second. The first second it traveled ten feet, the +second second thirty feet, and the third second +fifty feet, making a total in three seconds of +ninety feet—that is to say, in three seconds it +traveled nine times as far as in one second.</p> + +<p>It will be noticed from the above that the +velocity is proportional to the number of seconds, +but that the distance traveled is proportional to +the <i>square</i> of the number of seconds, and also +proportional to the square of the velocity.</p> + +<p>Momentum is mass multiplied by velocity; +energy is measured by the distance through which +a body will move against a given resistance.</p> + +<p>Should you prop up one wheel of a carriage +and revolve the wheel, then with the pressure of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> +the finger or the thumb on the hub as a brake, +stop it, it will be found that (omitting the effect of +atmospheric resistance), the wheel will make four +times as many revolutions before stopping with +a doubled velocity; nine times as many with a +trebled velocity.</p> + +<p>Falling bodies afford the most perfect illustration +of the principle of Momentum and Energy, +and are so commonly used to illustrate those +principles that many students get the idea that +the application of those principles is confined to +falling bodies, and do not realize that they extend +generally through the field of mechanics.</p> + +<p>A falling body is, of course, acted upon by +gravity with uniform force equal to the weight +of the falling body, and that force continues to +follow the falling body and to be applied uniformly +and equally, however slowly, or rapidly +the body may be falling. And, omitting atmospheric +resistance, the body is absolutely free to +move except for its natural tendency to remain at +rest, or at uniform velocity. It is well known +that a body falls (almost exactly) sixteen feet in +one second, and at the end of one second has a +velocity of thirty-two. During the second second +it falls through a distance of forty-eight feet, and +during the third second a distance of eighty feet. +In two seconds it falls sixty-four feet, and in three +seconds one hundred twenty-eight feet, and so on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> +Thus, it will be observed that the <i>velocity</i> is proportional +to the time during which it has fallen, +but that the distance fallen in any number of +seconds is proportional to the <i>square</i> of the time.</p> + +<p>This, indeed, is a property of numbers, and +results from mathematical law. If the reader +will form a series of numbers, setting down any +number for the first term of the series, adding to +it its double for the second term, and adding to +the second term double the first term for the third, +and adding double the first term to the third term +for the fourth, and so on—in other words, form +any increasing arithmetical series with double the +first term for the common difference, he will discover +that the <i>sum of all the terms is equal to the +first term multiplied by the square of the number +of terms</i>. Thus:</p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="center-table"> +<table id="terms" summary="Terms incrementing by 10"> + <tr class="smaller"> + <td class="tdc">1st Term</td> + <td class="tdc">2nd Term</td> + <td class="tdc">3rd Term</td> + <td class="tdc">4th Term</td> + <td class="tdc">5th Term</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc">5</td> + <td class="tdc">15</td> + <td class="tdc">25</td> + <td class="tdc">35</td> + <td class="tdc">45</td></tr> +</table></div></div> + +<p>In the above series the sum of the first two +terms is 20, which is 4 times the first term. The +sum of the first three terms, i. e., 5 + 15 + 25 = +45-nine times the first term. The sum of the +first four terms, i. e., 5 + 15 + 25 + 35 = 80, +sixteen times the first term, and so on.</p> + +<p>It will thus be seen that Momentum and +Energy are entirely different, although co-related; +that momentum relates to velocity, which +includes the element of time, whereas energy relates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span> +to the amount of work done, and may be +represented by a force operating against a certain +resistance, through a certain distance, entirely +irrespective of time. The energy is the +same with the same force operating against the +same resistance, through the same distance +whether the time consumed be great or small. It +takes as much energy in the aggregate to wind up +a bucket from the bottom of the well if done +slowly as if done quickly.</p> + +<p>It would seem hardly necessary to do so, and +yet it is worth while remarking that the amount +of energy necessary to impart a given motion is +exactly the amount of Energy that will be required +to arrest that motion, and represents the +amount of Energy possessed by the moving body +by virtue of its motion. Work done, i. e., Energy +applied in giving motion is there in that motion, +ready to be returned in exactly an equal quantity—no +more—no less.</p> + +<p>In all the considerations in this chapter no +notice is taken of loss by friction or atmospheric +resistance. We are considering pure mechanics +and the laws governing them only. In actual +mechanical devices it is always necessary to make +allowance for atmospheric, frictional and other +unavoidable resistances.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">The Alleged Inventions of Edward Sommerset, +Sixth Earl and Second Marquis of Worcester, +and of Jean Ernest Eli-Bessler +(Councillor) Orffyreus</span></h2> + +<p>More interest has been taken, and more has +been said and written concerning the claimed inventions +of the men forming the subject of this +chapter than of all other Perpetual Motion devices +known to history. The reason is not difficult +to explain. It was the rank and eminence of +the inventors and of others whom they induced +to take an interest in their inventions, and to +proclaim them to the world. Intrinsically, neither +their claims nor their devices are entitled to any +more notice than are those of the humblest +mechanic that ever labored to attain Perpetual +Motion. However, so much has been said and +written concerning them that they have an historical +value and interest. Then, too, the interest +taken in their inventions brought forth some +splendid discussions which necessarily involve in +a general way, at least, the entire question of +Self-Motive Power. The historical interest attaching +to their inventions and the discussions +concerning them, entitles them to more than a +passing notice in this book.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> +They were not co-laborers; they were not +even compatriots, nor contemporaries. Worcester +was an Englishman and Orffyreus a Frenchman, +though most of his labors were in what is +now Germany. The former died thirteen years +before the latter was born.</p> + +<p>Edward Sommerset, of England, Sixth Earl +and Second Marquis of Worcester, was born in +the year 1601, and died in 1667. He was famous +not only for his noble birth and family rank, but +for personal attainments. He was the author of +a work entitled "Century of Names and Scantlings +of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call +to Mind Have Tried and Perfected" (1663), +which has often been reprinted, and is usually +referred to simply as "Century Inventions." He +was very prominent in public life; was greatly +interested in mechanical experiments, and made +valuable suggestions, inventions and improvements +in connection with the use of steam as a +motive power.</p> + +<p>Henry Dircks, who is so frequently mentioned +in this book, wrote a book which was published +in 1865, entitled "Life, Times and Scientific +Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester." +The Marquis appears to have been all his life +greatly interested in science, mechanics and +mathematical contrivances. His first wife died +in 1635, and it seems probable that thenceforth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> +he became and remained more than ever devoted +to mechanics, and sometime after that period announced +a successful Perpetual Motion machine, +the gist of all known information concerning +which appears from the articles and discussions +hereinafter set forth in this chapter.</p> + +<p>Jean-Ernest Eli-Bessler (Councillor) Orffyreus +was born in 1680, near Zittan, Alsace, +France. He was a man of great ability and attained +an eminent place in public life. The title +"Councillor," he acquired by having been selected +Councillor to the Prince of Hesse Castle. The +best information concerning him indicates that +he was of very erratic temperament, given to fits +of melancholy and extreme anger. In early life +he was a student of theology and medicine, but his +penchant was really for mechanics. He claimed +that in his search for whatever might prove curious +and valuable he had discovered Perpetual +Motion, and that between the years 1712 and +1719 he had made two successfully working +machines on his system. The following discussions +disclose all that is known of the claimed +inventions of these two distinguished Perpetual +Motion workers.</p> + +<p>The alleged inventions of the Marquis of +Worcester is stated by him in the 56th article of +his book entitled "Century of Names and Scantlings +of Such Inventions as at Present I Can Call +to Mind to Have Tried and Perfected," and translated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> +from the ancient English style in which his +book is written into modern style of English, +reads as follows:</p> + +<p>The inventor offers the accompanying +sketch, with description of an Hydraulic Mover, +for communicating power to machinery, and recently +invented by <span class="locked">him:—</span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>"To provide and make that all the weights of +the descending side of a wheel, shall be perpetually +farther from the center, than those of +the mounting side, and yet equal in number and +heft to the one side as the other. A most incredible +thing, if not seen; but tried before the late +King (of blessed memory) in the Tower by my +directions, two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying +his Majesty, and the Duke of Richmond, +and Duke of Hamilton, with most of the +Court attending him. The wheel was fourteen +foot over, and had forty weights of fifty pounds +apiece. Sir William Balfore, then Lieutenant of +the Tower, can justify it, with several others. +They all saw, that no sooner these great weights +passed the diameter line of the lower side, but they +hung a foot farther from the center; nor no +sooner passed the diameter line of the upper side, +but they hung a foot nearer. Be pleased to judge +of the consequence."</p></blockquote> + +<p>In October of 1719, Orffyreus published a +small book, or pamphlet, both in German and +Latin, entitled "Perpetual Motion Triumphant, +by Orffyreus." The book commences:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>It is a notorious fact that Perpetual Motion +has not only been sought after by ingenious +mathematicians and artists with more or less expense, +but many have arisen here and there pretending +that they have made the discovery. +Nevertheless, it appears that to carry out this +most subtle mechanical idea, namely, to make a +dead material not only move itself, but lift +weights and perform work, even the most profound +mathematicians and the most learned +people have continually fallen into error. It is +no less notorious that those who have so sought, +not only refuse their consent, but have set their +seal on the discovery as an unsolvable problem.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On a subsequent page he proceeds thus:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>When I, at last, an unworthy man, was made +an instrument in God's hands to solve this long-looked-for +and valuable secret, and to give a representation, +proposition and instruction on this +rare invention; also to publish and propound it to +all the world, no longer do I doubt, nay I presume, +that as the discoverer I possess it, after +many years of scrupulous doubts, much calumny +and exasperation from all my enemies.</p></blockquote> + +<p>He speaks of his opponents under four divisions: +First, the scientific world; second, persons +in high authority; third, the public in general; and +fourth, the press;—observing—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Now my wish was to convince the world that +this illiberal, rude and inhuman treatment was +false, yet God's providence has brought to my +help, protection and succour the mighty Prince +Lord Charles, Landgrave of Hesse.</p></blockquote> + +<p>On a subsequent page he indulges in the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span> +sycophantic adulation of the Prince of +Hesse Castle, and suggestion of the description +of his claimed device:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>It has not only pleased this mighty Prince to +protect me against my numerous enemies, but also +to give me house-room in his princely Castle of +Weissenstein, near Cassel; to name me one of his +most honored servants, and restore me in a measure +all the honor and means that I had lost in my +native country; wishing no doubt to give to +Hessin Cassel the high honor which belonged to +Saxony by right. In gratitude for all these gracious +acts, I consented to give another example of +my Perpetuum Mobile machine. I put all in +fresh order, and began work in all possible haste, +doing everything in the manner of those I had +already made and destroyed, with only a few +changes in the dimensions of the so-named turning-wheel. +For as a grindstone may be called a +wheel, so may the principal part of my machine be +named. The outward part of this wheel is drawn +over or covered with waxed linen in the form of +a drum. This cylindrical basis was 12 Rhenish +feet in diameter, the thickness from 15 to 18 +inches, the middle axle 6 feet long and 8 inches +in thickness. It is supported in its movement on +two pointed steel balance-pegs, each 1 inch thick; +and the wheel is vertically suspended. The +movement is modified by two pendulums, as +shown in the engraving at the end of this book. +The inward structure of the wheel is of a nature +according to the laws of mechanical perpetual +motion, so arranged that by disposed weights once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> +in rotation they gain force from their own swinging, +and must continue their movement as long as +their structure does not lose its position and arrangement. +Unlike all other automata, such as +clocks or springs or other hanging weights which +require winding up or whose duration depends on +the chain which attaches them, on the contrary, +these weights are the essential parts and constitute +perpetuum mobile itself; as from them is +received the universal movement which they must +exercise so long as they remain out of the center +of gravity; and when they come to be placed together, +and so arranged one against another that +they can never obtain equilibrium, or the <i>punctum +quietus</i> which they unceasingly seek in their wonderous +speedy flight, one or other of them must +apply its weight vertically to the axis, which in +its turn will also move.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The author and inventor then suggests the +following uses of his machine: "raising weights, +raising stampers, water," etc. He criticises all +critics of his scheme and denounces them as cunning +rogues, and fools who are contemptibly endeavoring +to overthrow an incontestable fact. +He makes a quadrupled dedication of his device:</p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="poem"> +<ul> +<li>1. To God,</li> +<li>2. To the Public in General,</li> +<li>3. To Men of Learning,</li> +<li>4. To Himself as Discoverer,</li> +</ul> +</div></div> + +<p class="in0">and he very modestly suggests a method by which +he could be approached on the subject of selling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> +the secret of his machine for one hundred thousand +rix-thalers, and points out the great importance +to the public of such an acquisition. The +book contains a cut of his device with the following +very brief explanation:</p> + +<div id="if_i_218" class="figcenter" style="width: 535px;"><img src="images/i_218.jpg" width="535" height="282" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Number 1 shows the entire size of the wheel; +2, a cord wound round the principal axle; 3, the +wheel or pulley to guide the cord; 4, the cord +passed through a window and over 5, another pulley; +6, the box of stones raised or lowered; 7, the +lock to prevent motion; 8, the pendulum with +three weights; 9, a winch-handle acting on the +pendulum; and 10, shows above and below transparent, +so that the machine stands clear and can +be moved about.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In 1720 the following article was contributed +to and published in the "Gentleman's Magazine," +concerning the Orffyrean Wheel:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Urban</span>: Being an admirer of improvements +in mechanics and desirous of seeing the +perpetual motion discovered, I was much pleased +on reading, some time ago, an account of the automaton +constructed by Orffyreus in two letters, +one from Professor 's Gravesande to Sir Isaac +Newton, the other from Baron Fischer to Dr. +Desaguliers, with the testimonial of the Landgrave +of Hesse-Cassel (who had seen the inside +of it) in favor of its construction. To which are +added some remarks by William Kenrick, the +writer of the pamphlet, who takes that opportunity +to propose a subscription for a similar machine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span> +which he says he has contrived and denominated +a Rotator.</p> + +<p>It is much to be lamented that the learned did +not examine more strictly into the merit of Orffyreus's +wheel; but, on the contrary, being prepossessed +with a notion of the impracticability of +the perpetual motion, suffered it to be neglected, +and at last destroyed by the hands of a disappointed +mechanic, who, with unwearied application +and steady perseverance, had brought it to +perfection. I wish we may not again let slip an +opportunity of becoming acquainted with an invention, +which, when made public, will reflect +honor on the inventor, and be of the utmost utility +to the world. Such, I would hope, is the rotator +mentioned by W. Kenrick; for, unless his discovery +were real, I cannot think that he would +have taken the liberty to express himself as he +does in p. 26, etc., "The inventor flatters himself +that, if the contents of the foregoing pages are +seriously attended to, and it be farther considered, +that not a penny of the proposed premium +is required, till the subscribers are fully satisfied +of the reality and utility of the invention, his proposal +will not be treated with so mortifying a +neglect as that of Orffyreus." Again he says, +"If it does not supply the place of a first mover, +at the expense only of the construction and repair +of a simple wheel subject to very little friction, +and that in all such engines and machines, +even from the slightest piece of clockwork to the +waterworks of Marli or London-bridge, he expects +nothing for his discovery, but to stand exposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> +to the contempt that will be justly thrown +on him for having so miserably misspent his time, +and frivolously engaged the attention of the +public."</p> + +<p>Now, I think that W. Kenrick's proposals are +very fair; and should be glad to be informed, +whether any attention has been paid to them, and +whether Sir Isaac Newton took any notice of the +letter addressed to him by Professor Gravesande. +I shall consider it as a favor if any correspondent +will oblige me with an answer to these particulars.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="smcap">A Constant Reader.</span><br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>In 1721 Rev. Dr. J. T. Desaguliers, LL.D., +F.R.S., contributed to an English periodical entitled +"Philosophical Transactions," the following +article concerning the device of the Marquis of +Worcester, and the Orffyrean Wheel:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="smcap smaller center vspace">REMARKS ON SOME ATTEMPTS MADE TOWARDS A +PERPETUAL MOTION; BY THE REVEREND +DR. DESAGULIERS, F.R.S.</p> + +<p>The wheel at Hesse-Cassel, made by Monsieur +Orffyreus, and by him called a perpetual +motion, has, of late, been so much talked of on +account of its wonderful phenomena, that a great +many people have believed it to be actually a self-moving +engine; and accordingly have attempted +to imitate it as such. Now, as a great deal of +time and money is spent in those endeavours, I +was willing (for the sake of those that try experiments +with that view) to show that the principle +which most of them go upon is false, and can +by no means produce a perpetual motion.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> +They take it for granted that if a weight +descending in a wheel at a determined distance +from the center, does, in its ascent, approach +nearer to it; such a weight in its descent will always +preponderate and cause a weight equal to it +to rise, provided it comes nearer the center in its +rise; and accordingly as itself, rises, will be overbalanced +by another weight equal to it; and, +therefore, they endeavour by various contrivances +to produce that effect as if the consequence of it +would be a perpetual motion.</p> + +<p>But I shall show that they mistake one particular +case of a general theorem, or rather a +corollary of it, for the theorem itself. The +theorem is as follows:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Theor.</span>—If one weight in its descent does, +by means of any contrivance, cause another +weight to ascend with a less momentum or quantity +of motion than itself, it will preponderate and +raise the other weight.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cor. 1.</span>—Therefore, if the weights be equal, +the descending weight must have more velocity +than the ascending weight, because the momentum +is made up of the weight multiplied into the +quantity of matter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cor. 2.</span>—Therefore, if a leaver or balance +have equal weights fastened or hanging at its +ends, and the brachia be ever so little unequal +that weight will preponderate which is farthest +from the center.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Scholium.</span>—This second corollary causes +the mistake; because those who think the velocity +of the weight is the line it describes, expect that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> +that weight shall be overpoised, which describes +the shortest line, and, therefore, contrive machines +to cause the ascending weight to describe +a shorter line than the descending weight. As +for example, in the circle A D B <i>a</i> (Fig. 3) the +weights A and B being supposed equal, they imagine +that if (by any contrivance whatever) +whilst the weight A describes the arc A <i>a</i>, the +weight B is carried in any arc, as B <i>b</i>, so as to +come nearer the center in its rising than if it +went up the arc B D; the said weight shall be +overpoised, and consequently, by a number of +such weights a perpetual motion will be produced.</p> + +<p>This is attempted by several contrivances, +which all depend upon this false principle; but I +shall only mention one which is represented by +Fig. 4, where a wheel having two parallel circumferences, +has the space between them divided into +cells, which being curved, will (when the wheel +goes round) cause weights placed loose in the said +cells to descend on the side A at the outer circumference +of the wheel, and on the side D to ascend +in the line B <i>b b b</i>, which comes nearer the center +and touches the inner circumference of the +wheel. In a machine of this kind the weights will +indeed move in such a manner if the wheel be +turned round, but will never be the cause of the +wheel's going round. Such a machine is mentioned +by the Marquis of Worcester in his "Century +of Inventions," in the following words, No. +56:</p> + +<div id="if_i_224" class="figcenter" style="width: 209px;"><img src="images/i_224.jpg" width="209" height="172" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>"To provide and make that all the weights +of the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span> +farther from the center than those of the +mounting side, and yet equal in number and heft +to the one side as the other. A most incredible +thing, if not seen; but tried before the late King +(of blessed memory) in the Tower by my directions, +two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying +his Majesty, and the Duke of Richmond, +and Duke of Hamilton, with most of the court +attending him. The wheel was fourteen foot +over and had forty weights of fifty pounds a +piece. Sir William Balfore, then Lieutenant of +the Tower, can justify it with several others. +They all saw that no sooner these great weights +passed the diameter line of the lower side, but +they hung a foot farther from the center; nor no +sooner passed the diameter line of the upper side, +but they hung a foot nearer. Be pleased to judge +of the consequence."</p></blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_225" class="figcenter" style="width: 219px;"><img src="images/i_225.jpg" width="219" height="187" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Now the consequence of this and such like +machines, is nothing less than a perpetual motion; +and the fallacy is this: The velocity of any weight +is not the line which it describes in general, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> +the height that it rises up to or falls from, with +respect to its distance from the center of the +earth. So that when the weight (Fig. 3) describes +the arc A <i>a</i>, its velocity is the line A C, +which shows the perpendicular descent (or measures +how much it is come nearer to the center of +the earth), and likewise the line B C denotes the +velocity of the weight B, or the height that it +rises to when it ascends in any of the arcs B <i>b</i>, +instead of the arc B D: so that in this case +whether the weight B in its ascent be brought +nearer the center or not, it loses no velocity which +it ought to do in order to be raised up by the +weight A. Nay, the weight in rising nearer the +center of a wheel may not only lose of its velocity, +but be made to gain velocity in proportion to the +velocity of its counterpoising weights that descend +in the circumference of the opposite side of +the wheel; for if we consider two radii of the +wheel, one of which is horizontal, and the other +(fastened to and moving with it) inclined under +the horizon in an angle of 60 degrees (Fig. 5)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> +and by the descent of the end B of the radius B C, +the radius C D by its motion causes the weight at +D to rise up the line <i>p</i> P, which is in a plane that +stops the said weight from rising in the curve +D A, that weight will gain velocity, and in the +beginning of its rise it will have twice the velocity +of the weight at B; and consequently, instead of +being raised, will overpoise, if it be equal to the +last mentioned weight. And this velocity will be +so much the greater in proportion as the angle +A C D is greater, or as the plane P <i>p</i> (along which +the weight D must rise) is nearer to the center. +Indeed, if the weight at B (Fig. 3) could, by any +means, be lifted up to β, and move in the arc β <i>b</i>, +the end would be answered; because then the +velocity would be diminished and become β C.</p> + +<div id="if_i_226" class="figcenter" style="width: 183px;"><img src="images/i_226.jpg" width="183" height="163" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Experiment</span> (Fig. 5).—Take the leaver +B C D, whose brachia are equal in length, bent in +an angle of 120 degrees at C and moveable about +that point as its center: in this case a weight of +two pounds hanging at the end of B of the horizontal +part of the leaver will keep in equilibrio +a weight of four pounds hanging at the end D.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> +But if a weight of one pound be laid upon the end +D of the leaver, so that in the motion of D along +the arc <i>p</i> A, this weight is made to rise up against +the plane P <i>p</i> (which divides in half the line A C +equal to C B) the said weight will keep in equilibrio +two pounds at B, as having twice the velocity +of it when the leaver begins to move. This will +be evident, if you let the weight 4 hang at D, +whilst the weight 1 lies above it: for if then you +move the leaver the weight 1 will rise four times +as fast as the weight 4.</p></blockquote> + +<div id="if_i_227" class="figcenter" style="width: 229px;"><img src="images/i_227.jpg" width="229" height="167" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>In 1770 Dr. William Kenrick published "A +Lecture on the Perpetual Motion." In it he has +the following to say concerning the alleged inventions +of the Marquis of Worcester, and Councillor +Orffyreus, and Perpetual Motion in general. +The following excerpts of and comments on the +lecture are taken verbatim from Dircks:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The mere exhibition of a self-moving machine +without a display of its mechanism, or the +principles on which its motion is begun and continued, +could produce no conviction. The fate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span> +of Orffyreus and his machine is a proof of this. +Scarce fifty years ago that whimsical mechanician +exhibited a perpetual motion at Hesse Cassel, the +constancy of whose operation was experienced +for many weeks under the most exact caution of +the Landgrave of that Principality, whose testimony +of such operation, as well as in favor of its +construction (to the secret of which he was admitted), +was given in the most explicit and determinate +form. And yet, because Orffyreus +could not display the mechanism without the previous +assurance of a premium of 200,000 florins +(near twenty thousand pounds), or because he +would not or could not discover the principles on +which it acted, his pretensions were neglected, his +machine was destroyed by his own hands, and his +life made a sacrifice to the chagrin attending his +disappointment. Twenty years had he racked his +brains for invention, and expended a patrimonial +competence with parsimony in prosecuting his +design. And when success inspired the hope of +reward, he found his ingenuity suspected of imposture, +and his industry rewarded with contempt.</p> + +<p>Whether any of his successors in the same +pursuit will meet with a better fate is at length +to be determined. One species of our predecessor's +merit, however, I (adds Dr. Kenrick) +presume myself at least entitled to, that of perseverance; +it being now fifteen years since I +first engaged in this undertaking, which I have +since pursued with almost unremitted assiduity, +and that not only at a considerable waste of time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> +and expense, but under the constant mortification +of hearing it equally ridiculed by those who do +know, and by those who do not know, anything +of the matter.</p> + +<p>It is, indeed, generally supposed, and as confidently +affirmed, that the mathematicians have +published demonstrations of the impossibility of a +perpetual motion. But I can safely take upon me +to affirm that no such demonstration was ever +published by any. Within these twelve years +past the mathematicians who deny the possibility +of a perpetual motion have been repeatedly and +publicly called upon, both in the foreign and English +prints, to produce a single instance of these +demonstrations. They have not done it. They +might have produced, indeed, the demonstrations +of Huygens, De la Hire, and others to prove, as +Desaguliers very properly expresses it the fallacy +of the schemes of most of the pretenders to the +perpetual motion. They proved nothing more; +and this was so far unnecessary in that the fallacy +evidently appeared in the discovery of the principle +on which they were founded.</p> + +<p>This was done in the last century by the celebrated +Marquis of Worcester, in the presence of +the King and his Court, at the Tower, by the +exhibition of a wheel so contrived that in revolving +on its axis it carried up several weights nearer +its center on one side than they descended on the +other. The scheme was plausible and to appearance +practicable; but, though the wheel was polite +enough to turn about while his Majesty was present, +it could not be prevailed upon to be so complaisant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> +in his absence. The mathematicians +avenged themselves of the short triumph of the +mistaken Marquis, but were equally mistaken +themselves in thinking they had routed the problem +or that in hunting down the jackal they had +destroyed the lion. The perpetual motion survived; +it had still its advocates; Professor Gravesande +and John Bernouille maintained its practicability, +the former giving his testimony in +favor of Orffyreus's machine, after a long and +scrutinous examination. It is not twelve years +since this testimony was republished by Dr. Allaman, +the present Professor of Natural Philosophy +at Leyden, whose own opinion, given at the same +time, is also greatly in favor of the discovery. +It is even some years later that a dissertation still +more in its favor, written, if I am not mistaken, +by the celebrated De Gorter of Petersburg, appeared +in the "Philosophical Transactions" of +Haarlem. My end is not to amuse or persuade, +but, with due deference, to inform and convince. +To remove every cause of objection, I must beg +leave to expatiate somewhat at large on the theory +of this discovery. It is with the more propriety +I presume on this method, as the discovery to +which I pretend has not been (as frequently happens) +the effect of mechanical accident, but the +premeditated result of mathematical reasoning +and physical experiment. I shall proceed to elucidate +the principal arguments <i>a priori</i>, that prove +the practicability of a perpetual motion to be the +necessary consequence of the known and established +laws of nature.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> +Having proceeded thus far, he opens his lecture +at page 7 with the introduction; and first +"On the Nature of Motion in General," which, in +fourteen pages, being more metaphysical than +mechanical, affords no extractable matter for our +present object. Part I is "On the Cause and +Effect of Motion." This elementary part is needlessly +labored and elaborated through 27 pages. +In the course of his remarks he states:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The discovery of a perpetual motion, says +De la Hire, would be to discover a body at once +heavier and lighter than itself. But this is not a +fair state of the question. It is not necessary +that all the parts of a perpetually-moving machine +should be attached to, and inseparable from each +other; which they must be, to constitute one gravitating +body of a determinate weight.</p></blockquote> + +<p>He proceeds to consider the nature of the +circulation of the blood, pneumatic pressure, the +steel-yard, real and relative weight, and spiral +action. Again, we have Hobbes, Locke, and +Stewart, in the same sentence with such language +as—"I could almost as readily impute ingenuity +to vegetables and fossils—to the sensitive plant +and the loadstone—as mediation to muscles, or +cogitabundity to cockles, periwinkles and rock +oysters!" In conclusions he says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I have endeavoured to make it appear that +motion is the mechanical effect of the physical +action of the primary elements; that the direction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span> +of motion only comes within the province of animal +intellect; that the vital system is supported +by mere mechanic motion, kept up by the elasticity +of the solids and the gravity of the fluids composing +the animal body; that by the same means +a more simple inanimate system or machine may +be framed which may have the same property of +continued action (or, as it is called, self-motion). +And this is all that is, or can be, expected of a +perpetual motion; the momentum of which may +be increased to any degree, according to the +weight of the bodies employed and the work required +to be done.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The second part of this lecture commences +with a Proem of thirteen pages:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I am induced (he says) to trespass farther +by extending in like manner the subsequent divisions +of it; making the second and third parts of +my printed syllabus the topics of the present reading, +and reserving the last part, with the concluding +experiment, to the third and final lecture.</p> + +<p>I pretend merely to the investigation of the +general principles of mechanics, and even to illustrate +these so far only as I conceive they relate to +the immediate object of my lecture, the discovery +of an artificial perpetual motion; leaving the application +of such principles, in the solution of particular +phenomena, or the construction of particular +machines, to such as make the different arts +and sciences their peculiar study.</p></blockquote> + +<p>He very prudently ends, observing:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>But I beg pardon, gentlemen, for the length +of this digressive introduction, and shall proceed +to the more immediate subject of my lecture.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Section 1 of this lecture is "On the Composition +and Combination of Motion." After discussing, +in his own peculiar style, mechanical +principles of motion, he adds:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>It would require a volume, and that not a +small one, to illustrate these subjects and support +them by the necessary demonstrations and experiments. +Should Providence give me life and +health, therefore, they (his auditors) shall have +it. Indeed, I have already spent some years in +preparing such a volume for the press.</p></blockquote> + +<p>He is very prolix on gravity and motion, then +commences Section 2 "On the Communication +and Dissipation of Motion." Five pages are +occupied in discussing motion, in popular language, +in the course of which he remarks:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>And as to the imperfectly elastic bodies, their +power of retaining or communicating motion depends +entirely on their <i>vis inertiae</i> and weight; +nor can they on any occasion whatever communicate +a greater momentum to another body than +they themselves possess. It is sufficient for the +purpose of a perpetual motion that they can do +this. And, indeed, here all the difficulty lies, viz., +in the means of communicating the momentum or +moving force of a heavy body to a light one. +Now, the most virulent opponents to the practicability +of perpetual motion have never pretended +to demonstrate the impracticability of this communication.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> +The <i>quomodo</i>, or means of effecting +it, being the point in dispute. It is to this +discovery that I pretend; and to show that my +pretensions are well grounded, have taken the +liberty to invite you to this lecture.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The lectures appear to have been illustrated +by a plate having two figures of a simple apparatus +used to demonstrate the action of a spring +and two unequal weights; also an inflexible ruler +suspended between two unequal balls—with both +he experimented before his auditors; but the engraving +is wanting in the edition now used. In +conclusion, he observes:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>You see, gentlemen, I am purposely provided +here with a very simple and clumsy apparatus. +The perpetual motion does not need the assistance +of friction wheels, or depend on the niggling +nicety of tooth and pinion. If the practical part +of my discovery be not superior to the manual +dexterity of a village carpenter or country smith, +I am satisfied. There will be no great discernment +required to comprehend the design they are +to put in execution. You will permit me, however, +at present, to defer what I have farther to +offer on the subject to another opportunity.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In 1770 Dr. Kenrick published a quarto-pamphlet +concerning the Orffyrean Wheel, and in +the pamphlet appears the following regarding a +letter from Prof. Gravesande to Sir Isaac Newton, +and a letter from Baron Fischer to Dr. +Desaguliers:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> + +<h3 class="notbold"><i>A Letter from Professor 's Gravesande to Sir +Isaac Newton, Concerning Orffyreus's +Wheel</i></h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Doctor Desaguliers has doubtless +shown you the letter that Baron Fischer wrote to +him some time ago about the wheel of Orffyreus; +which the inventor affirms to be a perpetual motion. +The landgrave, who is a lover of the +sciences and fine arts, and neglects no opportunity +to encourage the several discoveries and improvements +that are presented him, was desirous +of having this machine made known to the world, +for the sake of public utility. To this end he +engaged me to examine it; wishing that, if it +should be found to answer the pretensions of the +inventor, it might be made known to persons of +greater abilities, who might deduce from it those +services which are naturally to be expected from +so singular an invention. You will not be displeased, +I presume, with a circumstantial account +of this examination; I transmit you, therefore, +a detail of the most particular circumstances observable +on an exterior view of a machine, concerning +which the sentiments of most people are +greatly divided, while almost all the mathematicians +are against it. The majority maintain the +impossibility of a perpetual motion, and hence it +is that so little attention has been paid to Orffyreus +and his invention.</p> + +<p>For my part, however, though I confess my +abilities inferior to those of many who have given +their demonstrations of this impossibility; yet I +will communicate to you the real sentiments with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span> +which I entered on the examination of this machine. +It is now more than seven years since I +conceived I discovered the paralogism of those +demonstrations, in that, though true in themselves, +they were not applicable to all possible +machines; and have ever since remained perfectly +persuaded it might be demonstrated that a perpetual +motion involved no contradiction; it appearing +to me that Leibnitz was wrong in laying +down the impossibility of the perpetual motion as +an axiom. Notwithstanding this persuasion, +however, I was far from believing Orffyreus +capable of making such a discovery, looking upon +it as an invention not to be made (if ever) till +after many other previous discoveries. But since +I have examined the machine, it is impossible for +me to express my surprise.</p> + +<p>The inventor has a turn for mechanics, but +is far from being a profound mathematician, and +yet his machine has something in it prodigiously +astonishing, even though it should be an imposition. +The following is a description of the external +parts of the machine, the inside of which +the inventor will not permit to be seen, lest any +one should rob him of his secret. It is a hollow +wheel, or kind of drum, about fourteen inches +thick and twelve feet diameter; being very light, +as it consists of several crosspieces of wood +framed together; the whole of which is covered +over with canvas, to prevent the inside from being +seen. Through the center of this wheel or drum +runs an axis of about six inches diameter, terminated +at both ends by iron axes of about three-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span>quarters +of an inch diameter upon which the machine +turns. I have examined these axes and am +firmly persuaded that nothing from without the +wheel in the least contributes to its motion. When +I turned it but gently, it always stood still as soon +as I took away my hand; but when I gave it any +tolerable degree of velocity, I was always obliged +to stop it again by force; for when I let it go, it +acquired in two or three turns its greatest velocity, +after which it revolved for twenty-five or +twenty-six times in a minute. This motion it +preserved some time ago for two months, in an +apartment of the castle: the door and windows +of which were locked and sealed so that there was +no possibility of fraud. At the expiration of that +term indeed his serene highness ordered the +apartment to be opened, and the machine to be +stopped, lest, as it was only a model, the parts +might suffer by so much agitation. The landgrave +being himself present on my examination +of this machine, I took the liberty to ask him, as +he had seen the inside of it, whether after being +in motion for a certain time no alteration was +made in the component parts; or whether none of +those parts might be suspected of concealing some +fraud: on which his serene highness assured me +to the contrary, and that the machine was very +simple.</p> + +<p>You see, sir, I have not had any absolute +demonstration, that the principle of motion which +is certainly within the wheel, is really a principle +of perpetual motion; but at the same time it cannot +be denied me that I have received very good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span> +reasons to think so, which is a strong presumption +in favor of the inventor. The landgrave hath +made Orffyreus a very handsome present, to be +let into the secret of the machine, under an engagement +nevertheless not to discover, or to make +any use of it before the inventor may procure a +sufficient reward for making his discovery public.</p> + +<p>I am very sensible, sir, that it is in England +only the arts and sciences are so generally cultivated +as to afford any prospect of the inventor's +acquiring a reward adequate to this discovery. +He requires nothing more than the assurance of +having it paid him in case his machine is found +to be really a perpetual motion; and as he desires +nothing more than this assurance till the construction +of the machine be displayed and fairly +examined before such assurance be given him. +Now, sir, as it would conduce to public utility as +well as to the advancement of science, to discover +the reality or the fraud of this invention, I conceive +the relation of the above circumstances +could not fail of being acceptable. I am, etc.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the same book appear the following animadversions +by Prof. Allaman, on the neglect of +Orffyreus's invention:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>We see that the testimony of M. 's Gravesande +was as advantageous as possible to Orffyreus, +not having seen the interior of the machine, +he could form no other judgment; however, that +extraordinary man was not contented, for in consequence +of the examination Orffyreus broke the +machine into pieces. By the accounts of M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span> +'s Gravesande, Baron Fischer and the testimony +of the Landgrave it appears clear that the wheel +was not moved by any exterior agent. Orffyreus +is, however, accused of being an impostor, of having +imposed on the good faith of the prince, deceived +M. 's Gravesande and all those who examined +his machine. His own servant deposed +against him and said that she was made to turn +the wheel, and thus he has fallen into contempt; +and everyone who protected him, is ashamed of +him. M. de Crousaz, who was at that time at the +court of Cassel, writes a letter to M. 's Gravesande +dated February 3, 1729, in these terms:—'First, +Orffyreus is a fool; Second, It is impossible that +a fool can have discovered what such a number +of clever people have searched for without success; +Third, I do not believe in impossibilities; +Fourth, One can easily imagine that persons keep +a secret from which they are to receive benefit, +but this fellow, hoping only to receive reputation, +allows it to be tarnished by an accusation which +he has in his power to disprove, if false; Fifth, +The servant who ran away from his house, for +fear of being strangled, has in her possession, in +writing, the terrible oath that Orffyreus made +her swear; Sixth, He only had to have asked, in +order to have had this girl imprisoned, until he +had time to finish his machine; Seventh, They +publish that the machine is going to be exhibited, +when suddenly those who advertise it become +silent; Eighth, It is true there is a machine at his +house, to which they give the name of perpetual +motion, but that cannot be removed; it is much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span> +smaller, and differs from the first, inasmuch as +it only turns one way.</p> + +<p>This is what makes Orffyreus and his machine +to be suspected; can it be that M. 's Gravesande +was so mistaken as to be his dupe? Let us +read what he himself says in answer to M. +Crousaz, which I have found among my papers, +without date:—"I have deferred replying to you +until I had found a paper which I wrote the day +after I examined Orffyreus' machine, for although +I remember well all that passed, I believe +that a paper, written the day after the examination, +and communicated to my Lord and all those +who were with him, must have more weight.</p> + +<p>"This is what I heard; they say that a servant +under oath, turned Orffyreus' machine, being +placed in an adjoining room.</p> + +<p>"I know well that Orffyreus is a fool, but I +ignore that he is an impostor; I have never decided +whether his machine is an imposture or not, +but this I know as certainly as anything in the +world, that if the servant says the above, she tells +a great falsehood.</p> + +<p>"My Lord the Landgrave in the presence of +the Baron Fischer, Architect of the Emperor, and +other persons at my request, showed the supports +of the machine; we saw the axles uncovered; I +examined the plates or brasses on which the axles +rested and in that examination there did not appear +the slightest trace of communication with +the adjoining room. I remember very distinctly +the whole of the circumstances of that examination, +which put Orffyreus in such a rage with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span> +me, that the day after he broke his machine in +pieces, and wrote on the wall that, it was the impertinent +curiosity of Professor 's Gravesande +which was the cause. I read this myself the following +year, and the result of the examination is +clearly explained in the paper of which I spoke to +you.</p> + +<p>"They told me several circumstances on the +testimony of the servant, but I pay little attention +to what a servant can say about machines, +perhaps in turning her master's roast-jack she +thought she saw a perpetual motion. If you know +anything concerning this matter I shall feel much +pleasure if you would communicate it."</p> + +<p>It is difficult to determine what to believe +about this machine. It seems to me, however, that +on examining minutely the for and against Orffyreus +we can come to these conclusions: 1. That +Orffyreus was evidently mad, as M. 's Gravesande +and M. de Crousaz both affirm; his machinery +broken at different times without either +reason or necessity prove this. But his was a sort +of madness we do not often see: a folly fixed +only on certain objects, and merits more the name +of fantasticalness or whimsicalness; this kind of +folly is often accompanied by much genius, and +when persons of this disposition apply themselves +solely to one subject, as it appears he did, it is not +surprising to find them making discoveries which +had escaped the sagacity of wiser people. Thus +I do not wish to agree with M. de Crousaz, that +it is incredible that a madman, such as Orffyreus +should have found out something that learned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span> +men have searched for unsuccessfully. Added +to this he is mistaken in saying that Orffyreus +could hope for no other reward for his secrets +than mere reputation: for he expected a considerable +profit seeing that he demanded for it 200,000 +florins. 2. No exterior agent moved the machine; +if it were a servant that moved it, would it +not have been apparent to eyes so searching as +those that made the examination, or to the Landgrave, +who had seen the interior of the machine? +Besides how can any one imagine that a wheel of +so great a volume could have been moved by such +a cause, a cause which would act simply on the +axle in crossing the supports, and which must +have been so small as to have escaped the most +rigorous examination? 3. If the servant has not +been paid to depose against Orffyreus, what does +her testimony prove? Only that her master made +her believe that by turning a little wheel, she +moved the whole machine, and we can fancy a +singular character, such as he was might have +done this to prevent the curiosity of those who +sought to penetrate his secret; M. 's Gravesande's +opinion of this strange character is such that he +doubts not his whimsicalness prevented him from +making a new machine. 4. It must be confessed +that this wheel was a very remarkable mechanical +phenomenon, and this is all we can say, not knowing +more than the preceding details; it were too +much temerity to say that this invention was a +perpetual motion, as much as it would be wrong +to call it an imposture, seeing that no exterior +agent was employed.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span> +Dr. Kenrick proceeds to state that:—The +celebrated John Bernoulli, speaking of the above +demonstration, in a letter to the author, remarks +that it is very just; the principle assumed necessarily +involving an augmentation of force, <i>viz.</i>, +a perpetual motion. But this, continues he, is no +more than Leibnitz had long before demonstrated +in his dispute with Papin and others.</p> + +<p>Having thus occupied twenty-three pages in +fencing himself with a screen against the ridicule +he appears to have so much dreaded, and reasonably +anticipated from the many authors he had +himself similarly treated in the "London Review," +we are informed that,—An accidental conversation, +many years ago, on the spot where +Orffyreus exhibited his machine, awakened the +author's curiosity and directed his attention to an +object which he has ever since occasionally pursued. +The experiments he has made, even so +long since as the year 1761, convinced him so far +of the reality of Orffyreus' discovery, that he applied +for letters-patent to secure an exclusive +right to the construction of a similar machine; +which he had contrived and denominated <span class="smcap">A +Rotator</span>. Before his patent, however, was expedited, +he reflected that, though the model he +had constructed might serve to remove the prejudices +of the public, it was not so well calculated +as it might be, to answer the practical purposes +of so important a discovery. To the improvement +of the Rotator, therefore, has he long since +dedicated all the time and attention he could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span> +possibly spare from his other, more immediately +necessary, pursuits.</p> + +<p>Nothing can be more flimsy than the statement +here made, and the next sentence would +seem to explain the true state of the case. He +proceeds: "Not that he believes he has contrived +quite so many different machines as Orffyreus +did, though he has been almost as many years +engaged in the like undertaking; he has, nevertheless, +both contrived and constructed a considerable +number, many of them useless as costly, +except indeed as they served to assist him in completing +his invention."</p> + +<p>His invention, however, was <i>not</i> complete; +the very model of it was unsatisfactory. Like +Orffyreus, he had spent nearly twenty years, +making numerous, and some costly, machines. +He no doubt had his own misgivings, and wished +to reimburse himself for the great outlay he must +have incurred during that long period, before +the bubble finally burst! However, poor man, +he died nine years after publishing this elaborate +advertising prospectus, which concludes: "Such +bodies corporate, private companies or individuals, +as are interested in the construction or +use of considerable mechanical engines, or are +disposed to encourage the present discovery, may +receive any further information they require, on +applying to the inventor, <span class="smcap">William Kenrick</span>, +Charles street, St. James's Square, March 1, +1770."</p></blockquote> + +<p>In 1803, Dr. Charles Hutton, LL.D., and F. R. S., +contributed in a brief work entitled, "Recreations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span> +in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy," +gave the following notice to the Orffyrean Wheel:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The perpetual motion has been the quicksand +of mechanicians, as the quadrature of the circle, +the trisection of an angle, etc., have been that of +geometricians: and as those who pretend to have +discovered the solution of the latter problems are +in general persons scarcely acquainted with the +principles of geometry, those who search for, or +imagine they have found, the perpetual motion, +are always men to whom the most certain and +invariable truths of mechanics are unknown.</p> + +<p>It may be demonstrated, indeed, to all those +capable of reasoning in a sound manner on those +sciences, that a perpetual motion is impossible: +for, to be possible, it is necessary that the effect +should become alternately the cause, and the cause +the effect. It would be necessary, for example, +that a weight raised to a certain height by another +weight, should in its turn raise the second weight +to the height from which it descended. But, according +to the laws of motion, all that a descending +weight could do, in the most perfect machine +which the mind can conceive, is to raise another +in the same time to a height reciprocally proportional +to its mass. But it is impossible to construct +a machine in which there shall be neither +friction nor the resistance of some medium to be +overcome; consequently at each alternation of ascent +and descent, some quantity of motion, however +small, will always be lost: each time, therefore, +the weight to be raised will ascend to a less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span> +height; and the motion will gradually slacken, and +at length cease entirely.</p> + +<div id="if_i_246" class="figcenter" style="width: 205px;"><img src="images/i_246.jpg" width="205" height="229" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>A moving principle has been sought for, but +without success, in the magnet, in the gravity of +the atmosphere, and in the elasticity of bodies. If +a magnet be disposed in such a manner as to facilitate +the ascension of a weight, it will afterwards +oppose its descent. Springs, after being unbent, +require to be bent by a new force equal to that +which they exercise; and the gravity of the atmosphere, +after forcing one side of the machine +to the lowest point, must be itself raised again, +like any other weight, in order to continue its +action.</p> + +<p>We shall, however, give an account of various +attempts to obtain a perpetual motion, because +they may serve to show how much some +persons have suffered themselves to be deceived +on this subject.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_247" class="figcenter" style="width: 216px;"><img src="images/i_247.jpg" width="216" height="237" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Fig. 52, plate 12, represents a large wheel, +the circumference of which is furnished, at equal +distances, with levers, each bearing at its extremity +a weight, and movable on a hinge, so that in +one direction they can rest upon the circumference, +while on the opposite side, being carried +away by the weight at the extremity, they are +obliged to arrange themselves in the direction of +the radius continued. This being supposed, it is +evident that when the wheel turns in the direction +<i>a b c</i>, the weights A B and C will recede from the +centre; consequently, as they act with more force, +they will carry the wheel towards that side; and +as a new lever will be thrown out, in proportion +as the wheel revolves, it thence follows, say they, +that the wheel will continue to move in the same +direction. But, notwithstanding the specious appearance +of this reasoning, experience has proved +that the machine will not go; and it may indeed be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> +demonstrated that there is a certain position in +which the centre of gravity of all these weights +is in the vertical plane passing through the point +of suspension, and that therefore it must stop.</p> + +<p>The case is the same with the following machine, +which it would appear ought to move also +incessantly. In a cylindric drum, in perfect equilibrium +on its axis, are formed channels as seen in +Fig. 53, which contain balls of lead, or a certain +quantity of quicksilver. In consequence of this +disposition, the balls or quicksilver must, on the +one side, ascend by approaching the centre; and +on the other must roll towards the circumference. +The machine then ought to turn incessantly +towards that side.</p> + +<p>A third machine of this kind is represented +in Fig. 54. It consists of a kind of wheel formed +of six or eight arms, proceeding from a centre, +where the axis of motion is placed. Each of these +arms is furnished with a receptacle in the form +of a pair of bellows, but those on the opposite +arms stand in contrary directions, as seen in the +figure. The movable top of each receptacle has +affixed to it a weight, which shuts it in one situation +and opens it in the other. In the last place, +the bellows of the opposite arms have a communication +by means of a canal, and one of them is +filled with quicksilver.</p> + +<p>These things being supposed, it is visible, +that the bellows on the one side must open, and +those on the other must shut; consequently the +mercury will pass from the latter into the former, +while the contrary will be the case on the opposite +side.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span> +It might be difficult to point out the deficiency +of this reasoning; but those acquainted with the +true principles of mechanics will not hesitate to +bet a hundred to one that the machine, when constructed, +will not answer the intended purpose.</p> + +<div id="if_i_249" class="figcenter" style="width: 328px;"><img src="images/i_249.jpg" width="328" height="349" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The description of a pretended perpetual motion, +in which bellows, to be alternately filled with +and emptied of quicksilver, were employed, may +be seen in the "Journal des Savans" for 1685. It +was refuted by Bernouilli and some others, and +it gave rise to a long dispute. The best method +which the inventor could have employed to defend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span> +his invention would have been to construct +it, and show it in motion; but this was never done.</p> + +<p>We shall here add another curious anecdote +on this subject. One Orffyreus announced, at +Leipsic, in the year 1717, a perpetual motion, consisting +of a wheel which would continually revolve. +This machine was constructed for the +Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, who caused it to be +shut up in a place of safety, and the door to be +sealed with his own seal. At the end of forty +days, the door was opened, and the machine was +found in motion. This, however, affords no proof +in favor of a perpetual motion; for as clocks can +be made to go a year without being wound up, +Orffyreus's wheel might easily go forty days, and +even more.</p> + +<p>The result of this pretended discovery is not +known. We are informed that an Englishman +offered 80,000 crowns for this machine; but +Orffyreus refused to sell it at that price: in this +he certainly acted wrong, as there is reason to +think he obtained by his invention, neither money, +nor even the honor of having discovered the perpetual +motion.</p> + +<p>The Academy of Painting at Paris possessed +a clock which had no need of being wound up, +and which might be considered as a perpetual +motion, though it was not so. But this requires +some explanation. The ingenious author of this +clock employed the variations in the state of the +atmosphere for winding up his moving weight. +Various artifices might be devised for this purpose; +but this is no more a perpetual motion than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span> +if the flux and reflux of the sea were employed +to keep the machine continually going; for this +principle of motion is exterior to the machine, +and forms no part of it.</p> + +<p>But enough has been said on this chimera of +mechanics. We sincerely hope that none of our +readers will ever lose themselves in the ridiculous +and unfortunate labyrinth of such a research.</p> + +<p>To conclude, it is false that any reward has +been promised by the European Powers to the +person who shall discover the perpetual motion; +and the case is the same in regard to the quadrature +of the circle. It is this idea, no doubt, that +excites so many to attempt the solution of these +problems; and it is proper they should be undeceived.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The foregoing, we believe, are sufficient to +disclose the gist of all that is known, and all that +has been said concerning the claimed inventions +of the distinguished Marquis and the distinguished +Councillor. It is manifest from reading +the above that Dircks himself, as well as nearly +all the other eminent persons quoted above, felt +an extreme delicacy in stating their honest belief +concerning the claims of the distinguished inventors. +That delicacy arose from their deference +to the rank and prominence of the Marquis +and the Councillor. The author of this book is +not thus encumbered, and has no such regard for +family or official rank, and feels at liberty to say +exactly what he thinks.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span> +No one now actually believes that either the +Marquis or the Councillor ever made a wheel or +machine that actually furnished its own motive-power. +Those who believe in the impossibility of +Perpetual Motion, of course, do not admit the +possibility of such a thing. Those who may still +believe in the possibility of Perpetual Motion devices +admit, as they must, that had either of these +discoveries actually been made it would have +supplanted steam, electricity, wind, water and all +other forms of power for driving machinery, and, +indeed, for furnishing heat. And, yet, the above +articles and comments show that the contemporaries +of the Marquis and the Councillor, and subsequent +writers on their claims sought to find +excuses and explanations consistent with their +good faith and their claims. We do not accuse +either one of them of vicious falsehood, but the +truth is that when the Marquis of Worcester +wrote that "all the weights of the descending side +of a wheel shall be perpetually farther from the +centre than those of the mounting side, and yet +equal in number and heft to the one side as the +other. A most incredible thing, if not seen; but +tried before the late King (of blessed memory) in +the Tower by my directions," etc., he meant, if +he meant anything, to convey the idea that he had +constructed such a machine, and had exhibited it +before King Charles I, and when Orffyreus wrote<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span> +"The inward structure of the wheel is of a nature +according to the laws of mechanical perpetual +motion, so arranged that by disposed weights +once in rotation they gain force from their own +swinging and must continue their movement as +long as their structure does not lose its position +and arrangement," he meant, as clearly appears +from the entire context of what he wrote, to convey +the idea that he had constructed a wheel +capable of moving perpetually by virtue of the +arrangement of its own parts until it should +wear out. Neither one spoke the truth. Each +knew that he had done no such thing as he claimed +to have done. He probably thought the solution +so near at hand that he could safely announce it +to the world, and when called upon for a demonstration +could produce the finished working +article.</p> + +<p>The author of this book has known many +Perpetual Motion workers so confident and so +enthusiastic that unhampered with extreme discretion, +they announced that they were near +enough to the solution of this ages-old puzzle that +they were certain of success. A little less discretion, +with the slightest disregard or even carelessness +about the absolute truth could have easily +led them to announce that they had such a working +machine. The author has indeed known a few +such announcements. It is therefore, not surprising<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> +that in the history of Perpetual Motion labors, +instances can be found where the tireless, but enthusiastic +worker being full of confidence, and +not secretive, and with the least bit of human +carelessness about the truth have announced the +actual discovery and successful operation of the +machine. We will undertake to say that there +have been thousands of just such instances during +the last three or four centuries, probably tens of +thousands. It is probable that such an instance +could be found in every township in the United +States. It is not, therefore, surprising that two +instances can be found in persons of sufficient personal +eminence to give credence and weight to +their stories. Such we conceive the facts with +reference to the Marquis and the Councillor. +Each thought what he told when telling it to be a +harmless stretch of the truth, and felt sure that +he could protect himself by a very little added +perfection to his device. How many many Perpetual +Motion devices have been perfect and +ready for successful operation except for "one +little thing," which the inventor felt sure of finding.</p> + +<p>The Marquis and Councillor by their little +indiscretion, and their puerile carelessness about +the truth, each made himself neither famous, nor +infamous, but ridiculous in history.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">Conservation of Energy—A Discussion of the +Relation of the Doctrine of Conservation +of Energy, and the Possibility of +Perpetual Motion</span></h2> + +<p><i>Conservation of Energy</i> is a doctrine to the +effect that energy, like matter, is indestructible, +and, except by the infinite, can neither be created +nor destroyed; that the sum total of all Energy +in the world remains constant; that it may manifest +itself in different forms, as heat, magnetism, +electricity, mechanical motion, vaporization, but +that the sum total remains the same.</p> + +<p>Nothing could be more satisfactorily proved +than this doctrine, and, yet, like Newton's theory +of universal gravitation the proof does not +amount to a mathematical demonstration. Mathematics +demonstrates the conformity of the doctrine +of universal gravitation, and of Conservation +of Energy with all known natural processes +and observed phenomena; but mathematics does +not otherwise prove the Universality of Gravitation +nor Conservation of Energy.</p> + +<p>Writing on this subject of proof, with reference +to gravitation, the late and eminent Simon +Newcomb says:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>"It may be inquired, is the induction which +supposes gravitation universal so complete as to +be entirely beyond doubt? We reply that within +the solar system it certainly is. The laws of motion +as established by observation and experiment +at the surface of the earth must be considered as +mathematically certain. Now, it is an observed +fact that the planets in their motion deviate from +straight lines in a certain way. By the first law +of motion, such deviation can be produced only by +a force; and the direction and intensity of this +force admit of being calculated once that the motion +is determined. When thus calculated, it is +found to be exactly represented by one great force +constantly directed toward the sun, and smaller +subsidiary forces directed toward the several +planets. Therefore, no fact in nature is more +firmly established than is that of universal gravitation, +as laid down by Newton, at least within +the solar system."</p></blockquote> + +<p>It will thus be observed that the theory of +Universal Gravitation is not by scientific men +claimed to have been mathematically demonstrated, +but its proof is regarded as resting upon +its conformity with known natural phenomena. +The same thing is true of Conservation of Energy. +Scientists and mathematicians do not claim +proof of this doctrine other than by its universal +coincidence with all natural manifestations, and, +yet its proof rests upon such a solid structure +of coincidence and conformity with all known +things in nature, that now all scientific research<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span> +begins with its assumption, and with the exclusion +of the possibility of Perpetual Motion.</p> + +<p>It is not within the purview of this work to +give a history of the origin and establishment in +science of the doctrine. While, as heretofore +noted in this book, a number of scientists of the +past few centuries are shown by their reflections +to have had a measure of appreciation of its ultimate +effect, and to have applied that effect in their +scientific researches, there is no evidence that they +ever dreamed of its establishment as a basic fact +of science. The real establishment and acceptance +of the doctrine dates not much over a half +century back. Since that time many scientists +have in their researches and writings contributed +to its evolution and formation. The experiments +of Joule, of England, and the generalizations of +Helmholtz, of Germany, are entitled to special +mention.</p> + +<p>Scientists are naturally and necessarily conservative. +So many startling pseudo-scientific +facts are announced, that every startling scientific +theory, before it is accepted, is submitted to the +most careful and crucial tests. No modern scientist +will announce a scientific fact as having been +demonstrated until the demonstration is complete +and fortified with repeated tests of mathematical +rigidity, and as long as there remains a phenomenon +that does not conform to the supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span> +theory, acceptance and promulgation will be withheld. +It is, therefore, not surprising that the +doctrine of Conservation of Energy has been +thoroughly intrenched as an established indisputable +and accepted fact of science, less than a +single generation.</p> + +<p>The student of natural science should be +warned against the common error of supposing +that the discovery of a scientific fact or theory, +means demolition of the old theories. The rule +is the other way. New theories are additional +information to the world, and usually conform +to, and are built upon what was known before. +Conservation of Energy was generalized from +previously known facts conformed to them and +reflexively elucidated them, and left them standing +clearer than before.</p> + +<p>The proof that Conservation of Energy conforms +to all other known phenomena of nature +has been aided, and hastened by the refinement of +scientific instruments by which forms of energy +such as heat, electricity, and magnetism can be +more delicately measured and determined than +ever before, and if instruments for measuring +and determining the amount of energy in its various +forms were as crude as they were even a +single century ago, it is probable Conservation +of Energy would still be the undiscovered foundation +of all natural phenomena.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span> +Let us now consider a few well-known facts +which it has been determined positively by the +most delicate instruments, prove and illustrate +the doctrine of Conservation of Energy.</p> + +<p>Resistance to motion, or which is the same +thing, motion against resistance, is always accompanied +by heat. This developed heat is not +always readily perceptible to our sense of touch. +A stone, ball or other object thrown through the +air has its motion gradually arrested by the air. +Heat is developed, but the heat is distributed +through so much air and the object thrown is +heated so little that this development of heat was +not known until scientifically discovered. Where +the resistance is friction, the development of heat +is quite perceptible, and has always been well +known. Suppose a coin be rubbed on a cloth or +blotter. Heat is developed both in the coin and +the blotter—the more vigorous the rubbing—i. e., +the more energy expended, the greater the heat. +Science has determined that the developed heat +is exactly proportional to the expended energy. +Every machinist knows that in turning a tap on +a bolt where the threads are rusty so that it +turns only with the application of great force, a +considerable amount of heat is readily developed. +The heat developed is proportional to the energy +expended in turning the tap.</p> + +<p>A wheel revolving on a spindle will develop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span> +heat exactly proportional to the resistance the +spindle offers to the wheel turning upon it. Thus, +we often see smoke and a blaze rising from the +spindles of the car wheels where oil is lacking, +and they turn with difficulty.</p> + +<p>Every farmer knows that if a buggy wheel +turns with difficulty for want of lubrication, or +for any other reason, the spindle will heat, expand +and lock the wheel, so that it will often either +grind out the boxing or slide on the ground. +Whereas, if the parts be kept lubricated so that +less energy is required to turn the wheel on the +spindle, there is no perceptible heat developed, +but in all cases heat is developed to some extent, +and the heat developed is exactly proportional to +the energy necessary to force the revolution.</p> + +<p>With heat we can boil water and make steam +under a pressure, and with the steam under a +pressure we can run an engine, and with the engine +make heat by friction, or make electric current +that can produce heat. Carry this proposition +back to the fuel box, and knowing the +amount of heat developed by the burning of a +certain quantity of fuel, it is found that, counting +the heat that rises in the air through the smoke +stack, the heat that is radiated from the boiler, +the heat that is carried away in warmed ashes, +the heat that exists in the steam after it is exhausted +from the cylinder, and all other heat expended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> +whether utilized in driving the machinery +or going to waste, the sum total is in every case +equal to the heat developed by the fuel box combustion. +The most striking thing about all this +is that when the steam goes into the cylinder +where it is cooled as it expands and drives the +pistons, the heat <i>thus lost by the expanding steam +is the exact equivalent of the mechanical energy +realized against the piston head</i>. Not all of the +energy that is realized at the piston head is delivered +to the driving shaft. Some of it is lost in +the friction of the piston rings wearing against +the cylinder lining; some, of course, is lost in +friction at the journals connecting with the driving +shaft. It is usual in counting engine efficiency +to count the amount of energy delivered to the +belt, or to the driving shaft, and because of the +frictional resistance of the pistons working in the +cylinder, there is always found a little discrepancy +between the energy represented by the cooling +of the steam in the cylinder and the energy delivered +to the belt, or the driving shaft.</p> + +<p>It is quite surprising how much energy a +small amount of heat represents if it could all be +converted into the obvious forms of energy. +Owing to the great waste suffered in all modern +machinery, heat represents much more energy +than is ordinarily supposed, in the absence of exact +knowledge. One would hardly think it possible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span> +that the amount of heat that will raise the +temperature of one pound (almost exactly one +pint) of water, one single degree (Fahrenheit) is +the equivalent of energy required to elevate one +pound seven hundred seventy-eight feet high +against the force of gravity. Yet, such is the +case. This was one of the demonstrations of the +immortal Joule. It was he who enabled us to +cross the bridge with calculations from mechanical +force and motion to heat. He stated the +equivalent to be seven hundred seventy-two feet, +but more delicate instruments than could be had +in his day have shown a slight discrepancy in his +calculations, and it is now known to be almost +exactly seven hundred seventy-eight feet. Thus, +if the Falls of Niagara be considered as being one +hundred sixty feet high, the energy developed by +the descent is only the equivalent of the heat necessary +to raise the temperature of the water about +one-fifth of one degree. A modern railroad locomotive +does well to realize to the driving rod two +per cent of the total energy developed in the fuel +box. An ordinary thrasher engine realizes no +more than one per cent. The very best steam engines +known in large stationary plants do not +realize as much as fifteen per cent.</p> + +<p>The amount of heat necessary to raise the +temperature of one pound of water one degree is +taken as a standard for heat measurement, and is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span> +known as a British Thermal Unit—nearly always +in scientific works abbreviated to B. T. U. The +common standard of energy is the amount of energy +or work necessary to elevate one pound one +foot against the force of gravity. This in scientific +works is usually referred to as the foot-pound.</p> + +<p>From what is said above it is manifest that +one B. T. U. is the equivalent of seven hundred +seventy-eight foot-pounds, and vice versa.</p> + +<p>The <i>amount</i> of energy must not be confused +with the <i>rate</i> of expending energy, or doing work. +The horse-power is the common measurement of +the rate of delivery of energy or of doing work +and is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds per +minute. It is what one horse can do, and continue +doing several hours with reasonable ease. +For a short time a horse can exert several horse-power.</p> + +<p>Remember, and remember always that heat +and electricity are just as much forms of energy +as the motion of concrete objects.</p> + +<p>We have introduced the above statement of +equivalents for the purpose of enabling us to present +a few fundamental facts more clearly than +could otherwise be done.</p> + +<p>Everyone knows that if paddles be revolved +rapidly in a vessel containing a liquid, such as a +churn, or the like, the liquid will offer considerable +resistance to their motion, the amount of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span> +resistance depending upon the nature of the +liquid, and the rapidity of the motion.</p> + +<p>Our scientific instruments have determined +the fact to be that the B. T. U. developed in the +liquid and on the paddles is the exact equivalent +to the foot-pounds of energy required to drive the +paddles, i. e., the number of B. T. U. is 778 times +the number of foot-pounds.</p> + +<p>An engine is run with steam—the engine +drives an electric generator. Electricity is developed. +This electricity is conducted over a wire +to a motor. It is always found that not as much +energy can be derived from the motor as is supplied +from the generator to the wire. Where is +the loss?</p> + +<p>It is found that the loss is in the resistance +of the wire to the current, and that the wire is +warmed—possibly not sufficient to be perceptible +to the ordinary sense of touch, and, yet, it is +warmed to some extent, and the B. T. U., developed +in, and radiated away by the wire, amounts +precisely and exactly to the difference in foot-pounds +between the energy supplied to the wire at +one end of the wire, and the energy supplied by +the wire at its other end.</p> + +<p>Capillary Attraction is one form of motion +by which liquids are elevated and carried considerable +distance. The moisture is taken from +the earth and carried up the trunks of trees, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span> +out through their limbs to their leaves. This cannot +be done without force and energy, but where +is the heat? It has been determined and proven +that there is an expenditure of heat in doing that +work, and that the expenditure of heat is precisely +equivalent to the work done. It is hardly believable +that there is a loss of heat by coal oil or +water, or other liquid performing the work of +ascending the wick, and yet, science has determined +that that work is only done at the expense +of that other form of energy—heat.</p> + +<p>If an object falls a distance of twenty feet, +and it strikes one end of a lever having two arms +of equal length, and at the other end of the lever +there be a ball of equal weight, the other ball will +be thrown upward twenty feet, less an allowance +for the resistance of the air in the descent and +ascent, and for the frictional resistance of the +motion of the lever. It would throw a ball of +twice the weight half the height by adjusting the +levers properly. Or, it would throw a ball of +one-third the weight three times as high, and +so on.</p> + +<p>A ball rolling down an inclined plane is found +to have a velocity, and consequently a striking +force, and an energy equal to that acquired in +falling the vertical distance of its descent, due +allowance being made for the resistance offered +to its rolling motion. It makes no difference<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span> +whether the incline be great or small, the velocity, +the energy are the same as though it had fallen +perpendicularly through the same vertical distance.</p> + +<p>Instances and illustrations can be multiplied +indefinitely. Millions of tests have been made +by scientific men, and the basic fact of Conservation +of Energy is found true everywhere. That +fact is that energy cannot be created. So much +as is given is returned in some other form, or else +in the form of heat, but in some form, precisely +the equivalent is always found to exist.</p> + +<p>One of the most beautiful experiments is +with the pendulum. Imagine a nail or peg driven +into a wall and projecting out—say six inches +from the wall. Hang a pendulum four feet long—let +the pendulum swing parallel to the wall in +the annexed figure. Let "A" represent the +point from which the pendulum is suspended. +Draw the pendulum back to C, and release +it. Its lowest descent in the swing will be +at B. It will swing to D, and a line connecting +D & C is exactly horizontal, showing that the +energy represented by the motion of the pendulum +at B was sufficient to elevate it to the point +D. Now, on a line on the wall downward +from where the nail or peg is driven into the +wall, let there be made holes into which a nail or +peg can be inserted, and suppose a peg be driven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span> +at the point F. If now pendulum be released at +C, it will be found that when the cord strikes F +the pendulum will swing to the point J, which is +on the horizontal line D C. It makes no difference +where the interrupting peg or nail be placed, +the pendulum will rise to the same horizontal +from which it was released. It is said that this +was one of Gallileo's experiments. If so, it is another +example of the masterly force and originality +of his genius, and shows that he subconsciously +had some appreciation of the basic facts of the +now accepted doctrine of Conservation of Energy.</p> + +<div id="if_i_267" class="figcenter" style="width: 192px;"><img src="images/i_267.jpg" width="192" height="177" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>We believe it is useless to multiply instances +further, to illustrate the doctrine of Conservation +of Energy, and show the character of proof upon +which it rests. There is no fact in nature, but +what in the hands of modern science appears to +conform to this doctrine. A few years ago when +radio-active properties were first discovered it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span> +was thought that it was an exception, but even +that has been found to conform to this wonderful +generalized doctrine.</p> + +<p>If the doctrine of Conservation of Energy +be true about which there seems to be no doubt, +then all hopes of ever attaining Perpetual Motion +must cease, for the idea of Perpetual Motion is +predicated and has its foundation upon the creation +of energy. The mechanism must give more +energy than is imparted to it. It must make +energy, and this in the light of the generalized +truth of Conservation of Energy is an impossibility. +We might as well talk about making substance, +and the creation of substance, or the creation +of energy either one is not an attribute of +man. It is an attribute to be accredited only to +the infinite, and can not be conceived as an attribute +of the finite.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII</a><br /> + +<span class="subhead">Will Perpetual Motion Ever Be Accomplished?</span></h2> + +<p>The antiquity of the problem of Perpetual +Motion, and the countless attempts by clever and +ingenious minds to accomplish its solution, and +the uniform failure of such attempts is no proof +at all, scientifically speaking, that Perpetual Motion +is an impossibility. If there be scientific +proof that Perpetual Motion is unattainable, that +proof must be found elsewhere than in the number +of attempts and the universality of failures, +or in the number or eminence of the people who +believe it to be impossible.</p> + +<p>Dircks in his work printed in 1861, being +"A History of the Search for Self-Motive Power, +During the 17th 18th and 19th Centuries," says +on the subject:</p> + +<p>"The subject of Perpetual Motion opposes +paradox to paradox. It is viewed both as being +most simple and most difficult to find. The learned +justify both its possibility and impossibility. +Many mechanics believe it possible * * * +Its pursuit always commences in confidence, only +to end in doubt. * * *</p> + +<p>We think a careful perusal of all that has +been gathered respecting Perpetual Motion clearly +establishes that much remains to be done to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span> +prove the impossibility of practically solving this +knotty problem; and that a full demonstration of +the difficulties that environ it is worthy of being +attempted, even by the most exalted mathematicians. +It is not requisite that they should +descend to the level of the most ordinary minds, +but leave it for others to reduce their elaborated +reasonings on the subject to some generally comprehensible +form. We fear the proposal partakes +too much of the difficulty of proving a negative; +but still, as the attempt has been made by celebrated +savants, and is generally considered insufficient; +and as data may have been wanting, which +we conceive a collection of the chief known examples +will supply; we recommend the consideration +of this matter to all geometers. * * *</p> + +<p>In a mathematical point of view, we think +this subject is far from being exhausted; and, +after what has been advanced, may very properly +be considered as claiming grave considerations. +And that, scientifically examined, it is a mark of +mere shallowness and querulousness to attempt +the substitution of ridicule and satire for the +more difficult, but consistent course of sound, +close reason and argument, such as the wonted +sobriety and severity of scientific criticism accords +to its investigations generally."</p> + +<p>At the time of the publication of Dircks's +work from which the above quotation is taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span> +(1861), the doctrine of Conservation of Energy +had not been announced and accepted as an established +generalization of a scientific fact, and +it is apparent was not understood by him. +Dircks's statement "as data may have been wanting, +which we conceive a collection of the chief +known examples will supply," shows that he misconceived +the nature of the problem of proving +the impossibility of Perpetual Motion. If, however, +the principle of Conservation of Energy is +a true scientific fact, the impossibility of self-motive +power follows as an inevitable scientific +corollary, and the ignis fatuus hope of attaining +Perpetual Motion which has deluded so many +bright minds is forever destroyed and demolished.</p> + +<p>A perusal of the arguments against Perpetual +Motion made by thinking men with scientific +minds even though long before the thorough +establishment of the doctrine of transmutation +and Conservation of Energy, discloses the fact +that those arguments in fact depend finally on +the principle now known and designated Conservation +of Energy.</p> + +<p>It is amusing to note in reading the arguments +on the subject by our greatest philosophers, +Newton, Gallileo, Huyghens, and Descartes, that +while they lived and labored long before Conservation +of Energy in its generalized form was +known, or announced, they seemed to have a perception<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span> +that energy could not be created; that +energy must produce an effect commensurate +with its own activity; that the existence of energy +in one body is proof positive that some agency +furnished and lost an exact equivalent of that +energy. In other words, these men in reasoning +on specific problems presented to them, and on +the problem of Perpetual Motion in particular, +appear to have appreciated and applied in their +reasonings, the principle of Conservation of +Energy.</p> + +<p>Men who have worked at the problem of +Perpetual Motion before the establishment of the +doctrine of Conservation of Energy, and men +who still work at the problem, who, through lack +of opportunity have not become familiar with +that doctrine, are not to be blamed or thought +stupid because of that folly, but those who knowing +that principle, or being in a situation to know +it, must be mechanically and mathematically +stupid not to realize that Perpetual Motion and +Conservation of Energy are irreconcilable, and +that both cannot be possibilities. In this day when +the principle of Conservation of Energy is taught +in the High Schools of the United States, and in +every other civilized country in the world, it is +not surprising that fewer people work on Perpetual +Motion than formerly, and that public interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> +in the subject is waning, as waning it +surely is.</p> + +<p>A generation ago, however, this principle +was not known and taught, and the state of the +world's learning was at such a stage that many +even scientific minds thought Perpetual Motion +possible, and worked for its attainment.</p> + +<p>The principle of Conservation of Energy as +applied to all Perpetual Motion devices can be +stated as follows: There can be no mechanical +effect without an equal mechanical cause. Energy—i. e., +the capacity to do work, can only be imparted +by an equal amount of work done. It +therefore follows axiomatically that Perpetual +Motion is possible only if and when a machine be +produced that runs absolutely without friction +and absolutely without atmospheric resistance, +or the resistance of bending of cords, or other like +mechanical resistance. If there be such resistance, +then the energy imparted to the machine +will be diminished by that resistance, with the result +that the machine can only yield the amount of +energy imparted, less the energy required to +overcome such resistance. That no machine can +be built free of such resistance is patent to even +a tyro in mechanics.</p> + +<p>It will be interesting here, and perhaps more +interesting than useful, to add some of the arguments +quoted by Dircks and reproduced in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span> +work for and against the possibility of Perpetual +Motion. They have little scientific value at this +time, as they were all made by men who were +unfamiliar with the decisive principle of Conservation +of Energy. Nevertheless, for their historical +interest we offer a few:</p> + +<h3 class="vspace">The Possibility of Perpetual Motion Denied<br /> +Remarks of Dr. Papin on a French Contrivance</h3> + +<p>In 1665, Dr. Papin, Fellow of the Royal Society, +brought before the Royal Society of London, +a paper concerning a French contrivance for +Perpetual Motion. The following excerpt will +illustrate and explain the contrivance:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The paper printed in French, and containing +contrivance for perpetual motion, being set down +in such a manner that can hardly be understood +but by those that are much acquainted with such +descriptions, I have endeavored to explain it as +follows:</p> + +<p>Let D E F be a pair of bellows forty inches +long, that may be opened by removing the part F +from E; let them be exactly shut everywhere but +at the aperture E; and let a pipe E G, twenty or +twenty-two inches long, be soldered to the said +aperture E, having its other end in a vessel G, +full of mercury, and placed near the middle of +the bellows.</p> + +<p>A is an axis for the bellows to turn upon.</p> + +<p>B, a counterpoise fastened to the lower end +of the bellows.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_275" class="figleft" style="width: 101px;"><img src="images/i_275.jpg" width="101" height="297" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>C, a weight with a clasp +to keep the bellows upright.</p> + +<p>Now, if we suppose the +bellows opened only to one-third +or one-fourth, standing +upright, and full of mercury, it +is plain that the said mercury, +being forty inches high, must +fall, as in the Torricellian experiment, +to the height of +about twenty-seven inches, +and, consequently, the bellows +must open towards F, and +leave a vacuity there. This +vacuity must be filled with the +mercury ascending from G +through the pipe G E, the said +pipe being but twenty-two +inches long; by this means the +bellows must be opened more and more, till the +mercury continuing to ascend makes the upper +part of the bellows so heavy that the lower part +must get loose from the clasp C, and the bellows +should turn quite upside down; but the vessel G +being set in a convenient place, keeps them horizontal, +and the part F engageth there in another +clasp C; then the mercury, by its weight, runs out +from the bellows into the vessel G through the +pipe E G, and the bellows must shut closer and +closer until the part E F comes to be so light that +the counterpoise B is able to make the part F get +loose from the clasp C; then the bellows come to +be upright again; the mercury left in them falls<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span> +again to the height of twenty-seven inches, and, +consequently, all the other effects will follow as +we have already seen, and the motion will continue +forever. Thus much for the French author.</p> + +<div id="if_i_276" class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;"><img src="images/i_276.jpg" width="374" height="130" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Upon this it is to be observed, that the bellows +can never be opened by the internal pressure, +unless the said pressure be stronger then the external; +now, in this case, the weight of the atmosphere +doth freely press up the outward part of +the bellows, but it cannot come at the inward part +but through the pipe G E, which, containing +twenty-two perpendicular inches of mercury, does +counterpoise so much of the weight of the atmosphere, +so that this being supposed to be twenty-seven +inches of mercury, it cannot press the inward +part of the bellows but with weight +equivalent to five perpendicular inches of mercury. +From this we may conclude, that the pressure +of the atmosphere, being weakened within +the bellows more then it can be helped by the +mercury contained in the same, as may easily be +computed, the said bellows standing upright must +rather shut then open. Thus, without losing any +labor and charges in trying, people may be sure +that the thing can never do.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span></p> + +<h3>Two "Certain" Plans for (Not) Producing Perpetual +Motion</h3> + +<p>In 1834, the following article was contributed +to "Mechanics' Magazine." The contributor was +very frank, and presents some splendid suggestions +for Perpetual Motion workers. His article +is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Very few young mechanicians escape being +seduced into an attempt to produce a perpetual +movement, by making gravitation counteract itself. +They are not contented with being told by +older men, that a cause can never be made to exceed +its own power; yet gravitation is expected by +them to lift up on one side more weight than sinks +on the other, with some percentage of friction +into the bargain. Nature, however, is too true +to itself to be so taken in by all or any of the +multitudes of various ways the inventive genius +of man has contrived, and still keeps contriving, +to circumvent her immutable laws, with no other +effect than to render the case so complicated as to +puzzle the judgment of the inventors, which ends +usually in their firm belief that they have outwitted +nature instead of themselves. I acknowledge +that in my youth I was one of this class, and, +for the benefit of the young, I beg to present you +with two <i>certain</i> plans for producing perpetual +motion, and compelling gravity to be frolicsome, +and do more work than she ought.</p> + +<p>Let A (Fig. 1) be a cistern full of oil or +water, above 4 feet deep. Let B be a wheel; freely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span> +suspended within it, on its axle, let there be four +wide glass tubes, 40 inches long, <i>c c c c</i>, having +large bulbs, holding, say a pint, blown at the +closed end. Fill these tubes with mercury, fix on +an Indian-rubber ball or bladder, that will hold a +pint, to each of them at the open end, and let them +be attached round the wheel, as exhibited in the +figure. As the pressure of 40 inches of mercury +will exceed the atmospheric pressure, and also +that of the four-foot column of water, when the +Indian-rubber bottle is lowest, and the tube erect, +at D, the mercury will fill it, leaving a vacuum +in the glass bulb above. On the opposite side the +mercury will fill the glass bulb, and the Indian-rubber +bottle will be pressed flat, as will also be +the case in the two horizontal tubes. Now, it is +evident that the two horizontal tubes exactly balance +each other; but the tube D, with its bulb +swelled out, displaces a pint of water more than +its opposite tube, and hence will attempt to rise +with the force of about one pound; and each tube, +when it arrives at the same position, must produce +the same result, the wheel must have a continual +power, equal to about one pound, with a radius of +two feet.—Q. E. D.</p> + +<p>Let Fig. 2 represent a light drum of wood—one-half +of which is inserted into a cleft in a +water-cistern A, which fits it, and from which the +water is prevented from escaping by a strip of +leather, which the water presses against the drum, +and which thus operates as a valve, without much +friction (especially if oil be substituted for water +in the cistern). Now, as this drum is much lighter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span> +than water, it must ever attempt to swim, and +thus, in perpetually rising, cause the drum to +revolve forcibly round its axle.—Q. E. D.</p> + +<div id="if_i_279" class="figcenter" style="width: 392px;"><img src="images/i_279.jpg" width="392" height="246" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>I tried this last method thirty years ago, but +it was so obstinate as not to move one inch at my +bidding, though it obviously is proved, to demonstration, +that it ought to have gone on swimmingly. +I have just heard that an Italian gentleman +has hit upon the same plan; so it seems that +the mania is not confined to England.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The article above quoted elicited a varied +correspondence on the subject of self-motive +power. The editor finally made the following apt +and happy remark concerning the two "Certain" +plans:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span></p><blockquote> + +<p>We think our correspondent, S. F., has entirely +misconceived the scope of the playful account, +given in our last number, of two plans of +perpetual motion. The object of the writer seems +to have been, to impress on the minds of young +mechanicians the folly of wasting their time in +vain endeavors to render the effects of causes +greater than the causes themselves; or, in other +words, to gain power out of nothing—a process +without limit or value, were it not cut short by +the want of all limit to its folly; and this he could +not, perhaps, have done in any way so well, as by +exhibiting a couple of infallible perpetual movers +that would not stir at all, though they bade as fair +for it as any of their kindred.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Article by Rev. John Wilkins</h3> + +<p>Rev. John Wilkins of England, born 1614; +died 1672, published a work called "Mathematical +Magic," in which he discoursed scientifically and +technically on efforts that had been made up to +that time to attain Perpetual Motion. His work +shows great scholarship, diligent search, and a +thorough knowledge of mathematics and mechanics. +Considering the state of scientific knowledge +at the time when he lived and worked, his +insight into scientific subjects is truly remarkable.</p> + +<p>Considering the state of scientific learning +in his day, his observations on the subject of Perpetual +Motion show him to have possessed really +a great scientific and analytical mind. Of all +those who wrote or thought extensively on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span> +subject in that century we regard what he had to +say as being the most worthy of reproduction. +The following excerpt from "Mathematical +Magic," will give the reader an idea of his course +of reasoning and conclusions on the subject of +self-motive power:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<h4 class="hang">CHAP. IX.—<i>Of a Perpetual Motion—The +seeming facility and real difficulty of any +such contrivance—The several ways whereby +it hath been attempted, particularly by +Chemistry.</i></h4> + +<p>It is the chief inconvenience of all the automata +before-mentioned, that they need a frequent +repair of new strength, the causes whence +their motion does proceed being subject to fail, +and come to a period; and, therefore, it would be +worth our enquiry to examine whether or no +there may be made any such artificial contrivance, +which might have the principle of moving from +itself so that the present motion should constantly +be the cause of that which succeeds.</p> + +<p>This is that great secret in art which, like the +Philosopher's Stone in Nature, has been the business +and study of many more refined wits for +divers ages together; and it may well be questioned +whether either of them as yet have ever +been found out; though if this have, yet like the +other, it is not plainly treated of by any author.</p> + +<p>Not but there are sundry discourses concerning +this subject, but they are rather <i>conjectures</i> +than <i>experiments</i>. And though many inventions +in this kind may at first view bear a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span> +great show of probability, yet they will fail, being +brought to trial, and will not answer in practice +what they promised in speculation. Any one who +has been versed in these experiments must needs +acknowledge that he has been often deceived in +his strongest confidence; when the imagination +has contrived the whole frame of such an instrument, +and conceives that the event must infallibly +answer its hopes, yet then does it strangely deceive +in the proof and discovers to us some defect +which we did not before take notice of.</p> + +<p>Hence it is that you shall scarce talk with +any one who has never so little smattering in +these arts, but he will instantly promise such a +motion as being but an easy achievement, till +further trial and experience has taught him the +difficulty of it. There being no enquiry that does +more entice with the <i>probability</i> and deceive with +the <i>subtilty</i>.</p> + +<p>I shall briefly recite the several ways whereby +this has been attempted, or seems most likely to +be effected, thereby to contract and facilitate the +enquiries of those who are addicted to these kind +of experiments; for when they know the defects +of other inventions, they may the more easily +avoid the same or the like in their own.</p> + +<p>The ways whereby this has been attempted +may be generally reduced to these three kinds:</p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="poem"> +<ul> +<li>1. By Chemical Extractions.</li> +<li>2. By Magnetical Virtues.</li> +<li>3. By the Natural Affection of Gravity.</li> +</ul> +</div></div> + +<p>1. The discovery of this has been attempted +by chemistry. Paracelsus and his followers have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span> +bragged that by their separations and extractions +they can make a little world which shall have the +same perpetual motions with this microcosm, with +the representation of all meteors, thunder, snow, +rain, the courses of the sea in its ebbs and flows, +and the like. But these miraculous promises +would require as great a faith to believe them as +a power to perform them; and though they often +talk of such great matters:</p> + +<div class="poem-container"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">At nusquam totos inter qui talia curant,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Apparet ullus, qui re miracula tanta<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Comprobet—<br /></span> +</div></div> +</div> + +<p class="in0">yet we can never see them confirmed by any real +experiment; and then, besides, every particular +author in that art has such a distinct language of +his own (all of them being so full of allegories +and affected obscurities), that 'tis very hard for +any one (unless he be thoroughly versed amongst +them) to find out what they mean, much more +to try it.</p> + +<p id="alchsmys">One of these ways (as I find it set down) is +this: Mix five ounces of ☿ with an equal weight +of ♃; grind them together with ten ounces of +sublimate; dissolve them in a cellar upon some +marble for the space of four days, till they become +like oil olive; distil this with fire of chaff, or driving +fire, and it will sublime into a dry substance; +and so, by repeating of these dissolvings and distillings, +there will be at length produced divers +small atoms, which, being put into a glass well +luted and kept dry, will have a perpetual motion.</p> + +<p>I cannot say anything from experience +against this; but I think it does not seem very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span> +probable, because things that are forced up to +such vigorousness and activity as these ingredients +seem to be by their frequent sublimings +and distillings, are not likely to be of any duration. +The more any thing is stretched beyond +its usual nature, the less does it last; violence and +perpetuity being no companions. And then, besides, +suppose it is true, yet such a motion could +not well be applied to any use, which will needs +take much from the delight of it.</p> + +<p>Amongst the chemical experiments to this +purpose may be reckoned up that famous motion +invented by Cornelius Dreble, and made for King +James; wherein was represented the constant revolutions +of the sun and moon, and that without +the help either of springs or weights. Marcellus +Vranckhein, speaking of the means whereby it +was performed, he calls it <i>Scintillula animae magneticae +mundi, seu astralis et insensibilis spiritus</i>; +being that grand secret for the discovery of +which those dictators of philosophy, Democritus, +Pythagoras, Plato, did travel unto the Gymnosophists +and Indian Priests. The author himself, +in his discourse upon it, does not at all reveal +the way how it was performed. But there is one +Thomas Tymme who was a familiar acquaintance +of his, and did often pry into his works (as he +professes himself), who affirms it to be done thus: +By extracting a fiery spirit out of the mineral +matter, joining the same with his proper air, +which included in the axletree (of the first +moving wheel), being hollow, carried the other +wheels, making a continual rotation, except issue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span> +or vent be given in this hollow axletree, whereby +the imprisoned spirit may get forth.</p> + +<p>What strange things may be done by such +extractions I know not, and, therefore, dare not +condemn this relation as impossible; but I think +it sounds rather like a chemical dream than a philosophical +truth. It seems this imprisoned spirit +is now set at liberty, or else is grown weary, for +the instrument (as I have heard) has stood still +for many years. It is here considerable that any +force is weakest near the center of a wheel; and +therefore, though such a spirit might of itself +have an agitation, yet 'tis not easily conceivable +how it should have strength enough to carry the +wheels about with it. And then, the absurdity of +the author's citing this, would make one mistrust +his mistake. He urges it as a strong argument +against Copernicus; as if, because Dreble did thus +contrive in an engine the revolution of the +heavens and the immovableness of the earth, +therefore it must needs follow that 'tis the +heavens which are moved, and not the earth. If +his relation were no truer than his consequence, +it had not been worth the citing.</p> + +<h4 class="hang">CHAP. XIII.—<i>Concerning several attempts of +contriving a Perpetual Motion, by Magnetical +Virtues.</i></h4> + +<p>The second way whereby the making of a +perpetual motion has been attempted, is by Magnetical +Virtues, which are not without some +strong probabilities of proving effectual to this +purpose; especially when we consider that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span> +heavenly revolutions (being as the first pattern +imitated and aimed at in these attempts) are all +of them performed by the help of these qualities. +This great orb of earth, and all the other planets, +being but as so many magnetical globes, endowed +with such various and continual motions as may +be most agreeable to the purposes for which they +were intended. And, therefore, most of the authors +who treat concerning this invention, do +agree that the likeliest way to effect it, is by these +kind of qualities.</p> + +<p>It was the opinion of Pet. Peregrinus, and +there is an example pretended for it in Bettinus +(apiar. 9, progym. 5, pro. 11) that a magnetical +globe, or terella, being rightly placed upon its +poles, would of itself have a constant rotation, +like the diurnal motion of the earth. But this is +commonly exploded as being against all experience.</p> + +<p>Others think it possible so to contrive several +pieces of steel and loadstone that, by their continual +attraction and expulsion of one another, +they may cause a perpetual revolution of a wheel. +Of this opinion were Taisner, Pet. Peregrinus, +and Cardan, out of Antonius de Fantis. But D. +Gilbert, who was more especially versed in magnetical +experiments, concludes it to be a vain and +groundless fancy.</p> + +<p>But amongst all these kinds of inventions, +that is most likely, wherein a loadstone is so disposed +that it shall draw unto it on a reclined plane +a bullet of steel, which steel, as it ascends near to +the loadstone, may be contrived to fall down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span> +through some hole in the plane, and so to return +unto the place from whence at first it began to +move; and, being there, the loadstone will again +attract it upwards till coming to this hole, it will +fall down again; and so the motion shall be perpetual, +as may be more easily conceivable by this +figure:</p> + +<div id="if_i_287" class="figcenter" style="width: 204px;"><img src="images/i_287.jpg" width="204" height="135" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Suppose the loadstone to be represented at +A B, which, though it have not strength enough +to attract the bullet C directly from the ground, +yet may do it by the help of the plane E F. Now, +when the bullet is come to the top of this plane, +its own gravity (which is supposed to exceed the +strength of the loadstone) will make it fall into +that hole at E; and the force it receives in this +fall will carry it with such a violence unto the +other end of this arch, that it will open the passage +which is there made for it, and by its return will +again shut it; so that the bullet (as at the first) +is in the same place whence it was attracted, and, +consequently, must move perpetually.</p> + +<p>But, however, this invention may seem to be +of such strong probability, yet there are sundry +particulars which may prove it insufficient; <span class="locked">for—</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span> +1. This bullet of steel must first be touched, +and have its several poles, or else there can be +little or no attraction of it. Suppose C in the steel +to be answerable unto A in the stone, and to B; +in the attraction C D must always be directed +answerable to A B, and so the motion will be +more difficult; by reason there can be no rotation +or turning round of the bullet, but it must slide up +with the line C D, answerable to the axis A B.</p> + +<p>2. In its fall from E to G, which is <i>motus +elementaris</i>, and proceeds from its gravity, there +must needs be a rotation of it; and so 'tis odds but +it happens wrong in the rise, the poles in the bullet +being not in the same direction to those in the +magnet; and if in this reflux it should so fall out, +that D should be directed towards B, there should +be rather a flight than an attraction, since those +two ends do repel, and not draw one another.</p> + +<p>3. If the loadstone A B have so much +strength, that it can attract the bullet in F, when +it is not turned round, but does only slide upon +the plane, whereas its own gravity would rowl it +downwards; then it is evident the sphere of its +activity and strength would be so increased when +it approaches much nearer, that it would not need +the assistance of the plane, but would draw it +immediately to itself without that help; and so +the bullet would not fall down through the hole, +but ascend to the stone, and, consequently, cease +its motion: for, if the loadstone be of force +enough to draw the bullet on the plane, at the distance +F B, then must the strength of it be sufficient +to attract it immediately unto itself, when it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span> +is so much nearer as E B. And if the gravity of +the bullet be supposed so much to exceed the +strength of the magnet, that it cannot draw it directly +when it is so near, then will it not be able +to attract the bullet up the plane, when it is so +much further off.</p> + +<p>So that none of all these magnetical experiments, +which have been as yet discovered, are +sufficient for the effecting of a perpetual motion, +though these kind of qualities seem most conducible +unto it; and perhaps, hereafter, it may be +contrived from them.</p> + +<h4 class="hang">CHAP. XIV.—<i>The seeming probability of effecting +a Continual Motion by Solid Weights in +a Hollow Wheel or Sphere.</i></h4> + +<p>The third way whereby the making of a perpetual +motion has been attempted is by the Natural +Affection of Gravity; when the heaviness of +several bodies is so contrived, that the same motion +which they give in their descent, may be able +to carry them up again.</p> + +<p>But (against the possibility of any such invention) +it is thus objected by Cardan:—All sub-lunary +bodies have a direct motion either of ascent +or descent; which, because it does not refer +to some term, therefore cannot be perpetual, but +must needs cease when it is arrived at the place +unto which it naturally tends.</p> + +<p>I answer, though this may prove that there +is no natural motion of any particular heavy body +which is perpetual, yet it does not hinder, but that +it is possible from them to contrive such an artificial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span> +revolution as shall constantly be the cause +of itself.</p> + +<p>Those bodies which may be serviceable to +this purpose are distinguishable into two kinds:</p> + +<p>1. Solid and consistent; as weights of metal, +or the like.</p> + +<p>2. Fluid or sliding; as water, sand, etc.</p> + +<p>Both these ways have been attempted by +many, though with very little or no success. +Other men's conjectures in this kind you may see +set down by divers authors. It would be too +tedious to repeat them over, or set forth their +draughts.</p> + +<p>I shall only mention two new ones, which (if +I am not over-partial) seem altogether as probable +as any of these kinds that have been yet invented; +and, till experience had discovered their +defect and insufficiency, I did certainly conclude +them to be infallible.</p> + +<p>The first of these contrivances was by solid +weights being placed in some hollow wheel or +sphere, unto which they should give a perpetual +revolution; for, as the philosopher has largely +proved, only a circular motion can properly be +perpetual.</p> + +<p>But, for the better conceiving of this invention, +it is requisite that we rightly understand +some principles in Trochilicks, or the art of wheel +instruments; as, chiefly, the relation betwixt the +parts of a wheel and those of a balance; the several +proportions in the semi-diameter of a wheel +being answerable to the sides in a balance, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> +the weight is multiplied according to its distance +from the center.</p> + +<div id="if_i_291" class="figcenter" style="width: 258px;"><img src="images/i_291.jpg" width="258" height="259" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Thus, suppose the center to be at A, and the +diameter of the wheel, D C, to be divided into +equal parts (as is here expressed), it is evident, +according to the former ground, that one pound +at C will equiponderate to five pound at B, because +there is such a proportion betwixt their several +distances from the center. And it is not material +whether or no these several weights be placed +horizontally; for though B do hang lower than C, +yet this does not at all concern the heaviness; or +though the plummet C were placed much higher +than it is at E, or lower at F, yet would it still retain +the same weight which it had at C; because +these plummets (as in the nature of all heavy +bodies), do tend downwards by a straight line;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span> +so that their several gravities are to be measured +by that part of the horizontal semi-diameter, +which is directly either below or above them. +Thus, when the plummet C shall be moved either +to G or H, it will lose one-third of its former +heaviness, and be equally ponderous as if it were +placed in the balance at No. 3; and if we suppose +it to be situated at I or K, then the weight +of it will lie wholly upon the center, and not at all +conduce to the motion of the wheel on either side; +so that the straight lines which pass through the +divisions of the diameter may serve to measure +the heaviness of any weight in its several situations.</p> + +<p>These things thoroughly considered, it seems +very possible and easy for a man to contrive the +plummets of a wheel, that they may be always +heavier in their fall, than in their ascent; and so, +consequently, that they should give a perpetual +motion to the wheel itself; since it is impossible +for that to remain unmoved as long as one side in +it is heavier than the other.</p> + +<p>For the performance of this, the weights +must be so ordered: 1. That in their descent they +may fall from the center, and in their ascent may +rise nearer to it. 2. That the fall of each plummet +may begin the motion of that which should +succeed it, as in the following diagram:</p> + +<p>Where there are sixteen plummets, eight in +the inward circle, and as many in the outward. +(The inequality being to arise from their situation, +it is therefore most convenient that the number +of them be even.) The eight inward plummets<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span> +are supposed to be in themselves so much heavier +than the other, that in the wheel they may be of +equal weight with those above them, and then the +fall of these will be of sufficient force to bring +down the other. For example, if the outward +be each of them four ounces, then the inward +must be five; because the outward is distant from +the center five of those parts whereof the inward +is but four. Each pair of these weights should +be joined together by a little string or chain, +which must be fastened about the middle, betwixt +the bullet and the center of that plummet which is +to fall first, and at the top of the other.</p> + +<div id="if_i_293" class="figcenter" style="width: 255px;"><img src="images/i_293.jpg" width="255" height="256" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>When these bullets, in their descent, are at +their farthest distance from the center of the +wheel, then shall they be stopped, and rest on the +pins placed to that purpose; and so, in their rising,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span> +there must be other pins to keep them in a convenient +posture and distance from the center, lest, +approaching too near unto it, they thereby become +unfit to fall when they shall come to the top of the +descending side.</p> + +<p>This may be otherwise contrived with some +different circumstances, but they will all redound +to the same effect. By such an engine it seems +very probable that a man may produce perpetual +motion; the distance of the plummets from the +center increasing with weight on one side, and +their being tied to one another, causing a constant +succession in their falling.</p> + +<p>But now, upon experience, I have found this +to be fallacious; and the reason may sufficiently +appear by a calculation of the heaviness of each +plummet, according to its several situation; which +may easily be done by those perpendiculars that +cut the diameter (as was before explained, and is +here expressed in five of the plummets on the +descending side). From such a calculation it +will be evident, that both the sides of this wheel +will equiponderate; and so consequently, that the +supposed inequality whence the motion should +proceed, is but imaginary and groundless. On the +descending side, the heaviness of each plummet +may be measured according to these numbers +(supposing the diameter of the wheel to be divided +into twenty parts, and each of those sub-divided +into four):</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span></p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="center-table"> +<table summary="Descending Plummets"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl wider"><i>The Outward Plummets.</i></td> + <td class="tdl wider"><i>The Inward Plummets.</i></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl inq">7.0}</td> + <td class="tdl">1.0}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">10.0} The sum 24.</td> + <td class="tdl">7.2} The sum 19.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl inq">7.0}</td> + <td class="tdl">7.2}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdl">3.0}</td></tr> +</table></div></div> + +<p>On the ascending side, the weights are to be</p> + +<div class="poem-container"><div class="center-table"> +<table summary="Ascending Plummets"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl wider"><i>The Outward.</i></td> + <td class="tdl wider"><i>The Inward.</i></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">1.3}</td> + <td class="tdl">4.1}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">7.2}</td> + <td class="tdl">7.0} The sum 19.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">9.0} The sum 24.</td> + <td class="tdl">5.2}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">5.3}</td> + <td class="tdl">2.1}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">0.0}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"></td></tr> +</table></div></div> + +<p>The sum of which last numbers is equal with +the former, and therefore both the sides of such +a wheel in this situation will equiponderate.</p> + +<p>If it be objected, that the plummet A should +be contrived to pull down the other at B, and then +the descending side will be heavier than the other; +for answer to this, it is <span class="locked">considerable—</span></p> + +<p>1. That these bullets towards the top of the +wheel, cannot descend till they come to a certain +kind of inclination.</p> + +<p>2. That any lower bullet hanging upon the +other above it, to pull it down, must be conceived, +as if the weight of it were in that point where its +string touches the upper; at which point this bullet +will be of less heaviness in respect of the wheel, +than if it did rest in its own place; so that both +the sides of it, in any kind of situation, may +equiponderate.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span></p> + +<h4 class="hang">CHAP. XV.—<i>Of composing, a Perpetual Motion +by Fluid Weights—Concerning Archimedes +his Water Screw—The great probability of +accomplishing this enquiry by the help of +that, with the fallibleness of it upon experiment.</i></h4> + +<p>That which I shall mention as the last way, +for the trial of this experiment, is by contriving it +in some Water Instrument; which may seem altogether +as probable and easy as any of the rest; +because that element, by reason of its fluid and +subtle nature (whereby, of its own accord, it +searches out the lower and more narrow passages), +may be most pliable to the mind of the artificer. +Now, the usual means for the ascent of +water is either by suckers or forces, or something +equivalent thereunto; neither of which may be +conveniently applied unto such a work as this, +because there is required unto each of them so +much or more strength, as may be answerable to +the full weight of the water that is to be drawn +up; and then, besides, they move for the most part +by fits and snatches, so that it is not easily conceivable, +how they should conduce unto such a +motion, which, by reason of its perpetuity, must +be regular and equal.</p> + +<p>But, amongst all other ways to this purpose, +that invention of Archimedes is incomparably the +best, which is usually called <i>Cochlea</i>, or the Water +Screw; being framed by the helical revolution of +a cavity about a cylinder. We have not any discourse +from the author himself concerning it, +nor is it certain whether he ever writ anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span> +to this purpose; but if he did, yet, as the injury of +time hath deprived us of many other of his excellents +works, so likewise of this amongst the rest.</p></blockquote> + +<p>[Near five pages are occupied in describing +the use of this screw, and the form and manner +of making it; then follows:]</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>The true inclination of the screw being +found, together with the certain quantity of water +which every helix does contain; it is further considerable, +that the water by this instrument does +ascend naturally of itself, without any violence +or labor; and that the heaviness of it does lie +chiefly upon the centers or axis of the cylinder, +both its sides being of equal weight (said Ubaldus); +so that, it should seem, though we suppose +each revolution to have an equal quantity of +water, yet the screw will remain with any part +upwards, according as it shall be set, without +turning itself either way; and, therefore, the least +strength being added to either of its sides should +make it descend, according to that common +maxim of Archimedes—any addition will make +that which equiponderates with another to tend +downwards.</p> + +<p>But now, because the weight of this instrument +and the water in it does lean wholly upon the +axis, hence is it (said Ubaldus) that the grating +and rubbing of these axes against the sockets +wherein they are placed, will cause some ineptitude +and resistency to that rotation of the cylinder; +which would otherwise ensue upon the addition +of the least weight to any one side; but (said +the same author) any power that is greater than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span> +this resistency which does arise from the axis, +will serve for the turning of it round.</p> + +<p>These things considered together, it will +hence appear how a perpetual motion may seem +easily contrivable. For, if there were but such a +water-wheel made on this instrument, upon which +the stream that is carried up may fall in its descent, +it would turn the screw round, and by that +means convey as much water up as is required to +move it; so that the motion must needs be continual, +since the same weight which in its fall +does turn the wheel is, by the turning of the wheel, +carried up again.</p> + +<p>Or, if the water, falling upon one wheel, +would not be forcible enough for this effect, why +then there might be two or three, or more, according +as the length and elevation of the instrument +will admit; by which means the weight of it may +be so multiplied in the fall that it shall be equivalent +to twice or thrice that quantity of water +which ascends; as may be more plainly discerned +by the following diagram:</p> + +<div id="if_i_299" class="figcenter" style="width: 257px;"><img src="images/i_299.jpg" width="257" height="352" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Where the figure L M, at the bottom, does +represent a wooden cylinder with helical cavities +cut in it, which at A B is supposed to be covered +over with tin plates, and three water-wheels upon +it, H I K; the lower cistern, which contains the +water, being C D. Now, this cylinder being +turned round, all the water which from the cistern +ascends through it, will fall into the vessel at E, +and from that vessel being conveyed upon the +water-wheel H, shall consequently give a circular +motion to the whole screw. Or, if this alone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span> +should be too weak for the turning of it, then the +same water which falls from the wheel H, being +received into the other vessel F, may from thence +again descend on the wheel I, by which means the +force of it will be doubled. And if this be yet unsufficient, +then may the water which falls on the +second wheel I, be received into the other vessel +G, and from thence again descend on the third +wheel at K; and so for as many other wheels as +the instrument is capable of. So that, besides the +greater distance of these three streams from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span> +center or axis by which they are made so much +heavier, and besides that the fall of this outward +water is forcible and violent, whereas the ascent +of that within is natural—besides all this, there +is thrice as much water to turn the screw as is +carried up by it.</p> + +<p>But, on the other side, if all the water falling +upon one wheel would be able to turn it round, +then half of it would serve with two wheels, and +the rest may be so disposed of in the fall as to +serve unto some other useful delightful ends.</p> + +<p>When I first thought of this invention, I +could scarce forbear, with Archimedes, to cry out +εὕρηκα, εὕρηκα {heurêka, heurêka}; it seeming so infallible a way +for the effecting of a perpetual motion that nothing +could be so much as probably objected against +it; but, upon trial and experience, I find it altogether +insufficient for any such purpose, and that +for these two reasons:</p> + +<p>1. The water that ascends will not make any +considerable stream in the fall.</p> + +<p>2. This stream, though multiplied, will not +be of force enough to turn about the screw.</p> + +<p>1. The water ascends gently, and by intermissions; +but it falls continually, and with force; +each of the three vessels being supposed full at +the first, that so the weight of the water in them +might add the greater strength and swiftness to +the streams that descend from them. Now, this +swiftness of motion will cause so great a difference +betwixt them that one of these little streams +may spend more water in the fall than a stream +six times bigger in the ascent, though we should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span> +suppose both of them to be continuate; how much +more, then, when as the ascending water is vented +by fits and intermissions, every circumvolution +voiding so much as is contained in one helix; and, +in this particular, one that is not versed in these +kind of experiments may be easily deceived.</p> + +<p>But, secondly, though there were so great a +disproportion, yet, notwithstanding, the force of +these outward streams might well enough serve +for the turning of the screw, if it were so that +both its sides would equiponderate the water being +in them (as Ubaldus had affirmed). But now, +upon farther examination, we shall find this assertion +of his to be utterly against both reason +and experience. And herein does consist the chief +mistake of this contrivance; for the ascending +side of the screw is made, by the water contained +in it, so much heavier than the descending side, +that these outward streams, thus applied, will not +be of force enough to make them equiponderate, +much less to move the whole, as may be more +easily discerned by this figure:</p> + +<p>Where A B represents a screw covered over, +C D E one helix or revolution of it, C D the ascending +side, E D the descending side, the point D +the middle; the horizontal line C F showing how +much of the helix is filled with water, viz., of the +ascending side, from C the beginning of the helix, +to D the middle of it; and on the descending side, +from D the middle, to the point G, where the +horizontal does cut the helix. Now, it is evident +that this latter part, D G, is nothing near so much, +and consequently not so heavy as the other, D C;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span> +and thus is it in all the other revolutions, which, +as they are either more or larger, so will the difficulty +of this motion be increased. Whence it will +appear that the outward streams which descend +must be of so much force as to countervail all that +weight whereby the ascending side in every one +of these revolutions does exceed the other. And +though this may be effected by making the water-wheels +larger, yet then the motion will be so slow +that the screw will not be able to supply the outward +streams.</p> + +<div id="if_i_302" class="figcenter" style="width: 177px;"><img src="images/i_302.jpg" width="177" height="140" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>There is another contrivance to this purpose, +mentioned by Kircher de Magnete, 1, 2, p. 4, depending +upon the heat of the sun and the force of +winds; but it is liable to such abundance of exceptions +that it is scarce worth the mentioning, and +does by no means deserve the confidence of any +ingenious artist.</p> + +<p>Thus have I briefly explained the probabilities +and defects of those subtle contrivances +whereby the making of a perpetual motion has +been attempted. I would be loath to discourage +the enquiry of any ingenious artificer by denying +the possibility of effecting it with any of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span> +mechanical helps; but yet (I conceive) if those +principles which concern the slowness of the +power in comparison to the greatness of the +weight were rightly understood and thoroughly +considered, they would make this experiment to +seem, if not altogether impossible, yet much more +difficult than otherwise, perhaps, it will appear. +However, the inquiring after it cannot but deserve +our endeavors, as being one of the most +noble amongst all these mechanical subtilties. +And, as it is in the fable of him who dug the vineyard +for a hidden treasure, though he did not +find the money, yet he thereby made the ground +more fruitful, so, though we do not attain to the +effecting of this particular, yet our searching +after it may discover so many other excellent subtilties +as shall abundantly recompense the labor of +our inquiry.</p> + +<p>And then, besides, it may be another encouragement +to consider the pleasure of such +speculations, which do ravish and sublime the +thoughts with more clear angelical contentments. +Archimedes was generally so taken up in the delight +of these mathematical studies of this familiar +siren (as Plutarch styles them) that he +forgot both his meat and drink, and other necessities +of nature; nay, that he neglected the saving +of his life, when that rude soldier, in the pride and +haste of victory, would not give him leisure to finish +his demonstration. What a ravishment was +that, when, having found out the way to measure +Hiero's crown, he leaped out of the bath, and (as +if he were suddenly possessed) ran naked up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span> +down, crying εὕρηκα, εὕρηκα {Greek: heurêka, heurêka}! It is storied of +Thales that, in his joy and gratitude for one of +these mathematical inventions, he went presently +to the Temple, and there offered up a solemn +sacrifice; and Pythagoras, upon the like occasion, +is related to have sacrificed a hundred oxen; the +justice of Providence having so contrived it, that +the pleasure which there is in the success of such +inventions should be proportioned to the great +difficulty and labor of their inquiry.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>The Paradoxical Hydrostatic Balance</h3> + +<p>The following was contributed to an English +scientific journal in 1831, the name of the author +of the article is unknown to us, but here is what +he wrote:</p> + +<div id="if_i_304" class="figcenter" style="width: 155px;"><img src="images/i_304.jpg" width="155" height="156" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>This hydrostatic balance, like the compound +balance of Desaguliers, may be introduced to illustrate +the impossibility of perpetual motion by +a weight removed from the centre of a wheel.</p> + +<p>Take the hollow-rimmed wheel A B; let it +be air-tight and half filled with water. Let C be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span> +the axle; at B place a hollow ball loaded to near +sinking. Such a wheel, however fine its axle may +be, or however well lubricated, will not make a +single revolution, though the weight B occupies +that part at which every deluded perpetual-motionist +is desirous it should be placed; concluding +that, by such an arrangement, the production of +another Orffyrean wheel must be inevitable.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Discussion by P. Gregorio Fontana</h3> + +<p>P. Gregorio Fontana was professor of higher +mathematics at the Royal University of Pavia, +in the Province of Lombardy, Italy. In 1786 he +published what he designated "Examination of a +New Argument in Favor of Perpetual Motion." +In part he says:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>1. A vertical wheel (Fig. 2) divided in two +halves by a vertical plane which passes through +its diameter F O, has the half F P O immersed in +water under the level M N, and the other half +wholly out of the water, being cut off in F O by a +peculiar mechanism from all communication with +the reservoir, the exterior half of the wheel being +F Q O; this turns freely round on an axle passing +through the centre C. Now the wheel being specifically +lighter than the water, the immersed part +F P O comes with a continual rotation to the top +with a force equal to the excess of the weight of +a volume of water corresponding to the immersed +portion, over the weight of the immersed portion; +which rotation passing through the centre of +gravity of the exterior part, and consequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span> +out of the centre C, obliges the wheel to turn +around C.</p> + +<p>Such being the case, the question to be asked +is whether the wheel has itself a perpetual motion, +as may be judged at first sight.</p> + +<div id="if_i_306" class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"><img src="images/i_306.jpg" width="331" height="216" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>2. To reply adequately, it is at first necessary +to know what effect is produced on the wheel by +the horizontal pressure which the water exercises +on the semi-circumference F L O.</p> + +<p>Having taken for this purpose, a part P <i>p</i>, +and having drawn to the diameter the ordinate +P. R, <i>p r</i>, and marked the radius P C, and from it +P G perpendicular to the radius C L, which determines +the quadrant O L, the distance of the +lowest point O from the level of the water will be += <i>b</i>, the semi-diameter of the wheel = <i>a</i>, C R = +<i>x</i>, and the specific gravity of the water = 1; the +perpendicular pressure against the part P <i>p</i> = +P <i>p</i> . R D, which resolved in two, one horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span> +P R, the other vertical P G, gives the proportion</p> + +<p class="in0"> +PG : PR :: P<i>p</i> . RD : (P<i>p</i> . PR . RD) / (PG).<br /> +</p> + +<p>Thence the horizontal pressure against P <i>p</i>, +and = (P <i>p</i> . P R . R D .) / (P G), that is to say P <i>p</i> . P R += R <i>r</i> . P G, the given horizontal pressure is found +to be = R <i>r</i> . R D = (<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>) <i>d</i> <i>x</i>, and which, +multiplied by R D, giving <i>b</i> - <i>x</i>, becomes the +momentum of the pressure relatively to M N = +(<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)² <i>d</i> <i>x</i>, and the sum of the momenta of +pressure exercised upon the indefinite arc, O P += <i>f</i> (<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)² <i>d</i> <i>x</i> = -(1/3)(<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)³ + the side. +And since acting together such momenta equal <i>x</i>, +there comes the side = (1/3)<i>b</i>³; and as the already-given +sum of the momenta = (1/3)(<i>b</i>³ - (<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)³) += <i>b² x</i> - <i>b x</i>² + (1/3)<i>x</i>³. Whence, taking <i>x</i> = 2<i>a</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span> +the sum of all the momenta of the horizontal +pressure exercised on the whole semi-circumference +O L F of the wheel, will be = 2<i>b</i>²<i>a</i> - 4<i>b</i> <i>a</i>² ++ (8/3)<i>a</i>³, and dividing that sum by the whole horizontal +pressure, that is to say by <i>f</i>(<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)<i>d</i> <i>x</i> = +(1/2)(<i>b</i>² - (<i>b</i> - <i>x</i>)²) = <i>b</i> <i>x</i> - (1/2)<i>x</i>² = 2<i>b</i> <i>a</i> - 2<i>a</i>², +gives <i>x</i> = 2<i>a</i>, we have the formula</p> + +<p class="in0">(2<i>b</i>² - 4<i>b</i> <i>a</i> + (8/3)<i>a</i>³) / +(2<i>b</i> <i>a</i> - 2<i>a</i>²) = (<i>b</i>² - +2<i>b</i> <i>a</i> + (4/3)<i>a</i>²) / (<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) = +((<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>)² + (1/3)<i>a</i>²) / (<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) = +<i>b</i> - <i>a</i> + ((2/3)<i>a</i>²) / (<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>), +</p> + +<p class="in0">which represents the distance of the level M N +from the result of all the horizontal pressure +against the circumference, which distance exceeds +D C, and consequently the direction of the result +passes from below the centre C of the wheel to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span> +distance from the said centre, which is = ((1/3)<i>a</i>²)/(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>).</p> + +<p>If this distance be multiplied by the result of +all the horizontal pressure, that is, by 2<i>a</i>.(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>); +there is obtained (2/3)<i>a</i>³ for the momentum of +the force which tends to make the wheel revolve +from L towards O. This being established, it is +known that the force which causes the half of the +wheel F L G to revolve vertically to the top (calling +<i>g</i> the specific gravity of the wheel) is = (1 - +<i>g</i>) F C O L, and which force passes through +the center of gravity of F L O. And consequently +the gravity of any circular segment +divided by the half of the radius, is distant from +the centre of the circle by a quantity equal to the +twelfth of the cube of the chord divided by the +segment; and therefore the centre of gravity of +the semicircle F C O L, will be distant from the +centre C by the quantity (1/12)8<i>a</i>³/(E C O L) = (2/3)<i>a</i>³/(E C O L). +Consequently the momentum of this force tending +to make the wheel revolve from O towards L will +be = (2/3<i>a</i>³)/(E C O L) . (1 - <i>g</i>)(E C O L) = 2/3(1 - <i>g</i>)<i>a</i>³. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span> +</p> + +<p>But moreover a certain momentum will be +derived from the other half F Q O of the wheel, +which being out of the water, tends by its own +weight downwards with a force = <i>g</i> . (E C O Q) = +<i>g</i> . (E C O L), which multiplied by the distance +(2/1<i>a</i>³)/(E C O L) of the centre of gravity of the semicircle +F Q O from the centre of the wheel gives +as a momentum of force tending to turn the wheel +from O to L the quantity 2/3<i>g</i> <i>a</i>³. Thus the whole +momentum to make the wheel turn from O to L, +will be 2/3(1 - <i>g</i>)<i>a</i>³, + 2/3<i>g</i> <i>a</i>³ = 2/3<i>a</i>³, that is +to say the same that is found to turn the wheel in +the opposite direction, viz., from L to O, and +thence the wheel remains perfectly motionless.</p> + +<p>3. Cor. I. If the wheel were specifically +heavier than the water, one would not be able to +conceive in that case any motion from L to O, as +seemed probable in the former supposition. Since, +then, the momentum of the force, which turns +vertically downwards the portion of the wheel +F C O L, and tends to make it revolve from L to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span> +O is = 2/3(<i>g</i> - 1)<i>a</i>³ to which momentum should +be added a certain portion of the horizontal pressure, +that is to say 2/3, and thus is obtained the +whole momentum 2/3<i>g</i> <i>a</i>³, tending to cause the +wheel to turn from L to O; and to which momentum +precisely, is equal such of the weight of the +half F C O Q as tends to give to the wheel a contrary +revolution, that is, from O to L.</p> + +<p>3. Cor. II. If the wheel in place of being a +circular plane were a zone bounded by two concentric +peripheries (Fig. 3), then from the sum +of the horizontal pressure of the water against +the exterior periphery should be taken the sum +of the opposite horizontal pressure against the +other interior semi-periphery of the zone. So +calling <i>a</i> the greater radius of the zone, and λ its +breadth, the sum of the first horizontal pressure +is = 2<i>a</i>(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) and the sum of the second = 2(<i>a</i> - λ)(<i>b</i> - λ) - (<i>a</i> - λ) += 2(<i>a</i> - λ)(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>). +Then subtract the latter from the former +and there remains 2(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>)λ for the sum of the +whole pressure, which acts upon the zone (<i>sic</i>) of +the half of the wheel immersed in the fluid in a +direction tending from the outside to the interior +of the wheel.</p> + +<p>Moreover the sum of the momenta of all the +horizontal pressure on the exterior circumference +relatively to the level</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">M N is = 2<i>b</i> <i>a</i> - 4<i>b</i> <i>a</i> + 8/3<i>a</i>³.</p> + +<p>And similarly the sum of the momenta of +the horizontal pressure opposite, on the interior +semi-circumference, relatively to the given level is += 2(<i>b</i> - λ)² - (<i>a</i> - λ) - 4(<i>b</i> - λ) × (<i>a</i> - +λ)² + 8/3(<i>a</i> - λ)³.</p> + +<p>Subtracting this sum from the preceding, +there remains the sum of the momenta acting on +the zone of the half-wheel from the exterior to +the interior = 2<i>b</i>² <i>a</i> - 4<i>b</i> <i>a</i>² + 8/3<i>a</i>³ - 2(<i>b</i> - +λ)² (<i>a</i> - λ) + 4(<i>b</i> - λ) (<i>a</i> - λ)² - 8/3(<i>a</i> - λ)³ +- 2<i>b</i>² λ - 4<i>b</i> <i>a</i> λ + 4<i>a</i>² λ - 2<i>a</i> λ² + 2/3λ³ = 2λ +(<i>b</i>(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) - <i>b</i> <i>a</i> + 2<i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²) = 2λ +((<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>)(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) + <i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²) Then +dividing this sum of the momenta by the sum of +the pressure there will be +2λ(((<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>)(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) + <i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²)/(2λ(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>))) = <i>b</i> ++ <i>p</i> (<i>a</i>(<i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²)/(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>)) the distance of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span> +center of the pressure from the level of the fluid, +that is, to the distance of the result of all the +pressure from that level. From this it is evident +that the center of pressure falls under the center +of the wheel, C, to the distance (<i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²)/(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>) .</p> + +<p>Whence multiplying this distance by the result +of the pressure, or by 2λ(<i>b</i> - <i>a</i>), we obtain +2λ(<i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²) to express the momentum +of the horizontal pressure of the water, directed +to make the wheel turn from L to O.</p> + +<p>Now the momentum with which the vertical +impulse of the fluid tends to make the semicircle +F C O L turn from O to L (supposing the wheel +not with a simple zone, but with a circular plane) +is = 2/3<i>a</i>³. Likewise the momentum of the impulse +of the fluid to cause the internal semicircle +V C I G from O to L is - 2/3(<i>a</i> - λ)³. Then +taking this second momentum from the first, the +momentum of the zone from the fluid V G I O +L F to give the wheel an impulse from O to L will +be = 2/3(<i>a</i>³ - (<i>a</i> - λ)³) = 2λ(<i>a</i>² - <i>a</i>λ + 1/3λ²) +which is precisely the momentum with which the +horizontal pressure of the fluid to impress on the +wheel an impulse in the opposite direction, that is +to say from L to O. Consequently from the pressure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span> +of the fluid the wheel cannot have any motion +around its center.</p> + +<p>The weight of the wheel itself, by which the +half-zone immersed in the water tends to make +the wheel turn from L to O, and the half which +is out of the water, to make it turn in the reverse +direction, such a weight, I say, cannot induce any +motion of rotation, and both halves remain in +equilibrium around the center C.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Article by William Nicholson</h3> + +<p>William Nicholson was born in London in +1753; died in 1815. He was a scientist of note, +and a writer of scientific subjects. In 1797 he +established in London and continued publishing +until 1814, a periodical entitled "Journal of Natural +Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts," +known, however, throughout the civilized world +as "Nicholson's Journal."</p> + +<p>A Perpetual Motion device of Dr. Conradus +Schwiers, in 1790, and the Richard Varley device, +in 1797, described at page 132 et seq., ante, had +attracted a great deal of attention, and were the +occasion of much discussion. A consequent increased +interest in the subject of self-moving +mechanism was thus created.</p> + +<p>Mr. Nicholson, whose scientific attainments +were recognized by all, was asked to publish an +article on the subject. His article appeared in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span> +his publication, "Nicholson's Journal," and is as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<h4><i>On the Mechanical Projects for Affording a Perpetual Motion</i></h4> + +<p>In consequence of the notice taken of Mr. +Varley's attempt to produce a perpetual motion, +I have been requested by several correspondents +to state how far the mechanical scheme for which +Dr. Conrad Schwiers took out a patent in the +year 1790, for the same object may be worthy of +attention. I have, on that occasion, mentioned +the difficulties which have prevented any clear +general demonstration of the absurdity of this +pursuit from being produced, though it has not +been difficult to show the fallacy of the individual +plans. It does not, indeed, seem easy to enunciate +the scheme itself. What in universal terms is the +thing proposed to be done? Is it to cause a body +to act in such a manner that the reaction shall be +greater than the action itself, and by that means +generate force by the accumulation of the surplus? +Or, can the motion communicated be +greater than that lost by the agent? Since these +positions are evidently contrary to the physical +axioms called the laws of nature, and frictions +and resistances would speedily destroy all motions +of simple uniformity, it may be presumed that +'s Gravesande, who thought that all the demonstrations +of the absurdity of schemes for perpetual +motion contained paralogism, would have +stated the proposition under different terms. +But without entering upon this apparently unprofitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span> +disquisition, it may be useful, as well +as entertaining, to make a few observations on +the mechanical contrivances which depend on a +mistaken deduction from the general theorem respecting +the balance, among which that of Dr. +Schwiers must be classed.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt but numerous arrangements +have been made, and still are labored at by +various individuals, to produce a machine which +shall possess the power of moving itself perpetually, +notwithstanding the inevitable loss by friction +and resistance of the air. Little, however, +of these abortive exertions has been entered upon +record. The plans of Bishop Wilkins, the Marquis +of Worcester, and M. Orffyreus, are all +which at this time occur to my recollection.</p> + +<div id="if_i_317" class="figcenter" style="width: 220px;"><img src="images/i_317.jpg" width="220" height="262" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>There is no doubt but the celebrated Wilkins +was a man of learning and ability. His essay +towards a real character and a philosophical language +is sufficient to render his name immortal. +Twenty years before the appearance of that work +he published his "Mathematical Magic," namely, +in the year 1648, containing 295 pages, small +octavo, which, from the number of copies still in +being, I suppose to have been a very popular +treatise. It is in this work that I find, among +other contrivances for the same purpose, a wheel +carrying sixteen loaded arms, similar to that delineated +in Fig. 4, plate 15, in which, however, +for the sake of simplicity, I have drawn but six. +Each lever, A B C D E F, is movable through an +angle of 45 degrees, by a joint near the circumference +of the wheel, and the inner end or tail of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span> +each is confined by two studs or pins, so that it +must either lie in the direction of a radius, or else +in the required position of obliquity. If the +wheel be now supposed to move in the direction +E F, it is evident that the levers A B C D, by +hanging in the oblique position against the antecedent +pins, will describe a less circle in their +ascent than when, on the other side, they come +to descend in the positions E F. Hence, it was +expected that the descending weights, having the +advantage of a longer lever, would always predominate. +Dr. Wilkins, by referring the weights +to an horizontal diameter, has shown that in his +machine they will not. A popular notion of this +result may also be gathered from the figure, +where there are three weights on the ascending +and only two on the descending side; the obliquity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span> +of position giving an advantage in point of number, +equal to what the other side may possess in +intensity. Or, if this contrivance were to be +strictly examined, on the supposition that the +levers and weights were indefinitely numerous, +the question would be determined by showing that +the circular arcs A K, H I, are in equilibrio with +the arcs A G, G L.</p> + +<p>The simplest method of examining any +scheme of this kind with weights, consists in inquiring +whether the perpendicular ascents and +descents would be performed with equal masses +in equal times. If so, there will be no preponderance, +and, consequently, no motion. This is +clearly the case with the contrivance before us.</p> + +<p>The Marquis of Worcester, who will ever be +remembered as the inventor of the steam engine, +has described a perpetual motion in the fifty-sixth +number of his "Century of Inventions," published +in the year 1655, and since reprinted in 1767 by +the Foulis's at Glasgow. His words were as follows:</p> + +<p>"To provide and make, that all the weights of +the descending side of a wheel shall be perpetually +further from the center than those of the mounting +side, and yet equal in number and heft to the +one side as the other. A most incredible thing +if not seen, but tried before the late King (of +blessed memory) in the Tower by my directions, +two extraordinary ambassadors accompanying +his Majesty, and the Duke of Richmond and Duke +Hamilton, with most of the Court attending him. +The wheel was fourteen feet over, and forty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span> +weights of fifty pounds apiece. Sir William Balfour, +then Lieutenant of the Tower, can justify +it with several others. They all saw that no +sooner these great weights passed the diameter +line of the lower side, but they hung a foot further +from the center; nor no sooner passed the diameter +line of the upper side, but they hung a foot +nearer. Be pleased to judge the consequence."</p> + +<div id="if_i_320" class="figcenter" style="width: 161px;"><img src="images/i_320.jpg" width="161" height="184" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>Desaguliers, in his "Course of Experimental +Philosophy," Vol. I, page 185, has quoted this +passage, and given a sketch of a pretended self-moving +wheel, similar to Fig. 5, plate 15, as resembling +the contrivance mentioned by the Marquis +of Worcester. The description of this last +engineer agrees, however, somewhat better with +the contrivance Fig. 4. It must, of course, be a +mistake in terms, when he says the weight receded +from the center at the lower diameter and +approached towards it at the upper: the contrary +being, in fact, necessary to afford any hope of +success; and accordingly in the quotation it is so +stated. I am, therefore, disposed to think that +Fig. 5 represents the wheel of Orffyreus at Hesse +Cassel, much talked of about the year 1720, and +which probably was made to revolve, during the +time of exhibition, by some concealed apparatus. +It consists of a number of cells or partitions, distinguished +by the letters of the alphabet, which +are made between the interior and exterior surfaces +of two concentric cylinders. The partitions +being placed obliquely with respect to the +radius, a cylindrical or spherical weight placed on +each, it is seen from the figure, that these weights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span> +will lie against the inner surface of the larger +cylinder whenever the outer end of the bottom +partition of any cell is lowest; and, on the contrary, +when that extremity is highest, the weight +will rest on the surface of the interior cylinder. +Let the wheel be made to revolve in the direction +A B C; the weights in C D E F G H I being close +to the external circle, and the weights K L M A B +close to the inner, for the reasons last mentioned. +As the cell B descends, its weight will likewise +run out, at the same time that the weight in the +cell I will run in in consequence of its partition +being elevated. By the continuation of this process, +since all the weights on the descending side +pass down at a greater distance from the center, +while those of the ascending side rise for a considerable +part of their ascent at a less distance +from the same point, it is concluded that the wheel +will continue to maintain its motion. On this, +however, it is to be remarked that the perpendicular +ascent and descent are alike, both in measure +and in time of performance; and that the familiar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span> +examination, even to those who know little of +such subjects, is sufficient to show that the preponderance +is not quite so palpable as at first it +appears. For the weights G and F, H and E, +I and D are evidently in equilibrio, because at the +same horizontal distance from the center; and if +the favorable supposition that the weight B has +already run out be admitted, it will then remain a +question whether these two exterior weights, B +and C, can preponderate over the four inner +weights, K L M A. The more accurate examination +of this particular contrivance will lead to +the following theorem: In two concentric circles, +if tangents be drawn at the extreme points of a +diameter of the smaller, and continued till they +intersect the larger, the common center of gravity +of the arc of the greater circle included between +the tangents and of the half periphery of the +smaller circle on the opposite side of the diameter, +will be the common center of the circles. +If, therefore, the balls were indefinitely numerous +and small, the supposed effective parts of the +wheel (Fig. 5) would be in equilibrio, as well as +the parts beneath the horizontal tangent of the +inner circle.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 represents the contrivance of Dr. +Schwiers, which, in a periodical publication, in +other particulars respectable, has been said to +continue in motion for weeks and even months +together. There is not the smallest probability +that it should continue in motion for half a +minute, or nearly as long as a simple wheel would +retain part of its first impulse. The external<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span> +circle denotes a wheel carrying a number of buckets, +A B I L, etc. C represents a toothed wheel, +on the same axis which drives a pinion D; and +this last drives another pinion E upon the axis of +a lanthorn, or wheel intended to work a chain-pump +with the same number of buckets as in the +larger wheel A B I. The lanthorn G is made of +such a size as to receive the buckets <i>a b i l</i> with a +due velocity. K represents a gutter through +which a metallic ball, contained in the bucket <i>m</i>, +may run and lodge itself in the bucket A of the +wheel. Each of the buckets of the wheel, B I +L M, which are below the gutter, is supplied with +a metallic ball, and so likewise are the ascending +buckets, <i>a b i l m</i>, of the chain-pump. As the +pump supplies the wheel, it is again supplied at +M, where the balls fall into its ascending buckets. +Now, it is presumed that the balls in the wheel I +suppose on account of their distance from the +center of motion, will descend with more than +sufficient force to raise those on the chain, and, +consequently, that the motion will be perpetual.</p> + +<p>The deception in this contrivance has much +less seduction than in the two foregoing, because +it is more easily referred to the simple lever. +This, like the others, exhibits no prospect of success, +when tried by the simple consideration of +the quality of the ascent and descent in the whole +time of the rotation of a single ball. It may also +be shown from the principles of wheel-work, +which are familiar to artisans, that whatever is +gained by the excess of the diameter of the great +wheel beyond that of the wheel C, is again lost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span> +by the excess of the lanthorn A beyond the +pinion E.</p> + +<div id="if_i_323" class="figcenter" style="width: 356px;"><img src="images/i_323.jpg" width="356" height="385" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The fundamental proposition of the simple +lever or balance, that equal bodies at an equal distance +from the fulcrum will equiponderate, but +that at unequal distances the most remote will +descend, has, in these and numberless other instances, +led mechanical workmen and speculators +to pursue this fruitless inquiry with labor and expense +often ill-afforded, and with a degree of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span> +anxiety and infatuation which can hardly be conceived +by those who have never suffered the pain +of hope long deferred. For this reason chiefly, +it has appeared desirable and useful to treat the +subject in a familiar way without descending to +those expressions of contempt, which ignorance, +harmless to all but itself, is surely not entitled to. +If such reasoners were well convinced that the +power of a machine is to be estimated by the +excess of motion referred to the perpendicular, +without any regard to the apparent center of the +machine, and that in machines very little compounded +it is possible to produce effects directly +contrary to the rule which is true of the simple +lever, they would probably renounce many flattering +projects, grounded only on the supposition +of its universality. Desaguliers contrived an apparatus +in which two equal weights may be placed +at any distance whatever from the center of motion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span> +and still continue in equilibrio. Fig. 3 represents +this instrument. A D denotes a balance +with equal arms, and E F another of the same +dimensions. These move on the centers B and C, +and are connected by the inflexible rods A E and +D F; the motion being left free by means of joints +at the corners. Across the rods A D, E F, are +fixed two bars, I K, L M. Now, it is unnecessary +to show that the weight G will describe exactly +the same line or circular arc, when the levers are +moved into the position <i>a d f e</i>, or any other position, +as it would have described in case it had been +suspended at A, or K, or E; and that it is of no +consequence in this respect at what part of the +line A E or I K it be fixed. The same observations +are true of the weight H on the other side. +And accordingly it is found that these equal +weights may be suspended anywhere on the lines +I K and L M without altering their equilibrium.</p> + +<div id="if_i_324" class="figcenter" style="width: 257px;"><img src="images/i_324.jpg" width="257" height="221" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>By this contrivance it is most evidently +proved to those who are totally unacquainted with +the theory, that weights do not preponderate in +compound engines on account of their distance +from the center. Several contrivances may be +made to the same effect. The following combination +of wheel-work presented itself to me as one +which would most probably be mistaken for a perpetual +motion. (Fig. 2, plate 15.) The five +circles represent the same number of wheels of +equal diameter and number of teeth, acting together. +The middle wheel A is fixed between +two upright pillars, so that it cannot revolve. The +other four wheels are pinned in a frame H I, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span> +which they can revolve, and through which the +axis of A likewise passes. From the extremity +of the axis of D, and also of <i>d</i>, proceed the horizontal +levers H K and I L, which are equal, and +point in the same direction parallel to the plane +of the wheels. At the extremity of these arms +hang the equal weights P and <i>p</i>. Let it now be +imagined that the end I of the frame is depressed, +the wheel B will turn round by the reaction +of the fixed wheel A in the same direction +as H I, and it will make one revolution in the +same time relative to the frame, or two with regard +to absolute space, by reason of its being +carried round. The action of B upon D will<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span> +produce a rotation relative to the frame in the +opposite direction during the same time. Instead, +therefore, of two revolutions like the wheel B, +this wheel D, with regard to absolute space, will +not revolve at all, and in every position of the +apparatus the arm I L will continue horizontal, +and point the same way. For similar reasons the +arm H K will retain its position. Consequently, +it is seen that the descending weight will move +at a great horizontal distance from the center N, +while the ascending weight rises very near that +center. But there will, not on this account, be a +perpetual motion: for the action of the levers +H K and I L upon the frame H I, by means of the +toothed wheels, will, in the detail, be found precisely +alike, and in the general consideration of +the motions of P and <i>p</i>, the opposite motions in +the circle E F G will be accurately the same.</p> + +<div id="if_i_326" class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;"><img src="images/i_326.jpg" width="391" height="302" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>It has always been considered as essential +to a perpetual motion that it should be derived +from some energy which is not supposed to vary +in its intensity. Such are the inertia, the gravity +or magnetism of bodies. For an occasional or +periodical variation of intensity in any force is +evidently productive of motion, which requires +only to be accumulated or applied, and the apparatus +for applying it cannot be considered as a +machine for perpetual motion. Neither in strictness +can any machine whose motion is derived +from the rotation of the earth, and the consequent +change of seasons and rotation of events, be so +considered, because it does not generate, but only +communicates. The perpetual flow of rivers; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span> +vicissitudes of the tides; the constant, periodical +and variable winds; the expansions and contractions +of air, mercury, or other fluids, by daily +or other changes of temperature; the differences +of expansions in metals, by the same change; the +rise and fall of the mercury in the barometer; the +hygrometric changes in the remains of organized +beings, and every other mutation which continually +happens around us, may be applied to give +motion to mills, clocks, and other engines, which +may be contrived to endure as long as the apparatus +retains its figure.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Mr. Nicholson's article, published above, +shows, if nothing else had ever shown, the fact +that he was endowed with a real scientific mind. +It also shows what is still most interesting—that +his mind anticipated and that he had a subconscious +conception of the principle of Conservation +of Energy.</p> + +<p>In 1824 and 1825 there was published in +London a mechanical journal called "The Artisan"; +or "Mechanic's Instructor." In one of +the issues the following occurred on the subject +of Perpetual Motion:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Perpetual motion is a motion which is supplied +and renewed from itself without the intervention +of any external cause: to find a perpetual +motion, or to construct a machine which shall +have such a motion, is a subject which has engaged +the attention of mathematicians for more +than 2,000 years; though none perhaps have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span> +prosecuted it with so much zeal and hopes of ultimate +success as some of the speculative philosophers +of the present age.</p> + +<p>Infinite are the schemes, designs, plans, engines, +wheels, etc., to which this longed-for perpetual +motion has given birth; and it would not +only be endless but ridiculous to attempt to give +a detail of them all, especially as none of them +deserve particular mention, since they have all +equally proved abortive; and it would rather partake +of the nature of an affront than a compliment, +to distinguish the pretenders of this discovery, +as the very attempting of the thing conveys +a very unfavorable idea of the mental powers +of the operator.</p> + +<p>For among all the laws of matter and motion, +we know of none which seems to afford any principle +or foundation for such an effect. Action +and reaction are allowed to be ever equal; and a +body which gives any quantity of motion to another, +always loses just so much of its own; but, +under the present state of things, the resistance +of the air, and the friction of the parts of machines, +necessarily retard every motion.</p> + +<p>To keep the motion going on, therefore, there +must either be a supply from some foreign cause, +which, in a perpetual motion, is excluded.</p> + +<p>Or, all resistance from the friction of the +parts of matter must be removed; which necessarily +implies a change in the nature of things.</p> + +<p>For by the second law of motion the changes +made in the motions of bodies are always proportional +to the impressed moving force, and are produced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">331</a></span> +in the same direction with it; no motion, +then, can be communicated to any engine, greater +than that of the first force impressed.</p> + +<p>But, on our earth, all motion is performed +in a resisting fluid, namely, the atmosphere, and +must, therefore, of necessity, be retarded; consequently, +a considerable quantity of its motion will +be spent on the medium. Nor is there any engine +or machine wherein all friction can be avoided; +there being in nature no such thing as exact +smoothness or perfect congruity; the manner of +the cohesion of the parts of bodies, the small proportion +which the solid matter bears to the vacuities +between them, and the nature of those constituent +particles not admitting it.</p> + +<p>Friction, therefore, will also, in time, sensibly +diminish the impressed or communicated force; +so that a perpetual motion can never follow, unless +the communicated force be so much greater +than the generating force as to supply the diminution +occasioned by all these causes; but the generating +force cannot communicate a greater degree +of motion than it had itself. Therefore, the +whole affair of finding a perpetual motion comes +to this, viz., to make a weight heavier than itself, +or an elastic force greater than itself; or, there +must be some method of gaining a force equivalent +to what is lost by the artful disposition and +combination of the mechanical powers: to this last +point then, all endeavors are to be directed; but +how, or by what means such a force can be gained, +is still a mystery!</p> + +<p>The multiplication of powers or forces avails<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span> +nothing; for what is gained in power is lost in +time; so that the quantity of motion still remains +the same.</p> + +<p>The whole science of mechanics cannot really +make a little power equal or superior to a larger; +and wherever a less power is found in equilibrio +with a greater—as, for example, twenty-five +pounds with one hundred—it is a kind of deception +of the sense; for the equilibrium is not +strictly between one hundred pounds and twenty-five +pounds moving (or disposed to move) four +times as fast as the one hundred pounds.</p> + +<p>A power of ten pounds moving with ten +times the velocity of one hundred pounds would +have equalled the one hundred in the same manner; +and the same may be said of all the possible +products equal to one hundred: but there must +still be one hundred pounds of power on each side, +whatever way they may be taken, whether in +matter or in velocity.</p> + +<p>This is an inviolable law of nature; by which +nothing is left to art, but the choice of the several +combinations that may produce the same effects.</p> + +<p>The only interest that we can take in the +projects which have been tried for procuring a +perpetual motion must arise from the opportunity +that they afford of observing the weakness of +human reason.</p> + +<p>For a better instance of this can scarcely be +supplied than to see a man spending whole years +in the pursuit of an object, which a single week's +application to sober philosophy would have convinced +him was unattainable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span> +But for the satisfaction of those who may +not be convinced of the impossibility of attaining +this grand object, we shall add a few observations +on the subject of a still more practical nature than +the above.</p> + +<div id="if_i_332" class="figcenter" style="width: 206px;"><img src="images/i_332.jpg" width="206" height="260" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>The most satisfactory confutation of the notion +of the possibility of a perpetual motion is +derived from the consideration of the properties +of the center of gravity; it is only necessary to +examine whether it will begin to descend or +ascend when the machine moves, or whether it +will remain at rest. If it be so placed that it +must either remain at rest or ascend, it is clear, +from the laws of equilibrium, that no motion derived +from gravitation can take place; if it may +descend, it must either continue to descend forever +with a finite velocity, which is impossible,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span> +or it must first descend and then ascend with a +vibratory motion, and then the case will be reducible +to that of a pendulum, where it is obvious +that no new motion is generated, and that the friction +and resistance of the air must soon destroy +the original motion.</p> + +<p>One of the most common fallacies by which +the superficial projectors of machines for obtaining +a perpetual motion have been deluded, has +arisen from imagining that any number of +weights ascending by a certain path on one side +of the center of motion, and descending on the +other at a greater distance, must cause a constant +preponderance on the side of the descent; and for +this purpose weights have been made to slide or +roll along grooves or planes, which lead them to a +more remote part of the wheel, from whence they +return as they ascend, as represented in the following +figure: Or they have been fixed on hinges +which allow them to fall over at a certain point so +as to become more distant from the center; but it +will appear on the inspection of such a machine +that although some of the weights are more distant +from the center than others, yet there is +always a proportionally smaller number of them +on that side on which they have the greater +power; so that these circumstances precisely +counterbalance each other.</p> + +<p>We have heard it proposed to attach hollow +arms to a wheel by joints or hinges at the circumference, +and to fill these arms with quicksilver or +small balls instead of the plan represented by the +above figure; but though we have never heard of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span> +it having been tried, we are perfectly convinced +that it would end as all other attempts have done; +that is, in a total failure.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>The Possibility of Perpetual Motion Asserted</h3> + +<p>The enthusiastic earnestness with which the +subject of Perpetual Motion was formerly discussed +is illustrated by the fact that the Holy +Scriptures were dragged in to support arguments +on the proposition.</p> + +<p>The following is a verbatim copy of an article +published in an English scientific magazine +in 1829:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>"Notice to Perpetual Motion Seekers."—The +following is a literal copy of a communication +which we have received under this head. We +publish it for the benefit of all concerned: "Perpetual +Motion Seekers! see Coloss., ch. ii., v. 8—'Beware +lest any man spoil you, through philosophy +and vain deceit, after the tradition of +men, after the rudiments of the world.' Ye are +making the words of God of none effect by your +traditions in publishing these things to the world. +How can such toys and baubles as these be perpetual? +See Malachi, ch. iv., v. 1—'For behold +the day cometh that shall burn as an oven; and +all the proud, yea, all that do wickedly, shall be as +stubble.' Here is the end of them. I, the undersigned, +have to inform the public, the model +for making perpetual motion is to be found in that +too much neglected book of models, the Bible. I +called upon the Lord, and he showed it to me. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span> +said, 'Lord, shall I show this unto them? This +was the answer to me: See Isaiah, ch. xli., v. 29—'Behold, +they are all vanity; their works are +nothing.' I said, 'Lord, be pleased to show me +some more about it.' 'Bring forth your strong +reasons, saith the King of Jacob.'—Isaiah, ch. +xli., v. 21. This was the answer: See Isaiah, ch. +xli., v. 14—'Fear not, thou worm Jacob. * * +Behold, I will make thee a new sharp threshing +instrument having teeth; thou shalt thresh the +mountains, and beat them small, and shall make +the hills as chaff.' See also Jeremiah, ch. vii., +v. 9—'The wise men are ashamed; they are dismayed +and taken,' etc. See also Jeremiah, ch. +ix., v. 12—'Who is the wise man that may understand +this?' If there is not a wise and learned +man who can show this, there is a deaf and unlearned +man that will, by the blessing of God, set +it forth to you. I am that deaf and unlearned +man, George Lovatt, Stafford.</p> + +<p>"P. S.—Mr. Editor: I have told you what I +was commanded to do. See Ezekiel, ch. iii., v. 4 +to the end. Now, see thou forget it not; let those +models which come from the Word of God have +the first place.—Joshua, ch. xxiv., v. 15."</p></blockquote> + +<h3>John Bernoulli's Dissertation on Perpetual +Motion</h3> + +<p>John Bernoulli was born in 1667, and died in +1748. He belonged to the famous Belgian family +bearing the name. His family seems to have +been peculiarly prolific in men of great genius for +mathematics and science. Almost any encyclopedia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span> +with any pretense for thoroughness will +mention and give the sketch of the life of from +five to nine members of the Bernoulli family.</p> + +<p>John Bernoulli possessed perhaps the greatest +genius of any bearing the name for pure +mathematics and pure mechanics. He was a +contemporary of such men as Leibnitz, Euler and +Newton, a co-laborer with the two former, but +never conceded the merits of Newton. He was +of a peculiar disposition, of intense likes and dislikes +and among his peculiarities it may be mentioned +that he harbored an unreasonable hatred +toward a worthy and deserving son.</p> + +<p>In 1742 he wrote a work entitled "Dissertation +on Effervescence and Fermentation." To +this work he added an appendix entitled "Concerning +Artificial Perpetual Motion." The appendix +translated into English and as published +by Dircks, is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Scarcely had I finished this dissertation, +when, attentively considering the nature of precipitation +and secretion, briefly explained in the +last pages, there accidentally occurred to me a +mode of constructing, by means of some continually +flowing liquid, the much-talked of and long-desired +Perpetual Artificial Motion; and this as a +completion to my work, on account of the affinity +of the subject, I now propose for the consideration +of the learned.</p> + +<p>No one need be told how eagerly for a length<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span> +of time this same Perpetual Motion has been +sought after by the most celebrated men, how +ardently desired; what indeed have they not contrived? +To what expense have they not gone? +How many machines have they not constructed? +But all in vain.</p> + +<p>The secret desire of this Perpetual Motion +still perplexes and torments many, and excites +their minds to such a degree that we see the ears +and minds of learned men carried away by it; yet +many philosophers reject the idea, unanimously +asserting that Perpetual Motion cannot be communicated +and cannot be invented; which opinion +is nevertheless not of any weight, seeing that they +rashly judge that no one should be listened to +who boasts of having found out such a thing; +and their reasons (as I confess) do not suffice to +convince me; for I do not hesitate to assert not +only that Perpetual Motion may be discovered, +but that it has now actually been discovered, as +will be confessed by any one who reads these +lines; and what is this labor to many? does not +Nature herself (who is never said not to operate +by mechanical laws) indicate Perpetual Motion +to be possible? To recall but one instance, what is +the constant flux and reflux of the rivers and seas +but Perpetual Motion? Does it not all belong to +Mechanics? Therefore, you must confess that it +does not exceed the limits of mechanical laws, and +is not impossible; what then hinders that following +Nature in this, we should be able perfectly to +imitate her? as indeed I shall so conclude, by declaring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span> +to these the possibility of Perpetual Motion +and the manner of obtaining it; and lest thou +come to an adverse conclusion, or regard it as a +Titanic enterprise, I pray that thou mayest first +well weigh the thing, or, if it so please thee, put +its truth to the test of experience.</p> + +<p>First of all the following must be premised:</p> + +<p>1. If there are two fluids of different density, +the weights of which respectively are in the ratio +G to L; the altitudes of cylinders of equal weight, +and having the same base, will be in the ratio +L to G.</p> + +<p>2. Therefore, if the altitude A C of one fluid +contained in the vessel A D to be the altitude +E F of the other fluid contained in an open tube, +as L to D; the fluids so placed will remain at rest.</p> + +<div id="if_i_338" class="figleft" style="width: 157px;"><img src="images/i_338.jpg" width="157" height="182" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>3. Therefore, if A C to E F be in a greater +ratio than L to G, the fluid in the tube will ascend; +or if the tube be not sufficiently +long, the fluid will +escape by the orifice E. +(These are proved by Hydrostatics.)</p> + +<p>4. It is possible to +have two fluids of different +gravity, which are +capable of being mixed +one with the other.</p> + +<p>5. It is possible to +have a filter, strainer or other separator, by means +of which the lighter fluid may be separated from +the heavier.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span></p> + +<h4><i>Construction</i></h4> + +<p>These being pre-supposed, I construct Perpetual +Motion in the following manner:</p> + +<p>Let two fluids of different gravity and capable +of mixing together (which is possible by Hyp. +4) be taken in any quantities, in equal quantities, +if desired; let the ratios of their gravities be first +determined, which suppose as G to L, the heavier +to the lighter; and being mixed, let a vessel, A D, +be filled to A.</p> + +<p>This having been done, let a tube be taken, +open at both ends E F; and of such a length that +A C : E F > 2 L : G + L; and the orifice F +stopped, or rather filled with a filter or some substance +separating the lighter fluid from the +heavier (as is possible also by Hyp. 5); when the +tube filled in this manner with fluid is immersed +to the bottom of the vessel C D; I say that the +fluid will continually ascend by the orifice of the +tube F, and by the orifice E will fall into the fluid +below.</p> + +<h4><i>Demonstration</i></h4> + +<p>Because the orifice of the tube F is occupied +by a filter (by Constr.) which separates the +lighter fluid from the heavier; it follows, that if +the tube be immersed to the bottom of the vessel, +the fluid lighter by itself, which is mixed with the +heavier fluid, must ascend in the tube, and as it +will ascend above the surface of the surrounding +fluid as A C : E F = 2 L : G + L : which is (by +Const.) A C : E F > 2 L : G + L, it necessarily +follows (by Hyp. 3) that the lighter liquid, +through the orifice E, will fall in the vessel below;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span> +there it again mixes with the heavier (by Hyp. +4); and then, penetrating the filter, ascends again +into the tube, and escapes by the upper orifice. +So, therefore, the flow is continued perpetually.—Q. E. D.</p> + +<h4><i>Corollary</i></h4> + +<p>Hence a reason may easily be given, why +water from the depths of the ocean, ascending +into the summits of the mountains, bursts from +them in the form of rivers and flows again into +the ocean; so does Nature offer to us the spectacle +of perpetual motion.</p> + +<p>Hence I say, they do not well explain who +allege that the water ascends to these heights +through the pores of the earth, as a fluid ascends +in narrow tubes above the surface of the fluid surrounding; +for if such were the explanation of the +thing, they would never be able to demonstrate +it; for the water so raised to a height from the +bosom of the earth, falls again, whereas we see +that the fluid in these narrow tubes, although +slightly elevated above the surrounding surface, +never issues from their orifices and falls into the +fluid below. The following is then the more +feasible explanation. It is known that water in +which much salt is held in solution is heavier than +fresh water; now sea-water, as is sufficiently evident +from the taste, contains many saline particles; +consequently it is heavier than spring or +river water; so that it is credible that the earth +acts like a filter through the pores of which only +fresh water can pass, the saline particles being +left behind, and this increases the weight of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span> +water; the fresh water must ascend much higher +on account of the immense profundity of the +ocean, as it is forced to the highest peaks of the +mountains by the presence of the sea-water; and +thence, not being able to ascend any higher, it +falls in rivers.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>P. Christopher Scheiner</h3> + +<p>That an earnest belief in the possibility of +Perpetual Motion has not been confined entirely +to scientific tyros and enthusiastic dreamers, is +sufficiently attested by the fact that a respectable +number of eminent scientists, many of whom had +done great service in their scientific labors, have +believed in such possibility.</p> + +<p>Among these is to be mentioned P. Christopher +Scheiner, a German, born 1575, and died +1650. He was a mechanic of note; in his day +made valuable additions to what was known of +light and optics, invented the Pantagraph, discovered +solar spots, besides benefiting mankind +by many other distinguished fruits of his genius.</p> + +<p>The subject of Perpetual Motion claimed +some of his attention. He wrote in defense of its +possibility. The substance of what he said, translated +into English, is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Let the centre of the universe then, or of +gravity, be A, and the gnomon A B C, of which +the extremity A is pierced and traversed by an +axis going through the centre of the world, so +that it may turn and revolve freely and easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span> +around the said centre; to the other extremity +of the gnomon, C, let a phial full of water be +attached.</p> + +<p>The weight C will turn around the centre A +and will first come to D, thence to E, thence to F +and G; then it will return +to C, having described a +complete circle, C D E F G; +then it will again move to +D, E, F, etc., and so perpetually, +since there is no +reason for its stopping in +any point of the circle rather +than in another.</p> + +<div id="if_i_342" class="figleft" style="width: 129px;"><img src="images/i_342.jpg" width="129" height="129" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>That indeed the weight +C affixed to the gnomon will move from C to D, +is proved by daily experience, by which it is established +that a gnomon so contrived and placed +erect on any flat space, will not be able to stand, +but the arm B C, C preponderating, will move +towards D.</p> + +<p>It may in the second place be proved, that if, +on the other hand, another arm B G be added to +the gnomon, equal in weight and similar to the +other, the whole G B C A will remain motionless +in equilibrium; therefore the arm B G being +taken away and equilibrium being destroyed, +the arm B C must move in the opposite direction.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The above, from Scheiner, called forth the +following from Schott, who was also an eminent +mathematician:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Whether there could be a perpetual artificial +motion around the centre of the earth?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span></p> + +<div id="if_i_343" class="figleft" style="width: 181px;"><img src="images/i_343.jpg" width="181" height="248" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>We have treated this question in our Hydraulico-pneumatic +Mechanics, Part 2, Class 2, +Machine 13, not however universally, but only in +one particular case, +that of the Gnomon +of Scheiner. For P. +Christopher Scheiner, +in "Mathematical +Disquisitions," +in Number XV., Corollary +4, asserts +Perpetual Artificial +Motion not to be repugnant +to Nature, +and attempts to prove +it in the following +manner. Let a +gnomon of a certain +weight A B C be suspended +around A, the +centre of the universe, and bound to the beam D +F, which is supported by the columns D F and +E G and turns at the pole D or E; or let it be fixed +at the poles, but the gnomon revolving at A.</p> + +<p>These being the conditions, I say that the +gnomon A B C will revolve from C to H and towards +I, thence will return to C, thence to H as +before, and so on perpetually. The cause of this +continual motion is the forcible suspension; for +the whole gnomon preponderates in C on account +of the perpendicular tangent B A; which effect +becomes more marked if a globe of iron S be supposed +suspended at C. As therefore the whole of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span> +this mass, as well from the supports of the balance +as from the momentary diameter, hangs suspended +at C, and the vertex A, on account of the +firm beam D E, cannot fall from the centre of the +universe; it comes to pass that all points as well +of the globe S, as of the gnomon A B C, with a +continual motion turn round A; but because, by +the line B A in the fixed point A, they are held +from falling to the centre; therefore the greatest +force of that tendency is exerted in the line B, +and induces it to inclination; which inclination on +account of the continuous solidity of the gnomon +cannot be at all abated, so that the whole impetus +is exerted either at the point A about the movable +beam or at the movable poles of the beam D and +E; which poles being free in their sockets D and +E, abandon themselves to the motion of Nature, +and thus do not in any wise hinder a perpetual +circular motion. What indeed is self-evident in +this, reason confirms, and daily experience in +statics manifests. For if a short gnomon stand +either on the terrestrial superficies M N, O P, or +Q R; it will always fall towards the part C, or N, +by the preponderating portion M K C; which is +manifested in daily experiments.</p> + +<p>Thence it is evident that if the gnomon were +entire, the force which it exerts at N would pass +into the line B A still hanging over the centre. +And this is one argument. The other is from the +contrary. For if an equal and similar gnomon +were attached towards the part D, then the whole +mass hanging on its centre would remain in +equilibrium and there would be no motion; consequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span> +the one half being taken away, the other +would necessarily move according to the laws and +experience of statics. If the shortened gnomon +M B C N were bound only to the point M, the rest +being left free, it would certainly revolve, and in +the same case, the point C would describe almost +a semicircular arc till, coming down to a perpendicular +position, it would there remain.</p> + +<p>Now as the force of the entire gnomon falls +in the vertex A, there would be an entire and perpetual +revolution around A. Much more would +this be the case if on the centre C stood either the +small curve A C L A or the larger one A K C, +or finally the globe S alone, hanging from two +iron rods A B and B C, or from one arc, A N C. +From this, therefore, it may be demonstrated that +a perpetual circular motion is possible.</p></blockquote> + +<p>In 1825, the following was contributed to +and published in "Mechanics' Magazine." We +are unable to give the name of the contributor, +but he writes in encouragement of Perpetual Motion. +The gist of his article is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>We can now, however, soar above the clouds, +explore the depths of the ocean, and skim over its +surface. * * * And be it remembered that +we owe these and many other advantages to a +few persevering individuals who were, in all +probability, stigmatized as chimerical visionaries +by those who seem to have an unconquerable propensity +to condemn everything above the level of +their own understanding.</p> + +<p>If by perpetual motion nothing more is meant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span> +than the putting in motion some of the most +durable substances with which we are acquainted, +in such a manner as to ensure a continuance of +motion as long as those substances will resist the +effects of time and friction, I do not despair of +seeing it accomplished. * * * [He thinks +there is] reasonable ground to hope that the time +is not far distant when even this impossibility +must yield to persevering ingenuity. In the present +state of public opinion with regard to its practicability, +it would be looked upon as an empty +boast, were I to assert that the discovery is already +made.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>T. H. Pasley</h3> + +<p>T. H. Pasley in 1824, contributed an article +to "Mechanics' Magazine," asserting the possibility +of Perpetual Motion. The following excerpts +give the substance of his article:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>I feel no hesitation in standing up in support +of this grand desideratum,—this almost forsaken +friend of science,—whether the thing be practicable +or not.</p> + +<p>On the contrary, "Persevere" should be +every one's advice; to do so, or discontinue, every +one's own pleasure. And why should the impossibility +of anything be pronounced unless it be established +wherein the limits of possibility consist?</p> + +<p>It is puerile in the extreme to be foretelling +defeat when so many other objects may be gained +by the highly laudable pursuit, perhaps of greater +advantage to society at large than the discovery +in question. * * * In a word, were the perpetual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span> +motion discovered tomorrow, it would be +wise of all the governments of the world to offer +a very high reward for some species of discovery +that would be universally sought after, although +it might never be found out. * * * The +effects of industry are—enlargement of the mind, +accumulation of knowledge, and rendering ourselves +ignorant of the torments which idleness +and dulness always engender. * * * In the +next place, there are no solid grounds for the assertion +that the discovery of a perpetual motion +is an impossibility. In the present state of human +knowledge respecting the powers of nature, it is +not demonstrable one way or another. * * * +The study of what relates to the perpetual motion +has this great advantage, that it directs to the +discovery of error as well as of truth; whereas, +what are they which are called truths of science +at present but vacillating human opinions, or +erroneous assumptions of what we call natural +causes? What are they but such as consist in +mere assumption, sanctioned by time, and admitted +by existing authorities in science, and of +course generally acquiesced in, without previous +investigation?</p> + +<p>So far, then, from being guided in our decision +respecting what is possible by the "unerring +laws of nature," by "mathematical demonstration," +and by "experimental proofs," we are continually +misled by an erroneous faith in the nonentity, +attraction.</p> + +<p>On such an imperfect knowledge of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span> +causes of phenomena, who should say he knows +what can or what cannot be discovered?</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Article From Pamphleteer</h3> + +<p>In the "Pamphleteer," published in London, +the following by a correspondent whose name we +cannot give was published in March of 1822:</p> + +<p>"A few words inducing towards the discovery +of Perpetual Motion, perhaps the actual discovery +thereof:"</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="sigright"> +London, March, 1822.<br /> +</p> + +<p>What is meant by the term "Perpetual Motion?" +Is it supposed that there is an undiscovered +substance in the world, that will of itself +perpetually move, with as little apparent cause as +that which actuates the needle in becoming motionless +in one particular position? Or, is it to +be found in the combined reaction of mechanical +powers?</p> + +<p>The first idea is stamped with a degree of +probability, by the mystery of the needle; yet I +imagine the latter is relied on with the greater +confidence of mankind, and is the pith of the +following few words:</p> + +<p>It is well known that the weight of a pendulum +will almost regain the level from which it descended, +losing a little space at every vibration, +until it becomes motionless; if of itself it could +exceed or even regain the level, doubtless it would +become a perpetual motion.</p> + +<p>To find a power that will aid the motion of +the pendulum, and in conjunction renew its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span> +strength, is what is wanted to create perpetual +motion.</p> + +<p>What I shall endeavor to explain will at least +induce towards the discovery of this power.</p> + +<p>The principal parts of the machinery about +to be shown are in number three:</p> + +<p>A vibrating pendulum.</p> + +<p>A revolving pendulum, and</p> + +<p>A tubular lever.</p> + +<p>A vibrating pendulum in motion describes a +segment of a circle, and returns on the same segment, +and at every vibration its described segment +decreases.</p> + +<p>A revolving pendulum is composed of two or +more pendulums, united at their lighter extremities, +there revolving on an axis, the heavier extremities +being placed at equal distances in the +outer circle: this, I believe, is what is termed a +fly-wheel when affixed to hand-mills, etc.</p> + +<p>The tubular lever is the chief instigator of +the whole, and must contain a weight apportioned +to the weights of the two pendulums.</p> + +<p>Fix the lever on a cross axis; thus, on an +axis within a circle, the circle on an axis at opposite +angles, thereby is given to each extremity of +the lever a revolving power of motion; attach one +extremity of the lever to the outer circle of a +revolving pendulum, the other extremity confine +within the bar of the vibrating pendulum; thus +combined, the effect to be produced when put in +motion will be this:</p> + +<p>The two pendulums will guide the motion of +the lever, which then partakes of the power of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span> +pendulum, giving fresh impulse at every vibration +of the pendulum, and every half revolution of the +revolving pendulum; for, as each extremity of +the lever rises, the weight within falls to the +opposite extremity, and gives fresh impulse to the +whole: thus (if my idea is correct) will be produced +motion perpetual—that is to say, perpetual +so long as the materials of which it is made will +hold together. I have given this short description +merely by way of example, as I believe there +are several ways of combining these three powers, +so as to produce perpetual motion, if my idea on +the subject is correct.</p> + +<p>The lever may contain mercury or a solid orb +of heavy substance; and if the tube be exhausted +of air the weight will pass more freely, and certainly +increase the power of the lever.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>J. Welch</h3> + +<p>In 1825 the following article was published +in "Mechanics' Magazine," having been contributed +by J. Welch:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>Those who condemn the notion altogether +seem to have taken but a very confined view of +the subject. What they say about mere matter is +right enough; but they seem to forget that there +are other active agents in nature which possess +wonderful powers, that have nothing to do with +either bulk, weight, or form. Such are electricity, +magnetic attraction, capillary attraction, and the +irregular pressure of the atmosphere. The +powers of electricity are great, and, indeed, it +seems to be the <i>primum mobile</i> that gives life and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span> +motion to the animated part of the creation. Dr. +Franklin shows us how to give a circular coated +plate, revolving on an axle, sufficient power to +roast a chicken, merely by once changing (charging?) +it. Could not a plate of this kind be made +to turn a small electrical apparatus, so situated as +to keep the charge in the plate always at its +maximum? The whole might be kept dry by having +it enclosed in a glass case.</p> + +<p>It has often been attempted to give motion to +a wheel by the power of a loadstone, but hitherto +without effect; no substance in nature being +found to have the power, by interposition, of cutting +off its attractive property. Still I think it +should be further investigated. Is a small piece +of steel in the form of a wedge as strongly attracted +at the smaller end as at the thicker? And +would not twenty or thirty pieces of steel, of that +form, placed round the circumference of a circle, +the point of one towards the head of the other, +cause a magnet placed in the centre, to revolve in +the direction in which their points lie? I think, +perhaps not; but still such experiments should be +tried.</p> + +<p>In capillary attraction we have a power that +at once raises fluids above their level. It is this +which carries the oil up the wick of a lamp as fast +as the flame consumes it. Water and other fluids +rise through cotton even quicker than oil; and he +who can contrive to collect them as they arrive at +the top will discover perpetual motion. Would +not water run constantly through a siphon, one +leg of which was made of a collection of capillary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span> +tubes, and the other in the usual way? or would +the water above and below the tubes neutralize +and destroy their power?</p> + +<p>I now come to the pressure of the atmosphere, +a thing easily understood. * * * Make +a cast-iron barometrical tube, with a top sufficiently +large to contain 2 cwt. of mercury; invert +it in a basin large enough to contain 2 or 3 cwt. +more, and let a piece of iron of 10 or 12 stones +weight float on the mercury in this basin, so as to +rise and fall along with it at every change of the +weather. We have here both motion and power. +The motion, indeed, will sometimes stand still, +but then it can easily be regulated, and made a +constant quantity in the machine to be attached. +I have no doubt but clocks, etc., may be made to +derive their chiming principle from a contrivance +of this nature.</p></blockquote> + +<h3>Article From Mechanics' Magazine</h3> + +<p>In 1831, the following article was contributed +by an unknown correspondent to, and +published in "Mechanics' Magazine":</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="in0"> +"Yes; we shall conquer! All those dangers past<br /> +Will serve to enrich the future story."<br /> +</p> + +<p>The application to the subject, on my part, +has been accompanied by continual experimental +elucidations of the subjects considered, and comparisons +of these with the axioms, theorems, and +demonstrations of one of the best authorities, if I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span> +may be allowed so to call my favorite author, +Emerson, whose <i>I says</i> are generally correct.</p> + +<p>I disagree with Mr. B., and do trust that even +a perpetual motion seeker might deserve encouragement, +if it be found that such a character +may exist in a person who is not so ignorant of +first principles as Mr. B. supposes <i>all</i> are who +have this bias; especially if it be found that the +person's researches have been connected with +subjects of a more tangible nature, relating to the +improvement of the useful arts, and particularly +to some modern inventions of high importance +that are not perfectly correct in their construction.</p> + +<p>In this article, Mr. B. advises those who are +misspending their time in this pursuit, to consider +the question in its most simple form, divested of +more complicated operations, which simple form +is that of a pulley accurately constructed so as to +reduce the resistance to motion as much as possible. +He says, "it will be found, as long as the +weights are equal," there will be no motion produced, +but wherever the weights are placed they +will remain; and to produce vertical motion in +the smallest degree, it will be necessary to add a +weight to one of the former to create a preponderancy. +This weight he calls the mechanical loss, +and an insurmountable bar to perpetual motion, +etc. We need not follow Mr. B. to his conclusion, +as I think this insurmountable bar can be easily +removed; and I shall be able to show that this +equilibrium, for such it merely is, can be destroyed +without adding to one of the weights, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span> +absolutely taking from the other; though this +may virtually be considered to be the case, inasmuch +as we can at least produce an effect on the +system as if the weight were reduced. Mr. B. +says, under this arrangement, "wherever the +weights are placed they will remain, unless an +addition is made to one of them." We will therefore +suppose the following diagram to represent +the arrangement on a small scale, delicately constructed.</p> + +<div id="if_i_354" class="figleft" style="width: 64px;"><img src="images/i_354.jpg" width="64" height="246" alt="" /><br /></div> + +<p>A B are the two weights connected +to each other by the string +passing over the pulley, and being +nicely equalized in their weight, +here would, of course, be an equilibrium +on the principle of the lever. +But take a flat piece of wood, such +as a ruler, and place it obliquely in +a way so as not to interfere with +the pulley <i>m</i> in the direction <i>d</i>, and +then bring the weight to impinge +upon it in a way so as not to move +the weight A <i>m</i>, C <i>d</i>, the least, or +alter its position. What will be the +consequence? Some would say, +why, the weight A would then descend, +and cause the weight B to +ascend. But I should rather say, the reaction of +the plane when acted on by the weight B, having +destroyed the equilibrium of the forces, motion +takes place. Now, if we attribute this motion to +the reaction of the plane on the weight, though +we will not go so far as to say motion is generated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span> +yet if we say, by this simple arrangement +the equilibrium is destroyed and motion takes +place, the least we can admit is, that motion is +communicated to the system, and that by the +agency of part of the machine itself, the apparatus +employed being considered as such. Then, +why so much objection to the term self-moving +machine in limited sense? But I will not dispute +about words, which are but the images of things, +and images may be strangely distorted by the +medium through which they are received—of +which distorting mediums, there is none equal to +that of prejudice in favor of abstract notions—which +notions perhaps, if rigidly examined, would +be found to have no foundation in facts or in +common sense.</p> + +<p>Another demonstrator of the impossibility +of perpetual motion, is Mr. Mackinnon (see "Mechanical +Magazine," Vol. 1, Page 363). As +no doubt the different attempts to produce, or +communicate, continued and perpetual motion, at +least, such as are often brought forward by persons +unacquainted with the science of mechanics, +are generally to those who are acquainted with +that science, if not absolutely ridiculous, yet of a +nature to excite a smile at their futility: still +there are a few (perhaps a very few) who entertain +an opinion that such a thing is not impracticable, +and who have, from practical experience +as well as study, acquired a tolerable insight into +the laws of nature (so far as relate to this subject); +who in their turn cannot help smiling at +the weak reasoning of some other would-be philosophers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span> +who gravely give their dictum in the +case. In this class I include Mr. Mackinnon, who +very gravely goes to work to prove, etc., and flatters +himself he shall, if rightly understood, help +to prevent much future waste of time on the subject. +He then goes on to give us his definition of +inertia, by which he informs us that a body in a +state of rest will remain so until it is moved +(wonderful!)—that it cannot move itself—that +it has not that power—and that no mechanical +contrivance can give it that power. (How profound!)</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="SUMMARIZED_TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="SUMMARIZED_TABLE_OF_CONTENTS">SUMMARIZED TABLE OF CONTENTS</a></h2> + +<table summary="Summarized Table of Contents"> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdr">Page</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Introduction</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Contents</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a>–<a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Preface</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>–<a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl">Introductory Essay</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>–<a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER I—DEVICES BY MEANS OF WHEELS AND WEIGHTS—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Wilars De Honecort; A Repetition of Wilars Honecort's plan; Leonardo da Vinci; A. Capra's Device; The Device of Dixon Vallance; Furman's Device; Schirrmeister's "Mechanical Movement;" James Ferguson's Device; B. Belidor's Device; Desagulier's Proposition on the Balance; John Haywood's Device; Explanation of the Failure of Wheels and Weights Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>–<a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER II—DEVICES BY MEANS OF ROLLING WEIGHTS AND INCLINED PLANES—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Device by Mercury in Inclined Glass Tube and Heavy Ball on Inclined Plane; Series of Inclined Planes; Devices by Oscillating Trough and Cannon Balls; Unpublished Inclined Plane and Weights Devices Noted by the Author</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a>–<a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER III—HYDRAULIC AND HYDRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Enbon and Anderson's Pump; Device of "Ed. Vocis Rationis;" Böckler's Plates; John Linley's Hydraulic Device; Device of Author of the "Voice of Reason;" An Italian Device; P. Valentine Stansel's Device; Vogel's Device; A Water Wheel-Driven Pump; "A Journeyman Mechanic's" Device; James Black's Device; Archimedean Screw and Liquid; John Sims's Problem; A Perpetual Pump, by an Unknown Inventor; Explanation of the Failure of Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>–<a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER IV—PNEUMATIC, SIPHON AND HYDRO-PNEUMATIC DEVICES—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">The Hydrostatical Paradox; Pickering's Device; Stuckey's Device; Prof. George Sinclair's Device; Jacob Brazill's Device; Läserson's Device; Von Rathen & Ellis' Device; Richard Varley's Device; Siphon and Funnel Device; Orchard's Vacuum Engine; Robert Copland's Device; Eaton's Perpetual Siphon; Legge's Hydro-Pneumatic Power Device; Waterblowing Machine; Device by Means of Buoyancy Through Media of Different Densities; Device by Compressible and Distensible Bags in Liquid; George Cunningham's Mercurial Pneumatic Device; Explanation of the Failure of Pneumatic, Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices to Accomplish Perpetual Motion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a>–<a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER V—MAGNETIC DEVICES—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">A Magnetic Pendulum; Magnetic-Driven Wheel; Mackintosh's Experiment; Spence's Device; Joannis Theisneri's Semi-Circle; Device of Dr. Jacobus</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a>–<a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER VI—DEVICES UTILIZING CAPILLARY ATTRACTION AND PHYSICAL AFFINITY—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Ludeke & Wilcken's Device; the Jurin Device; Sir William Congreve, Notice of; His Perpetual Motion Devices and Writings</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a>–<a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER VII—LIQUID AIR AS A MEANS OF PERPETUAL MOTION—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Liquefaction of Air; Explanation of Conservation of Energy Applied to; Perpetual Motion by Means of Liquid Air Pompously Heralded; Failure Explained</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a>–<a href="#Page_196">196</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER VIII—RADIUM AND RADIO-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES CONSIDERED AS A CONCEIVED SOURCE OF PERPETUAL MOTION—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Perpetual Emanation of Energy; Radium Clock by Lord Rayleigh (Hon. R. J. Strutt); Lord Rayleigh Not a Perpetual Motion Worker but Thoroughly Scientific</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a>–<a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER IX—PERPETUAL MOTION DEVICES ATTEMPTING ITS ATTAINMENT BY A MISCONCEPTION OF THE RELATION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Works of Tyros Known to Author; Momentum Defined, Differentiated, Measured and Explained; Energy Defined, Differentiated, Measured and Explained; Explanation by Author of Common Misconception of the Relation of Momentum and Energy and Attempts to thus Realize Perpetual Motion; the Fallacy Explained by Illustrations of Energy Required for and Represented by Acceleration and Retardation of Velocity; Property of Numbers Relating to; Arithmetical Progression Illustration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a>–<a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER X—THE ALLEGED INVENTIONS OF EDWARD SOMMERSET, SIXTH EARL AND SECOND MARQUIS OF WORCESTER, AND OF JEAN ERNEST ELI-BESSLER (COUNCILLOR) ORFFYREUS—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Intense Interest Caused by; Notice of Marquis of Worcester and Councillor Orffyreus and Periods in Which They Lived; Description by Marquis of Worcester of the Essentials of His Claimed Inventions; Excerpts From Remarks of Councillor Orffyreus on His Claimed Invention; Dedication by Councillor Orffyreus to God, the Public, to Men of Learning and to Himself as the Discoverer; Article Concerning the Orffyrean Wheel Published 1720 in Gentlemen's Magazine; Criticism by "A Constant Reader" of Attitude of W. Kenrick Concerning the Orffyrean Wheel; Article by Rev. J. T. Desagulier Concerning the Device of Marquis of Worcester and the Orffyrean Wheel; Excerpt from Dr. William Kenrick's Lecture on Perpetual Motion; De la Hire's Remarks Concerning Perpetual Motion; Letter from Prof. 's Gravesande to Sir Isaac Newton; Animadversions of Prof. Alliman on the Neglect of the Orffyrean inventions; Dr. Charles Hutton's Scientific Works and Notice of the Orffyrean Wheel; Remarks by the Author on the Historical Celebrity of These Inventions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a>–<a href="#Page_255">255</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER XI—CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. A DISCUSSION OF THE RELATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF PERPETUAL MOTION—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">Statement of Doctrine of Conservation of Energy; Upon What Proof of Doctrine Rests; Not Mathematically Proved; Conforms to Natural Phenomena; Multiplied Illustrations; Inter-changeability and Convertibility of Heat with Mechanical and Other Forms of Energy; Explanation of Heat and Energy Units, and Their Relative Equivalents; British Thermal Unit, Foot-Pound and Horse-Power and Their Mutual Relationship Explained; Further Illustrations; Galileo's Famous Pendulum Experiment; Apparent Anticipation of the Principle of Conservation of Energy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_256">256</a>–<a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tdl chap">CHAPTER XII—WILL PERPETUAL MOTION EVER BE ACCOMPLISHED?—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang">The Antiquity of the Problem; Remarks by Dircks, Newton, Galileo, Huyghens and Descartes; Generalizations of; Remarks by Author Concerning the Possibility of Perpetual Motion. Comments from Other Sources:</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang2">1 Denying the Possibility of Perpetual Motion,—Article by Dr. Papin; Article by Rev. John Wilkins; Article Based on Paradoxical Hydrostatical Balance; Article by P. Gregorio Fontana; Article by William Nicholson; Article Published in "The Artisan"; Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine."</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl hang2">2 Asserting the Possibility of Perpetual Motion,—Scriptural Argument; Article by John Bernoulli; Article by P. Christopher Scheiner; Article by T. H. Pasley; Article Published in "The Pamphleteer"; Article by J. Welch; Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine"</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_270">270</a>–<a href="#Page_357">357</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span></p> + +<div class="p4 index"> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2> + +<ul> +<li>Air (See <a href="#liquid">Liquid Air</a>).<br /></li> +<li id="a">"A Journeyman Mechanic's" Device, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /></li> +<li>Allaman's Animadversions on the Neglect of Orffyreus's Inventions, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /></li> +<li>Anderson & Enbom's Pump, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li> +<li>Archimedean Screw and Liquid, Device by Means of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /></li> +<li>"Artisan, The," Article Published in, <a href="#Page_329">329</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Bags in Liquid, Compressible and Distensible, Device by Means of, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> +<li>Bellidor, B., His Account of Perpetual Motion Device, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /></li> +<li>Bernoulli, John, Notice of, <a href="#Page_336">336</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>Arguments Supporting Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Black, James, His Device, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /></li> +<li>Böckler, George Andrew, His Plates, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /></li> +<li>Buoyancy Through Media of Different Densities, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li> +<li>Brewster, Sir David, Edited Lectures of James Ferguson, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>In Appendix to Ferguson's Lectures Gives Description of "Water-Blowing Machine", <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + <li>Is Attracted by Spence's Device, and Writes Letter Affording Description of Same, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li id="british">British Patents, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> +<li>British Thermal Unit Defined and Explained, <a href="#Page_264">264</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Cannon Balls and Oscillating Trough, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /></li> +<li>Capillary Attraction and Physical Affinity, Devices by Means of (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Capra, A., His Device, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /></li> +<li>Compressible and Distensible Bags in Liquid, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /></li> +<li>Congreve, Sir William, Notice of;<br /> + <ul> + <li>His Perpetual Motion Devices, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li id="conservation">Conservation of Energy, Its Relation to Possibility of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>Considered with Reference to Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> + <li>Proof and Illustration of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + <li>Anticipated by Newton, Galileo, Huyghens and Descartes, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Copland, Robert, His "Improved Method of Gaining Power", <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /></li> +<li id="cunningham">Cunningham, George, His "Mercurial Pneumatic Device", <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">"Darius Green and His Flying Machine", <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /></li> +<li id="desagulier">Desagulier, Rev. J. T., Proposition on the Balance, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>Article of, Concerning the Device of Marquis of Worcester and the Orffyrean Wheel, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Dircks, Henry, Title Page Mention, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>His Books Mentioned, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Comments by Author on His Works, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>Information Furnished by, Rearranged, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>His Classification of Devices, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>His "Life, Times and Scientific Labors of the Second Marquis of Worcester", <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> + <li>Excerpt from, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + <li>His Statement Concerning Arguments For and Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + <li>Arguments by Others For and Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, Published by Dircks, Copied in This Work, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + </ul></li> + +<li class="p1">Eaton's Perpetual Siphon, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> +<li id="ed">"Ed. Vocis Rationis," His Device, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /></li> +<li>Ellis, George Henry (See <a href="#rathen">Rathen & Ellis</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Energy (See <a href="#momentum">Momentum and Energy</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Energy, Conservation of (See <a href="#conservation">Conservation of Energy</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Energy and Heat Convertible and Commensurable, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br /></li> +<li>Energy Defined, Explained and Distinguished from Momentum, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /></li> +<li>Enbom and Anderson's Pump, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li> +<li id="explanation">Explanation by Author of Failure of Hydraulic and Hydro-Mechanical Devices, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>of the Failure of Pneumatic, Siphon and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + <li>of the Failure of Momentum and Energy Devices, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + <li>of Failure of Wheels and Weights Devices, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + </ul></li> + +<li class="p1">Failures (See <a href="#explanation">Explanation of Failures</a>).<br /></li> +<li id="ferguson">Ferguson, James; "Peasant Boy Philosopher," His Device, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /></li> +<li>Fontana, P. Gregorio, Notice of; His Arguments on the Impossibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /></li> +<li>Foot-Pound, Defined and Explained, <a href="#Page_265">265</a><br /></li> +<li>Furman, George H., "A New and Improved Motor," U. S. Patent, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Gallileo, His Pendulum Experiment, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br /></li> +<li>Gravesande, Prof. S., Letter to Sir Isaac Newton, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Haywood, John, His Device, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /></li> +<li>Heat and Energy Convertible and Commensurable, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br /></li> +<li>Helmholtz, Notice of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /></li> +<li>Honecort, Willars de, Account of His Device, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /></li> +<li>Horse-Power, Defined and Explained, <a href="#Page_264">264</a><br /></li> +<li>Hydro-Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Hydrostatical Paradox, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li> +<li>Hydrostatical Paradoxical Balance, Article on, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br /></li> +<li>Hydraulic and Hydro-Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>Inclined Planes and Rolling Weights (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Inclined Planes and Weights Devices, Unpublished. Noted by the Author, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /></li> +<li>Inclined Planes, Series of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /></li> +<li>Italian Device, An, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /></li> +<li>Introductory Essay, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Jacobus, Dr., His Magnetic Device, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /></li> +<li>Joule, Notice of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /></li> +<li>Jurin's Device, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Kenrick, Dr. William, His Remarks Concerning the Inventions of the Marquis of Worcester and Councillor Orffyreus and Perpetual Motion in General, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Langley, Prof. Samuel P., His Attempts and Labors at Heavier Than Air Flight, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /></li> +<li>Lardner, Ignatius, Attempts to Show Impossibility of Crossing Ocean With Steam Power, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /></li> +<li>Leonardo da Vinci (See <a href="#vinci">Vinci</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Läserson, Louis Diodor, His "Improvements in Production of Motive Power", <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /></li> +<li>Legge's Hydro-Pneumatic Power Device, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /></li> +<li>Linley, John, His Hydraulic Device, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /></li> +<li id="liquid">Liquid Air, as a Means of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /></li> +<li>Lord Rayleigh (See <a href="#rayleigh">Rayleigh</a>).<br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Mackintosh, F. S., Experiment by, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /></li> +<li>Magnetic Devices (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li id="magnetic">Magnetic-Driven Wheel, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /></li> +<li>Magnetic Pendulum, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /></li> +<li>Magnetic Semi-Circle, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /></li> +<li>Mechanic, A Journeyman (See <a href="#a">"A Journeyman Mechanic"</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Mechanics' Magazine, Article Published in, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br /></li> +<li>Media of Different Densities, Devices by Means of Buoyancy Through, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /></li> +<li>Mercurial Pneumatic Device (See <a href="#cunningham">Cunningham, George</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Mercury, Inclined Glass Tube and Ball, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /></li> +<li>Momentum, Defined, Explained and Distinguished from Energy, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /></li> +<li id="momentum">Momentum and Energy, Account and Explanation of Perpetual Motion Devices by Means of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /></li> +<li>Momentum and Energy, Distinguished and Considered; Attempted Devices for Perpetual Motion by Means of (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Munro, R., Comments on Mackintosh's Experiment, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Newcomb, Simeon, Notice of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /></li> +<li>Newton, Sir Isaac, Mention of, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>Letter to from Prof. 's Gravesande, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span></li> + </ul></li> +<li>Nicholson, William, Notice of, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;<br /> + <ul> + <li>His Article Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + </ul></li> + +<li class="p1">Orchard's Vacuum Engine, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> +<li>Orffyreus, Jean Ernest Eli Bessler (Councillor), His Perpetual Motion Labors (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<br /> + <ul> + <li>Remarks of Author Concerning Claims of, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + </ul></li> + +<li class="p1">Papin, Dr., Argument by Against the Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /></li> +<li>Pasley, T. H., Article by, <a href="#Page_347">347</a><br /></li> +<li>"Pamphleteer, The," Article Published in, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /></li> +<li>Paradox, Hydrostatical, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /></li> +<li>Patents, U. S. (See <a href="#us">U. S. Patents</a>); Patents, British (See <a href="#british">British Patents</a>).<br /></li> +<li>"Peasant Boy Philosopher" (See <a href="#ferguson">Ferguson, James</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Pendulum, Gallileo's Experiment with, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br /></li> +<li>Perpetual Motion Defined, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /></li> +<li>Perpetual Pump, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /></li> +<li>Perpetual Motion, Its Possibility Considered with Reference to Conservation of Energy, <a href="#Page_269">269</a><br /></li> +<li>Perpetual Motion, Consideration of Its Possibility, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> + <ul> + <li>Arguments Against Its Possibility—Article by Dr. Papin, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>Article by Rev. John Wilkins, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>Article Based on Paradoxical Hydrostatical Balance, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>Article by P. Gregorio Fontana, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>Article by William Nicholson, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> + <li>Article Published in "The Artisan," <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine," <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li> + </ul> + <ul> + <li>Arguments Maintaining Its Possibility—Scriptural Arguments, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>Article by John Bernoulli, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>Article by P. Christopher Scheiner, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>Article by T. H. Pasley, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>Article Published in "The Pamphleteer," <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>Article by J. Welch, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>Article Published in "Mechanic's Magazine," <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +<li>Physical Affinity and Capillary Attraction, as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Pickering, Peter, His "Atmospheric Engine", <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /></li> +<li>Pneumatic Devices (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Preface, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /></li> +<li>Proposition on the Balance (See <a href="#desagulier">Desagulier, Rev. J. T.</a>)<br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Radium and Radio-Active Substances as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li id="rayleigh">Rayleigh, Lord, His Radium Clock, Notice of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /></li> +<li>Rangley's Patent Roller Pump, Adaptation of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> +<li id="rathen">Rathen and Ellis's Device, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /></li> +<li>Rationis, Ed. Vocis (See <a href="#ed">"Ed. Vocis Rationis"</a>).<br /></li> +<li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span>Rolling Weights and Inclined Planes as a Means of Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Scheiner, P. Christopher, Notice of; Argument by Supporting Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_342">342</a><br /></li> +<li>Schirrmeister, Charles, His "Mechanical Movement", <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /></li> +<li>Schott, Gaspar, Mention of in Connection with Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /></li> +<li>Scriptural Argument, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /></li> +<li>Self-Motive Power Defined, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /></li> +<li>Semi-Circle, Magnetic, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /></li> +<li>Siphon Device for Perpetual Motion (See Table of Contents).<br /></li> +<li>Sims, John, His Perpetual Motion Problem, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /></li> +<li>Sinclair, Prof. George, His Pneumatic Device, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /></li> +<li>Siphon, Eaton's Perpetual, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /></li> +<li>Siphon and Funnel Device, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /></li> +<li>Sleigh, Burrowes, Willcocks Arthur, His Perpetual Motion Labors, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /></li> +<li>Sleigh, William Willcocks, His Perpetual Motion Labors, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /></li> +<li id="sommerset">Sommerset, Edward (Marquis of Worcester) (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Spence, John, Notice of; His Magnetic Device, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /></li> +<li>Stansel, P. Valentine, Device of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /></li> +<li>Strutt, Hon. R. J. (See <a href="#rayleigh">Rayleigh</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Stuckey, William Henry, His "Pneumatic Engine", <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Theisneri, Joannis, His Magnetic Semi-Circle, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /></li> +<li>Trough, Oscillating and Cannon Balls, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /></li> + +<li id="us" class="p1">U. S. Patents, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Vacuum Engine, Orchard's, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /></li> +<li>Vallance, Dixon, His Device, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /></li> +<li>Varley, Richard, His "New Perpetual Moving Power", <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /></li> +<li id="vinci">Vinci, Leonardo da, Notice of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> + <ul> + <li>His Perpetual Motion Labors, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + </ul></li> +<li>"Voice of Reason," Device by Author of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /></li> +<li>Vogel, A. F., His "Hydrostatic General Mobile", <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /></li> + +<li class="p1">Water Blowing Machine, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /></li> +<li>Water-Wheel Driven Pump, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /></li> +<li>Welch, J., Article by, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /></li> +<li>Wheel, Magnetic Driven (See <a href="#magnetic">Magnetic-Driven Wheel</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Wheels and Weights Devices (See Table of Contents), <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /></li> +<li>Wilckens (See <a href="#Page_175">Ludeke and Wilckens</a>).<br /></li> +<li>Wilkins, Rev. John, Argument Denying Possibility of Perpetual Motion, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /></li> +<li>Worcester, Marquis of (Edward Sommerset) (See <a href="#sommerset">Sommerset</a>).<br /></li> + +<li class="p1">X-Ray Machine, Notice of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">367</a></span></p> + +<div class="transnote newpage"> +<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcribers' Notes</a></h2> + +<p>Inconsistent spelling and punctuation have been retained, as this book +quotes many sources.</p> + +<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected.</p> + +<p>Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.</p> + +<p>The original book copied illustrations from various sources and did not +change the Figure numbers. This eBook retains those original identifications, +so there are duplicate numbers.</p> + +<p>Text usually spells "Galileo" as "Gallileo"; both forms have been retained here.</p> + +<p>Mathematical equations have been expressed here in linear form. Accuracy of their +transcriptions is questionable. Multiplication was indicated in various ways and +has not been changed or standardized.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_73">73</a>: "phraseology" was printed as "praseology".</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: "1882" was printed as "182".</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_222">222</a>: "misspent" was printed as "mispent".</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_229">229</a>: "perseverance" was printed as "perserverance".</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_220">220</a> and others: "'s Gravesande" was the person's name.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_241">241</a>: Removed unmatched double quote mark following "it only turns one way."</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_252">252</a>: Removed unmatched double quote mark following "should be undeceived."</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_268">268</a>: "horizontal from which" was printed as "form".</p> + +<p id="tnalchemy">Page <a href="#alchsmys">284</a>: ☿ is the alchemy symbol for Mercury; ♃ is the alchemy symbol +for tin (and for Jupiter).</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_288">288</a>: "attracted" was printed as "attraced".</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_313">313</a>: The <i>p</i> near the end of the equation shortly before "the distance +of the" appeared to be only partly printed and may be a different symbol.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_326">326</a>: "preponderate" was printed as "perponderate".</p> +</div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44771 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44771-h/images/cover.jpg b/44771-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3b9d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/44771-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/44771-h/images/i_002.jpg b/44771-h/images/i_002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..61e5cc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/44771-h/images/i_002.jpg diff --git a/44771-h/images/i_024.jpg b/44771-h/images/i_024.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..44442ec --- /dev/null +++ b/44771-h/images/i_024.jpg diff --git a/44771-h/images/i_025.jpg 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