initial commit of ebook 44646HEADmain

8 files changed, 55414 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/44646-0.txt b/old/44646-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fdbffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17879 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3, 1836-1840
+       Second Series
+
+Author: Duchesse De Dino
+
+Editor: The Princesse Radziwill
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2014 [EBook #44646]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Hélène de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the
+original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors
+have been corrected.
+
+
+
+
+    MEMOIRS OF THE
+    DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES MAURICE DE TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, PRINCE OF
+BENEVENTO, 1754-1838]
+
+
+
+
+    MEMOIRS OF THE
+
+    DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+    (_Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan_)
+
+    1836-1840
+
+    _Edited, with Notes and Biographical Index, by_
+
+    THE PRINCESSE RADZIWILL
+
+    (_NÉE CASTELLANE_)
+
+    WITH FRONTISPIECE
+
+    SECOND SERIES
+
+    NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
+    LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN
+    1910
+
+
+
+
+_Printed in England_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    Paris, January 2, 1836--Dispute with America--Country
+    Life--Politics in Paris--Ministerial Crisis--The New
+    Ministry--The "Imitation"--Spring--Lacordaire--M.
+    Thiers--Prince Royal's Tour--The Abbé Girolet--The
+    Princes at Berlin--Spanish Affairs--Mme. de Lieven--The
+    Tour of the Princes--M. de Talleyrand--Address to the
+    King--Alibaud--Cardinal de Retz--Duc d'Orléans
+    Marriage--Letter from Vienna--Duchess Stephanie--Moral
+    Reflections--Revolution at Lisbon--The Queen of Spain--The
+    Political Prisoners--Outbreak at Strasburg--Death of
+    Charles X.                                                         1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    Paris, April 17, 1837--A Dinner-Party--The Princess
+    Helena--The Ministry--The Review--London Gossip--The
+    Abbé Dupanloup--Marriage Preparations--Fontainebleau--The
+    King in Paris--English Politics--Duchesse
+    d'Orléans--Appointments--At Valençay--Queen
+    Victoria--The Pantheon--M. de Salvandy--Private
+    Theatricals--At Rochecotte--Champchevrier--Retrospect.            81
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    Rochecotte, January 1, 1838--Life at Paris--At
+    Saint-Roch--Villemain--Bonnétable--Princess of
+    Denmark--Marriage Proposals.                                     146
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    Amiens, May 16, 1840--Travel in Belgium--Aix-la-Chapelle--The
+    Art of Travel--Berlin--Life in Berlin--Princess
+    Albert--The King's Illness--Tegel--Death of the King--The
+    King's Will--The Funeral--Silesia--Günthersdorf--Wartenberg--News
+    from Paris--Countess Dohna--Start for Berlin--At
+    Berlin--Court of Condolence--Dresden--The
+    Castle--Carlsbad--Löbichau--Nuremberg--Baden--Egyptian
+    Question--Umkirch--France and England--Foreign
+    Politics--Mgr. Affre--Peace or War?--The Lafarge
+    Case--Events in Prussia--Madame Lafarge--French
+    Politics--Prospects of Peace--Queen Christina--The
+    New Ministry--The King's Speech--Thiers and Guizot--News from
+    Berlin--Napoleon's Funeral--Russian feeling.                     190
+
+APPENDIX I                                                           321
+
+APPENDIX II                                                          332
+
+APPENDIX III                                                         335
+
+APPENDIX IV                                                          343
+
+APPENDIX V                                                           357
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX                                                   361
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE
+
+DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+1836
+
+
+_Paris, January 2, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is working hard to advance
+the claims of M. Molé to a seat in the French Academy. He is supported
+alike by M. Royer-Collard and by the Ministers; hence M. de Villemain
+found occasion to say, yesterday evening, that all the most _diverse_
+and _inverse_ influences were in combination to _transport_ or to
+_export_ M. Molé to the Academy, and that he himself was strongly in
+favour of _importation_, as a seat in the Academy was no obstacle to
+other posts. This play on words was no less pointed than malicious.
+
+There was much talk of the various speeches delivered before the King
+on New Year's Day, and in particular of M. Pasquier's speech, which
+was remarkable for the boldness he displayed in his use of the word
+"subject," which M. de Villemain called a _progressive_ term.
+
+The King was delighted with Count Apponyi's speech, and the Diplomatic
+Service were equally pleased with the King's reply. In any case,
+Fieschi and Mascara[1] were so much treasure-trove to all the
+speech-makers; emotion and sympathy in every degree were noticeable,
+and M. Dupin was moved even to sobs!
+
+  [1] Mascara, in Algiers, was captured by the French in 1835.
+
+Concerning M. Pasquier, a notice was inserted by some jester in a
+low-class newspaper to the effect that his recent illness was caused
+by his recognition of Fieschi as his natural son! The old Comtesse de
+la Briche, who is falling into her dotage, went off in all seriousness
+to relate this piece of folly with sighs of profound emotion in the
+_salon_ of Madame de Chastellux, the Carlist headquarters. Such want
+of tact is almost inconceivable, and great merriment was aroused!
+
+
+_Paris, January 4, 1836._--The illness of Madame de Flahaut's second
+daughter has become critical, and provided me yesterday with an
+illustration of that truest of parables, the beam and the mote, when
+Madame de Lieven said to me, in reference to Madame de Flahaut: "Can
+you conceive that she talks politics to me at a time like this and
+orders her carriage to visit Madame Adélaïde? She will even leave her
+daughter's room to discuss public affairs with her visitors, and asks
+me to dinner to-morrow to distract her thoughts, as she says, and not
+to be left alone in her anxiety!" Apparently people cannot see
+themselves as others see them, and such incidents give one startling
+cause for introspection.
+
+The much-discussed communication from President Jackson,[2] which has
+been expected with great impatience, has reached the Duc de Broglie,
+by way of England. He went to the King five hours later, to inform him
+that the communication had arrived; when the King asked to see it the
+Duc de Broglie told him that it was of no importance and that he had
+already sent it to the newspapers! He made the same observation to his
+colleague, M. de Thiers, who told every one he met during the evening,
+on the faith of this information, that the message was of no political
+significance. The next day the King and M. Thiers were able to read
+the message in the papers, and found that it was very cleverly
+conceived, very insolent to M. de Broglie personally, and exactly
+calculated to terminate the existing dispute. Council after council
+was then held, and lively discussions took place; at length the royal
+will has triumphed, with the support of M. Thiers, and the
+communication will be declared satisfactory. The intervention of
+England is to be declined, and a statement will be made that France is
+prepared to pay the sum of twenty-five millions as due under the terms
+specified. M. de Broglie eventually yielded, though his surrender was
+delayed by the wound to his self-esteem. At first he refused to submit
+for approval his note thanking England for her offer of intervention,
+but it was eventually shown to the King yesterday. It was criticised
+as being too long, too diffuse, and too metaphysical. There was a
+vigorous discussion in the council, but the King concluded the matter
+by giving his hand to the Duc de Broglie with a kind word. At the same
+time a considerable amount of ill-temper remains on both sides.
+However, a war with the United States would be very disadvantageous to
+French commerce; so this conclusion will probably have a good effect
+upon public opinion.
+
+  [2] _See_ Appendix. In 1834 Jackson had claimed an indemnity of
+  twenty-five millions, in very haughty terms, from the Government
+  of Louis Philippe as compensation to the United States for the
+  loss of ships seized under the Empire; in the event of refusal,
+  confiscation was threatened of all French estates within the
+  territories of the Union. While the claim was entirely
+  legitimate, the insulting form in which it was presented delayed
+  a settlement, until President Jackson retracted his words in the
+  communication to which reference is here made.
+
+
+_Paris, January 11, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had a call from M.
+Royer-Collard. He had just left M. de Berryer in a state of
+considerable vexation and disgust; their conversation had dealt with
+Prague. M. de Berryer said that at Prague M. Royer was in many men's
+minds and was well spoken of; that Charles X. had several times
+repeated his fear that he had not sufficiently considered several
+things which M. Royer had told him in a long conversation at the time
+of the much-discussed address[3] of 1830. The curious point is that
+when the old king attempted to recall these important points, of which
+he had but a vague recollection, he found himself unable to remember
+them. The incident is very characteristic of the man's good intentions
+and incompetency.
+
+  [3] The Address of the 221 (March 3, 1830). This was a reply to a
+  speech from the throne, and plainly expressed the displeasure of
+  the 221 Deputies at seeing M. de Martignac deposed from the
+  Presidency in favour of the Prince Jules de Polignac.
+
+
+_Paris, January 16, 1836._--M. Humann, Financial Minister, delivered a
+tirade yesterday in the Chamber of Deputies, in which he very
+imprudently raised the question of the reduction of the State bonds,
+without previously consulting his colleagues. It was thought that a
+dissolution of the Ministry would be the consequence, but the
+difficulty has been settled, and matters remain as they were, for the
+moment.
+
+The King has personally seen Count Pahlen and soothed his feelings,
+and it is hoped that the speech of the Duc de Broglie in the Chamber
+of Deputies will not lead to any outburst.[4]
+
+  [4] The speech to which reference is made will be found in the
+  Appendix to this volume.
+
+
+_Paris, January 24, 1836._--The Chamber of Deputies remains disturbed
+and restive. Apathetic as the session was at its opening, it provides
+vexation enough to those responsible for the government. The
+prevailing ill-temper is especially manifested against the Duc de
+Broglie, the tone of whose speeches displeases the Deputies. His
+observation in the Chamber the other day, "is that clear?" is regarded
+as almost unpardonable.[5]
+
+  [5] M. Humann submitted to the Chamber as a necessary measure a
+  scheme for the conversion of Government 5 per cent. bonds, which
+  had already been attempted in vain by M. de Villèle in 1824. The
+  Chamber was inclined to receive the idea favourably, but the
+  Cabinet showed some ill-temper as it had not been previously
+  consulted, and M. Humann resigned. A question was asked in the
+  Chamber on this subject on June 18, and discussion was opened by
+  the Duc de Broglie. "We are asking," he said, "whether the
+  Government intends to propose the measure in the course of this
+  session. I answer, No; is that clear?" This last remark excited
+  general disfavour, and was the subject of adverse comment
+  forthwith.
+
+
+_Paris, January 28, 1836._--Yesterday we were dining with Marshal
+Maison. It was a remarkable dinner for many reasons, but especially
+for the stories told by the Marshal's wife, one of which amused me for
+a long time afterwards. They were speaking of crowded balls and saying
+how difficult it was to discover the exact number of guests actually
+present; thereupon the Marshal's wife observed in her high, shrill
+voice: "I have an admirable method which has always worked
+successfully in all the balls I have given; I put my chambermaid
+behind the door with a bag of beans at her side, and I say: 'Mariette,
+when any one comes in, you will take a bean out of the big bag and put
+it in your handbag.' Thus the numbers are exactly known, and that is
+the best way of doing it." So strong an inclination to wild laughter
+overcame me that I nearly choked, and Mmes. de Lieven, von Werther,
+and von Löwenhielm, who were present, were in the same predicament.
+
+
+_Paris, February 1, 1836._--If I were at my dear Rochecotte, as I was
+last year, I should think that spring was beginning on February 1,
+whereas here one can say nothing of the kind. My old dislike of Paris
+has been growing upon me for some time. Not that people are in any way
+disagreeable--indeed, the contrary is the case; but life at Paris is
+too exhausting, the atmosphere is too keen, attractions are too
+numerous and widely spread, while at the same time they are not
+sufficiently strong. There is no leisure, constant worry, and a
+continual sense of want.
+
+At London I lived amid a society at once high and simple-minded;
+social success and leisure were possible at the same time. M. de
+Talleyrand there enjoyed good health and was occupied with important
+business. The excitement which I then experienced had its
+compensations; I had time for my own occupations, for reading,
+working, writing, and thinking, nor was I pestered by every idle
+person. If calling is a tax upon one's time, calls can be paid at
+London with an empty carriage and with cards; in short, life was then
+a pleasure. Hence my deep and melancholy regret for those years which
+will never return; hence my longing for the calm and sweetness of
+Rochecotte, with its wide horizon and its pure sky, for my clean
+house, my kind and simple neighbours, my workpeople, my flowers, my
+big dog, my little cow and goat, the good Abbé, the modest Vestier,
+the little wood where we used to gather fir-cones--the place, in
+short, where I am at my best, because I have time for valuable
+introspection, for enlightenment of thought, for the practice of good
+and the avoidance of evil, time to unite myself in simplicity of heart
+and mind with the beauty, the strength, and the graciousness of
+nature, which there gives me shelter, refreshment, and repose. But a
+truce to these self-complainings, which are useless and ungrateful.
+
+Yesterday I saw Dr. Ferrus, on his return from Ham. His account of
+what he found there is as follows: Both the orders and the attitude
+of the doctors were extremely kind, but it was necessary to find some
+excuse for action, and the two ex-Ministers who were really ill, MM.
+de Chantelauze and de Peyronnet, insolently refused to permit a visit
+from the doctors; while the others, MM. de Polignac and Guernon de
+Ranville, though very compliant, submissive, and anxious to take
+advantage of the kindly attitude of the Government, were unfortunately
+unable to plead any malady. Hence it was necessary to postpone the
+desired attempt to improve their condition.[6]
+
+  [6] This is again a reference to the former Ministers of Charles
+  X. Certain people were energetically striving to secure the
+  liberation of these unfortunate political prisoners.
+
+
+_Paris, February 6, 1836._--Yesterday morning I went to the session of
+the Chamber of Deputies, with the Countess Bretzenheim, who had
+invited me to accompany her; there I heard for the first time a speech
+by M. Thiers; he spoke admirably, in opposition to the much-discussed
+proposal for the conversion of the stock, so imprudently put forward
+by M. Humann. While M. Thiers was speaking I thought I noticed him
+spitting blood several times; I wrote to ask him how he was, and the
+following is an extract from his reply: "I am exhausted; I did not
+spit blood, but in those few moments I shortened my life by several
+days; I have never encountered so strong an opposition of opinion, and
+an iron will is required to overcome an obstinacy so plain as that
+displayed by the Chamber. I am very sorry that you should have heard
+me speak, as the figures must have wearied you, and have given you a
+poor idea of our public oratory. We should be heard and judged only
+upon days of excitement, and not when we are discussing accounts. In
+any case, I am doubtful of the consequences, and were it not for the
+King I should be inclined to wish that the Ministry would resign. The
+struggle against such imprudence and foolishness is an unbearable
+task."
+
+This letter prepared me to some extent for the events of the evening.
+However, M. Royer-Collard, who came to me in the course of the
+morning, believed that the Ministry would emerge triumphant, for the
+reason that the Chamber would find difficulty in using an advantage,
+if they gained one. He was overcome with admiration for the speech of
+M. Thiers, and had told him as much in the Chamber. On this occasion
+they spoke to one another again, for the first time since the
+discussion of the September laws.
+
+My son, M. de Valençay, came directly from the session of the Chamber
+of Deputies to dinner with us. He told us of the stupefaction produced
+in the Chamber by the strange conclusions of Humann, and the
+excitement of the Ministers because the project for converting the
+Government stock had been postponed by a majority of two votes only.
+
+The _Journal de Paris_ announced the resignation of the Ministry at a
+later hour, and General Alava, who had just seen the Duc de Broglie,
+told us at eleven o'clock in the evening that the King had accepted
+their resignations, and had sent for MM. Humann and Molé.
+
+At that moment I received the following note from M. Thiers: "We have
+resigned in full freedom and seriousness. The King knew beforehand,
+and agreed with every one, and myself in particular, that this result
+was the inevitable consequence of our intention to oppose the scheme
+for conversion. Our honour would be compromised if we did not persist
+in our action and force a new Ministry to take office. It matters not
+if that Ministry be weak and helpless; the burden of proving the fact
+will rest upon the Third Party. No other action is possible, either
+for the King or for ourselves, and would in any case be a deception in
+the style of Charles X."
+
+
+_Paris, February 7, 1836._--There is no news of the Ministry except
+the fact of resignation, which is definite. It is thought that M. de
+Broglie will never take office again, as the animosity of the Chamber
+is chiefly directed against himself.
+
+M. Thiers made no attempt to oppose resignation; he was actuated
+rather by the desire to secure an honourable withdrawal and to
+dissociate himself from colleagues whom he did not like than by any
+special devotion to the point at issue, though his defence was marked
+with great skill.
+
+The King summoned M. Humann, who _refused_, M. Molé, who _declined_,
+M. Dupin, who _spoke at random_--shades of meaning which are worthy of
+note. In short, nothing has been done, nor can any action be regarded
+as probable. The friends of M. Molé say that he will no longer be sent
+from pillar to post or put up with requests, refusals, and vexations
+such as he experienced in November, and that if people will not submit
+to his views he will decline to interfere.
+
+
+_Paris, February 8, 1836._--Yesterday I had a call from M.
+Royer-Collard. He explains the attitude of the Chamber towards the
+last Ministry as follows: The Ministry had lasted for three years and
+was worn out, especially the doctrinaire members of it, while the
+Cabinet had wearied the Chamber by too constantly pressing for
+decisions and making personal matters Cabinet questions; moreover, the
+Chamber had gone beyond its powers in the announcement issued at the
+time when the laws concerning intimidation were passed;[7] it had been
+by no means popular in the provinces, while the disdainful folly of M.
+de Broglie had filled the cup to overflowing. Finally, as the country
+was prosperous and peaceful both at home and abroad, the Chamber had
+thought the moment opportune to enounce its rights and to show the
+Ministry that it was not indispensable; while a popular question in
+the provinces had provided it with an opportunity for displaying its
+power, in which determination it was supported by its political
+ignorance, which will not allow it to foresee the extent of the
+crisis. M. Royer-Collard added that the only two Ministers who could
+have preserved their reputation in the Chamber were MM. Thiers and
+Duchâtel, but that here again some small period of exile would be
+necessary.
+
+  [7] In 1835, in consequence of Fieschi's attempt, the Ministry
+  proposed three severe legal enactments dealing with the jury and
+  the sentences in cases of rebellion, and, most important of all,
+  with the Press. The discussion upon these laws continued in the
+  Chamber from August 13, 1834, to September 29, and ended in a
+  complete success for the Government.
+
+Yesterday we dined with M. Thiers in fulfillment of a long-standing
+invitation. He was highly delighted and fluttering whenever he
+pleased. He proposes to travel, and to visit Vienna, Berlin, Rome, and
+Naples; he will start in April. M. de Broglie, who was also at dinner,
+appeared sad and downcast, and I was astonished that he made no
+attempt to hide his feelings; it was not the devil, but the doctrine,
+that he was burying.
+
+In the evening I paid a visit to Madame de Lieven and made the
+acquaintance of M. Berryer. M. Royer-Collard, who sees him constantly,
+told me in the morning that M. Berryer was very anxious to make my
+acquaintance. We were on our best behaviour. He talks simply and
+kindly.
+
+
+_Paris, February 9, 1836._--Yesterday we dined with the Sardinian
+Ambassador.[8] I was told that nothing had been yet decided concerning
+the Ministry, and M. Molé, who was sitting near me, confirmed this
+statement. He has declined to join the Third Party, in spite of the
+universal desire that he should do so. I believe that, for want of a
+better leader, M. Dupin will eventually profit for the time being by
+this state of affairs; as, however, the little group which he leads is
+very weak, he will be obliged to base his power upon the Left, and
+this will cost him dear. His position will be analogous to that of the
+English Whig Ministry confronted by O'Connell. I hope that this state
+of affairs will be of no long duration, though a short time is quite
+enough in which to take many retrograde steps. At the Château sadness
+prevails, uneasiness in the diplomatic world and anxiety in public
+opinion.
+
+  [8] The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.
+
+The young and beautiful Queen of Naples died on January 31, a few days
+after the birth of her child. The news arrived yesterday.[9]
+
+  [9] Marie Christine, Princess of Savoy, died in giving birth to
+  the prince who was afterwards Francis II., the last King of
+  Naples.
+
+
+_Paris, February 10, 1836._--The judges in Fieschi's case, and the
+audience, take a remarkable interest in this man. He is an
+unprecedented character; he has a fine intellect and a real genius for
+strategy, while the terrors of his situation never obscure his memory,
+his self-possession, or his penetration; he is a man of strong
+passions, especially where women are concerned. His affection for Nina
+Lassave is remarkable; he constantly writes to her, and when he
+learned that she had been unfaithful to him he reproached her for not
+waiting a few days and sparing him this last bitterness, as his
+execution would have set her free; all this was written in the most
+touching style. Another point is that when M. Ladvocat sent money to
+Fieschi, that he might provide himself with some small dainties in
+prison, instead of spending the money, he sent it to this woman Nina.
+She wrote to thank him more or less in the following terms: "I thank
+you for thus depriving yourself for my sake; with what you have sent
+me I have bought a few decent things to do you credit before your
+judges, but as you will soon be unable to send me anything more, I am
+economising, and am now mistress of forty francs."
+
+This remark concerning economy is disgusting. Moreover, she wrote to
+Fieschi to assure him that she had remained faithful to him, which is
+untrue. Everybody seems to have been far more interested by these
+amorous details than by the actual crime. What a strange time it is!
+Fieschi's correspondence, in passing through the hands of M. Decazes,
+became the amusement of the House of Peers; but the truly astonishing
+fact is the notoriety which the whole story has given to Mlle. Nina,
+who was formerly resident in the Salpêtrière. It is asserted that
+monetary proposals have been made to her by men of high position;
+there is no doubt that one hears the strangest descriptions of her
+beauties and her imperfections, and it is a positive fact that she has
+only one eye.
+
+If Fieschi is a lover, he is no less attracted by religion. When the
+almoner of the Chamber of Peers asked those under trial if they wished
+to hear Mass, Fieschi alone replied yes, and said that he was anxious
+to hear it as he was neither a heathen nor an atheist; that if he was
+not a theological expert he had nevertheless read Plutarch and Cicero
+and firmly believed in the immortality of the soul; as the soul was
+not divisible it could not be material, and that, in short, he
+believed in the spiritual nature of man. He asked the almoner to come
+and see him again and not to leave him after his sentence had been
+pronounced. In view of such inconsistencies, how is it possible to
+pass any absolute judgment on men?
+
+I believe the following to be an accurate bulletin of the Ministerial
+crisis: Yesterday morning the King sent for Dupin, Sauzet, and Passy,
+and commissioned them to form a Ministry upon two conditions only:
+firstly, they were not to give a post to any one who had voted against
+the repressive laws; secondly, the Minister for Foreign Affairs must
+be a man who would reassure European opinion and be agreeable to
+himself. The three men replied that they understood the King's wishes,
+but that they could not bind themselves until they had consulted their
+friends; they then withdrew. At the Chamber they sent round a list,
+which was drawn up nearly as follows: Dupin to be Minister of Justice
+and President, Passy to be Minister of Finance, Flahaut of Foreign
+Affairs, Molitor of War, Montalivet of the Interior. I have since
+learned that Montalivet refused the post in spite of the King's
+wishes, and that the King refused to accept the nomination of Flahaut.
+The King wished to appoint Rumigny or Baudrand to the Ministry of
+Foreign Affairs, and would have declared for the latter, if there had
+not been a wish to retain him as a companion to the Prince Royal on
+his travels. The Prince is very pleased at the fall of the last
+Ministry: I believe he is wrong; the Flahaut party are delighted. The
+Ministerial party hope to secure the election of M. Guizot as
+President of the Chamber of Deputies; the Opposition will support M.
+Martin du Nord.
+
+In the evening I accompanied M. de Talleyrand to a dinner given by M.
+de Montalivet. Counts Pahlen and Apponyi were pale with fear inspired
+by the sight of M. de Flahaut's name on a list of Ministers. Marshal
+Maison was regretting the loss of his ambassadorship at St. Petersburg
+with cries of rage which were not in the best of taste.
+
+We then went to the last Ministerial reception given by the Duc de
+Broglie. M. de Broglie believes himself to be fully in touch with the
+requirements of the time; he has no suspicion of the actual truth,
+that he is the sole cause and object of the squabbling which is going
+on, that he is the man rejected by the Chamber, and that if he were to
+say to his colleagues, "I see that I am myself the real
+stumbling-block; I will withdraw, but I beg you to remain," M. Molé
+would take his place and everything would be settled to the general
+satisfaction.
+
+
+_Paris, February 11, 1836._--Madame de Rumford died yesterday morning
+after breakfast; she had had some friends to dinner the evening
+before. She had been much changed for some time, but has always
+refused to acknowledge herself an invalid, and remained as
+discourteous to death as she was to those about her. The loss of her
+_salon_ will be felt; it was a meeting-place, and there are very few
+that are habitually regarded as such. Every one found something there
+to remind him of this or that period of his life. This loss has
+saddened me; it is not well to have reached the age of eighty-four.
+But M. de Rigny was fifty, Clémentine de Flahaut sixteen, Yolande de
+Valençay two! Life is threatened at every step of the ladder, and one
+must always be ready.
+
+That old cat Sémonville, whose claws are always ready, reached the
+Luxembourg yesterday with the announcement that the Ministry was at
+length settled. He was surrounded with questioners, and gave the list
+as follows: "President of the Council, Madame Adélaide; Justice and
+Public Worship, the Duchesse de Broglie; Foreign Affairs, the Duchesse
+de Dino;[10] Interior, the Comtesse de Boigne; War, the Comtesse de
+Flahaut; Marine, the Duchesse de Massa; Finance, the Duchesse de
+Montmorency; Commerce, the Marquise de Caraman!" I sent this piece of
+wit to Madame de Lieven, in reply to a note asking for certain
+information; she replied that the King's condition at least was
+fulfilled, and that the Minister of Foreign Affairs was not likely to
+disturb Europe.
+
+  [10] The author of these memoirs.
+
+This is poor stuff, but poorer still is the fact that it is impossible
+to form a Ministry, in seriousness or otherwise. Yesterday I was at
+the Tuileries. The Ministers who had resigned were all grouped about
+the King, but, I think, with no particular object. It is deplorable!
+
+
+_Paris, February 12, 1836._--Of Ministerial news there is none; all
+that I have learned yesterday is as follows: Dupin, Passy, and Sauzet
+spent three hours with the King, and told him that they could not
+undertake the formation of a Ministry, as various intrigues had made
+the attempt impossible; they were, however, ready themselves to enter
+the Ministry, if their services were agreeable to the King. They then
+withdrew, and the King sent for M. Molé in the course of the evening,
+but I cannot say what passed at this interview.
+
+
+_Paris, February 13, 1836._--I have the following information as
+regards the events of yesterday concerning the Ministerial crisis. M.
+Molé declares that he will not take office without M. Thiers, who will
+not come in without M. Guizot; he, again, will not act without M. de
+Broglie, unless the latter recognises that he is himself the only real
+obstacle, insists that his colleagues should take office without him,
+and writes them a letter to that effect, dated from Broglie. M. de
+Salvandy attempted to enlighten him upon this point, but met with a
+very poor reception. A lively scene is said to have taken place
+between MM. de Broglie and Guizot; certainly M. de Broglie is
+obviously agitated, and so ill-tempered as to rouse the pity of his
+friends and the contempt of other men. Some people think that the King
+will summon de Broglie and request him with greater authority than
+Salvandy used to put an end to this deplorable state of affairs, which
+is only continued on his account.
+
+Dupin's chance has entirely disappeared. During the two days when it
+was thought that he would be Minister, Thiers and Guizot both entered
+the competition for the Presidency, and so gained an opportunity of
+counting the votes in their favour. M. Guizot received eight, M.
+Martin du Nord fifteen; the remainder of the Ministerial party would
+have voted for M. Thiers and secured for him the refusal of the
+position.
+
+
+_Paris, February 16, 1836._--Fieschi and his accomplices have been
+condemned to death; M. de Mareuil came yesterday to tell us of the
+sentence, at eleven o'clock in the evening.[11]
+
+  [11] The sentence which condemned Fieschi, Pépin, and Morey to
+  death. They were executed at the Barrière Saint-Jacques on
+  February 19.
+
+It seems that many of the peers gave long explanations to justify
+their manner of voting. A small fraction of the Chamber considered
+that the circumstantial evidence against Pépin and Morey was
+inadequate to justify the extreme penalty, and preferred to inflict
+penal servitude for life. Fieschi was condemned to death unanimously,
+and M. Barthe asked that the punishments reserved for parricides
+should be added to the death penalty.
+
+The newspapers announce the death of Madame Bonaparte; her
+great-granddaughter--that is, the daughter of Joseph, who married the
+son of Lucien--was the only member of her numerous family at her side.
+Cardinal Fesch has been very attentive to her, and she leaves him her
+pictures; it is also thought that the division of her inheritance will
+cause fresh dissensions among her children, who are by no means at
+harmony with one another, for it seems that during her lifetime she
+gave considerable sums to Lucien, Jérôme, and to Madame Murat, which
+sums they are not willing to repay.
+
+
+_Paris, February 17, 1836._--Yesterday the King assembled his former
+Ministers and announced that in the first place he would not accept
+their resignations until another Cabinet was formed. Furthermore, he
+said that it was only by an accident that a majority in the Chamber
+had been against them; their system was that of the Chamber, although
+certain individuals in the Cabinet might not be agreeable to the
+Chamber, and he would therefore be delighted to see them all remain in
+office; if, however, they thought that any of their members were
+likely to keep the Chamber in a state of exasperation, he asked them
+to consider the matter among themselves and then to let him know upon
+what he could rely. M. de Broglie said that the King should make trial
+of the Third Party, to which the King replied: "It may please you,
+sir, to restate the weakness of that Third Party, but it does not
+please me to make so disastrous an attempt; I have had enough of three
+days' ministries; the majority is not to be found either in the Third
+Party or in the Left, but with you, gentlemen, or, if not with all of
+you, at any rate with some. Your arrangements and mutual engagements
+ought to give way before the gravity of the situation: so much I
+expect from your honesty and your desire for the general welfare; for
+my own part, gentlemen, I shall fold my arms and bide my time at
+Saint-Cloud." MM. de Broglie and Guizot replied that no member of the
+Cabinet was exactly bound, but that there were certain conventions
+which they must respect in each member's case. This was a very
+inopportune reply at such a moment, especially from the first speaker,
+who could have cut the Gordian knot at one word and have simplified
+the position. No one knows what the result will be, unless matters
+should turn out as M. Royer-Collard predicted to M. Thiers last
+Friday: "You are impossible to-day, but in a week you will be
+necessary, indispensable, and absolute."
+
+M. de Talleyrand and myself visited the Queen yesterday. The fact that
+the Court was in mourning for the Queen of Naples, together with the
+trial of Fieschi and the Ministerial crisis, made it impossible for
+the Château to take part in the pleasures of the carnival, and a very
+serious spirit prevailed. The King's attention was occupied by
+thoughts of the punishment which awaited the prisoners condemned the
+previous evening, and he had not ventured to go out, because he knew
+that Madame Pépin and her children were lying in wait for him. The
+Château was mournful indeed, and formed a painful contrast with the
+joyful tumult in the streets. M. Pasquier came to tell the King that
+Pépin had asked to see him that morning, so that the execution must be
+postponed until the next day.
+
+Before going home I spent half an hour with Madame de Lieven. No one
+was there except Lady Charlotte Grenville and M. Berryer, who said
+that when one knew nothing one was able to say anything one liked,
+and that he had no hesitation in asserting that Thiers' was the only
+possible combination, and alone likely to be agreeable to the Chamber.
+
+
+_Paris, February 19, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had a call from M.
+Thiers, who had definitely accepted the task of forming a Cabinet and
+acting as President. He proposed to spend the rest of the day in
+making up his list. He has too much common sense to underrate the
+difficulty of his new position, and too much courage or blindness to
+be dismayed by it. M. Molé failed to secure election to the Academy;
+it has been a disastrous week for him.
+
+
+_Paris, February 20, 1836._--The following are the actual words
+written by the King beneath the signature which he was obliged to
+append to the death-warrants of Fieschi, Pépin, Morey, &c.: "It is
+only a profound sense of duty which induces me to give an approval
+which is one of the most painful acts of my life; however, considering
+the frankness which Fieschi showed in his confession and his conduct
+during the trial, I intend that the subordinate parts of his
+punishment shall be remitted, and I deeply regret that my conscience
+will not allow me to do more."
+
+
+_Paris, February 21, 1836._--M. Thiers is finding difficulties in the
+way of his attempt to combine a Ministry; every one is willing to work
+with him or under him, but not in company with others. At the same
+time it is important that the Cabinet should be both strong and
+reputable. There are difficulties everywhere, even for superior
+mortals.
+
+
+_Paris, February 22, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is in a very bad temper:
+the newspapers and public opinion all regard him as responsible for
+the new Ministry: the names have at length appeared in this morning's
+_Moniteur_.[12] He, however, has had nothing to do with it, and as the
+sudden rise of M. Thiers has not met with universal approval, the
+English being particularly incensed, M. de Talleyrand is aroused to
+great irritation by all that he hears upon the subject, and vents his
+anger upon Paris, his age, and his position, and keenly regrets that
+he ever left London.
+
+  [12] The Cabinet was as follows: M. Thiers, President of the
+  Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Sauzet, Keeper of the
+  Seals; M. de Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M. d'Argout,
+  Financial Minister; M. Passy, Minister of Commerce and Public
+  Works; M. Pelet de la Lozère, Minister of Education; Marshal
+  Maison, Minister of War; Admiral Duperré, Minister of Naval
+  Affairs.
+
+
+_Paris, February 23, 1836._--Yesterday, on returning home at the end
+of the morning, I found M. Berryer at my door; he had just left the
+Chamber of Deputies, where Thiers had been speaking. Berryer has a
+high opinion of the talent, the intellectual power, and the capacity
+of Thiers. Berryer is himself the most unprejudiced, impartial, and
+simple of characters; there is nothing artificial, affected, or
+extreme about him; it is difficult to think of him as a party man. In
+my opinion, no one was ever less a party man, and perhaps he would be
+glad if he could avoid the necessity of taking sides entirely. The
+ease, the lightness, the gentleness, and the simplicity of his
+conversation are the more creditable to him by contrast with his
+profession and his position. The justice of his judgment and the
+kindness which is most constantly characteristic of it compel
+confidence in his opinions and his statements.
+
+Thiers' speech was received with marked coldness by the Chamber. The
+fact is fortunate for him, in my opinion. There is some danger that
+the intoxication of success might lead to his fall, and anything which
+will keep him from disaster can only be useful and for his good.
+
+
+_Paris, February 24, 1836._--M. Molé dined here yesterday. His bearing
+shows some traces of coldness and disappointment. He was unwilling to
+act in concert with M. Dupin in the matter of the Ministry;
+consequently the latter, who commanded several votes in the French
+Academy, withdrew them, and so brought about the rejection of M. Molé;
+he then observed: "M. Molé would not be my colleague, and I do not
+care for him as my fellow Academician."
+
+Paris is likely to become increasingly difficult as a place of
+residence. Apart from the two great dynastic divisions which separate
+society, we shall now have to deal with all the factions caused by
+disappointed ambition, the Molé, Broglie, Guizot, and Dupin factions,
+and finally the Thiers faction. These will all be as bitterly hostile
+to one another as the Legitimists are to the Moderate Party. All these
+factions will never find any such common point of amalgamation as the
+Château might and should become; on the contrary, some object to the
+King, others to our house. Detestation and malignancy are mutual, but
+no one is willing to examine himself or to recognise that there are
+faults on all sides, and that the real causes of blame are to be found
+in himself. How strange is the blindness and how great the ill-faith
+of men, especially of those who are involved in public affairs and
+interests!
+
+
+_Paris, March 4, 1836._--Yesterday, at the house of M. de Talleyrand,
+M. Mignet related that Marchand, a former _valet de chambre_ under the
+Emperor, proposed to publish a commentary upon the "Commentaries" of
+Cæsar, which Napoleon had dictated to him in the last weeks of his
+life in St. Helena. Marchand often spoke to M. Mignet of Napoleon's
+last moments, of the loneliness and emptiness of his life; in
+illustration, he said that one evening when the Emperor, who was then
+very ill, was in bed, he pointed to the foot of the bed and said to
+him: "Marchand, sit down there and tell me something." Marchand said
+to him: "Dear me, sire, what can I tell you who have done and seen so
+much?" "Tell me about your youth; that will be simple and true, and
+will interest me," replied the Emperor. There is something very
+pathetic about this little dialogue. What teaching might not Bossuet
+have drawn from these few words--Bossuet, who did not disdain to
+introduce the somewhat trivial anecdote of the fowl into the funeral
+oration upon the Palatine! Surely the greatest homage to Bossuet is
+the fact that every great misfortune, every triumph or failure, makes
+us turn towards the Eagle of Meaux, who alone could extol, lament, and
+immortalise them worthily.
+
+
+_Paris, March 5, 1836._--Yesterday morning MM. Berryer and Thiers met
+at my house. I think it would have been impossible to have been
+present at a conversation more animated, sparkling, witty, surprising,
+kind, sincere, free, and true, or more devoid of all party spirit,
+than that which then arose between these two men, so different and so
+highly gifted. I also thought that it would never finish; they did not
+go until after six o'clock.
+
+
+_Paris, March 7, 1836._--M. Royer-Collard introduced me yesterday to
+M. de Tocqueville, the author of "Democracy in America." He seemed to
+me to be a nice little man, simple and modest, with an intellectual
+expression. We talked a great deal about England, and our views upon
+the destiny of the country were quite in harmony.
+
+
+_Paris, March 9, 1836._--I had several times glanced at the "Imitation
+of Jesus Christ." Whether it was that my knowledge of others and
+myself was only superficial or that my mind was ill-prepared and too
+wandering, I had seen no great difference between this famous work and
+the "Journée du Chrétien" and the "Petit Paroissien." I had often been
+surprised at the great reputation which this book enjoyed, but had
+never found any pleasure in reading it. Chance led me to open it the
+other day with Pauline; the first lines caught my attention, and I
+have since been reading it with ever increasing admiration. What
+intellectual power beneath the highest simplicity of form! What
+profound knowledge of the deepest recesses of the human heart! What
+beauty and enlightenment! And yet it is the work of an unknown monk.
+Nothing humiliates me more than a failure of self-knowledge or shows
+me more clearly in what darkness I was sunk.
+
+
+_Paris, March 10, 1836._--Yesterday I went with the Duchesse de
+Montmorency to a ball, given by Madame Salomon de Rothschild, the
+mother. The house is the most magnificent that can be conceived, and
+is therefore known as the Temple of Solomon. It is infinitely superior
+to her daughter-in-law's house, because the proportions are higher and
+greater. The luxury of it is indescribable, but in good taste--pure
+Renaissance, without any mixture of other styles; the gallery in
+particular is worthy of Chenonceaux, and one might have thought one's
+self at an entertainment given by the Valois. In the chief room the
+armchairs are made of gilt bronze instead of gilt wood, and cost a
+thousand francs apiece. The dining-hall is like the nave of a
+cathedral. All was well arranged and admirably lighted; there was no
+crushing, and every courtesy.
+
+
+_Paris, March 11, 1836._--Yesterday I went to Saint-Thomas d'Aquin, to
+hear the Abbé de Ravignan, formerly the King's _procureur_; he is a
+friend of Berryer, who praises him greatly, and a brother-in-law of
+General Exelmans; I had known him in the Pyrenees, where I had been
+struck by the beautiful expression of his face. He is a good preacher,
+with an excellent delivery, while his style is pure and refined, but
+rather logical and argumentative than warm or sympathetic. He
+therefore lays more stress upon evangelical dogma than upon morality,
+and seemed to me to be a man of talent rather than a great preacher.
+
+
+_Paris, March 18, 1836._--With regard to my reflections upon
+Bossuet,[13] you praise my attitude somewhat unduly. I have, indeed, a
+love of truth, and the world, with the dreadful misery which it
+contains, fills me with disgust; I have learned to fear the contagion
+of the world, under which I have suffered too long; I examine myself
+seriously, and am horrified to find myself immersed in the sorrow and
+grief which are the lot of worldly people and are the destruction of
+peace of mind, charity, and purity. I make some attempt to burst my
+bonds and rise to a purer region; but none the less my efforts are
+usually impotent, and my struggles vain and futile. As a rule I cannot
+tell whether the moral weariness which overwhelms me is due to the sad
+sight of the deplorable agitations amid which I live, or to the no
+less deplorable agitation of my inward life. When we have spent years
+amid the struggles of life and desire to change our path, however
+remote may be the road which leads us forward, we find ourselves a
+burden to ourselves; we can neither go forward with our load nor throw
+it off straightway; we stumble and retrace our steps; we prove
+ourselves but feeble travellers, and our goal recedes as our desire to
+reach it increases. Such is my case....
+
+  [13] Extract from a letter.
+
+Yesterday, towards the end of the morning, M. de Tocqueville came to
+pay his call; I like him. The Duc de Noailles also called; he is not
+so attractive, though by no means disagreeable. Another caller was
+Berryer, who might be most agreeable if his mind and bearing did not
+betray traces of low life, which have struck my notice. However, the
+conversation never flagged, as the first visitor has sound views, the
+second good judgment, and the third that mental alacrity which enables
+him to apprehend a point at once. The conversation of these
+distinguished men was concerned only with facts, and not with people:
+names were not mentioned; there was no gossip, no bitterness or
+extravagance. The talk was as it should always be, especially at a
+lady's house.
+
+
+_Paris, March 20, 1836._--How deep a melancholy may be inspired by the
+first fine spring day, when it fails to harmonise with one's own frame
+of mind! For forty-eight hours the weather has been mild and lovely,
+the atmosphere filled with sweetness and light and breathing joy and
+happiness; new life, new warmth and pleasure are springing into being,
+and I feel suffocated in this town. The public promenades cannot take
+the place of the country, and nothing can bring back the sweet
+springtime of last year, with its flowers, its wide horizon, and its
+freshness, in which it was so easy to take breath. I would worship any
+one who could give me back these things! And instead I drive with
+Madame de Lieven through the Bois de Boulogne in a closed carriage!
+Such was my occupation yesterday, while M. de Talleyrand was at the
+Academy of Moral and Political Science, voting for M. de Tocqueville,
+who failed to secure election.
+
+
+_Paris, March 24, 1836._--The Princess Belgiojoso is rather striking
+than beautiful: she is extremely pale, her eyes are too far apart, her
+head too square, her mouth large and her teeth discoloured; but she
+has a good nose, and her figure would be pretty if it were somewhat
+fuller; her hair is jet black, and she wears striking dresses; she has
+intellect, but wants balance, and is full of artistic whims and
+inconsistencies; her manner is intentionally and skilfully natural,
+sufficiently to hide her affectation, while her affectation seems to
+counterbalance a certain innate vulgarity, which her flatterers style
+an untamed nature. Such is my impression of this personage, with whom
+I have but the slightest acquaintance.
+
+M. Royer-Collard found me reading the "Imitation" the other day, and
+brought me yesterday a pretty little copy which he has had from his
+youth, and has almost invariably carried about with him. I have been
+deeply touched by this gift, and regard it as a most precious
+possession. My only objection to this little book is the fact that it
+is in Latin: I never knew Latin well, and I find that I have now
+forgotten it. I think I shall have to take it up again.
+
+M. Royer asked me to give him in exchange some book which I had
+constantly read. I gave him a copy of Bossuet's "Funeral Orations,"
+deeply scored with my marks; the ribbon-mark is torn away, but a
+hairpin happened to be marking one of the passages in the oration on
+the Princess Palatine, which had a special meaning for myself. M.
+Royer accepted the little volume most gratefully.
+
+Yesterday evening I went to the Italian Opera, and Berryer paid a
+visit to my box. His mind was full of the morning session in the
+Chamber of Deputies and of M. Guizot's _formidable_ speech. M. Thiers
+proposes to reply this morning, as, indeed, he must, unless he wishes
+to see M. Guizot become paramount in the Chamber; in short, we are to
+see the real adversaries engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle. This is
+an event, and is so regarded. Berryer described the whole affair
+marvellously well, without bitterness against any one, and without a
+word more than was necessary to make the situation clear. In ten
+minutes he had told me everything.
+
+
+_Paris, March 27, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had the honour of seeing
+the King with Madame Adélaïde; his conversation was charming. He was
+kind enough to tell me stories of his marriage, of the Court of
+Palermo and the famous Queen Caroline. I also heard that Prince
+Charles of Naples and Miss Penelope arrived here within the last two
+days in a state of complete destitution. This was an embarrassing
+event, and in a sense discreditable, especially to the Queen.[14]
+
+  [14] Prince Charles of Naples, brother of the Duchesse de Berry,
+  was the nephew of Queen Marie Amélie.
+
+I have reason to believe that Thiers did not reply forthwith to
+Guizot's great speech the other day for reasons of prudence, and in
+obedience to the orders of his superiors; but he will lose nothing by
+waiting, and we shall see a striking explosion upon the next
+opportunity. I think the authorities were unwilling to regard the
+question as a duel between two individuals, and have preferred to let
+the effect of the first speech wear off before offering a reply. In
+any case, an enormous majority responded to the effort that was made.
+The only vexatious point is the number of concessions offered by M.
+Sauzet in his speech, and on this subject I have noticed some strong
+discontent.
+
+M. de Tocqueville's name was proposed, without his knowledge, to the
+Academy of Political and Moral Science by M. Cousin; M. Tocqueville
+has told me that he did not wish to seek election again. As the
+grandson of M. de Malesherbes, he has no desire to join an Academy of
+mere figureheads, of which, for the most part, this institution is
+composed.
+
+
+_Paris, March 29, 1836._--It is certain that all idea of intervention
+in Spain has been abandoned by every grade within the Governmental
+hierarchy; some had never entertained the project, and others have
+dropped it. I think there is no reason to fear any imprudence whatever
+in this direction.
+
+Rumour is entirely occupied with a conversation between the King and
+Guizot, in which the former is said to have expressed his extreme
+displeasure with the dates which were given as marking the good system
+of administration. The King said that the system was not the work of
+any individual, but was his own, and that the only date he would
+recognise was his own date, August 9. He added that it was bad policy
+to attack the only Cabinet which could command a majority at that
+moment. Guizot replied that if the King cared to test the matter he
+would see that the majority was to be found elsewhere. "Not so,"
+returned the King; "it is you, sir, who are deluded, and you fail to
+see that the course you are pursuing rather divides you from the
+points at issue than brings you nearer to them. If you continue, you
+will perhaps force me to take a measure which I detest, and which will
+assuredly be more displeasing to yourself; that measure is a
+dissolution of the Chamber, please remember." I believe this
+conversation to be literally exact, and I think it will induce people
+to consider their words and deeds more carefully, the more so as the
+doctrinaires, who know perfectly well that they have no chance of
+re-election, will shrink from a dissolution.
+
+M. de Chateaubriand has sold his works, unedited or as yet unwritten,
+for a hundred and fifty thousand francs cash, in addition to a yearly
+income of twelve thousand francs payable to his wife upon his death.
+He is said to be completely upset by the payment of his debts, and his
+future existence which is thus defined and circumscribed seems to him
+a heavy burden. Everything he writes, even apart from his memoirs,
+will belong to his publishers in return for a scale of payment now
+laid down. The manuscripts of his memoirs have been solemnly sealed up
+in his presence in an iron box, which has been deposited with a
+solicitor. He says that his thoughts have suffered imprisonment for
+debt in place of himself.
+
+
+_Paris, March 30, 1836._--I have certainly heard more music this year
+than last; as I am deprived of all my favourite amusements, I have
+devoted myself wholeheartedly, without reserve, to music, and have
+sought opportunities for hearing it. As the advance of years or
+circumstances diminish my tastes, the pleasures which are left to me
+are intensified by the disappearance of others; affection takes the
+place of coquetry and music of dancing; reading and meditation replace
+idle conversations, with their malignity or indiscretions; I drive
+instead of calling, and prefer rest to excitement.
+
+
+_Paris, April 13, 1836._--I took Pauline yesterday evening to a
+charity lottery at the house of the Duchesse de Montmorency, where
+there was a crowd. All the Faubourg Saint-Germain were there,
+including even the Duchesse de Gontaut, formerly governess to the Duc
+de Bordeaux; she condescended so far as to bow to me very politely.
+Pauline was interested by everything, as girls of fifteen usually are.
+She was very pretty; her hair was simply done, but dressed by the
+great Edouard; she wore a sky-blue dress, and looked fresh as a rose,
+with her calm and dainty bearing and her happy little face; in short,
+she met with general approval, consequently I felt well disposed to
+every one; the slights formerly inflicted upon me by this or that
+person were forgotten when a pleasant word or a kind look was
+addressed to Pauline. It is certainly better not to live in hostility
+with society, and if one is so wrong-headed or unfortunate it is very
+pleasant to make one's daughter a means of reconciliation.
+
+I have letters from England telling me that the Duchess of Gloucester
+has become the happiest person in the world; Lady Georgiana Bathurst
+is her lady of honour; she is at home every evening, and her house is
+the meeting-place of the high Tories; all the news is to be heard
+there, and gossip goes on, with which the Duchess delights the King
+every morning. The King of England sees his Ministers only on
+business, and has no social intercourse with them. Lord Melbourne does
+not care or complain, and goes his own way without worrying the King,
+which seems to me to be a sound plan.
+
+Yesterday morning, thanks to a special ticket, for which I sent to ask
+the Archbishop, I was able to hear the last of the series of lectures
+given at Notre-Dame by the Abbé Lacordaire. He is starting for Rome
+to-day, and will be absent for two years. There were at least five
+thousand persons in the church, nearly all schoolboys and girls. Among
+the men who came in with the Archbishop and were favoured with seats
+on the Banc de l'OEuvre I recognised the Marquis de Vérac, the Duc
+de Noailles, and M. de Tocqueville. I was placed just behind this
+bench, with some fifty ladies, none of whom I knew; I was opposite to
+the pulpit and did not lose a single word. Imagination, vigour, and a
+style far removed from that of the seminary are the distinctive
+qualities of the Abbé Lacordaire; he is a young man with a good
+delivery. His use of metaphor, however, seemed to me to be slightly
+confused and somewhat too daring, while his doctrine allowed no room
+for the beautiful and humble theory of grace. I think that St.
+Augustine, the great apostle of grace, would have found matter for
+criticism in his words. On the whole, I was interested and struck with
+the attentive attitude of his audience. The Archbishop concluded the
+lecture with some suitable words of thanks and farewell to the young
+preacher, and with a blessing at once appropriate, simple, and gentle
+upon the congregation, which was received with surprising respect by
+his young hearers. It must be said that when the Archbishop avoids
+politics and the commonplaces of the seminary he can produce, as he
+did yesterday, a noble and touching effect, with his fine face and
+gestures and his appealing tone, in his splendid cathedral and from
+his exalted position, whence he looked down upon these many young
+faces. M. de Tocqueville, who called upon me towards the end of the
+morning, was even then moved by the scene.
+
+
+_Paris, April 13, 1836._--MM. Hyde de Neuville, de Jumilhac, de Cossé,
+Jacques de Fitz-James, and de Montbreton have all started for Prague,
+to ask Charles X. to give up the Duc de Bordeaux. In the event of a
+refusal they have resolved to carry him off, and flatter themselves
+that they will have the co-operation of the young Prince in the
+attempt. They wish to find a home for him in Switzerland, where he is
+to be educated, and so brought nearer to France in every sense of the
+term. This project, which is in itself somewhat visionary, is reduced
+to absurdity by the boasting and gossip with which it has been
+announced. Another plan, of which the police have been informed, is to
+carry off one of the young princes of royal blood and to keep him as a
+hostage. The Minister of the Interior has been somewhat disturbed by
+this proposal.
+
+
+_Paris, April 21, 1836._--A courier arrived yesterday from Vienna
+bringing a reply conceived in the most gracious terms to the
+insinuations which have been made concerning the Duc d'Orléans and his
+proposed journey in Austria. All that was avoided under the Duc de
+Broglie has been welcomed under M. Thiers, to whom personally the
+reply referred in very kind terms. Something of the same kind is now
+expected from Berlin. The departure of the Prince and of his brother,
+the Duc de Nemours, is fixed for May 4, but the fact will not be
+announced for another five days, when they will have returned from
+Chantilly. The return journey is to be made by Turin. The Sardinian
+Court, which feels the want of some support, is inclined, after much
+hesitation, to look to France. My son, Valençay, will accompany the
+Princes; he will be the only unattached member of their suite with
+them. It was proposed to give him a title and an official position,
+but I objected, as my son is sure to be well received anywhere.
+
+Yesterday at dinner at the house of M. de Talleyrand a quarrel arose
+between M. Thiers and M. Bertin de Veaux, the result of which, I
+think, has been the opposite of what was expected: instead of pacific
+explanations a duel became the consequence. I was on tenterhooks, and
+eventually checked the dissension almost brutally. Every one, I think,
+approved my action, which I would have taken earlier if I had not
+thought that M. de Talleyrand was the proper person to intervene; he,
+however, did not even exert himself to change the conversation. Bertin
+de Veaux was constantly aggressive, while Thiers for a long time was
+perfectly calm, until he grew excited and angry, and at length they
+hurled political defiance at one another.
+
+
+_Paris, April 23, 1836._--Mrs. Norton has written a letter to Mr.
+Ellice, which is a kind of manifesto, and has sent it to me with
+orders to communicate it to her foreign compatriots. I have read the
+letter, and, if her words are to be believed, she emerges from this
+foul story as pure as Desdemona.[15] I hope indeed that it is so. The
+whole business seems to me very vulgar and in very bad taste.
+
+  [15] Reference is here made to an action for divorce brought
+  against Mrs. Norton by her husband, which made a great stir in
+  England at this time. The intimacy of Mrs. Norton with Lord
+  Melbourne was well known. However, the verdict given in the
+  following June acquitted Lord Melbourne, but Mrs. Norton and her
+  husband separated.
+
+The Duchesse de Coigny, who has always come to England for her
+confinements, in order to ensure the birth of girls, was to start this
+morning to London for the same reason, but owing to mistaken
+calculations she was yesterday confined of a fine boy, which is a
+bitter disappointment.
+
+
+_Paris, April 26, 1836._--Visitors returning from Chantilly were most
+enthusiastic yesterday about the beauty of the spot, the extensive
+society to be found there, the excitement of the races, the brilliancy
+of the hunt, and, in the case of those who were at the Château, the
+graciousness of the Prince Royal. The English say that apart from the
+races themselves, which, however, are by no means bad, these three
+days at Chantilly are much superior to Ascot, Epsom, and any meeting
+of the kind in England.
+
+Hunting was carried on with the pack of the Prince of Wagram, and some
+four hundred young men rode out; but only thirty were in at the death
+of the stag.
+
+The Prince Royal is to start on the 3rd or 4th, and will go straight
+to Metz to visit the School of Artillery; he will not stop at any of
+the small Courts, which he proposes carefully to avoid by taking all
+kinds of unusual routes under the pretext that they are more direct.
+
+Yesterday I dined with Madame de la Redorte, and met several people,
+including General Alava, who told us the story of the duel between
+Mendizabal and Isturitz, in which neither combatant received a
+scratch.
+
+He seemed to expect a Ministerial crisis at Madrid which might affect
+his position as ambassador.
+
+Alava is so inclined to exaggerate that when he was at the house of M.
+Dupin at a reception of Deputies the host asked him, touching M.
+Berryer on the shoulder, whether he knew this Deputy. Alava
+straightway exclaimed: "Certainly I know M. Berryer, and _I share all
+his opinions_."
+
+
+_Paris, April 27, 1836._--The route of the Prince Royal passes through
+Verdun, Metz, Trèves, Düsseldorf, Hildesheim, Magdeburg, Potsdam, and
+Berlin. All the Ministers of Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria have brought
+pressing invitations from their Sovereigns asking the Prince to make a
+stay with them. These have been declined under the pretext of want of
+time, but in reality owing to some ill-feeling caused by the continued
+affronts and insults from Munich; if the Prince refused one invitation
+he obviously could not accept others without a declaration of
+hostility. He is sorry, however, to hurry by Dresden, whence there has
+never been any cause of complaint. From Berlin he will proceed to
+Vienna, by way of Breslau and Brünn.
+
+For some days I have been reading a few volumes of the "Essais de
+Morale" by Nicole; our curiosity concerning this work was aroused by
+Madame de Sévigné. They are doubtless excellent, but I think one must
+be somewhat more advanced than I am to admire them keenly. There is a
+certain dry austerity apparent which somewhat repels me. To these many
+philosophical arguments I prefer the touching phrase of St. Augustine:
+"If you are afraid of God, throw yourself into the arms of God."
+Eventually, perhaps, I shall learn to appreciate Nicole, as one's
+mental tastes change with one's age and circumstances.
+
+
+_Paris, April 28, 1836._--Pozzo has received the order of St. Andrew
+in diamonds, and at the same time unlimited leave of absence to travel
+in Italy. I imagine that he will soon pass this way.
+
+The journey of the Prince Royal has been arranged to begin a day
+earlier, and he is to start on the 2nd. Berlin will not be reached for
+ten days, as he is to put up every night, while each day's journey
+will not be too long, as they wish him to arrive fresh and alert and
+ready to undergo military fatigues, the manœuvres, festivities, and
+other duties. This seems to me very sensible. The Prince Royal has
+received a formal invitation to the manœuvres at Berlin. Hence his
+reception cannot be anything but excellent. The invitation has
+certainly been sought, but it is undoubtedly an invitation, and
+accusations of importunity or rashness are therefore out of place. The
+Duc and the Duchesse d'Angoulême will naturally have left Vienna when
+the two Princes arrive there.
+
+Yesterday I accompanied the Comtesse de Castellane to a reading given
+by M. de Rémusat upon historical incidents in the style of the
+"Barricades"; "The Night of St. Bartholomew" was his subject. It was
+clearly and brightly treated, and the author assures us that much
+historical research has been devoted to it, but it was so long that
+the second part had to be postponed until Tuesday. To sit through a
+reading is an exhausting business.
+
+
+_Paris, May 1, 1836._--Yesterday was Pauline's ball--a pretty scene
+and entirely successful. There was no crowd, plenty of light, young
+and pretty people in full gaiety, and polite young men acting as
+partners to the ladies, all in excellent style and taste, and the
+company most carefully selected. It was not exactly exclusive, but the
+Faubourg Saint-Germain were in preponderant numbers. My cousin, Madame
+de Chastellux, for instance, went to the trouble of coming. In short,
+I was well pleased with our little success and with the delight of
+Pauline.
+
+
+_Paris, May 2, 1836._--Yesterday news arrived from Berlin of the
+preparations made to receive the young Princes. The King said that
+they should have the kind of reception given to his son-in-law, the
+Emperor. They are to stay at the old palace. An hour after their
+arrival all the princes will come to pay their first calls; in short,
+everything is to go off as well as possible. The Carlist faction is
+overwhelmed, and the aggressive members of it are quite ill in
+consequence; the moderate members are casting tender glances at the
+Château des Tuileries, and yesterday M. de Chabrol, formerly Naval
+Minister, and M. Mounier went to the Château. M. de Noailles would be
+ready to do the same were it not for his wife, whose feelings he has
+to consider--and reasonably, for she, though a most worthy person, is
+very extravagant in her political ideas.
+
+
+_Paris, May 4, 1836._--Yesterday I went to hear the conclusion of M.
+de Rémusat's "Night of St. Bartholomew."[16] It is clever and
+talented, but I repeat that this style of performance is a mistake,
+and a good historical narrative would be much more interesting to me.
+
+  [16] This work was published after the death of the Comte de
+  Rémusat in 1878, by his son Paul.
+
+I have seen M. Royer-Collard, and also M. Thiers. The former said that
+the doctrinaires were decisively defeated in the Dupin dispute, as the
+Chamber had pronounced against them. The second is very pleased with
+his reports from the Russian Ambassador and from the Court of St.
+Petersburg, which are beginning to become flattering. I believe he is
+on the way to another reconciliation which he thinks of more
+importance, with Bertin de Veaux, but this is still a profound secret.
+
+
+_Paris, May 6, 1836._--I have been deeply affected by the death of the
+good Abbé Girolet. He followed the fine precept of Bossuet, and the
+only precaution which he took against the attacks of death was the
+innocence of his life, for all his interests were so neglected that he
+has left me a fine complication to unravel, which demands my immediate
+presence at Rochecotte. I shall start the day after to-morrow, and
+they are only waiting for me to take the seals off his property. A
+will in which he has left me everything has been found, but where or
+what may this everything be? This is as yet unknown, and there is some
+fear that there may be more debts than property, which fact would
+prevent me from beginning the charitable foundations which I promised
+to take in hand after his death. I shall find a very obvious void at
+Rochecotte, and shall miss that gentle look which clung so
+affectionately to me. And then how sad are the details of his death!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, May 10, 1836._--No interesting news can be expected from
+me in this retired corner of the world, where I can boast only of
+peace and silence and of solitude--three excellent things which I
+appreciate the more as I have left, in the words of the "Imitation,"
+"the tumultuous commerce of men, which arouses vanity even in the
+simple-minded, and eventually enslaves the soul."
+
+I spent the evening with M. Vestier, my good architect, over plans and
+arrangements for the vault of the Abbé and for my own. This will be
+arranged quite simply in the parish cemetery on the hillside before
+that beautiful view, in the pure air, looking out upon the rising sun.
+The vaults are to be very simply surrounded by shrubs and an iron
+railing; there will be nothing more than names and dates. Thus his
+last resting-place will be as simple as was his mind, and I trust that
+mine will be equally so. The wishes of men are so rarely performed
+after their deaths that during our lifetime we should act as far as we
+can. I had considerable difficulty in inducing Vestier to undertake
+this simple work. He says it is horrible to be giving orders for the
+digging of my grave, and at length the poor fellow began to weep, but
+he yielded at last, for he is very obedient to me.[17]
+
+  [17] This plan was not entirely carried out; the Abbé alone was
+  buried at Saint-Patrice.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, May 13, 1836._--Yesterday I received a long letter from
+my son, Valençay, from Coblenz. Full honour has been done to the
+Princes; M. the Duc d'Orléans has invariably invited to dinner the
+authorities commissioned to welcome him. He speaks German with a
+fluency which is much appreciated. In every town regimental bands are
+constantly playing under the windows of the Princes, and, in short,
+all due attention is shown to them.
+
+
+_Valençay, May 18, 1836._--I have been here since the day before
+yesterday, and am expecting M. de Talleyrand and Pauline to-morrow.
+
+I have been reading a narrative written by one of the chief nuns of
+Port Royal, about the reform of their establishment, which was carried
+out by the Mother Marie Angélique de Sainte-Madeleine Arnauld, and
+about their persecution, in the time of their celebrated abbess, the
+Mother Angélique de Saint-Jean Arnauld, a niece of the foregoing and a
+daughter of M. d'Andilly. They were great minds and strong souls, and
+how remarkable are the details of the story! What a race were these
+Arnaulds, and M. Nicole and the Abbé de Saint-Cyran! All these names
+are to be found in the writings of Madame de Sévigné. Her friend, M.
+de Pomponne, was Arnauld, the son of M. d'Andilly. This was a peculiar
+family, even in its own time, and it was said that Pascal was quite a
+nonentity compared with Antoine Arnauld. They must have been giants
+indeed; and if giants at their time, what would they seem now?
+
+
+_Valençay, May 22, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from my son,
+Valençay, from Berlin. He is delighted, and with reason, for apart
+from the generally satisfactory character of the journey, he is
+treated with especial kindness, which is particularly touching to me
+as it is due to consideration for myself. The Prince Royal told him
+that he had always regarded me as his sister, that he would treat him
+as a nephew, and that my letter was delightful. He objected, however,
+that there was not enough of the nursery about him. The Duchess of
+Cumberland and my godmother, Princess Louise,[18] have been quite
+motherly, and the Queen of the Low Countries has also been very kind,
+together with M. Ancillon, Herr von Humboldt, and the Countess of
+Redern. M. de Valençay assures me that the Crown Prince of Prussia was
+neither cold nor repellent in his reception of the Duc d'Orléans, but,
+on the contrary, kind and cordial; the Crown Princess and Princess
+William the younger were equally charming; every one else behaved very
+properly, as also did the sight-seers along the routes, and our
+Princes showed perfect prudence. There was some trouble in inducing
+the young French officers to take off their Belgian decorations; the
+Duc d'Orléans was anxious that they should not wear them at all at
+Berlin, but they showed some reluctance, and eventually it was agreed
+that they should remove them when meeting the Queen of the Low
+Countries.[19] A courier came to Berlin with an urgent letter from the
+King of Saxony inviting the Princes to pass through Dresden. I do not
+know whether that will induce them to change their route. The two
+Princes attended service in a Catholic church in Berlin on Sunday, and
+their action produced an excellent effect.
+
+  [18] The Princess Louise was the daughter of Prince Ferdinand of
+  Prussia, the youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married
+  Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.
+
+  [19] Queen Wilhelmina of the Low Countries was the daughter of
+  King Frederick William II. of Prussia, and sister of the king
+  then reigning, Frederick William III.
+
+
+_Valençay, May 23, 1836._--Yesterday, the Day of Pentecost, was spent
+as follows, and will give an idea of our usual mode of life in this
+place: First of all came high mass at the parish church, which lasted
+for two full hours, thanks to a sermon from the vicar, who took the
+more pains as he saw me in the Castle pew. The heat was extreme, and
+the smell unpleasant, while the crowd was almost as great as at
+Saint-Roch. The result for me was a severe headache, which passed off
+to some extent during a long drive which I took with M. de Talleyrand,
+to the ponds in the Forest of Gâtines. Several people from the town
+dined with us. I walked for a little after dinner, while Pauline went
+for a drive with her uncle; I wrote until nine o'clock, when the post
+goes, and when M. de Talleyrand came in. The day was concluded with
+newspapers, tea, and piquet.
+
+These days are very pleasant when I am not alarmed about M. de
+Talleyrand's health, and I thank God for them as I go to bed. I no
+longer consider the amount of amusement or interest or pleasure to be
+gained; one day perhaps that will return; now that M. de Talleyrand
+and my children are well and my mind is free from anxiety, and my
+temper sufficiently kind to make life pleasant for those around me, I
+ask for nothing more. When we are able to perform a complete
+renunciation of self, we find our burden lightened, and the low and
+heavy flight of selfishness is replaced by the rapid sweep of
+outstretched wings, which is a pleasure in itself. My courage and my
+self-possession only disappear when I see sickness threatening or
+striking down my family, for I have only reached the threshold of that
+stage of resignation in which one sacrifices one's self to the things
+of heaven. I doubt if I shall ever pass within it. But enough of this,
+or I shall be thought as religious as a lady of the Faubourg
+Saint-Germain. I am very far from that point, which I shall never
+entirely reach, for my independence will never allow me to follow the
+beaten track or confine myself to particular practices, attitudes, and
+observances; at the same time, given my natural taste for good books,
+the natural seriousness of my mind, my wide experience, and the
+sincerity of my judgments upon myself, it will be hard if I do not
+learn to draw consolation at least from the one perennial source.
+
+The Carnavalet residence is for sale at a price of a hundred and forty
+thousand francs. If I dared, I would buy it, and I am, indeed,
+extremely tempted.
+
+
+_Valençay, May 26, 1836._--The correspondence between M. de Talleyrand
+and Madame Adélaïde continues animated and very affectionate, and
+gives me some work.
+
+The following news reached us from Paris by letters of yesterday's
+date: Alava is overthrown, and Miraflores proclaims himself the
+successor; Alava says that the affairs of his country reduce him to
+despair. As a matter of fact the newspapers mention some strange
+affairs in the Assembly of the Procuradores, and great is the
+confusion caused by the whole business of the change of Ministry. Some
+people who declare themselves well informed, assert that Isturitz, to
+relieve himself of embarrassment, would be inclined to come to an
+understanding with Don Carlos and to arrange a marriage between Queen
+Isabella and her cousin.
+
+Lady Jersey has given orders for copies of her correspondence with
+Lady Pembroke to be sent to her. It seems that this correspondence is
+beyond all that could be imagined in maid-servant style. She also
+wishes M. de Talleyrand to read all these details.
+
+I have a letter from Princess Louise of Prussia, my godmother, which
+speaks in very high terms of the young French Princes. Princess Louise
+is a clever woman, naturally inclined to sarcasm and severity, and her
+appreciation is therefore the more valuable. M. de Valençay writes to
+me that he has been greatly struck by the beauty of the Princesses, by
+their jewels and the elegance of their dress. Herr von Humboldt took
+the Princes and their suite to see the museums and the artists'
+studios. The Crown Prince of Prussia has a taste for art, and has
+greatly stimulated these matters in Berlin. The Duc d'Orléans has
+given great pleasure by ordering a statue from Rauch, the chief
+sculptor in Prussia, and the King's favourite. The shyness of the
+Queen of the Low Countries is even greater than that of the Duc de
+Nemours. This mutual defect seems to have brought them together, for I
+am told that the Queen has conceived a friendship for the young Prince
+and that long conversations have taken place between them.
+
+
+_Valençay, May 29, 1836._--Yesterday I read the new play of M. Casimir
+Delavigne, _Une Famille au Temps de Luther_. The work contains some
+fine lines, but is quite unsuited for the stage, and nothing is colder
+than its theological discussions, even when they conclude with crime;
+moreover, these forms of fanaticism are somewhat wearisome, discordant
+as they are with the spirit of our time. Finally, the dreadful
+massacre of St. Bartholomew has become even tiresome, and the best
+proof of the fact that both it and the atrocities of the Atrides have
+lost their power to thrill, is their recitation with songs and dances.
+
+Madame Adélaïde informs M. de Talleyrand that the Crown Princess of
+Prussia has written to her mother, the Queen-Dowager of Bavaria,
+saying that she was _forced to agree_ to the proposal to show honour
+to the French Princes, and that a very good friend of Louis-Philippe
+had advised them to show themselves in public.
+
+The King of Naples has now left home, some say to marry a princess of
+Modena, and others to pay court to the daughter of the Archduke
+Charles, and others, again, to have a look at the young princesses of
+Paris.
+
+The King is having a full-length portrait of François I. painted for
+Valençay, and another of the Grande Mademoiselle; the former built the
+Castle, and the latter visited it and praised it in her memoirs. The
+King is also sending M. de Talleyrand the chair in which Louis XVIII.
+was wheeled about, and he has informed us through Madame that if he
+should go to Bordeaux, as is possible, he would pass this way.
+
+
+_Valençay, May 31, 1836._--It seems that neither intellect nor years
+can shelter people from foolishness, and a great act of folly has been
+committed by M. Ancillon in his marriage with Mlle. de Verquignieulle,
+if what we hear from Berlin is true. M. de Valençay also informs me
+that the entertainment given by M. Bresson,[20] at which the King of
+Prussia was present, was a very brilliant affair; all the servants
+were in full livery, blue, gold, and red, and Bresson said to him:
+"These are my colours," an amusing remark, and one worthy of the
+present time. "We shall see," as M. de Talleyrand says.
+
+  [20] M. Bresson was the French Minister at Berlin.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 1, 1836._--The young French gentlemen who went to
+Prague have returned after a very short stay. They were especially
+struck by the atmosphere of boredom which is the environment of life
+in that town. They said the Duc de Bordeaux had a very pleasant face,
+but his figure was not attractive and his mind but little developed,
+like that of a child brought up in the midst of old men.
+
+At a dinner given on May 22 to the two French Princes by the Crown
+Prince of Prussia, Princess Albert,[21] to the great rage of Bresson,
+the great disgust of the King, and the general horror of the company,
+appeared with an enormous garland of lilies in her hair; up to that
+point her behaviour had been quite proper.
+
+  [21] Princess Albert of Prussia was a princess of the Low
+  Countries.
+
+The presents distributed by the Duc d'Orléans at Berlin were most
+expensive, and in money and diamonds amounted to more than a hundred
+thousand francs. It is rather too much than not enough. Prince
+Wittgenstein received a box containing not only the portrait of the
+Prince Royal, but also that of the King and Queen--a very marked
+attention. M. Ancillon, plastered with the great Cross of the Legion
+of Honour, swelled himself out and strutted about, and appeared ready
+to trample upon any one and every one. His behaviour is explained by
+his middle-class origin and his Calvinistic views.
+
+The parting was affectionate, some professing to love the Princes as
+their sons and others as their brothers; in short, no success was ever
+more complete. The ladies were all struck with the handsome appearance
+of the Duc d'Orléans. My authorities for these statements are
+reliable, as I quote not merely M. de Valençay, but other letters
+which came in yesterday, written moreover by natives of Berlin. The
+accident which nearly befell the Duc d'Orléans at the manœuvres was
+caused by his politeness to the Princesses; he was reining in his
+horse near them, when he was nearly thrown, but the skill with which
+he recovered himself gained him many compliments; and on this question
+the Duchess of Cumberland writes as follows: "Imagine what would have
+become of us if any misfortune had happened to him; I should be ready
+to leave my sick body upon my bed and be changed into a guardian angel
+to hover over them during their stay at Berlin, and thus to answer the
+confidence of your Queen, who begged me in a charming letter to treat
+her sons as my own."
+
+Upon the day when our Princes were at home to the Diplomatic Body M.
+de Ribeaupierre, the Russian Minister, sent his excuses, alleging a
+swollen face. Contrary to the old etiquette of Berlin, the whole of
+the Diplomatic Body was invited to a ball at the house of Prince
+William, the King's brother. Of this entertainment I am informed: "The
+ball given to the French mission by order of the King, Louis-Philippe,
+was a great success; the French Princes were so tactful as to do the
+honours themselves, and received the King and the Princesses at the
+foot of the staircase."
+
+
+_Valençay, June 2, 1836._--The Princess de Lieven arrived here
+yesterday in a feeble state of health. We took her in and looked after
+her as well as we could, but towards the evening I began to feel that
+she had some presentiments of a tiresome stay, and that if the journey
+hither lay before her at this moment she would hesitate to undertake
+it. This I can understand. Here she will have no news and will not be
+able to see the shadow-show of life, which are both necessities to
+her. The novelty of the outer world, recollections and historical
+traditions, natural beauties, the domestic life of a household,
+reading, thought, and work are by no means to her taste, and in other
+respects Valençay has never been more poverty-stricken than at this
+moment.
+
+The verses which M. de Peyronnet has sent to me are not very
+excellent, but that point is of no account in comparison with the
+actual circumstance and the whole question. During the winter I
+worked pretty hard for these poor people, and obtained some definite
+alleviation for M. Peyronnet, who was the worst of all in health, and
+this he found very agreeable; I hope that I may be able to do more for
+him as soon as the session is over. It was this charitable work which
+inspired the verses in question.[22]
+
+  [22] We have been unable to find them.
+
+My sister writes to me from Vienna saying that great preparations are
+made to receive the French Princes, and in particular Paul Esterhazy
+is working for that purpose; there will be an entertainment at his
+house at Eisenstadt. Unfortunately many people are in the country and
+many in mourning.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 4, 1836._--We have had two days of bad weather, but
+yesterday morning a better prospect fortunately allowed us to take
+Madame de Lieven for a drive in the forest and past the warren, the
+quarries, &c. In the evening, however, M. de Talleyrand had an attack
+of palpitation, which was but slight, though it is evident that the
+enemy is still there. Madame de Lieven yawned to desperation. The poor
+woman is bored, which fact I can very well understand and pardon. The
+truth is that, with her frame of mind and habits, she is not likely to
+endure our solitude or the dull and quiet atmosphere of the household
+which is due to the mental and physical state of M. de Talleyrand.
+Moreover, the Princess is not an easy guest from a material point of
+view; she has twice changed her room, and now wants to go back to the
+first room she occupied, in which is the bed of Madame de Staël. Lady
+Holland could not have given us more trouble, and Pauline says that
+the Princess is "rather whimsical."
+
+A caricature has appeared in London of Lord Melbourne and Mrs. Norton
+on the very day of the eclipse; it represents the sun and Mrs. Norton
+as the moon passing over it, while beneath is the word "Eclipse." The
+reference is to the scandalous law-suit which Mr. Norton is bringing
+against his wife, and in which Lord Melbourne is unpleasantly
+compromised.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 5, 1836._--The poor Princess de Lieven is greatly
+bored, and expresses herself on the subject with strange openness.
+Yesterday she asked me, as if she were talking to herself, why we had
+invited her at a time when we had no one staying in the house. I began
+to laugh, and replied very gently: "But, dear Princess, you yourself
+were so kind as to ask to come. We would have invited the whole world,
+but the session is not yet finished, so that diplomatists, peers, and
+Deputies cannot leave Paris." "That is true," she replied, and later
+on, when she saw that M. de Sercey had just arrived at Paris, she was
+full of regret that she could not be there to ask him questions; she
+also thought her _salon_ would have been very interesting that evening
+during the discussion of the foreign service vote. I like
+straightforward persons, because with them at any rate one knows
+exactly where one is.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 10, 1836._--The Princess de Lieven received letters
+yesterday from her husband, telling her that she has been represented
+in a very bad light to the Emperor Nicholas. Conversations and whole
+speeches have been sent to St. Petersburg as though they emanated from
+the Princess, which are certainly fictitious, for she is very zealous
+in her master's service; but those who talk a great deal and see many
+people are always compromised sooner or later. The Princess is greatly
+agitated in consequence.
+
+The Prince d'Orange is quite obviously showing signs of madness, which
+take the form of such sordid economy that his wife and children have
+not even enough to eat; he keeps the key of the pantry himself, and
+the Princess has to send out her chambermaid to buy cutlets. The
+eldest son is said to be a young scamp. He is now at London with his
+younger brother, where they are known as the "unripe Oranges." The
+Dutch are said to be much perturbed about the future of their country,
+and are praying that the life of the present King may be prolonged.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 13, 1836._--Yesterday I had a long letter from the
+Crown Prince of Prussia, with a kind sentence concerning the French
+Princes and their father, the King, though with a qualification
+against revolutions which shows his true opinion. It is a curious
+letter. I have had another from M. Ancillon in most laudatory terms,
+with no qualification, concerning the travellers, the union, the
+peace, and M. de Talleyrand; also a curious letter. Finally I have two
+very long letters from M. de Valençay written from Vienna; he had
+stopped at Günthersdorf, of which he gives full details.[23] At Vienna
+he had seen the Count of Clam at the house of his aunt of Sagan, from
+whom he had learnt that the first interview had given great
+satisfaction and that our Princes had said everything that was proper.
+The Archduchess Sophie spoke very kindly of her remembrance of me and
+treated my son very well. He thinks that the Austrian princesses lack
+that grace and distinction which is so striking in the princesses of
+the Prussian royal family. Princess Metternich was at the first
+evening reception given by M. and Madame de Sainte-Aulaire; she
+behaved most discreetly, and stayed very late; the Duc d'Orange only
+talked to her for five minutes, and then upon the subject of
+homeopathy! She deserved a small lesson.[24]
+
+  [23] An estate belonging to the Duchesse de Dino in Silesia.
+
+  [24] Princess Metternich had used some discourteous terms
+  concerning the assumption of the crown by Louis-Philippe in 1830.
+
+The great diplomatic reception of the nobility and the garrison seems
+to have been superb. M. de Valençay was especially delighted by the
+races at Baden, where he was entertained by the Archduke Charles, who
+spoke to him very warmly of M. de Talleyrand. The Archduke received
+all the Frenchmen most cordially. They dined with the Archduchess
+Theresa, who is described by M. de Valençay as of an agreeable
+appearance, with pretty manners, and an attractive face. She is very
+dark and small. The Duc d'Orléans was seated near her at dinner, and
+their conversation was vivacious. Prince Metternich was also there. He
+has been reconciled, at any rate outwardly, with the Archduke.[25] The
+latter has retired to the pretty town of Baden, where he grows
+flowers; he told M. de Valençay that, like all old soldiers, he loved
+his garden. The Duc d'Orléans was to dine there again by himself two
+days later. The Archduke adores his daughter, and will leave her free
+to choose her own husband; she has refused the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria, and is to inspect the Kings of Naples and Greece. The Russian
+alliance alone causes her father some fears.
+
+  [25] The Liberal ideas of the Archduke Charles had induced Prince
+  Metternich to remove this prince from the Court and to regard him
+  with suspicion. They had almost quarrelled.
+
+M. de Valençay was also delighted with the entertainment at Laxemburg,
+and the water-parties, with music everywhere, which reminded him of
+Virginia Water. All the society of Vienna was there informally, and
+the scene was correspondingly animated.
+
+It is quite clear that all this causes ill-feeling at Prague. The
+Dauphine was speaking to some one who asked her, when she was about to
+start for Vienna, at what time they would have the honour of seeing
+her again; she replied that any one who wanted to see her henceforward
+would have to come and fetch her. A Vienna lady, a strong political
+opponent of France, said before M. de Valençay, in speaking of our
+Prince Royal, that he was so kind and gracious it was to be hoped that
+he was not something else!
+
+The travellers are to start on the 11th and make their way to Milan
+through Verona, devoting ten days to the journey.
+
+The Prince of Capua and Miss Penelope are at Paris. The former has
+seen the Queen; he will go to Rome, and there open negotiations for a
+reconciliation with Naples.
+
+All the Coburg family and the Belgian King and Queen are coming to
+Neuilly.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 17, 1836._--It seems that every day must be marked by
+some tribulation. Yesterday evening we had a terrible fright, the
+consequences of which might have been most serious; they seem to have
+been but slight, though the doctor says that we cannot be certain for
+nine days that no internal shock has been sustained. M. de
+Talleyrand's mania for staying out late brought him back yesterday in
+his little carriage when it was pitch-dark; moreover, he childishly
+amused himself by steering a zigzag course, so that he twisted the
+front wheel. This checked his progress, and he could not perceive the
+cause in the darkness, so he told the servant to push harder, which he
+did. The result was a violent jolt, which shot him out of the carriage
+and threw him head first with his face on the ground upon the gravel
+of the Orange Court at the entry of the _donjon_. His face was badly
+bruised, but fortunately his nose bled freely; he did not lose
+consciousness, and wished to sit in the drawing-room and play piquet.
+At midnight he put his feet in hot mustard and water, and is now
+asleep. But what a terrible nervous shock at his age and with his
+weight, and when he is suffering from a malady which demands that he
+should be spared every emotion and disturbance!
+
+
+_Valençay, June 18, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand's face has suffered
+considerably, but otherwise he seems to have escaped miraculously from
+this remarkable fall.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 21, 1836._[26]--Do you remember that it was you who
+refused any form of conversation upon the subject of religion? Only
+upon one occasion at Rochecotte did you give me any outline of your
+ideas upon this subject; at that time you were more advanced than
+myself in respect of certain beliefs. My experiences since that date
+have brought me more rapidly along the road, but my starting-point has
+been my recollection of that conversation, in which I saw that you
+admitted certain fundamental principles of which I was not sure. In
+any case, my speculations have not advanced beyond that point, and
+only in points of practice do I attempt to guide my movements by this
+compass; I have never busied myself with dogmas or mysteries, and if I
+prefer the Roman Catholic religion I do so because I think it most
+useful to society in general and to States; individual religion is a
+different matter, and I think any religion based upon the Gospel is
+equally good and divine. Since I have seen all supports falling away
+around me, I have felt my own weakness and the necessity of some
+support and guide; I have sought and found; I have knocked and it has
+been opened to me; I have asked and it has been given to me; and yet
+all very incompletely hitherto, for when one thus walks alone and ill
+prepared it is impossible to avoid wrong paths, or to avoid slipping
+in the ruts with continual stumbles. Nor would it have been wise to
+arouse myself to excessive zeal and fervour, which would have prepared
+a reaction, perhaps fatal; I therefore advance step by step, and when
+I consider my progress am humiliated to see how little I have risen; a
+little more kindness, patience, and self-command is all that I have
+acquired. I have the same delight in the things that please me, the
+same repugnance for those that weary me, my dislikes are not extinct
+and enmity remains keen, my mental anxiety is often wearing, my
+energies are inconsistent, my speech often too hasty and its
+expression inconsiderate. I have, too, a thousand modes of
+self-flattery; I am wounded by blame, and too pleased by approbation,
+which I sometimes seek and would be ready to arouse at necessity; in
+fact, there is no task so long and difficult and none that demands
+more exertion and perseverance than to satisfy one's conscience.
+
+  [26] Extract from a letter.
+
+Apart from the practical methods which I have felt must be followed as
+a thread to guide me through the labyrinth, I have also been helped by
+a great sense of gratitude. One day in England I was suddenly struck
+by the thought of the innumerable favours which had been granted to
+me, though I had made so ill a use of my powers and my advantages. I
+admire the patience of God and the long-suffering of Providence
+towards me; to have found what I have found seems to me so real a
+blessing and so ill-deserved that it has filled me with gratitude.
+This sense has continually increased, and partially supports me in
+accomplishing the sacrifices which I am making. The deep instruction
+to be daily derived from the old age of M. de Talleyrand; the death of
+Marie Suchet;[27] her mother's grief; the successive deaths of so many
+of my acquaintances of different ages, sexes, and positions; of the
+granddaughter whose eyes I have closed,[28] and who brought death so
+near to me; the close reading of good books; the lofty conversation
+of M. de Royer-Collard, who is ready to throw aside philosophic doubts
+and is slowly succeeding--all these influences have made me consider a
+thousand matters hitherto unnoticed, and have directed me towards a
+lofty and a certain goal. Such is the story of this side of my life.
+My attitude, however, is not that of outward profession, and I can say
+that I am more advanced in reality than in form; in the latter
+respect, I doubt if I shall ever change.
+
+  [27] Daughter of the Marshal of Albuféra.
+
+  [28] Yolande de Valençay.
+
+What a long answer this is to one small page of your letter! If it
+seems to you too long, say so, and we will reserve all these
+revelations for evenings at Rochecotte.
+
+The Duc d'Orléans gives a glowing account of a conversation with
+Prince Metternich, by which he was delighted.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven has just gone away, to the general relief. I
+think that the Princess and her proud niece[29] came to feel that they
+had been somewhat ridiculous here, as they went to some trouble on
+their last day to utter innumerable thanks and excuses for the
+inconvenience they had caused, &c.
+
+  [29] The Baroness of Mengden, niece of the Princesse de Lieven,
+  afterwards lived at Carlsruhe, where she was abbess of a noble
+  chapter. She was very tall, especially in the upper part of her
+  body, and any one seated by her side at dinner was obliged to
+  raise his head in order to see her face. As she was very
+  good-natured, she became to some extent her aunt's drudge; at
+  Valençay, when the Princesse de Lieven stayed there, she gave her
+  niece her jewel-box to keep when she was out driving, so that the
+  Baroness of Mengden could rarely take part in these excursions.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 24, 1836._--How stupid ill-nature is! Madame de Lieven
+has been unkind enough to write to Paris groaning and lamenting over
+the profound boredom which she felt here, and her correspondents have
+been laughing at us or using her words against us; the fact is widely
+known and commented upon. Our friends told us of it with great
+indignation. This small ingratitude on the part of Madame de Lieven,
+which apparently arises on this occasion from want of social
+experience, is real stupidity; in any case, I am not surprised; I
+would have made a bet that it was so; her weariness was too profound
+to be concealed, and I clearly saw that the need of revenge was felt
+in her correspondence. I do not reproach her for being bored, for
+saying so, or even for writing the fact, but for prolonging her stay
+here under the pretext of illness. She was afraid of travelling alone,
+afraid to be isolated at Baden, and dared not stay longer at Paris,
+and so she stayed here, to die of inanition and to rouse our
+ill-feeling. This did not prevent her from weeping like a penitent
+when she went away; her tears were sincere, for she shed them, not for
+us, but for herself, her wandering and lonely life. On that point I am
+not deceived.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from M. de Valençay from Leoben. They were
+very pleased with Vienna in every respect. However, the Prussian royal
+family showed to better advantage than the Imperial royal family. The
+Prussian princesses were thought more striking for their youth, their
+beauty and good style, and notwithstanding the garland of lilies,
+which seems to have been the result of a teasing or coquettish
+conversation, our Prince Royal and Princess Albert began an obvious
+flirtation. The Empress of Austria and the Duchess of Lucca, her
+sister, are very beautiful, but in a cold, austere, and imposing
+style. Our Princes distributed the same presents at Vienna as at
+Berlin, but instead of the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour which
+was given to Ancillon, Prince Metternich, who has long possessed all
+the French orders, was given a magnificent service of Sèvres china.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 25, 1836._--M. de Barante[30] writes from St.
+Petersburg saying that there is great feeling against Madame de
+Lieven, on account of her long stay in France. Some ill-temper has
+also been aroused by the successful journey of our Princes, but
+nothing of the kind has been shown to our ambassador, who is treated
+personally with great politeness.
+
+  [30] French Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
+
+It is said that Mrs. Norton was most angry, in the course of the
+strange trial--of which _Galignani_ gives a far too detailed
+account--because the servants who were called to give evidence said
+that she rouged and dyed her eyebrows.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 27, 1836._--Another attempt upon the King's life.[31]
+What a dreadful mania it is, and will it be always futile? Such is the
+sad question which one cannot help asking. We know nothing yet beyond
+the news telegraphed to the centres of the neighbouring departments,
+whence the prefects have sent messengers for our information.
+
+  [31] On the evening of June 25, 1836, a young man aged
+  twenty-six, named Louis Alibaud, shot at the king in the court of
+  the Tuileries when Louis-Philippe was reviewing the National
+  Guard and the drummers were beating a march.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 28, 1836._--Our Princes have been told by letter not
+to hasten their return on account of the attempt upon the King's life.
+They should reach Turin to-day, and are expected at Paris on the 8th.
+It seems that Lord Ponsonby[32] has gone mad. He insists upon the
+dismissal of Reis Effendi[33] and the chief of the Guard. He has
+written two notes to the Ottoman Porte in which he even threatens the
+Ottoman Empire with disruption if satisfaction is refused. Admiral
+Roussin himself writes that Lord Ponsonby is mad. All the Ministers,
+including the Russian Minister, are working to prevent a rupture; the
+Court of Vienna is explaining the matter to the English Government in
+London, and it is hoped that Lord Ponsonby will be recalled.
+
+  [32] English Ambassador at Constantinople.
+
+  [33] Reis Effendi was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Turkey.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 29, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from our
+travellers, dated from Roveredo, where they were detained by the
+indisposition of the Duc de Nemours. It was a somewhat serious attack,
+of which they made light in their letters to his parents, but which
+greatly frightened the Duc d'Orléans. He was also greatly vexed by the
+hurried departure of General Baudrand. It seems that this departure
+was provoked not so much by the necessity of a rapid journey to the
+waters as by some ill-temper at the fact that the Prince Royal did not
+show sufficient confidence in him.
+
+The Princes were about to make their way to Florence, as the Grand
+Duke of Tuscany had been especially pertinacious in asking for a
+visit, but the illness of the Duc de Nemours stopped their journey.
+They have met the Archduchess Marie Louise,[34] cousin-german of our
+Prince Royal. She asked M. de Valençay for news of us, as she is his
+godmother. He thought she was not so aged as she has been described.
+They have also seen the Princess of Salerno and the King of Naples.
+The latter is described as having a fine head, but a coarse and clumsy
+figure. He is in despair at the death of his wife, with whom he lived
+on very bad terms until she was with child, in giving birth to whom
+she died. He is said to be very whimsical.
+
+  [34] The widow of Napoleon I.
+
+The Archbishop of Paris was at Neuilly at eleven o'clock on the day
+when the King's life was attempted. It is unfortunate that he can
+never appear before the King except immediately after an attempt at
+assassination, and I therefore think that his visits are not very
+popular, as they are made under conditions with which one would
+readily dispense. He refused to admit the body of Sieyès to the
+church, and it was taken straight to the cemetery.[35]
+
+  [35] Sieyès died at Paris, June 28, 1836.
+
+My deepest grief concerning the attempted assassination of the 25th is
+that I fear the pistol-shot has killed our Princess Royal. Many say
+that Alibaud is another Louvel, an isolated fanatic, a natural product
+of newspaper extravagances and bad teaching. The King wishes to pardon
+the assassin, but it is thought that the Cabinet will not suffer him
+to do so. General Fagel[36] has been at Neuilly, notwithstanding the
+presence of the Belgian King and Queen; the King treated him very
+kindly.
+
+  [36] General Fagel had been the ambassador of the King of the Low
+  Countries in France under the Restoration.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 5, 1836._--My chambermaid's serious illness forces me
+to wait upon myself. I have felt a little awkward, but shall get used
+to it. It is not always pleasant, but it is useful, and I do not
+complain. I have, indeed, my moments of discouragement, but then I
+chide myself and it passes away. At times great nervous fatigue
+results from want of practice, but this will disappear, for we are not
+upon earth to amuse ourselves, or to rest, or to be well and happy and
+comfortable; that is our chief illusion; we mistake our object, and
+are then angry that we do not attain it; if we tell ourselves that the
+object of life is work, struggle, and sacrifice we avoid
+misunderstandings and escape the most painful of fates.
+
+The examination of Alibaud will not be printed; so much the better, as
+all this is bad food for public curiosity. Yesterday I had a letter
+from the Duc de Noailles, who is one of the judges; he told me that
+the crime was obviously prompted by want. As the man had not a
+halfpenny he wished to kill himself, but he thought his death should
+be made interesting and useful. Such is the influence of bad teaching
+derived from the republican age and society in which he has lived. He
+is not a gloomy fanatic like Louvel, nor a modern Erostratus like
+Fieschi, but is merely a beggar of considerable self-possession and
+badly brought up.
+
+All the newspapers, Carlist, Radical, and Moderate, are greatly vexed
+by the mandate of the Archbishop of Paris. To appear at Neuilly is too
+much for some; unwillingness to use the term "the King" in the mandate
+is a platitude which does not deceive others and irritates many; the
+Jesuitical and equivocal phrase at the end is thought very pitiable.
+In short, the outcry is general and deserved. I am sorry, for at
+bottom he is a man not without good qualities, but with a deplorable
+want of tact.
+
+I have a letter from M. de Valençay written from Milan; the horseraces
+in the arena, where twenty-five thousand people collected, and the
+illumination of the theatre of La Scala were admirable.
+
+The Mayor of Valençay came to consult M. de Talleyrand about an
+address to be presented to the King concerning the last attempt upon
+his life, and begged M. de Talleyrand to draw it up. He commissioned
+me with the task. Here it is, as it has been passed and as it was sent
+to Paris yesterday. To fall from diplomatic to municipal language is a
+great proof of decadence. That at any rate is what little Fontanes of
+Berry has produced, and of all the addresses drawn up on this occasion
+it is undoubtedly the most monarchical both in form and substance.
+
+   /* "With the confidence of children, the respect of subjects, and
+   the gratitude of the friends of true liberty, the inhabitants of
+   Valençay venture to place at the foot of the Throne the
+   expression of their delight at the miraculous preservation of the
+   sacred person of the King and their wishes for the permanent
+   happiness of the Royal Family. Insignificant and remote as is the
+   quarter of your realm whence these loving hearts yearn towards
+   your Majesty, your goodness is our guarantee that our token of
+   respect will be indulgently received. Our town, moreover, is not
+   without its claims upon the interest of the King, and the claim
+   which we are most pleased to assert is the honour which we have
+   had in receiving His Royal Highness Monseigneur the Duc
+   d'Orléans, and the recollection of the kindness which he has
+   shown amongst us," &c. &c.
+
+Then follow the signatures of the Municipal Council, including that of
+M. de Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 10, 1836._--My son, Valençay, arrived yesterday; he
+told us nothing new about his travels, and only confirmed his previous
+letters. We have also the Prince de Laval, by whom M. de Talleyrand is
+wearied to death, and with good reason. At Paris the Prince is
+tolerable, and sometimes even amusing, but in the country his want of
+judgment and his snobbishness, which induces him to say, for instance,
+that the orange-tree, pruned, clipped short, and planted in a box, is
+the aristocracy of nature, his continual practice of asking questions,
+of stammering and spitting before one's face, and always looking on
+the insignificant side of things, are most wearing; and he does not
+say a word of his departure.
+
+The Duc d'Orléans writes to say that only for reasons of state would
+he be sorry not to marry the daughter of the Archduke Charles, for her
+attractions for him are entirely moral; in person he thinks her, if
+not ugly, yet insignificant, and he is not attracted. In any case, the
+father and daughter readily assent to the proposal of marriage; the
+Emperor of Austria says nothing; but his brother the Archduke Francis
+Charles and his sister-in-law the Archduchess Sophie say "No."
+
+
+_Valençay, July 13, 1836._--Yesterday evening we had a visit from the
+Duc Decazes[37] and the Comte de la Villegontier, who stopped for tea
+on their way to their foundry at Aveyron. M. Decazes was sad and
+sorrowful concerning the King's dangers and the open sores in society,
+as revealed by the trial of Alibaud. He also complains, and with
+reason, of the organisation, or rather the non-organisation, of the
+police. He says that the King alone has preserved his calm and
+presence of mind, but that around him all are sad, anxious, and
+agitated, and that the Queen and Madame are very unhappy. Marshal
+Lobau has persuaded the King that the National Guard would take it ill
+if his Majesty did not review them on the 28th of this month. He will
+therefore pass under the Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, where the
+National Guard will march before him. But this is too much. The July
+festivals will be confined to the opening of the Arc de Triomphe, and
+the Obelisk from Luxor will be unveiled. No further commemoration
+would be required, in my opinion.
+
+  [37] M. Decazes then acted as chief referendary to the Chamber of
+  Peers.
+
+Alibaud yielded to the exhortations of the Abbé Grivel. He confessed,
+and therefore has repented. On the scaffold he kissed the crucifix
+before the people, but when one of the servants took away his black
+veil he flew into a rage and turned suddenly round to the multitude,
+red in the face, crying, "I die for my country and for liberty," and
+then he submitted.
+
+M. Decazes also told us that every day brought him anonymous letters,
+denunciations, and revelations, and that it was impossible to get a
+moment's peace. He left me in profound sadness.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 16, 1836._--The Prince de Laval, who is still here,
+admiring everything and evidently well pleased in spite of our
+political differences, has a certain form of wit which consists in
+saying smart and clever remarks now and then, but these are wanting in
+taste and balance. His class snobbishness recalls that of M.
+Saint-Simon, his caste prejudice is carried to a ridiculous point, his
+curiosity and gossip are unexampled, and his selfishness and
+absorption in his own importance and amusement are inconceivable; he
+advances every claim on his own behalf, and is therefore unbearable
+when taken seriously. Taken the other way, there is something to be
+got out of him, the more so as, though he is a tease, he is not
+ill-tempered, and the very extravagance of his poses forces him to
+live up to them.
+
+The Duc de Noailles, whom we also expect here to-day, is very
+different; he is reasonable, self-possessed, cold, polite, and
+reserved, asking no questions, never chattering nor wearying anybody;
+but though he is unpretentious his claims to consideration are none
+the less real, and he is absorbed, first of all by his position as a
+great lord, and then as a politician. His position as a man of fashion
+and fortune, of which Adrien de Laval boasts his past possession, as
+they are now gone, has no attraction for him. I might even say that if
+M. de Laval is a quondam young man, the Duc de Noailles is an old man
+before his time. He is only thirty-four or thirty-five, but his face,
+his manners, and his life in general make him appear fifty.
+
+
+_Paris, July 27, 1836._--I think more and more of the Duc de Noailles.
+He is a man of good judgment, sound taste, with a sense of honour and
+excellent manners. He is also dignified and possessed of common sense,
+while his goodwill is valuable, and his high position may be useful in
+the world in which he is a figure. But my high opinion of his good
+qualities and the value which I set upon his goodwill and friendship
+do not prevent me from seeing his pretentiousness. His chief ambition
+is political, and is not, perhaps, sufficiently supported by the ease
+of temperament which is quite indispensable at the present time. The
+whole family has remained what it was two hundred years ago. The
+Noailles are rather illustrious than ancient, rather courtiers than
+servants, but servants rather than favourites, intriguers rather than
+ambitious, society people rather than lords, snobs rather than
+aristocrats, and above all and before all, Noailles. I know the whole
+of the family existing at the present time; the best and most capable
+of them is undoubtedly the Duc, whom I judge perhaps somewhat
+severely, but for whom I have always a real esteem.
+
+I left Valençay the day before yesterday at six o'clock in the
+morning; my dear Pauline was very sad at being left behind; I slept at
+Jeurs with the Mollien family, reaching their house at eight o'clock
+in the evening, and arrived here in pretty good time. I found M. de
+Talleyrand in fairly good health, but much disturbed by the state of
+affairs. The King will not be present at to-morrow's review, and has
+given it up because of a discovery that fifty-six young people have
+sworn to kill him. As it was impossible to arrest these fifty-six, it
+has been thought more advisable to abandon the review. In what times
+we live!
+
+The death of Carrel[38] has also thrown a gloom over us. He made many
+mistakes, but his mind was distinguished and his talent remarkable.
+Even M. de Chateaubriand, the author of the "Génie du Christianisme,"
+wept as he walked in the funeral procession of the man who refused to
+see a priest and forbade the holding of any Church ceremony at his
+funeral. The desire to produce an effect usually ends in some loss of
+taste and propriety in the most essential details.
+
+  [38] A violent newspaper quarrel brought about a meeting between
+  Armand Carrel, editor of _Le National_, and Emile de Girardin,
+  editor of _La Presse_. A pistol duel took place on July 28 in the
+  wood of Vincennes. Armand Carrel was severely wounded in the
+  stomach, and died the next day, after expressing a definite wish
+  for burial in a cemetery without any Church service.
+
+Affairs in Spain are going very badly. The supporters of intervention
+are growing active, and many of them are influential and leading
+spirits, but the supreme will is in active opposition to them.
+
+During my journey yesterday I was in very good company, with Cardinal
+de Retz, whose memoirs I have taken up again; I had not read them for
+many years, and then at an age when one is more attracted by the facts
+and the anecdotes than by the style or reflections. The style is
+lively, original, strong, and graceful, while the reflections are
+thoughtful, judicious, elevating, striking, and abundant. What a
+delightful book, and what insight, and often more than insight, in
+judgment, if not in action! He was a political La Bruyère.
+
+
+_Paris, July 28, 1836._--Yesterday the Duc d'Orléans came to see me.
+He is in very bad health and somewhat melancholy; he too is obliged
+to take an infinite number of precautions which sadden his life. The
+King had resolved to go to the review, but was at the same time so
+convinced that he would be killed that he made his will, and gave full
+orders and directions to his son concerning his accession to the
+throne.
+
+At the end of the morning I also had a call from M. Thiers, who was
+very pleased with the news he had just received from Africa, with the
+political situation at home and abroad, and, in short, with
+everything, apart from the great and continual dangers which threaten
+the King's life. There were to have been several attempts upon the
+King's life on the day of the review; these attempts were to be
+organised separately and without connection. One was to be delivered
+by a group of men disguised as National Guards, who were to fire a
+volley of twenty shots at the King as he passed, one of which would
+certainly have found its mark. Two of the young men who have been
+arrested--and the arrests amount to more than a hundred--have already
+made important confessions. Yesterday morning a man was arrested in
+whose house was found a machine like Fieschi's, but more perfect and
+smaller in compass, with more accuracy and certainty in its working.
+
+
+_Paris, July 29, 1836._--Yesterday evening I was with the Queen. She
+seemed quite natural in manner, though she said very bitterly: "We can
+testify to ourselves that we are entirely upright, and yet we are
+forced to live amid terrors and with the precautions of tyrants."
+Madame Adélaïde urges her not to sadden the King's temper. He was with
+his Ministers, and did not come in till later. His manner was quite
+ordinary, but his features bear the mark of gloomy thoughts; the
+greatest vexation he ever experienced in his life was his inability to
+go to the review. Moreover, he thinks that his days are numbered, for
+the day before yesterday, when taking leave of the Queen of the
+Belgians, who was returning to Brussels, he told her that he would not
+see her again. The young queen was in ill-health, and nothing was more
+heartrending than their farewells. Poor people!
+
+A remarkable fact which is vouched for by all the officers of the
+legions of the National Guard is that during the last fortnight a
+number of unknown or notorious people, such as Bastide, and others,
+have put down their names on the rotas of the National Guard and take
+sentry duty; this was in order that they might find a place in the
+ranks which were to march before the King upon the day of the review.
+
+Nothing sadder can be conceived than the Tuileries. I stayed there two
+hours with an inexpressible sinking of heart, a melancholy and an
+inclination to weep which I could hardly restrain, especially when I
+saw the King. I shall start early to-morrow morning for Valençay.
+
+
+_Chartres, July 31, 1836._--I left Paris yesterday, but much later
+than I intended, as the Duc d'Orléans sent word that he wished to
+speak with me again. I cannot say how much I have been touched by his
+perfect kindness to me. He came to see me every day, and showed that
+he counted me as his best friend--and he is certainly not mistaken. He
+has made remarkable progress in every respect, and if heaven preserves
+him to us I am sure that his reign will be brilliant. I hope that a
+good marriage will clear our political horizon, which is very dark.
+
+What is his marriage to be? That question will be decided next week,
+for I think that he certainly will marry; circumstances make it
+entirely necessary to consolidate and strengthen that which crime
+threatens and attacks daily, and a continuation of the line becomes
+even more important than the greatness of the alliance. The latter,
+however, is not to be despised. Search is made, but if no success
+results the only object will be to find a wife who can bear fine
+children, without any idea of a morganatic marriage, which is not
+required for many sound reasons, any more than a marriage with any
+member of the Bonaparte family. Religion is a matter of no
+consequence. It is absolutely necessary to deliver Paris from the
+mournful condition into which it has fallen. I know the French, and if
+they are shown a young and engaging bride they will be delighted,
+while the foreign political world will perhaps be more considerate to
+us when it has no further matrimonial snare to spread before us.
+
+Yesterday I stayed a few minutes at Versailles with Madame de Balbi,
+and a few minutes more at Maintenon, with the Duchesse de Noailles. I
+am now starting for Châteaudun, and shall go on from thence to
+Montigny, where I have promised to visit the Prince de Laval.
+
+
+_Montigny, August 1, 1836._--I left Chartres after hearing mass in the
+cathedral, which, as far as I could see, has not suffered from the
+fire.[39] The wood- and lead-work have gone, but as the vaulting
+within, which was made of stone, has not suffered, nothing is to be
+seen from within the church. The work of repair is now in progress.
+
+  [39] In the month of June 1836 a conflagration, supposed to be
+  caused by the carelessness of some plumbers, completely destroyed
+  the chestnut beam-work of the cathedral, which was the admiration
+  of visitors and was known as "the Forest." A great number of old
+  windows were broken or melted, and the bells were seriously
+  damaged. For several hours the fire threatened to spread to the
+  whole of the lower town. The important work of repair lasted for
+  several years.
+
+I stopped at Châteaudun in order to go over the whole of the old
+castle, including the kitchens and the dungeons. Though greatly
+ruined, some beauties yet remain, and the view is splendid. The Prince
+de Laval came to meet me, and brought me here in his carriage. He is
+making a charming spot here, arranged with good taste, care, and
+magnificence. The situation is beautiful, and the Gothic part of the
+castle has been well preserved and carefully restored. The castle
+would give a very good idea of the owner to anybody who did not know
+him. I must admit my astonishment at the fact that the spot could have
+been arranged as it was by Adrien de Laval; the truth is that he has
+an excellent architect; and then the Baron de Montmorency has arranged
+the court, and has had several consultations with me concerning the
+arrangement of the rooms, for this is not my first visit. In short, it
+is charming, and though things are much better at Rochecotte, there
+are some here which outrival ours. In respect of size and proportion
+the two places can be well compared.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 2, 1836._--I have now returned to my lair, and am
+delighted to be far from the uproar of Paris, but I should like time
+for a good rest, whereas M. de Talleyrand has also just come with
+people who are to surround us from to-day. If I could choose a coat
+of arms which really meant something I should prefer a stag at bay
+with the dogs around him.
+
+It is impossible to be more hospitable than M. de Laval has been, and
+I am slightly ashamed of the small ingratitude of which I may be
+guilty in relating one of the most ridiculous affairs which I know.
+Adrien possesses the order of the Holy Ghost, which is no longer worn;
+he had several medallions, and will any one guess what he has done
+with them? He has had them sewn on the middle of one of the velvet
+counterpanes which cover the chief beds in the castle. I was never
+more surprised than to wake up in the morning and find a large
+inscription of the Holy Ghost across my figure.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 6, 1836._--I have a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, dated July 22, from Vienna, which begins as follows:
+"I am now writing to you, as this letter will be taken by a courier
+who will start in two days and tell the Ministry I really do not know
+what. The attempted assassination by Alibaud has evoked unexpected
+manifestations of interest for the King here, and wishes no less
+sincere for his accomplishment of the great work with which Providence
+has entrusted him; but we need not be surprised that this incident has
+also increased the terror which is felt or which people seek to rouse
+concerning the condition of Paris. 'Everything comes to him who
+waits.' On this condition I would have answered for his success, but
+it is one of the cases where people will not wait, and possibly with
+reason." This letter from M. de Sainte-Aulaire must have come by the
+courier who brought the important answer concerning the proposed
+marriage between the Duc d'Orléans and the Archduchess Theresa; hence
+this answer must have arrived at Paris, and I am the more inclined to
+think that it has been received, as Madame Adélaïde informs M. de
+Talleyrand that her nephew will write to him personally upon his own
+affairs. It is from no curiosity, but with a keen desire to see the
+fate of the young Prince happily settled, that I impatiently await his
+letters. I should also like to see the King of Naples make one of our
+princesses his queen.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 7, 1836._--By way of continuing the quotation which
+I gave yesterday from M. de Sainte-Aulaire's letter, I will say that
+the reply has been received and that it has been unfavourable. I am
+sorry, for our sakes, but if it is a setback to our Prince Royal I
+regard it as possibly a political error on the part of those who have
+declined. Their repentance may yet be speedy, for the incident may
+change the appearance of the world and bring once more into opposition
+the two forces which were inclined to amalgamate.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 9, 1836._--Yesterday at lunch-time we saw our
+cousins arrive, the Prince de Chalais and his brother.[40] The former,
+in my opinion, has the most charming face that I know, a fine figure
+and noble manners. I talked a great deal with him, as he did not leave
+until after dinner. He has sound sense, simplicity of mind,
+uprightness of heart, curiosity upon useful matters, and a sensible
+and reasonable interest in everything that can strengthen the fine
+position of a great landowner.
+
+  [40] The Comte Paul de Périgord.
+
+I am informed that the decree which is to liberate the prisoners of
+Ham has been signed. I am truly pleased to hear it, as I have worked
+hard to secure it. They are not given full liberty, but a change of
+residence with some relaxations preparatory to full freedom, which
+will allow them to recover their shattered health more readily and
+under better conditions.
+
+Every one is well pleased at Neuilly with the King of Naples. Our King
+has been much worried by people who would like him to intervene beyond
+the Pyrenees, against his wish, but hitherto he resists vigorously.
+This mental anxiety, together with the precautions which people wish
+to impose upon him to secure his safety, is poisoning his life.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 11, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is informed that the
+Spanish problems, which are growing more and more acute, are causing
+bitterness at Paris, where nothing of the kind should exist--namely,
+between the King and his Minister of Foreign Affairs,[41] who is
+supported by the Prince Royal, as these two men are anxious for
+intervention. We may wonder who will emerge victorious from this
+domestic struggle.
+
+  [41] M. Thiers.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 22, 1836._--I can well understand the reflections
+made concerning the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden; her want of tact
+is due to her early education. She was brought up in a pretentious
+boarding-school,[42] where she learnt much except that exquisite sense
+of propriety which may be transmitted hereditarily or implanted in
+youth but can never be taught. For instance, she asked M. Berryer to a
+ball at her house, though he had not been introduced and had not asked
+for an introduction. Then she talks too much, as a rule, and attempts
+to bring herself into notice by conversational brilliancies which are
+not always properly calculated or adapted to her position. Princesses
+are not obliged to be kind; they must, however, be obliging and
+dignified; but to understand the limits of propriety and not to go
+beyond them they must have acquired certain habits from infancy; here
+the Grand Duchess Stephanie was wanting, and Madame Campan has not
+been able to amend the defect. I believe her to be at bottom an
+excellent person. Her life shows devotion and courage in the
+misfortunes through which she has passed with great credit. I think
+that Madame de Lieven, who criticises her so severely, would not
+emerge so unscathed from the crises caused by her difficult position
+with respect to her husband. The Grand Duchess had a nice manner and a
+pretty, alert, and graceful bearing; she needed youth, and as she lost
+youth her defects became more obvious. This, unfortunately, is every
+one's case, and for that reason it is wrong to say that people are too
+old to amend; on the contrary, when charm passes away it is most
+essential to replace it by capacity; charm of youth calls forth
+indulgence and provides excuses which disappear with those charms and
+graces, and are replaced by a severity of judgment which can only be
+opposed by more self-control, more self-renunciation, and more
+self-respect.
+
+  [42] The institution of the famous Madame Campan, now the school
+  of Ecouen.
+
+We are officially informed that the refusal from Vienna was expressed
+in polite terms, but no reason was given. The possibilities of
+Princess Sophia of Würtemburg have not been considered, in spite of
+what people say. Our Prince Royal has started for the country,
+somewhat thin and changed, but entirely convalescent.
+
+From Madrid we hear that Isturitz has resigned. Calatrava takes his
+place as President of the Council. Everything is going very badly.
+
+The King of Naples starts for Toulon on the 24th, and goes, as he
+came, unmarried.
+
+The ex-Ministers are still prisoners at Ham, in consequence of
+difficulties which have arisen among the Ministers in power. The
+Minister of the Interior wishes to keep the prisoners under his
+supervision, and the President of the Council wishes them to remain in
+the fortresses, under the milder regulations, but in military
+strongholds; but so long as they are there, the Minister of War claims
+supervision over them. It is quite time that this treatment came to an
+end, for the unhappy people are ill.
+
+Madame Murat has obtained permission to spend a month at Paris. She
+will arrive in a week, and is said to be taking no part in her
+brother's intrigues.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de Lieven, who announces her
+return to Paris as a positive fact. I am afraid she may be making a
+great mistake. Yesterday I had a letter from St. Petersburg in which
+she is said to be in very bad odour at Court. On the other hand, M. de
+Löwe-Weimar is very well treated at Court, and poses as an aristocrat.
+Horace Vernet is also spoiled and petted in a most inconceivable
+manner. Why, in view of that, should Madame de Lieven be thus
+harassed? Can it be that she is suspected of being something of an
+intriguer? The English are certainly right to include the capacity of
+keeping quiet among a person's best qualities.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 24, 1836._--I have a comical and unexpected piece of
+news to the effect that M. Berryer has been playing in a vaudeville at
+Baden with Madame de Rossi. This must be a strange occupation for a
+politician, but it is better for him than bad company in Switzerland.
+Yesterday the newspapers announced the death of M. de Rayneval[43] at
+Madrid. This will increase the difficulty of a question which is
+complicated enough already.
+
+  [43] French Ambassador in Spain.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 27, 1836._--We have no details from Paris, but
+obviously some Cabinet crisis is in preparation. Meanwhile M. Thiers
+seems to have been anxious to involve the King in the Spanish
+difficulty against his wish, and to have acted for that purpose
+without consulting his colleagues. The result has been a considerable
+amount of ill-feeling which is difficult to quell, and should lead in
+a few days either to the submission of Thiers to the King or to the
+formation of a new Ministry, which, however, would contain some
+members of the present Cabinet, and in particular, I think, M. de
+Montalivet. All this is a matter of speculation, for we know nothing
+definite.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 28, 1836._--A letter from Madame Adélaïde yesterday
+informed M. de Talleyrand as follows: "The Ministry is dissolved, to
+my profound regret. I am especially sorry for Thiers, but he was
+obstinate upon the question of intervention in Spain, and this has
+spoiled everything. The King wished to disband the new body that was
+formed at Bayonne, and demanded a formal undertaking that there should
+be no question of intervention hereafter; Thiers refused, and
+resigned. Any Ministerial crisis at this moment is very vexatious, for
+we have so small a circle from which we can choose. The King has sent
+for M. Molé, but he was in the country. He will require time to come,
+and no doubt he will ask for Guizot. It is all very distressing, and
+we know by experience how long and difficult is the task of forming a
+new Cabinet. Pity me, for I am heartbroken!" Such was the position of
+affairs the day before yesterday in the immediate neighbourhood of the
+crisis. I am very sorry it should have occurred, in the first place
+because I have a real interest in Thiers, and because I regret that
+his revolutionary instincts should have overcome his devotion, his
+gratitude, and the recognition which he owed to the great wisdom, the
+prudence, and the long experience of the King. Moreover, constant
+changes of Ministry are Governmental misfortunes and shake public
+opinion too frequently; besides, Thiers' dexterity, alertness, and
+promptitude, apart from his energy and his intellect, are useful to
+the State. What use will he make of these powers when he has full
+liberty of action? Madame Adélaïde, as the extract from her letter
+shows, has no great love for the Doctrinaires, but it is inconceivable
+that M. de Broglie should be recalled, with whom M. Guizot considers
+that he has settled accounts for ever. Apart from these disadvantages,
+I think it is obviously beneficial for the King to have given a fresh
+proof that on questions of real importance he cannot be shaken and
+will not be driven into action against his wish. Thus in February he
+resisted the arrogance of the Doctrinaires, and has now overthrown the
+infatuation of Thiers. This seems to be a fair warning for the future
+Ministry, whatever its political colouring, and an excellent guarantee
+to all right-thinking men in Europe.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 29, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand ought to regard the
+accidents that happen to him without disastrous results as a guarantee
+that his life is certainly assured, and in my place I think that this
+warning would rather turn my thoughts upon what they portend and
+induce me to thank God for the respite granted to lighten our burden
+of responsibility. Sometimes he reflects upon death, but not often.
+Yesterday evening there was a violent storm which threatened the
+Castle. After a loud clap of thunder he asked me what I had been
+thinking of at that moment, and I immediately replied: "If a priest
+had been in the room I should have confessed myself, for I am afraid
+of sudden death. To die unprepared and to carry with me my heavy
+burden of sin is a terrifying prospect, and however careful one may be
+to live well we cannot do without reconciliation and pardon." M.
+Cogny, our doctor, who was there, and who is terribly afraid of
+thunderstorms, added somewhat foolishly that he was performing an act
+of contrition at every flash. M. de Talleyrand said nothing at all,
+and we went on playing piquet. I take every opportunity of
+strengthening my belief, and thus attempting to arouse his, but never
+until I have an opening. In such a matter a light touch is
+indispensable.
+
+Yesterday I had a long, interesting letter from the Duc d'Orléans, and
+a letter which I think the more satisfactory as he has returned to
+more reasonable opinions upon the Spanish question. His opinion of the
+Ministerial crisis corresponds entirely with my own. I have also a
+letter from M. Guizot written from Broglie on August 24. When writing
+he had no news of the resignation of Thiers, which took place on the
+25th. He informs me that he has just bought a small estate near
+Lisieux and is going to turn farmer.[44] I presume that I shall next
+hear that he has left the plough to resume the pen and speechifying.
+
+  [44] This estate was the Val Richer, where M. Guizot lived until
+  his death.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 1, 1836._--I am strongly inclined to accede
+entirely to the opinion concerning the Emperor Nicholas which states
+that the only royal quality in his possession is personal courage. His
+chief deficiency seems to me to be that of intelligence, not only in
+conversation and judgment, but in general.
+
+M. de Montessuy, who accompanied M. de Barante to an entertainment at
+Peterhof and passed the night there, writes that he saw the Empress at
+a distance in the gardens and respectfully withdrew, but that in the
+evening she reproached him for so doing, saying that she had come down
+in order to speak to him and that it was wrong of him to avoid her.
+All this story seems to me to be very unlikely.
+
+Madame Adélaïde writes to M. de Talleyrand on August 30 that nothing
+has yet been done with regard to the Ministry. M. Molé has opened
+communications with MM. Guizot and Duchâtel, both of whom have arrived
+at Paris, but unanimity between them is rendered difficult by their
+respective sense of dignity. The King and Madame seem greatly to
+regret their forced separation from the retiring Ministers and the
+necessity of calling in others.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 3, 1836._--Yesterday I learned a piece of news
+which is causing me much anxiety and is likely to involve me in
+embarrassment: the death of my man of business in Germany, Herr
+Hennenberg, who died at Berlin on August 23. I am thus obliged to
+replace a most upright and capable man, a strong and respected
+character who had full knowledge for twenty-five years not only of my
+business, but of all my intimacies, past and present, who has thrown
+himself heartily into every interest of my life and performed immense
+services, and, in spite of the many pecuniary shocks which I have
+experienced, has restored my fortunes and brought them to visible
+prosperity, often to my own astonishment. He was, in short, a man to
+whom I had entirely handed over the control of my affairs, as, indeed,
+was necessary, in view of the long distance which separates me from
+the centre of my interests. Such a man cannot be replaced by
+correspondence or blindly, nor can I remain in uncertainty and
+unsettlement for any length of time without suffering incalculable
+loss. Hence a journey to Germany seems an absolute necessity; but, on
+the other hand, how can I leave M. de Talleyrand alone in view of the
+present state of his health? It is not to be thought of, and I pray
+that Providence may deliver me from this inextricable complication.
+
+Letters from Paris say that attempts to form a Ministry are so many
+successive failures, that the King is growing tired of it, and that
+Thiers is beginning to say that Spain is past all remedy. Perhaps they
+will end in patching the matter up, but the shock that each party has
+received will weaken their harmony, apart from the paralysing sense of
+mistrust and rancour which will remain. It is all very sad.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 4, 1836._--We have letters daily from Paris, but
+no word regarding any solution of the difficulty. Yesterday I thought
+the breach might be healed; I am less inclined to think so to-day. It
+is even possible that the journey to Fontainebleau may take place
+before the reconstruction of the Cabinet. M. Thiers would like to
+start for Italy, to which the King has replied that his resignation
+will be accepted only when he has nominated a successor. Molé and
+Guizot are possibilities which seem to be exhausted without result.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 7, 1836._--We are told that the _Moniteur_ of
+to-day will contain the names of a Guizot-Molé Ministry, recruited
+entirely from among the Doctrinaires under the influence and by the
+efforts of M. Guizot. I had a letter from M. Thiers yesterday, and am
+sorry to see some ill-temper displayed against all who do not share
+his ideas about that wretched Spanish question. In particular he
+thinks that the signatories to the Quadruple Alliance should have
+agreed with him. This remark is addressed to M. de Talleyrand, who
+proposes to reply that a fresh reading of the treaty will show that it
+was drawn up in such a way that France is not under obligation in any
+direction. M. Guizot persisted in objecting to the retention of M. de
+Montalivet as Minister of the Interior, and as the latter thought it
+inconsistent with his dignity to leave this post for another, as
+Guizot had proposed, he has resigned, to the King's great regret, and
+will go to Berry, where he has property. Sauzet and d'Argout are said
+to be going to Italy, once the refuge of dethroned Sovereigns and now
+the inevitable touringground of ex-Ministers.
+
+The following fact is certain: On the 4th of this month information
+was received that the _Société des Familles_, the most numerous and
+best organised of secret societies at this time, proposed to make some
+attempt to raise a public disturbance. Their intention was perfectly
+clear; the fear of discovery doubtless prevented them from putting it
+into effect. They proposed to advance upon the prison where the
+political prisoners are confined, to set them at liberty, to seize the
+Prefecture of Police, and thence to march upon Neuilly. The Ministers
+assert that their intentions were quite serious.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 9, 1836._--The newspapers are already declaring a
+terrible war upon the new Ministry, which will be settled before the
+Chambers.[45] The Opposition journals predict a breach in the
+Cabinet, which seems a not unlikely possibility. Then perhaps we shall
+see M. Thiers return to the head of affairs, but with a certain
+opposition to confront him, after making war upon a system which he
+had long supported and entering into obligations with men inclining to
+the Left, in which case he would be likely to draw the Government into
+dangerous paths. I do not really know, but in general things seem to
+me to be growing dark. In any case it is fair to recognise that the
+new Ministerial combination can display to the country and abroad
+honourable names, distinguished talent, and recognised capacity. Let
+us hope, then, that it may rest upon a solid basis. Eight or ten days
+before the last crisis M. Molé, after a considerable silence, wrote a
+very sprightly letter to M. Royer-Collard and to myself.
+
+  [45] The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Molé, President of
+  the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Guizot, Minister
+  of Public Instruction; M. Persil, Minister of Justice; M.
+  Duchâtel, Financial Minister; M. de Gasparin, Minister of the
+  Interior, with M. de Rémusat as Under-Secretary of State; M.
+  Martin du Nord, Minister of Commerce and Public Works; General
+  Bernard, Minister of War; and Admiral Rosamel, Minister of Naval
+  Affairs.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 10, 1836._--Yesterday M. de Talleyrand received a
+nice deferential little note from M. Molé upon his accession to the
+Ministry. The burden of the letter was as follows: As the new Cabinet
+had been formed upon a question and with ideas which M. de Talleyrand
+had wisely made his own, the new Ministers might congratulate
+themselves upon his approval, and for himself he trusted that it might
+be so, as he relied upon M. de Talleyrand's counsel and opinion. M. de
+Talleyrand immediately replied. It is not my business to praise the
+answer, but I think it should please M. Molé, though he will find no
+criticism in it of the man whose place he takes. M. de Talleyrand may
+regret the blindness of M. Thiers upon the Spanish question, but it is
+not for him to blame M. Thiers in definite terms, as he has long shown
+and felt goodwill for him.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 11, 1836._--I shall not quote Madame de Lieven as
+testifying to the accuracy of the story told by M. de Montessuy,[46]
+but I admit that I cannot understand so strange an incident. If one of
+our princesses or our Sovereign had so acted, a revolutionary
+interpretation would immediately have been put upon it at St.
+Petersburg, and if the Emperor Nicholas admits Horace Vernet, and
+especially M. de Löwe-Weimar, to his favour, his intimacy, and his
+confidence, I do not see why the King should be reproached for dining
+at the Tuileries with his National Guards. The truth is,
+Louis-Philippe cannot use the knout or Siberia, which are two stern
+precautions against familiarity, though it is fortunate for each of us
+that these weapons are not in his hands; in Russia, neither age nor
+sex nor rank nor merit is any protection.
+
+  [46] _See_ above, p. 63.
+
+I have a letter from M. Guizot couched in most sprightly terms,
+telling me of his entrance to the Council. The friendship of the King
+for M. de Talleyrand and the confidence with which he honours him
+forbid any Minister to be on bad terms with him; our intentions are
+identical, so that between ourselves and these gentlemen all should go
+well.
+
+I have a long letter from the Comte Alexis de Saint-Priest from
+Lisbon. He writes from time to time, though I only send short dry
+notes by way of answer; but he seems determined to regard them as
+proofs of friendship. It is merely a case of calculating
+self-interest. He knows that the Duc d'Orléans shows me some kindness,
+and he believes himself called upon to play a part when this Prince
+comes to the throne, and therefore desires in any case to be one of my
+friends; any one reading the opening sentences of his letter would
+think that I was a great deal to him and he to me. I am somewhat vexed
+in consequence.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 13, 1836._--How is it that people are so often
+found ready to report ill-tempered speeches to the persons affected by
+them? It is a strange and too common frame of mind. To myself it is so
+hateful that while I believe myself incapable of it, I always receive
+very coldly those who bring me confidential remarks of this nature. I
+think that the first condition upon which one can live in peace is to
+speak evil of things only when they are bad and as little as possible
+of people, and the second condition is to disregard evil spoken about
+ourselves unless it be spoken to warn one of some trap or actual
+danger, but it is very rarely that such information is actuated by
+this good and laudable intention. These moral reflections are evoked
+by the slanders which Lord Rosse is said to have uttered about Madame
+de Lieven and the information brought to her concerning them. In any
+case I see that social habit, knowledge of the world, the necessities
+of conversation, and, in short, the thousand and one considerations
+which make hypocrisy a virtue, or at any rate a social quality, allow
+these two people to meet on good terms, and if that be so, my theories
+are of little or no importance.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 16, 1836._--The following is an extract from a
+letter received by M. de Talleyrand yesterday; it was not sent by
+Madame Adélaïde, but the writer is generally very well informed. "M.
+Molé is ill. He has not yet been able to pay any calls, nor to receive
+any ambassador, nor has any council yet been held by the King. It is
+said that his health will not allow him to remain long in office, and
+that he will never establish himself there with any certainty. If he
+should resign, it is thought that the Ministry would not be entirely
+dislocated, and that Montalivet would probably take his place. There
+is also a rumour that the Ministry is ready to confront the Chambers
+fearlessly, and expects to secure a majority, that it is ready to be
+contented with a small majority in the hope of seeing it grow, and
+that it does not intend to make every point a Cabinet question.
+Marshal Soult is not to be Minister of War. He was anxious to be
+President of the Council, but this was refused, and the post will
+probably be given to Molitor, Sébastiani, or Bernard. The Ministry is
+entirely dominated by the King's policy upon the Spanish question. The
+body which was gathering on the Pyrenees frontier will be disbanded
+and the Foreign Legion abandoned. In any case that legion is at the
+service of Spain, and we have no right to use it for our own purposes.
+Strictest adherence will be maintained to the limits laid down by the
+treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. At the same time an ambassador at
+Madrid will be appointed, though the death of Rayneval might have
+enabled us to dispense with this; but the appointment will be made
+from respect to England. A rumour has gone abroad, but it is a great
+secret, and the appointment is not yet settled, that this ambassador
+will be the Duc de Coigny. The King is a little doubtful of the
+attitude which Thiers will adopt. He is also much displeased with him,
+and has expressed his displeasure several times. At one time Thiers
+took some steps to return to the Ministry, and the matter was
+discussed. He then submitted himself wholly to the King's opinion and
+will upon the Spanish question, but the style of the King's expression
+showed that he was very far from reposing confidence in Thiers, and
+that he would only take him back perforce and in a difficult and
+unavoidable position. The true cause of Thiers' resignation is not so
+much difference of opinion between the King and himself as the
+deceitful course by which he wished to draw the King into intervention
+against his will. Since he has gone several facts have been discovered
+of which no one had any suspicion. Thiers went away announcing that he
+would only return for the following session if he saw his policy
+attacked. He is said to be really very despondent about his fall, and
+has the more reason for despondency as he is sole author of it. The
+mode of his resignation has greatly diminished the reputation which he
+first achieved, and the public opinion is not in his favour."
+
+
+_Valençay, September 21, 1836._--Yesterday we heard that the
+Constitution of 1820 had been proclaimed at Lisbon. It is asserted
+that this event was prepared at London, and the fact remains that
+Admiral Gage, who was in harbour with three ships of the line,
+remained a passive spectator. The queens of the South are not destined
+to enjoy unbroken slumber, for at Lisbon, as at Madrid, the Queen was
+forced to sign the new Constitution at two o'clock in the morning. The
+army took the side of the people and of the National Guard. The poor
+little Prince of Coburg has made a sad marriage indeed. If he remains
+in private life with so heavy a burden as Doña Maria he will collapse.
+It is impossible to avoid some feeling of dismay at these military
+reactions, and we are deeply anxious to see our Cabinet completed by a
+_real_ Minister of War. General Bernard was the last chance, and would
+be the best choice, as Marshal Soult persistently refuses.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 23, 1836._--Our festival of St. Maurice[47] was
+held yesterday, and was most brilliant. Numbers of neighbours came,
+and our cousins came over from Saint-Aignan. The gamekeepers with
+their early trumpet-blasts, fine weather, a long drive, the banquet in
+the Castle, and dinner to the little school-girls, the three courts
+lighted up, and a most pretty entertainment, cheerfully and
+delightfully played, completed our festivity.
+
+  [47] St. Maurice was the patron saint of the Prince de
+  Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 25, 1836._--It is certain that Charles X., to
+please the Duc de Bordeaux, has requested Don Carlos to receive his
+grandson into his army, and Don Carlos has very wisely refused. The
+truth is that this would have been the only thing that could have
+induced France to intervene.
+
+A letter from Strasburg gives me many details concerning the Abbé
+Bautain and MM. Ratisbonne and de Bonnechose which interest me
+greatly, for it was these men who carried on the correspondence
+concerning the philosophy of religion which I read last winter. This
+book is preceded by their biographies and the story of their
+conversion, so that my knowledge of their case is complete. M.
+Royer-Collard, to whom I have spoken several times concerning the Abbé
+Bautain, told me that when he was high master of the university he
+knew the Abbé, then quite a young man; that he had a distinguished
+mind and a lively imagination, but that his mother was at Charenton
+and that there seemed some likelihood of his following her, though at
+the same time he thought a great deal of him for many reasons. I trust
+that the death of Mlle. Humann will not relax the precious bond which
+unites all these young people, with their goodness and sincerity. The
+manner of Mlle. Humann's death was like that of Queen Anne of Austria,
+a description of which I have just read in the _Mémoires_ of Madame de
+Motteville; this queen also died of cancer. I know few incidents so
+touching and edifying, so curious and well described, as the death of
+this princess. I have finished these memoirs; a book which
+counterbalances, from the political standpoint, the memoirs of
+Cardinal de Retz. By way of restoring my equilibrium, I am reading
+the _Mémoires_ of the Grande Mademoiselle. I read them before my
+marriage, at a time when I did not know France, and therefore knew
+even less the district which I now inhabit, and in which this princess
+lived for a long time; consequently her book has an entirely new
+attraction for me and interests me deeply.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 28, 1836._--A few days ago a Spanish courier
+arrived at Paris from Madrid. He had been stopped by the Carlists, who
+had taken all his despatches except those directly addressed to King
+Louis-Philippe. In these despatches Queen Christina announces that she
+proposes to leave Madrid, leaving the two Princesses behind. The next
+day a telegram came in stating that the Queen is to leave Madrid, with
+all the Ministry, for Badajoz. This town was chosen as being nearest
+to Portugal, and because the Queen would be unable to travel in the
+direction of Cadiz or the Pyrenees or to any seaport. Unfortunate
+creature!
+
+
+_Valençay, October 2, 1836._--M. de Valençay, who is at the camp of
+Compiègne with the Duc d'Orléans, writes that everything is going off
+well and that the King's visit has had an excellent effect. The
+Ministers, who all accompanied the King to Compiègne, followed him on
+horseback to the great review, but M. Molé felt uncomfortable after a
+few minutes and got into the Queen's carriage. The camp is said to be
+very fine; the King was excellently received, and the young Princes
+make a good appearance. I am the more pleased to hear this as it is
+the first time that the King has left his confinement since the case
+of Alibaud. His presence in camp must have been thought very
+necessary, as the Duc d'Orléans answered for the King's safety with
+his own life, begging him to go and show himself to the troops; and
+only then did the Council, which had at first opposed the plan,
+consent to the King's journey.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 5, 1836._--I must copy the following passage about
+the castle of Valençay, which I found in the _Mémoires_ of the Grand
+Mademoiselle, vol. ii. p. 411, in the year 1653: "I continued my
+journey to Valençay, and arrived there by torchlight. I thought I was
+entering an enchanted house. The rooms are the most handsome,
+delightful, and magnificent, in the world; the staircase is very fine,
+and is reached by an arcaded gallery that is superb. It was
+beautifully lighted up; there were plenty of people, including Madame
+de Valençay, and some local ladies with handsome daughters, and the
+general effect was most perfect. The room corresponded with the beauty
+of the staircase, both in decorations and furniture. It rained the
+whole day that I was there, and I think the weather must have done it
+on purpose, as the covered walks had only just been begun. From there
+I went to Selles; it is a fine house."
+
+I have a letter from Alexander von Humboldt about the death of my man
+of business, Herr Hennenberg. He offers his services in a most
+obliging and careful letter, marked by the utmost flattery and
+wittiness, a curious document which I shall keep among my precious
+autographs. The death of this man has aroused the interest of all my
+friends. Were it not for the anxiety which would pursue me if I were
+to leave M. de Talleyrand and my daughter, a journey to Prussia would
+suit me entirely.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 18, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from the
+Prince de Laval, written from Maintenon, where he was staying with M.
+de Chateaubriand and Madame Récamier. He told me that a messenger from
+the Princesse de Polignac had just arrived begging the Duc de Noailles
+to go to Paris to try and remove the fresh obstacle which prevented
+the accomplishment of the promise to improve the condition of the
+prisoners. The Prince de Laval adds that the Duc de Noailles was about
+to start, and that he would return to Montigny, whence he would come
+and pay us a short visit and tell us of the new complications which
+have arisen concerning the poor prisoners of Ham.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 20, 1836._--Yesterday we had a pleasant visit from
+M. Royer-Collard, who came over from Châteauvieux in spite of the
+deplorable state of the roads. He was very indignant that any one
+should be bargaining with the prisoners of Ham about their liberty. He
+left me a letter which he had received from M. de Tocqueville, who had
+returned from a journey in Switzerland. In it I found the following
+passage: "I have closely examined Switzerland for two months. It is
+very possible that the present severity of the French Government
+towards it may force this disunited people to submit, but it is
+certain in any case that we have made implacable enemies there. We
+have accomplished a miracle by uniting in common feeling against
+ourselves parties hitherto irreconcilable. This miracle has been
+performed by the violent measure of M. Thiers, and perhaps even more
+by the pride and haughtiness of our ambassador, M. de Montebello, and
+his mania for interfering in the domestic affairs of the country upon
+every possible occasion."
+
+I have recently been thinking a great deal of what has been done or
+left undone for the prisoners at Ham. All the newspapers with the
+exception of the _Débats_ unanimously blame the last measures, the
+favours offered as a bargain and the degrading conditions imposed upon
+these prisoners, who are a class by themselves and unexampled in
+history. These unfortunate men, moreover, are not asking for liberty,
+but are only requesting some alleviation on the score of their health.
+It seems that our present Ministers do not share the opinion of
+Cardinal de Retz, who said: "Everything that seems dangerous and
+really is not, is almost always a wise measure." Some one else makes
+another observation which seems very applicable to recent events:
+"There is nothing finer than to do favours to those who are against
+us, and nothing weaker, in my opinion, than to receive favours from
+them. Christianity, which enjoins the first action upon us, would
+certainly have enjoined the second if it were good." Here we have a
+clever saying in the style of that fine period when everybody, even
+the least perfect, had some grandeur about him. I do not know whether
+vice is now any less, but as for grandeur I can find none.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 23, 1836._--I have decided to write a short note
+concerning the castle of Valençay, describing its foundation and
+history, &c., which I shall dedicate to my grandson, Boson, in the
+following words:[48]
+
+   TO MY GRANDSON,
+
+   "All are agreed that it is disgraceful to know nothing of the
+   history of one's own country, and that undue modesty or undue
+   presumption are possible dangers if one is ignorant of one's
+   family history, but few are aware how greatly the pleasure of
+   inhabiting a beautiful spot is increased by some knowledge of its
+   traditions. Of these three kinds of ignorance the last is
+   undoubtedly of least importance, but it is also the most common;
+   schoolmasters may create the first, parents the second, but only
+   individual taste can lead us to inquire into dates and facts
+   connected with places which are not generally recognised as
+   famous. This inquiry may seem trivial if it is not justified by
+   any interesting recollections of the past, but in such a case as
+   that of Valençay, where the house is well known for its connection
+   with celebrities, it is the less excusable to disregard or to
+   confuse its history, as we are specially called, if not to
+   perpetuate these famous events, at least to respect them.
+
+   "It has been a pleasure to make this piece of history easier for
+   your study. May it encourage you to remain as noble in heart and
+   thought as are the glories and the traditions of the ancient place
+   of which I propose to tell you the story."
+
+  [48] This note upon Valençay was printed in 1848 by Crapelet, Rue
+  de Vaugirard, at Paris, with the dedication to which the author
+  here refers. This curious work is quoted by Larousse in his great
+  "Dictionnaire universel du Dix-neuvième Siècle," under
+  "Valençay." It has become scarce, but several copies exist.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 24, 1836._--Yesterday I had a very kind letter from
+the Duc d'Orléans, telling me of the departure of his brother the Duc
+de Nemours for Constantine. He envies him his dangerous enterprise.
+
+M. the Prince de Joinville was at Jerusalem.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 28, 1836._--All our letters from Paris say that no
+ceremony has been more imposing than the erection of the Obelisk of
+Luxor.[49] The royal family was welcomed with delight. It was their
+first public appearance in Paris since Fieschi's attempt, and the
+people showed their pleasure. The Cabinet hesitated, as in the case of
+Compiègne, but the royal will carried the day, and with successful
+results.
+
+  [49] The Obelisk of Luxor was given to King Louis-Philippe by
+  Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt. It was removed from its place before
+  the Temple of Luxor, carried to Paris, and erected in the Place
+  de la Concorde in 1836.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 30, 1836._--To-morrow I propose to start from here
+at eight o'clock in the morning; I shall lunch at Beauregard,[50] dine
+at Tours and sleep at my own house at Rochecotte, where M. de
+Talleyrand and my daughter will join me on November 2.
+
+  [50] With the Comtesse Camille de Sainte-Aldegonde.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 2, 1836._--I have not had a moment's rest since
+my arrival here, as I had to put everything in order before the
+appearance of the guests whom I am expecting, and to examine the
+changes that have been caused during my absence by the construction of
+the artesian well; these changes have greatly improved the immediate
+neighbourhood of the Castle, though much remains to be done.
+
+I am inclined to think that M. Thiers has uttered some very
+ill-advised remarks concerning all of us. Ill-temper and despondency
+usually find unmeasured expression in the case of persons whose early
+education has been deficient. It was the Spanish question which drove
+M. Thiers from the Ministry, and on this point he was absolutely
+opposed to M. de Talleyrand; hence the result. I have no ill-feeling
+against him; it was bound to be so. Moreover, there are very few
+people of whom I am sufficiently fond to hate them profoundly.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1836._--What is the meaning of all this
+Strasburg disturbance?[51] I am inclined to think there is something
+serious in this mad Bonaparte enterprise, from the fact that a similar
+movement took place the same day at Vendôme. Six sergeants began the
+affair, which was immediately crushed, though one man was killed. I do
+not know whether the newspapers have anything to say of it, but it is
+quite certain, as the two prefects of Tours and Blois related it to
+M. de Talleyrand, who told me the news when he arrived. The Grand
+Duchess Stephanie will be uneasy concerning the expedition of her
+cousin, Louis Bonaparte.[52] I am sorry for the Duchesse de Saint-Leu,
+although I think she had some knowledge of the affair and is more
+inclined to intrigue than to act a part; but she is a mother, and has
+already lost her eldest son, and she must feel terrible anxiety; it is
+a just though bitter punishment for her miserable intrigues.
+
+  [51] On October 26, 1836, Prince Louis Bonaparte, accompanied by
+  his friend M. de Persigny, and supported by Colonel Vaudrey,
+  attempted to begin a military revolt and to overthrow the king,
+  Louis-Philippe.
+
+  [52] Afterwards Napoleon III.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 7, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame
+de Lieven, who tells me that the Emperor Nicholas is indisposed. When
+a Russian admits that the Emperor is indisposed he must indeed be ill.
+His death would be an event of very different importance from the
+outbreak at Strasburg. I do not think the French would have any great
+reason to regret him.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 10, 1836._--Madame Adélaïde informs M. de
+Talleyrand that the King has resolved not to bring the young Bonaparte
+to trial; he will simply insist upon his immediate departure for
+America and exact a formal promise that he will never return to
+France. Madame de Saint-Leu has written to the King to beg for her
+son's life. She is known to be hidden at Paris, where the authorities
+are unwilling to leave her; nor will they allow her to live in
+Switzerland. Apparently she will go to the United States with her son.
+What foolishness it is which can lead to such a result!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 11, 1836._--Madame de Lieven was saying recently
+before Pozzo that she would perhaps spend the next winter at Rome.
+"What on earth would you find to do in Italy?" cried Pozzo. "You could
+ask no one to tell you the news except the Apollo Belvedere, and if he
+refused you would say, 'Wretch, away with you!'" This sally of Pozzo's
+made every one laugh, including the Princess; she is, in fact, quite
+frivolous.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 20, 1836._--Yesterday's letters told of a
+reversal in the affairs of Portugal. The counter-revolution seems to
+have failed at the moment when success was thought certain, and the
+mishap was due to a want of understanding between the little Van de
+Weyer and Lord Howard de Walden. The disaster is complete.
+
+Madame Adélaïde tells M. de Talleyrand that the Court will certainly
+not go into mourning for the death of Charles X., as no notification
+of the event has been received.[53] She quotes several examples in
+which mourning was not worn for this reason, though near relatives
+were concerned, including the case of the late Queen of Naples; she
+was aunt and mother-in-law to the Emperor of Austria, and died in the
+Imperial castle near Vienna, but the Austrian Court did not go into
+mourning because the King of Naples, who was then in Sicily, did not
+send a notification of his wife's death. Such precedents are
+invincible.
+
+  [53] Charles X. had just died at Goritz, in Austria, on November
+  6, 1836.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 21, 1836._--The death of Charles X. has divided
+society in Paris upon every point. Every one wears mourning according
+to his own fancy, from colours to deep black by infinite gradations,
+and with fresh bitterness about every yard of crape that seems to be
+wanting. Some refer to him as the Comte de Marnes and Henry V., others
+as Louis XIX. In short, the place is a perfect Babel, and they are not
+even agreed upon the disease of which Charles X. died. Yesterday's
+letters speak of nothing else, except the affairs of Portugal. We are
+informed that the clumsy attempt might easily shake the position of
+Lord Palmerston.[54]
+
+  [54] The Queen of Portugal had been forced, after several
+  outbreaks, to accept the Radical Constitution of 1820. In
+  November she began a counter-revolution, helped by Palmella,
+  Terceira, and Saldanha, believing, at the instigation of England,
+  that the population of Lisbon would support her, and proposing to
+  dismiss her Ministers. She had been wrongly informed concerning
+  the popular feeling, and was forced to abandon the struggle.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 22, 1836._--The Prince de Laval writes that M.
+de Ranville is staying with him at Montigny, while M. de Polignac[55]
+is on the road for Munich and Goritz. I do not know at all how this
+business has been arranged, nor do I know the meaning of this meeting
+of Paris clergy summoned to the house of M. Guizot, the Minister of
+Public Worship. They say that the Archbishop is preparing a manifesto
+in consequence, but I have not yet received the answer to the riddle.
+
+  [55] M. de Polignac, who was a prisoner at Ham, had demanded from
+  M. Molé his transference to a sanatorium.
+
+Only the Abbé de Vertot could tell the full story of the revolutions
+in Portugal. Lord Palmerston would not be the hero of it, nor Lord
+Howard de Walden either. What can one think of the base methods
+employed by such diplomacy?
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 28, 1836._--Differences of opinion concerning
+the question of mourning for Charles X. have found their way into the
+royal family; the Queen, who had voluntarily assumed mourning the
+first day, was vexed because the Ministry forced her to abandon it.
+The Cabinet is afraid of newspaper controversy, but has gained
+nothing, as all the newspapers are in rivalry according to their
+political colouring. I am much puzzled to know what shade of white,
+grey, or black I shall adopt when I reach Paris; generally speaking,
+the ladies of the neutral party who are also of society wear black in
+company and white at Court. The position of our diplomatists abroad
+will be very embarrassing.
+
+M. de Balzac, who is a native of Touraine, has come into the country
+to buy a small estate, and induced one of my neighbours to bring him
+here. Unfortunately it was dreadful weather and I was forced to invite
+him to dinner.
+
+I was polite, but very reserved. I am greatly afraid of these
+publicists, men of letters, and writers of articles. I never spoke a
+word without deep consideration, and was delighted when he went.
+Moreover, he did not attract me; his face and bearing are vulgar, and
+I imagine his ideas are equally so. Undoubtedly he is a clever man,
+but his conversation is neither easy nor light, but, on the contrary,
+very dull. He watched and examined all of us most minutely, especially
+M. de Talleyrand.
+
+I could very well have done without this visit, and should have
+avoided it if I had been able. He aims at the extraordinary, and
+relates a thousand incidents about himself, of which I believe none.
+
+The Prince de Laval informed me that M. de Polignac has not yet been
+able to profit by the freedom which was granted him, as he was too ill
+to move at the moment arranged for his departure.[56] He asks to be
+transported to the nearest frontier, Mons or Calais, to avoid any
+route of which he could not endure the fatigue.
+
+  [56] His punishment had been commuted to perpetual banishment.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 2, 1836._--The Archbishop's letter concerning
+the convocation of the clergy is a bad one, because of its
+fault-finding, which is an unsuitable characteristic in an
+ecclesiastic whose finest quality is evangelical simplicity; but we
+must also admit that he must have been shocked by the attempt to
+influence the clergy directly, and that the prohibition of prayers
+instituted by the Church is somewhat too revolutionary, and I wish we
+could reform revolutionary ways more definitely. We cling to them out
+of fear, and this timidity, which is too obvious, brings us into
+isolation abroad and encourages enemies at home.
+
+The Duc d'Angoulême will certainly style himself Louis XIX. and his
+wife the Queen; she wished it to be so. However, immediately after the
+death of Charles X. they sent all the insignia of royalty into the
+room of the Duc de Bordeaux, declaring that even if events were
+favourable they never wished to reign in France. In any case the
+notifications were issued under the incognito title of Comte de
+Marnes. The young Prince is called Monseigneur at Goritz. He and his
+sister are staying with his uncle and aunt.
+
+M. de Polignac wrote to M. Molé after the death of Charles X., saying
+positively that he would be grateful to the King of the French for
+permission to leave Ham, and thus obtained his permit. M. Peyronnet
+wrote in charcoal on his prison wall, "I ask mercy only from God,"
+which I think he had hardly the right to say, since he left his prison
+in very lively spirits. He would not see M. de Polignac again, even at
+the last moment.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 15, 1836._--I shall certainly leave here
+to-morrow evening, and shall be at Paris in the afternoon of the day
+following.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [The two correspondents whose letters furnish material for these
+  memoirs spent a few months together at Paris, so that the memoirs
+  were interrupted, and recommenced in 1837.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+1837
+
+
+_Paris, April 17, 1837._--The new Ministry, which entered upon office
+the day before yesterday, and is destined to immortalise the date of
+April 15, as different Governments are designated by such dates, will
+have a stern conflict to wage, and I hope, for the sake of its leader,
+M. Molé, that it will emerge with honour from the struggle. The
+_Journal de Paris_ offers a frank Doctrinaire opposition; the _Journal
+des Débats_ pronounces a funeral oration over the last Ministry and
+offers peace and support to the new one. All this promises neither
+reality, sincerity, fidelity, nor stability, and I hardly know to whom
+or to what it is reasonable to trust in the sphere of political
+relations. M. Royer-Collard came to see me this morning before going
+to the Chamber of Deputies; he did not seem to think that the new
+Ministry would survive one session.[57]
+
+  [57] The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Molé, President of
+  the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Barthe, Minister
+  of Justice; M. de Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M.
+  Lacave-Laplagne, Financial Minister; M. de Salvandy, Minister of
+  Public Instruction. General Bernard, Admiral de Rosamel, and M.
+  Martin du Nord retained their portfolios; M. de Rémusat,
+  Under-Secretary of State, followed his Minister into retirement.
+
+M. Thiers came to dine with us, among other guests, and talked
+largely, as usual. He came from the Chamber, where they had in vain
+awaited the official proclamation of the new Ministry which had been
+announced. The King was to take the Electress,[58] who is at Paris at
+this moment incognito as the Comtesse d'Arco, to visit Versailles,
+but as the council lasted from ten in the morning till five in the
+afternoon the King was unable to go out or the Ministers to appear
+before the Chamber. The incident produced a bad effect upon the
+Electress, who is said to be irritable and scornful.
+
+  [58] Marianne Leopoldine, Archduchess of Austria-Este, born in
+  1771, married the Elector Charles Theodore of Bavaria. After her
+  husband's death she married the Grand Master of his Court, the
+  Comte Louis Arco. This princess died in 1848.
+
+
+_Paris, April 19, 1837._--Madame de Castellane, who came to see me
+this morning, was very painfully affected by last night's session in
+the Chamber, and told me that the extreme length of yesterday's
+council was due to a keen discussion concerning the complete repeal of
+the law of appanage and the advisability of leaving blank the appanage
+of the Duc d'Orléans in the law which was to be presented to the
+Chamber on the occasion of his marriage with Princess Helena of
+Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the Duc d'Orléans, who was present at the
+council, was anxious that a blank space should be left, and eventually
+gained his point.
+
+Hardly had Madame de Castellane left my house than Madame de Lieven
+came in; she came to ask me to dinner to-day. She told me a saying
+which is current concerning the new Ministry, and is borrowed from a
+new invention; they call it the deodorised Ministry.
+
+Towards the end of the morning I had a visit from M. de Tocqueville,
+who came to me from the Chamber, where he had witnessed the solemn
+entry of the Ministry. He said that the entry took place amid the most
+absolute silence; there was not a word or a gesture, as if the benches
+had been empty, and as if one had been in the middle of the ice upon
+Lake Ladoga, to quote a later remark by Madame de Lieven. The same
+silence prevailed during M. Molé's speech, and when the Ministry
+retired in a body to make their way to the Chamber of Peers there was
+a murmur of dissatisfaction which drove back MM. de Salvandy and de
+Rosamel, who had come to resume their places upon the Ministerial
+bench. In the ensuing debate Marshal Clauzel seems to have cut a poor
+figure, but M. Jaubert was most incisive, and at his remarks upon the
+provisional state of affairs malicious laughter against the Cabinet
+burst out on all sides. On the whole the impression was most
+discouraging for the new Ministry.
+
+After our dinner the Duc de Noailles came in his turn to give an
+account of the Ministerial entry into the Chamber of Peers. M. Molé
+said a few short and confused words; M. de Brézé said that he thought
+the speech too vague, and asked for some explanation of the reason for
+the dissolution of the last Cabinet. M. Molé attempted to reply
+without committing himself, with the result, doubtless by mistake,
+that he used the word "categorical" to characterise the brevity of his
+words. Thereupon M. Villemain said maliciously that the speech of the
+President of the Council was anything rather than categorical, and
+that he would like to know what was going to happen concerning the law
+of non-revelation. M. de Montalivet then got up, and is said to have
+made an excellent speech. He would have left the Chamber with a
+thoroughly good impression, had not M. Siméon, the promoter of the law
+of non-revelation, announced that his speech was ready. This will be a
+great embarrassment for the Ministry, as they would have preferred to
+allow this proposed law to be forgotten.
+
+
+_Paris, April 22, 1837._--Yesterday I had a visit from the Duc
+d'Orléans, who had just learnt the vote of the Chamber concerning his
+marriage dotation, and was satisfied both with the form and matter of
+it. He seems to me inclined to spend half of the million allotted to
+household expenses in charity to the workmen of Lyons, in bank-books
+bought for unfortunate people in the savings-banks of the country, in
+clothes for a large number of children in orphanages, and, in short,
+in good works. He is very pleased with his marriage, and in an
+excellent temper. The Princess Helena wishes to be escorted from
+Weimar by an envoy of France, and a suitable person is being sought
+for this mission. I should be glad to see the Baron de Montmorency
+obtain the honour. The Princess will see the King of Prussia at
+Potsdam. Her portrait has not yet arrived. There are still hopes that
+the marriage will take place before June 15. As the Princess is not to
+be married by procuration, and is not yet, consequently, the Duchesse
+d'Orléans, her household will not go to meet her at the frontier.
+There she will be met only by some member of the King's household, and
+perhaps by one of the Queen's ladies; in any case, she is coming
+accompanied by her step-mother, the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg.
+
+Meunier will probably be pardoned on the occasion of the marriage.[59]
+The trial of Meunier presents no interest as regards the character of
+the individuals concerned, nor is their language in any way dramatic.
+The affair is much inferior to that of Fieschi, or even of Alibaud,
+and the only effect produced has been one of disgust, which is the
+best effect upon the public that could be produced.
+
+  [59] On December 27, 1836, at the opening of the Parliamentary
+  session, another attempt was made upon the life of King
+  Louis-Philippe as he was driving to the Palais Bourbon with three
+  of his sons. The criminal was Meunier, a young man aged
+  twenty-two, who was condemned to death by the Chamber of Peers;
+  but the King eventually secured a commutation of his penalty to
+  perpetual banishment on the occasion of the marriage of the Duc
+  d'Orléans.
+
+The ridiculous compliment of M. Dupin to the Prince Royal is well
+commented upon this morning in the _Journal de Paris_. The King would
+not allow his son to receive the congratulations of the Chambers
+except in his own presence, which induced M. Sémonville to say that he
+would have thought he was abdicating if any other course had been
+followed.
+
+I dined at the house of M. and Madame Mollien with M. and Madame
+Bertin de Veaux, M. Guizot, and M. de Vandœuvre. There was much talk
+of the halting speech of M. Barthe, at the end of which he suddenly
+came to a standstill, of the extremely poor appearance of the
+Ministry, and of the almost inevitable possibility of a duel between
+MM. Thiers and Guizot in the course of a session which will bring up
+so many burning questions. The two champions will deliver their blows
+upon the backs of the Ministry, which will probably succumb under
+their assault. This remark is fairly general, and is not my property.
+Yesterday nothing more than skirmishing went on.
+
+
+_Paris, April 26, 1837._--I hear of discussions in England upon the
+Spanish question. M. Thiers gave assurances the other day that the
+English Ministry was ready to leave Spain to its destiny. He deduced,
+with some fear for the reigning French dynasty, the conclusion that
+Don Carlos would be triumphant. It is true that this question is
+concerned with that of intervention, upon which he used to lay so much
+stress.
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuféra has been greatly agitated by the duel of her
+son-in-law, M. de La Redorte, who fought the editor of the _Corsaire_
+on account of an insulting article which appeared two days ago in this
+wretched newspaper, apparently attacking both the person and the
+opinions of M. de La Redorte. The duel was fought with pistols, and
+the editor was wounded in the hand; it is thought that he will lose a
+finger. Social distinctions are destroyed by the excesses of the
+Press.
+
+
+_Paris, April 27, 1837._--This morning I saw Madame Adélaïde, who told
+me that the King had just signed the commutation of Meunier's penalty.
+She also told me that the Princess of Mecklenburg and her step-mother
+would reach the French frontier on May 25; on May 28, St. Ferdinand's
+Day, there would be a birthday celebration for the Duc d'Orléans at
+Fontainebleau, and the marriage would take place on the 31st.
+
+Our guests at dinner were the Princesse de Lieven, the Duc de
+Noailles, Labouchère, M. Thiers, and Matusiewicz, who has returned
+much aged from Naples, of which he gives a bad account, both for its
+climate and its social resources. Thus the guests were somewhat
+heterogeneous, which was due to M. de Talleyrand's absence of mind,
+but all went off very well and the conversation was lively, especially
+between M. Thiers and Madame de Lieven. She was positively coquettish
+towards him--I use the word advisedly, because no other would express
+the fact. M. Thiers gave an account of the Chamber, continually
+repeating in a special tone of voice which evoked involuntary
+laughter, "Poor Ministry!" At the same time he patronises the
+Ministry, though he would never consent, I think, to be patronised at
+that price. It would suit him to keep the Ministry alive until the
+next session, but his success is doubtful, for, as he says himself, an
+invalid can be kept alive, but not a dead man. In yesterday's session
+the Ministry equivocated, as usual, and eventually decided against
+Marshal Soult, which caused much ill-temper on the Left because the
+Doctrinaires shouted on every side, "Settle it!" "Settle it!" They
+said that the scene was quite scandalous. After Madame de Lieven took
+her leave the gentlemen stayed on for some time, and talked of the
+changes which the schism had introduced into society, even into the
+neutral body of it. They discussed the influence of the _salons_ and
+of the women who controlled them. M. Thiers classed them as follows:
+The _salon_ of Madame de Lieven is the observatory of Europe; that of
+Madame de Ségur is purely Doctrinaire, with no concessions; that of
+Madame de La Redorte is entirely in the power of M. Thiers; with
+Madame de Flahaut the convenience of the Duc d'Orléans is the general
+desire, and with M. de Talleyrand the convenience of the King; the
+house of Madame de Broglie is for the 11th of October and for the
+concession, though the most bitter of concessions; the cabinet of
+Madame de Dino is alone guided by the most perfect independence of
+mind and judgment. My share is thus by no means the worst, though, to
+tell the truth, it was pronounced in my presence.
+
+The German newspapers announce the death of M. Ancillon, who had been
+ill for a long time, when the doctor ordered him a draught and a
+liniment; he explained the matter to Madame Ancillon, who was starting
+for a concert. When she came back she perceived that a mistake had
+been made, and a few hours afterwards the invalid was dead. The poor
+man was unfortunate in marriage. He began by marrying a wife who might
+have been his mother, then one who might have been his daughter, and
+finally this Belgian beauty, who was, I think, the worst of the three.
+
+
+_Paris, April 29, 1837._--This morning I saw M. Royer-Collard, who
+spoke of the session in the Chamber of Deputies on the previous
+evening, when a million had been voted for the Queen of the Belgians.
+The result, for which he also voted, was doubtless good, but the
+debate seems to have been very ominous for the Government, and M. de
+Cormenin by no means received a thrashing, but held the upper hand.
+The same impression was given to me by two others who were present at
+the session.
+
+
+_Paris, April 30, 1837._--M. Thiers came to see me this morning before
+the session of the Chamber. He confirmed the general report of the
+session which discussed the grant to the Queen of the Belgians; but
+the object of his visit was to complain of the Princesse de Lieven. He
+has suddenly seen what I had foreseen long ago, that she did not take
+him seriously, but brought him out and put him forward as an actor. He
+has too much common sense not to see the ridiculous side of this and
+not to feel it. He asked if I had noticed it and if others had seen
+it. I told him that no one had mentioned it to me, but that I thought
+a little more reserve in his language in a _salon_ which he himself
+called the observatory of Europe would not be out of place. I advised
+him, however, to remain on good terms with the Princess, who is really
+fond of him, and whose wit and easy conversation please him also. I
+think he found an opportunity the other day of letting drop a few
+words to her that frightened her considerably. There is no harm in
+that, as she is a person with whom one must remain upon good terms and
+yet keep in check.
+
+
+_Paris, May 1, 1837._--The Duc de Broglie is going to meet the
+Princess of Mecklenburg at Fulda, on this side of Weimar, not to marry
+her, but to offer his compliments and his escort. The wife of Marshal
+Lobau will be the Princess's lady-of-honour.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from the Archbishop of Paris, who sends me a
+copy of the answer from Rome, which he had just received, concerning
+his last difficulties with reference to the archiepiscopal estate.
+Rome entirely approves his conduct, and leaves him free to conduct any
+transaction which may satisfy his general interests. This last phrase
+is distinctly vague. I shall probably go to-morrow afternoon to thank
+the Archbishop and to learn some further details. He adds in his
+letter that he is certain that the Government have received an answer
+similar to that which he communicates to me.
+
+
+_Paris, May 2, 1837._--I am assured that the Prussian Minister here,
+Baron von Werther, will take the place of M. Ancillon at Berlin. He is
+offering some objection to the proposal, but it is thought that he
+will accept.
+
+The Marquis de Mornay has been nicknamed the Sosthenes of the July
+revolution--amusing, but very true.
+
+I have seen M. Royer-Collard, who thought that the law concerning
+secret funds would pass, but would be a mortal blow to the Cabinet.
+
+Yesterday evening I went to the Court reception held on the 1st of
+May.[60] There was an enormous crowd, including every type of beauty
+and ugliness, of well and badly dressed people. The Duc d'Orléans did
+not appear, as he is suffering from a severe sore throat and
+inflammation of the eyes. He is wise to take care of himself, as he
+has only three weeks for that purpose.
+
+  [60] The birthday of Louis-Philippe.
+
+I was told at the Château that in a morning session of the Chamber M.
+Jaubert had positively flayed the Ministry, and that to-day's session
+might easily end in their overthrow. I hardly think so, as no one is
+anxious to seize their inheritance.
+
+Rumours are also current of an important victory said to be won by Don
+Carlos.
+
+Apparently I did not mention what Matusiewicz told me about the new
+Queen of Naples, concerning whom I asked him many questions. She is
+the Archduchess Theresa of whom so much was heard last year. He says
+that she is agreeable, witty, kind, and nice, with no haughtiness or
+fine manners, and nothing of the princess about her. The King is said
+to be deeply in love with her.
+
+
+_Paris, May 4, 1837._--Yesterday I went to the Sacred Heart to see the
+Archbishop. I found him delighted with the answer from Rome, and not
+anxious to make any public parade of it. Whatever formalities the
+other side might raise, he was anxious to use the liberty given him
+from Rome to handle the whole question in a pacific spirit; in short,
+he was calmer and gentler than I had seen him for a long time.
+
+
+_Paris, May 5, 1837._--M. Molé, who dined here yesterday, said that
+his colleague, M. Martin du Nord, would make a kind of apology to-day
+to the Chamber for his outburst of the day before yesterday. M. Thiers
+has harangued his forces and calmed their feelings.
+
+The ratification of the marriage contract of the Duc d'Orléans has
+come to hand from Mecklenburg; the illness of Herr von Plessen, the
+Mecklenburg Minister, had prevented him from travelling to the spot
+where the ratifications are to be exchanged, and some delay was
+feared, which would have been the more prolonged as the Minister has
+since died. M. Bresson therefore sent a bearer to him with the Act; he
+was almost at his last gasp when he signed it, and died three hours
+afterwards.
+
+Herr von Lutteroth says that the portrait of the Prince Royal which he
+was commissioned to take to the Princess Helena produced an excellent
+impression. Two attacks of influenza made it impossible to finish the
+portrait of the Princess; in her place I would not send anything. Herr
+von Lutteroth is full of the delightful qualities of the Princess,
+although he admits that her nose is by no means distinguished and her
+teeth rather bad. Otherwise she is admirable, especially her figure,
+which is charming. When he dined with her her gloves were too large
+and she wore black shoes which obviously were not made at Paris. The
+vexatious point is that the Duc d'Orléans has an obstinate cold on his
+chest; he coughs a great deal and his voice is very weak, but he is
+taking care of himself, and wisely.
+
+Mecklenburg princesses have no dowry, but when they marry the States
+vote them two or three hundred thousand francs as a voluntary gift.
+The Duc d'Orléans has refused this vote, to the great delight, it is
+said, of the people of Mecklenburg. The Duc de Broglie will be
+accompanied upon his mission by the Comte Foy, son of the famous
+General, the Comte d'Haussonville, MM. Léon de Laborde, Philippe de
+Chabot, and Doudain, the last-named with the title of First Secretary
+to the embassy.[61]
+
+  [61] This embassy of honour was sent to meet the royal bride; the
+  meeting took place at Fulda on May 22, 1837.
+
+
+_Paris, May 6, 1837._--After a visit from M. Royer-Collard, and as
+though by way of contrast, I went yesterday morning and waited for a
+long time at Madame Bautrand's, the famous costumier. I wanted to
+choose a few things for the entertainments at Fontainebleau, and spent
+an interesting time over it. In the first place there were the most
+delightful articles, then there was a crowd of people waiting for some
+mark of favour, and messages were coming from the Château hastily
+summoning the great personage. One really might have thought one's
+self in the rooms of a party leader.
+
+Yesterday evening I had a note from Madame de Castellane written after
+the session of the Chamber, giving the following account of it: M.
+Martin du Nord offered a reasonable explanation; M. Augustin Giraud
+vigorously attacked M. Molé, who returned an admirable reply; M. Vatry
+challenged the great champions to enter the arena by proposing an
+amendment; M. de Lamartine, in a wearisome speech entirely off the
+point, aroused M. Odilon Barrot, who then delivered one of his finest
+speeches; M. Guizot in his turn made an excellent reply.
+
+I was awakened just now to receive a note from M. Molé, telling me
+that M. Thiers, shaken and almost converted by yesterday's session, is
+anxious to overthrow the Ministry and so force M. Guizot to come
+forward with his friends, with the object of overthrowing him in turn;
+he adds that M. Dupin reminded M. Thiers of his obligations, telling
+him that such action would be dishonourable. M. Thiers seemed to waver
+once more, and announced that he would summon his friends again. M.
+Molé sends me this news, asking me to discuss it with M. Thiers from
+Dupin's point of view. He has applied to the wrong person, for the
+burnt child fears the fire, and I have too keen a recollection of last
+year's scene to put my hand into a wasp's nest of that kind. I prefer
+not to meddle with what does not concern me, but in any case to-day's
+work will decide the case of the Ministry.
+
+
+_Paris, May 7, 1837._--I did not go out yesterday morning, and left my
+door open, so certain visitors came in: M. Jules d'Entraigues, the Duc
+de Noailles, and the little Princess Schönberg. All were full of the
+session of the previous evening and of M. Guizot's magnificent speech.
+He really performed admirably, and aroused the deepest parliamentary
+emotion in the Chamber.
+
+About five o'clock M. de Tocqueville arrived. He came from the session
+and had just heard Thiers, who had replied to Guizot. It seems that no
+one ever showed greater power; it is he who saved the Ministry and
+secured the passing of the law.[62] He added that Thiers spoke quietly
+and coldly, seeming to avoid any oratorical effects, and not
+attempting to outdo his rival in dramatic display, but anxious only to
+deliver a blow, and he is said to have succeeded.
+
+  [62] The reference is to a law concerning the estimates for the
+  secret police fund.
+
+At dinner our guests were the Duchesse d'Albuféra, M. and Madame de La
+Redorte, MM. Thiers and Mignet. M. Thiers was well pleased with his
+day's work, and gave a warm tribute to Guizot, roundly asserting that
+he would never have been so foolish as to try and eclipse him, seeing
+that that was impossible; he had attempted only to make his position
+impossible, and that he had done. He then gave us his speech, which
+seemed to me to be strikingly clear, sensible, and practical. He told
+me that M. Royer-Collard had almost fallen upon his neck, saying, "You
+have killed them!"
+
+In the evening I went to Madame Molé's, to a dinner given in return
+for that which I recently gave when the Electress was present. The
+only subject of conversation was the session in the Chamber. The
+Ministry were as pleased as if they had been successful, though there
+is no possibility that they will triumph. As I came back I called upon
+Madame de Lieven. She had heard Guizot on the previous evening, but
+not Thiers in the morning. Thus she had remained entirely under
+Guizot's influence, which was the more appropriate as he came in
+himself delighted with the concert of praise by which he has been
+received; but in reality he felt the blow had been struck. I, who know
+him well, thought his feelings quite obvious.
+
+As I write I am quite deafened by the noise of the drum which is
+continually beaten for the great review of the National Guard which
+the King is to hold to-day. Heaven grant that all goes off well. I am
+most anxious.
+
+I know that Herr von Werther and Apponyi are but moderately satisfied
+with the political doctrines expressed by M. Guizot in his speech of
+the day before yesterday; they were expecting a less limited and less
+middle-class system. There they were wrong, for M. Guizot's social
+ideas are alone appropriate to the age and to the country as it is now
+constituted.
+
+
+_Paris, May 8, 1837._--I should be delighted if the last piece of news
+I have heard were true, that the Grand Duchess Stephanie is to marry
+her daughter to the Duke of Leuchtenberg; there would then be no
+possibility of her marrying one of our princes, and I should be
+equally pleased because I am not anxious to see among them a nephew of
+the Prefect of Blois.[63]
+
+  [63] The Comte de Lezay-Marnesia.
+
+The day before yesterday, in the evening, I met the Marquis of
+Conyngham at the house of Madame de Lieven. He related that the
+Duchess of Kent, who is always doing tactless things, recently invited
+Lord Grey to dinner together with Lady Jersey. Their respective rank
+required that Lord Grey should take Lady Jersey into dinner; Sir John
+Conroy requested Lord Grey to do so, but he absolutely refused, and
+Lady Jersey was taken in by some one of lower rank. Both were keenly
+irritated in consequence.
+
+It seems certain that the Duchesse de Saint-Leu is dying. The
+physician Lisfranc, who has returned from Arenenberg, says so. The
+poor woman has mismanaged her life and her position, and she is
+expiating her fault most cruelly. It is dreadful to survive her eldest
+son and to die far away from her second son, entirely cut off from her
+family; this misfortune disarms the severe criticism which one might
+be tempted to utter concerning her.
+
+Yesterday was held the great review, and all my rooms were filled from
+eleven o'clock in the morning. From our windows we had a perfect view
+of the march past, which followed the Rue de Rivoli, and then passed
+in front of the Obelisk, where were the King, the Queen, the Princes,
+and a very numerous following. Sixty thousand National Guards and
+twenty thousand line troops marched past. Previously the King had gone
+round the ranks within the Cour du Carrousel and on the Esplanade des
+Invalides. The National Guard shouted "Vive le Roi!" most vigorously,
+and the line troops still more so. The wind was cold and sharp, but
+the sun was bright. The King returned to the Château across the garden
+of the Tuileries. Thus the King's state of siege has come to an end,
+and a good thing too. We must hope upon the one hand that it will not
+often be thought necessary to renew this form of proceeding, and that
+on the other hand some relaxation may be possible of those excessive
+precautions which spoilt the effect of the show, and which were
+carried to such an extent yesterday that I have never seen anything
+sadder or more painful; the embankments, the Rue de Rivoli, the
+square, and the Tuileries were forbidden to every one except men in
+uniform, and men, women, children, little dogs, and every living being
+were driven away; it was a complete desert, and every one was
+blockaded in his house. My son Valençay, to get from his house in the
+Rue de Université to mine, was obliged to go by the Pont d'Auteuil!
+This state of things was maintained until the King returned to his
+rooms. All the police were on duty, and the posts of the National
+Guard were doubled upon every side by a row of police and municipal
+guards surrounding the royal group. The town looked as though deserted
+or plague-stricken, with a conquering army marching through without
+finding a stopping-place or inhabitants.
+
+After our dinner I went to inquire for the Queen and to say farewell
+to Madame Adélaïde, who is starting for Brussels this morning. There
+had been a great military dinner of two hundred and sixty people in
+the Hall of the Marshals; all were in full dress, pleased and
+animated.
+
+I concluded the evening with Madame de Castellane, where I found M.
+Molé, who was very pleased with the result of the review.
+
+In my wanderings I discovered that the last speech of M. Thiers was
+gaining an increasing hold on men's minds. It is thought that, without
+abandoning his general theories, he was pointing to a practical
+solution which would satisfy all positive spirits; people are much
+obliged by the fact that in this speech he had twice separated from
+the Left without hurting their feelings; in short, his clever words
+have dissipated some of the fears which he inspired and removed some
+of the obstacles which stood between himself and the power. This
+impression I have received from many different sides, and except the
+Doctrinaires and the extremists on the Left every one is feeling it.
+
+
+_Paris, May 9, 1837._--Yesterday I had a long visit from M.
+Royer-Collard, whose admiration for the speech of M. Thiers is at its
+height. He praises the occasion, the propriety of it, and above all
+the truth, not only its personal truth--that is to say, its individual
+sincerity--but its truth with reference to the actual state of
+opinion, which the speaker alone has correctly appreciated. He said it
+was one of those speeches over which one could never think too long,
+which grips the reader more and more, and the effect of which will
+steadily increase. He admits that the session when MM. Odilon Barrot
+and Guizot spoke was more interesting to watch, and that the two
+actors played their parts very well, but that they were merely acting;
+that they showed themselves good orators, but not statesmen; that both
+relied upon extremist opinions which were worn out; that M. Guizot in
+particular was no longer a man of his age, but an _émigré_; and that
+this point had been admirably brought out by Thiers. M. Royer-Collard
+thinks the speech of Guizot imprudent and irritating, in which respect
+he says that Guizot followed his arrogant disposition. In short, he
+says many things; he says them in my sitting-room, but repeats them
+in the Chamber, at the Academy, to each and all, and makes it his
+business to do so. This is very useful to M. Thiers, in whose speech
+there is something too fine and subtle to be understood without a
+commentary.
+
+I did not go out after M. Royer's call, but stayed at home to read the
+life of Raphael by M. Quatremère; the book is lacking in warmth and
+vivacity, but it is well written. It is most restful at the present
+time to return to the exquisite art of an age when men of genius were
+complete, because they possessed every shade of genius, if one may use
+the phrase. Books of this kind give me an inexpressible longing for
+Italy.
+
+In the evening I looked in at the Austrian Embassy, where Madame de
+Lieven told me a large amount of gossip from London. One of her
+stories was as follows: At the last Levée the King thanked the Turkish
+Ambassador aloud and through an interpreter for postponing a dinner
+which he was giving, on account of the death of Lady Delisle, his
+natural daughter, and thus showing him a respect which his own family
+had refused; this remark was aimed at the Duchess of Kent. At the last
+Drawing-room the Queen could not be present, as she was ill, and it
+was held by Princess Augusta; the Duchess of Kent arrived with her
+daughter; the King heartily embraced the latter without noticing her
+mother, and seeing Sir John Conroy in the throne-room he ordered the
+Chamberlain to send him out. Finally, when the Prince of Linange came
+to his mother's house, the Duchess of Kent, with his wife, who is not
+his equal in birth, the King sent Lord Conyngham to the Duchess to say
+that he would receive his daughter-in-law, but could not permit her to
+enter his private apartments; the Duchess declined to receive Lord
+Conyngham, and sent a message to say that if he came to pay a private
+call she would see him with pleasure, but that she would not receive
+him as the King's messenger, and that he need only write down what he
+had to say. Lord Conyngham then sent her a letter, to which she
+replied by an epistle of twelve pages, enumerating all her supposed
+grievances against the King, and concluding with the statement that if
+her daughter-in-law were not received as a princess she would never
+set foot in the King's house again. She had several copies made of the
+letter, and sent them to all the members of the Cabinet. Lord
+Conyngham, who told all this to Madame de Lieven, in spite of his Whig
+principles, went on to say that the position of the English Ministry
+was unpleasant, as their relations with the King were disturbed and
+they were unpopular in the country, and that the difficulties
+concerning the Bank and the progress of affairs in Spain were very
+unpleasant incidents for the Cabinet.
+
+It is settled that the Duc de Coigny is to be knight-of-honour to the
+Duchesse d'Orléans. He is naturally impolite, his habits are
+uncivilised, and he has only one hand, so that he will not be able to
+offer his hand to the Princess. An equally certain appointment is that
+of the Comtesse Anatole de Montesquiou as first lady to accompany the
+Princess, and to take the place of the lady-of-honour, whose delicate
+health will often prevent her from performing her duties.[64] This is
+an excellent choice. Madame de Montesquiou is forty-six years of age,
+her reputation is unblemished, she has been pretty and is still
+pleasant to look upon, her manners are quiet and simple and are the
+exact expression of her life and character. No better choice and no
+person better suited for the position could be found.
+
+  [64] The Comtesse de Lobau.
+
+The newspapers say that a subscription is being raised in the Chamber
+of Deputies to print fifty thousand copies of M. Guizot's speech. M.
+Martin du Nord, one of the members of the present Cabinet, has given a
+subscription, and thus confirmed the generally accepted opinion that
+he is secretly a Doctrinaire and a traitor to the Cabinet. Thereupon
+M. Molé went to the King to ask for the removal of M. Martin du Nord
+or to offer his own resignation. I have not yet heard the conclusion
+of this fresh complication.
+
+
+_Paris, May 10, 1837._--At the time of writing yesterday I had not
+read the _Moniteur_, which announced the amnesty.[65] I knew that M.
+Molé had long been anxious to see this measure passed, but I think
+that the speech of M. Thiers encouraged him in his design and
+accelerated the execution of it. I have heard people talking of
+nothing else all day. Men's minds are entirely occupied with it, and
+their attention is thus diverted from the peerage given to M. Bresson,
+which again is to be explained by this marriage. What a fortunate man
+he is! Undoubtedly he is capable, but circumstances have helped him
+with a speed and consistency rarely found in human destiny. To return
+to the great event of the amnesty, I will say that high society
+strongly approves of it, the more so as it has arrived unexpectedly
+and not been extorted by party importunity; so it is an act of mercy,
+and not of weakness. The sharp-sighted regard it as another act of
+hostility to the Doctrinaires rather than an act of kindness to the
+political prisoners--as much as to say that the measure could not be
+passed while the Doctrinaires were in office, but now that we have
+separated from them we hasten to grant it. This will isolate them yet
+more in the country. I repeat there are people who regard this measure
+as a consequence of M. Thiers' speech, and even as directly due to his
+influence. The Doctrinaires are most infuriated, and those peers who
+are friendly to them announce that all the contumacious persons will
+come up for judgment, and that the peers will then go off to their
+country seats instead of taking their places. The following story had
+a wide circulation yesterday: M. Jaubert, in speaking of the amnesty
+to M. Dupin, said to him: "It is a little hard that after leaving to
+us all the odium of the severe measures which we have courageously
+defended during the crisis and danger we should now be deprived of the
+credit of showing mercy." M. Dupin replied: "It is very sad, but you
+have one consolation, namely, that Persil will order the medal to be
+struck." (M. Persil is a Doctrinaire and Comptroller of the Mint.) The
+saying is a smart one. Those who approve the amnesty also urge, and
+with some reason, that it will obliterate the ill-effect produced by
+the excessive precautions on the day of the review.
+
+  [65] On the occasion of the marriage of the Duc d'Orléans an
+  amnesty was granted by ordinance dated May 8 to all who were in
+  prison for crimes or political delinquencies.
+
+Yesterday I was at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where Sigalon, who has
+just arrived from Rome, had placed the magnificent copy of the _Last
+Judgment_ of Michael Angelo, that masterpiece which is fading, like
+all the frescoes in the Vatican. The copy is the same size as the
+original, and forms the background of a hall, to which has been given
+the form and dimensions of the Sistine Chapel. It is the most
+beautiful and surprising thing that can be imagined. I was quite
+overwhelmed. Variety, richness, and boldness of composition are so
+combined that one rests stupefied before the power of such genius. In
+the same room have been placed casts of different statues by Michael
+Angelo which also have arrived from Italy, and complete one's
+admiration for this great man. The statue of Lorenzo de' Medici and
+the statue of Day and Night are admirable. We then saw the charming
+gateway to the castle of Anet and the beautiful door of the castle of
+Gaillon, both masterpieces of the Renaissance; then came the interior
+courtyard, adorned with fountains and fragments of ancient work, which
+was very fine. The building in itself is in excellent style; it
+contains fine models of all classes and ages of art, which will be
+added to. They form a collection as curious as it is interesting, and
+add a new attraction to Paris.
+
+Thence we went on to the new Church of Our Lady of Loretto. It seemed
+to me extremely heavy and full of motley ornaments, and had it not
+been for some fine pictures I should have found little agreeable to
+look at. It is said to be in the style of the Italian churches, which
+I do not know; but to judge from this specimen I would rather say my
+prayers under the lofty, bold, and austere vaults, the hewn stone and
+Gothic arches of Notre-Dame and of Saint-Etienne du Mont, than amid
+the glaring colours of this Southern imitation. We finished our
+wanderings by a visit to the Church of the Madeleine. The interior at
+present is in exact correspondence with the outside, and it seems that
+Calchas is about to sacrifice Iphigenia upon it, to such an extent
+have mythological subjects apparently pervaded this fine building.
+They are already beginning to gild the arches and the capitals of the
+columns, pretending that the white stone, though it is much enriched
+by different kinds of marbling, is too cold to the eye. Thus they are
+preparing a disagreeable contrast between the outside and the inside.
+I cannot understand the vagaries of Christian worship.
+
+In the evening at Madame de Lieven's house I saw Berryer, who does not
+yield to M. Royer in his admiration for M. Thiers' speech. I heard
+that M. Martin du Nord had given way upon the question of his
+subscription for printing Guizot's speech, as upon other points. For
+one who calls himself a member of the Opposition, he does not seem to
+oppose very strenuously.
+
+
+_Paris, May 11, 1837._--Yesterday I had a call from the excellent Abbé
+Dupanloup. We were mutually anxious to meet, in the interests of
+Pauline, before the general departure for the country. As usual, I was
+touched and pleased by his kind and spiritual conversation. We talked
+of our hope that the amnesty will inspire the Government with courage
+to reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, the closing of
+which is the greatest scandal of the July revolution; seeing that acts
+of mercy extend from Ham to the Republic and to la Vendée, continued
+vindictiveness towards the church and to leave the Cross broken would
+seem to me most inconsistent. The church should be reopened without
+considering any difficulties that the Archbishop may raise. He should
+thus be forced to appoint a reliable priest, and then to go and
+express his thanks to the Tuileries, but he should set to work at once
+while the effect of the amnesty remains all-powerful; at such a moment
+there is no fear of any movement in the district, and this action
+would only be the strongest answer to the Doctrinaires, whose tactics
+are to represent the amnesty as the price of the compact made with the
+Left. To reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois would restore
+the balance. I think it would be a politic move as well as a religious
+restoration; if we delay too long the religious newspapers and people
+will begin to cry out, with reason, against the injustice of it, and
+any later action will seem like a concession to their complaints; then
+the Opposition will pounce upon it and foment irritation with the
+measure. Everything, therefore, should be quite spontaneous, the
+religious restoration no less than the royal mercy. I think they will
+take the matter in hand; it should have been done already, in my
+opinion.
+
+
+_Paris, May 14, 1837._--The _Moniteur_ of yesterday, heaven be praised,
+contains an ordinance by which the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois
+is to be restored for worship. I am delighted. The Baron de Montmorency,
+who came to see me in the morning, had dined yesterday at the Château,
+where the Queen wept with joy at the news.
+
+In the evening I went to pay a farewell visit at the Hôtel de Broglie,
+where the amnesty was very unfavourably received, as Madame de Broglie
+is very anxious to fortify Princess Helena in her Protestantism.
+
+I then went on to the Duchesse de Montmorency, where I heard very bad
+news of the Prince de Laval. He had caught a slight cold and had taken
+no care of himself, but had gone to the races at Chantilly in very
+bitter weather. His malady grew worse, and now causes great anxiety. I
+should be grieved indeed if any misfortune happened to him, for in
+spite of his absurdities and foolishness he has a good heart and is a
+good friend.
+
+I finished the evening with Madame de Castellane. M. Molé came in and
+told us that the Archbishop, accompanied by two of his Vicars-General,
+had called upon him that evening and upon the Keeper of the Seals
+after a visit to the King. It seems that his appearance in the
+Ministerial _salons_ made a great sensation. Before his visit the
+Archbishop had quietly had the church blessed. Mass was said there
+this morning. A week will be spent in necessary repairs, and next
+Sunday the new vicar will be installed. As M. Dupanloup has refused
+this post, the choice has fallen upon M. Demerson, the priest of
+Saint-Séverin, undoubtedly the most distinguished ecclesiastic in the
+diocese. He is the confessor of Madame Andral, and the friend of her
+father. M. Royer-Collard has often spoken to me of him and thinks a
+great deal of him.
+
+
+_Paris, May 15, 1837._--Yesterday evening I was at the Tuileries. I
+found the King delighted with a visit that he had paid in the morning
+to the Botanical Gardens to see the new hothouses they have been
+setting up. He was well applauded as he went by; in short, he seems to
+have grown young again. Everybody about him is well pleased. He went
+there without an escort, and spent two hours walking with the Minister
+of the Interior and of Education, with the Prefect of Police and one
+_aide-de-camp_. The crowd kept on increasing, and these gentlemen, who
+saw all the horrible faces from the Rue Mouffetard and that quarter
+thronging round the King, were dying with fear, but the King was
+delighted, and it was impossible to induce him to go indoors. He was
+most heartily cheered by all the crowd. I think, however, that it
+would not be advisable for him often to make such trials of his
+popularity.
+
+
+_Paris, May 16, 1837._--The Prince de Laval is not getting on well. He
+has been bled a second time, and the doctors say that his condition is
+serious.
+
+It is possible that M. Dupanloup is ambitious; I do not know him well
+enough to be positive. He is gentle, discreet, moderate, with a
+knowledge of the world, a fine command of language and conversational
+tact, and, in short, possesses every quality which the spiritual
+director of a society personage should have. All his penitents and all
+their mothers think a great deal of him. But this does not exclude
+ambition. I know that he lays great stress upon keeping apart from
+politics, but when confronted with the Archbishop he committed the
+venial sin of urging him to go to the Tuileries and of going with him
+to the incumbent of Saint-Roch, whose curate and friend he is. But the
+robe of ambition is like the chameleon's skin, the colours of which
+change according to the observer's position. I can therefore answer
+for nothing except that he has refused two important livings at Paris.
+I know that the Archbishop secretly destines him for the Madeleine
+when that living becomes vacant, and, in fact, it is a society parish
+which will suit him best.
+
+
+_Paris, May 18, 1837._--Yesterday morning I was with Madame Adélaïde,
+where I saw the King. Every one at the Château is busy with
+preparations for the marriage and for the journey from Fontainebleau,
+which is to be a splendid affair. I am delighted, and should be still
+more so if I had not heard that not only the mothers but also the
+daughters are expected. I have done my best to have my daughter
+excused, to avoid the infinite vexations which I foresee, but M. de
+Talleyrand came in to Madame in the middle of our discussion, and
+instead of supporting my views he opposed me. It is very annoying.
+
+
+_Paris, May 19, 1837._--The death of the poor young Count Putbus is a
+very sad event for his family and for the unfortunate Countess Buol. I
+am very sorry for her, and her husband seems to me to be wanting in
+feeling and tact. In his position with reference to his wife, he may
+separate from her with as much uproar as he pleases, but if he will
+not do so from pecuniary considerations he should behave himself
+quietly or at least humanely. In any case I assert that for her it is
+better to lament her lover as dead than faithless, and that, unhappy
+as she is, she would be still more so if Count Putbus had abandoned
+her. A woman's danger when she finds her lover faithless is that she
+may be roused to vengeance and may lose those illusions which shelter
+her, not only against faults, but against hardness of heart and
+frivolity, properly so called. Death leaves us all our illusions, and
+even encourages them.
+
+
+_Paris, May 21, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand, M. and Madame de Valençay,
+Pauline, and myself are invited to stay at Fontainebleau throughout
+the festivities--that is to say, we are to come on May 29 and to stay
+till June 3, inclusive. This is a favour, as nearly everybody else has
+been invited at successive intervals of twenty-four hours.
+
+One of my German friends, a canoness, and a clever and intelligent
+person,[66] writes to me as follows concerning the Princess Helena of
+Mecklenburg: "The most amiable, the best educated, the kindest of the
+German princesses is to adorn the throne of France. I am sure that she
+will please you greatly. She is as cheerful as a child of fifteen,
+with as much sense as a person of thirty. She combines the charm of
+every age."
+
+  [66] Fräulein Sidonie von Dieskau, of whom mention will be made
+  later on the occasion of the Duchesse de Talleyrand's journey to
+  Germany.
+
+The Marquis de Praslin and the Duke of Treviso are the two
+knights-of-honour in subordination to the uncivilised Duc de Coigny,
+who will lead them.
+
+
+_Paris, May 22, 1837._--The Duc d'Orléans will first go to Verdun, to
+see without being seen, and then to Melun to be seen. Henry IV. in
+disguise went to the frontier to see Marie de Medici at supper, and
+Louis XIV. did the same at Fontarabia.
+
+Among the persons invited to Fontainebleau there is one who certainly
+could not have been forgotten, in my opinion, and this is the great
+Mlle. Palmyre, the famous dressmaker. The fact is that she has been
+working upon a pattern sent from Mecklenburg, but I am by no means
+certain that this pattern is a good one or well made. Thus the eighty
+dresses of the trousseau may fit badly, and it is just as well to have
+some one there to make readjustments when necessary. Merchants,
+workmen, omnibuses, and post-chaises are all in confusion; the
+expenditure, the orders, and the activity are inconceivable. It is
+impossible to get anything, and tradesmen certainly have not the right
+to complain, for every one is on the move. A crowd of foreigners have
+also arrived at Paris, most of them English.
+
+The Werther family have resolved to leave immediately after the
+marriage of the Prince Royal, without waiting for the festivities, for
+Herr von Werther has agreed to take M. Ancillon's place. They are very
+good people, who will be regretted at Paris, and who are also very
+sorry to leave.
+
+
+_Paris, May 25, 1837._--For the 29th and 30th, the days of arrival and
+marriage, the Marshals have been invited to Fontainebleau, with the
+officials of the two Chambers, the Ministries of October 11, February
+22, September 6, and all the present Cabinet. I have always said that
+Fontainebleau was a chronological castle. It was resolved not to go
+further back than October 11, to avoid the necessity of inviting M.
+Laffitte. All the chief presidents of the courts have also been
+invited, and of the Diplomatic Body Herr and Frau von Werther,[67] M.
+and Madame Lehon.[68] The rest are invited for the other days, two at
+a time.
+
+  [67] Baron Werther was Prussian Minister at Paris from 1824.
+
+  [68] Comte Lehon was Belgian Minister.
+
+I must mention an incident concerning Madame Molé, who vegetates
+rather than lives. The other evening at the Duchesse de Montmorency's
+people were saying how sorry the Werthers were. She asked why. "At
+leaving Paris, of course." She replied: "But to go to Fontainebleau is
+not very sad nor very tiring." "But, madame, Herr von Werther is going
+to Berlin to take the place of M. Ancillon." "Oh, then M. Ancillon is
+coming here?" I do not think that after such an experience any one
+will accuse M. Molé of betraying diplomatic secrets to his wife.
+
+The Queen of England has written a charming letter to the French Queen
+concerning the marriage of the Prince Royal, and, in view of her close
+relationship with Princess Helena, has sent her a magnificent Indian
+shawl, one of the most beautiful that has ever come out of the wealthy
+storehouses of the Company. It is said to be a marvel. I shall see it
+at Fontainebleau, where the wedding presents will be displayed.
+
+
+_Paris, May 26, 1837._--The King of England held the last Drawing-room
+seated; since then he has felt worse, and people are anxious about
+him. It is said that he wished to live long enough to thwart the
+desires of the Duchess of Kent, by not leaving her to act as Regent
+for a single day, and the Princess Victoria attained her majority two
+days ago.
+
+They say that anarchy is at its height at Madrid, and also that Don
+Carlos is at his wits' end.
+
+The Duc de Broglie and the gentlemen of his suite are writing
+enthusiastic letters about the Princess Helena. All say that she has a
+very pleasant appearance; all seem to be in love with her, and cannot
+speak enough of her delightful manners, while she is said to be
+excellently dressed. The trousseau, which has been ordered here, is
+said to be very magnificent.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, May 30, 1837._--Writing here is a feat of some
+ingenuity. The weather was too fine yesterday, and a great storm
+followed; it burst in the morning, and cleared ten minutes before the
+arrival of the Princess, who was received in bright sunlight and with
+much emotion. Her arrival was a fine spectacle; a family scene amid
+the most royal splendour. The Princess showed much emotion, no
+embarrassment, nobility and grace, and was equal to the occasion. I do
+not know if she is pretty; she is so gracious that people have not
+considered that point. She reminds one a little of Madame de
+Marescalchi, but is of a much more German type, while the lower part
+of her face recedes a trifle. She has beautiful hair, a good
+complexion--in short, she looks very well, and the Prince Royal is
+well pleased.
+
+Pauline never left my side even at dinner, to which I was taken in by
+the Baron von Werther. He was placed between the Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg and myself. M. de Talleyrand was far from well yesterday,
+yet by force of will he kept a smiling countenance. I was very anxious
+about him the whole time.
+
+Until to-morrow we shall number two hundred and eighty at table.
+Yesterday the day began for me at half-past five in the morning at
+Paris, and finished here at one o'clock at night. At ten o'clock I
+must be fully dressed for the Queen's mass.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, May 31, 1837._--The two most exhausting days have
+passed, for which I thank heaven, as I have been trembling the whole
+time for M. de Talleyrand, who has been so incredibly rash as to
+undergo these severe trials. However, he has seen everything, and has
+come through with little more than fatigue.
+
+Those who wish to be correct follow the Queen to her private mass in
+the morning. Pauline has just taken me into a charming little chapel,
+in memory of Louis VII., the Young.
+
+The two German princesses were not visible yesterday for the whole
+morning. The time before dinner was filled up by walks, for those who
+were tempted, of whom I was not one, and the inspection of the
+wedding presents for the rest, of whom I was one. The presents and the
+dresses are most fine and magnificent, especially the case by Buhl
+which contained the shawls, which was one of the finest things I have
+seen. The whole was exhibited in the rooms of the Queen Mother. The
+diamonds are beautiful, and the jewels numerous, in different styles,
+but there are no pearls. The Duc d'Orléans does not like them, and the
+Princess can also wear the Crown pearls.
+
+The royal family dined in private. Madame de Dolomieu and General
+Athalin presided at the table of two hundred and eighty guests in the
+Diana Gallery. Pauline was again near me at dinner, and M. Thiers on
+the other side.
+
+At half-past eight the civil marriage took place in the room of Henry
+II., a superb spectacle in the most beautiful surroundings imaginable,
+and magnificently lighted. The Chancellor, M. Pasquier, who was
+recently appointed to this post, was in his ermine robes at a great
+red and gold table, around which stood all who were witnessing the
+ceremony, with the bridal pair in front of him. We made our way there
+in procession. Then we went on to the great chapel, ornamented with
+the shields of France and Navarre. The exhortation given by the Bishop
+of Meaux[69] was both short and well weighed. Unfortunately, in the
+case of mixed marriages many ceremonies have to be omitted which would
+add to the picturesqueness of the scene. The priest of Fontainebleau,
+who is the famous Abbé Lieutard, and hitherto one of the chief
+opponents of the present Government, assisted the Bishop, and even
+claimed to do so as a right. The hall, which was arranged as a
+Protestant church, could hardly hold us, and the crowd was
+suffocating; the exhortation of the pastor, M. Cuvier, was very long
+and very dull, going back to the creation of the world, with continual
+references to procreation. It was puritanism itself. Before the
+blessing he asked the bride permission to perform a duty with which he
+had been entrusted by the Biblical Society, and offered her a Bible,
+in which he urged her to read constantly. I thought the act quite out
+of place at such a moment, and very disrespectful to the Queen, who is
+making a great sacrifice from the religious point of view.
+
+  [69] Mgr. Gallard.
+
+The Princess was perfectly calm the whole time; I noticed no
+nervousness, and less emotion than at the time of her arrival. She was
+perfectly well dressed. Unfortunately she has no colour, and thus
+wants a certain lustre, but in spite of her thinness she is graceful
+and charmingly simple. Her feet are long and well made and her hands
+are white and delicate; in short, she is a person of much attraction.
+
+After all these ceremonies we separated. I went to look after M. de
+Talleyrand, about whom I was anxious, and whom I found very well. M.
+Molé came in, in a bad temper. It is indeed strange that throughout
+this affair he has obtained no favours of any kind.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 1, 1837._--There is no political news to be
+learnt here. The Princes are absorbed in themselves; M. de Salvandy,
+the only Minister on duty near the King, is in the same state.
+Curiosity is turned away from politics, and there is enough here to
+arouse it and satisfy it.
+
+Yesterday was spent as follows: After lunch came a very long drive in
+the forest; twenty-six carriages, each with four horses, the great
+royal coach with eight horses, and then eighty riding horses, all
+conducted by the richly liveried servants of Orléans, were assembled
+in the great courtyard of the Cheval Blanc, and provided a general
+opportunity for excursions. We hastened to follow the King and to
+traverse the most beautiful parts of the forest. Many sightseers who
+were seen galloping most imprudently among the rocks joined the royal
+procession, and gave the wood an animated and charming aspect.
+
+I forgot to say that lunch had been preceded by a mass said by the
+Bishop of Meaux in the great chapel. Every one was there, including
+the royal family and the Duchesse d'Orléans. I should have been glad
+yesterday, when there was no mixed marriage to consider and when only
+the King's mass was being said, if the service had been finely
+rendered with appropriate music. Instead of that there was nothing of
+the kind; there were no clergy and not a sound of music; even the bell
+for the moment of elevation was forgotten. Methodists display much
+more trickery in their pretentious simplicity and their affected and
+solemn speech; but at mass, where the words cannot be heard, outward
+show is necessary, with incense, music, flowers, gold, and bells, and
+all that can stir the soul by uplifting it to God without the
+necessity of hearing the words pronounced.
+
+Many people have gone and others have come, including the Turkish
+Ambassador,[70] who sat by Pauline at dinner. The theatre hall has not
+been restored, and looks faded; the orchestra, which was not from
+Paris, was abominable; Mlle. Mars has grown old, and no longer played
+her parts properly; the other actors were very poor, and the choice of
+plays was not happy. These were _False Confidences_ and _The
+Unexpected Wager_. The Princess Royal was in the great box at the back
+of the hall, between the King and Queen. She listened attentively, but
+her face does not express her feelings, and does not change. She is
+always gentle and calm to the point of immobility, and makes no
+gestures, which is a mark of distinction. Perfect repose gives a sense
+of dignity, and when she walks or bows she does it with perfect grace.
+
+  [70] His Excellency Mohammed Nouri Effendi.
+
+M. Humann, when he went away yesterday, was run away with by the
+post-horses down the hill of Chailly. He jumped out of the carriage,
+bruised his face, and put his shoulder out.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 2, 1837._--Yesterday was not so full as the
+preceding days, as after mass, lunch, and the gathering after lunch,
+we were left with a few hours' freedom. I spent them with M. de
+Talleyrand or in the town. M. de Talleyrand went to see Madame
+Adélaïde, to whom he wished to give a piece of news which reached us
+from the Bauffremont family, who were interested by it, and which, to
+speak truly, has produced a sad effect here. It is the announcement of
+the marriage of the Count of Syracuse, brother to the King of Naples,
+with Philiberte de Carignan. This young person is the granddaughter of
+the Comte de Villefranche, the prince of the house of Carignan who
+married, in a fit of folly, the daughter of a boat-builder at St.
+Malo, Mlle. Magon Laballue. The Sardinian Court only consented to
+recognise the marriage on condition that the children of it should
+enter religious orders; the revolution destroyed this obligation, and
+the son entered the army and married Mlle. de La Vauguyon, sister of
+the Dowager-Duchess of Bauffremont, who was burnt to death in 1820. It
+was only after her death and the accession of the present King of
+Sardinia that the last two children were recognised as princes of the
+blood and treated as such. The eldest daughter was married before this
+concession to a private individual of high family, the Prince of
+Arsoli, a Roman family. Philiberte, the daughter and granddaughter of
+marriages contested or doubtful, thus becomes Princess of Naples. The
+marriage, by licence, must have taken place the day before yesterday
+with much haste and precipitation. The displeasure it will cause here
+is obvious. The King of Naples is at the bottom of it.
+
+Yesterday after dinner we went to hear Duprez in part of the opera
+_William Tell_, and the Esslers danced in a pretty ballet. I was
+surprised that the Princess Royal never lost her calm, even at the
+most exciting points of Duprez' acting. I never saw a movement of her
+head, a gesture, or any greater animation in her face. The same was
+true during the ballet, which I can better understand.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 3, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand started this morning
+with Pauline. They wish to keep me here until to-morrow. No one could
+have been surrounded with greater regard and attention than has been
+shown to M. de Talleyrand; he was quite overcome as he went away. The
+King and Madame Adélaïde have insisted that he shall return to Paris
+for next winter, but I do not think that he will give up his project
+of going to Nice.
+
+Pauline's stay here has done her no harm. She has always behaved
+perfectly and pleased me much. She was delighted to be in the same
+room with me. Her dress was in excellent taste, and she has gone away
+very pleased to have been here, but also glad to go and in no way
+dissipated in heart or mind.
+
+Nearly every one has gone, and only those on regular duty and intimate
+friends remain. I am starting to-morrow at the same time as the Queen
+and the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who came here yesterday. The country
+drive was very pretty, animated and popular. We then went into the
+prettiest part of the forest, called the Calvaire, whence there is an
+admirable view. From the depths of the ravines over which we hung
+singers who had been stationed there raised their song. It was
+delightful, and the weather, wonderful to relate, lent such a charm to
+the drive that it was prolonged. We eventually returned past the large
+vine arbour and the canal.
+
+After dinner we had a tiresome comic opera, _The Flash_, followed by
+_The Caliph of Bagdad_, for which the King had asked as an old
+favourite. It was very late before this was over, and as I stayed up
+with M. de Talleyrand my sleep was cut short, the more so as his early
+departure obliged me to be ready in good time. The King and Madame
+came to say good-bye to him in his room. After lunch the King amused
+himself by showing the Château to three or four guests. I was
+delighted both with the Château and with our guide.
+
+
+_Paris, June 5, 1837._--I came back yesterday from Fontainebleau. Mass
+was said at six o'clock in the morning, and then the departure took
+place. I was included in the royal company, and thus arrived in
+excellent time, not leaving them until they turned off for
+Saint-Cloud. The last day at Fontainebleau, the day before yesterday,
+was occupied much to my taste, by a historical excursion, and in the
+evening we had a theatrical performance by actors from the Gymnasium.
+The whole stay at Fontainebleau was very pleasant, as I received much
+attention and kindness.
+
+As soon as I arrived yesterday I went to the Champs Elysées to Madame
+de Flahaut's house; she had urgently begged me to come and see the
+royal entry, for which the weather was magnificent. There was a vast
+crowd and a most brilliant procession, the Princess bowing with
+perfect grace. The view from the Place Louis XV. and the Champs
+Elysées was magnificent. All went off very well, but there was not
+enough cheering and more curiosity than enthusiasm. People opened
+their eyes but not their mouths. The main point is that there were no
+pistol-shots, and that the King was able to show himself to the crowd
+without any _apparent_ precautions.
+
+
+_Paris, June 6, 1837._--Yesterday I saw M. Royer-Collard, who was
+somewhat displeased with the marriage of the Prince Royal, as a man of
+the Faubourg Saint-Germain might well be. I was vexed with him, and we
+had a small quarrel. He is partial in his views, and his conversation
+is intolerant to an extraordinary degree.
+
+The day before yesterday in the garden of the Tuileries there were
+more than sixty thousand people present from eleven o'clock in the
+morning to eleven at night, and such real enthusiasm that the King was
+obliged to leave his state dinner in the Hall of the Marshals and come
+out upon the balcony with his family, whence he uttered a few words of
+thanks, which were received with infinite delight. From the moment of
+entering the garden until the march past of the troops the royal
+family remained in the Pavillon de l'Horloge, whence there was a
+magnificent view. The setting sun gilded the top of the Obelisk and
+the Arc de Triomphe, and was reflected upon the arms and cuirasses of
+the troops; the benches of the National Guard were adorned with
+flowers. I am assured that it was a real transformation scene.
+
+There seems to be much inclination towards a dissolution of the
+Chamber, at any rate on the part of M. Molé. M. Royer-Collard is
+vigorously urging him in that direction.
+
+The Turkish Ambassador here can speak a few words of French. This
+discovery is due to myself, for every one took his professed ignorance
+so literally as not to speak a word to him. He looked so dull that I
+felt sorry for him, and made a venture. He replied in a few words, and
+the result is that I have been allowed to see the portrait of Sultan
+Mahmoud, who seems to be very handsome.
+
+
+_Paris, June 7, 1837._--Yesterday I called upon the Queen to thank her
+for Fontainebleau. The Duchesse d'Orléans was with her mother-in-law,
+gracious, pretty, and amiable. She is a real treasure, and is
+generally popular. She delighted the Council of State, the peers, and
+the Deputies by adding a kind phrase to the answer which her husband
+returned to the different speeches. She has spoken individually to
+each peer, and never in commonplaces. They are all delighted.
+
+My awakening this morning was a sad one, as news was brought to me of
+the death of Adrien de Laval. He was a sincere friend, and they are
+scarce. I am very sorry, both for him and for his aunt the good
+Vicomtesse de Laval, who is hardly able to bear such a shock; and if
+she also should be carried off it would be a heavy blow to M. de
+Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Paris, June 8, 1837._--The popularity of the Princess Royal increases
+steadily. She has even been talking to General Neigre, of the Antwerp
+Artillery. The Duc d'Orléans is extremely proud and happy at the
+respect shown to her. It is certain that the personal influence of his
+wife increases his own importance, and I already see that the Pavillon
+Marsan will rise superior to the Pavillon de Flore.[71] I am not sure
+that some small jealousy has not already arisen.
+
+  [71] At the Palace of the Tuileries the Pavillon Marsan was
+  occupied by the Duc and Duchesse d'Orléans, while the Pavillon de
+  Flore was occupied by Madame Adélaïde, sister of King
+  Louis-Philippe.
+
+The following story is related as a fact: The Duchesse d'Orléans saw
+her husband turn his opera-glasses for a long time in the direction of
+Madame Lehon. She then turned to him and took away the opera-glasses,
+saying, half jestingly and half seriously: "That is no compliment to
+me, and is not polite to the person at whom you look." He is said to
+have offered no objection to her action, and if this is true it is
+noteworthy.
+
+M. de Flahaut is furious because he has not received the Grand Cordon
+of the Legion of Honour. He had proposed to resign his post as First
+Equerry, but has changed his mind. It is said that the Duc de Coigny
+refuses him any authority except over the stable.
+
+
+_Paris, June 11, 1837._--I cannot give many details concerning
+yesterday's festivity at Versailles. I started about one o'clock in
+full dress, with the Duchesse d'Albuféra, and we came back together
+at four o'clock in the morning. The weather was beautiful, the spot
+admirable, the gardens in regal state, the inside of the house
+splendid, and the sight magnificent. It lasted for five hours. My eyes
+are smarting with the glare of the lights. Fifteen hundred people were
+invited, and yet some are displeased; I admit that I should have drawn
+up the lists in another way.
+
+I had the honour of dining at the King's table, for whom it was a
+great day. At the last set piece there was a tremendous shout of "Long
+live the King!" and it was well deserved.
+
+Count Rantzau, who is escorting the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg, was deeply touched to see in an honourable position the
+portrait of Marshal Rantzau, who served under Louis XIV., and whose
+descendant he is. He sat by me at dinner, and I drew a great deal out
+of him concerning the Princesses, whom I esteem more highly every day.
+
+
+_Paris, June 12, 1837._--I am starting to-morrow to rejoin M. de
+Talleyrand at Valençay.
+
+The King of England is most seriously ill, and is only kept alive with
+curaçao and raw meat. He knows that he is dying, and is calling his
+family round him: the FitzClarences, and even Lord Munster. Mr.
+Caradoc is said to be taking Sir John Conroy's place with the Duchess
+of Kent. He sends for presents for her, the cost of which is paid by
+the Princess Bagration. It is said that if the King dies the Duchess
+of Kent will summon Lord Moira to the post of Prime Minister, who is a
+great Radical; others say that King Leopold is advising his niece to
+take Lord Palmerston, but the little Princess is inclined to Lord
+Grey.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 14, 1837._--I have just arrived, after a tiring
+journey in dreadful heat and two thunderstorms. M. de Talleyrand is
+very well, as also is Pauline.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 17, 1837._--Madame Adélaïde has sent M. de Talleyrand
+details of the accidents which took place upon the day of the
+fireworks; twenty-three persons were suffocated in the crowd and
+thirty-nine are injured. This has naturally caused much grief. The
+Duchesse d'Orléans was anxious not to go to the entertainment at the
+Hôtel de Ville and to cancel the balls; but it was pointed out to her
+that many people would be disappointed and much expense needlessly
+incurred. Festivities have therefore been postponed until after the
+funeral of the victims.
+
+It seems that the fireworks, the illuminations, and especially the
+sham fight, were remarkably beautiful. Popular festivities are hardly
+ever held without accidents, and I am always afraid of them. The
+victims all belong to the working class, which makes their case still
+sadder, and some of them leave their families in poverty.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 18, 1837._--Pauline has made a conquest of the
+Archbishop of Bourges, Mgr. de Villèle, who called here before my
+arrival. She is said to have done the honours of the Castle remarkably
+well, with unusual self-possession, grace, and propriety. I am not
+sorry that she was obliged to try.
+
+Considerable restorations are being made in our great castle. The
+northern part of the moat has been cleaned out, and the wretched
+little gardens which blocked the approach to it have been cleared
+away; there is now a walk all the way round. The belfry upon the town
+church looks very well, and in general the place seems improved.
+
+Hostile newspapers try to draw comparisons between the accidents at
+the fireworks and the sad scenes upon the marriage of Louis XVI., and
+the catastrophe at the Schwarzenberg ball at the time of the Emperor
+Napoleon's marriage. They draw omens from these coincidences. But what
+more disastrous coincidence could there be for the elder branch of the
+Bourbons than the assassination of the Duc de Berry and the revolution
+of 1830? Yet no misfortune happened at the marriage of this Prince. It
+is not in consequence of such special incidents that kings lose their
+thrones.
+
+The Municipal Council at Paris has voted a hundred and fifty thousand
+francs for the further expenses of the festivity. Everything is on so
+large a scale that the hire of glasses and water-bottles costs four
+thousand francs. Ices and refreshments to the amount of twenty
+thousand francs were distributed on the day when the festival was
+postponed to the workmen and to the hospitals. The patients will have
+a feast, and smart sayings are in circulation concerning the
+indigestion they are likely to get.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 19, 1837._--A German newspaper has a story of a vision
+which the Duchesse d'Orléans is said to have seen, and speaks of her
+idea of playing the part of a second Joan of Arc. All this is
+doubtless ridiculous; at the same time there is some mysticism in her
+desire to come to France, for M. Bresson, the most prosaic of men, has
+several times told me this: "She thinks she has a vocation, and has
+seen a special call of Providence in this marriage proposal; her
+mother-in-law, who is inclined to the Pietist sect, was swayed by the
+same idea."
+
+The following has also been told me by Count Rantzau: Upon the day
+when he learnt of Meunier's attempted assassination of the King,
+negotiations for the marriage had been already opened. He was unable
+to hide from the Princess his fear of the fate towards which she was
+inclined. She then replied: "Stop, sir; the news that you give me, far
+from shaking my will, only confirms it. Providence has perhaps
+destined me to receive a shot intended for the King, and thus to save
+his life. I shall not shrink from my mission."
+
+There is thus a strong strain of fanaticism in her, which in no way
+spoils her extreme simplicity of manner or the remarkable calm of her
+bearing. This is so unusual a combination that I have been more struck
+by it than by any of her other good qualities.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 22, 1837._--Madame Adélaïde has written a long letter
+to M. de Talleyrand, with full details of the entertainment at the
+Town Hall, which seems to have been the most beautiful thing of this
+kind, and far more magnificent than anything else that has yet been
+done. The King was admirably received as he passed through the streets
+and at the Town Hall. There were five thousand persons at this
+entertainment. Princess Helena thought the diorama of Ludwiglust[72]
+perfectly like the original.
+
+  [72] The Castle of Mecklenburg, where the princess had been
+  brought up.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 25, 1837._--So the old King of England is dead. I was
+interested to read the manner in which the young Queen was proclaimed
+at London, in her own presence from the balcony of St. James's Palace.
+This beautiful and touching scene is marked by a very pleasing
+restraint.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 28, 1837._--A widely circulated rumour at Paris
+asserts that Mr. Caradoc intends to secure a divorce from Princess
+Bagration--an easy process; that he will be made a peer and will
+become the husband of the young Queen. He asserts his descent from the
+Kings of Ireland. All this I believe to be nonsense, but meanwhile the
+young Queen is so charmed with him that she will do and say nothing
+without his consent.
+
+Here is another story: Charles X. had given the Duc de Maillé a
+picture for the church of Lormois; the family has just sold it to a
+dealer for fifty-three thousand francs; the result has been a dispute
+with the Civil List officials, who assert that Charles X. had no right
+to present the picture. Pamphlets have been printed setting forth the
+case on either side. If the dealer is obliged to restore the picture
+he will force the Maillé family to return the fifty-three thousand
+francs. Apart from this picture, the family found that the inheritance
+of the Duc de Maillé consisted solely of debts. It is certain that if
+the picture came from one of the museums or one of the royal castles
+Charles X. had no right to give it away. It is all very unpleasant.
+
+
+_Valençay, June 29, 1837._--M. de Sémonville was introduced in the
+evening by the Queen herself to the Duchesse d'Orléans at the Round
+Table. He told the Princess that only the kindness of the Queen could
+have induced him to show her so old a face. "You mean so old a
+reputation," replied the Princess. The old cat sheathed his claws and
+was pleased.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 1, 1837._--I hear from Paris that the situation of
+public affairs is regarded as satisfactory at the moment, although the
+Ministerial elections have generally shown opposition. At Strasburg,
+Grenoble, and Montpellier they were absolutely Republican. Many people
+assert that the Ministry should dissolve the Chamber, as it is worn
+out. They urge that the marriage of the Prince Royal and the amnesty
+make the present moment favourable, that later on circumstances will
+not, perhaps, be so advantageous, but that the King refuses to
+consider the idea. M. Royer-Collard writes to me on the same subject:
+"I think that M. Molé is inclined to dissolution, and the King, though
+he will not yet accept it, will be led to it by force of
+circumstances. The Chamber is exhausted and can carry on no longer."
+As a postscript he adds: "I have had a long interview with M. Molé,
+and I am to see him again; he has decided to propose, and therefore to
+carry out, the plan of dissolution. I did not urge him, but I am of
+his opinion. The Chamber can no longer go on, and a dissolution need
+only be desired and accepted to become necessary."
+
+Finally Madame de Lieven writes to me as follows immediately before
+starting for England: "M. de Flahaut was anxious to secure the
+complimentary mission to London. He has been obliged to give way to
+General Baudrand, which has increased the bad temper both of the
+husband and the wife. Sébastiani is so ill that he is useless at
+London; I really do not know who keeps your Court informed. Madame de
+Flahaut is working as hard as she can to secure the recall of
+Granville from Paris and the appointment of Lord Durham to his post,
+with the double idea of removing a competitor from Palmerston's path
+and having an ambassador at Paris inclined to intrigue. Granville's
+chief merit was that he had no such tendency. In my opinion Durham
+will have to have his way, as he will no longer stay at St. Petersburg
+and wants something better. Your Deputies are said to be dispersing in
+uneasiness and discontent. M. Molé says that he wants a dissolution,
+but that the King does not.
+
+"M. Molé's last reception was well attended. A hundred and fifty
+deputies came to M. Guizot's party. M. Thiers has written from Lucca
+that his wife suffered severely from sea-sickness."
+
+
+_Valençay, July 6, 1837._--The following is an extract from a letter
+from Madame de Lieven dated from Boulogne: "I have seen M. Molé and
+M. Guizot at the last moment; the former had received a letter from
+Barante. My Sovereign's ill-temper is in no way improved, and is even
+worse than before. It is a hopeless case, as he is going mad. M. Molé
+is certainly jealous of Guizot. I have some very amusing things to
+tell you on that subject, which have all happened since your
+departure. There are some strange characters in the world, and as I
+naturally have a sense of humour, I laugh."
+
+I should like to know the details of this rivalry, which seems to me
+so improbable, from the nature of its object, that I am inclined to
+think the Princess has been led astray by feminine vanity. She
+confuses jealousy with the susceptibility native to character.
+
+I have a letter from Baron de Montmorency, the executor of the Prince
+de Laval, telling me that the latter, in a pencilled note, written the
+evening before his death, has left me a souvenir which he is sending
+me. I am deeply touched by it.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 11, 1837._--I arrived here yesterday, and am obliged
+to go out on business. The valley of the Loire is superb. The spring
+is late this year, and the foliage is therefore unusually green for
+this season. My plants have all grown very well, the climbers
+especially, and the flowers are abundant; everything seems in
+excellent order.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 12, 1837._--Yesterday I went round my house; small
+improvements are slowly being carried out.
+
+I was much struck by the effect of the Sistine Madonna in the
+drawing-room, which has taken the place of the Corinne, which has gone
+to the drawing-room of the Abbé's house. The change is almost
+symbolical, and shows the difference between the spirit of my past and
+that which now dominates me, or, to speak more accurately, is gaining
+ground; progress is by no means rapid.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 13, 1837._--Yesterday it only rained for half the
+day, and I was able to go round my little empire, which I found in
+very good condition. I shall be sorry presently to tear myself away
+from it. I propose to dine and sleep at Tours, and shall be back at
+Valençay to-morrow.
+
+I was able yesterday to visit my hydraulic rams.[73] Nothing takes up
+less room or produces a better result. Many workmen come to see them,
+and several landowners wish to imitate them; it is really an admirable
+invention. I have now water for the kitchen, the stables, and
+everywhere, and next year I shall present myself with a fire-engine.
+
+  [73] As Rochecotte was without any water-supply, and the hillside
+  upon which the castle was built was quite bare, hydraulic rams
+  were introduced. These were the first imported to France. The
+  Duchesse de Dino had them made in England, and insisted that
+  French measures should be transposed exactly into English, and
+  English into French, with the result that when they were set up
+  at Rochecotte, where they still stand, the measurements were
+  found to be exact.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 15, 1837._--I left Tours yesterday morning. Before
+starting I saw the sad sight of a man killed by lightning. His
+companion only had his legs broken, and was being taken to the
+hospital for a double amputation.
+
+I had lunch at Loches, where I visited everything: the tomb of Agnès
+Sorel, the oratory of Anne of Brittany, and a curious church, the
+prison of Ludovico Sforza. I admired the magnificent panorama from the
+top of the towers. We then stopped at Montrésor, to inspect one of the
+prettiest Renaissance churches I have seen. It is built by the side of
+an old castle, which was begun by the famous Foulques Nera, the
+greatest builder before Louis-Philippe.
+
+At the ironworks of Luçay[74] I found horses from the house, which
+brought me here very quickly.
+
+  [74] Luçay de Male is a dependency of the estate of Valençay. By
+  its architecture the castle of Luçay seems to belong to the same
+  age as that of Valençay. It is in a fine situation, overlooking
+  the ironworks, the fine lake which provides it with water, the
+  town of Luçay, and picturesque ravines.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 18, 1837._--With regard to the trial of General de
+Rigny, I can say that the General was deeply hurt, and reasonably so,
+because the Government wished to punish him after his brilliant
+acquittal before the Council of War; he declared to the Minister of
+War that if they chose that moment to deprive him of the command of
+Lille, he would accuse Marshal Clausel before the civil courts, and
+without in any way sparing him, as he had felt obliged to do at
+Marseilles. The Minister of War told him that he had wished to give
+him the command, but that the King objected. M. Molé and the whole
+Council said the same, and Baron Louis, uncle of General de Rigny,
+thought it well to go to Neuilly and demand an explanation from the
+King. The King said that the General had been proved guilty of
+insubordination, to which the poor old uncle replied: "But your
+Majesty is surely ready to recognise the judgment that has been
+passed; the Council of War admitted that the remarks attributed to my
+nephew were libellous; all that we can now do is to prosecute the
+Marshal." The King then replied: "Ah, I did not know that. I will look
+into the details of the trial, and then we shall see."[75]
+
+  [75] In 1836 Marshal Clausel, who was then Governor of Algeria,
+  attacked the Bey of Constantine unsuccessfully; upon his failure
+  the army, which was weakened, was obliged to raise the siege of
+  the town and to retreat by forced marches in the midst of
+  continual attacks from the Arab troops. General de Rigny, who was
+  stationed in the rearguard, bore the whole weight of this
+  disastrous retreat. In spite of his efforts he found that his
+  general had singled him out in an order of the day for a formal
+  accusation of treacherous insinuations and advice, and had
+  declared him a rebel and an unworthy officer. General de Rigny
+  demanded to be judged by a court-martial, and secured a verdict
+  of acquittal, which was unanimously given in 1837.
+
+The fact is that at the Château anybody called Rigny is in bad odour,
+for the opposite reason from that which has made the fortune of M.
+Bresson. It is not enough to be a devoted servant of the Government;
+one must also be, and always have been, an Orléanist.
+
+I have received Madame de Lieven's first letter from London. She seems
+delighted with the magnificence of her hosts' style of living, the
+Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, and also by the attentions of her
+friends. She says that the young Queen is a marvel of dignity and
+industry, and is not to be led, even by her mother. She manages her
+whole Court herself, and as the Duchess of Sutherland is Mistress of
+the Robes the Princess sees the notes that the Queen writes on the
+occasion of the Court functions, which are models of good arrangement
+and propriety. The Duchess of Sutherland is in charge of all
+arrangements, and is even above the Lord Chamberlain. Apparently she
+can become a second Duchess of Marlborough if she likes. When the
+Queen receives addresses on her throne the Duchess of Sutherland
+stands at her right hand, while the Duchess of Kent, the Queen's
+mother, is seated below the steps. The Queen wishes to review the
+troops on horseback, and what she wishes she does. Lord Melbourne is
+all-powerful and the Whigs are triumphant; the elections will be
+keenly fought; it is the Tories' last chance. Lord Durham has resumed
+his power over the Radicals, who flatter him, and the Queen does not
+share her mother's liking for him.
+
+The English crown has no diamonds. The very beautiful diamonds of the
+Queen-Dowager are her own property, and came to her from her
+mother-in-law, the old Queen Charlotte, who bequeathed them to the
+crown of Hanover. As this crown is now separated from the English
+crown, the Duke of Cumberland, as King of Hanover, reclaims the
+diamonds. Thus Queen Victoria has none, and although she is in no
+hurry to send back these jewels she will not wear them.
+
+Count Orloff has been sent to London to compliment the Queen. Madame
+de Lieven hopes to learn from him how far she can defy the Emperor,
+her master.
+
+M. Thiers wrote to her from Florence that he was not satisfied with
+the treaty concluded with Abd-el-Kader.
+
+
+_Valençay, July 26, 1837._--Letters received this morning seem to show
+that the resolution to dissolve the Chamber has been retracted, or has
+given rise at any rate to hesitation. The audacious declaration of the
+King of Hanover, the success of Don Carlos, and the fear of seeing the
+English elections turn in a Radical direction is said to give rise to
+apprehension here of definite mandates and republican tendencies in
+the coming general elections.
+
+The Court is at the town of Eu, and from thence will go on to
+Saint-Cloud. The Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg accompanies its
+movements. She is liked and respected, and, feeling that her position
+will not be agreeable in Germany, she is in no hurry to return, and is
+somewhat afraid of the solitude that there awaits her.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from M. Royer-Collard, who is in Paris, from
+which the following is an extract: "Dissolution resounds throughout
+all correspondence, even in that from the Minister of the Interior.
+Conditions, however, are laid down: if Don Carlos does not reach
+Madrid, if the King of Hanover is not overthrown, if the English
+elections give no cause for terror; these reservations are due to the
+character and policy of the King, who does not care to run risks, and
+who spares the Doctrinaires by leaving them some hope. The decision is
+to come from M. Molé, who would leave them nothing. In neither case is
+there any consideration as to whether the step in itself is good or
+bad: 'It will all pass over.' For my part, if I am allowed to express
+an opinion, it is precisely those cases which are considered capable
+of postponement that I would never postpone. I do not know what the
+new Chamber will be like, nor do I expect miracles from it, but I
+regard the old Chamber as inadequate and entirely incompetent, if any
+important resolution is required."
+
+I have also a letter from M. Thiers from Florence. He seems to be sad
+and uneasy about his wife's health; he speaks of her with warm and
+tender anxiety, and says that this is his only trouble and that he
+defies politics to disturb his equanimity henceforward. He adds: "I
+have returned to literature and philosophy; like the classical
+Bossuet, I enjoy the spectacle of human affairs in monuments and
+books--that is to say, in the memorials of men of former times. I
+claim the power of discovering the truth from a mere hint, and as this
+is the method of historical investigation I believe I have a good
+knowledge and understanding of the past. This presumption of mine,
+which harms nobody, neither M. Guizot nor King Louis-Philippe, nor
+Prince Metternich, would enable me to live very happily and busily if
+I were spared family cares. I shall therefore do all that I possibly
+can to remain as I am; I wish to improve, to increase my intellectual
+and moral powers, and this can be done better in retirement than
+anywhere else, as one then has time for reflection and study,
+undisturbed by selfish considerations. If some fine position should
+appear some day when I have made myself what I can become, well and
+good; but to spend one's life bandied about between the King and his
+demands for an appanage and the Chamber with its refusals, to be
+constantly harassed by the Tuileries and the Palais Bourbon, by people
+who are never grateful and make you the butt of their grievances
+without the only recompense for the troubles of position, the power to
+do good--all this is simply not worth while. I say this with full
+meaning, and as I am happy enough to see that my feelings are shared
+by those about me, I shall maintain my point of view; so that this
+winter you will see me in entire freedom."
+
+
+_Valençay, August 1, 1837._--M. de Vandœuvre came to pay us a visit
+yesterday. He told us an amusing story of Madame de Boigne, who had
+been invited to dinner with M. and Madame de Salvandy. When she
+arrived she found only the lady of the house, who apologised for her
+husband and said that he could not appear at dinner because he was
+ill. They sat down without him, but when they went back to the
+drawing-room they found the young Minister, as he calls himself,
+carelessly reposing in a long chair, in Turkish slippers and a fine
+flowered dressing-gown, with a smoking cap embroidered by ladies'
+hands cocked over one ear. The sharp and prudish face of Madame de
+Boigne at that moment is said to have been indescribable.
+
+The daughter of the Duchesse de Plaisance has died of typhoid fever at
+Beyrout, in Syria; her father told me the news. The fate of the
+unhappy mother, of whom at present I know nothing, causes me grief and
+anxiety. She was a good friend to me at a time when I had but few
+friends, and I cannot forget it.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 4, 1837._--I have read the article upon Madame de
+Krüdener in the _Revue des deux Mondes_. She was a Courlandaise, and I
+have seen her at my mother's house, with whom she struck up a small
+friendship. My mother also thought, and rightly, that it was her duty
+to take some notice of all her compatriots. Madame de Krüdener was an
+adventuress by nature, and if she had not been well born she would
+have been recognised as such long before her final absurdities. From
+1814 until her death she lived surrounded by a gang of scoundrels, who
+followed her about Europe and presented an unpleasant sight which was
+anything rather than evangelical. They were a strange company of
+apostles.
+
+People who are easily excited, animated and changeable, ready for
+anything, attracted in the most opposite directions, are often
+regarded as hypocrites, simply because they are changeable, and one is
+always tempted to doubt their sincerity. Such is the case of M.
+Thiers. I am sure he is very happy as he writes in his villa at
+Careggi,[76] amid recollections of the Medici, and that he is also
+entirely disgusted with Paris. Ardent and impetuous natures, equally
+ready for any enterprise, are unfortunately often misjudged by
+characters more happily balanced. I know something of this from my own
+experience. We shall undoubtedly see M. Thiers once more in the arena
+of politics and ambition, but to-day he sincerely believes that he has
+left it for ever. The advantage of such natures as his, and perhaps as
+mine, consists in the fact that they are never wholly cast down and
+are so supple and elastic that they accommodate themselves to the most
+different situations; but it must be admitted that corresponding
+inconveniences are involved. Their judgment of things and of people is
+often too rapid, and their execution is often too quick and too
+complete; by springing from rock to rock they are always in danger,
+and sometimes fall; they then descend to an abyss, which is regarded
+as their proper position by those who have been able to maintain
+themselves steadily at one height, are by no means sorry to see their
+overthrow and are disinclined to offer any help. How many times have I
+seen and experienced this! The worst part of it is not the accusations
+of folly, but of hypocrisy. There is, however, for these natures one
+infallible resource, when they have the strength to fall back upon it:
+they can force themselves to recover their equilibrium and follow the
+golden mean. It is a long task, which will continue necessarily
+throughout their lives, but that is the advantage of it, as the end of
+it can never be determined.
+
+  [76] Careggi forms part of the town of Fiesole, near Florence.
+  Several villas stand about the neighbourhood, the most famous
+  being that which was built by the Medici, which contains several
+  Renaissance masterpieces. The Grand Dukes of Tuscany offered the
+  use of it to distinguished foreigners who stayed at Florence. In
+  this way M. Thiers occupied it in 1837. In 1848 the Princess of
+  Parma sought refuge there in her flight from the revolutions.
+  This villa still belongs to the house of Lorraine.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes to us that his uncle has died within a few
+hours, with every symptom of cholera. I do not know whether I am
+wrong, but for me everything is shrouded in a veil of darkness, and I
+instinctively fear some catastrophe. If only it does not fall upon M.
+de Talleyrand or upon my children! For myself I trust in the will of
+God and prepare myself as well as I can. But how many arrears remain
+to be paid, and how terror-stricken I should be were it not for my
+full confidence in the Divine mercy!
+
+
+_Valençay, August 5, 1837._--M. de Montrond writes from Paris to M. de
+Talleyrand that the following story was told of the young Queen
+Victoria at the house of the Flahauts: The Duchess of Sutherland had
+kept the Queen waiting; when she arrived the Queen went up to her and
+said: "My dear Duchess, pray do not let this happen again, for neither
+you nor I ought to keep any one waiting." Was not that very well said?
+
+
+_Valençay, August 8, 1837._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de
+Lieven, which was begun in England and finished in France in the
+course of her journey to Paris. She has seen Orloff in London, and
+thinks that through him she has settled her business so well that she
+can venture to return to Paris. She tells me some curious things of
+the young Queen. "Every one has been taken in by her; she has secretly
+prepared herself for a long time for her destined position. At the
+present moment she gives her whole heart to Lord Melbourne. Her mother
+wished her to enter into obligations with the Radicals, and also with
+Conroy personally. It seems that Conroy, who dominates the mother, had
+behaved very rudely to her daughter, and even threatened her with
+confinement three days before her accession if she did not promise him
+a peerage and the post held by Sir Herbert Taylor. She gave him a
+pension of three thousand pounds and forbade him the palace. The
+mother only comes to see her daughter when she is sent for. The
+Duchess of Kent complains bitterly, and is obviously overcome by
+vexation; and Caradoc, who had miscalculated his possibilities in that
+quarter, has shared in this disgrace and has left England. The young
+Queen is full of affection and respect for her uncle, King Leopold,
+who did not like Conroy; he used to take the girl's part against her
+mother. Melbourne is all-powerful, and adores his young Sovereign. Her
+self-possession is incredible. People are quite afraid of her; she
+keeps every one in order, and I assure you that everything looks very
+different as compared with the old King's time. The Queen wears every
+day the Order of the Garter as a medal upon her shoulder, and the
+motto upon her arm. She has never grown tall, and therefore wears a
+dress with a train even in the morning; she has a distinguished
+appearance; her face is charming and her shoulders superb. She issues
+her orders as a queen; her will must be obeyed at once and without
+contradiction. All the courtiers seem overwhelmed."
+
+
+_Valençay, August 15, 1837._--I knew Madame de Lieven's taste for
+planting herself at Paris, but I did not think it went so far as to
+induce her to monopolise the Russian Embassy, and from every point of
+view this is a false move; with whatever kindness she may meet in her
+present position, which is regarded as neutral and without influence,
+an official position would bring her into inextricable difficulties.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 17, 1837._--The following is an extract from a
+letter from Madame de Lieven received yesterday: "For the moment
+Conservatism is very fashionable in England. The new House of Commons
+will be much better composed than the last; I hope and I believe that
+this will produce an agreement with the moderate Tories; they are
+prepared for it. I can answer for Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of
+Wellington, who are ready to give their help and support for the
+moment without any return. If Lord Melbourne accepts he will lose the
+support of the Radical Party, and will find himself obliged in a short
+time to bring Tories into the Cabinet; but that is the best bargain
+open to him, and Lord Melbourne is more inclined to it than his
+colleagues. We shall see if he is bold enough to take the step; when I
+left him he seemed ready for it. The Queen will not be married or
+think of marrying for a year or two at least. You may rely upon the
+accuracy of this statement. The Duchess of Kent is a complete
+nonentity, and even put somewhat on one side by her daughter. Conroy
+dare not appear before the Queen. The Queen is astounding! Most
+astounding! With so much power at eighteen, what will she be like at
+forty?
+
+"The Clanricardes have quarrelled with the Ministry. She is happy,
+because she can now be as Tory as she pleases.
+
+"Diplomacy is in a poor way at London, since you and I are no longer
+there. The members look shabby indeed; they seem mere nobodies,
+receive no respect, have no position, know no news, ask everybody for
+news, and come and whisper a Court affair a fortnight after it is
+forgotten. I blush for my late profession.
+
+"Esterhazy has gone to Brussels. This is producing an effect at
+London, as it is the first act of recognition to the Belgian royalty;
+but from that source Queen Victoria's policy is inspired."
+
+
+_Valençay, August 20, 1837._--We hear from Paris that the Duc
+d'Orléans has a cold and is growing thin. There is some fear of his
+lungs, and it is said that he takes too much exercise. It is thought
+the exertion of the camp at Compiègne may be too much for him. His
+wife is literally adored by the royal family, and by all who come near
+her.
+
+I have a charming letter from the Duchess of Gloucester. These old
+princesses seem to have been deeply saddened by the death of the late
+King.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 25, 1837._--The King and Queen of the Belgians will
+be at London on the 26th of this month--that is, to-morrow. It is
+supposed that the King will have full influence over his niece, but
+that he will not restore relations between the Duchess of Kent and the
+Queen, or go out of his way to spare the former, as he finds their
+disunion in accordance with his ideas.
+
+The Princess de Lieven is very angry with her husband, who will not
+appear at Havre, where she has arranged to meet him. She is doing her
+utmost at St. Petersburg to gain some means of reviving her husband's
+spirits, of which, to use her own expression, very little remain. She
+repeats that she cannot leave Paris without risking her life. I think
+that she has no great desire to meet the poor Prince again. She tells
+me that M. Guizot is at Paris, that he comes to see her every day, and
+that he drives M. Molé away as soon as he comes in. M. Molé is invited
+to the camp at Compiègne from the 1st to the 4th of September, and M.
+Guizot from the 5th to the 8th. The whole of France will be invited in
+turn.
+
+
+_Valençay, August 29, 1837._--I had a troublesome day yesterday.
+Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde came to us, bringing her daughters and M.
+Cuvillier Fleury, tutor to the Duc d'Aumale and a contributor to the
+_Journal des Débats_. I had to put myself out and show them
+everything, and was very glad when they started back for Beauregard at
+nine o'clock in the evening. M. Fleury has left his pupil for the
+moment to travel for six weeks, and is contributing articles to the
+_Journal des Débats_ about the castles that he visits. There is
+nothing so disagreeable as this kind of thing, and he has received a
+strong hint here that we do not care to see ourselves in print.
+
+Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde says that the Duchesse d'Orléans is
+certainly with child. She also says that Princesse Marie is to marry
+Duke Alexander of Würtemberg next October, and will live in France.
+
+M. Mignet, who has been here for two days, tells us no news. He
+confines himself to long historical dissertations, which are sometimes
+interesting, but generally somewhat pedantic.
+
+Madame de Jaucourt writes that Baron Louis is dying of a stroke of
+apoplexy. This has been largely brought on by fretting over the
+business of his nephew de Rigny.[77]
+
+  [77] _See_ p. 120.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 2, 1837._--I have a letter from the Duc de
+Noailles, who gives me some small news. I never saw any one of
+importance stay at home less than he does. At Paris he pays a daily
+round of calls, morning and evening, which take up the whole of his
+time, and he never refuses an invitation to dinner. In the summer he
+goes the round of the country houses and the watering-places, and is
+continually making excursions to Paris, as his residence is close at
+hand. Barren characters, when they are naturally intelligent, feel a
+greater need of change than others; in any case, the consequence is
+that he always knows the news. At Paris he keeps it to himself, and
+asks more questions than he answers; but when he writes he tells all
+that he knows, so that his letters are always pleasant.
+
+I have also a letter from M. Thiers, from Cauterets. He is
+izard-hunting with the Basques, of which sport he is very fond,
+although the Pyrenees seem to him but poor scenery after the Lake of
+Como. He is less anxious about his wife's health, and talks of coming
+here for the end of the month, but with all his impedimenta, as he
+cannot leave the ladies whom he is escorting. I am not altogether
+pleased, but how can I refuse?
+
+It seems that the expedition to Constantine is actually to take place,
+and that the Prince Royal will lead it. This campaign seems to me a
+very foolish one for the Prince Royal.
+
+I have just read the so-called memoirs of the Chevalier d'Eon, which
+are tiresome, improbable, and absurd; the idea in particular that he
+could have had a love-affair with the old Queen of England, the
+ugliest, the most prudish and austere woman of her time, is too
+ridiculous an invention.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 6, 1837._--The newspapers now say that it is the
+Duc de Nemours, and not the Prince Royal, who will command the
+expedition to Constantine. This seems to me a better arrangement.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven writes as follows: "There is talk of a double
+marriage: the Princesse Marie with Duke Alexander of Würtemberg and
+Princesse Clémentine with the eldest son of the reigning Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Here, however, a difficulty appears. The children
+of the marriage should be Lutherans, which the Queen does not wish;
+and in the case of the first marriage there is also the possible
+difficulty that the King of Würtemberg might not give his consent. It
+is said that the negotiations, though not broken off, are not far
+advanced. I have a letter from my brother which shows me that Orloff
+has kept his word. He says that Paris is the only place to suit me,
+and that no one protests against it. Now I have only my husband to
+think of, and how can he be likely to offer objections as the Court
+has raised none? This difficulty is bound to disappear, but not for a
+month or six weeks, for my husband will require advices from the
+Emperor, and the whole troublesome affair will have to go round
+Europe, from Paris to Odessa and from Odessa to Ischl and from Ischl
+to Paris. Just think of that!" So much from this great and aged spoilt
+child.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 8, 1837._--The news given us by Madame de
+Sainte-Aldegonde was premature. Madame Adélaïde writes to M. de
+Talleyrand that the Duchesse d'Orléans is not with child, that the
+King will not go to Amboise this year, and that the marriage of the
+Princesse Marie with Duke Alexander of Würtemberg is possible, but not
+absolutely settled, though negotiations are going on.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 9, 1837._--I have come back from an excursion to
+Châteauvieux and Saint-Aignan which occupied the whole of yesterday
+and to-day. I was marvellously well and in high spirits with M.
+Royer-Collard, but to-day I feel broken down and miserable. There is
+no sense in it; I do not know what does me good or what makes me feel
+ill; I suffer from what I think should do me good and recover from
+that which should lay me low. I am a very strange little creature. The
+doctor tells me every day that it is the result of my nervous,
+fantastic, and capricious disposition. What is certain is that I have
+fits of cheerfulness, of gaiety, and of sadness; that I look after
+myself, or my nerves look after me, very badly; and that I am
+exceedingly tired of myself, and to some extent of other people.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 11, 1837._--What is to be said of the mandate of
+the Archbishop of Paris, and of the article in the _Journal des
+Débats_ which follows it? The desecration of Sainte-Geneviève is
+obvious, and the scandal of the pediment has been felt by all
+right-thinking people.[78] In the face of such an enormity it was
+difficult for the plaintive voice of the chief pastor not to utter a
+cry of pain, and the absence of any protest would have been
+blameworthy, in my opinion. But his cry has been uttered with violence
+and bitterness, and with none of the apostolic respect for the
+feelings of others which it is always wise to keep in view. In M. de
+Quélen we shall always have an excellent priest with the courage and
+devotion of his convictions, but he will never learn tact, and will
+constantly injure his position by his words and his actions. I am
+sorry for him, as I am interested in him, and also for the cause of
+religion, which is even more wounded by these unhappy events and
+Governmental scandals. The want of thought which permitted this
+pediment, the obvious hesitation of the Ministry to know whether it
+would be disclosed or not, the weakness which showed it to the eyes of
+the public, and the tone of indifference with which newspapers speak
+of it, are so many disavowals of the system of order and energy which
+they have claimed as theirs. Next to the pillage of the archbishopric,
+the destruction of the crosses, and the rejection of the fleur-de-lys,
+nothing seems to me more hopelessly revolutionary than this hideous
+pediment. It frightens right-thinking people far more than usurpation.
+
+  [78] It was proposed to erect upon the Pantheon a colossal statue
+  of Renown to replace the cross removed in 1831 from what was at
+  that time the Church of Sainte-Geneviève. Cortot was commissioned
+  with this work, and set up a model in carton-pierre. Criticism
+  unanimously condemned it, and the statue was taken down after
+  some time.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 12, 1837._--The Carlist party are very wrong to
+accuse the Duc de Noailles of inclination to support the present
+Government; he is very far from anything of the kind. I have seen that
+he was somewhat tempted to that course for two or three months during
+the journey of the two Princes in Germany and when the marriage of the
+Archduchess Theresa was discussed. Since Alibaud's pistol-shot and the
+refusal of Austria he has given up the idea, and I think he is more
+determined than ever to follow his present line of conduct, although
+his impartiality in thought and language will always prevent him from
+joining the hot-headed members of his party.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes as follows: "I have a letter from my husband
+proposing the right bank of the Rhine and asserting that he cannot
+possibly cross it. We shall see. I hope and believe that he will
+change his mind. M. Molé and M. Guizot meet at my house, and are
+beginning to talk. The consent of the King of Würtemberg to his
+cousin's marriage has come to hand. M. Guizot has returned from
+Compiègne delighted with the wit and intelligence of the Duchesse
+d'Orléans. Madame de Flahaut is kept very much aloof from the
+Princess, and is vexed in consequence. She had her four days at the
+Château, like the other guests, and then returned to her rooms in the
+town of Compiègne. Lady Jersey writes that she will come and spend the
+winter at Paris to see the Prince de Talleyrand. My husband has seen
+their Hanoverian Majesties at Carlsbad."
+
+
+_Valençay, September 18, 1837._--Yesterday I had a very kind letter
+from M. Molé. He tells me that he has been obliged to postpone the
+diplomatic affair. He wishes to create some peers, but is somewhat
+hampered by the stupid social classification. He speaks bitterly of
+the great attention paid by M. Guizot to Madame de Lieven, and readily
+accepted by the latter.
+
+Alava, who has been here since yesterday, told me that the hunchbacked
+daughter of the Duc de Frias has married the Prince of Anglona. Mlle.
+Auguste de Rigny is certainly the only heiress of the Baron Louis, who
+leaves seventy thousand francs income. She has already an income of
+eighteen thousand of her own. The will is quite simple, and so
+definite that it cannot be attacked.[79]
+
+  [79] Baron Louis died at Vry-sur-Marne, near Paris, on August 26,
+  1837.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 19, 1837._--M. de Salvandy, whom M. de Talleyrand
+had invited here, appeared yesterday at dinner-time. He is going back
+this evening, having sandwiched this excursion between two meetings of
+the Council. I have exhausted myself in graciousness of manner and in
+making conversation, which is not an easy matter with a man who is
+undoubtedly intellectual, but emphatically so, and constantly anxious
+to produce an effect. In any case, he has been very attentive to me.
+He told me that the Duke Alexander of Würtemberg had an income of only
+fifty thousand francs, and that the King of Würtemberg showed much
+politeness and readiness throughout the affair, though the alliance is
+a poor one for our young Princess; we gain nothing more than a husband
+for her. It is not true that she will stay in France; in the summer
+she will live in her husband's castle, fifteen leagues from Coburg,
+and in the winter in a little palace at Gotha. When they visit Paris
+they will be put up at the Elysée. They are going to Germany
+immediately after the marriage, which will take place in the first
+fortnight of October.
+
+The French elections will take place on November 15, and the Chamber
+will meet on December 5.
+
+M. de Salvandy also talked much of the Duchess d'Orleans, whom he
+believes, and I think rightly, to be an eminently clever person, and,
+as she has to govern some day thirty-two million souls, is working
+daily to win their hearts one by one.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 20, 1837._--M. de Salvandy left us yesterday
+after dinner. During our morning talk he quoted an instance showing
+the growing influence of the Duchesse d'Orléans over her husband.
+Before his marriage he troubled so little about mass that last May, a
+few weeks before his wedding, he went to the races at Chantilly on the
+Day of Pentecost, and never even thought of attending mass. Recently
+at Saint-Quentin he went there _in fiocchi_, telling the National
+Guard that they might follow him or not as they pleased. The Guard
+went in a body. Saint-Quentin, however, like all manufacturing towns,
+is by no means religious.
+
+The Pope is deeply vexed about the business of Sainte-Geneviève, and
+is going to offer a severe remonstrance through Mgr. Garibaldi. The
+King, who has been much distressed by the scandal, is embarrassed in
+his relations with Rome because he yielded to M. de Montalivet, who is
+unfortunately surrounded by the wretched troop of hostile newspapers,
+to which he pays homage and deference. M. Molé, who is opposed to the
+pediment, has also yielded. M. de Salvandy is also fulminating, and I
+imagine when he has uttered one sonorous phrase he will think his duty
+done.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 22, 1837._--M. de Salvandy has written, upon his
+arrival in Paris during the session of the Council, telling M. de
+Talleyrand that he had found everybody much excited at the news from
+Spain; all are expecting to hear of the arrival of Don Carlos at
+Madrid. It is possible that this news will somewhat disturb
+arrangements for the dissolution and the elections.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 28, 1837._--Madame Adélaïde writes that the
+marriage of her niece to Duke Alexander of Würtemberg will take place
+at Trianon on October 12. Madame de Castellane tells me that the
+Lieven-Guizot flirtation is unparalleled. He is making her read Dante
+and Tasso, and never leaves her house. Since he has been in the
+country he writes letters to her of ten pages. During his absence the
+Princess went to his house, gained admission to his rooms, and
+examined everything carefully. She has written curious but sensible
+articles on the subject. An article has appeared concerning the whole
+affair in _Le Temps_. This has made her furious, and she has had a
+very lively interview with M. Molé, because _Le Temps_ is said to be
+considerably under Ministerial influence; hence relations between the
+Prime Minister and herself are somewhat strained. It is all very
+ridiculous, and I am glad to be away from Paris and all this gossip.
+
+In any case, a retired life is delightful. In society one squanders
+too much energy; instead of laying up a proper store of provisions for
+the great journey, we scatter them broadcast, and find ourselves
+lacking when we have to start. Terrible is our want and disgraceful
+our indigence! I am sometimes really terrified at my wretched
+condition.
+
+Yesterday I had a sad piece of news--the death of the young Princess
+of Arsoli, daughter of the late Madame de Carignan. She was carried
+off by cholera in the same week as her mother-in-law, Princess
+Massimo. I had seen her born.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 29, 1837._--The Baron de Montmorency, who arrived
+here yesterday, thinks that there is some hitch in the Würtemberg
+marriage. The King of Würtemberg seems to have suddenly refused his
+consent, except on condition that all the children should be
+Protestants, while our Queen wishes them all to be Catholics. If the
+Duke Alexander yields to the Queen there will be a marriage the more
+without the head of the family, which never looks well. If France
+gives way to the King of Würtemberg the Princess will have to go to be
+married at the frontier, as was Mlle. de Broglie, for the French
+Catholic clergy will only allow mixed marriages on condition that all
+the children are brought up as Catholics. It is really inconceivable
+that so important a question was not decided before the announcement
+of the marriage. It will lead to any number of vexatious ideas, and
+show with what difficulty business can be conducted at our Court.
+
+It is said that Von Hügel, the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires at Paris, is
+going mad.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 1, 1837._--Yesterday our theatricals took place,
+for which we had been rehearsing for a fortnight; I played my part in
+spite of a headache. People kindly said that I entirely concealed my
+suffering on the stage, but as soon as it was over I was obliged to go
+to bed at once. The performance was quite successful, and Pauline
+played two totally different parts so admirably that I begin to wonder
+whether I ought to allow her to continue this amusement. Our scene
+from the _Femmes savantes_ went very well, and M. de la Besnardière,
+who is an old theatre-goer, asserts that he never saw it so well
+played. I really think that it went with a certainty, a unity, and a
+correctness that were quite remarkable. M. de Talleyrand was
+delighted. There was supper and dancing after the performance, but I
+was not there.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 2, 1837._--All the neighbours about us went away
+yesterday after mass, but in the course of the day a certain Mr.
+Hamilton arrived, who is an American, and the son of Colonel
+Hamilton, who was well known during the War of Independence in the
+United States; M. de Talleyrand often speaks of him, and was very
+intimate with him in America. The son did not wish to leave the Old
+World, where he has been making a tour, without seeing his father's
+friend. He brought his own son with him, a young man of twenty-one.
+Neither of them speak French, so I exhausted myself in making English
+conversation. They are starting again this morning. In his own country
+Mr. Hamilton belongs to the Opposition party. He is a sensible man,
+but with that tinge of Americanism which is always somewhat
+disagreeable in the best of them.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 7, 1837._--I hear from Paris that the difficulties
+with Würtemberg have been smoothed over. The marriage is to take place
+on the 14th, and everything is going on to the general satisfaction.
+Our Princess has been invited to Stuttgart. The Duc d'Orléans is said
+to be the only member of the family dissatisfied with this union, and
+we are told that he treated his future brother-in-law more than coldly
+at Compiègne.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 9, 1837._--The Duc Decazes arrived here
+unexpectedly at dinner-time yesterday. He was on his way from Livorno,
+full of the Bordeaux affair, which he seems inclined to visit upon the
+Prefect, M. de Pressac. After dinner he continued his journey to
+Paris, where he is summoned by the marriage of the Princesse Marie. He
+had left M. Thiers and all his family at Tours. We are expecting them
+to-day.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 10, 1837._--M. and Madame Thiers, Madame Dosne and
+her young daughter arrived yesterday an hour before dinner-time. They
+came by Montrichard, and so they were all shaken and weary. Madame
+Thiers does not show any sign of exhaustion in her face; she is
+perhaps a little thin, but nothing else; I think it is largely a
+matter of nerves, and that if she were in good spirits her
+indisposition would quickly disappear. In any case, for a person of
+her kind, I think her quite anxious to please, but, like her mother,
+she has a vulgar intonation and trivial expressions to which I cannot
+get accustomed. It was a dull and heavy evening, in spite of the
+enthusiasm of M. Thiers for Italy. He seems to be greatly struck by
+the beauty of Valençay, and I think they are all very glad to be here.
+Fortunately the weather is fine; I have never prayed for sunshine so
+earnestly.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 11, 1837._--Madame Thiers was very tired yesterday;
+she went upstairs after lunch and did not reappear until dinner-time.
+She would not go for a drive, and her mother kept her company. We took
+the husband out with us, and he was in excellent spirits, with no
+bitterness or hostility. He wishes to go from here to Lille without
+crossing Paris, where he only wishes to arrive just in time for the
+Chambers; he was also very sarcastic about the repeated proposals that
+have been made to him for the greatest embassies.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 12, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand yesterday took M.
+Thiers to see M. Royer-Collard. They returned both well pleased with
+their walk, whence I infer that they left their host equally pleased.
+I have no great trouble with the ladies. The young wife appears for
+meals, lolls in a drawing-room armchair for half an hour after lunch
+and for an hour after dinner, then goes up to her room; she will not
+drive, and only wishes to be left alone. Her mother is with her a
+great deal, and her husband most attentive. The young wife governs
+them all, but like a spoilt and capricious child, and I think that the
+poor husband finds the path of marriage a somewhat thorny one.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 13, 1837._--The Duchesse de Saint-Leu is dead. What
+will become of her son? Will he be left upon our frontier?
+
+Madame Murat continues to remain at Paris. General Macdonald,[80] who
+was thought to be her husband, and who was greatly devoted to her in
+any case, has died at Florence. To the universal surprise, this event
+has not so far saddened her as to prevent her from going to the
+theatre, nor does she show any of the grief that might have been
+expected.
+
+  [80] Francis Macdonald had been appointed Minister of War at
+  Naples by King Murat in 1814.
+
+Here people talk of nothing but the approaching elections; they seem
+to be still very uncertain and to defy all calculations. I have always
+noticed this to be the case at every dissolution of the Chamber. The
+instructions of the Ministry are very capricious; on the whole the
+Doctrinaires and progressive parties are to be proscribed, but with so
+many exceptions here and there that unusual points of contact are
+created. M. Thiers is quite calm, in excellent political spirits; he
+talks a great deal of his forty years and of the frost of age;
+however, I would not trust to that, and if he were provoked he would
+be quite capable of entering the fray most vigorously. He has quite
+abandoned his ideas of Spanish intervention, not as regards the past,
+but for the present moment. I have never seen him so wise and
+self-controlled--a condition only to be attained by those whose
+inclinations are definite, and who have enough self-satisfaction not
+to be ambitious for power. His wife unbends a little; she danced
+yesterday evening in excellent spirits.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 15, 1837._--The whole of the Thiers family went
+away yesterday. Although the mother has been anxious to please, the
+young wife amiable in her manner, and her husband witty, animated, and
+tractable, as usual, I am not sorry to see them go.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 22, 1837._--We are to have a second theatrical
+performance. I rehearsed my part yesterday with M. de Valençay while
+the rest of the company were out driving.
+
+I have a very carefully written letter from Madame Dosne, from which
+the following is an interesting passage: "Since our arrival the house
+has been stormed by friends, inquirers, and interested people, who
+wish to learn the attitude of M. Thiers. He has seen M. Molé and M. de
+Montalivet, who are struggling for his friendship, and has been
+effusively received by the royal family. You know better than any one,
+madame, to whom he owes that. In short, his move to Paris has been
+quite politic and successful. He is ready to defend the Ministry as
+long as it lasts and to help it as long as he can, if they will
+support his view with regard to the elections. To-morrow we shall
+start for Lille, where we shall stay as long as my daughter wishes."
+
+
+_Valençay, October 26, 1837._--Madame de Lieven writes to say that her
+husband has sent his son Alexander to her to carry her off dead or
+alive, but she has refused to stir, and that the son has gone back
+again provided with all possible certificates from the doctors of the
+Embassy stating the impossibility of moving her. She is loud in the
+praises of Comte Pahlen and of my cousin Paul Medem. It seems that the
+Autocrat told M. de Lieven that he would crush the Princess if she
+persisted in remaining in France. I think she has some private means
+which no one can touch, and which help her to hold out. Before long it
+will become a regular drama.
+
+I have a long letter from the Duc d'Orléans, in which he tells me that
+his sister, the Duchess of Würtemberg, did not go immediately to
+Stuttgart on leaving Paris, but went first to Coburg, and will not go
+to Würtemberg till later. The Duc d'Orléans gives me excellent
+accounts of his wife, and seems to regard her as a perfect friend,
+which is the best certificate a woman can have from her husband, and a
+guarantee of the most desirable future for her.
+
+
+_Valençay, November 2, 1837._--I shall start presently to dine and
+sleep at Beauregard. To-morrow I shall pass through Tours, and reach
+my house at Rochecotte in time for dinner.
+
+I have a kind letter from M. Guizot, who tells me that the new Chamber
+will be like the last, and that if there is a difference it will be to
+the advantage of his own views.
+
+M. Thiers writes from Lille saying that the general electioneering cry
+is "Down with the Doctrinaires!" and that he is asked by five
+different departments to become a candidate, but that he will remain
+faithful to Aix. Finally, M. Royer-Collard writes from Paris saying
+that M. Molé has been tricked in the elections; that it does not,
+however, follow that the elections will go in favour of the
+Doctrinaires, but that they will not lack Ministerial support. Of
+these three versions which is the most credible? I am inclined to
+accept the last.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1837._--Since yesterday I have been in my own
+home. As I passed through Tours in the morning I found the poor
+Prefect grappling with the electoral fever.
+
+The confusion of the instructions is incredible, continually modified
+or contradicted as they are by intrigues at Paris, alternating between
+the influence of Guizot or Thiers; consequently I think the result
+will be very far removed from that which was proposed at the
+dissolution of the Chamber. Fortunately the country is calm, for the
+dissolution was decided upon, not for patriotic reasons, but simply
+for personal interest, and miscalculation upon that ground is a matter
+of indifference. At the same time it is foolish uselessly to stir up
+an infinity of local passions which, though they do not rise to the
+danger and violence of political strife, none the less injure public
+spirit by dividing the country more and more into parties.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 5, 1837._--The comedies which we acted at
+Valençay brought some life into the great castle, of which there has
+been a prodigious lack during June, July, and August. I admit, to my
+shame, that for the first time in my life since I rested from the
+fatigues of Fontainebleau and Versailles I have been very bored. The
+illness which we have all suffered one after another brought anxiety
+in place of boredom, and I am glad of some small diversion to bring me
+out of the groove.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 11, 1837._--A letter from Madame Adélaïde
+reached me yesterday. She seems fairly pleased with the elections, and
+would be more so were it not for the infamous alliance between the
+Legitimists and Republicans, which has brought success to the latter
+party in several places. I use her own expressions. She also says that
+Princesse Marie is delighted with her husband and her journey, with
+Germany and with the reception which has so far been given.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 24, 1837._--I am sorry for the Grand Duchess
+Stephanie on account of the wrongdoing or misfortune of her daughter,
+the Princess Wasa.[81] I never liked her, and was struck by her bad
+appearance when I saw her at Paris in 1827 with her mother; moreover,
+her husband, whom I also know, is a very ordinary person, and by no
+means the man to guide a young wife.
+
+  [81] Princess Louisa of Baden, the eldest daughter of the Grand
+  Duchess Stephanie of Baden, had married a Prince Wasa. Her
+  household was constantly disturbed by quarrels, which the Grand
+  Duchess was continually trying to heal, though for a long time
+  without success.
+
+The Duchess of Massa speaks with delight in her letters of the
+hospitality and the distinction at the Court of Coburg, and of the
+happiness of the Princesse Marie. I also hear that the Duc d'Orléans
+constantly talks of his domestic happiness, in which he is entirely
+absorbed. He is to give an entertainment upon the return of his
+brother, the Duc de Nemours, the victor of Constantine.
+
+I am more and more delighted with the life of Bossuet by Cardinal
+Bausset. How fortunate it is that I put off reading this book at a
+time when the taste for reading had passed away, and is now revived by
+this excellent work! I have ordered a fine engraving of Bossuet which
+I wish to possess; it is absurd that he should not have his place here
+with my other friends of the great century, Madame de Sévigné, Madame
+de Maintenon, Cardinal de Retz, and Arnauld d'Andilly. Although I
+admire every personage of that great age, I have my preferences. I
+want a portrait of the Palatine to complete my collection.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 30, 1837._--My sister, the Duchesse de Sagan,
+writes to say that she will come here shortly; I do not know whether
+she will carry out her plan this time--not that I am altogether
+regretful if she should fail, for I am never entirely at my ease with
+her. I was accustomed to be afraid of her in my youth, and am still
+somewhat overawed; but as the matter has been announced and arranged,
+it is better that she should come.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 2, 1837._--Yesterday in the _Journal des Débats_
+I read the great memorandum of the Prussian Government against the
+Archbishop of Cologne.[82] We must suspend our judgment until we hear
+his defence; but the fact remains that so strong a measure as to
+arrest an archbishop and imprison him does not look well in the case
+of a Protestant Sovereign when dealing with a Catholic prelate in a
+Catholic country. It has too strong an appearance of persecution, even
+if it be justified at bottom. I am very curious to know the end of
+this affair; it seems to me of serious import.
+
+  [82] The Archbishop of Cologne and the Prussian Government
+  differed on the question of mixed marriages. The Archbishop
+  wished to appeal to the Pope, and the Government had him arrested
+  on November 28, 1837. He remained a prisoner for four years at
+  Minden, and never re-entered his diocese, where his coadjutor
+  took his place on his death in 1845. The Archbishop of Cologne,
+  Baron Droste de Vischering, was born in 1773.
+
+M. de Montrond tells M. de Talleyrand that the whole family of Thiers
+profess such a redoubled affection for us since their stay at Valençay
+that we shall be regarded as responsible for the acts and deeds of M.
+Thiers during the coming session. I have urged this upon M. de
+Talleyrand as an argument for staying here as long as possible, but
+with what success I do not know.
+
+M. Guizot is to be found at Madame de Lieven's house from morning to
+evening, to the general amusement.
+
+Madame Adélaïde's letters begin to urge more strongly our return to
+Paris, which is exactly the reason why I should prefer to stay here.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 4, 1837._--M. de Sainte-Aulaire informs me that
+the Grand Duchess Stephanie has solved her daughter Wasa's domestic
+difficulties. I fear she has only postponed the evil day.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 6, 1837._--Yesterday I carried out an enterprise
+which I had long been anxious to perform. I went with my son Valençay
+to see the Comte d'Héliaud and Madame de Champchevrier. We started in
+fine frosty weather, lunched with M. d'Héliaud, and spent an hour at
+Champchevrier on our return with the nicest people in the world, in a
+fine old castle, with moats and avenues, and a well-wooded country of
+preserves; old tapestry, stag-horns, and hunting-horns hung from the
+walls are the chief ornaments in this noble but not very elegant
+mansion. It is inhabited by a simple, upright, and respected family,
+who live comfortably but not luxuriously, hunting and farming
+throughout the year. At certain times forty or fifty of the
+surrounding families meet there for amusement. The whole establishment
+is well worthy of a description by Walter Scott, especially an old
+grandmother of eighty-two, upright, alert, imposing, and polite, in a
+surprisingly antique dress. We were very kindly received. By the time
+we reached home I was frozen, but very glad that I had paid my calls
+and fulfilled my neighbourly duties.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes to say that he met M. Thiers one morning at
+Madame de Lieven's house, where he spoke like a little saint and a
+great philosopher.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 10, 1837._--My sister and my son Alexandre at
+last arrived here yesterday, after a long and tiring journey. My
+sister has grown very stout, and looks much older; none the less she
+is astonishingly well preserved for the age of fifty-seven. She talks
+a great deal and very loudly. The Vienna strain in her is predominant.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 11, 1837._--I took my sister for a long drive
+yesterday. She thinks this place very pretty, and, as other persons
+have already told me, assures me that nothing recalls to her so much
+_la bella Italia_. We had hardly returned from our long drive than I
+began it over again for M. de Salvandy, who dropped in unexpectedly at
+dinner, and after a short stay continued his journey to
+Nogent-le-Rotrou, where he is going to an electoral banquet. He told
+us that the Duc de Nemours had reached Havre with a broken arm, in
+consequence of an accident upon board of a wretched steamship. He
+travelled by Gibraltar, in order to avoid a great ball that the town
+of Marseilles had prepared for him, and over which great expense had
+been incurred. The King is very displeased by this prank.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 19, 1837._--Last spring when I consulted
+Lisfranc and Cruveilhier they both told me that I was threatened by a
+tendency to feverishness. Since that time my life has been arranged
+to avoid the danger, and with success; but since the arrival of my
+sister I have felt a great and steadily increasing nervous agitation,
+so much so that yesterday inflammation was pronounced, with violent
+fever. I am much distressed, and think I shall have to spend some days
+in bed or upon my sofa.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 20, 1837._--The doctor says that I am better
+to-day. I never remember having felt so ill as the day before
+yesterday. I am still keeping my room, and feel very poorly, but the
+doctor repeats that there is no danger, and that with a few days' more
+care I shall be quite well.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 25, 1837._--The pain in my right side is growing
+less, and I am not so weak. When I am stronger I shall speak of my
+thoughts during these days of danger through which I have passed. The
+mental life becomes the clearer when the outward eye is veiled and
+obscured.[83]
+
+  [83] The Duchesse de Dino suffered from a much more severe
+  illness than she relates. It is to this period that she ascribed
+  those inward changes which then took place in the case of M. de
+  Talleyrand, and gradually brought him back to the Christian
+  faith.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 26, 1837._--I am better, and very grateful to
+Providence which has delivered me from so grievous a state; but I
+shall not recover from the shock for a long time. I was deeply touched
+to learn that yesterday during the service I was recommended to the
+prayers of the congregation. All my neighbours and the whole
+countryside have been most kind; my servants have watched and worked
+with infinite zeal, and the two doctors, MM. Cogny and Orie, have been
+very attentive.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 28, 1837._--The weather is magnificent, and at
+midday I shall be wheeled on to the terrace for a moment.
+
+I have no news from Paris, and am greatly ignorant of the affairs of
+this world. It seemed to me during the two days that I was ill that I
+saw something of the things of the next world, and that it was not so
+difficult as might be thought to rise towards one's Creator; that
+there was even a certain sweetness in the idea that one was to rest at
+length from all the troubles of life. Providence can soften all the
+trials which He sends to us, by giving us the strength to bear them,
+and one can never feel too thankful for all the Divine favours.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 31, 1837._--This last day of a year, which upon
+the whole has not been entirely agreeable, induces me to throw a
+retrospective glance upon my life--an effort which produces a not very
+pleasant result. However, it would be wrong to complain; if
+misfortunes are not lacking for me, there are also blessings which it
+would be ungrateful not to recognise; and one may feel despondent and
+serious and yet have no right to feel or to call oneself unhappy. May
+God preserve for myself and for those whom I love, honour, health, and
+that peace of mind which keeps the soul from care, and my thanks will
+be heartfelt.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+1838
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 1, 1838._--In spite of my weakness I remained
+until midnight in the drawing-room, to embrace M. de Talleyrand, my
+children, and my sister as the new year came in. I am to go out in the
+carriage to-day, to come down to dinner, and, in short, to return to
+life by degrees.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 2, 1838._--The whole countryside passed this way
+yesterday; people were still here in the evening. I am no worse this
+morning, but the contrary, and if this marvellous weather will last a
+few days longer I hope that I shall soon be quite myself again. M. de
+Talleyrand, unfortunately, already speaks of returning to Paris.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 5, 1838._--I have no good opinion of the year
+upon which we have entered, from a political point of view. My mind is
+despondent, my soul sad, my nerves are weak, my heart is full, and, to
+use the language of the chambermaid, I wouldn't give twopence for
+anything. We have been plunged in fog for the last few days, but none
+the less I have been to pay my farewell calls in the immediate
+neighbourhood.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 6, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand and Pauline have just
+started for Paris. No one is left in the house except my sister, my
+son Alexandre, and myself. I must make up my accounts and prepare for
+departure, as we are all three going the day after to-morrow.
+Notwithstanding the sad recollections of the illness which darkened my
+last weeks here, I shall leave this pleasant little spot with regret.
+
+
+_Paris, January 11, 1838._--I arrived here yesterday at ten o'clock in
+the evening after a journey which nine degrees of frost and constant
+snow made extremely unpleasant. However, we had no accident, and the
+change of air, sudden as it has been, has rather strengthened me and
+given me a little appetite.
+
+Yesterday I dined at Versailles with Madame de Balbi, whom I thought
+had grown very old. My sister at the same time was eating fowl with
+Madame de Trogoff, whom she knew very well long ago.
+
+We found M. de Talleyrand in good health, but anxious about our
+journey. He told me that the Ministry was absorbed in work upon the
+Address, so that none of the members are visible for the moment.
+
+
+_Paris, January 12, 1838._--Yesterday I was very busy with my sister's
+dresses, my own, and those of Pauline. We have all three arrived in
+rags. Then I went to see Madame de Laval, who is greatly changed. In
+the evening I took my sister to hear _The Puritans_, in the same box
+at the _Théâtre Italien_ as I had last year. Rubini has certainly lost
+something of his voice, and Madame Grisi has begun to shriek.
+
+I believe there is great agitation in the political world, but I ask
+no questions, do not even read a newspaper, and preserve my beloved
+state of ignorance, partly through idleness and partly as a
+precaution.
+
+
+_Paris, January 13, 1838._--My sister wished to go for once to the
+Chamber of Deputies, which is a new sight for her. The Russian
+Ambassador gave us his tickets, and we spent our morning yesterday at
+the Palais Bourbon. M. Molé surpassed my expectations. He delighted my
+sister and charmed myself. There could be nothing more dignified,
+nothing clearer, better thought or better expressed than his speech.
+His success was quite complete. I saw Madame de Lieven at the Chamber;
+my sister and she will not look at one another; they detest one
+another, though they do not know one another. This is inconvenient
+for me.[84] M. Guizot came up into our seat, and I thought him greatly
+changed.
+
+  [84] A book recently published by M. Jean Hanotau, _Letters of
+  Prince Metternich to the Comtesse de Lieven_ (1818-1819), shows
+  that it was Prince Metternich who set these two ladies against
+  one another.
+
+I am quite overcome by so different a mode of life from that of the
+last six months.
+
+
+_Paris, January 14, 1838._--Yesterday I had a very long and very kind
+visit from the Prince Royal, who was quite calm and in a placid frame
+of mind.
+
+I then called upon the Princesse de Lieven, who gave me full details
+of her domestic situation, which excluded conversation upon any other
+topic and reduced me to the position of audience. She thinks she will
+certainly be able to stay here _ad vitam æternam_ without molestation.
+I hope she may. In the evening I went to the Tuileries, to pay my
+respects to the Queen.
+
+
+_Paris, January 15, 1838._--Great fires are becoming quite
+fashionable. The burning of the London Stock Exchange will form a
+counterpart to the destruction of the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg,
+with the difference that a hundred persons perished in Russia, while
+no loss of life took place in England. Paul Medem told me that the
+Winter Palace was three times as large as the Louvre, and that six
+thousand persons lived there; that the Imperial pharmacy was situated
+in the middle of the castle, and that an explosion resulting from a
+chemical experiment had caused the conflagration.
+
+I did not go out yesterday. M. de Sainte-Aulaire came to lunch with my
+sister and myself, after which I had a call from M. Royer-Collard, who
+is much better this year. I saw MM. Thiers and Guizot with M. de
+Talleyrand. We had a long and tiresome family dinner, after which my
+sister and myself found nothing better to do than to go to bed at
+half-past nine. I have not entirely recovered my strength. A
+conversation with Dr. Cruveilhier, only too similar to that which I
+had at Tours with Dr. Bretonneau, has done much to bring back my
+despondency and listlessness.
+
+
+_Paris, January 16, 1838._--Yesterday when I was writing I had heard
+nothing of the conflagration which destroyed the _Théâtre Italien_ the
+preceding night. The under-manager and four firemen lost their lives.
+It is a great catastrophe, and disastrous for poor people like myself
+whose only pleasure was the Italian Opera. I feel it quite deeply.
+
+Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday, and it was a great
+pleasure to see her again. She is very nice, and we talked over "dear,
+ever dear England," an inexhaustible subject for me.
+
+In the evening I took Pauline to a ball given by the Duc d'Orléans; it
+was charming and delightfully arranged. We went away after supper at
+two o'clock in the morning, which was late for me. However, apart from
+a bad headache I need not complain of the way in which I got through
+my task. Unfortunately there are many others of the kind, and the
+prospect of their multiplicity frightens me. I saw nothing noticeable
+at the ball except the delicate appearance of the Duchesse d'Orléans,
+which unfortunately is not to be explained by any prospect of a child.
+I think our excellent Queen looks older, and the Duc de Nemours is
+terribly thin. He has grown a beard in the modern style, but so fair
+that it is frightful to behold.
+
+
+_Paris, January 17, 1838._--Yesterday I spent the morning with my
+sister in doing what I detest more than anything else--making a full
+round of indispensable calls. In the evening I took her to the
+Tuileries. The arrangements were most noble and magnificent. She was a
+little astonished at the forms of presentation here, and I was more
+than usually struck by them.
+
+
+_Paris, January 23, 1838._--I have caught a cold as a result of
+sitting in a draught which blew straight upon my back at a concert
+yesterday at the residence of the Duc d'Orléans; this was the only
+thing of which to complain at an evening's entertainment where there
+was no crowd and where the music was delightful, well chosen, and not
+too long.
+
+M. de Talleyrand is very well, except for his legs; their weakness
+does not matter so much, but they are becoming painful, especially
+the toes of one foot, which are not always their natural colour. This
+is an ominous sign. I am very anxious, and so is he; in short, I am
+greatly depressed, and everything weighs heavily upon my mind.
+
+
+_Paris, January 28, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is not ill, but his mania
+for dining out has not agreed with him. Yesterday at Lord Granville's,
+when giving his arm to the Princesse de Lieven, he trod upon the folds
+of her dress and nearly fell; he did not actually fall, but his knee
+gave way, his weak foot turned, and he twisted his big toe. I was
+deeply anxious when I saw him come back in this state. What a sad year
+it is! The fact is that since last April nothing has gone right, and
+if I did not regard all this as a trial and preparation for a better
+world, I should be quite disgusted with this one.
+
+
+_Paris, January 30, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand's foot gives him pain,
+and the worst of it is the difficulty of finding out whether the pain
+is the result of the sprain or the general weakness of the foot;
+otherwise he is calm, with people always about him, and plays his game
+of whist every evening.
+
+I was with the Queen this evening, who had received the sad news that
+morning of the burning of the palace in Gotha in which her daughter,
+Princesse Marie, was living. Princesse Marie nearly lost her life, and
+has lost much valuable property, albums, portraits, books, her
+diaries, in fact everything. Her diamonds are melted out of the
+settings, which are mere lumps of metal; the large stones alone
+resisted the heat, and these must be repolished. And then many
+precious objects which money cannot replace have gone. This first
+cloud which overshadows her young happiness is especially cruel,
+because it raises distrust and destroys the sense of future security.
+It is a real grief to the Queen, the more so as the shock might have
+done the Princess some harm, as she is with child.
+
+
+_Paris, February 1, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is anxious about the
+state of his leg and the consequent change necessitated in his mode of
+life. I wish his foot would get strong enough to allow him to get
+into a carriage, but he cannot yet put enough weight upon it to mount.
+Want of fresh air and exercise, if this continues, may have serious
+consequences. Meanwhile he is not alone for a single moment from ten
+o'clock in the morning till after midnight.
+
+Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday. In a few days she is
+returning to her dear England, of which I think daily with deep
+regret. I knew all that I was losing when I left it, and I have at any
+rate counted the cost.
+
+
+_Paris, February 2, 1838._--The state of M. de Talleyrand's leg is
+pretty much the same, though it was slightly less swollen yesterday.
+He is rather despondent, and, I think, too far-sighted not to realise
+all the possible ill-results. I cannot say how despondent I feel and
+what a weight is upon my mind.
+
+
+_Paris, February 3, 1838._--Yesterday was M. de Talleyrand's birthday,
+and he is now eighty-four. Fortunately his leg has seemed much better
+during the last day or two. This fact was the best birthday present he
+could have, or I either.
+
+
+_Paris, February 5, 1838._--My sister collected some Austrians and
+Italians yesterday evening at her house, and engaged a band of
+Neapolitan musicians who are here. She got them to sing some of their
+national airs, which are very pretty. M. de Talleyrand was carried up
+to my sister's rooms, and played his game there. His leg improves in
+appearance, but the sprained foot is weak and painful. I do not know
+if he will ever be able to walk again. If he could only get into a
+carriage! His inability to get fresh air makes me anxious.
+
+He is sad and worried. Strange to say, he has expressed a wish to make
+the acquaintance of the Abbé Dupanloup, and has asked me to invite him
+to dinner on my birthday. I did so at once. The Abbé at first accepted
+and then refused. I suspect the Archbishop's hand in this. I shall see
+him to-morrow and get an explanation. When M. de Talleyrand heard that
+the Abbé had refused he said: "He has less intelligence than I
+thought, for he ought to be anxious to come here for my sake and his
+own." These words have impressed me and increased my vexation with the
+Abbé's refusal.
+
+
+_Paris, February 7, 1838._--Yesterday, in spite of the keen cold, I
+went to the Archbishop, who was very gracious. He gave me, for St.
+Dorothea's Day, my birthday, which was yesterday, a splendid copy of
+the _Imitation of Jesus Christ_, and another for M. de Talleyrand; for
+my sister a portrait of Leo XII., the Pope who had received his
+renunciation, and for Pauline a handsome religious work. He was
+greatly surprised and vexed that the Abbé Dupanloup had refused to
+dine with us; in short, I came away quite satisfied.
+
+I was still more pleased at the way in which M. de Talleyrand accepted
+the Archbishop's present and listened to my account of our
+conversation. He would like the Archbishop to use his authority to
+induce the Abbé Dupanloup to come here. I cannot help ascribing his
+excellent frame of mind to my own feelings in my last illness, and to
+the words which I was then able to speak to him. I bless God for the
+sign that He has been pleased to send me by His hidden and always
+admirable means of working and if to complete this great task I should
+have to make a yet greater sacrifice I shall readily do so.
+
+
+_Paris, February 9, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand went out yesterday for
+the first time for a drive, which did him good, or, more correctly,
+pleased him. The effects of his sprain are rapidly passing away, but
+the same is not true of the general condition of his foot, which is
+unsatisfactory. He was carried into the carriage and helped out again,
+which was not so difficult as I thought, but this obvious infirmity is
+painful to look at--more painful than I can say. Rumours are believed
+that the Duchesse d'Orléans is with child; however, I think we shall
+have to wait a little before the story can be confirmed.
+
+
+_Paris, February 10, 1838._--It is said that the quarrel between the
+Flahauts and General Baudrand will be settled, but I do not think
+permanently.[85] Madame de Flahaut comes to see M. de Talleyrand in
+the evenings, and her husband every morning; they are kind and
+gracious, as threatened people are.
+
+  [85] M. de Flahaut and General Baudrand were in constant rivalry
+  with one another. They were continually quarrelling about their
+  official duties in attendance upon the Duc d'Orléans, and in
+  February 1838 they were intriguing to be sent to the coronation
+  of Queen Victoria.
+
+M. Royer-Collard, whom I saw yesterday for a moment, was delighted to
+find that his speeches the other day had shattered the position which
+people wished the Deputies to resume. There was some friction between
+us on this occasion. There is too strong a strain of bitterness in his
+nature, which sometimes makes him quite mischievous, though he does
+not know it.
+
+
+_Paris, February 11, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand was able to visit Madame
+Adélaïde yesterday, the chief event of his day, and therefore of mine.
+The event of to-day is the snow, which is falling heavily and
+incessantly, and brings us back to the middle of the winter.
+
+The Abbé Dupanloup came to see me yesterday, and paid a long call. I
+was quite satisfied with the result, and he will dine with us in a
+week.
+
+We also had some people to dinner; the whole of the Albuféra family,
+the Thiers, the Flahauts; and some people come in every evening.
+
+
+_Paris, February 15, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is very busy with a
+small laudatory speech upon M. Reinhard which he proposes to deliver
+at the Academy of Moral and Political Science at the beginning of next
+month. He is taking trouble with it, and spent several hours over it
+yesterday.
+
+The Baudrand and Flahaut business is not yet concluded. Claims,
+hesitations, and equivocations have been forthcoming from either side,
+with the result that the two rivals have become ridiculously bitter,
+and, what is worse, the Prince Royal has been involved.
+
+
+_Paris, February 23, 1838._--We are still in the midst of cold and
+snow.
+
+The Duc de Nemours has had a sore throat, which threatened to become
+quinsy, but his indisposition has not postponed any of the Court
+festivities, and the day before yesterday he was present at the
+Queen's ball.
+
+M. de Talleyrand has a cold and his legs are weak. These are his two
+weak points. The former is only a transitory trouble; the other,
+though its remote consequences may be serious, is not threatening at
+present. Such is the true state of affairs.
+
+
+_Paris, February 25, 1838._--I was informed early this morning that M.
+de Talleyrand was suffering from a kind of suffocation. This was
+purely due to outward circumstances, for he had slipped down in his
+bed and was practically buried by his vast bedclothes, with the result
+that a kind of nightmare was the consequence. I have just left him
+sleeping peaceably in an armchair. What I do not like is the fact that
+for the last two days he has been more or less feverish, and that he
+will eat nothing or very little for fear of increasing the fever. He
+is very weak. The absence of Dr. Cruveilhier, who is at Limoges, is
+also a trouble, and though I feel no immediate anxiety, I am far from
+confident concerning the result of this invalid condition, which seems
+to point to a general break-up.
+
+
+_Paris, March 3, 1838._--In two hours M. de Talleyrand is going to the
+Academy in cold and most unpleasant rain; I also fear the effect of
+the excitement upon him. There will be a large audience, but no women,
+as this Academy will not admit them. I hope that to-day will go off
+well, but I wish it were to-morrow.
+
+
+_Paris, March 4, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is very agitated and very
+weak this morning. He made a great effort, and whatever his success, I
+fear he will have to pay dearly for it. His success was beyond my
+expectation; the accounts of some fifty people who besieged my room
+after the session leave me no doubt upon that point. He had recovered
+his vocal powers, read excellently well, walked about, seemed younger
+and entirely himself, and two hours afterwards he was overthrown and
+incapable of making an effort. I do not know what the newspapers will
+have to say of the speech, but if anything can disarm them I think it
+should be the fact that a man at such an age and with so full a past
+should display such energy in delivering in public farewells so noble
+and so full of justice and good teaching.[86]
+
+  [86] For the speech of M. de Talleyrand _see_ Appendix.
+
+
+_Paris, March 5, 1838._--The day has gone off better than I expected
+for M. de Talleyrand. The _Journal Général de France_, which is a
+Doctrinaire organ, contained the best, cleverest, and pleasantest
+article upon M. de Talleyrand's speech. Some ascribed it to M. Doudan,
+others to M. Villemain. The article in the _Débats_ was kind, but
+dull; that of the _Journal de Paris_ good; of the _Charte_ stupid and
+badly written; the _Gazette de France_ fairly good; the _Siècle_ and
+the _Presse_ insignificant; the _National_ of no account. Against my
+custom, which has been not to open a single newspaper since my return
+from the country, I read them all yesterday, and shall do the same
+to-day; then I shall resume my state of ignorance.
+
+
+_Paris, March 6, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had a fainting fit yesterday
+before dinner. I think it was due to the excessively rigorous methods
+of his dieting and to the catarrh of his chest and stomach, which
+takes away his appetite. The blister which will be placed upon him
+will relieve him, I hope. Yesterday's newspapers were not equally
+satisfactory concerning his speech, but he was not disturbed on that
+account, for the intelligent and right-minded members of his audience
+have been really pleased. The house is constantly full of people
+coming to congratulate him. M. Royer-Collard said to me yesterday: "M.
+de Talleyrand has solemnly disavowed the unpleasant incidents of his
+life and publicly glorified the good and really useful parts of it."
+
+
+_Paris, March 7, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had no further attacks of
+faintness yesterday, but he does not look well, and I think him much
+changed. I hear that his brother, the Duc de Talleyrand, my
+father-in-law, is also in a very poor state of health; the Vicomtesse
+de Laval is feverish with a bad cold and she cannot sleep. This is
+all very sad, and these omens of death depress me greatly.
+
+
+_Paris, March 8, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had a better day yesterday.
+We take great care of him: when I came back from a dinner given to my
+sister by the Stackelbergs, and from the Queen, to whom I went
+afterwards, I found him surrounded by fair ladies and in pretty good
+spirits.
+
+In the morning I took Pauline to ask offerings from the Archbishop. My
+sister wished to accompany us, so that I was unable to speak with M.
+de Quélen.
+
+The Flahaut party have lost all touch with the Pavillon Marsan, except
+the good graces of the Prince Royal, which they seem to be
+monopolising. At the Pavillon de Flore there is a general satisfaction
+at their departure, notwithstanding many fine phrases. The Flahauts do
+not understand the truth, and throw the blame upon a Doctrinaire
+intrigue, to which the Duc de Coigny is said to have lent his help.
+They are soon starting for England, where I think they will make a
+pretty long stay.
+
+
+_Paris, March 10, 1838._--The Abbé Dupanloup came to see me yesterday.
+He then asked to see M. de Talleyrand, to thank him for the copy of
+his speech which he had sent him. Pauline took him there. He stayed
+alone for twenty minutes with M. de Talleyrand, who did not open the
+subject directly, but let some kind words fall, and when the Abbé came
+back to my room he seemed to feel some hope. In any case, he has shown
+great discretion and perfect tact, and I think he is entirely right.
+He was the first to suggest that he should take his leave, and was
+told that he would gladly be seen again. This is all excellent,
+provided we are given time. It is not so much a case of illness as of
+general depression and an obvious alteration in his features; but with
+such a mind one cannot be hasty. What a task it is, and how terrified
+I should be of it if I did not tell myself that the most unworthy
+instrument which God is pleased to choose can become more powerful
+than the greatest saint, if God's providence is not pleased to make
+use of him!
+
+
+_Paris, March 11, 1838._--The English Ministry has triumphantly
+survived the crisis which was thought likely to become its overthrow.
+Will ours pass equally well through next week's crisis, the question
+of the secret service funds? Many batteries have been laid in position
+against it, and a silent agitation is proceeding on all sides. It is
+said that either extremity of the Chamber will direct a converging
+fire upon the Ministerial benches, I suppose with the object of
+afterwards shooting one another down upon the field of battle. It is
+all very distressing.
+
+
+_Paris, March 14, 1838._--I spent two hours yesterday with the
+Archbishop. I was better pleased with his sentiments than with his
+decisions. However, everything has been left for his meditation. He
+asked me to write and tell him what I thought, and I hope, with the
+grace of God, Who will cast light here and there, to reach some
+satisfactory conclusion, both for those who are to leave us and for
+those destined to continue their pilgrimage.
+
+On leaving the Archbishop I went to the Vicomtesse de Laval, who is
+weak and shaken in health, but alert in heart and mind.
+
+On my return I found M. de Talleyrand depressed and uneasy; he
+recovered his spirits after a talk with me. The last few days he has
+eaten a little better. In the evening he was not so weak, and I have
+just heard that he had a quiet night. I am swayed incessantly between
+hope and despair, but supported by the sense that I am useful, and
+perhaps even necessary. If my strength is to fail me, I trust that it
+may last to the end of my task, after which the sacrifice will have
+been made, as I made it during my illness at Rochecotte.
+
+
+_Paris, March 15, 1838._--Yesterday I accompanied my sister, who
+wished to go once more before her departure to the Chamber of
+Deputies. I felt greatly bored. M. Molé spoke very well; M. Barthe was
+unbearably superficial; M. Guizot gave us the most wearisome of all
+his sermons; M. Passy was coarse without being clever; M. Odilon
+Barrot was very clever and witty, and left neither Thiers nor Berryer
+anything to say, but his delivery is so oratorical and so badly
+sustained that it is hard work to listen to him. On the whole the
+honours of the session remained with M. Molé; or, to speak more
+accurately, if the Ministry gained nothing its adversary lost a great
+deal, which amounts to the same thing at the present moment.
+
+
+_Paris, March 16, 1838._--I took Pauline yesterday to mass, to the
+sermon, and to the salutation, after which she made her collection.
+Two funerals interrupted the collection, preventing any one from
+coming out, and they were also delayed by a driving rain, so that we
+remained standing at the church door for an interminable time.
+However, the sermon of the Abbé de Ravignan,[87] concerning
+indifference in religion and its various causes, pleased me greatly,
+and if it is not one of the best sermons I have read, it is at any
+rate one of the best that I have ever heard.
+
+  [87] The Abbé de Ravignan had taken the place of Lacordaire in
+  the pulpit of Notre-Dame.
+
+M. Molé, who was dining here, said that this morning in the Chamber,
+during the formation of the official bodies, the alliance between men
+who were enemies a few months ago was notorious.
+
+
+_Paris, March 17, 1838._--I spent a long time yesterday morning at the
+Seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, of which the Abbé Dupanloup
+is the superior. The good Abbé pleased me greatly, and also expressed
+his satisfaction with the little document which I showed him.[88]
+
+  [88] The reference is to the letter which the Prince de
+  Talleyrand wrote to Rome retracting the errors of his life, which
+  had incurred the censure of the Church.
+
+In another month we shall have a new poem by M. de Lamartine, called
+_L'Ange déchu_,[89] then the _Mélanges littéraires_, by M. Villemain,
+and a work by M. de Chateaubriand on the Congress of Verona; in short,
+enough reading for the whole summer.
+
+  [89] Better known under the title of _La Chute d'un Ange_ (_The
+  Fallen Angel_), the opening of the poem called _Jocelyn_.
+
+M. de Talleyrand says that on May 1 he will go to his estate of Pont
+de Sains, in Flanders, stay there for the summer, travel to Nice by
+easy stages, starting on September 1, and return to Valençay in the
+month of May 1839. Such extensive projects are decidedly rash, and it
+is unreasonable for him to expose himself to the damp of Flanders
+after May 1. I tell him so and trust to Providence.
+
+The motto, or rather the conclusion of a letter, which I find in an
+old book seems to me very pretty: "Be with God." I have adopted it.
+
+
+_Paris, March 22, 1838._--Princesse Marie, who has been here since the
+19th, nearly had a miscarriage yesterday, as the result of too long a
+drive; while the Duchesse d'Orléans can only avoid one by remaining in
+her long chair.
+
+M. de Rumigny, our ambassador at Turin, has brought a foolish dispute
+upon himself--a personal quarrel with the King over a matter of
+etiquette. Complaints concerning him have come to hand. It is the most
+foolish business conceivable, as it is all about the black or white
+headdresses worn by the women. Sardinian etiquette allows the Queen
+alone to wear them. How absurd it all is!
+
+A coalition between MM. Thiers and Guizot seems likely, but there is
+such an outcry against this combination that either party is
+embarrassed, and it will probably come to nothing. M. Guizot in
+particular is experiencing the evil results of it, because his
+reputation is suffering greatly, and upon that, rather than upon his
+talent, he regarded his importance to be based. The fact is that
+notwithstanding all that has been said on either side in the speeches
+which closed last session and the discussions that have filled the
+interval there is something too abrupt in this alliance, which M.
+Royer-Collard calls an impious coalition.
+
+There is much talk of a journey to be made by the King to Nantes and
+Bordeaux for the month of June, which would bring us back to Berry and
+towards Touraine. Hitherto M. de Talleyrand contemplated only Pont de
+Sains, a calamitous idea.
+
+
+_Paris, March 25, 1838._--Yesterday I defied an equinoctial storm to
+go and see the Archbishop. By degrees we came to an agreement, in the
+terms of the letter, and I hope that we shall arrive at some useful
+result, but we require time and the help of outward circumstances
+which do not depend on us and must be asked from a greater Power than
+ourselves. In any case, if heaven can be importuned by the prayers of
+earth, the petitions sent up on this subject should be efficacious.
+
+
+_Paris, March 28, 1838._--Yesterday I had a most important
+conversation with M. de Talleyrand, and found him in a state of
+open-mindedness which seemed miraculous. I now hope to be able to push
+steadily forward, and though the goal is still far away I trust that
+no precipice will form an obstacle to my progress.
+
+Death comes upon people here in a terrifying way; M. Alexis de Rougé
+was carried off in twelve hours by a sudden stroke of apoplexy. His
+loss has thrown many people into great grief.
+
+I have called upon Madame Adélaïde, where I heard all the nice things
+that the Duchess of Würtemberg is saying about Germany. The Duchesse
+d'Orléans feels that her child has quickened, and I think that her
+condition will be publicly announced in a few days.
+
+They say that the young Queen of England gallops down the streets of
+London through all the omnibuses and cabs. Her old aunts think this is
+very shocking, and so it is.
+
+In the English Parliament there is a coalition no less astounding than
+that of MM. Thiers and Guizot; Lord Brougham and Lord Lyndhurst have
+joined hands.
+
+
+_Paris, April 1, 1838._--Yesterday I went with my sister to the court
+of the Louvre to see the bronze statue which is to be sent off in a
+few days to Turin and is on exhibition for the moment. It is a statue
+of Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy after the battle of Saint-Quentin,
+pulling up his horse and putting his sword into its sheath. It is the
+work of Marochetti, a delightful thing, full of grace, nobility, and
+life. I was very pleased with it, and it seems to have met with the
+general approval.
+
+
+_Paris, April 3, 1838._--Yesterday I gave M. de Talleyrand the little
+document which I had drawn up for him. The incident passed over
+without a storm. I suppose that he will have read and digested it
+yesterday evening, and I shall see to-day whether the horizon is
+clouded.
+
+
+_Paris, April 4, 1838._--The little document was entirely successful.
+
+Yesterday I took my sister to Saint-Roch to hear the Abbé de Ravignan,
+who pleased her greatly. He has a fine face, a beautiful voice, an
+excellent delivery, faith, conviction, warmth, authority, a close and
+vigorous style of argument, couched in clear and noble language, with
+a precise choice of words. He is not prolix and never diffuse. He
+lacks unction and his teaching is therefore rather doctrinal than
+evangelical, so that his talent had full scope as he was preaching on
+the infallibility of the Church.
+
+M. de Pimodan, a great Legitimist, who was giving his arm to one of
+the lady collectors, insolently blocked the Queen's passage; the
+vicar, the Abbé Olivier, who was accompanying her to the door, and who
+is a little thick-set man, strong as a Turk, vigorously elbowed M. de
+Pimodan to move him out of the way; he flew into a rage, and rudely
+asked the _curé_ what he meant by shoving him. The Abbé calmly
+replied: "I meant, sir, to make room for the Queen"; upon which the
+gentleman muttered some very insolent remarks, which passed unnoticed.
+
+The Princesse de Bauffremont, who was to be one of the lady
+collectors, heard the evening before that Madame de Vatry was also to
+perform this duty. There were six of these ladies, chosen from
+different circles of Parisian society, in order to untie as many
+purse-strings as possible. The Princess then said that she would not
+be seen in company with the daughter of M. Hamguerlot, and withdrew.
+Was ever such false pride or want of charity?
+
+
+_Paris, April 8, 1838._--The general attention was occupied by the
+session in the Chamber of Peers yesterday. The speech of M. de Brigode
+which was delivered the evening before had made every one alert, and
+the active part taken by the Duc de Broglie in this discussion seems
+to be an event, and is connected with the hostile movement and the
+impious alliance in the Chamber of Deputies. The Ministry made an
+excellent reply to the attacks of MM. de Broglie and Villemain. M.
+Pasquier, who is angry at an attempt to limit his powers, made a very
+bad President. The Ministry is anxious concerning Easter week.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Duc de Talleyrand, younger brother of the Prince de Talleyrand,
+died on April 28, 1838. The Duc and Duchesse de Dino then inherited
+his title, which they afterwards bore. The following 17th of May the
+Prince de Talleyrand died in his turn, after four days' illness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter was written on May 10, 1838, but was placed at
+this point of the Memoirs by the author herself.
+
+   _A letter addressed by the Duchesse de Talleyrand to the Abbé
+   Dupanloup with reference to the latter's account of the last
+   moments of the Prince de Talleyrand._
+
+"I have read with profound emotion, M. l'Abbé, as you may be sure, the
+valuable manuscript which I now beg to return to you.[90]
+
+  [90] The manuscript in question was an account of the last
+  moments of the Prince de Talleyrand, written by the Abbé
+  Dupanloup, afterwards Bishop of Orleans. The author never printed
+  it, and bequeathed it, with all his papers concerning the Prince
+  de Talleyrand, to M. Hilaire de Lacombe, who sent them to the
+  Abbé Lagrange, afterwards Bishop of Chartres. He only used them
+  for purposes of frequent quotation in the life of the Bishop
+  Dupanloup, which he wrote some years ago, and two chapters of
+  which are devoted to M. de Talleyrand. These papers are now in
+  the possession of M. Bernard de Lacombe. The letter of the
+  Duchesse de Talleyrand, transcribed in this volume, is reproduced
+  here, although I have already published it in _Le Temps_ of April
+  30, 1908.
+
+"Everything is related with a truth and simplicity which must, I
+think, touch the hearts of the most indifferent and convince the most
+sceptical. I have nothing to add to your account, which perfectly
+describes all the incidents of the sad event unfortunately
+accomplished before our eyes. But perhaps I alone am able to point out
+the course of mental development which for some years had certainly
+begun to modify M. de Talleyrand's feelings. It was a gradual process,
+and there is a certain interest in following its slow but sincere
+growth, as it eventually led him in so consoling a manner to his goal.
+
+"I will therefore try to retrace my recollections of this matter, and
+I think I shall not go back too far if I begin with my daughter's
+first communion, which took place at London on March 31, 1834. On that
+day she came to ask for the blessing of M. de Talleyrand, whom she
+called her good uncle. He gave it her tenderly, and then said to me:
+'How touching is the piety of a young girl, and how unnatural is
+unbelief, especially in women.' However, a short time after our return
+to France M. de Talleyrand was alarmed by the strength of my
+daughter's feelings. He was afraid that she might be taught to
+mistrust him, or to form unfavourable opinions of him, and even asked
+me to find out from what point of view Pauline's confessor treated the
+subject. I put the question directly to my daughter, who replied with
+that candour which you yourself know, that as her uncle did not
+involve her in any sin she never spoke of him to her confessor, who
+only mentioned him in advising her to pray to God earnestly for him.
+M. de Talleyrand was touched by this answer, and said to me: 'Such
+conduct is that of an intelligent and deserving man.'
+
+"From that time he was anxious that Pauline should have more
+opportunities for attending church, and even go some distance from
+home to receive the benefit of your wise direction; he used to offer
+her the use of his carriage, and I have sometimes seen him go to
+personal inconvenience for the advantage of his 'little girl.'
+
+"Eventually he derived a certain self-esteem on account of Pauline's
+religious earnestness, and seemed to be flattered that she should have
+been so well brought up under his own eyes; he would often say, in
+speaking of Pauline, 'She is the angel of the house.' He took great
+pleasure, as all good minds do, in declaring the merits of others. No
+one could give praise more gracefully, with greater moderation,
+advantage, and propriety; any one who was mentioned or criticised by
+him received all the credit that could be his due. Upon occasions he
+would certainly utter words of blame, but only at rare intervals, and
+never with such direct force as when he praised. He was especially
+lenient towards ecclesiastics, and if he disapproved of them it was
+only for political reasons, and never on account of their religious
+ministrations, while he always expressed himself with great
+moderation. He both respected and admired the ancient Church of
+France, of which he spoke as a great, a fine, and a magnificent
+institution. In his house I have seen cardinals, bishops, and simple
+village pastors; all were received with infinite respect, and became
+the objects of tactful attention. An inappropriate word was never
+uttered before them; M. de Talleyrand would never have allowed
+anything of the kind. I have seen the Bishop of Rennes (the Abbé
+Mannay) spend months at Valençay and the Bishop of Evreux (the Abbé
+Bourlier) stay at M. de Talleyrand's residence in Paris with the same
+purity and freedom of conduct and enjoying the same respect as in
+their dioceses. Towards his uncle, the late Cardinal of Périgord, M.
+de Talleyrand was a tender, attentive, and deferential nephew. He was
+often to be seen at the Archbishop's house, where he was especially
+fond of a talk with the Abbé Desjardins, whom he liked for the
+gentleness and the wide range and tact of his conversation.
+
+"I have often been astonished at the unconstraint of my uncle's
+bearing in the society of ecclesiastics, which I can only explain by
+supposing that he was under a delusion, strange, but real and
+long-lasting, concerning his actual position with reference to the
+Church. He was quite aware that he had dealt the Church a blow, but he
+thought that the process of secularisation which he had unduly
+stimulated had been one of simplification rather than of
+destruction.[91] As his position thus seemed to him pretty clearly
+defined, he regarded it as easy. This mistake lasted as long as his
+political life, and only after his retirement did he think of defining
+more exactly his relations with the Papacy. But before this time a
+vague instinct made him feel that if, in his opinion, he did not
+exactly owe any reparation, he owed at least some consolation to those
+whom he had saddened. He therefore was ready to support the interests
+of the clergy upon every occasion, and never refused an alms either to
+a priest in distress or to a beggar, but tacitly recognised the claims
+of both upon him. His charity was great, and I gave him much pleasure
+by repeating to him a remark made by a most estimable person, which
+was as follows: 'You may set your mind at rest; M. de Talleyrand will
+come to a good end, for he is charitable.' I was able to remind him of
+this saying at the most solemn hour of his life, as you, M. l'Abbé,
+may remember, and remember, also, what consolation he derived from it.
+He was always deeply grateful to those in retirement from the world
+and in convents who prayed for him. He never forgot it, and used to
+say: 'I have some friends among the good souls.' His heart was touched
+because he was a good man, a very good man indeed; he felt this
+himself when he used to ask me: 'Am I not really better than I am
+thought to be?' Certainly he was better than he was thought; only his
+neighbours, his friends, and his servants could appreciate the extent
+of his simple kindness, his attention, his love, and his loyalty. You
+have seen our tears. The good-hearted alone are thus lamented.
+
+  [91] M. de Talleyrand had spoken strongly in favour of the
+  Concordat. The Pope was aware of the fact, and on March 10, 1802,
+  addressed a Papal letter to him which authorised him to re-enter
+  civil life, though expressed in somewhat vague terms.
+
+"After his return from England he was twice strongly impressed with
+salutary effect by the Christian death of the Duc de Dalberg and by
+the religious habits which characterised the latter part of the life
+of Dr. Bourdois, his contemporary, his friend, and his doctor. He was
+grateful to Dr. Bourdois for entrusting him to the clever hands of M.
+Cruveilhier; he had confidence in his skill, and felt himself honoured
+to be so well attended by so religious a man. The earnestness of his
+doctor seemed to be regarded by him as an additional guarantee.
+
+"Pope Pius VII. was always the object of his veneration; he devoted
+several pages of his memoirs to the struggle between this Pope and the
+Emperor Napoleon, and his view of the matter was entirely to the
+advantage of the Pope. He had a strong admiration for the policy of
+the Papacy as clever, quiet, gentle, and always uniform, which
+qualities he regarded as of first-rate importance in the conduct of
+business.
+
+"Throughout the pontificate of Pius VII. my uncle thought himself in
+fairly good odour at Rome. In support of this conviction he often
+quoted to me a remark by the holy Father with reference to himself.
+The Pope was then at Fontainebleau, and was speaking to the Marquise
+de Brignole, a friend of M. de Talleyrand, and said, referring to my
+uncle: 'May God rest his soul; for my part, I have a great affection
+for him.'
+
+"M. de Talleyrand was well aware that I often had the honour of seeing
+the Archbishop of Paris, and he had guessed that our intercourse was
+actuated by one principal idea as far as M. de Quélen was
+concerned--the desire to preserve his relations with my uncle. M. de
+Talleyrand was never worried by him; on the contrary; and though
+several letters addressed by the Archbishop of Paris to M. de
+Talleyrand at different times failed to achieve their object, he was
+none the less touched by the enduring interest he had inspired in a
+prelate whose character he honoured and whose sincere zeal and
+open-mindedness he appreciated. He also showed much interest in M. de
+Quélen and his political position, which he would like to have been
+able to render easier. Upon several occasions I have seen him attempt
+to do him some service, by advice which he thought useful, or by
+speaking warmly in his favour at any other time. This he did not
+merely from love of truth, but also as a testimony to the memory of
+the late Cardinal Périgord. He often said: 'I look upon M. de Quélen
+as a legacy from my uncle, the Cardinal. He likes us and our name and
+everything connected with the Cardinal.' On New Year's Day he used to
+instruct me to leave his card at the Archbishop's house, saying, 'We
+should always treat him as a grandparent.' He never saw me start upon
+a visit to Saint-Michel or to the Sacré Cœur[92] without asking me
+to give his respects to the Archbishop. When I came back he used to
+ask me for news of him and whether his own name had been mentioned,
+and what M. de Quélen had said of him. He would listen attentively to
+my answers, smile, and say at length: 'Yes, yes, I know that he is
+very anxious to win my soul and to offer it to the Cardinal.' Up to
+his last year these remarks were never uttered very seriously, but
+with great kindliness.
+
+  [92] The Archbishop de Quélen, who was out of sympathy with the
+  Government of 1830, was threatened in 1831 by an insurrection
+  which pillaged the Archbishop's residence in Paris. As he then
+  had no official residence, he took refuge first in the Convent of
+  the Ladies of St. Michel of Paris, and then in that of the Ladies
+  of the Sacré Cœur at Conflans, a short distance outside the
+  town.
+
+"On December 10, 1838, I received very early notice of the death of
+the Princesse de Talleyrand. I was obliged to announce the news to my
+uncle, and I was most reluctant to do so, for it was just at this time
+that he was attacked by violent palpitations which made us fear a
+sudden death. Excitement above all was to be avoided, and I was afraid
+that this news might cause him some agitation. But it was not so, and
+he immediately replied calmly in words which much surprised me: 'That
+greatly simplifies my position.' At the same moment from the pocket of
+his dressing-jacket he drew out some letters and told me to read them.
+The first was written by a religious lady at the Sacré Cœur; M. de
+Talleyrand had known her well in past years, had done her some
+service, and always called her his old friend; she was Madame de
+Marbœuf. In this letter she spoke to him of God, and sent him a
+medal, which he always used to wear, and which to-day becomes yours.
+
+"The second letter was sent to him by a clergyman near Gap, who was
+entirely unknown to him, and who spoke of God with admirable and
+touching simplicity.
+
+"Finally, the third letter, inspired by the warmest faith,
+open-mindedness, reason, and sincere interest, boldly touched upon my
+uncle's religious position. He wrote a few lines to the Duchesse
+Mathieu de Montmorency to thank her for it, and constantly carried
+this letter about with him in a little pocket-book, where I found it
+after his death. He often spoke of it, and of the noble and
+unfortunate lady who had written it, and always with warmth and
+respect.
+
+"He also knew that one of my cousins, Madame de Chabannes, a nun of
+the Grandes Carmélites at Paris, constantly prayed for him; he was
+touched by the fact, and would say to me, when speaking of these pious
+people: 'The good souls will not despair of me.' I know nothing so
+gentle or so loving as this saying of his, which showed that he had no
+fear that God would abandon him.
+
+"In the case of any one who knew him as well as I did, attempts to
+urge him too rapidly along this path would have been tactless. It was,
+indeed, necessary to give these various impressions time to develop,
+and with him nothing was done quickly; his trust in time was infinite,
+and it was faithful to him unto death.
+
+"Whenever I spoke to my uncle of his marriage, as I often did, I was
+not afraid so show him my surprise at a mistake as inexplicable as it
+was fatal in the eyes of God. He then replied: 'The truth is that I
+cannot give you a satisfactory explanation of it; it was done at a
+time of general disturbance, when people attached no great importance
+to anything, to themselves, or to others; there was no society and no
+family, and every one acted with complete carelessness in the midst of
+wars and the fall of empires. You do not know how far astray men may
+wander in periods of great social upheaval.' The same idea may be
+found in his proposed declaration to the Pope, the original of which
+is in my hands, when he wrote: 'This revolution which has swept
+everything away and has continued for the last fifty years.'
+
+"Thus you may see that not only did he make no attempt to justify his
+marriage, but that he did not even try to explain it. His domestic
+life had been very unhappy under the Empire and the Restoration, and
+since that time I have always seen him embarrassed and ashamed of this
+strange bond which he no longer wished to bear, but the painful chain
+of which he could not entirely break; and when death broke it for him
+he realised his deliverance to the full.
+
+"Some time afterwards, in March 1836, one of his servants was attacked
+by an illness which was soon declared mortal. My daughter induced the
+man to see a priest and to receive the sacraments. M. de Talleyrand
+knew of it, and expressed his satisfaction. On this occasion he said
+to me: 'Any other procedure in our house would have been a scandal
+which would certainly have caused unpleasant talk; I am delighted that
+Pauline should have prevented it.' The same evening he related the
+incident to Madame de Laval, and enlarged with satisfaction upon the
+influence which Pauline exerted upon the whole house by her firm and
+modest earnestness.
+
+"In the spring of 1837 my uncle desired to leave Fontainebleau,
+whither he had come for the marriage of the Duc d'Orléans, before the
+Court had finished its stay. He told me to remain and to be present at
+the great festival which the King gave at Versailles a few days later.
+I rejoined him afterwards at Berry, where he had been anxious to go in
+time to meet the Archbishop of Bourges at Valençay, who was passing
+that way while making a tour of his diocese. I heard from Pauline that
+M. de Talleyrand had shown special attention to the prelate, even to
+the point of changing his personal customs. On Friday and Saturday he
+had declined to have meat upon his table, and all the meals were
+served as for a fast day.
+
+"During the summer of the same year, 1837, the superior of the Sisters
+of Saint-André, who were established at Valençay by the care of M. de
+Talleyrand, came to inspect this community. He called at the Castle,
+where he was asked to dinner. As we left the table M. de Talleyrand
+said to me: 'I have an idea that the Abbé Taury is a member of the
+community of Saint-Sulpice; go and ask him.' I brought back a reply in
+the affirmative. 'I was sure of it,' he returned with satisfaction;
+'there is a gentleness and reserve and a sense of propriety in the
+members of that community which is quite unmistakable.'
+
+"On Sundays and great festivals M. de Talleyrand was always present at
+mass when he was at Valençay; on his two patron saints' days, St.
+Charles and St. Maurice, he was also present, and would have felt hurt
+if the vicar had not come to say mass at the Château. His behaviour in
+chapel was entirely proper, and notwithstanding his infirmity he
+would always kneel down at the right moment. If there was no mass, if
+people came late or made a noise, he noticed it as being improper.
+During mass he read attentively either the _Funeral Orations_ of
+Bossuet or his _Discourse upon Universal History_. One Sunday,
+however, in November 1837 he had forgotten his book, and took one of
+the two which Pauline had brought for herself. It was the _Imitation
+of Jesus Christ_. As he gave it back to her he turned to me and asked
+me to give him a copy of this admirable book. I offered him mine,
+which he afterwards took to mass in preference to any other.
+
+"He regarded it as important that the officiating priest should
+perform the service in full, and often quoted the Archbishop of Paris
+as the ecclesiastic whose conduct of the service was most to his taste
+and most dignified. One Sunday I ventured to tell him that during mass
+my thoughts had wandered in his direction. He wished to know them, and
+I ventured to tell him that I had been wondering what his thoughts
+could be when he remembered that he too had held the same distinction
+as the priest officiating before him. His reply seemed to me to be an
+obvious proof of the delusion under which he was concerning his true
+ecclesiastical position. He said: 'Why do you think it strange to see
+me at mass? I go there as you do, or any one else. You are constantly
+forgetting that I have resigned my orders, which fact makes my
+position very simple.' At that time he wished to show me the letters
+granting his resignation, but they were at Paris. After his death I
+found them, with all the papers relating to this business, and very
+curious they are. I examined them carefully; they showed me that his
+marriage alone had been the great obstacle to his reconciliation with
+the Church; his other offences had been pardoned and the
+ecclesiastical censure removed at Paris by Cardinal Caprara in the
+name of the Pope.
+
+"I referred just now to the attention with which M. de Talleyrand used
+to read Bossuet's _Discourse on Universal History_; this fact recalls
+to my mind an incident which seemed to me remarkable. One day at
+Valençay, I think in the year 1835, he asked me to come into his room.
+I found him there reading. 'Come,' he said, 'I wish to show you how
+mysteries should be spoken of; read aloud and read slowly.' I read the
+following: "In the year 4000 of the world's history, Jesus Christ the
+son of Abraham in time, the Son of God in eternity, was born of a
+virgin.' 'Learn the passage by heart,' he said to me, 'and see with
+what authority and what simplicity all mysteries may be concentrated
+in these few lines. Thus and thus only it is proper to speak of holy
+things. They are imposed upon us, but not explained to us. That fact
+alone secures their acceptance; in other forms they are worthless, for
+doubt begins when authority ends, and authority, tradition, and
+dominion are only revealed sufficiently in a Catholic church.' He
+always had something unpleasant to say about Protestantism; he had
+seen it at close quarters in America, and had preserved a disagreeable
+memory of it.
+
+"In the month of December 1837 I felt seriously ill. We were then at
+my house at Rochecotte, where, unfortunately, spiritual resources are
+few. However, as I felt in some danger I wished to send for the local
+clergyman. My uncle heard of it, and as I was getting well he showed
+some surprise. 'So you have reached that point,' he said to me; 'and
+how did you get there?' I told him as simply as I could, and he
+listened with much interest. In conclusion I added that, among many
+other serious considerations, I had not forgotten that of my social
+position, which I was the more bound to remember in view of its
+importance. He then interrupted me quickly and said: 'In truth there
+is nothing less aristocratic than unbelief.' Two days afterwards he
+re-opened a similar conversation of his own accord, made me go through
+the same details, then looked at me steadily and said: 'You believe,
+then?' 'Yes, sir,' I replied, 'firmly.'
+
+"During our last stay together at Rochecotte he heard of the arrest of
+the Archbishop of Cologne; he seemed to regard it as an important
+event. 'This may give us back the line of the Rhine,' he said
+immediately. 'In any case, it is a grain of Catholicism sown in
+Europe; you will see it rise and grow vigorously.'
+
+"At that time I came across a passage dealing with the limits of the
+spiritual and temporal powers, which is to be found in the discourse
+delivered by Fénelon at the consecration of the Archbishop of Cologne.
+I showed this fine passage to my uncle, who was delighted with it, and
+said: 'That should be copied and sent to the King of Prussia.'
+
+"When we returned to Paris in the month of January 1838 M. de
+Talleyrand was soon deprived of the little exercise which he had been
+able hitherto to take. He sprained his foot at the English Embassy,
+where he was dining, on January 27. The winter was very cold, and the
+douching which was ordered for his sprained foot to restore its
+strength gave him a cold. The cold became bronchitis, and he could not
+sleep or eat. Every morning he used to complain of his harassing
+insomnia. 'When one cannot sleep,' he said, 'one thinks terribly.'
+Once he added: 'During these long nights I recall many events of my
+life.' 'Can you give yourself reasons for them all?' I asked him.
+'No,' he said; 'in truth there are some I do not understand in the
+least; others that I can explain and excuse; and others, too, for
+which I blame myself the more severely as they were performed with
+extreme carelessness, though they have since been my chief cause of
+self-reproach. If I had acted according to any system or principle,
+then I should certainly understand them, but my actions were performed
+without consideration and with the carelessness of that age, as was
+almost everything done in our youth.' I told him that it was
+preferable, in my opinion, to have acted thus than as a result of
+false doctrine. He admitted that I was right.
+
+"It was at the end of one of these conversations that your letter
+arrived, M. l'Abbé, the letter that you quote in your interesting
+narrative. He handed it to me to read, and said somewhat abruptly: 'If
+I were to fall seriously ill, I should ask for a priest. Do you think
+the Abbé Dupanloup would come?' 'I have no doubt of it,' I replied;
+'but he could only be of any use to you if you re-entered the
+communion from which you have unfortunately departed.' 'Yes,' he
+replied, 'I owe something to Rome, I know well, and have thought of it
+for a long time.' 'For how long?' I asked him, surprised, I admit, at
+this unexpected beginning. 'Since the last visit of the Archbishop of
+Bourges to Valençay, and afterwards when the Abbé Taury came there. I
+then wondered why the Archbishop, who at that time was more directly
+my spiritual pastor, did not open the subject. Why did the apostle of
+Saint-Sulpice never speak to me?' 'Unfortunately,' I replied, 'they
+would not have dared.' 'Yet,' he said, 'I would have welcomed anything
+of the kind.' Deeply moved by such satisfactory words, I took his
+hand, and, standing before him with tears in my eyes, I said: 'Why
+wait for any one to open the question? Why not take for yourself
+spontaneously, freely, and nobly the step that is at once most
+honourable to yourself, most consoling to the Church and to all
+right-minded people? I am sure that you would find Rome well disposed,
+while the Archbishop of Paris is deeply attached to you; so make the
+trial.' He did not interrupt me, and I was able to go further into
+this delicate and even thorny question, though it was a question that
+I thoroughly understood, as it had been repeatedly explained to me by
+M. de Quélen, who had been anxious to make me realise all its
+bearings. We were interrupted before I had been able to say all I
+wished, but on going to my room I wrote M. de Talleyrand a long letter
+under stress of my deep devotion. He read it with that trustfulness
+with which he was accustomed to rely upon my instinct when his
+reputation and his real interest was at stake. So my letter made an
+impression upon him, though he did not tell me so until later, when he
+gave me a paper for M. de Quélen, of which I will speak afterwards.
+
+"In the month of March 1838 he read a eulogy upon M. Reinhard at the
+Academy of Moral and Political Science. His doctor feared the effect
+upon him of such an enterprise. Our attempts to dissuade him were in
+vain. 'This is my last appearance in public,' he said, 'and nothing
+shall keep me back.' He was anxious to use the opportunity for
+explaining his political doctrines and for showing that they were
+those of an honest man. He even hoped that he would be thus of some
+use to those who proposed to follow a diplomatic career. The evening
+before the meeting he went over his speech with me, and said: 'The
+religion of duty; that will please the Abbé Dupanloup.' When we
+reached the passage concerning theological study I interrupted him to
+say: 'Admit that that is intended much rather for yourself than for
+good M. Reinhard.' 'Why, certainly,' he replied, 'there is no harm in
+letting the public see my point of departure.' 'I am delighted,' I
+said, 'to see you overshadowing the end of your life with the
+recollections and traditions of your early youth.' 'I was sure you
+would be pleased with it,' was his kindly reply.
+
+"M. de Talleyrand bore the strain of this fatiguing meeting, where he
+was successful in every way, remarkably well. From the point of view
+of literature and politics he was successful, and also as a nobleman
+and an honest man. When he returned home he at once sent the first
+proofs of his speech to M. de Quélen and to you. He expected your
+approval, and was touched by it.
+
+"Then his health seemed to improve; he recovered his strength, made
+plans for travel, and talked of Nice for the following winter; he felt
+his powers reviving, and noticed it with pleasure. On April 28,
+however, when he heard of his brother's death, who was eight years
+younger than himself, he put his hands before his eyes and said:
+'Another warning, my dear child. Do you know whether my brother
+recovered his memory before death?' 'Unfortunately not, sir,' I said.
+He then resumed with extreme sadness: 'How dreadful it is thus to fall
+from the most worldly life into dotage, and from dotage into death!'
+
+"This painful shock did not check the improvement in his health, and
+we were able to think that he had been restored to life. I am the more
+careful to observe that this was the moment, when all idea of an
+approaching death was far away, when he chose to undertake seriously
+the project of submission to the Pope. He drew up a form of
+declaration without saying anything to me of it, a kind of pleasant
+surprise which he wished to keep for me. One day, when he saw me ready
+to go to Conflans to M. de Quélen, he drew from the drawer of his
+desk, the desk at which I am now writing, a sheet of paper covered on
+both sides, with erasures at several points. 'Here,' he said, 'is
+something which will secure you a hearty reception where you are
+going. You shall tell me what the Archbishop thinks of it.' On my
+return I told him that M. de Quélen deeply appreciated the paper, but
+wished the statements there expressed to be presented in a more
+canonical form, and intended to send him the ecclesiastical formula in
+a few days.
+
+"You know better than any one, sir, that thus the matter was actually
+carried out. M. de Talleyrand also spoke to me on the same day of his
+intention to write an explanatory letter to the Pope when sending him
+the declaration. He went into full details, and insisted upon his
+willingness to speak of Pauline in this letter. He ended by a saying
+which seems to me of considerable importance: 'What I am to do should
+be dated during the week of my speech to the Academy. I do not wish
+people to be able to say that I was in my dotage.' This idea was
+carried out upon his deathbed, and was performed as he wished.
+
+"But here I must stop. Attractive as the subject may be, your
+narrative contains full details. Moreover, during my uncle's illness I
+was nothing more than his nurse, and my actions were confined to
+summoning the consolations of your presence and to obeying my uncle by
+reading to him the two addresses to Rome before he signed them. I
+forced myself to read them slowly and seriously, because I neither
+would nor could diminish in any way the merit of his action; it was
+necessary that he should thoroughly understand what he was about to
+do. His faculties were too clear, heaven be praised, and his attention
+too concentrated, for any hurried or confused reading to have
+satisfied him. It was for me to justify his touching confidence which
+had induced him to wish this important reading to be performed by
+myself, and only the firmness and clearness of my pronunciation could
+satisfy this condition. He was to be left to the last moment in full
+consciousness of his act and full freedom of his will. From this
+difficult task I have derived the complete indifference with which I
+have afterwards faced any doubts, attacks, or calumnies of which I
+have been the object.
+
+"I can say in the sight of God that there was no ignorance or weakness
+on the part of M. de Talleyrand; there was no delusion and no abuse of
+confidence on my part. His generous nature, the recollections of his
+early youth, his family traditions, the wide experience of a long
+career, the example of Pauline, some explanations which I was
+instructed to give him, the confidence with which you were able to
+inspire him, the revelation that comes to every man at the gate of the
+tomb, and above all the infinite mercy of a gracious Providence--such
+are the reasons which allow us to honour him as sincerely in his death
+as we loved him in his life.
+
+"Carried away by a subject which is near to my heart, I have
+overstepped the limits which I had at first laid down, but I have no
+fear that I have wearied you by recalling your attention to details
+which I know you will value, and which for me have the special
+advantage that they have established, M. l'Abbé, between us, a bond
+which nothing can weaken or break.
+
+    "DUCHESSE DE TALLEYRAND,"
+    "PRINCESSE DE COURLANDE."
+
+
+_Heidelberg, August 27, 1838._--I have been here with my daughter
+since yesterday evening. My sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, arrived the
+previous evening. This morning, at six o'clock, faithful to my habits
+at Baden, I went out while my sister and daughter were still asleep,
+and while recalling memories of the place I found the bridge and
+stopped before the statue of the Elector Charles Theodore; I then
+crossed the river and walked upon the banks of the Neckar for
+three-quarters of an hour, with the town upon my left, dominated by
+the old castle. The pretty landscape, with the river valley, the
+position of the town, and even the style of the agriculture, reminded
+me of the hillsides of Amboise and my dear Loire, and was pleasantly
+lighted by the broken rays of a sun struggling through light clouds.
+
+I now know who wrote the article upon M. de Talleyrand which appeared
+in the _Gazette_ of Augsburg. My sister read it in manuscript. The
+writer was the Minister Schulenburg, a clever man, who had seen a
+great deal of M. de Talleyrand in past times. He is a friend of the
+Vicomtesse de Laval, and saw M. de Talleyrand at her house once more
+when he came to Paris eighteen months ago. He is anxious not to be
+known as the author of this article.
+
+
+_Paris, September 6, 1838._--I arrived here the day before yesterday,
+and found a letter which told me that as M. Molé had refused to make
+an alliance with M. Guizot, the latter had formed a coalition with M.
+Thiers. M. Guizot will become President of the Chamber of Deputies and
+M. Thiers Prime Minister. All this is to be revealed and settled
+during the discussion upon the Address. I cannot guarantee this story.
+The King is at Eu, and I shall not see the Court until I return.
+
+I am just finishing the last work of Villemain.[93] The first chapter
+of the second volume deals with Montesquieu; the second is a detailed
+analysis of the _Esprit des Lois_, which is much too deep for me. The
+following chapters summarise the bad philosophy of the eighteenth
+century, as it appears in the mouths of its prophets, its votaries,
+and its adversaries. The last part of the volume is devoted to
+Rousseau, by whose charms Villemain seems too obviously to have been
+overcome. I have no kindly feelings for Rousseau, for he was a
+hypocrite, and Voltaire's cynicism is perhaps less disgusting; at any
+rate, Voltaire was not guilty of so many positively bad actions as
+Rousseau, and mere talent in itself is no justification for either
+man.
+
+  [93] _The Eighteenth Century._
+
+My children write from Valençay saying that the crowd at the funeral
+ceremony was enormous.[94] Starting from Blois, the procession was
+joined by the people of all the neighbouring settlements on foot, in
+great sadness, while at night they came with torches. On the carriage
+which bore the coffin of M. de Talleyrand and that of my
+granddaughter, Yolande, were Hélie and Péan;[95] in the carriage which
+followed was my son Alexandre. All the clergy of the district offered
+their services. My son Valençay also sends me the programme of the
+ceremony, which seems very well arranged; I especially approve of a
+large distribution of charity to the poor, who should never be
+forgotten, neither in joy nor sorrow.
+
+  [94] The funerals of the Prince de Talleyrand, of his brother,
+  the Duc de Talleyrand, and of the little Yolande de Périgord,
+  daughter of the Duc and Duchesse de Valençay, who died in
+  childhood, took place on September 6, 1838, at Valençay. The
+  three coffins were placed in a vault which the Prince de
+  Talleyrand had constructed during his lifetime.
+
+  [95] The Prince de Talleyrand's footmen.
+
+Before starting, the coffin of M. de Talleyrand was covered with black
+velvet, with silver nails, and bore an escutcheon with his arms, his
+name and distinctions; the coffin of Yolande was covered with white
+velvet. The arrival of the funeral procession in the Castle court at
+Valençay, at ten o'clock at night in the most beautiful moonlight, is
+said to have been extremely imposing; there was deep silence, broken
+only by the sound of the hearse as it slowly passed the draw-bridge.
+The bodies were placed for the night in the church, and watched by the
+clergy in prayer. The coffin of the Duc de Talleyrand, accompanied by
+the doctor who had attended him, arrived two hours later.
+
+
+_Paris, September 7, 1838._--The Princesse de Lieven, whom I saw
+yesterday, told me that she no longer receives any letters from her
+husband. She examined me closely as to any information I might have
+gained in Germany concerning her Emperor, whom I think she really
+hates as much as the inhabitants of Warsaw can hate him. If, however,
+she was once more within his grasp, or merely out of France, her
+patriotism would be equal to that of any old Muscovite. She told me
+that at Munich the Emperor Nicholas had displayed great exasperation
+with the Russian Minister at the enormous expense to which he had gone
+for the reception of the Empress, saying, "Do you wish, then, to
+increase our unpopularity?" She spoke a great deal of the father's
+carelessness with respect to his son's well-being. Apart from the
+rapidity of their journey, and the scanty food which the father gave
+him in the course of it, he made the Grand Duke continually hold his
+legs outside the carriage, no matter what the weather might be, in
+order that they should not be in his father's way.
+
+I am assured that Queen Victoria, who showed herself so anxious to
+escape from the maternal yoke, is now trying to avoid the influence of
+her uncle, King Leopold.
+
+The Flahaut family have been saying the most horrible things at London
+about the Tuileries, and the Tuileries are aware of the fact.
+
+France has abandoned Belgium in the course of the negotiations in
+progress at London, and forces her to yield upon all questions of
+territory, but supports her pecuniary claim; between the figures of
+Leopold and King William there is a difference of 16,000,000. The
+Powers wish to compromise, but Leopold objects, and refuses to relax
+his grasp of Limburg until the crowns are paid.
+
+In Spain Queen Christina is trying to make money out of everything,
+and demands a price for every nomination that she makes. She thinks
+only of amassing money and spending it quietly out of Spain, for which
+she may speedily have an opportunity. Her sister, whose practical mind
+has already gained her a certain influence here, and who might be able
+to marry her prettiest daughter to the Duc de Nemours, is intriguing
+vigorously against her.
+
+M. Thiers spent three hours with Count Metternich near Como, and
+showed anything but sympathy for Spain during the conversation.
+However, people have not been taken in and prejudice remains
+unaltered.
+
+
+_Bonnétable, September 17, 1838._--I reached this strange place an
+hour before dinner-time. The country is very pretty, but the castle
+stands at the end of a little town, and the only view is the high-road
+which runs along the moat. It is an old manor-house, with heavy
+turrets, thick walls, and the windows few and narrow. There is little
+in the way of furniture or decoration, but it is solid and clean, and
+the necessaries of life of every kind are at hand, from an almorne to
+a warming-pan. The mistress of the house, an active, bustling,
+good-tempered lady, is largely occupied in most charitable work, in
+which she shows great insight, and really leads the life of a
+Christian widow, on the principles laid down by St. Jerome. In short,
+one is inclined to think oneself in a country far away from France and
+in a century quite remote from the nineteenth. Evening prayers are
+said all together at nine o'clock in the chapel, and are read by the
+Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency herself. They moved me deeply,
+especially the prayer for the rest of the departed, repeated by one
+who has survived all her relatives, whether older, of her own age, or
+younger than herself. This prayer in the mouth of one who is thus
+alone, without forefathers or posterity, was strangely sad. The other
+isolated being, poor Zoé,[96] who repeated the responses, completed
+the picture and the impression, which went to my heart. All the
+servants were present. No more edifying spectacle could be seen than
+that of this great and ancient house. The Duchesse is very highly
+connected, and came to her title through the Luynes, who had inherited
+it by marriage from the Duchesse de Nemours, one of whom had married
+the niece.
+
+  [96] Zoé was a negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval,
+  to whom she showed the greatest devotion. In 1838, after the
+  death of the Vicomtesse, Zoé was taken into service by the
+  Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, daughter-in-law of Madame de
+  Laval, who lived upon the estate of Bonnétable, where Zoé ended
+  her days in peace.
+
+
+_Bonnétable, September 18, 1838._--If the weather were not so damp I
+should find much interest in this place, which is quite unique. Mass
+brings the household together every morning at ten o'clock; we do not
+lunch until eleven o'clock, and have then half an hour for walking in
+the moats, which are dry and have been turned into gardens by the care
+of the Duchesse; she also took us for a walk around her kitchen garden
+and the whole of her strange household. After lunch we worked round a
+table at an altar-cloth, while the prior read his newspapers aloud. At
+one o'clock we went to visit the fine hospital and the schools founded
+by the Duchesse; everything is perfectly arranged, and much better
+cared for than the castle. There are six beds for men and six for
+women, a kind of boarding-school for twelve girls, and classes for
+day scholars and the poor, together with a large dispensary. This is
+all in one place, with the necessary outbuildings. Eight sisters do
+the work of the establishment, which is really very fine. The Duchesse
+then made us get into an old carriage with worm-eaten lining, but
+drawn by four handsome horses, driven very cleverly four-in-hand by
+one of the coachmen of Charles X. With Madame de Montmorency
+everything is in contrast. She inherited her taste for horses from her
+mother, and indulges herself in that respect; she has no taste for
+carriages, and does not care if the one makes the other look shabby.
+Thus drawn over shocking roads, we reached a magnificent forest of
+full-grown timber, where the fine trees are only cut every hundred
+years. It is really beautiful. In the centre of this forest, where six
+roads meet, is a vast clearing; there the Duchesse has built a china
+factory, with all the necessary outbuildings, which is almost a
+village. She has spent a great deal of money on it, and admits herself
+that it is not a lucrative investment, but it gives occupation to
+sixty-eight people, is a reason for a pretty walk, and an additional
+interest for herself. I made a few purchases, and Pauline was
+interested in seeing the pottery moulded, fired, painted, and
+enamelled.
+
+After dinner one of the local clergy called while we spent our time in
+embroidery, as after lunch, and talked of matters of local interest.
+Then came prayers, good-night, and sleep.
+
+
+_Bonnétable, September 19, 1838._--Yesterday it rained all day. No one
+went out except the clergy, who were going to a retreat at Mans, and
+stopped here to pay their respects to the Duchesse. The sisters also
+came in for their orders. The Duchesse is in very good spirits. She
+has the gift of narrative, and kept the conversation going very well
+throughout a long day, without the smallest appearance of ill-nature.
+When I went down to my room she lent me a manuscript book of her
+thoughts. She writes wonderfully, and her writing displays a wealth
+and variety of astonishing description. The outpourings of her heart
+since her husband's death are especially touching, and display a
+tenderness of feeling which would hardly be guessed from her outward
+appearance. I shall leave her entirely overcome by the warmth of her
+reception, her fine qualities, and the admirable example which she
+sets here.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, September 27, 1838._--Yesterday I had a most unexpected
+piece of news which grieved me deeply: Madame de Broglie is dead of
+brain fever, though she was so young, at any rate for death--a year
+younger than myself--though she was so happy, healthy, beautiful,
+useful, distinguished, and beloved. In one short week she was carried
+off, though prepared for death by her constant goodness. It has been
+no surprise to her.
+
+Almost the same day, but after a longer illness, amid the dissipations
+of too worldly a life, died Lady Elizabeth Harcourt. She was of the
+same age, and also handsome, but I think in no way prepared for the
+dread passage.
+
+With the death of my brother-in-law, the Prince of
+Hohenzollern-Hechingen, I have heard of three deaths during the last
+week. Last month Anatole de Talleyrand died; in the month of July
+Madame de Laval; on May 17 M. de Talleyrand; on April 28 my
+father-in-law; in March my uncle Medem. In less than seven months
+eight persons have disappeared who were bound to me by ties of blood,
+friendship, or intercourse. Death surrounds me on every hand, and I
+can no longer trust either to the freshness of my daughter or to the
+cares of others; only the goodness of God can be infallibly trusted,
+and on His infinite mercy I must rely, and confide my loved ones to
+His care.
+
+During the last two days of her life Madame de Broglie was delirious,
+and chanted the Psalms so loudly that one could hear her from one end
+of her residence to the other. When she was not singing she talked to
+her brother and her daughter who had died years before.
+
+
+_Valençay, October 3, 1838._--I am again in this beautiful spot, so
+rich in memories and so deprived of life and movement. I reached here
+yesterday in the moonlight, which suits the place so well, and which
+M. de Talleyrand always pointed out to us with such admiration. It was
+an unpleasant journey: broken carriages, tired horses, bad
+postillions, torn harness, and abominable roads, as they are being
+repaired or constructed afresh; in short, a series of petty obstacles,
+which troubled and vexed us, and made us late. M. de Talleyrand's old
+dog, Carlos, was strangely excited at our arrival, and pulled Mlle.
+Henriette by her dress, as if he would say, "Come and help me to look
+for the missing one."
+
+
+_Paris, October 9, 1838._--I am now again in Paris, though I cannot
+conceal the fact that a stay in this town makes me sadder than ever.
+How I long for my workmen, my garden, the soft skies of Touraine, the
+quiet of the country, the restfulness of the fields, time to think and
+to reflect, of which I am here deprived by constant business and
+worry!
+
+
+_Paris, October 12, 1838._--Yesterday I went to the Convent of the
+Sacré Cœur, where I stayed a long time with the Archbishop of Paris.
+He gave me an exact translation of the letter of secularisation sent
+by Pius VII. to M. de Talleyrand. It is a curious document, and shows
+that even though M. de Talleyrand, with his habitual carelessness, had
+mistaken the text, the general sense had been known to him, and that
+he had every reason to say that Rome could not be too exacting without
+self-contradiction. As, however, the letter had preceded the marriage
+of M. de Talleyrand, and as that marriage was not authorised by the
+Church, it was actually necessary for him to retract. This was done
+_in verba generalia_, as Rome admitted, and so every one should be
+satisfied.
+
+When I returned home I gave orders that I should not be disturbed
+during the evening, and busied myself in putting the papers that I had
+found at M. de Talleyrand's house into some order. I shall complete
+this work only by degrees, for it causes me keen emotion. For
+instance, I came upon a note which M. de Talleyrand sent to me from
+his room to mine on February 6, 1837,[97] in which he told me that at
+his supreme hour his only anxiety would be my future and my
+happiness. I cannot say how this scrap of paper has agitated me.
+
+  [97] February 6 is St. Dorothea's Day, the patron saint of the
+  Duchesse de Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Paris, October 13, 1838._--M. de Montrond came to see me yesterday.
+He showed himself extremely kind and soothing; but the true nature of
+things peeps out invariably, and towards the end of his call, which
+had been spent in expressions of regret for M. de Talleyrand's death,
+he let fall a phrase to this effect: "Do you propose to become a lady
+of the Faubourg Saint-Germain?" I was able to reply that I had no need
+to do anything of the kind, that my position was plain: a lady of rank
+and independent means, unwilling to sacrifice my opinions here or my
+position there; too deeply attached to the memory of M. de Talleyrand
+not to be on good terms with the Tuileries, and too good company not
+to live happily with my family and my own friends. He replied that I
+had not forgotten to speak like M. de Talleyrand himself. Then he
+rose, took my hand, and asked me if I would not be kind to him, saying
+that he was alone in the world, that he was very anxious for
+opportunities to talk of M. de Talleyrand with me sometimes, and then
+he began to weep like a child. I told him that he would always find me
+ready to listen to him, and to reply, if he spoke of M. de Talleyrand,
+a subject of inexhaustible interest to myself. Human nature is
+remarkable in its great diversity and its astonishing contrasts.
+
+
+_Paris, October 17, 1838._--I have only had two satisfactory incidents
+since my return: the arrival of my son Valençay, who is so good to me,
+and a long conversation with the Abbé Dupanloup, which went on
+yesterday for two hours at my house. Our minds are in sympathy, and,
+what is better, we are marvellously alert to divine one another's
+feelings, and both noticed it, owing to the strange and rapid
+coincidence of our expressions. He has a rapidly working mind, and for
+that reason pleased M. de Talleyrand, while with him one is never
+embarrassed or hampered, and transitional ideas are never clogged; his
+clearness of mind is never marked by dryness, because he has a sweet
+and most affectionate soul. My long intercourse with M. de Talleyrand
+has made it difficult for ordinary people to get on with me; I meet
+minds which seem slow, diffuse, and ill-developed; they are always
+putting on the brake, like people going downhill; I have spent my life
+with my shoulder to the wheel in uphill work. In M. de Talleyrand's
+lifetime I took more pleasure in the society of others, because I
+fully enjoyed my own society with him; perhaps also because I
+sometimes felt the need of rest at some lower elevation. But to-day I
+feel that I am being overcome, in a moral sense, by what the English
+call creeping paralysis; in short, yesterday I was able to spread my
+wings for a moment, and it did me good. I complained to him of the
+want of system in my life, of the weariness and oppression which were
+the result of overstrain. He spoke of my reading, and told me that he
+thought I should be deeply attracted by patristic literature; he
+promised to sketch out a little course of reading for me within my
+range. He is no inquisitive or indiscreet converter of souls; he is a
+good and intelligent man, a pure and lofty soul, discreet and
+moderate, whose influence can never be anything but wise, gentle, and
+restrained.
+
+
+_Paris, October 18, 1838._--The Princess Christian of Denmark, who is
+at this moment at Carlsruhe, is no longer young; but fifteen years
+ago, when she came to Paris, she was very pretty; her complexion,
+hair, and shoulders were especially beautiful. Her features were less
+striking, and those are the most permanent elements in beauty. I know
+that she and her husband have retained a very kindly feeling for the
+present royal family of France. Princess Christian is the
+granddaughter of the unfortunate Queen Mathilda of Denmark. Prince
+Christian's first wife was a mad woman with dreadful manners.[98] She
+went to Rome for refuge and to join the Catholic Church, and there she
+plunged into the most ridiculous mummeries. Her husband adored her,
+and if the King of Denmark had not insisted upon a separation Prince
+Christian would have remained under her yoke. He still corresponds
+with her, and has never ceased to regret her loss. The present
+Princess Christian, though prettier, is quite sensible, but has never
+had much influence with her husband, owing, it is said, to the fact
+that she has no children. The first wife was the mother of Prince
+Frederick, who is an exile in Jutland.
+
+  [98] The first wife of Prince Christian of Denmark was Princess
+  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Unfaithful to her husband, she
+  was separated from him in 1809, and divorced by order of the king
+  in 1810. She died in 1840 at Rome, where she had lived after her
+  conversion to Catholicism. She was born in 1784, and married in
+  1806.
+
+_Paris, October 20, 1838._--Yesterday I went with Pauline to the
+Comédie-Française to hear Mlle. Rachel, who is now causing so great a
+sensation. I was not at all pleased. They all acted very badly, though
+Mlle. Rachel is not so bad as the rest. They played _Andromaque_, in
+which she took the part of Hermione, the part of irony, scorn, and
+disdain. She went through it accurately and intelligently, but there
+is no sympathy or attraction in her acting. She has a thin voice, is
+neither pretty nor beautiful, but very young, and might become an
+excellent actress if she had good training. The rest of the company is
+wretched. I was very bored, and returned home benumbed.
+
+
+_Paris, October 21, 1838._--The Duchesse de Palmella, whom I saw
+yesterday, told me a strange thing. She said that the Duke of
+Leuchtenberg, the first husband of Queen Doña Maria, had never been
+her husband; that on his arrival in Portugal he was attacked with
+scurvy, which made him contagious and greatly disgusted his wife, who
+adores the little Coburg. She is now expecting her confinement.
+
+With Pauline I called upon the Duchesse d'Orléans, who seemed to have
+recovered very well from her confinement. Her child, which she was
+kind enough to show us, is really charming. She has every reason to be
+as proud of him as she is.
+
+We came home for an audience granted me by the Infanta Carlotta, the
+wife of Don Francisco. Like myself, they are both staying in the
+Galliffet residence.[99] It was a curious interview. The Infanta is a
+much bolder figure than Madame de Zea, and much taller. She is very
+fair, with a face which, though washed out, is none the less stern,
+with a rough manner of speaking. I felt very ill at ease with her,
+although she was very courteous. Her husband is red-haired and ugly,
+and the whole tribe of little Infantas, boys and girls, are all
+utterly detestable. The eldest of the princesses is well brought up,
+inclined to talk, and graciously took notice of Pauline. In my
+opinion, this Infanta would be a most unpleasant Sovereign.
+
+  [99] After the death of the Prince de Talleyrand the Duchesse de
+  Talleyrand sold the residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin to the
+  Rothschilds. This house she had inherited from the Prince. She
+  then settled in a large suite of rooms in the residence of the
+  Marquis de Galliffet, Rue de Grenelle.
+
+
+_Paris, October 31, 1838._--During the last two days I have seen a
+great deal of the Comtesse de Castellane. She speaks of only one thing
+which she wants, and for which she is working with incredible energy.
+I cannot complain, as her efforts show how much she thinks of my
+daughter, to whom she wishes to marry the young Henri de Castellane.
+Yesterday I went to consult the Archbishop on the point. He, as well
+as the Abbé Dupanloup, seems to think that of all the possible
+openings that have hitherto appeared Henri de Castellane would offer
+the best chance of domestic happiness, by reason of his personal
+merits. Both of them say that Pauline ought to choose for herself,
+after due examination. Examination requires acquaintanceship; to
+become acquainted they must see one another; and to see one another
+they must meet. And so I have reached a new phase in my life, when I
+am obliged to give a young man the run of my house in order to see
+what he is worth. I have known M. de Castellane personally for many
+years, but I have lost sight of him for a long time; besides, he is
+going to marry Pauline, and not me. He is clever and well-educated,
+hard-working, and, I think, ambitious. He is very correct and polite,
+lives a retired life, and goes only into the best society; he is a
+good son and a good brother, has an excellent name, but no title at
+present, and no prospect; has few family ties, and wishes to live in
+the same house as myself at Paris, though with a separate
+establishment. He is respectful to his mother, but not on confidential
+terms with her; wishes to have a religious wife, though he does not
+practise the forms of religion himself. He is to have twenty thousand
+francs income when he marries, and thirty thousand more from his
+grandmother. He has a childless uncle who is worth forty-two millions.
+For the moment the uncle will not give or promise or guarantee
+anything, but he is very anxious for the marriage, and as he is
+eccentricity personified he may come down handsomely some day. The
+Abbé Dupanloup advises me to speak to Pauline on the subject without
+any constraint, and also to tell her of other proposals made for her
+hand. She does not like Jules de Clermont-Tonnerre, and thinks he
+looks vulgar; the Duc de Saulx-Tavannes horrifies her--as a matter of
+fact he has the figure of an elephant, while there is madness in the
+family on both sides. The Duc de Guiche is not yet nineteen years of
+age, has no property whatever, a number of brothers and sisters, a
+rather foolish mother, while his family are always in extremities. The
+Marquis de Biron is very rich and a good fellow; he is a childless
+widower, but extremely stupid, and a red-hot Carlist. Pauline has
+recently seen M. de Castellane on two occasions, and likes him
+greatly; but she says she would like to know more of him, to make
+certain of his principles and belief. I tell her that there is no
+hurry, that she can very well wait, and that in any case I shall not
+consent to any marriage taking place until our business affairs have
+been wound up, the will declared, and the anniversary of the 17th of
+May over. This is understood, though the parties would like a promise
+to be given before that date, without celebrating the marriage. I can
+also understand that they would like to make certain of Pauline, but I
+do not propose to have our throats cut in that way. Madame Adélaïde,
+who is much afraid that Pauline's marriage might prevent her from
+going to the Tuileries, is a warm supporter of M. de Castellane. She
+let me know that M. de Talleyrand, to her knowledge, had thought of
+him. This is true, but he was more inclined to M. de Mérode, though
+family arrangements made the proposal impossible; besides, Pauline
+likes M. de Castellane much better than M. de Mérode. Another who has
+been mentioned to me is Elie de Gontaut, the younger brother of the
+Marquis of Saint-Blancard, but he is a young fop, and, though rich,
+his position as younger brother is very pronounced, and that would not
+please Pauline. In short, there is a perfect crowd of suitors, and I
+do not know to whom I should listen. One point is certain, and I shall
+make it perfectly clear: that Pauline herself will have to make the
+choice.[100]
+
+  [100] Mlle. Pauline de Périgord did in fact marry M. de
+  Castellane, on April 11, 1839. He then assumed the title of
+  Marquis from his grandfather, who had just died. His father,
+  General de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France, yielded the
+  title to him on the occasion of his marriage and never bore it
+  himself. From his grandmother, who brought him up, the old
+  Marchioness de Castellane, _née_ Rohan-Chabot, whose first
+  husband, the Duc de la Rochefoucauld, had left her a large
+  fortune, M. de Castellane received as a wedding-gift the property
+  of Aubijou, in Auvergne, in the department of Cantal, which will
+  often be mentioned in these memoirs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+1840
+
+
+The Duchesse de Sagan, eldest sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand,
+had died in the winter of 1840. A number of business difficulties were
+involved by the disposal of her property, and the Duchesse de
+Talleyrand resolved upon a journey to Prussia, which she had not
+visited since her marriage. She was accompanied by her eldest son, M.
+de Valençay, while her correspondent, M. de Bacourt, who had been
+appointed French Minister to the United States, went to take up his
+new post at Washington, where he remained for several years.
+
+
+_Amiens, May 16, 1840._--I cannot say with what fear I think of my
+departure from Paris this morning and of the real trials upon which we
+are to enter. I am now on the way to Germany, while you are starting
+for America.[101] But to return to my journey of to-day: the roads are
+heavy, the postillions brought us along rather badly, and we did not
+arrive here until nine o'clock in the evening. I have read a good deal
+of the life of Cardinal Ximenes. It is a sober and a serious book,
+correctly written, but cold, and progress in it is difficult. I do
+not, however, regret my trouble with it, for I know but little of this
+great character, and he is worth studying.
+
+  [101] Extract from a letter to M. de Bacourt.
+
+The country is beautifully green and fresh, with bushy vegetation. We
+had pleasant weather, in spite of a few showers, but twenty times I
+told myself that travelling was the most foolish of all professions;
+to be carried along these interminable roads, bumped upon their rough
+surface, delivered to the tender mercies of postillions, fleeing from
+all one loves, going as rapidly as possible towards things and people
+who are quite uninteresting; thus spending one's life as though it
+were eternal, and only realising its shortness when it is at an end.
+
+
+_Lille, May 17, 1840._--This morning before leaving Amiens we heard
+mass in the fine cathedral. The 17th of May is a date of special
+import to myself. I gave myself some credit for going to mass so far
+from the house of the rector of the Academy, M. Martin, with whom we
+put up; then it was raining hard, and the Picard streets are very
+dirty and the pavement detestable.
+
+The cathedral is really magnificent; strength, grace, and boldness are
+combined; stained-glass windows alone are wanting, as the light is too
+bright. I prayed with all my heart for the dead and for the living,
+and for the travellers who are to entrust themselves to the sea or
+traverse unknown lands.
+
+On the road from Amiens to this town I read the _Diable boiteux_, the
+merits of which do not attract me in the least. The stories are too
+monotonous and uninteresting, and the constant tone of mockery and
+satire, which is not supported by the fine verse of Boileau, quite
+disgusted me. However, I have read it, and am glad it is over. I now
+know the nature of this book, which has had a certain reputation.
+
+We had a better journey than yesterday. Our servants have gone to the
+office to arrange for to-morrow's journey, which will be complicated
+by the Belgian railways. After the mediocrity of Amiens and Arras,
+where I had some broth this morning, Lille strikes one as a large if
+not a great town, but I must admit that at present my travelling
+curiosity is benumbed and my interest remarkably dull.
+
+
+_Liège, May 18, 1840._--We have been fourteen mortal hours on the
+journey from Lille to this town, notwithstanding the help of the
+railway. The fact is that to make use of the railway it is necessary
+to make a round of twenty leagues, which considerably diminishes the
+advantage of it. From Courtrai one must go up to Gand, touch Malines,
+and then to Liège by Louvain and Tirlemont. A vast amount of time is
+wasted in stoppages at the numerous stations. Moreover, if one takes
+one's own carriage time is required to put it on a truck and take it
+off again, while the expense for the freight of carriages is so heavy
+that nothing is saved by the railway. It is certainly a marvellous
+invention, and the machinery is interesting. All is worked with
+perfect punctuality and order, but at the same time it is an
+unpleasant way of travelling, to my taste. There is no time to see
+anything; for instance, we passed along the outer walls of several
+towns which I should have liked to examine; we did not even pass
+through villages, but went straight across country, with no other
+event than occasional tunnels, cold and damp, in which the smoke of
+the engine becomes thick enough to choke one. Even though the wind
+carries away the smoke, it and the rattling of the engine would make
+you imagine yourself upon a steamboat. Imagination was the easier in
+my case as sickness and a certain stupefaction never left me. In
+short, I arrived worn out and more and more displeased with the
+fatigues and weariness of my enterprise. At Menin we were told to get
+out in a bitter wind to be searched by the Custom House officials;
+only when the examination was half over did they ask for our
+passports; upon seeing our rank the Inspector of Customs checked the
+ardour of his subordinates and allowed us to go. The fortress of Menin
+is most carefully kept, and as clean and well restored as it can be;
+and yet, if I am not wrong, I think that our protocols had required
+its destruction.
+
+I was struck with great admiration for the wealth and the good
+cultivation of all Belgium, and if I had been able to satisfy my taste
+for old buildings by visiting Ghent, Malines, and other places I
+should have been consoled.
+
+
+_Bergheim, May 19, 1840._--To travel from Liège to Cologne would have
+been too long a day, so we are sleeping here in a very clean little
+inn, though we have no means of warming ourselves, in spite of the
+fact that the wind is icy. It is something of a hardship to be forced
+to go without a fire or to be suffocated by a cast-iron stove. I am
+undoubtedly a very ungrateful daughter of Germany, as I find
+numberless material discomforts which I did not suspect in past years,
+but which now cause me considerable exasperation.
+
+I was greatly struck by the delightful country through which we passed
+on the road from Liège to Aix-la-Chapelle by way of Verviers.
+Chaudfontaine especially is a charming spot. The direct road would
+have been through Battice, but this road is out of use and repair, and
+we were directed from Liège to Verviers. The richness and beauty of
+the countryside, the activity of the factories, and the river valleys
+made the scene entirely animated and agreeable.
+
+I was struck by the changed appearance of Aix-la-Chapelle. Although
+the watering season had not yet commenced, the town was as animated as
+possible; there are plenty of fine shops and new houses. At the same
+time I should not care to take the waters there, as there is nothing
+countrified about the place, and the walks are all too distant. To-day
+I read a large part of a book by the Président de Brosses, _Italy a
+Hundred Years Ago_. It is written with vigour and cheerfulness, wit
+and fancy, but the spirit of the eighteenth century and the writer's
+peculiar cynicism are obvious at every page.
+
+
+_Cologne, May 20, 1840._--We have reached here so early that we have
+decided to travel another dozen leagues to-day, after seeing Frau von
+Binzer, changing our money, and buying some eau de Cologne. How cold
+it is here! The change of climate becomes more and more perceptible.
+
+
+_Elberfeld, May 20, 1840._--Frau von Binzer is an extremely ugly
+person, but cheerful, sensible, clever, and very loyal. She spent last
+year with my sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, and had only left her for
+six weeks when she was overtaken by death. She wept bitterly in
+speaking of my sister, and assured me that her death was a happy
+deliverance; that she was so sad, so wearied, irritated, and disgusted
+with everything that her temperament had visibly changed. She seems to
+have had fits of actual despair, to have suffered a great deal during
+the last weeks, and to have had several presentiments of her death.
+She made her will on the evening before her last journey to Italy, in
+the course of five minutes, while she had some friends in the house
+taking tea. She told Frau von Binzer what she was doing, to her great
+astonishment. She had intended to make another will, but death came
+upon her as a punishment for her dilatoriness. Frau von Binzer was so
+grieved at the rapidity of our departure from Cologne that I could not
+refuse to take lunch with her. She lives a long way from the hotel
+where I had put up, and I therefore had a considerable walk to her
+house and back. My walk was prolonged because she insisted upon taking
+me out of my way to show me the Stock Exchange, an old and curious
+house of the Templars, the Town Hall, with its curious tower and
+doorway, and the cathedral, which the Crown Prince of Prussia has
+taken under his patronage, and which is being rapidly restored; the
+results will be admirable. We stopped for a moment in front of the
+Church of St. Mary of the Capitol, where Alpaide, the mother of
+Charles Martel, is buried. We also looked at two houses belonging to
+old aristocratic families in the time of the Hansa, which are in
+Byzantine style. At the same time Cologne is a very ugly town, and the
+Rhine is by no means beautiful at the spot where we crossed it.
+
+Here we are, twelve leagues from Cologne, in the prettiest town
+conceivable, which reminds one of Verviers; the country about it is
+also pretty, and somewhat Belgian in character. All is clean and well
+cared for. The Prussian roads are truly admirable, the postillions go
+much better, and the horses are kept in good condition. In this
+respect and in many others the country has undergone a remarkable
+change. At the same time the iron stoves, the beds, and the food cause
+me discomfort. The railway is progressing, and it is intended to
+continue the line to Berlin. The work is being pushed on with great
+rapidity, and from Liège nothing is to be seen but navvies, machinery,
+and other preparations for this transformation scene.
+
+
+_Mersheden, May 21, 1840._--We reached Arnberg at five o'clock. This
+seemed a little early to finish our stage, so we continued our
+journey for six leagues more. Now we are in a typical village inn, but
+fairly clean, and with very obliging people. We might have found
+better accommodation at the next stage, but I could not bring myself
+to expose the servants any longer to the frightful weather. I have
+rarely seen any more dreadful; hail, rain, blasts, and storms all came
+down upon us. None the less I noticed that we were passing through
+country almost as pretty as that which we saw yesterday. It reminded
+me at times of the valley of Baden and of the narrower valley of
+Wildbad. I am still reading the _Italy_ of the President de Brosses,
+which is amusing, but not entirely attractive. I will copy two
+passages which seem to me fairly applicable to our present mode of
+life: "Generally speaking, the inconveniences and the causes of
+impatience during a long journey are so many that one should avoid the
+further vexation of economy in small matters. It is certainly hard to
+be cheated, but we should satisfy our self-esteem by telling ourselves
+that we are cheated willingly and because we are too lazy to be
+angry." That is a piece of advice which I am inclined to practise too
+often. Here is the other passage which also suits my case: "In foreign
+countries we should be on our guard against satisfaction of the sight
+and weariness of the heart. There is as much as you please to amuse
+your curiosity, but no social resources. You are living only with
+people who have no interest in you or you in them, and however kind
+they are, it is impossible for either party to go to the trouble of
+discovering interest in the other when each knows that they are ready
+to part and never to meet again."
+
+
+_Cassel, May 22, 1840._--The weather to-day was as bad as yesterday,
+and the country not so pretty. Cassel is quite as small a town as
+Carlsruhe, and looks even less like a residential city. The suburbs
+especially are very poor. I found nothing to admire but a hill covered
+with magnificent oak-trees, which took us a long time both to ascend
+and descend. I feel the cold most bitterly, and everything here is so
+late that the lilac is hardly in flower.
+
+On arriving I sent for newspapers, in which I saw an account of the
+long-delayed visit of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia to Mannheim.
+Poor Grand Duchess Stephanie! A year ago such a visit would have been
+an event; to-day it is mere empty courtesy, and it must have cost her
+an effort to receive it graciously. The only matter of interest to me
+in the newspaper was the bad account given, with no attempt at
+concealment, of the King of Prussia's health. This slow illness must
+change all the habits of the royal family and of Berlin society. I
+shall certainly not regret the entertainments, but I shall be sorry to
+be unable to pay my respects to the King, who was very kind to me in
+my youth.
+
+
+_Nordhausen, May 23, 1840._--It did not rain to-day, but it is cold
+enough for frost. To-morrow we have forty-one leagues to travel if we
+are to reach Wittenberg, a severe task which seems to me impossible.
+Fortunately we have done with the roads and the postillions of Hesse,
+which have remained faithful to the old Germanic aberrations. In
+Prussia both the posting system and the roads are excellent, the
+villages and their inhabitants look greatly superior, but for the last
+twenty-four hours, though the country is not precisely ugly, it has
+lost the richness and attractiveness which struck me on the road from
+Lille to Arnberg.
+
+
+_Wittenberg, May 24, 1840._--Forty-two leagues in twenty-four hours in
+a country where no one knows what going ahead means, is really
+excellent progress.
+
+This town is an old acquaintance of my youth. When we used to go from
+Berlin to Saxony and from Saxony to Berlin, Wittenberg was always the
+second halt, for at that time macadamised roads were unknown. Progress
+was made at a walking pace, ploughing through deep sand. To-morrow I
+expect to cover twenty-seven leagues in nine or ten hours, which
+occupied two days in those earlier times. From Nordhausen to this
+point the country is ugly, and the inevitable pine-tree forests have
+reappeared. The cradle of my youth was certainly far from beautiful.
+
+My curiosity was aroused by Eisleben and Halle, through which we
+passed. The former of these towns was Luther's birthplace. His house
+is well preserved, and there is a small museum there of all kinds of
+things relating to him and to the Reformation. I only saw the outside
+of the house, which is of no special interest, but at the door I
+bought a small description of Eisleben and its curiosities, which has
+made me quite learned.
+
+Halle is very ugly, in spite of a few Gothic exteriors, past which I
+drove. Moreover, these university towns have invariably a character of
+their own, which is provided by the crowd of wretched students, with
+their noise and want of manners, who loaf about the carriages, with
+long pipes in their mouths, and seem quite ready to cause a
+disturbance.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 25, 1840._--The rain has been coming down again all day,
+and my re-entry to my native town was made under no agreeable
+auspices. Fortunately I had no reason to regret that the countryside
+was not in sunshine, for the scenery from Wittenberg here is
+atrocious. I had forgotten to some extent my native land, and was
+surprised to find it so hideous. However, I must make an exception of
+the bridge of Potsdam, which is really pretty. The bank of the Havel
+is bright and graceful with the wooded slopes which surround it,
+covered as they are with pretty country houses. Even Potsdam, which is
+only a summer residence, looks more like a capital town than Cassel,
+Stuttgart, or Carlsruhe; but half a league further on everything is as
+dry and dismal as possible, until the suburbs of Berlin, which gave me
+a real surprise on the side from which we reached the town. This
+happened to be an English quarter, with iron gateways before the
+houses, and a number of gardens between the gateways and the houses,
+which are small, but very well kept.
+
+Berlin itself is a handsome town, but thinly populated, while as
+regards carriages, cabs are the dominant feature, and sadness is
+therefore its chief characteristic. I am staying at the Russicher Hof.
+Opposite is the Castle; a pretty bridge and the museum on the left;
+on the right are the quays. It is a pleasant aspect, and my room on
+the first floor is almost too magnificent.
+
+My man of business, Herr von Wolff, told me that the King's condition
+was regarded as desperate, and that yesterday he sent for his eldest
+son, and entrusted him with the business of government. The scene is
+said to have been very touching. The King's illness is intestinal
+catarrh, which seems incurable. It is also said that he has had the
+deplorable privilege of bad doctors in Berlin, where the doctors are
+excellent. He can take no food, and is visibly wasting away; but death
+is not thought to be imminent. The day before yesterday he walked as
+far as his window to see the troops march past, and those who saw him
+were horrified by the change in his appearance.
+
+The whole town is in sadness, and the royal family in despair. The
+Princess of Liegnitz is quite as ill as the King, with severe
+gastritis, and is thought to be in great danger.
+
+M. Bresson, who has just spent an hour with me, is in despair at the
+King's condition. He will see no one except the Princess of Liegnitz,
+his doctors, and the Prince of Wittgenstein. He has seen the Crown
+Prince for a moment, but none of his other children, and says he feels
+too weak to see any one else. A messenger has just been despatched to
+the Russian Empress, to stop her progress at Warsaw, where she is to
+arrive to-morrow. The King would be in no condition to bear this
+interview, much less the lamentable scenes which the Emperor Nicholas
+would certainly make. The Empress is also said to be in a very sad
+way. This approaching death will be a great blow, which will re-echo
+near and far.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 26, 1840._--I slept fairly well. My bed is not quite so
+narrow or so extraordinary as some that I have found on the journey
+from Cologne to Berlin. Unless one is prepared to sleep on nothing but
+feathers, nothing is to be found but thin, hard mattresses nailed on
+to deal boards. The bedclothes are of a remarkable character, while
+the sheets look like towels. I had several of them sewn together, and
+thus succeeded in covering my bed. As regards bedrooms, Germany is
+undoubtedly in a state of savagery, even more so than with regard to
+food, which is extraordinary enough at times, though in Berlin even M.
+de Valençay admits that it is good. The cleanliness is perfect, and
+the furniture tasteful. There are carpets everywhere, and the iron
+stoves are replaced by fine porcelain stoves, which give no smell and
+heat the room excellently, but it is disappointing to be forced to use
+them on the 26th of May. M. Bresson utters terrible groans about the
+climate.
+
+Is it not strange that I should have felt no emotion whatever upon
+re-entering this town where I was born and where I was largely brought
+up? I examined it with the same curiosity as I felt towards Cologne
+and Cassel, and that was all. I have no feeling of that special
+patriotism which I have long felt for Germany. I am a complete
+stranger both to things and people, entirely unconnected with the
+place, speaking the language with some hesitation; in short, I am not
+at home, or rather ill at my ease, and ashamed at being so. I do not
+think it would be thus if I were to return to London. I do not think I
+should then be delighted; I should probably burst into tears; but at
+any rate I should feel some emotion, as I feel at Valençay. I am less
+afraid of that which stirs my feelings than of that which freezes
+them.
+
+Everything goes on here so early that one must be ready at dawn.
+Waking up is nothing, but getting up is difficult. I am extremely
+tired, even more than when travelling, because when once ensconced in
+my carriage, which is very soft, I can rest in silence, inaction, and
+sleep, whereas here things are very different.
+
+My man of business from Silesia was at my house at nine o'clock. He is
+going away this evening to make preparations for my arrival. At eleven
+o'clock Herr and Frau von Wolff came in. They told me that the Duke of
+Coburg was negotiating to buy the estate of Muskau from Prince Pückler
+for his sister, the Grand Duchess Constantine. The garden of Muskau is
+said to be the most beautiful in Germany. It is only ten leagues from
+my house.
+
+M. Bresson came in at midday to tell me that there was some
+improvement in the King, that he had been able to take some soup and
+to walk round his room. He urged me at the same time not to put off my
+calls upon the chief ladies of the Princesses.
+
+Midday is the fashionable hour for calls here, so I started off with
+M. de Valençay. First we went to the Countess of Reede at the Castle.
+She is the chief lady of the Crown Princess, and was an intimate
+friend of my mother. She was not at home, nor was the Baroness of
+Lestocq, lady-in-waiting to the Princess William, the King's
+sister-in-law. We also went to the Countess of Wincke at the King's
+palace to call upon the Princess of Liegnitz. She is an old lady
+belonging to the palace of the late Queen, of which I retained some
+confused idea from my youth. She received us with an old aristocratic
+air which pleased me. The Countess of Schweinitz, at the new palace of
+Prince William, the King's son, was also at home. Countess Kuhneim, at
+the Teutonic Palace, where the Princess Charles of Prussia resides,
+was out.
+
+Frau von Schweinitz told me that Prince William was to start to-morrow
+to meet his sister, the Empress of Russia, and to stop her from coming
+here. We also went to see the Werthers, who were delighted to talk of
+Paris; and then to the house of Madame de Perponcher, with whom I
+played a great deal in my youth. She was not at home.
+
+Berlin is really a very fine town. The streets are wide and laid out
+in regular lines, the houses are tall and regular, there are many
+palaces and fine buildings, fine squares with trees, gardens and
+walks, and yet it is gloomy. There is obviously a lack of wealth to
+fill the fine setting. The carriages of private individuals are so
+much like cabs that I was deceived by the resemblance for some time.
+The horses and liveries and everything of the kind are dreadfully
+shabby.
+
+Yesterday we dined with M. Bresson, who lives in a beautiful house
+which my sister the Duchess of Acerenza occupied in past years. The
+rooms are fine and beautifully furnished for Berlin, but spoilt by a
+horrible portrait of the French King, whose hand is stretched over a
+vast charter--quite an atrocity! The other guests were von Humboldt,
+Lord William Russell, and M. de Loyère, who is attached to the French
+Embassy. Herr von Humboldt talked in his usual style of all the
+rivers, all the mountains, all the planets, and of the whole universe.
+He did not forget his neighbours, whom he did not treat with
+superlative charity. Princess Albert seemed to me to be very much in
+his bad books, and also to some extent in those of M. Bresson. Lord
+William Russell is always taciturn, as a Russell should be. He says he
+is not displeased with his position, and anything that separates him
+from Lady Russell always suits his taste. As for M. Bresson, he is
+obviously bored, and the nine years he has spent here have completely
+exhausted his patience. I think that he greatly fears the approaching
+death of the King as likely to affect his position. He complains of
+the effects of the climate, and is obviously beating against his bars.
+
+In the middle of this dinner Princess William, the King's
+daughter-in-law, asked me to wait upon her at half-past six. I
+therefore went. She lives in a charming palace, beautifully arranged;
+the conservatories are decorated with marble, the floors are
+magnificent, and the furniture is beautiful; in short, the whole is in
+exquisite taste. The Princess was alone, and received me most
+graciously. I stayed a long time.
+
+The general fear of a visit from the Russian Imperial family is very
+curious. The royal family is preoccupied with the business of avoiding
+anything of the kind, and use a thousand devices for the purpose. They
+seem to be afraid of them as of a devastating torrent.
+
+I have just had a call from Madame de Perponcher. Her queenly bearing
+and her regular features have survived the passing of her youth. She
+is a clever woman, and her conversation is animated.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 27, 1840._--A special luxury in Berlin, to be found in
+all the houses belonging to people of importance, are the wide
+windows, which light the rooms brilliantly, and give a bright
+appearance to the houses.
+
+This morning I had a private audience of the Crown Princess, who lives
+in a part of the Castle properly so called. Her large private room is
+handsome and curious. The Princess is very polite, but a little cold
+and timid, with beautiful blue eyes, a dull complexion, strong and by
+no means attractive features; she limps a little. The conversation
+became animated upon the arrival of the Crown Prince. He showed me
+great cordiality, and had just come from the King, who was perceptibly
+better. This improvement has revived all their spirits, but there is
+still a grave reason for anxiety.
+
+I dined with Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law; her husband
+has delayed his departure. At dinner there were the Crown Prince and
+Princess, and the two Princes of Würtemberg, the sons of Prince Paul;
+the latter are starting to-morrow to meet their sister, the Grand
+Duchess Helena, who is going to Ems, and then to Italy. The other
+guests were Prince George of Hesse, brother of the Duchess of
+Cambridge; a Russian general and an English officer who had come to
+look at the manœuvres; Werther, his wife, and his son, who is going
+to Paris to take the place of Arnim till the new appointment is made;
+and the Count and Countess of Redern. The Countess is a Hamburg
+heiress, entirely ugly; she looks like a blonde Jewess, which is to be
+ugly twice over.
+
+I sat near the Crown Prince, who asked me many questions about
+Versailles, and was then interested in all the recollections of our
+youth; he has grown very stout and old.
+
+At seven o'clock in the evening I was requested to visit Princess
+Albert, and invited to stay for tea and supper. It is impossible to
+imagine anything which takes up so much time as Court life here. The
+only satisfactory point is that everyone withdraws before ten o'clock
+at night; but at that time one is more exhausted than one would be at
+two o'clock in the morning at Paris.
+
+I think that of all the persons I have seen here Princess Albert has
+filled me with the greatest curiosity and interest. At first I
+thought her face long and narrow, her mouth large, and the lower part
+of her face, when she laughed, very ugly, while the want of eyebrows
+was remarkable; but by degrees I have grown used to her, and find her
+actually pleasant. Her teeth are white, she has a cheerful laugh and
+lively eyes, her figure is pretty, and she is tall, like myself; but
+it is too obvious that she laces very tightly, which is the more
+noticeable as she is never at rest; she wriggles, gesticulates,
+laughs, fidgets, and talks somewhat at random; she never crosses a
+room except at a run and a skip, and does not shine in point of
+dignity of bearing, but on the whole she is by no means unpleasant,
+and I think that men might find her somewhat attractive. She was very
+kind to me, with a frankness and good-nature in putting her questions
+as if she had always known me, and poking fun right and left at her
+family to begin with; she astonished me greatly. The fact is that she
+is a spoilt child, accustomed to do and say anything she likes, and is
+regarded here as quite beyond restraint. She goes away to The Hague
+when her family would like her to stay in Berlin, and comes back when
+they think she intends to make a long stay in Holland. In short, she
+is a strange being. Her husband is very delicate. Their palace, though
+pretty outside, seemed to me rather poor within. At her house I saw no
+one except the Princess of Würtemberg, Madame de Perponcher (reasons
+of etiquette forbid her to receive M. de Perponcher, as the Diplomatic
+Body are excluded from royal residences), Herr von Liebermann,
+Prussian Minister at St. Petersburg, and the Prince and Princess
+William, the King's son, who arrived late.
+
+I cannot be anything but grateful for the reception that has been
+offered to me here, but the want of rest overpowers every other
+consideration, and I should like to be back in my dear Rochecotte.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 28, 1840._--This morning I had an audience of Princess
+Charles. She has charming features, a fine figure, a high colour,
+tired eyes, beautiful manners, and a kind and pleasant way of
+speaking. Her appearance, on the whole, is insignificant, but she
+shows much kindness of heart. Her husband is simply vulgar. At the
+present moment he has a mania for seeing operations, and watches all
+the new experiments in surgery. Berlin is just now much excited by a
+mode of curing squinting, practised by Dieffenbach. Out of two hundred
+cases he has had only one failure, and that was due to the impatience
+of the patient. It is a very clever idea, and people come in from all
+parts to be made beautiful instead of ugly.
+
+Here every one professes surprise at the resemblance between Madame de
+Lazareff and myself.
+
+I have called upon Princess Pückler, the wife of the traveller; she is
+a lady who is largely supported by the Court; but she was not at home.
+In the afternoon I called upon Princess William, the Queen's
+sister-in-law, who was extremely kind to me. She has been very
+beautiful, and some remnants of her beauty still remain. She is a
+leading member of the sect of the Pietists. She introduced me to her
+unmarried daughter, a pretty princess of fifteen years of age, whose
+face pleased me greatly.[102]
+
+  [102] The daughter of Princess William of Prussia to whom
+  reference is here made married the King of Bavaria a short time
+  afterwards.
+
+Princess William is the sister of the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg, step-mother to the Duchesse d'Orléans.
+
+I am going to the theatre to see a ballet, in the box of the Countess
+of Redern, who insisted upon my coming. Then I shall finish my day
+with the Werthers, who are giving a party for me. I am quite
+overwhelmed by my busy life, which is so utterly different from the
+idle existence I have led for the last two years.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 29, 1840._--The ballet here is very well done. The King
+takes great interest in it, and gives an annual subscription of a
+hundred and twenty thousand crowns to the Opera, which is a great deal
+for this country. There are many pretty dancers, the theatre is
+beautiful and the orchestra excellent. I have been unable to judge of
+the singers, as I did not go till the opera was over.
+
+At the Werthers' I found a rout going on, which was much like all
+other parties of the kind. The women were well dressed, but not
+pretty, the social intercourse somewhat cold, while the men in the
+service wore their uniforms, which gave them a stiff appearance.
+
+The King's condition gave less satisfaction yesterday; he had had a
+fainting fit after expressing a wish to eat herrings, which was
+speedily satisfied. However, the Princes went to the theatre. The
+doctors persist in saying that his state is not desperate. This is the
+opinion, among others, of a certain Dr. Schönlein, who has been
+appointed professor at the university here; he comes from Zürich with
+a very great reputation, and the King has been induced to see him in
+consultation. Princess Frederick of the Low Countries is expected. She
+is her father's favourite, and he is as anxious to see her as he is
+afraid of the Russian visits. Princess William, the King's
+sister-in-law, whose eldest daughter is married to Darmstadt, told me
+that the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia is deeply in love with
+Princess Marie, his future bride, and she is beginning to feel the
+same towards him.
+
+I was to have dined to-day with the Crown Prince, but as the King had
+had another fainting fit the High Marshal came to tell me that the
+dinner would not take place. The King's precarious condition causes
+much anxiety to some people who are fond of him, and to others who
+respect him for political considerations. No one, not even the heir,
+was prepared for this crisis, and to their sadness is added perplexity
+and hesitation.
+
+Yesterday morning I went for a drive in the Tiergarten, the Bois de
+Boulogne of Berlin, and saw the spot where I had been daily taken for
+a walk in my youth. It is a very pretty wood on the edge of the town,
+well planted, partly in English style, bounded by the Spree, and full
+of pretty country houses. It is a very popular resort at Berlin.
+
+I dined with Lord William Russell, where I heard that there was some
+small excitement in the Ministry at London, though nothing was likely
+to come of it. The present Cabinet is as used to defeats as
+Mithridates to poison.
+
+This morning Herr von Humboldt came to fetch us, and took his niece,
+Frau von Bülow, and myself to the Museum. He had told all the
+directors, professors, and artists to be ready. I therefore saw
+everything in the greatest detail. The building is fine and well
+arranged, the classification perfect and intelligent, and the light
+well managed. The King has acquired some excellent examples of every
+style of art; an ancient bust of Julius Cæsar in greenish basalt is
+one of the most beautiful things I know. The Museum is very rich in
+pictures of the ancient German school; the Etruscan vases are quite
+first-rate; the fifteenth-century china is very curious; the intaglios
+and the medals are in perfect order and tastefully set out. The
+officials, who are clever and full of artistic erudition, did me the
+honours with great courtesy. I replied by asking many questions, and
+was attentive to the answers; but the visit lasted for three hours,
+and I was standing all the time, and eventually I nearly collapsed.
+
+I then went to a great dinner with M. Bresson. As I was starting for
+it the Prince of Wittgenstein arrived; he had been requested by the
+King and the Princess of Liegnitz to express to me in the kindest
+terms their regret at their inability to see me. The King was not
+quite so ill, and had been able to see Princess Frederick of the Low
+Countries, his favourite daughter, for whom he had telegraphed, and
+who had hastened to come to him. The Prince of Wittgenstein was most
+obliging; he is a stout personage, and is greatly downcast at the
+moment and heart-broken at the King's danger. He has a very kindly
+feeling for France, and is very friendly with Princess William, the
+king's daughter-in-law, who overwhelms me with kindness.
+
+At M. Bresson's dinner Herr von Humboldt, as usual, relieved every one
+else of the trouble of talking, which is very convenient for lazy
+persons like myself.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 31, 1840._--To-day is an important day in the history of
+the country, and one of which the King awaits the issue with
+impatience. The Great Elector ascended the throne on May 31, 1640,
+Frederick the Great on May 31, 1740, and I am assured of the existence
+of a prophecy that the Crown Prince will ascend the throne on May 31,
+1840.
+
+I went to mass in a church which is hardly a church: it is a great
+round hall, covered with a single cupola, surrounded with columns,
+with a large window between each column. Nothing could be less solemn
+and less Catholic.
+
+I dined with Prince Radziwill, who took me up after dinner to the
+rooms of his late mother, where I had been a great deal in my youth.
+They are no longer used, and are just as I had known them. Nobody
+could be kinder than all the Radziwills have been to me. The daughter
+of the late Princess married the nephew of Prince Adam Czartoryski.
+She is now in the country. The two Radziwill Princes married two
+sisters, the daughters of Prince Clary. They all had plenty of
+children, and live as a very happy family in the same house.
+
+I had gone home after the dinner, when I received a message from
+Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law, asking me to pay her a
+visit. I found her alone, and she kept me talking for an hour. The
+latest news of the King was very sad. He told his chief groom of the
+chamber that he had no hope of recovery, but would not speak of his
+death for fear of affecting those about him. He is said to have
+insisted upon being carried to-morrow to the window of his room, at
+the moment of the solemn function which has been largely advertised,
+and the preparations for which he has supervised from his bed. The
+Crown Prince, in the King's name, is to lay the first stone of a
+monument in honour of Frederick II. at the entry of the promenade
+Unter den Linden. The whole garrison, all the state bodies, and all
+Berlin, are to be present at this ceremony. Stands have been erected
+for the public. My son and myself are to find a place on the balcony
+of Princess William, where the Princesses will be.
+
+Yesterday evening at the house of the Prince of Wittgenstein, where I
+went, was Madame de Krüdener, _née_ Lerchenfeld, natural daughter of
+the Count Lerchenfeld and of the Princess of Thurn and Taxis. At St.
+Petersburg she was at first a favourite of the Empress, but was
+afterwards somewhat discarded because the Emperor appeared to be
+taken with her. She strongly resembles the late Queen of Prussia,
+which may be explained by her birth, but she has not her majestic
+bearing; she is, however, a handsome woman.
+
+I hear from Paris that there is an attempt to gather the household of
+the Emperor Napoleon for a mission to fetch his remains from St.
+Helena. Marchand, his groom of the chamber, was asked if he wished to
+accompany the mission; at first he hesitated, and then accepted on the
+condition that he should be allowed to sit at the table of the Prince
+de Joinville; to satisfy him he has been appointed captain on the
+staff of the National Guard, and he is to go, and will sit at the
+Prince's table! I abstain from comment.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 1, 1840._--I have just returned from the ceremony, which
+was really most beautiful and imposing. The thought of the King's
+dangerous condition, which every one had at heart, gave a singularly
+touching and solemn aspect to this national celebration, the last at
+which the poor King could be present. And in what manner was he
+present? In bed at his window! Fortunately the weather was less
+disagreeable than it has lately been. The Crown Prince laid the first
+stone of the monument which is to support the equestrian statue of
+Frederick the Great. Is it not strange that there is no statue of him
+as yet in Berlin? Yesterday was the anniversary of his accession a
+hundred years ago; but as it was a Sunday the celebration was
+postponed till to-day. Each regiment in the army was represented by a
+detachment. The army is really superb, and splendidly equipped.
+Besides the state bodies, the authorities, the Consistory, a
+detachment of the Landwehr, deputations from the guilds of arts and
+crafts, with their bands, surrounded the square, which is magnificent
+and was most beautifully decorated. Around the monument could be seen
+all those who had served under Frederick II., dressed as they were at
+that time, and carrying the flags captured during the Seven Years'
+War. The King himself had considered every detail of this fine
+ceremony, and had given the most positive orders to forbid any
+manifestation of applause for himself; but the silent and profound
+respect, the perfect order and the sadness of the spectators was
+sufficiently striking and touching. When the foundation-stone was
+lowered, salvos were fired, bells rang, drums beat, and the old
+tattered flags were lowered; at that moment most of the spectators
+burst into tears. Nothing of the sort could be looked for in a
+republican atmosphere or in our revolutionary regions.
+
+On the balcony where I was placed I saw Prince Frederick of the Low
+Countries, who introduced me to his wife. She was overcome with grief;
+she is not pretty, but looks kind and natural. The young Hereditary
+Grand Duke of Russia, who arrived this morning, was present; the Crown
+Prince of Prussia introduced me to him. He is said to have grown very
+fat. I expected to see a very insignificant young man, but he is quite
+the contrary, although I do not care about his complexion.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 2, 1840._--Yesterday evening I went to tea with Madame
+de Perponcher, whose _salon_ is, in my opinion, the pleasantest in
+Berlin. She is very conversational and well-mannered, while she is
+simple and restrained. She is a central point of society, and her
+mother's position with the Crown Princess has helped her largely.
+There I heard that no change has taken place in the King's condition,
+though something of the kind had been feared owing to the excitement
+of the day.
+
+The suite of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia are staying at the
+same hotel as myself, at the King's expense. They make a fearful
+uproar, and consume the more food as their board costs them nothing.
+It is impossible to say how the Russians are detested here.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 3, 1840._--Yesterday I was at a great dinner given by
+the Werthers. The King was said to be better; he had had some sleep,
+and felt the moral relief of passing the fatal date. During the dinner
+I received a message from the young Princess William asking me to call
+upon her after dinner in outdoor dress. I went, and we drove out. She
+took me to Charlottenburg, which she showed me in full detail, and
+especially the country house which the King has had built there, where
+he prefers to stay.
+
+I was glad to see the portraits of the Duc d'Orléans and the Duc de
+Nemours which were drawn here at the time when they passed through
+Berlin. The King bought them for his private room. When we came back
+the Princess made me stay to tea, and I spent all the time alone with
+her.
+
+This morning when I was finishing breakfast M. Bresson came to tell us
+that the King was _in extremis_. In the afternoon I stopped before his
+palace; he was still alive, and had even recovered sufficient
+consciousness to demand the reading of the newspapers. There is a
+crowd about the palace; many people are in tears, and the behaviour of
+the population is perfect.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 4, 1840._--Yesterday I dined at the house of M. Bresson
+with Princess Pückler, who is starting for Muskau to meet her husband.
+He is returning from Vienna after an absence of six years; she speaks
+of him with admiration. She is a little old woman of wit,
+intelligence, and tact, and has gained considerable reputation in
+different circles.
+
+Only yesterday was the publication begun of bulletins upon the King's
+health; he might be dead at the present moment. Hitherto he had
+forbidden any announcements; I do not think he knew anything of it
+yesterday. He has preserved his consciousness, and is quite calm,
+simple, and dignified.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since last night the King has been in a kind of agony, from which he
+sometimes gains relief by a few drops of coffee. He can still speak a
+little, and says not a word about his condition, though he realises
+its gravity to the full. The whole family, even the grandchildren, are
+at the palace, and the Ministers also. The crowd still throngs the
+square and shows the same interest.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 5, 1840._--The King was still alive yesterday at eight
+o'clock in the evening. He had said farewell to his children and
+solemnly handed his will to his Ministers; he then declared that he
+had done with this world and wished to see no one except the Princess
+of Liegnitz and the pastor for whom he sent, intending to devote his
+remaining time to securing his peace of mind and in considering the
+life to come.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 6, 1840._--Herr von Humboldt has just left me. The King
+was very feverish last night; he can hardly speak, and seems to have
+lost all interest. What a long struggle for a man of seventy! All the
+Mecklenburg family has arrived. The appearance of the Duke of
+Cumberland has caused some consternation, and the Emperor Nicholas
+will be here to-morrow in spite of every attempt to prevent his
+arrival. There is an obvious intention to surround the new Sovereign
+from the moment of his accession, and this may damage his public
+reputation, for the people are apprehensive, and do not hide their
+fears. It is an interesting time for spectators, and I am perhaps
+watching the sowing of seed which will produce great consequences.
+
+At the same time I wished to fulfil my promise of going to see Frau
+von Bülow at Tegel, which is three leagues from Berlin. At first I
+found the wind very unpleasant, but when we entered a forest which
+began half-way I was pleasantly sheltered, and the scent of the
+pine-trees was delightful. On leaving the pine-trees we reached a
+superb lake, the shores of which were wooded with trees in leaf--an
+unusual sight here.
+
+At one end of the lake is the fortress of Spandau, at the other the
+park, the castle of Tegel, and the monument raised by the late Herr
+Wilhelm von Humboldt to his wife. It is very pretty. The castle is by
+no means extraordinary, but contains some fine artistic works brought
+from Italy, and a good portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by Gérard.
+The monument is a column of porphyry upon a granite base, and the
+capital is in white marble. The column supports a white marble statue
+of Hope by Thorwaldsen, and is surrounded half by an iron railing and
+half by a great stone bench. All is in excellent taste, and the only
+point which displeased me was that Frau von Humboldt, her husband, her
+eldest son, and one of the children of Frau von Bülow are really
+buried at the foot of this column. I cannot bear graves in gardens;
+my belief requires a common cemetery or vault in a church or
+chapel--in short, a spot consecrated to prayer and reflection, and
+undisturbed by worldly tumult.
+
+I drove round the lake, and then took the road back to Berlin. At the
+gates of the town I met Lord William Russell, who told me that the
+King was at his last gasp, and that orders had been given to close the
+theatres. My son, whom I found at our hotel on the point of coming in,
+gave me the same news. He had just been watching the operation for
+curing squinting, and was full of admiration for Dieffenbach, his
+dexterity, and the result of the operation. Of the two patients, both
+young girls, one did not say a word, and the other cried a great deal.
+The mere demonstration would have made me want to scream. The whole
+operation lasts from seventy to eighty seconds. The operator is helped
+by three pupils; one raises the upper eyelid, the second depresses the
+lower lid, and the third wipes away the blood between the two
+incisions. The first incision divides the lower part of the white of
+the eye; then with a little hook Dieffenbach draws forward the muscle
+covered by that part, cuts it through, and the operation is over. This
+muscle, in the case of people who squint, is too short, and brings the
+eye too close to the nose. As soon as it is cut through the pupil goes
+to its proper place.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 7, 1840._--Yesterday evening the King had reached the
+end, the death-rattle set in, and there was that motion of the hands,
+mechanical but terribly symptomatic, which common people call "picking
+things up to pack." He was unable to speak, and seemed to have lost
+consciousness.
+
+I am extremely guarded here in discussing either politics or religion;
+I hear a great deal, and listen with interest to anything I am told
+about the state of this country, but I am not imprudent in my answers.
+Prudence here is easier than in France, where it is almost impossible
+not to be overcome by the contagion.
+
+I have just been told that the Emperor Nicholas has arrived; I do not
+think he will see the King, from whose room all are excluded, though
+he is still alive.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 8, 1840._--The King died yesterday at twenty-two minutes
+past three in the afternoon, surrounded by all his family, whose hands
+he clasped without speaking. He died in the arms of the Princess of
+Liegnitz, for whom the royal family and the public are showing the
+greatest respect. She has perfectly fulfilled her duty. The Prince
+Royal fell fainting at the moment when the King expired. Grief is
+general and widespread. The Emperor Nicholas is said to have lamented
+loudly; he arrived from Warsaw in thirty-seven hours, accompanied only
+by General Benkendorff.
+
+Yesterday evening the troops took the oath to the new Sovereign. The
+Government has issued a proclamation everywhere of the death, which is
+touching, simple, and perfectly correct.
+
+I have been to Frau von Schweinitz to hear news of Princess William,
+who takes the title of Princess of Prussia, as her husband is
+heir-presumptive, though he is not Crown Prince, since he is the
+brother, not the eldest son, of the new King. The will had been
+opened. The late King has ordered a military funeral; his body will be
+placed in the cathedral by day, and, in accordance with his wishes,
+taken to Charlottenburg by night, to be placed in the same vault with
+the late Queen, his wife. I have just visited this monument in the
+park of Charlottenburg, yesterday afternoon. It is enclosed in a
+temple in ancient style at the end of a long walk of pines and
+cypress-trees; within the temple, between two candelabras beautifully
+carved in white marble, is to be seen, upon a raised platform, a bed
+of white marble, upon which the Queen's statue is gracefully and
+simply recumbent, wrapped in a long robe with open sleeves. The bare
+arms are crossed over the breast, the neck is bare, and the head wears
+only the royal circlet. It is a masterpiece, especially for the
+drapery, which is remarkably true to nature, and the best work of
+Rauch, the Prussian sculptor, whom the late Queen had educated at
+Rome. The general effect is beautiful, but too mythological; the
+religious touch which death imperiously claims is wanting.
+
+The King will lie in state to-morrow and the day after in military
+dress. The body will not be embalmed, and will be interred on
+Thursday, in accordance with his orders. He also ordered the pastor to
+pray at his bedside immediately after his death and aloud in the
+middle of his family, exhorting them to peace and concord. This was
+done, and it is to be hoped that his prayer will be heard, though
+there is no immediate appearance that any one heeds it. The immediate
+withdrawal of the Prince of Wittgenstein and of Herr von Lottum was
+expected, but the new King begged them not to leave him, at any rate
+at first. The public is glad to see the father's old servants thus
+retained by the son, and the more so as their relations with the
+Prince Royal were not entirely agreeable and an earlier change was
+expected. It is to be hoped that there will be no change at all. Such
+is the summary of a conversation on my part with M. Bresson and Lord
+William Russell; after which I went to see the collection of pictures
+belonging to Count Raczynski, the best private collection in Berlin. A
+large cartoon by a pupil of Cornelius of Munich, representing one of
+the great battles of Attila, is the best thing there. Tradition
+relates that the battle was continued in the sky, and that those who
+perished go on fighting, like shadows in the clouds, at certain times
+of the year; the two battles are to be seen in the cartoon. The design
+is admirable and well executed. The rest of the collection did not
+greatly attract me.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes from Paris: "We have had a curious week here:
+the Ministry was defeated in the Chamber upon the law for the funeral
+of Napoleon, and attempted revenge by sowing discord between the
+Chamber and the country; after more mature reflection, and after the
+proposed subscription had been a partial failure, the matter was
+dropped, and the letter of Odillon Barrot concluded it.
+
+"The Duc d'Orléans, in Africa, has had a fresh attack of dysentery,
+which was very dangerous for twenty-four hours."
+
+Now an extract from a letter from the Duc de Noailles:
+"Notwithstanding the complete fiasco concerning the Imperial remains,
+Thiers retains his strength, and will become complete master. The
+proposal of Remilly,[103] which was in sight, will not come up for
+discussion this year. There will be no dissolution between the two
+sessions; after next session dissolution is certain; the new Chamber
+will be moderately, but certainly more Left. Thiers is determined
+neither to urge on nor to check progress in this direction; to guide
+the movement, but to follow it, as he thinks that strength and the
+majority are there to be found. He hopes to be able to restrain the
+Left, but in case of failure he has determined rather to obey it than
+to resign. So we are definitely embarked upon this path, and this is
+the great event of the winter; the consequences, but not the rapidity,
+of the movement can be calculated."
+
+  [103] After the vote upon the secret service funds in March 1840
+  one of the Deputies, M. Remilly, attempted to embarrass the
+  Ministry by a proposal for Parliamentary reform, providing that
+  Deputies should not be promoted to salaried posts or secure
+  promotion for their Parliamentary life in the following year.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 9, 1840._--Yesterday after dinner I called upon the
+Countess of Reede, the chief lady of the new Queen's Court. There I
+saw the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, brother of the
+late Queen and of the late Princess of Thurn and Taxis, a great friend
+of M. de Talleyrand. He spoke of my uncle in the warmest terms, which
+touched me deeply, saying that he had experienced much kindness from
+him under the Empire. I was there informed that, besides the King's
+will properly so called, which dates from 1827, and of which I know
+nothing, there is a codicil containing arrangements for the funeral,
+and in such detail that the position of the troops in the streets is
+pointed out. A letter to his successor has also been found, which is
+said to be full of the wisest counsel; while encouraging his son to
+avoid innovations of every kind without due consideration, the King
+also advises him to avoid any retrogressive step out of harmony with
+the spirit of the age. It is said that this letter will be published.
+
+When I returned home Herr von Humboldt came to see me, and kept me up
+while he told me many stories which were doubtless curious, and would
+have interested me were it not for his overpoweringly monotonous
+manner. In any case, he is very well informed of all that goes on
+here, and clever at ferreting out new information.
+
+The Russian and the other Courts are starting on Wednesday, the day
+after the King's funeral. I think that the King and Queen will be glad
+to breathe a little freely.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 10, 1840._--Yesterday the director of the Museum came to
+fetch me, and took me, with my son, to the studio of Rauch, a very
+clever sculptor and a very pleasant man. He showed us several statues
+intended for the Walhalla of Bavaria; the model of the statue of
+Frederick II., the first stone of which I had seen laid; and a Danae
+for St. Petersburg; then a little statue, half natural size, of a
+young girl fully dressed and holding a little lamb in her arms, which
+was very pretty, and I liked it greatly. Before we went home I was
+taken to see the Egyptian Museum, which is in a building apart.
+Although the collection is said to be admirable, I could feel no
+pleasure in looking at the hideous colossi and the numerous mummies.
+
+When I returned home I had a call from Prince Radziwill, who came from
+the Castle, where, with the chief officers of the garrison, he had
+been passing in parade before the lying-in-state of the late King. The
+King was laid out with his face uncovered, wrapped in his military
+cloak, with his little cap on his head, as he had ordered in his
+codicil.
+
+The King has bequeathed a hundred thousand Prussian crowns, or three
+hundred and fifty-five thousand francs, to the town of Berlin, and
+other sums to Königsberg, Breslau, and Potsdam, as being the four
+towns of his kingdom in which he has resided. He has bequeathed the
+little palace in which he lived as Crown Prince, which he would not
+leave as King, and in which he died, to his grandson, the son of
+Prince William, who will probably be King one day. The Princess of
+Leignitz retains the palace by the side of it, in which she was
+living, the domain of Erdmansdorff, in Silesia, and an income of forty
+thousand crowns, to be paid by the State. It seems that the King had
+left from fourteen to twenty million crowns in his private chest. He
+has ordered that each soldier present at his funeral shall receive a
+crown, and each non-commissioned officer two crowns. He has also
+ordered that his body shall be followed, not only by all the clergy of
+Berlin, but by all those of the neighbourhood; they are coming in from
+Stettin, Magdeburg, and every part of the kingdom.
+
+M. Bresson was much depressed by the King's death, but has recovered
+his spirits on seeing that the Prince of Wittgenstein is to be
+retained at Court, at any rate for the moment. The new King is
+treating his father's old servant most admirably.
+
+A strange incident which has caused much displeasure was the sight of
+the Russian officers in the suite of the Emperor Nicholas on duty
+before the body of the late King together with the Prussian officers.
+The Emperor issued the request, and the authorities did not venture to
+refuse, but some ill-feeling has been shown, and the very scanty
+liking for Russia has been further diminished.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 11, 1840._--I spent the whole of yesterday paying
+farewell calls, and when I was calling upon Frau von Schweinitz, the
+Princess of Prussia sent for me. With her I found the Prince of
+Prussia, and both were very kind to me.
+
+The King informed me through the Countess of Reede that he hoped to
+see me later, on my return, at Sans Souci. He has ordered the Chief
+Marshal to find me a good place for this morning's ceremony. The
+Emperor of Russia is starting this evening for Weimar and Frankfort,
+where he wishes to see his future daughter-in-law.
+
+This morning I went to the ceremony, and just as I was starting out
+the King sent word telling me to go through the Castle, and the
+Princess of Prussia sent me her liveried servants to secure me a
+place. I thus reached the church by way of the royal apartments. I was
+in a stand opposite the Princess of Leignitz, who was well enough to
+be present at the ceremony; she was heavily veiled, like all the
+ladies, and I could not distinguish her features. The church was not
+draped, which gave it too bright an appearance, and the sombre nature
+of the ceremony suffered in consequence. The organ, the singing, and
+the sermon by the pastor, the great emotion of the old servants and
+children of the deceased, the terrible salvos of cannon, and the
+beautiful tolling of all the bells were imposing. Before withdrawing
+the new King offered a prayer of considerable length in a low voice on
+his knees by the coffin. The whole family followed his example, after
+which the King embraced all his brothers, his wife, his sisters,
+nephews, and uncles--in short, the whole of his family. The Emperor of
+Russia, who has a fine but terrible face, did the same. There was thus
+a great deal of embracing for a church. My own opinion is that in the
+house of God one should be occupied only with worship; but between a
+Protestant temple and the Church the difference is considerable.
+
+The King of Hanover, who arrived an hour before the ceremony, was
+present. He is old, and though he looks somewhat uncivilised he
+appeared to me like an old lamb by the side of a young tiger when I
+compared him with the Emperor of Russia.
+
+I propose to start to-morrow for Silesia.
+
+
+_Crossen, June 12, 1840._--I left Berlin this morning at half-past
+seven in mild and cloudy weather. Thanks to the excellent roads, the
+good horses, and the capital post service, we accomplished thirty-six
+leagues in thirteen hours and a half, which is satisfactory travelling
+in any country. As far as Frankfort-on-the-Oder, which we crossed in
+the middle of the day, the country is chiefly remarkable for its
+dismal and barren character. When the valley of the Oder is reached
+the country becomes less flat and more smiling. Frankfort is a large
+town of thirty-two thousand souls, for whom excitement is provided by
+three large fairs during the year; but apart from those times it is
+very empty. There is nothing attractive about the town. Crossen, where
+I am at this moment, which is also on the Oder, is not so large a
+town, but more pleasantly situated. I am now only a few hours from my
+own property, and shall arrive there in good time to-morrow.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 13, 1840._--I am now upon my own estates. It is a
+strange impression to find a home of one's own at so vast a distance
+from the spot where one's life is usually passed, and also to find
+this home as clean and well ordered, though all is quite simple, as if
+one always lived there.
+
+This morning when I started from Crossen it was raining, and the rain
+continued as far as Grünberg, a large fortress, where I found Herr and
+Frau von Wurmb, who had come to meet me. Frau von Wurmb is the
+daughter of a state councillor in the Prussian service, Herr von
+Göcking, to whom the late King had entrusted me during my period of
+wardship. She married a Westphalian gentleman, Herr von Wurmb, who had
+formerly served in the Prussian armies, until his delicate health
+obliged him to resign. For many years he has lived in Wartenberg, a
+little town which belongs to me. There, at first under the direction
+of Hennenberg, and since his death alone, he has supervised my
+estates, forests, &c. Frau von Wurmb, as my guardian's daughter, was a
+constant companion of my youth. She was very well brought up. People
+of good society in Germany do not object to conducting the business of
+those whom they regard as great lords; for instance, the cousin of
+Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minister at London, manages my sisters'
+money.
+
+Herr and Frau von Wurmb preceded me here. The last few leagues
+traverse sand and pine forests, but at the entrance to a small hamlet,
+which does not deserve the name of village, is a pleasant avenue which
+leads to a planted court, in the middle of which is a large house;
+fine trees hide the outbuildings, which are not an agreeable sight. At
+the back of the house is a pleasant view: a garden very well planted
+and kept up, full of flowers, many of them rare; the garden is
+cleverly joined to a field, at the end of which is a very pretty wood.
+A streams runs through the garden and keeps it fresh. The house is of
+double depth: it is a long rectangle, with thirteen windows in front;
+it is spoilt by its enormous roof, a necessary protection against the
+long-lasting snow in winter, and also by the yellow orange colour with
+which the bricks have been painted. The interior is not bad. In the
+middle is a vaulted hall, with a staircase in the background; to the
+right of the hall, is a large room with three windows, and further on
+a little library with two windows opening upon a very pretty
+greenhouse, which is connected with the orangery; there I have fifty
+orange-trees of moderate size. On the left of the hall is my bedroom,
+a large dressing-room, wardrobes, bathroom, and the maid's room. These
+rooms are doubled in the following way: behind the library is a room
+containing the rooms opening from the dining-room; behind the
+drawing-room is the dining-room; while behind my own room and the
+adjoining ones are the servants' rooms, a bedroom, and a large
+dressing-room. On the first floor are four gentlemen's rooms, with
+cupboards, of which only two are furnished, and a large billiard-room.
+In the attics are six servants' rooms, a store-room, and a
+lumber-room. The living rooms and my own look southwards, and so do
+not get the view of the garden; but I prefer to have the sun, even if
+I must look upon the courtyard, especially in a house which has no
+cellar; there is, however, no trace of dampness. The ground floor is
+very prettily furnished, and the floors are inlaid with all kinds of
+wood, and are surprisingly pretty considering that they were done
+here. On the first floor there is only the room now occupied by M. de
+Valençay, which is furnished, and that somewhat scantily. In fact, the
+house contains only what is absolutely necessary, and I am glad that I
+brought some plate; Herr von Wurmb is lending me many things. However,
+we shall do, and I feel better here than I have done for a long time,
+because here I have at least silence and rest about me. This is the
+heart of the country; I do not regret it, and feel a certain pleasure
+in the noise of the cows and the bustle of haymaking, which shows me
+once again that I am really of a very countrified nature.
+
+There is a fairly good little portrait of my mother in the
+drawing-room, and a very bad one of myself, while in a smaller room
+are lithographs of the Prussian royal family. The library is somewhat
+restricted, but contains five hundred excellent books in English,
+French, and German. I have already been round the garden, which is
+quite pretty. The gardener comes from the King's gardens in
+Charlottenburg, and has been to Munich and Vienna to perfect himself.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 14, 1840._--This morning at eight o'clock, in
+spite of the cold and bitter wind, which seem to be characteristic of
+Prussia, I started in the carriage to drive four leagues for mass and
+high mass too. Wartenberg is two-thirds Catholic, while Günthersdorf
+is entirely Protestant. The Catholic church is at the entrance to
+Wartenberg, a town over which I have some seigneurial rights; each
+house pays me a small tax. The road runs through my woods for two
+leagues until we reach the high-road. The church was full, the priest
+at the entrance with the holy water and a beautiful address, while my
+seat was strewn with country flowers. There was nothing wanting: a
+procession, the blessing of the Sacrament, the sermon, prayers for the
+royal family and for myself, and a beautiful organ accompaniment,
+while the children of the Catholic school sang very well. I think the
+whole ceremony lasted nearly three hours. Frau von Wurmb, who lives in
+one of my houses a short distance from the town, with a pretty garden
+round it, was expecting me to lunch. There was no one present except
+her own family, which is numerous.
+
+After lunch Herr von Wurmb asked me to see all the servants of my
+estates, who had come together from various points to pay their
+respects. Then began a long march past. They form a regular staff, all
+nominated by myself and paid from my purse. Such is the custom here
+upon large estates: an architect, a doctor, two bailiffs, two
+collectors, an agent, a treasurer, and a head keeper, four Catholic
+priests and three Protestant pastors, and the mayor of the town; all
+true gentlemen and very well educated, speaking and introducing
+themselves perfectly. I did my best to please every one, and made a
+complete conquest of the priest of Wartenberg, to whom I promised some
+embroidery of my own making for his church. When I went away Herr von
+Wurmb went with me for part of the road to a very pretty enclosure: an
+acre or two of forest surrounded with palings, divided by walks, with
+a little piece of water, a good gamekeeper's house, where the
+pheasants are brought up most carefully. We saw the sitting hens and
+the little pheasants in coops, and also the full-grown birds, which
+were near the water or flying in the trees. Nearly six hundred are
+sold each year. Roe deer and hares also abound.
+
+It was five o'clock when I got back. After dinner I went to sleep with
+weariness, for the day had been long, and the cold increased the
+drowsiness produced by the open air.
+
+I am here without newspapers or letters, which I do not miss, and wait
+patiently until the post is pleased to make its way to this remote
+corner of the world. I have already told myself that this country
+would form a very pleasant retreat from the shocks by which Western
+Europe is always more or less threatened, and in times of revolution
+one would not mind the severity of the climate.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 15, 1840._--Loving a country life as I do, I have
+every possibility of satisfying my desire here, for as I wish to see
+everything in a short time I have not a moment to lose; so to-day I
+started at nine o'clock in the morning and returned to Wartenberg, to
+the old Jesuit convent called the Castle. It is a considerable
+building, with cloisters; the cells of the monks have been transformed
+into pretty rooms, which are now inhabited by the treasurer, the
+bailiff, one of the chief stewards, the doctor, the Protestant pastor
+and the Protestant school, while there is a very pretty Catholic
+chapel, with fresco paintings and an image of miraculous power which
+attracts a large number of pilgrims on the 2nd of July every year.
+There is a collection of fine ornaments and sacred vessels of some
+value. A little glazed cupboard contains the coins and medals offered
+_ex voto_; from my chain I took off the little silver medal with the
+effigy of M. de Quélen, and placed it with the other offerings.
+
+This visit was lengthy, and I concluded it by unearthing from a dusty
+spot the portraits of the old landowners who had left this property to
+the Jesuits by will. After giving orders for the restoration of the
+portraits I went to see the brewery, the distillery, and the
+stockyards, where cattle are bred for sale at Berlin. All this is on a
+very large scale. I have even a winepress, for my vintage is a good
+one, and also a large plantation of mulberry trees; the silkworms are
+bred, the silk wound off and sent to Berlin, where it is woven.
+
+After all this inspection we went to see two farms at Wartenberg; then
+a very agreeable road between beautiful plantations, all made since my
+reign began, which extend for two leagues, brought us to the summit of
+a wooded hill, from the top of which there is a splendid view over the
+Oder--an unusual thing in this part of Silesia. On the road my son
+Louis was able to get a shot at some roebuck. I returned here at six
+o'clock in the evening. Fortunately the weather was respectable.
+
+I have just opened an old writing-desk, in which I have found papers
+of my youth--letters from the Abbé Piatoli and many affecting things
+of the kind, such as the wedding present given me by the Prince
+Primate; this is a bird in a golden cage which sings and flaps its
+wings. Then there are engravings and pieces of embroidery. They have
+recalled so many shadows of the past. There is something remarkably
+solemn in this past thus suddenly revived with such intense
+verisimilitude.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 17, 1840._--I set out at ten o'clock in the
+morning, and returned at eight in the evening. First I visited two
+farms which belong to the seigniory of Wartenberg, in the second of
+which I had lunch. I also visited the church, for in this country both
+the churches and their incumbents are dependent upon the overlord.
+
+After lunch we crossed the Oder by a ferry, and went as far as
+Carolath, which is well worth seeing. It is a very large castle upon
+a considerable elevation, and was built at different times. The
+earliest part goes back to the days of the Emperor Charles IV. Neither
+within nor without are there any traces of style or careful work, but
+there is something grandiose about the general appearance. There is
+nothing in the way of gardens except planted terraces going down to
+the Oder. The view is admirable, the more so as the opposite banks are
+very well wooded with magnificent old oak-trees upon an expanse of
+turf covered with cattle and horses reared in the Prince's stables.
+The town of Beuthen and the fortress of Glogau make a good effect in
+this countryside. The village is pretty, several factories provide
+animation, and a pretty inn adds a touch of gracefulness. The castle
+lords, husband and wife, with their youngest daughter, were away on
+business. The eldest daughter, a pretty young person, was at the
+castle with a young cousin and an old steward of the Prince; they
+received me most kindly. A three-horsed carriage was harnessed, and
+after crossing the Oder by a ford we drove through the great oak-trees
+which I mentioned above, in the midst of which the Princess has built
+a delightful cottage, where we were given tea. Unfortunately I was
+devoured by gnats, and returned with a swollen face, while a slight
+sunstroke in addition completed my overthrow. In this strange climate
+cold is so rapidly followed by heat that one is always caught by
+surprise. However, I am very glad to have seen Carolath. It is a
+curious spot; Chaumont, on the banks of the Loire, gives a fairly good
+idea of it.
+
+This morning we started again at nine o'clock, my son and myself, to
+visit some of my estates upon the other side of the Oder. The district
+is called Schwarmitz, and is more exposed to inundations than any
+other. A nephew of the late Herr Hennenberg farms it; he lives at
+Kleinitz, another of my estates, but he had come to meet me at the
+dykes, which toilsome constructions I visited. His wife, the
+Protestant and Catholic clergyman, the head gamekeeper, and a crowd of
+people were waiting for us at the farm, together with an excellent
+lunch. After the meal we went through the farm in detail, two
+farmhouses and a fine strip of oak forest, and then returned by way
+of Saabor. This is an estate belonging to the younger brother of
+Prince Carolath. If the castle and park were properly kept up they
+would be preferable to the castle and park of Carolath, though the
+situation is not so good. It is, however, very fine, and the forecourt
+most beautiful. The landowner has been ruined, and was very anxious
+for me to buy Saabor, which is surrounded by my estates, but
+topographical circumstances are no sufficient reason for concluding
+such a bargain.
+
+Letters from Paris, which have hitherto gone astray, tell me the
+following news: Private correspondence from Africa gives the most
+harassing details about that vexatious country. Marshal Valée is again
+asking for troops and money.
+
+The Prefect of Tours, M. d'Entraigues, has run away from the uproar
+which threatened him in his prefecture. The Sub-Prefect of Loches is
+the only victim who has been sacrificed to the demands of the Deputy,
+M. Taschereau. The nephew of Madame Mollien is transferred from the
+prefecture of the Ariège to that of Cantal, and thus becomes the
+Prefect of the Castellanes. M. Royer-Collard tells me that he has
+saved M. de Lezay, the Prefect of Blois, and M. Bourbon.[104] With
+this object he asked an interview of M. Thiers, with which he seems to
+have been well satisfied.
+
+  [104] M. Bourbon de Sarty was the prefect of Marne.
+
+M. de La Redorte is now Ambassador at Madrid; his wife is too ill to
+accompany him. This is an unexpected step forward in his career, and a
+push which will cause vexation to all who will have their own
+promotion delayed in consequence. I suppose the King must have made
+this concession to his Prime Minister, whose close friend M. de La
+Redorte is, by way of recompense for his non-intervention in Spain.
+
+The Duc d'Orléans on his return from Africa is said to have found the
+Duchesse d'Orléans in excellent health; the measles from which she has
+suffered, by removing the centre of irritation, has restored her
+digestion, so that she is able to take food and grow stronger. I am
+delighted to hear it.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 18, 1840._--It has been raining all day, and I was
+therefore obliged to abandon the project of visiting a small piece of
+land belonging to me, half a league away, which is called Drentkau. I
+gave a dinner to twelve people, clergy and local authorities. I shall
+have to give two more to do the correct thing. My household is only
+arranged for twelve people, and I cannot have more guests at one time.
+
+My son Louis jabbers German with such effrontery that he is making
+rapid progress. I have had a call from Prince Frederick of Carolath,
+the owner of Saabor. His position in this province is analogous to
+that of a lord-lieutenant in an English county.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 19, 1840._--I visited two schools within my
+jurisdiction; they are Catholic schools, and in an excellent state of
+efficiency. The education given to the children surprised me, and I
+was most delighted and edified. I gave some prizes by way of
+encouragement, and have undertaken to provide for the career of a boy
+of twelve whose energy and intelligence are really marvellous, though
+he is too poor to enter the seminary, for which he feels a special
+vocation.
+
+
+_Sagan, June 21, 1840._--The day before yesterday at Günthersdorf I
+received a letter which decided me to come here. Herr von Wolff wrote
+to me from Berlin saying that transactions were in progress here of a
+very irregular nature and against the interests of my children; that
+he was coming to put the matter right, and advised me to come on my
+side. I therefore started from Günthersdorf yesterday morning with M.
+de Valençay. The journey took us six hours. I put up at the inn; as
+things are I do not think it advisable to go to the castle, but how
+strangely I was impressed with the necessity! Here, where my father
+and sister lived and where I spent so much time in my youth, I have to
+go to an inn!
+
+After an hour's conversation with Herr von Wolff we went to the
+castle. I recognised everything except things that had been taken away
+with some undue haste, and which perhaps will have to be brought back.
+My eldest sister's old man of business wept bitterly. He is on very
+bad terms with Herr von Gersdorff, who looks after the affairs of my
+sister, the Princess of Hohenzollern. I saw him, but did not talk
+business, in the first place because the matter affects my son and not
+myself, and also because I wished to avoid any open breach.
+
+Sagan is really beautiful so far as the castle and park are concerned,
+though the neighbourhood is inferior to that in which my own estates
+lie; but the house is magnificent. I found some old figures of my
+father's time, which revived sad memories. It was a pleasure to see
+the portraits of my family.
+
+There is here a certain Countess Dohna, who was brought up first with
+my mother and then with my eldest sister, and who married a man of
+very good position in the country. In her youth she was quite like a
+child of the house. She came yesterday to tea with me, and I was
+delighted to see her and talk with her of my poor sister, the Duchesse
+de Sagan, and of her last visit a short time before her death.
+
+This morning I went to mass in the charming church of the Augustine
+monks, where my father has rested for thirty-nine years. I was greatly
+affected by the whole service, and by the music, which was excellent.
+
+After that I went to see the Countess Dohna, who came with me to the
+castle. I wished to look at the outbuildings, which I had not seen
+yesterday. In the stables I found an old gilt carriage lined with red
+velvet, and almost exactly resembling the carriage of the Spanish
+Princes at Valençay. In that carriage my father left Courlande and
+came here. The business man of my sister, the Princess of
+Hohenzollern, sells everything which does not belong to the fief, and
+put up this carriage for sale. I bought it at once for a bid of
+thirty-five crowns.
+
+I dined at two o'clock, according to the custom of the town, and
+afterwards we went to the end of the park to visit a little ancient
+church where my sister de Sagan told me that she wished to place my
+father's body and to be buried herself. The little church must be
+restored, which will be quite easy. It might be made a very suitable
+and retired burial-place.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 22, 1840._--I have now returned to my own
+fireside, of which I am quite fond. Before leaving Sagan this morning
+I received calls from many of the local people, and went through a
+long business conference. The whole Sagan question is so complicated
+that it will last a long time. Wolff, Wurmb, and my eldest sister's
+old business man advised me to simplify the matter by asking my
+sister, who still owes me some money for Nachod,[105] to surrender the
+allodial forests of Sagan, which will thus come back to my sons some
+day. I do not object, for these forests are superb, but this is a
+further question. There are some preliminary points which should be
+settled first and will take time. The business men urge me strongly to
+spend the whole year in Germany. I cannot spend the winter in so cold
+a climate, but I should like to come back next spring for the fine
+weather. I believe my son is right in saying that he is very fortunate
+in making his first appearance in this country with myself.
+
+  [105] Nachod, an estate in Bohemia with a vast castle built by
+  the Piccolomini, had been bought by the Duc de Courlande. His
+  eldest daughter, Wilhelmine de Sagan, had inherited it, and died
+  there in 1839. Nachod was then sold to the Princes of
+  Schaumburg-Lippe, who still retain it.
+
+On my way back I stayed for two hours at Neusalz, which is a curious
+town to visit. Half of it is occupied by a colony of Moravian
+brothers, whose customs nearly resemble those of the Quakers. They are
+somewhat unusual, especially the custom which they call the Feast of
+Love. In their church they sing and pray and take coffee and cakes in
+the most perfect silence and with the most perfect gluttony. They are
+very industrious, very avaricious, somewhat hypocritical, and
+amazingly clean. They address one another in the second person
+singular. They have missionaries, and their branches spread throughout
+the world. Besides the Moravian church, Neusalz has a Catholic and a
+Protestant church. The latter is quite new, and very pretty. I visited
+it to see a present given by the reigning King of Prussia; this is a
+very handsome Christ after Annibale Carrache. I also examined in full
+detail the splendid ironworks, where many castings are made.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 23, 1840._--It is beautiful weather. This evening
+my garden is green, fresh, and sweet-smelling. There are times and
+seasons of climate, nature, and mind which are especially prone to
+raise regrets in the heart, and notwithstanding the actual comfort
+with which I am surrounded I feel somewhat depressed to-day. I have
+been going through papers the whole morning with my business man, and
+afterwards went with him to inspect the Protestant school in this
+village.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 25, 1840._--I spent yesterday from ten in the
+morning till nine in the evening in visiting the most distant part of
+my estates, which include a town, three farms, and a little forest. In
+one of the farms the remains of an old Gothic castle have been
+transformed into a barn. I lunched with a retired lieutenant who is
+married and works my farms, upon one of which is a good
+dwelling-house; the farms have always been held together, first by the
+grandfather and then by the father of the present holder. His wife is
+expecting a child, and they hope that the lease will be renewed to the
+fourth generation. I went to look at the church and the town, which is
+three parts Catholic. I was very warmly received. The position of a
+great overlord is very different here from in France, and my son's
+head is quite turned by it.
+
+
+_Günthersdorf, June 26, 1840._--To-morrow I must return to Berlin,
+while my son will go on to Marienbad. I have recovered my strength in
+the open-air life that I have led among the woods. Yesterday I went to
+see the worst of my farms, which is called Heydan, and is wrested by
+main force from the sand.
+
+I had my neighbour to dinner, Prince Carolath of Saabor, a stout man
+between fifty and sixty years of age, very pleasant and polite.
+
+
+_Frankfort-on-the-Oder, June 28, 1840._--I spent the whole of
+yesterday out of doors in rain and hail. I could have wished for
+better weather for the sake of the good people who had prepared
+receptions for me, and also for my own sake, as I could form but a
+very inadequate judgment of the two recently made farms; one is called
+Peterhof, after my father, and the other Dorotheenaue, after myself.
+These farms have been established upon lands by the help of which the
+peasants of Kleinitz have been enabled to buy their freedom from
+forced labour. Beautiful forests surround these lands. The agent in
+residence belongs to a family of Courlande, which followed my father
+to Silesia. A striking portrait of my father, who had made a present
+of it to his follower, adorns his room. He values it highly, and so I
+could not ask him to sell it to me, as I was tempted to do.
+
+When I arrived here I found a very kind letter from the Duc d'Orléans,
+referring most properly to the death of the King of Prussia and to his
+successor. This is what he says about France: "The apparent agitation
+has subsided, but there are still clouds upon the horizon; though the
+storm has been cleverly averted, it has not entirely dispersed.
+However, the interval between the sessions will pass off well. Only
+the King and M. Thiers are in the foreground, and neither is willing
+to embarrass the other. Both wish to smooth their path, and no
+question will arise to divide them. For my part, I wish every success
+to our great little Minister, who can confer vast benefits upon this
+country."
+
+I was sorry to say good-bye to my son; he is a good child, natural,
+tractable, and quiet. I am glad that he was pleased with Silesia, and
+that he has shown so good a spirit in every respect. Moreover, in him
+I had a relative at hand, and I begin to feel the great difference
+between solitude and isolation. For a long time I confused these two
+conditions, which are so similar and yet so different; the one I can
+bear very well, the other makes me afraid.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 29, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday at three o'clock in
+the afternoon. I found many letters, but none of any interest.
+However, Madame Mollien says that the Duchesse d'Orléans is with
+child, and adds that the digestive disturbance has returned from which
+the measles seemed to have relieved her. Madame Adélaïde, who also
+writes, seems to be well pleased with the way in which the review of
+the National Guard passed off, and especially with the reception of
+the Duc d'Orléans upon his return from Africa. Some of the officers
+attached to him are dead, and many of them have been left behind
+wounded or ill; he himself has grown very thin.
+
+Here at Berlin, according to what I hear from different people whom I
+saw yesterday evening, the moderation, the goodness, and the wisdom of
+the new King give great satisfaction. He works hard, is accessible to
+everybody, and shows every respect for the friends and the wishes of
+his father. Herr von Humboldt has brought me all kinds of gracious
+messages from Sans Souci; the Prince and Princess of Prussia have sent
+others; Madame de Perponcher told me that there would be a grand Court
+of Condolence on Friday next, and explained what costume would be
+worn.
+
+The only change under the new Government is that the King works with
+each of his Ministers separately, whereas the late King would only
+talk with the Prince of Wittgenstein and work only with Count Lottum.
+Herr von Altenstein, who was Minister of Worship and Education, died
+three weeks before the late King, and no fresh appointment has yet
+been made. There is much anxiety to know who will fill this important
+post. The choice will give some indication of the direction in which
+affairs will be guided. The nomination for that very reason is a
+matter of great perplexity to the King.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 1, 1840._--My great objection to towns is the calls that
+have to be made and received. In spite of the fact that I am only a
+bird of passage here I have to suffer this inconvenience. I have made
+a large number of calls and received a great many yesterday morning
+and evening. The Prince of Prussia, who started this morning for Ems,
+was with me for a long time, and told me that the Empress of Russia
+was well pleased with her future daughter-in-law, and the young
+Princess will travel to Russia with the Empress herself.
+
+Lord William Russell also came to see me. He told me that Lady
+Granville had _ordered_ Mr. Heneage, who is attached to her husband's
+Embassy at Paris, to accompany Madame de Lieven to England.
+
+I went with Wolff to see the studio of Begas, a German painter trained
+at Paris under the eyes of Gros. He is very talented.
+
+There has been an earthquake in the department of Indre-et-Loire,
+which was felt at Tours; at Candes, four leagues from Rochecotte,
+several houses have been overthrown. At Rochecotte nothing has
+happened, thank heaven, but this subterranean convulsion frightens me;
+another event of the kind might easily ruin all my work of
+restoration, and my artesian well might run dry.
+
+
+_Potsdam, July 2, 1840._--I left Berlin yesterday at eleven o'clock in
+the morning by the railway. I was in the same carriage with Prince
+Adalbert of Prussia, the King's cousin, Lord William Russell, and
+Prince George of Hesse. When I got out of the train, which reaches
+Potsdam in less than an hour, I found the carriage and the servants of
+the Princess of Prussia, with an invitation to visit her at once at
+Babelsberg, a pretty Gothic castle which she has built upon a wooded
+height overlooking the valley of the Havel. It is a small residence,
+but very well arranged, with a beautiful view. We sat there talking
+for an hour. Her carriage remained at my disposal in Potsdam after it
+had brought me back. When I had dressed I went to Sans Souci, where
+the King dines at three o'clock. Both he and the Queen were most kind
+and friendly. After dinner he took me to see the room where Frederick
+II. died, and that King's library. He insisted that I should follow
+him to the terrace, which is a fine piece of work. Then I was handed
+over to the Countess of Reede, the Queen's chief lady, and to
+Humboldt, who drove me to the Marble Palace, where are many beautiful
+objects of art, and also to the New Palace, where the great summer
+festivities are held. The Princess of Prussia came to meet us, and
+took me to Charlottenhof, which was made by the reigning King from the
+models, plans, and design of a villa belonging to Pliny. It is a
+charming sight, full of beautiful things brought from Italy, which
+harmonise admirably, an inconceivable confusion of flowers and fresco
+paintings as at Pompeii, with fountains and ancient baths, all in the
+best taste. The King and Queen were there, and we had tea. The King
+then took me with him in a pony chaise and drove me through splendid
+avenues of old oak-trees to Sans Souci, where he insisted that I
+should stay to supper. Supper was served in a little room without
+ceremony, and there was more conversation than eating. This went on
+very pleasantly and easily until eleven o'clock. The King promised me
+his portrait, and has been most kind in every way. He made me promise
+to come and see him again at Berlin, and was, as they say here, very
+_herzlich_.
+
+This morning Humboldt came of his own accord to suggest that before
+going to lunch with the Princess of Prussia I should see the Island of
+the Peacocks, with its beautiful conservatories and curious menagerie.
+The King's boatmen and the overseers of the botanical gardens waited
+on me, and I brought back some splendid flowers. We reached the
+Princess of Prussia a little late. After lunch she took me in the pony
+chaise to see Glinicke, the pretty villa of Prince Charles, who is at
+this moment at the baths of Kreuznach with his wife. Thence I returned
+to Potsdam and to Berlin by the railway.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 3, 1840._--Madame de Perponcher came for me to-day at
+four o'clock. She took me through the rooms of her mother, the
+Countess of Reede, so that we avoided the crowd and were the first to
+reach the Court of Condolence which was held by the Queen at Berlin.
+She was seated on her throne in a room hung with black; the shutters
+were closed, and the room was lighted only by four large candles,
+according to old etiquette. The Queen wore a double veil, one
+streaming behind and the other lowered before her face; all the ladies
+were dressed in the same way, and it was impossible to distinguish
+faces. Each made a silent bow before the throne, and that was all. It
+was strangely sad and lugubrious, but a very noble and imposing
+ceremony. The men who passed before the throne were in uniform, with
+their faces uncovered, but any gold or silver on their uniforms was
+covered with black crape.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 5, 1840._--My stay at Berlin has now come to an end. I
+went to high mass this morning, a less meritorious act here than
+elsewhere, on account of the admirable music.
+
+
+_Herzberg, July 6, 1840._--I started this morning from Berlin by
+railway as far as Potsdam, where I stayed for lunch. When I got out of
+the train I found a footman with a very affectionate farewell letter
+from the Princess of Prussia. I have been spoilt to the last moment. I
+feel most deeply grateful, for every one has shown me a kindness and a
+cordiality which I had only experienced in England before now.
+
+I have finished the _Stories of the Merovingian Age_, by M. Augustin
+Thierry. The book is not without interest or originality; as a picture
+of strange and unknown customs, it is valuable. I have begun the
+Dialogues of Fénelon on Jansenism, a book which is little known and
+almost forgotten, though admirably written, and sometimes as striking
+as the _Provincial Letters_.
+
+
+_Königsbruck, July 8, 1840._--I came here yesterday at six o'clock in
+the evening to see my niece, the Countess of Hohenthal. The lady of
+the place is taller, fairer, more intelligent, quite as pleasant, and
+in my opinion prettier and kinder than her sister, Frau von Lazareff.
+Her other sister, Fanny, is an excellent and cheerful character, and
+if her health were better she would be pretty. The Count of Hohenthal
+is a thorough gentleman who admires and adores his wife. Miss
+Harrison, once the governess of these ladies, is a prudent and loyal
+person who has acted as their mother, and is respected as such in the
+household. Königsbruck is a great house, rather vast than beautiful,
+at the entrance to a small town. Its position would be picturesque and
+the view agreeable if it were not almost choked by the outbuildings,
+which, in the German style, are placed far too near the castle. The
+country is a transition-point between the barrenness and flatness of
+Prussia and the rich productivity of Saxony.
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from M. Royer-Collard,
+written from Paris when he was about to start for the Blésois: "Thiers
+came even to-day to sit down here in silence with M. Cousin, who
+represented the companion brother of the Jesuit. Thiers speaks very
+disdainfully of the Ministries which preceded his own, and modestly of
+his successes as Minister of the Interior; in any case, he is very
+kind to me."
+
+
+_Königsbruck, July 9, 1840._--To-day I went over the castle in detail.
+It might afford opportunity for beautification in several directions;
+but such is not the local taste, as the lords work their estates
+themselves and prefer the useful to the agreeable.
+
+My niece had told me that the King and Queen of Saxony had expressed a
+wish to see me; I therefore wrote yesterday to Pillnitz, where the
+Court now is, to ask their Majesties for an interview. When the answer
+arrives I shall arrange for my departure.
+
+My nieces generally spend their winters at Dresden, and told me that
+the French Minister, M. de Bussières, was in very bad odour there. He
+is regarded as an unpleasant character and in bad style. He has
+introduced some disagreeable customs, and deeply wounded the Queen by
+various tactless remarks concerning her. There is a general wish for
+his removal to some other diplomatic post.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 11, 1840._--I left Königsbruck this morning, and was
+glad to see once more the pretty suburbs of Dresden. I am now about to
+dress and to start for Pillnitz.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 12, 1840._--The castle of Pillnitz is neither very
+beautiful nor curious. The gardens are only moderately good, but the
+situation on the banks of the Elbe is charming; the country is
+delightful and fertile. The whole royal family of Saxony were
+assembled there yesterday. The Queen, whom I had known long ago at
+Baden, before her marriage, is the tallest woman I know; she is very
+kind, well educated, and simply anxious to please. The King had dined
+several times with M. de Talleyrand at Paris; he is a frank and
+natural person, especially when his shyness, which is obvious at
+first, has time to wear off. Princess John, the Queen's sister, and
+the twin sister of the Queen of Prussia, is strikingly like the
+latter, but she has been so worn out by constant child-bearing that
+she hardly has the strength to move or to utter more than a few words.
+I had also known her at Baden, when she was very pretty and agreeable.
+Her husband, Prince John, is one of the most learned royal personages
+of his time, always busy with deep matters; his dress and appearance
+are very careless, and there is something of the German professor
+about him. Princess Augusta, the Queen's cousin, had nearly all the
+sovereigns of Europe as her suitors thirty years ago: Napoleon
+mentioned her name in the council where his marriage was decided; none
+the less she remained single, and, moreover, has become a very
+pleasant old maid. She was never pretty, but was fresh and bright,
+with individual points of beauty. Her expression remains kind and
+attractive. Finally, I made a conquest of Princess Amelia, the King's
+sister, who writes comedies. She is a witty and imaginative person,
+and her conversation is lively and sparkling; she showed remarkable
+kindness to me.
+
+After dinner I was taken into a very fine room to change my dress, and
+was strongly tempted to theft by the many fine examples of old Dresden
+china. The Queen sent for me, and I was taken to her room, where she
+asked me questions, as the Princesses had done. Everybody came in soon
+in out-of-door dress, and we started in carriages for a long drive.
+The vine is largely grown about Dresden. Above the royal vineyards the
+King has built a little summer-house, which reminds me of that of the
+Grand Duchess Stephanie at Baden. This was the object of our drive,
+and the view from it is superb: on the right was Dresden, opposite the
+Elbe, with its smiling banks, and on the left the mountain chain known
+as Saxon Switzerland. Tea was served in the summer-house and after a
+pleasant conversation I said farewell, when all kinds of warm messages
+were exchanged. My carriage had followed me, and brought me back to
+Dresden by ten o'clock in the evening.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 13, 1840._--As yesterday was Sunday I went to mass in
+the morning in the chapel of the castle, where the music is famous
+throughout Germany. It is the only place where singers are still to be
+heard in the style of Crescentini and Marchesi. This celebrated music
+did not satisfy me; it was too operatic in style, too noisy and
+dramatic, instead of suggesting a religious calm; moreover, these
+mutilated voices, notwithstanding their brilliancy, have a certain
+unpleasant harshness and shrillness. I never cared for the voice of
+Crescentini, whom I heard at her best at Napoleon's Court.
+
+After mass we visited the interior of the castle, where Bendemann, one
+of the most distinguished artists of Düsseldorf, is now painting
+frescoes in the great hall where the King opens and closes the
+sessions of the States. It will be a fine piece of work in respect
+both of its composition and execution, but it will never have the
+brilliancy which only Italy can give to this style of painting, and
+which is so indispensable to it. I was much interested by the
+apartments of the Elector Augustus the Strong, which were furnished in
+the fashion of his age, and have never been used since, except by the
+Emperor Napoleon. They contain a great number of specimens of Buhl
+furniture, lacquer-work, gilt copper, old china, and inlaid wood, but
+these things are kept in bad condition and badly arranged, and do not
+make a quarter of the effect they should produce. The castle from the
+outside looks like an old convent, but there are some curious
+architectural details in its interior courts which remind me of the
+castle of Blois, though they cannot vie with it. Nothing can give
+grace, lightness, and elegance to architectural work like the
+everlasting white stone which belongs exclusively to the centre of
+France. Here the stone is very dark.
+
+In the evening I had a visit from the Baron of Lindenau, Minister of
+Education and Director of Museums. He played an important political
+part in the affairs of Saxony during the co-regency of the present
+King. I had known him formerly at the house of my late aunt, the
+Countess of Recke. He is a distinguished man, and I was glad to see
+him again.
+
+My nephew took us this morning to see the Japanese Palace, which
+contains the royal library, the manuscripts, the intaglios, medals,
+and engravings. I went through twenty vaulted chambers, which contain
+all known specimens of china, of every age and every country. There
+were some very beautiful and very curious things among them. This
+collection is especially rich in Chinese specimens. Then we went on to
+the royal china manufactory, which has preserved the fine paste so
+greatly admired in old Saxon china, which is now sold by curiosity
+dealers.
+
+After dinner I went to the historical museum called the Zwinger, which
+is arranged after the style of the Tower of London. Herr von Lindenau
+had sent word of my coming to the chief directors, who are most
+learned men, and explained everything to us delightfully. The picture
+gallery and the treasury I had seen upon other occasions, and did not
+visit them again.
+
+
+_Teplitz, July 14, 1840._--It is not a long journey from Dresden
+here--only eight short hours, through charming country. The hills
+prevent rapid progress, but the variety and the attractiveness of the
+scenery compensate for the delay. Some of the scenery recalls the
+Murgthal, and other parts Wildbad. The Erzgebirge, at the foot of
+which Teplitz lies, makes a sufficient background, though it is not an
+imposing mountain range. The mountains are, moreover, well wooded, the
+village is very pretty, flowers are grown, and the roads are
+excellent. Immediately after my arrival I had a visit from my niece,
+Princess Biron, who married my eldest nephew. She took me in her
+carriage to see the town, which is not far off, the pretty promenades,
+and the village of Schönau, which is close to the town and contains
+the chief watering-places. It is all very nice, and prettily built;
+but Teplitz may be as pretty as it likes--it cannot equal dear Baden.
+The society of the place is also different, and seems to me to be very
+moderate here. It is said that the death of the King of Prussia will
+make a great difference, as he came every year.
+
+Princess Biron is a pleasant person; though not pretty, she has a
+noble bearing, and is deeply loved and respected in her husband's
+family.
+
+
+_Teplitz, July 15, 1840._--I am starting for Carlsbad, where I shall
+see my two sisters this evening, from whom I have been separated for
+sixteen years. This unduly long absence has changed my habits, and I
+have lost touch with their interests; so I begin the day with some
+emotion.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 16, 1840._--Fifteen hours' travelling to-day, during
+which I did not stop for a moment. I had to cover twenty-six leagues,
+continually going uphill or down. After Teplitz the country is pretty
+as far as Dux, the castle of Count Wallenstein, where Casanova wrote
+his memoirs; after that the country becomes extremely dull. It was ten
+o'clock when I arrived. My sisters were sitting opposite one another
+playing patience. Jeanne, the Duchess of Acerenza, welcomed me very
+naturally; Pauline, the Princess of Hohenzollern, with some
+embarrassment, which immediately communicated itself to me. We only
+talked of indifferent matters, and they gave me tea. I then went to a
+house opposite, where my sister Jeanne has hired a room for me.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 17, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes from Paris
+telling me that he dined with M. Thiers at the house of the Sardinian
+Ambassador,[106] and had a long talk with him. He found M. Thiers
+profoundly interested in Africa, willing to spend vast sums there, to
+wage a great war and keep up an army of eighty thousand men, and to
+build the continuous lines which have been so largely discussed, to
+surround the whole plain of the Mitija.[107] He attempts to prove that
+these efforts will produce marvellous results in two or three years:
+the real possession of Africa, a large colonising movement, and a
+splendid port on the Mediterranean. The Duc de Noailles also tells me
+that Madame de Lieven is at London, and is greatly pleased with her
+reception.
+
+  [106] The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.
+
+  [107] The vast plain of the Mitija is situated to the south of
+  Algiers, and extends between two mountainous zones of the Atlas
+  and the Sahel. It is famous for its fertility, for which reason
+  the Arabs call it "the Mother of the Poor."
+
+Another correspondent says: "The King does not seem to come to terms
+with his Ministry, although he is said to be on the best footing with
+the several members of it. Having lost a game, the King has now to win
+one, and is waiting his opportunity patiently. M. Guizot still seems
+to be the fashion in England.[108] He bets at the racecourse, and has
+won two hundred louis. Surely M. Guizot on the turf is one of the
+strangest anomalies of our age!"
+
+  [108] M. Guizot was then Ambassador at London.
+
+Yesterday my sisters took me to see the various springs and the shops,
+which are very pretty. I then dined with them at three o'clock, my
+brother-in-law, Count Schulenburg, being present.[109] Then we went
+for a drive along the valley, which greatly resembles the valley of
+Wildbad. There I found some old acquaintances--the Prince and Princess
+Reuss-Schleiz, the Count and Countess Solms, son of the old Ompteda by
+her first marriage, the Countess Karolyi, called Nandine, the old
+Löwenhielm, with his wife, whose first married name was Frau von
+Düben, Liebermann, and an old Princess Lichenstein. I returned home at
+ten o'clock, rather wearied with this succession of faces.
+
+  [109] The third husband of the eldest sister of the Duchesse de
+  Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 18, 1840._--Yesterday I went to pay a call to the
+Countess of Björnstjerna, who lives in the same house as myself. She
+is starting for Hamburg this morning, where she will hear whether she
+is to meet her husband at Stockholm or London. Her eldest son is
+marrying the only daughter of her sister, Countess Ugglas, who died
+some years ago. It has been pleasant to meet some one to remind me of
+London, the best time of my life, even in the form of this little
+Björnstjerna. I have also been to see an old man of eighty years who
+always used to live with my aunt, the Countess of Recke, and whom I
+had missed at Dresden, where I hoped to find him. He usually lives
+there in a house the use of which was bequeathed to him by my aunt,
+and which reverts to myself after the death of this poor old man. We
+both grew sad over the memories of my good aunt.
+
+After dinner I went for a drive with my sisters along a pretty road
+cut out of the mountain-side, and visited a china factory, where there
+were some pretty things. Pottery has been a comparatively widespread
+industry in Bohemia for some time, but remains much behind the Saxon
+manufacture.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 19, 1840._--Yesterday I spent very much as the former
+day, and as I shall probably spend every day of my stay here. I always
+wake up early, write till nine o'clock, get up and dress. At ten
+o'clock I go to my sisters, and stay talking to them till midday. I
+then pay some necessary calls, and return home to read. I go back to
+my sisters at three o'clock for dinner, then take them for a drive in
+a carriage that I have hired. At six o'clock they sit in front of
+their door to see the people go past. I stay with them for a time, and
+then return to my room, and finally go back to them at eight o'clock
+for tea.
+
+My sister Hohenzollern has brought all the curious letters that had
+belonged to my mother, and which my sister the Duchesse de Sagan had
+seized. She proposed to keep a third of them, and we therefore divided
+them. My share contains the letters of the late King of Poland,[110]
+of the Emperor Alexander, of the brothers and sisters of Frederick the
+Great, Goethe, the Emperor Napoleon to the Empress Joséphine, the
+great Condé, Louis XIV., and in particular a letter from Fénelon to
+his grand-nephew whom he called Fanfan.[111] This letter is enclosed
+in a paper on which the Bishop of Alais, M. de Bausset, has written a
+signed note testifying to the authenticity of this letter, so that
+there are two autographs in one.
+
+  [110] Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, last King of Poland.
+
+  [111] M. Léon de Beaumont, the son of Fénelon's sister.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 20, 1840._--I went to mass yesterday in an enormous
+crowd, for this country is essentially Catholic. The little chapels,
+the great crucifixes, the _ex-votos_, scattered about the mountains,
+are all visited on Sundays by the people, who leave small candles and
+flowers there. I went to visit two of these little shrines, which
+increase the beauty of the landscape, apart from their religious
+meaning.
+
+I then went to see my sisters in the usual place. Countess Léon
+Razumowski and Princess Palfy were with them. I was introduced, but
+did not find them very interesting. Countess Razumowski is the leader
+of the pleasure-seeking society here; they spend their days in tea and
+supper parties in the style of the Russian ladies at Baden.
+
+M. de Tatitcheff is also here, and told us that a young Russian who
+had come straight from Rome said that the Pope was in a desperate
+condition.
+
+In the evening a Mrs. Austin, a clever English lady, brought letters
+of introduction to my sisters. She sees a good deal of M. Guizot at
+London, is always quoting his remarks, and boasts of her
+acquaintanceship with Lady Lansdowne.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 22, 1840._--Yesterday I had a very touching letter
+from the Abbé Dupanloup. He has been for rest and retirement at the
+Grande Chartreuse, whence his letter is dated. He proposes to return
+to Paris at once to help in the consecration of the new
+Archbishop.[112] He speaks with much concern about the condition of
+the French clergy, whose irritation he describes as very great.
+
+  [112] Mgr. Affre.
+
+I have also a letter from the Princesse de Lieven from London. She
+says: "The Ministry is very weak, but it is likely to continue in
+life, though vitality will be feeble. The Queen has entirely recovered
+her popularity since the attempt to assassinate her.[113] She really
+behaved with great courage and coolness, most creditable and unusual
+at her age. She is very fond of her husband, whom she treats as a
+small boy. He is not so clever as she, but is very calm and dignified.
+M. Guizot has an excellent position here, is universally respected,
+and perfectly happy. Herr von Brunnow cuts a poor figure. He and his
+wife are thought to be quite ridiculous and out of place. The little
+Chreptowicz, daughter of Count Nesselrode, who is here, is very vexed
+and ashamed about it. Alava has lost his cheerfulness. Lady Jersey's
+hair is grey. Lord Grey looks very well, but is very peevish."
+
+  [113] On June 6, 1840, a young man named Oxford, afterwards
+  thought to be mentally weak, fired two pistol-shots at Queen
+  Victoria as she was driving through the streets of London,
+  accompanied by her husband, Prince Albert.
+
+It is said here that Matusiewicz is dangerously ill of gout at
+Stockholm, and that M. Potemkin has gone raving mad at Rome. This is
+likely to cause some changes in the Russian diplomatic service, and
+perhaps will bring my cousin, Paul Medem, from Stuttgart.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 27, 1840._--I propose to start the day after to-morrow
+for Baden. A certain Herr von Hübner arrived yesterday. He is an
+Austrian[114] with a post in the office of Prince Metternich. He
+brought me a pressing invitation from the Prince to go and see him at
+Königswarth, which is only six hours by road from here. I sent a
+refusal, but in terms of warm regret; it would not be kind to my
+sisters if I were to cut my stay short by a day or two after so long a
+separation, and I also fear the foolish interpretations which our
+newspapers might place upon my action. Frederic Lamb, Esterhazy,
+Tatitcheff, Fiquelmont, Maltzan, and other diplomatists are gathered
+at Königswarth. This will attract attention, and I am not anxious that
+my name, which has not yet been sufficiently forgotten, should be made
+the subject of delightful journalistic comments.
+
+  [114] Herr von Hübner was Austrian Ambassador in France under the
+  Second Empire, before the Italian War.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 30, 1840._--I am leaving Carlsbad at midday this
+morning, and going with my sister Acerenza to Löbichau, in Saxony, an
+estate which belongs to her; my mother is buried there. She will then
+meet my sister Hohenzollern at Ischl, for which she also starts
+to-day. We part upon the best terms, and I have promised to pay them a
+visit at Vienna on my next journey to Germany.
+
+
+_Löbichau, July 31, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday evening, after a
+journey through a picturesque and mountainous country, well wooded and
+well watered. I have been travelling in the pretty duchy of
+Saxony-Altenburg, a fertile, smiling, and populous district, where I
+spent every summer until the time of my marriage. I revisited it
+afterwards upon several occasions. Many recollections give me an
+interest in the country, and sometimes arouse emotion. Some old faces
+of past times still remain to greet me. I went into the room where my
+mother died, and which my sister now uses, and we went to see her
+grave at the end of the park. I also went to the presbytery to see the
+wife of the pastor, who was a faithful companion of my youth; one of
+her daughters is my godchild, and is a pretty young person.
+
+
+_Löbichau, August 1, 1840._--It rained all yesterday, and it was
+impossible to go out. I spent my time in going over the house and
+looking at the rooms which I had occupied at different periods. Some
+people from the neighbourhood came in to see us, including the
+deaconess, Fräulein Sidonie von Dieskau, a great friend of my mother.
+I often used to go to her house in my youth. She is a very lively and
+clever person, and bears her sixty-two years admirably.
+
+Here I found a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who says: "Lady
+Sandwich gave an evening party recently. You would never guess who was
+engaged to amuse the company--a hypnotist! The Marquise de Caraman was
+overheard saying to the young Duc de Vicence, 'If we were alone I
+should like to be hypnotised, but I dare not before all these people;
+I should be afraid of showing my excitement.' Marshal Valée will be
+continued in his African command, notwithstanding the criticism to
+which he is exposed, on account of the difficulty of finding any one
+to take his place. The Flahaut have returned in a very softened frame
+of mind, and well disposed to the Government; they often go to
+Auteuil, where M. Thiers has set up house. The marriage of Lady Acton
+with Lord Leveson is settled for this month; it will take place in
+England, where the Granvilles have been called by the serious illness
+of their daughter, Lady Rivers. Lord Granville does not greatly
+approve of this marriage; much pressure has been necessary to obtain
+his consent, but his son's passion has overcome all obstacles."
+
+
+_Löbichau, August 2, 1840._--Yesterday I went with my sister a
+distance of a short half-league to visit a summer residence in the
+middle of the park, in which I spent several summers. My mother made
+me a present of it, and I gave it back to her when I was married. It
+is now in somewhat poor repair, but I was glad to see it again. On our
+return I went into the village to recall some memories.
+
+
+_Schleitz, August 3, 1840._--This town is the residence of the Prince
+of Reuss LXIV. Three years ago it was burnt down. The castle is quite
+new, built in the style of a barracks, with two very insignificant
+towers; it is a pity, for the country is beautiful, especially towards
+Gera, where I dined with the deaconess von Dieskau, of whom I spoke
+above, and who is one of the pleasantest recollections of my youth.
+She is very comfortably settled.
+
+
+_Nuremberg, August 4, 1840._--Yesterday evening I reached Bayreuth at
+a late hour, and started again early this morning.
+
+A mere walk through the streets of Nüremberg will show any observer
+the peculiarities of the town. Octagonal balconies in the form of
+projecting towers in the middle or at the corners of the houses, with
+gables, almost all overhanging the street, are most characteristic.
+The number of niches with statues of saints would make one think that
+the country was Catholic; yet the town is entirely Protestant; but the
+vandalism of the Reformation was as rabid here as elsewhere, and the
+good taste of the inhabitants has preserved from a sense of artistic
+value what they no longer appreciate for religious reasons.
+
+Yesterday evening at the last posting station before Bayreuth I met
+some travellers whom I did not know but who seemed to be important
+people. The husband came up to my carriage and asked me if I had heard
+the news. I replied that I had not. He then told me that he belonged
+to Geneva, and that he was taking his invalid wife to Marienbad; that
+on leaving Geneva he had seen one of his friends from Paris, who told
+him of the news that a convention had been signed at London between
+Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England against the Pasha of Egypt, and
+that the French King was furious in consequence; that M. Thiers had
+immediately ordered the sudden mobilisation of two hundred thousand
+men to march to the northern frontier, and of ten thousand
+sailors.[115] As I no longer see the newspapers, I am very doubtful
+what to think of such news, and do not know what to make of these
+apparent contradictions.
+
+  [115] The complications of the Eastern question nearly plunged
+  France into war about this time. Syria had revolted, and the
+  English, who objected to the power of the Egyptian Viceroy,
+  Mehemet Ali, joined Prussia, Austria, and Russia, excluding
+  France, whom Lord Palmerston knew to be unduly favourable to
+  Egypt, and secretly signed the treaty at London on July 15, 1840,
+  restoring Syria to the Sultan.
+
+I was told that on September 1 a fifteen days' camp would take place
+here; twenty thousand troops, the whole Bavarian Court, and other
+princes will make it a brilliant affair.
+
+In _Galignani_ I saw the news of the death of Lord Durham; I do not
+think he will be greatly regretted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To return from my aberrations, the Church of St. Sebald is
+ill-proportioned and the decorations are very tawdry, but it contains
+one fine monument. This is a great silver reliquary covered with gold
+bands, placed in an openwork monument of cast iron, remarkable for its
+delicacy and gracefulness; the ornamentation is extremely rich and the
+design admirable. The Town Hall, the large hall painted with frescoes
+by Albert Dürer, where several Imperial Diets have been held, is worth
+seeing, and also the room in which are hung the portraits of those
+citizens of Nuremberg who were benefactors to their native town by
+founding religious houses. A chapel of St. Maurice which has been
+transformed into a museum has some interesting pictures of the old
+German school. The bronze statue of Dürer in one of the squares, which
+was modelled by Rauch of Berlin, and cast here, has nobility of
+bearing and makes a fine effect. The old castle, upon an elevation,
+overlooks the town, and from it may be gained a general view of the
+countryside. Though it is somewhat mean in appearance, it has the
+merit of indisputable antiquity. The King and Queen of Bavaria inhabit
+it when they are here. An old linden-tree planted in the middle of the
+court by the Empress Cunegonde must be eight hundred years old if the
+chronicle is to be believed; one may reasonably doubt such antiquity,
+though the fact remains that this tree has seen many events.
+
+The Church of St. Lawrence is very fine and imposing; the tabernacle
+and the pulpit are masterpieces. Two fountains, one of cast iron and
+the other of stone, in two of the squares are very noteworthy for
+curious details of sculpture, but the little threads of water which
+they spout make them look more like _ex-votos_ than fountains. The
+house of the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau and the house of the
+Hohenzollerns, who for a long time were Burgraves of Nuremberg, with
+several other houses in the hands of private individuals, are curious.
+The mania for restoration has reached Nüremberg; the results would be
+highly praiseworthy were it not for the habit of painting in glaring
+colours houses with sculptured fronts which should especially be left
+in the natural colour of the stone. The cemetery of St. John contains
+the tombs of all the illustrious men of the town. The Rosenau, the
+public walk, of which the inhabitants are very proud, is damp and
+badly kept. I finished my round with a visit to the toy shop which has
+been famous for centuries; all kinds of figures and grotesques are
+there made, cleverly carved in wood.
+
+
+_Baden, August 7, 1840._--I am now at Baden, and felt quite overcome
+when I just now entered it alone. The sight of the Jagd-Haus, of the
+little chapel, the poplar-trees upon the road--in fact, something at
+every step awoke memories and regrets. I am staying in a clean little
+house on the Graben, opposite the Strasburg Hotel. Houses are being
+built in every direction; Baden will soon be a large town, and much
+less attractive to me. As I read the letters which you write me from
+America[116] I often think they would have greatly interested M. de
+Talleyrand, and would have reminded him of many things, but if poor M.
+de Talleyrand had lived I do not think he would have allowed you to go
+into exile so far away; although he often said that a politician to
+complete his education should certainly go to America, as a distant
+point of view from which to judge old Europe.
+
+  [116] Extract from a letter.
+
+
+_Baden, August 8, 1840._--Herr von Blittersdorf whom I saw with his
+wife, told me of another wild attempt of Louis Bonaparte, who had
+disembarked at Boulogne-sur-Mer and had attempted to arouse a
+revolt.[117] The news was telegraphed, so that there were no details.
+
+  [117] On August 6, 1840, Prince Louis Bonaparte took advantage of
+  the excitement caused by the approach of the date when Napoleon's
+  remains were to be brought back to Paris, and made an attempt at
+  Boulogne-sur-Mer to restore Napoleon's dynasty to the throne of
+  France. On this occasion the Prince was arrested and tried before
+  the Chamber of Peers. He was defended by Berryer, and was
+  condemned to perpetual confinement in the castle of Ham in 1846.
+  He succeeding in escaping, and went first to Belgium, and thence
+  to England.
+
+The King of Würtemberg is here; he has just left the watering-place of
+Aix in Savoy. His daughter and son-in-law, the Count of Neipperg, are
+with him; they go out a great deal, give parties, and so on. Herr von
+Blittersdorf also told me that the news from Paris was of a very
+warlike character; for his part he did not understand either how war
+was possible, seeing that every party had important reasons for
+avoiding it, or again how it could be prevented in view of Lord
+Palmerston's measures, which have been ratified by the northern
+Powers,[118] while public opinion in France was unanimous and excited;
+and the Pasha of Egypt again had gained a success, whereas disasters
+alone could have stopped the coercive measures for which the
+convention stipulated. On this question the French King is said to be
+in full agreement with M. Thiers, and to have stated that he would
+prefer war to revolution. M. Guizot has been reproached because he did
+not give warning in sufficient time to stop the signing of the
+convention. He defends himself by saying that he did give notice, but
+was left without instructions. Such is the statement of Herr von
+Blittersdorf. He is very anxious about the situation, and especially
+about the frontier position of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which would
+be inconvenient in times of war. He says that the position of the
+duchy is the more difficult on account of the want of a fortress, the
+building of which he has urged for the last twenty-eight years upon
+Austria, though he has not been able to attain it. I came back very
+anxious in view of the possibility of war.
+
+  [118] Lord Palmerston secured the signing of a convention by
+  which the four Powers undertook to give the Porte any necessary
+  support to reduce the Pasha and protect Constantinople as far as
+  needful against his attacks.
+
+
+_Baden, August 9, 1840._--To-day I fell back into my usual habits when
+taking the waters. I found some of the faces of former years. My son,
+M. de Valençay, arrived from Marienbad. During the day I had a call
+from Count Woronzoff Dashkoff, who has come from Ems. The waters seem
+to have greatly benefited the Empress of Russia; he says that the Duke
+of Nassau treated the Grand Duchess Olga very coldly, and that
+Princess Marie of Hesse was quite a success among the Russian
+grandees. Count Woronzoff says that she has bad teeth and does not
+think much of her beauty.
+
+I then saw Herr von Blittersdorf, who says that the King of
+Würtemberg, Princess Marie, his daughter, and even the Count of
+Neipperg, regret the marriage, which places them in a false position.
+The Princess is said to be in bad health, and by no means rich. All
+these stories seem foolish, the more so as the Count of Neipperg is
+quite an insignificant person.
+
+The Duc de Rohan has also arrived; he told me of the death of Madame
+de La Rovère (Elizabeth of Stackelberg), a young and handsome lady,
+happy and beloved, and a friend of my daughter Pauline. Poor Frau von
+Stackelberg! She has thus lost three children of full age and very
+dear to her in less than six months. These are heavy blows; she is a
+real angel, and has been a sufferer all her life.
+
+
+_Baden, August 10, 1840._--I have a letter from the Duchesse
+d'Albuféra, who is very anxious about her son-in-law, M. de La
+Redorte, the Spanish Ambassador. He reached Barcelona at a very gloomy
+time. She says that he has done extremely well, and that the
+authorities at Paris are very pleased with his attitude from the
+outset.
+
+All my letters talk of war in a tone which reduces me to despair.
+Madame de Lieven was the first to send the news to Paris of the famous
+convention of the four Powers, which she announced with a cry of
+triumph in a letter to Madame de Flahaut. This Russian Princess showed
+herself most delighted and overjoyed at having some excitement worthy
+of her, but how will she settle that with M. Guizot? It seems that
+these rumours of war reduce Madame de Flahaut to despair, as she has
+recovered her affection for the Tuileries.
+
+The Duc de Noailles is, I hear, very proud because he has predicted
+the disturbance now in progress. I cannot sufficiently remember any of
+his speeches to recall his prophecies. In any case, it is a poor
+consolation for the evils which threaten European society.
+
+
+_Baden, August 12, 1840._--I dined with the Wellesleys; Princess Marie
+and the Count of Neipperg were there. After seeing the latter I am
+the less able to understand the marriage. The King of Würtemberg is
+said to be displeased with his son-in-law, who adopts a contemptuous
+attitude; the Count is susceptible and hard to please, and the poor
+Princess is torn between her husband and her father, as also is
+society between the husband and the wife; in short, the position is
+false and foolish for everybody. The Princess is the chief sufferer,
+and, though not pretty, she is a pleasant person; there is something
+wrong about her figure--her movements are neither free nor easy.
+
+This morning I went to a concert given by the Countess Strogonoff.
+Princess Marie and the Grand Duke of Baden were also there. High
+society in general was well represented. I saw nothing of any
+particular note, and fortunately made no new acquaintances.
+
+
+_Baden, August 14, 1840._--Yesterday I read the manifesto of the new
+Archbishop of Paris, Mgr. Affre, on the occasion of his enthronement.
+Two points in it seemed to me to show great affectation: he attempted
+to reassure the Government about the moderation of his political
+views, and he refused to say a single word about his predecessor,
+which is against all custom and good taste. If he would not speak of
+his predecessor's administration of office or of his personality, he
+might at least have praised his charity, which is incontestable; he
+would not have compromised himself, and would have avoided the
+foolishness of silence.
+
+Herr von Blittersdorf told me at his wife's house that he was startled
+by the exasperation which was produced in France by the absolute
+silence of the Queen of England with reference to France in her Speech
+upon the prorogation of Parliament. He told me also that England had
+resolved to break with France on the Eastern question, because she had
+recently acquired accurate information concerning the intrigues of M.
+de Pontois, to prevent any reconciliation of the Sultan with the
+Pasha.[119] England was also aware of the assurances given to the
+latter, that he need not take the severity of the Powers seriously,
+and might continue his enterprise, trusting to the help of France.
+Lord Palmerston complains of this duplicity. On the other hand it is
+asserted that the prospects of peace between the Porte and Egypt are
+hampered by Lord Ponsonby; in short, it is a hopeless tangle. Let us
+trust that it will not be settled by cannon-shots.
+
+  [119] In 1840 the Sultan was Abdul Mejed, who ascended the throne
+  the preceding year.
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from M. Bresson from Berlin
+which I have just received: "I have been suddenly overwhelmed with
+work, and not of the pleasantest kind. The evil is great, and will not
+be entirely repaired. How often have I thought that if M. de
+Talleyrand were alive and at London this would not have happened! I
+wish also he could be at Berlin and everywhere, for I am not very
+successful in making people listen to reason. Yet this is the most
+unworthy transaction of modern times, though quite worthy to bear the
+names of Lord Palmerston, von Bülow, and Neumann. Herr von Bülow acted
+without authorisation. At first there was an outcry against him, then
+there was a wish to do as the majority were doing, and his fine
+masterpiece was ratified with very few restrictions. The four Courts
+will let me hear of it within six months. Mehemet Ali will send them
+about their business and wait for them to blockade him, an enterprise
+if possible more ridiculous than that of La Plata,[120] and one which
+will be far more expensive. I hope that he will not cross the Taurus
+to delude our friends of St. Petersburg. The chief politicians look
+for a double moral effect upon France and upon Mehemet Ali, thanks to
+the Syrian insurrection. You can see how careful their calculations
+have been. Apart from this there is the insult of the clandestine
+negotiations and the notification to M. Guizot of the fact that these
+had been signed forty-eight hours after everything was over and when
+he was thinking of something entirely different, so you may easily
+judge of our feelings. If the good old King of Prussia were still
+alive we should not have seen such stupidity. Herr von Bülow would
+have had a wigging, or rather he would never have gained the upper
+hand. He thought he had flattered and won men over and could rely upon
+the passions aroused by the inheritance of a Prince whom Prussia will
+daily regret more and more. In short, I am in a very bad temper, and I
+take no trouble to hide it. We now know exactly what there is behind
+words and protestations. I trust that the people will also learn what
+the resentment of France can mean." In this outburst the natural
+impetuosity of M. de Bresson is obvious, but I also seem to see that
+the action of the Powers was inspired rather by tactlessness than by
+real hostility, and from this fact one may derive some hopes of peace.
+
+  [120] Rosas secured his appointment in 1829 as Governor of Buenos
+  Ayres in 1835. This dictator had a serious quarrel with France
+  owing to his refusal to satisfy the claims of the French
+  residents. After a long blockade the quarrel was satisfactorily
+  terminated in 1840 by Admiral de Mackau.
+
+
+_Baden, August 19, 1840._--Yesterday I received so pressing an
+invitation from the Grand Duchess Stephanie to visit her at her estate
+of Umkirch, in Briesgau, where she now is, that I resolved to pay her
+a visit after completing my cure here.
+
+I have seen my cousin, Paul Medem, who came from Stuttgart, where he
+had just shown his letters of credit as Russian Minister. He does not
+believe in the possibility of the war, and as proof of his conviction
+has just invested two hundred thousand francs in the French Funds.
+
+
+_Baden, August 20, 1840._--I was very agreeably surprised to receive
+the portrait of the King of Prussia, with a kind autograph letter. The
+portrait is an admirable and striking likeness, painted by Krüger.
+
+Madame de Nesselrode brought her son to see me, who has just come from
+London. He left Madame de Lieven absorbed by the European conflict, on
+bad terms with Brunnow, very cold towards Lady Palmerston, and furious
+because she had not been let into the secret of the signature of the
+famous convention. She involuntarily helped to mystify M. Guizot by
+assuring him that there could be no truth in the idea or she would
+have known it herself. She belongs to the French Embassy, is treated
+as such, and people go on laughing at her. She is at home until
+lunch-time; as soon as M. Guizot appears the door is closed, no one is
+admitted, and any one with her takes his leave. Her position seems,
+in truth, to be ridiculous and impossible, and she is only supported
+by the Sutherlands, with whom she lives.
+
+I have a letter from Paris from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who says:
+"What can I tell you of the war? The Press is urging it forward by
+every means; every day bellicose articles fill the newspapers and
+excite people's minds. I am assured, however, that the King is quite
+calm and has no fear of an outbreak, but can the progress of public
+opinion be checked? It is said that orders have been issued to
+mobilise the National Guard in France; we may expect to see every
+means of defence prepared. People are not calm enough to see that in
+this way war may be aroused. Every fresh measure increases the general
+agitation.
+
+"In any case I am convinced that the Government itself does not know
+what the result will be. I trust that diplomacy may avoid any resort
+to cannon-shot. I have been to see the Duchesse d'Orléans at
+Saint-Cloud; she is very thin, but does not complain of her health;
+she is often to be seen driving in the Bois, with the Duc d'Orléans
+riding by the carriage. Madame de Flahaut is at Dieppe, and her
+husband at Paris; he often dines with the Prince Royal. His position
+is likely to become embarrassing during the trial of Louis Bonaparte."
+
+
+_Baden, August 22, 1840._--My son M. de Valençay, who has returned to
+Paris, tells me he has seen the Duc d'Orléans, who says: "Thiers and
+Guizot seem to distrust one another profoundly. Guizot supposes that
+Thiers wished to throw the responsibility of the present crisis upon
+him and allowed suspicions to arise that he had not kept his
+Government informed. He has therefore sent copies of his despatches to
+his friends in Paris, who threaten to use them if the Ambassador is
+attacked. According to these friends, Guizot informed Thiers
+accurately of the course of events, but the latter declined to give
+him instructions or to reply before consulting Mehemet Ali, but simply
+sent instructions to London to say neither yes nor no. Palmerston, on
+the other hand, wished to drive Thiers into a corner. Thiers on his
+side said: 'Palmerston is playing diamond cut diamond, but I will balk
+him,' an expression which seems to have become a diplomatic term. At
+length Palmerston, worried and impatient, is said to have settled the
+business. There is a strong feeling in favour of war; Guizot, however,
+still believes in peace, but he writes that as a matter of fact a mere
+spark, a blow given to a sailor, would be enough to fire the most
+terrible war in the world."
+
+
+_Umkirch, August 26, 1840._--Yesterday when I was half-way from Baden
+on the road here a formidable storm burst, and we were obliged to take
+shelter in a barn; hailstones fell as big as nuts. Notwithstanding the
+delay I arrived at six o'clock in the evening. The Grand Duchess had
+kindly sent her horses to meet me at Friburg. When I arrived Herr von
+Schreckenstein told me I should find her in bed, where she had been
+with a chill since the evening before.
+
+The new lady-in-waiting, Frau von Sturmfeder, a widow who seems to be
+about fifty years old, with pleasant manners, took me to the Duchess.
+I found her very feverish, but no less talkative than usual; very
+exasperated by her invalid state, and nearly as much by the arrival of
+Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was paying her an unexpected visit.
+After half an hour Princess Marie took me to dinner. The large
+assembly room and the dining-room are in a separate building, a
+hundred yards away from the castle; nothing could be more
+inconvenient; after rain and without goloshes it would be impossible
+to get there.
+
+I already knew Umkirch. I did not care for it in past times, nor does
+it please me any better now. The main residence is small and the rooms
+are low; mine, however, which is on the first floor, has a fine view
+of the mountains.
+
+At dinner all the guests were assembled--that is to say, Princess
+Marie; Duke Bernard, with his _aide-de-camp_, old Madame de Walsh, who
+is here on a visit, though her days of official service are over; her
+son and daughter-in-law, the Baroness von Sturmfeder; Herr von
+Schreckenstein; Fräulein Bilz, a little hunchbacked music-mistress;
+and M. Mathieu, the French painter, who is giving lessons to Princess
+Marie. After dinner I went back to the invalid, and stayed with her
+until tea-time. She seems delighted to see me. She continues very
+anxious to see her daughter married, and has just had an offer from
+Prince Hohenlohe; he, however, was thought to be not sufficiently
+distinguished, and his request has been refused; the old Count of
+Darmstadt would also be ready to marry her, but he is thought to be
+too old and too ugly. There is an idea that Prince Frederick of
+Prussia, the Prince of Düsseldorf, exhausted and wearied by the
+extravagance of his wife, will procure a divorce, and will then turn
+his thoughts to Princess Marie, who would be quite ready to take him.
+Such is the desire at this moment. They would like me to send a good
+account of the Princess to Berlin.
+
+Very little interest is shown in Louis Bonaparte, whom they would like
+to see confined in a fortress.
+
+Madame de Walsh, who is a friend of the Abbé Bautain, told me that he
+had just been summoned to Paris by M. Cousin and by the new
+Archbishop; there is apparently a proposal to form a faculty for
+advanced theological study, with M. Bautain at the head of it. He is
+certainly an intelligent and talented man, but not entirely reconciled
+to Rome. Hot-headed and ambitious, his relations with his bishop have
+long been strained; he has not that readiness to submit upon points of
+doctrine which is inherent in Catholicism and the foundation of its
+permanency. His appointment will therefore arouse some mistrust among
+the clergy, and not without reason. I shall hear the truth of the
+whole matter at Paris from the Abbé Dupanloup.
+
+The Duke of Saxe-Weimar, though heavy in appearance, is not without
+common sense and learning. To my great astonishment I found him a
+strong supporter of the house of Orléans; he asserted his strong
+affection for the Duchesse d'Orléans, his niece, and entrusted me with
+a letter for her. He is very anti-Russian and anti-English, and went
+so far as to say that if war should break out the King of the Low
+Countries ought to make common cause with France. He is at this moment
+on the unattached list, and is provisionally established at Mannheim,
+whence he is very anxious to make a journey to Paris.
+
+The Grand Duchess and Princess Marie knew all about the presents and
+the trousseau given by Russia to Princess Marie of Hesse. The Emperor
+gave her two rows of pearls with a sapphire clasp, supposed to be
+worth two hundred thousand francs; the Empress gave her a bracelet to
+match; and her _fiancé_, the Grand Duke, gave her his portrait framed
+in diamonds and a parasol adorned with emeralds and pearls, together
+with maps of the Russian Empire and views of St. Petersburg nicely
+bound, and, lastly, the present left by the will of the late Empress
+Marie to her grandson's future wife, which is a Sévigné in three
+pieces, each as large as a breastplate.
+
+
+_Lunéville, August 27, 1840._--I left Umkirch this morning, and spent
+fourteen hours in traversing a long road which is made longer by the
+pass over the mountains. I crossed the Vosges by the Col du Bonhomme.
+Many factories and workshops give some life and animation to the
+country, which is sometimes bright and lively. Vegetation is poor and
+the outlines of the hills too monotonous.
+
+
+_Vitry-sur-Marne, August 28, 1840._--I left Lunéville at seven o'clock
+this morning, stopped at Nancy for two and a half hours, and arrived
+here at ten in the evening, which may be called good going.
+
+
+_Ay, August 30, 1840._--On my road here yesterday I stopped at
+Châlons, where I met M. de La Boulaye, who was there for the session
+of the General Council. I was very glad to see him; he is a pleasant
+man in mind as well as character, and I think even more of the one
+than of the other every day of my life. He gave me the Paris news
+which he had heard from M. Roy, who had come straight from that
+Babylon to preside over the Council-General of Marne. The night before
+he left Paris he had seen the King, who talked upon the questions of
+the day, and said: "Thiers is urging me to war, to which I reply:
+'Very well, but the Chambers must be convoked.' He then answers: 'We
+shall get nothing from this Chamber; it should be dissolved.' 'Oh, no,
+my dear Minister; on that point I prefer to take the Chamber as I
+find it and make the best of things.'"
+
+M. Roy also said that the news of the ratification of the London
+Treaty reached Paris on the 22nd, and was not published till the 24th.
+During that time the terrible excitement on the Stock Exchange ruined
+more than one broker, forced M. Barbet de Jouy to flee, enriched M.
+Dosne, the father-in-law of M. Thiers, with seventeen hundred francs
+and M. Fould with several millions. The latter has taken M. de
+Rothschild's place in the confidence of the Ministry. The public
+outcry was such that the Guardian of the Seals, M. Vivien, was obliged
+to give orders for the information to be published. This information
+will produce no effect, as is natural, but it shows that the scandal
+has gone very far. It seems that in consequence the chief personage in
+the Ministry has lost much ground in public opinion; he is thought to
+have guided the diplomacy of the country very casually, and to have
+concealed interesting news from the public in a most unusual way. The
+whole of the manufacturing and speculating world is said to tremble at
+the thought of war, and to exert a very strong influence upon the
+public.
+
+I reached here at about three o'clock in the afternoon in African
+heat. I am glad to be back again in a warm climate, with its flowers,
+its fruits, its beautiful nights, and its blue sky.
+
+I have a letter from the Princesse de Lieven written from London on
+August 22. She says: "General anxiety concerning the situation is
+becoming apparent here. All goes well, or rather there is no anxiety
+upon questions of foreign policy, however serious the complications
+may be. French newspapers, and even the French military preparations,
+are regarded with scorn, but at last the people are beginning to rub
+their eyes; they are astonished to find that what is known as French
+humbug may mean something, and that this something may be neither more
+nor less than a general war, waged, as far as France is concerned,
+with dreadful weapons--weapons which were wisely laid aside for ten
+years, and which France will perhaps be forced to raise once more; in
+short, uneasiness is spreading, and I cannot help seeing in the fact
+the opening of the way to an understanding, in spite of the obstacles
+which the sense of self-esteem may meet with on the road. This is my
+point of view. My politics are concerned with my set of rooms,[121]
+which I like and wish to keep. The Duke of Wellington loudly asserts
+that he is Turkish, and more Turkish than anybody, but that Turkey
+will not have peace with France, and that peace must be preserved
+before all things. Leopold is greatly interested; he proposes to
+return to Belgium. M. Guizot has been at Eu and Windsor; his present
+life suits him, and he looks very well."
+
+  [121] The Princesse de Lieven had hired in the house recently
+  bought by M. de Rothschild in the Rue Saint-Florentin the
+  first-floor rooms, which the Prince de Talleyrand had occupied
+  for many years when he was in possession of this residence. The
+  Princesse thought that there she could recover the political
+  atmosphere which suited her taste. She stayed there until her
+  death in 1857.
+
+My niece, the Countess of Hohenthal, who has been to Dresden to see
+her uncle Maltzan when he went there from Königswarth, sends me some
+news concerning the stay of the Empress of Russia in Saxony: "The
+Empress of Russia has shown such coldness to the Saxon Court that the
+King and Queen of Prussia, who have delighted everybody, have been
+reduced to despair. She would not stay at Pillnitz, where many
+preparations for her comfort had been made; she refused to use the
+Court carriages, and went about the shops and streets like a
+boarding-school girl, without the least sense of decorum. She refused
+to dine at Court, and only looked in for a moment at a concert given
+in her honour. The King of Prussia was ready to give the portfolio of
+Foreign Affairs to my uncle Maltzan, but he preferred to retain his
+post at Vienna. It is said that his refusal is due to the fact that he
+is wildly in love with Princess Metternich."
+
+
+_Paris, August 31, 1840._--Once again I am in this great Paris,
+doubtless populous, and yet so empty for me. This morning at ten
+o'clock I reached my little house,[122] which seems to me like a
+pleasant little inn, only I am astonished by its small size, which
+suits my habits and my tastes so little that I could certainly have
+chosen nothing better in order to realise my intention of visiting
+Paris only when absolutely obliged.
+
+  [122] The Duchesse de Talleyrand had bought a little house with a
+  court and garden at Paris in the Rue de Lille, No. 73, in the
+  year 1840. This house, which in size was a mere temporary abode,
+  was bought in 1862 by the Comtesse de Bagneux.
+
+
+_Paris, September 3, 1840._--Yesterday I had a long visit from M.
+Molé, who blames M. Guizot, and relates his infinite blunders with
+great complacency; he blames M. Thiers, and draws a vivid picture of
+his bumptiousness, his casual ways, and so on. Nor does the King
+escape his criticism as regards the present crisis, which entirely
+occupies all minds here. He says that the greatest swashbucklers are
+dying with fear of war; that really people are ashamed and vexed
+because they have been led astray and induced to regard as impossible
+what, however, has happened, while they are angry at finding
+themselves isolated when lasting alliances have been dangled before
+their eyes. But amid the general panic certain points are so well
+advertised by conversations and continual publications that it daily
+becomes more difficult to solve the problem, and the only possibility
+is to cut the knot. Commercial interests have been suddenly paralysed,
+and business in general is suffering heavily. Rothschild, who has
+quarrelled with M. Thiers, has lost even more millions than M. Fould
+has gained. M. Molé explains all this very cheerfully.
+
+I went to dinner with the wife of Marshal d'Albuféra. The poor woman
+was in despair, for that morning she had seen her daughter start for
+Spain in the most deplorable state of health. She has kept one of her
+grandchildren with her. She is really a most warm-hearted person. Her
+account of the present political situation differs entirely from that
+of M. Molé; she is no less frightened by the serious nature of events,
+but attributes them to other causes. She is never tired of praising
+the capacity, the energy, and the cleverness of M. Thiers, his
+inexhaustible resource, and his complete harmony with the King. One
+fact she told me which would hardly please M. Bresson: that M. de La
+Redorte was given the choice of going to Berlin and preferred Madrid.
+She says that M. de La Redorte has been very successful in Spain, and
+that the King and Ministers are never weary of praising the
+distinguished tone of his despatches.
+
+At nine o'clock I went to see Madame de Castellane. There the
+panegyric upon the late M. de Quélen was discussed, which led the
+conversation to the new Archbishop, M. Affre. His nomination was
+brought about by M. de Montalembert in the following way: M. de
+Montalembert has become a strong partisan of the Ministry, and M.
+Thiers thinks that with his help he will be able to confine the ranks
+of the clergy to distinguished men. As a matter of fact, M. de
+Montalembert is only connected with the democratic section of the
+young clergy, who form a party by themselves, including the Abbés
+Cœur, Combalot, Lacordaire, and Bautain, which is not regarded as
+orthodox in the sense that the old clergy are. This party also
+contains some distinguished young priests like the Abbé Dupanloup, the
+Abbé Petetot, the Curé de Saint-Louis-d'Autin, and others; in fact,
+there is quite a schism.
+
+When I returned home I found a letter from M. Bresson, of which the
+following is an interesting passage: "The position is very serious,
+and the Prussian King's first appearance in foreign policy is not
+happy. There is no frankness or nobility in following all these fine
+protestations with an act of provocation and injustice towards
+ourselves, who have never been guilty of a single act of bad faith
+towards Prussia. Such action calls for vengeance, and I am by no means
+a sufficiently humble Christian not to thirst for it. I am well aware
+that they are sorry at what has happened and are embarrassed by it,
+but they have been carried away by that great windbag Bülow further
+than they wished at a time when his voracious appetite has been
+followed by a fit of indigestion; but the harm has now been done, and
+it is irreparable. They have shown their real feelings, and what
+confidence can we have for the future? In short, I am utterly
+disgusted, and I should be glad to resign my post; I am also ill and
+depressed, and have a longing for Rome. I wish to leave my mind fallow
+and to sit in real sunshine and get warm. I have spent twenty-four
+years in exile working without intermission, and I can stand it no
+longer. I am utterly bored, and do not want the good relations which
+I have been able to maintain here to break down during my tenure of
+office, as they seem likely to do. One fault leads to a second, and
+one wrongdoing begets another. Besides, I have been personally
+affronted; I have been loyal and they have not been. My resentment
+will find vent, and whether upon the King or the Minister is all the
+same to me. I will make them repent their want of gratitude and
+courtesy towards our King, after calling him the Palladium of Europe,
+in speaking to me and M. de Ségur." In this vehement style the
+impetuosity of M. Bresson will be obvious, but the truth is I think
+things have gone so far as to make him wish for another post.
+
+To-morrow the Paris Stock Exchange account is made up. The probable
+losses are estimated at twenty-four to twenty-five millions--a very
+great disaster.
+
+
+_Paris, September 4, 1840._--Yesterday I went to the Tuileries to keep
+an appointment with Madame Adélaïde. I also saw the King there, who
+was well and cheerful, in a very easy frame of mind, convinced that
+there would be no war, and certainly not anxious for one. He flattered
+himself that the four Powers would soon be persuaded that they were
+working in the wrong direction and be forced to fall back upon his
+intervention, and that he would thus be called to play the part of
+mediator, &c. He is very greatly hurt that the Powers should have put
+him in such a position, but is too sensible to listen to the
+invectives and the uproar of the Ministerial Press. He has no greater
+leanings towards M. Thiers than he used to have, but he understands
+that it is now impossible to break with him, and hopes to use him to
+extort certain concessions from the Powers, which he alone could
+induce the country to accept. There is an element of truth and
+cleverness in these ideas, though also a certain amount of illusion.
+Madame's feelings are those of the King, though she is extremely
+bitter against M. Guizot, and accuses him of showing the most utter
+diplomatic incompetence. She repeated more than twenty times: "Oh, if
+only our dear Prince de Talleyrand were alive, if only our good
+General Sébastiani had remained at London, we should not be in this
+position!"
+
+I had hardly returned home when the Duc d'Orléans called upon me, and
+stayed for a long time. He is far more anxious, and at the same time
+far more decided, than his father. His exasperation with the Powers is
+extreme, chiefly on account of the way in which events have come to
+pass. On July 16 Guizot sent news that nothing had happened or would
+happen; on the 17th he had a letter from Lord Palmerston asking him to
+call, and when he reached the house Lord Palmerston simply read the
+famous memorandum. Guizot became pale and agitated, and could find
+nothing to say except that he would inform his Government, and left
+Lord Palmerston as though thunderstruck. Now he and his friends throw
+the whole of the blame upon Thiers. Thiers replies vigorously that
+they are in the wrong, and gives details, so that relations are
+greatly strained. Thiers is horrified at the possibility of war, but
+instead of calming the journalists of his party he is so entirely
+dominated by them that he not only cannot check them, but thinks
+himself bound to tell them everything. The result is that secrecy is
+impossible; the Diplomatic Body is affronted and action in general is
+hampered. Meanwhile all the preparations announced by the newspapers
+have been made, and even doubled. The Duc d'Orléans is himself taking
+the business in hand. Thirty-four million francs have already been
+expended. All the forces in Algiers are being recalled, and the
+authorities have made up their minds to abandon the colony without
+regret, telling themselves that they have had the advantage of
+training their soldiers and their officers. The Chambers will not be
+summoned until all chances of peace have disappeared, when it is
+expected that all these expenses will be certainly approved. The Queen
+is the most warlike of the whole royal family; the blood of Maria
+Theresa is aroused; she is furious with the action of the Powers, and
+says that if war breaks out she will ask the Archbishop of Paris to
+bless the swords of her five sons and make them swear upon the Holy
+Sacrament never to sheath them again until France and their dynasty
+are restored to the chief place in Europe. As she usually interferes
+in no way, this vigour has astonished and embarrassed the King.
+
+M. Guizot, to return to him, is an object of ridicule at the Château,
+especially since the return of the Duc de Nemours from London, for he
+tells numberless stories at the expense of the little ambassador. He
+asks for the addresses of tailors, wishes his trousers to be
+tight-fitting, bets at the races, thinks he has a good eye for a
+horse, devotes his attention to his carriages and his table, is
+utterly frivolous, and, to complete his ridiculous appearance, brags
+in front of Mrs. Stanley and tries to make Madame de Lieven jealous,
+and it is said with some success. This field of operations, in short,
+is being cleverly worked.
+
+After the Duc d'Orléans had gone I had a call from the Abbé Dupanloup,
+who gave me some curious details concerning the Paris clergy, among
+whom a silent but very definite opposition has arisen against Mgr.
+Affre. The vulgarity and rudeness of his manner rouses exasperation
+against him every day. He has admitted his entire hatred of the memory
+and the friends of the late Mgr. de Quélen; even my poor self am an
+object of his dislike; and as for the Sacré Cœur, it is a case of
+persecution. The Abbé began to laugh when I said, "Then we have become
+the Fort-Royal of the Jesuits!" Mgr. Affre does not venture to
+interfere with the Abbé Dupanloup or his little seminary, and even
+goes out of his way to please him, because of the Abbé's widespread
+relations, which make him a favourite with M. Jaubert, Minister of
+Public Works, with the Princesse de Beauffremont, a pronounced
+Carlist, with Madame de La Redorte, and with Madame de Gramont, of the
+Sacré Cœur. Moreover, in the course of the week which preceded the
+nomination of the Archbishop, M. Thiers sent for him to ask his
+opinion about the state of the clergy. M. Thiers, with his usual
+tactlessness, had made an appointment at the same time with M. de
+Montalembert, who brought with him Mgr. Affre. The parties arrived
+simultaneously, and were astounded at meeting one another. While they
+were thus awaiting the Minister with surprise, he was closeted with
+M. Royer-Collard. Eventually the four men confronted one another for a
+few moments--a memorable scene.
+
+The Abbé Dupanloup renewed his promise to come and see me at
+Rochecotte in October; at the same time he did not hide the fact that
+he might be unable to come if he saw that the Archbishop was unduly
+disturbed, for he has to respect his feelings for the sake of his
+little seminary.
+
+In the papers seized with Louis Bonaparte proofs were found that the
+undertaking was financed by Russia, with the connivance of the Carlist
+party, led by Berryer, and the name of M. Thiers was too frequently
+mentioned. The King forbade the Chancellor to pursue his action in
+this direction for two reasons: firstly, because M. Thiers would have
+been obliged to give evidence which would have embarrassed and
+complicated the general situation to a far greater extent; and,
+secondly, because the King thinks it useless to show his foreign
+enemies to what an extent they can count on positive support from
+Russia. What will be the end of these conflicting interests and this
+general complication?
+
+
+_Paris, September 5, 1840._--Paris was greatly excited the day before
+yesterday and yesterday by the numerous gatherings and bands of
+workmen. The newspapers give full details. Much money has been found
+upon those who have been arrested, which is supposed to come from the
+Russo-Bonapartists; such, at least, is the opinion of the Government.
+Every day reveals some new social disease, and the age is racked by
+cruel sickness.
+
+Yesterday I went to the Sacré Cœur for a long talk with Madame de
+Gramont, whom I found uneasy and disturbed. She gave me full details
+of the harassing treatment laid upon her by the new Archbishop, and
+also of his new style of ruling the Paris clergy, to which they are by
+no means accustomed. For instance, he reprimanded the poor old
+incumbent of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin for the reason that he himself had
+been slandered in his parish, for which he regarded the incumbent as
+responsible. In a certain sacristy he saw some young priests laughing
+at his vulgar manners, and addressed them with strong language. He
+wishes to force certain incumbents to resign. In short, there is
+general disturbance throughout the diocese.
+
+I also went to Madame de Jaucourt, whom I found alone, aged and
+isolated, but lively. She told me a fact which I should have thought
+impossible a few days ago, but which I am now more inclined to
+believe: that the Queen and Madame gave sixty thousand francs to M. de
+Montalembert's newspaper, the _Univers catholique_. For some time in
+this paper accounts have been noticed of the King's conversations with
+foreign ambassadors.
+
+Madame de Castellane came to ask me to dine with her to-day, and with
+M. Molé, who will read us his speech upon the occasion of his
+admission to the French Academy, where he is taking the place of M. de
+Quélen.
+
+This morning I saw M. Hottinger, the banker, who is much disturbed
+about the situation. He sees, with great uneasiness, that the efforts
+of diplomacy can be nullified at any moment by the will of the Pasha
+of Egypt, in whose hands it is obvious that the question of peace or
+war now rests. Conspiracies and risings at Constantinople continually
+complicate all these questions for the worse. It is certain that only
+a miraculous Providence could disperse these heavy clouds. At
+Marseilles trade has come to a standstill and people are warehousing
+their stocks; not a single ship is leaving the port, and every one is
+anxiously awaiting the issue.
+
+At one o'clock I went to Saint-Cloud to see Madame Adélaïde; then I
+went to the Queen, and afterwards to the Duchesse d'Orléans: she is
+really charming, distinguished, witty, gracious, and self-restrained;
+her conversation is most agreeable and attractive. Madame Adélaïde
+seemed to me to think that peace will be preserved; heaven grant that
+she is right!
+
+
+_Paris, September 7, 1840._--The revolt is now breaking out with fresh
+audacity. Guns from the Invalides are galloping to the Faubourg
+Saint-Antoine, the assembly is beating continuously and troops are on
+the march, while the National Guard is concentrated at the different
+mayors' houses; in short, this is a case of battle. So far our
+Faubourg Saint-Germain is peaceful, but it must be admitted that if
+the combat is not soon concluded the left bank of the Seine will be no
+better off than the right. I am told that the bands scattered through
+Paris are largely composed of Poles and Italians, wandering people
+without a fixed home, never sleeping twice in the same house, and
+therefore difficult to seize. Since yesterday they have been
+threatening to set Paris on fire, by way of simplifying their task.
+The foremen of the factories, who have long known of the proposed
+movement, had warned the Chief of Police, who had, however, no legal
+authorisation to take adequate precautions. It was even impossible to
+prevent yesterday's terrible outbreak. To-day there is a general
+panic, and the troops and guns are ordered to do police work. Let us
+hope they will again stand firm.
+
+
+_Paris, September 8, 1840._--Yesterday evening at eight o'clock I
+heard that the troops had driven the rioters out of Paris, and that
+the town was tranquil; public buildings, however, were guarded, on
+account of threats of incendiarism. In the afternoon I saw M. Molé,
+who seemed to be quite overwhelmed by the fact that public stocks had
+gone down four francs. He also told me of the definite rupture of the
+Doctrinaires with M. Thiers, whose manifesto was inserted in a Rouen
+newspaper, and has been quoted in M. Molé's newspaper, _La Presse_.
+This conflict is said to be most energetic.
+
+The _Journal des Débats_ is also very bitter against M. Thiers.
+Business men on the Stock Exchange are making outcries against him,
+and his position is becoming very difficult. A more pressing interest
+is the other war, the first demonstration of which seems to have been
+brought about in Syria by the action of Admiral Napier. It is
+certainly said that this Admiral is a madman, and that as he is backed
+by the hot-headed Lord Ponsonby this demonstration does not emanate
+from the English Government, but we wonder whether this Government
+will disavow it.
+
+
+_Paris, September 10, 1840._--The general calm has outwardly at least
+been re-established at Paris. Yesterday I dined at Saint-Cloud, which
+has been restored and furnished by the King in a magnificent fashion;
+splendid Gobelin tapestry is to be seen there, copies from Rubens
+representing the life of Marie de' Medici. The King took me round all
+the rooms, and talked a little of every subject on the way, constantly
+saying that he was anxious for peace and would do all he could to
+preserve it, but thought his task must be facilitated; this is not
+being done, either at home or abroad. His hatred of the Russians and
+his bitterness towards England are extreme. He has a special, and not
+unreasonable, grudge against England, on account of present events in
+Spain. Queen Christina was convinced that if she could only see
+Espartero she could induce him to become her personal adherent, and
+had therefore invited him to Madrid. On his refusal she undertook the
+journey which was her ruin. In her absence public feeling was
+manufactured in the capital; she is now obliged to return under the
+most ominous auspices. Probably her daughter will first be taken from
+her, and after that what will be done with her? This is the question
+which the King continually asks himself, uneasily repeating: "I fear
+the poor woman is ruined."[123] He says that England finances and
+encourages the anarchist movement; that Espartero is entirely English,
+and that if a general war bursts out we may expect to see him invade
+France as an English ally.
+
+  [123] After ending the civil war (aroused by Don Carlos on the
+  death of his brother, Ferdinand VII.) by the capitulation of
+  Bergara, Marie Christina attempted to begin a reactionary policy.
+  In 1840 she presented to the Cortes the law of the
+  _Ayuntamientos_, intended as a restriction upon municipal
+  freedom. An insurrection at once broke out in Barcelona, and
+  rapidly spread to Madrid and a large number of other towns. This
+  movement was supported by Espartero. The Queen-Regent summoned
+  him and commissioned him to form a Ministry on September 16,
+  1840, but he imposed such severe conditions upon her that she
+  thought acceptance impossible. On October 2 she resigned the
+  regency.
+
+The King had heard that the King of Prussia had set the Archbishop of
+Cologne at liberty and authorised him to return to Rome, but that the
+Archbishop would not take advantage of this permission until he had
+received fresh instructions from Rome.
+
+The Duchesse de Nemours has a most inexpressive countenance and a
+monotonous tone of voice, which somewhat counteracts the effect of her
+brilliant youth. The Duc de Nemours remains as stupid as ever. The Duc
+d'Aumale is now regarded as a man. He seems lively and inclined to
+talk. Princesse Clémentine is growing faded, and takes less trouble to
+please. The Queen and the Duchesse d'Orléans are the two bright stars.
+M. Dupin, who was also dining at Saint-Cloud, was loudly groaning and
+haranguing about the weakness of the Government in their treatment of
+the rioters, saying that as long as they were addressed with the words
+"gentlemen and fellow toilers" incendiarism and plunder might be
+expected. The day before yesterday these workmen during the night
+disarmed two outposts in the Rue Mauconseil, though it must be said
+that the soldiers made no attempt to defend themselves. The result was
+a fresh panic at the Stock Exchange yesterday. The fear, the grief,
+and the ruin which have overtaken a number of people cannot be
+imagined.
+
+The other day M. de Montrond was saying that M. de Flahaut was anxious
+to go to London as ambassador, but they are too glad to be rid of
+Guizot to recall him here, notwithstanding the dissatisfaction which
+he causes on the other side of the Channel.
+
+
+_Paris, September 11, 1840._--I have decided to start at the end of
+the morning for Jeurs to visit the Comtesse Mollien, where I shall
+sleep.
+
+Yesterday evening on returning home I continued reading the accounts
+of the trial of Madame Lafarge, as I had fallen behind.[124] If she is
+innocent of the crime, so much the better for her relations, but the
+evidence of the two expert bodies, her enormous purchases of arsenic,
+and the sudden transition from complete repugnance to excessive
+tenderness for her husband would always make me suspect her so far as
+to desire another nurse if she had to mix my potions.
+
+  [124] Madame Lafarge, with whom several people in French society
+  were compromised, was first accused of stealing diamonds and then
+  of poisoning her husband. The first accusation was never entirely
+  cleared up, but the second was proved. The Court of Assizes
+  condemned Madame Lafarge to penal servitude. She remained in
+  prison for twelve years, at the end of which she was pardoned
+  owing to her enfeebled health. She died a few months later, in
+  1852.
+
+I am especially shocked by Madame Lafarge's behaviour at one point,
+and by the uproarious laughter with which she greeted the emphatic and
+really ridiculous evidence of one of the witnesses; such frivolity
+seems to me to be rather a proof of impudence than of innocence. The
+more innocent a person might be, the more she would suffer under such
+an accusation, and while preserving a clear conscience her mind would
+be filled with other ideas than any which could produce such bursts of
+laughter. Her behaviour there shows a terrible lack of refinement and
+a complete failure to realise her position, for when the accusation
+concerns husband-poisoning, whether one is accuser or accused, I can
+hardly conceive of any inclination to hilarity. On the whole, whether
+she is a poisoner or not, she is obviously an unpleasant adventuress.
+
+
+_Courtalin, September 14, 1840._--I left Jeurs very early yesterday,
+after being, as usual, kindly and hospitably entertained. The day
+before yesterday I took a stroll with Madame Mollien in the valley of
+the Juine, which extends from Etampes to Corbeil; it is well watered,
+well wooded, and populous; great rocks peep out among the trees, as in
+certain parts of the forest of Fontainebleau. The three chief
+residences in this valley are Gravelles, belonging to M. de
+Perregeaux, Chamarande, belonging to M. de Talaru, and Ménilvoisin,
+belonging to M. de Choiseul-Praslin. The first two of these I already
+knew, and Madame Mollien took me to see the third. It is a stately and
+spacious residence; the approaches and the park are handsome, but the
+general appearance is depressing. This is characteristic of all the
+residences in this district. They have no outlook, shut in as they are
+in this narrow valley. They lack space and air, but not water, of
+which there is such an abundance that dampness is unavoidable. The
+waters of the Juine turn a number of mills, some of which are so large
+as to look like castles.
+
+I arrived here yesterday evening, and found all the Montmorency family
+assembled with a M. de Roothe, an old man of seventy-eight, son of the
+last wife of Marshal Richelieu.
+
+The only subject of discussion yesterday evening in the drawing-room
+was the case of Madame Lafarge. Here, as everywhere, very opposite
+opinions prevail concerning her. Those who think her innocent say that
+her husband did not die of poisoning, but from taking cantharides as a
+tonic for nervous debility, and that the rapid change in his wife's
+behaviour is to be attributed to his recovery from this failing, and
+also the pleasure with which she saw him enter her room by the window
+when he did not come in by the door. Those who persist in thinking
+Madame Lafarge guilty say that the first experts should be believed,
+who performed their analysis after the first post-mortem, rather than
+the second, who went to work when putrefaction had set in. They also
+emphasise the evil tendencies, established by yesterday's evidence, of
+the accused: her habits of lying and playing a part; her evil
+reputation from her youth; the haste with which her family attempted
+to get rid of her by marriage, even going so far as to apply to a
+matrimonial agency. She is the granddaughter of a certain Madame
+Collard, who before her marriage bore the sole name of Hermine; she
+was brought up by Madame de Genlis, and was generally supposed to be
+her daughter and the daughter of the Duc d'Orléans, father of the
+present King of France. This ancestry of hers is supposed to account
+for the keen interest taken in her case at the Tuileries. The
+accusation concerning the diamonds is differently regarded in
+different circles. Mdmes. de Léautaud, de Montbreton, and the Nicolai,
+belonging to the Faubourg Saint-Germain and that clique, think her
+capable of theft and poisoning; the democracy, who are delighted to
+find a society lady guilty, regard the fable which Madame Lafarge
+invented about Madame Léautaud as true. Party spirit appears in
+everything and destroys all feelings of equity and justice.
+
+I have just received a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, of which
+the following is an extract: "I was at Auteuil with Madame Thiers the
+evening of the day before yesterday. Considerable uneasiness prevailed
+about current events; these are moving rapidly and becoming very
+complicated. The decision to fortify Paris had thrown the Stock
+Exchange into excitement; it is a measure which will be enormously
+expensive to carry out, and will rouse much apprehension. M. Thiers
+said that all his efforts were intended to gain time to finish his
+preparations; he added that if we could prolong the matter until April
+next we should be in a state of defence, and he said that no one could
+be more keenly interested in the question than the King and Queen. As
+regards Spain, he seems very uneasy and doubtful of the result; he
+receives telegrams every day. On the 7th the Queen-Regent was still at
+Valencia, but he thinks that she will perhaps have to fight a battle
+to return to her capital. The Town Council of Madrid appoint fresh
+Ministers every day, and anarchy there seems complete."
+
+
+_Courtalin, September 15, 1840._--At dinner-time two new arrivals
+appeared, the Duc de Rohan and his son the Prince of Léon. They
+brought certain information that M. Anatole Demidoff had married
+Princesse Mathilde de Montfort in return for the payment of the
+father's debts by M. Demidoff. He is moved only by considerations of
+vanity, and has so acted in order to become connected with the King of
+Würtemberg and the King of Russia, but the connection is said to be
+unfavourably regarded by the two Sovereigns, and not likely to bring
+him much satisfaction.
+
+
+_Bonnétable, September 17, 1840._--The day before yesterday, in the
+evening, after all the usual gossip of the Courtalin drawing-room, we
+had some amusing anecdotes very well told by M. de Roothe concerning
+his father-in-law, Marshal Richelieu.[125] He was married during three
+different reigns, and the first marriage was ordered by Louis XIV.,
+who had found a perfumed cap of the young fool too near the bed of the
+Duchesse de Bourgogne.
+
+  [125] At the age of fourteen the Duc de Richelieu, then Duc de
+  Fronsac, married Mlle. de Noailles, by order of King Louis XIV.
+  In 1734, after the sieges of Kehl and Philippsburg, where he
+  greatly distinguished himself, Richelieu married Mlle. de Guise,
+  Princess of Lorraine, and at the age of eighty-two he married a
+  third wife, Madame de Roothe. It is said that after the marriage
+  ceremony he went home to change his clothes, threw down the
+  ribbon of his order on the bed, and said to his footman: "You can
+  go; the Holy Spirit will do the rest."
+
+I am astonished by the thought that I have dined with a man whose
+father-in-law had been at the feet of that charming Princess and had
+been scolded by Madame de Maintenon. M. de Roothe said that Marshal
+Richelieu was always a lady's man, and that an hour before his death,
+when his daughter-in-law came to his bedside, and said that she
+thought he was better and looked stronger, he answered: "Ah, the fact
+is that you see me through your fair eyes." M. de Roothe gave the
+following account of his mother's marriage with Marshal Richelieu: A
+few years previously, when her first husband was still alive, as she
+was driving with him, they passed a carriage overturned and broken
+upon the Pont Neuf; they stopped to learn to whom the accident had
+happened, and whether they could help the sufferers. It was the
+Marshal Richelieu whom they picked up and took home to his house in
+their carriage. The next day the Marshal called to thank M. and Madame
+de Roothe; he was struck with the beauty of the latter, and renewed
+his visits so constantly that people remarked upon it to Madame de
+Roothe, telling her that the Marshal's reputation was such that it
+might be dangerous to receive him too often, in spite of his eighty
+years. Madame de Roothe therefore kept out of his way. Some time
+afterwards she became a widow, and was left with four children in such
+straitened circumstances that she was obliged to sell her horses.
+Marshal Richelieu, disguised as a horse-dealer, appeared as purchaser,
+said that he could not come to an agreement with Madame de Roothe's
+servants, and asked to see her herself. He was taken in, and a
+recognition followed. To cut explanations short, she told him that she
+had changed her mind and would not sell her horses. M. de Richelieu
+withdrew, but in order to help the poor widow he induced the King,
+without her knowledge, to find rooms for her in the Tuileries, the
+very rooms where we have seen the Vicomtesse d'Agoult and Madame
+Adélaïde. Madame de Roothe accepted the King's kindness. Some months
+afterwards she learnt that she owed it to the Marshal, and she thought
+it her duty to write and thank him. He came to call upon her, fell at
+her feet, and said: "If you are comfortable in these rooms, allow me
+at least to say that they are unworthy of you, and that the Richelieu
+residence would suit you much better." The proposal was accepted, and
+the marriage took place. Madame de Roothe became with child, but the
+Duc de Fronsac was furious at the thought that a birth might prejudice
+his rights, and induced a chambermaid to give his mother-in-law a
+draught which brought on a miscarriage.
+
+Yesterday I travelled rapidly, thanks to good roads, good horses and
+postillions, and in particular to a hurricane which blew on our backs
+and swept the carriage, servants, and horses along in its blast. I
+found the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency in good health, but slightly
+deaf. Her chaplain is ill, and the customs of the house are
+consequently altered.
+
+I have a letter from M. Bresson. His account of the political
+situation is as follows: "Things here have become somewhat calmer; the
+matter will blow over, but resentment and distrust will remain. People
+will no longer meet with the same cordiality, and will be continually
+on their guard; in short, the ground is by no means as clear as it
+was, a thing which M. de Talleyrand never liked, but I think that the
+main storm has turned aside, and if you have made plans for a journey
+to Prussia next year you need not abandon them for any possible war.
+Herr von Werther has been rather seriously ill. The Prince of
+Wittgenstein comes back to-morrow from Kissingen. Frau von Reede,
+seventy-four years of age as she is, is the leader of society at
+Königsberg. We shall have some splendid festivities for the
+Huldigung.[126] The nobles of the Mark of Brandenburg have alone
+subscribed twenty thousand crowns. All this brilliant prospect does
+not restore my good-humour; my health is certainly changed by the
+climate, and my character by isolation and exile. I have reached one
+of those periods in life, one of those frames of mind, when change is
+required at any cost, and it is for change that I hope. My best days
+are past; my few remaining ties in this world will soon be broken, and
+I ought to try to strengthen my connection with my country. You would
+do me a very great service if you could induce my patroness, Madame
+Adélaïde, to smooth the path for my retirement."
+
+  [126] King Frederick William IV. was not exactly crowned, but he
+  went to Königsberg to receive the homage (_die Huldigung_) of his
+  subjects, who took the oath of fidelity to him through their
+  Deputies on September 10, 1840.
+
+I have an idea that M. Thiers will soon have no trouble in finding
+high diplomatic posts for his friends, owing to a large number of
+voluntary resignations.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 19, 1840._--I am now at Valençay, a spot so full
+of memories that it seems to me like a native land. M. and Madame de
+Valençay are alone here with their children. They both seem very glad
+to see me again, and I am always happy to be back at Valençay. Here I
+am less cut off than elsewhere from an eventful past, and the dead are
+less far away than anywhere else.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 22, 1840._--M. and Madame de Castellane arrived
+here yesterday from their native Auvergne, which seems by no means a
+pleasant district in which to live. There are no high-roads to their
+residence, but only badly made paths, which must be traversed in a
+litter or on horseback. The snow is already upon their mountains,
+where there are no trees and no cultivation, nothing but grass for the
+cattle; there is no fruit and no vegetables, no game, and no doctor
+within easy reach. Pauline has grown thin and sunburnt; her husband is
+very thin, and I hope they will pick up at Rochecotte, where we are
+all going. Their little daughter, Marie, is most satisfactory, fair,
+fat, and fresh, always in a good temper, laughing and restless, a
+little angel whom I was very glad to see again, and her mother with
+her.
+
+To-day is St. Maurice's Day, formerly the most festive and animated of
+days at Valençay. This year it will be celebrated only by a mass for
+the repose of the soul of our dear M. de Talleyrand. It will be
+celebrated in the chapel where he rests.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 24, 1840._--The great Lafarge drama is now
+concluded; she has been condemned. The reflection which came to me
+upon reading the verdict is that the appearance of this woman, her
+speeches, her gesture, and her bearing, produced a very striking
+effect and secured her conviction. It is a verdict which could by no
+means be inferred from the facts, for she has shown for a long time
+great presence of mind, while her counsel were extremely talented, and
+the Public Prosecutor displayed a tactlessness akin to rudeness.
+Public sympathies were widely divided, and Madame Lafarge was
+supported by a powerful family. The extraordinary and unusual element
+in this case is that I can see no one, not even the condemned person,
+who is in any way attractive. Apart from the prisoner herself, there
+is Denis, who seems to be a bad man; her mother Lafarge, who is too
+anxious about the will; the deceased man, whose business transactions
+were a trifle shady; Madame de Léautaud, very frivolous; Madame de
+Montbreton, who was too fond of hypnotism; Madame de Nicolaï, who did
+not look after her daughters properly. As the accusers of Madame
+Lafarge numbered so few estimable persons, she must have strongly
+impressed the jury with her guilt for them to bring in a verdict
+against her.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 25, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles has been to Paris
+to call upon Madame de Lieven on her return from London, and writes to
+me as follows: "I found the Princesse much changed. There are still
+hopes of peace, and the Government is moving in that direction. The
+King retains his confidence. The proposals of Mehemet Ali have opened
+a new stage in the business, which may prevent war, but nothing is
+settled; if the matter drags on until the spring Thiers will then be
+more warlike than he now is, as we shall then have an army which we do
+not now possess. There is a kindlier feeling towards Prussia than
+towards the other three Powers. It seems that Berlin has already had
+more than enough of the convention, and that Herr von Bülow is loudly
+abused for his presumption and his blindness."
+
+From another source I hear as follows: "Uneasiness at London is
+spreading through every class. The English Ministry declares its
+astonishment at the measures taken in France and at the energy
+displayed by the King. I believe that Lord Palmerston is very anxious.
+The Princesse de Lieven read a letter to M. de Montrond from Lady
+Cowper which does not conceal the uneasiness and uncertainty of those
+about her. They say Lord Holland stands entirely aloof from events. I
+have certain information to the contrary; he writes letters of six
+pages to Mr. Bulwer on current business, and shows as much keenness as
+any young man. He is said to be a very strong opponent of France. In
+both England and Scotland the harvest is a bad one, which adds to the
+embarrassments of the English Cabinet. Meanwhile, though spirits are
+rising at Saint-Cloud, the breach seems to be widened by the exchange
+of notes in very bitter language. The whole matter is very confused,
+and it is impossible to forecast the result with any certainty."
+
+Yesterday M. de Maussion came here from Paris, or rather from M.
+Thiers, at whose house he has been living. He says that Madame de
+Lieven is regarded as a spy in the house of M. Thiers, where she is
+accused of all kinds of treachery. He also says that M. de Flahaut
+comes to M. Thiers every morning with a bundle of letters from
+England, that he poses as a man of importance, and that he and his
+wife are intriguing more vigorously than ever. He adds that M. de
+Flahaut is starting for England in order to be absent during the trial
+of Louis Bonaparte, but his wife is giving out that he has a secret
+and important mission to the English Cabinet, to repair the
+tactlessness of M. Guizot. There is a wish to remove M. Guizot, but M.
+Thiers does not want him in Paris for the meeting of the Chambers, so
+M. de Flahaut is thrown back upon the embassy at Vienna, and it is
+thought that he will obtain it.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 25, 1840._--Frau von Wolff writes to me from
+Berlin under date the 19th of this month: "Our town is astir with
+preparations for the ceremonies to take place the day after to-morrow
+at the entry of the King and Queen, and is also busy with the
+entertainments which will be given when the oath of fidelity is taken.
+An enormous number of strangers are coming in from every quarter. You
+will have seen in the German newspapers how enthusiastically the King
+was welcomed at Königsberg and with what royal dignity he ascended the
+throne of his ancestors. All who were present agreed in saying that
+the King's impromptu speech after the oath was more moving than
+anything they have known. The speech was so unprepared that the Queen
+halted as though with astonishment when she saw the King suddenly rise
+and approach the railing; there he stopped, and, raising one hand to
+heaven, he uttered in a strong, sonorous voice which went to every
+heart and was heard at the end of the enclosure, the simple words of
+hope for the future. He moved many to tears, and shed tears himself.
+We need only pray to heaven to preserve us the blessings of peace;
+hitherto the prospects of war have not shaken the general confidence.
+The King's energy and activity in the work of government is
+incomparable. To judge from the beginning he has made, Prussia will
+make giant strides under his rule; but I repeat, to enjoy the golden
+age which seems to smile upon us peace must be preserved."
+
+
+_Valençay, September 28, 1840._--Yesterday we were amused by a small
+dramatic performance during the evening, which began by the dialogue
+between Agrippine and Néron,[127] played in costume by M. de Montenon,
+who took the part of Néron, and my son-in-law as Agrippine, a truly
+feminine monstrosity. Then _Le Mari de la Veuve_ was acted with much
+vigour, balance, and spirit by my son Louis, my daughter Pauline,
+Mlle. Clément de Ris, and Mlle. de Weizel. Then we had two scenes from
+the _Dépit amoureux_ by Mlle. Clément de Ris, M. de Montenon, M. and
+Madame d'Entraigues, and finally _Passé Minuit_ by MM. de Maussion and
+de Biron, which greatly amused the pit. After the performance there
+was supper and a dance, and all passed off very cheerfully.
+
+  [127] From Racine's tragedy _Britannicus_, Act IV. scene ii.
+
+
+_Valençay, September 29, 1840._--I have a number of letters, one of
+which says: "The meeting of the Cabinet has been called at London for
+Monday the 7th. It is thought unlikely that Lord Palmerston will be
+able to carry his own views, and the Ministers are said to be by no
+means unanimous; for this reason some hope survives that peace may be
+maintained; on the other hand, nothing is known of the nature of the
+instructions sent to the Mediterranean, and the whole situation is
+very uncertain."
+
+Now for Madame de Lieven. She begins with many moans over her health,
+and ends: "My health, however, is not so bad as that of Europe. What a
+disturbance everywhere! War is the most likely consequence. To think
+that people could allow things to reach this point and that not a man
+in Europe can conduct a piece of business properly! Prince Metternich
+must be dead. Every one desires peace passionately, and see to what
+the wild love of peace has brought Europe! Indeed, the whole world
+must be mad! The crisis must be settled in a few weeks. I am told that
+Vienna is making great efforts, but Palmerston is very obstinate. In
+France there has been an outcry, and much more also than mere outcry.
+What self-respecting persons would think of retreating? I should like
+a talk with you; we have seen better times, and I have many things to
+tell you of London which would astonish you. My dear Duchesse, if war
+breaks out I am bound to be the first to leave Paris and France, and
+where shall I go? It is abominable!"
+
+
+_Valençay, September 30, 1840._--M. Molé writes as follows: "The Comte
+de Paris has been very ill--in fact, in the greatest danger; he is
+better, but not cured. No doubt you know that Madame de Lieven has
+returned; her friend M. Guizot--and I am certain of my facts--will
+soon break with his master and superior, M. Thiers. The discussion
+upon the Address will be the latest date for the accomplishment of
+this great event."
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuféra says: "Anxiety continues to prevail here;
+people are asking what answer is to be sent to the proposals of
+Mehemet Ali, but many people think that thunderbolts will be the
+answer. In France armaments are being organised upon a very large
+scale. The Duchesse de Massa has arrived in time to close the eyes of
+Marshal Macdonald, her father. It is thought that his marshal's baton
+will go to General Sébastiani. The Princesse de Lieven receives a
+written despatch from our London Ambassador every day."
+
+
+_Tours, October 2, 1840._--Here I find a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, who writes from Vienna on September 23: "The matter
+would proceed excellently, if it were conducted here; but discussion
+takes place at Vienna and Berlin, and negotiations at London, where, I
+believe, a very different temper unfortunately prevails."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 4, 1840._--Yesterday's newspapers contain a long
+explanatory note from Lord Palmerston, addressed to the English
+Minister in Paris, Mr. Bulwer, which puts the Eastern question in a
+very different light from that given by the French narratives.[128] We
+have also news of the capture of Beyrout,[129] which is a strong
+beginning to the course of coercive measures. What will be the result?
+
+  [128] The memorandum addressed by the French Government to Lord
+  Palmerston will be found in the Appendix.
+
+  [129] Beyrout had been taken from Turkey by Ibrahim Pasha, whose
+  victories had subjugated the whole of Syria for the Viceroy of
+  Egypt. As this expedition threatened the Ottoman Empire, and, in
+  fact, nearly brought about a European war, the town of Beyrout
+  was bombarded and captured from Mehemet Ali by an Anglo-Austrian
+  squadron in 1840.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 5, 1840._--My son-in-law has a letter from Paris
+telling him that the _salon_ of M. Thiers on the day when the news
+arrived of the capture of Beyrout was so bellicose that it threatened
+to throw the whole world into a conflagration. However, in the
+_Journal des Débats_ of the 3rd instant I saw a small article on this
+question urging calm and moderation, and when I consider the inspired
+nature of this paper I have become a little calmer.
+
+I had expected that the pleadings of M. Berryer on behalf of Prince
+Louis Bonaparte would display a seditious tendency, would be
+blustering, rash, and outrageous. I was greatly surprised to find that
+I could read them without the slightest emotion. But I have often
+noticed that when one reads Berryer's speeches they do not produce an
+effect in harmony with his reputation, and that one must hear him to
+be dazzled and attracted, to such an extent does he possess the outer
+and attractive qualities of an orator.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 6, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuféra writes from
+Paris: "Events in the East are of a very alarming nature, and so also
+is the language of the Ministerial newspapers, for which the
+moderation of the Saint-Cloud organ[130] is but a small compensation.
+The former journalists threaten M. Thiers that they will break with
+him if he does not begin war. Prussia and Austria seem decidedly
+anxious not to make war upon us or upon anybody; it is difficult to
+understand the situation. M. de Flahaut is at London staying with Lord
+Holland, who sees the Ministers every day and tells his wife that he
+is trying to convince them of our real position, but this officious
+service will probably have no great result, as people at London seem
+to have made up their minds. I have seen Lady Granville; both she and
+her husband are greatly depressed. They still hope that war will not
+break out, and I know that Lord Granville is doing all he can to
+produce a calmer frame of mind. Everybody one meets is uneasy and
+anxious, nor will they talk of anything but of the memorandum, of
+Beyrout, of Espartero and the fortifications; they go to bed in
+excitement and awake painfully anxious. You are lucky to be far away
+from such a turmoil. Nobody pays attention to the trial of Louis
+Bonaparte; M. d'Alton-Shée alone voted for death, after a violent
+speech. The proposal was badly received by the rest of the Chamber."
+
+  [130] _I.e._ the _Journal des Débats_.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 7, 1840._--Yesterday I heard a sad piece of
+news--the death of my poor friend the Countess Batthyàny at Richmond
+on the 2nd. She had recently felt an improvement in her health, which
+had induced her to consider the possibility of coming to live at
+Paris.
+
+I hear from Paris: "M. Molé is at Paris for the trial of Louis
+Bonaparte, in which M. Berryer was a complete failure. All minds are
+absorbed by the bombardment of Beyrout and the possible consequences.
+There is a universal outcry against M. Thiers. Madame de Lieven is
+rather ill; she is feverish, and sees visitors in her long chair. She
+professes a close attachment for M. Guizot, but is said to show a
+tendency to coldness."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 8, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame
+de Lieven, begun on the 5th and finished on the 6th. The following is
+an extract from the part dated the 5th: "In England nothing has been
+decided; the Ministers are not agreed; however, the peace party is
+predominant, to which Palmerston himself pretends to belong, though he
+does not offer any means of finding a solution satisfactory to France;
+moreover, his hands are not free, as he must ask for Russia's consent
+at every moment. Since the bombardment of Beyrout Thiers seems to
+think his position no longer tenable unless he makes some bold stroke;
+his colleagues are not all of his opinion, and the King is not in
+favour of extreme measures. However, some decision must be made. Lord
+Granville is very anxious. Things have gone so far that change is
+inevitable. It was even said yesterday that Thiers wished to send two
+hundred thousand men to the Rhine and a French fleet to Alexandria to
+oppose the English. This would be an act of madness. The situation is
+very dangerous, and assuming that Thiers breaks with the Government,
+where are people to be found sufficiently resolute to undertake the
+heavy burden now before them?"
+
+On the 6th she writes: "The three or four councils held within the
+last two days have ended in the resolution to send a protest to the
+English Government in which a _casus belli_ will be laid down, and I
+think that Alexandria and Saint-Jean d'Acre will be the points at
+issue; but if one of these towns were to be attacked at this moment
+what would become of the protest? The English Government has on its
+side addressed notes to its allies to modify the treaty; negotiations
+are going on with tolerable frankness, but meanwhile military
+operations are also proceeding. They say that the King is not in
+entire agreement with M. Thiers concerning the _casus belli_; he is
+also said to be especially satisfied with M. Cousin, who is on good
+terms with Admiral Roussin and M. Gouin. I am told on good authority
+that the meeting of the Chambers is arranged for the early days of
+November, and that the protest of which I told you will be decided
+this morning. Saint-Jean d'Acre will not be mentioned in it."
+
+This interesting letter gave much food for our conversation. The Duc
+de Noailles, who is here, and who has brought his manuscript, read us
+a passage on quietism.[131] It is clearly written, and in a good and
+brisk style, with well-chosen quotations which enliven the subject.
+
+  [131] This piece is to be found in the _History of Madame de
+  Maintenon and the Chief Events of the Reign of Louis XIV._, the
+  first part of which was to appear in 1848.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 11, 1840._--Yesterday we heard of the sudden
+death of Arthur de Mortemart,[132] a fine young fellow, who was to
+inherit a magnificent fortune, and also, though I did not know the
+fact, to marry the daughter of the Duc de Noailles, who set off
+immediately upon hearing the sad news. Arthur de Mortemart was
+twenty-seven years of age, and an only son. It is a dreadful blow to
+his family.
+
+  [132] The only son of the Duc de Mortemart, who died in
+  consequence of a fall from a carriage.
+
+M. Molé writes: "The Chambers are being convoked for the 28th, and my
+friends insist that I should return to Paris between the 15th and
+20th. I agree, but we shall have nothing but the remarkable and barren
+pleasure of exchanging our condolences. We are advancing with fatal
+rapidity towards a revolutionary Government, which may lead to even
+more bloodshed than before. God alone knows how long it will last and
+what will take its place. However, if the newspapers do not mislead
+and divide the right-minded party we should emerge successfully, with
+courage, but our domestic difficulties make the situation
+irremediable; foreign affairs would easily be settled if our home
+policy inspired any confidence. In any case, the Chamber will have to
+decide the whole matter, but there is little hope that it will rise to
+the greatness of its task. I do not know what will happen to my
+reception at the Academy in the midst of all this. I am ready, and
+notwithstanding the arguments of M. Villemain, who seems to be
+intimidated, I shall omit nothing from my eulogy of Mgr. de Quélen,
+and I invoke the great day."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 12, 1840._--A letter from M. de Barante at St.
+Petersburg tells me: "I am waiting for news from elsewhere, for at St.
+Petersburg nothing is decided, nor in reality do people greatly care.
+Peace would be perhaps the wiser course, but war is more in conformity
+with the sentiments which people have been professing for ten years;
+so they will only do what England wishes. You can make your
+conjectures in accordance with this view; you know Lord Palmerston and
+all his political environment, of which I have no idea."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 14, 1840._--Madame de Montmorency writes to say
+that M. Demidoff has written to M. Thiers for authorisation to
+announce his wife at Paris as Her Royal Highness Madame the Princesse
+de Montfort. Madame Demidoff has written personally to Madame Thiers,
+whom she knew in Italy, on this subject, and the King has given his
+consent.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 17, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuféra writes:
+"Peace now seems to be a trifle nearer. Negotiations have been
+resumed, and people are agreed in saying that if war is to break out
+it will not be for a considerable time, and that many diplomatic notes
+will be exchanged before we reach that extremity. General de Cubières,
+Minister of War, had resigned because he thought the majority in the
+Council too warlike, and his opinion was that we should be unable to
+wage a successful war with the Powers and must avoid the possibility.
+His resignation, however, has not been accepted, as the negotiations
+and prospects of peace have been resumed, at any rate for the moment.
+The French memorandum has brought many over to the side of M. Thiers.
+The vacant Presidency of the Chamber is a post which occupies many
+minds; opinions are divided between M. Odilon Barrot and M. Sauzet.
+The Comte de Paris has fallen ill again, and his parents are very
+uneasy."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 19, 1840._--Madame de Lieven writes: "The English
+Cabinet has welcomed the French note. The peace party is gaining
+strength, but the issue does not lie in that direction. St.
+Petersburg, which is a long way off, must be consulted, and during
+these delays the newspapers are able to interfere. The memorandum of
+Thiers has caused much satisfaction at Paris, and some embarrassment
+to Lord Palmerston; at St. Petersburg it will be thought that he says
+aloud what has hitherto been whispered. As for Austria, Apponyi claims
+that the narrative is inaccurate where Austria is concerned. In any
+case, the decision is imminent, and will be known on November 15. The
+four Powers care nothing about the war or about France; so we may ask
+in what direction or for what reason France will take action.
+Unfortunately there is a general idea that peace and M. Thiers are
+incompatible. This would be quite dangerous, for excitement is high,
+and Thiers in the scales can outweigh war."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 20, 1840._--The newspapers contain an account of
+a fresh attempt to assassinate the King, made by a certain
+Darmès.[133] The constant repetition of these attempts makes one
+tremble, and it is impossible to avoid uneasiness.
+
+  [133] On October 15, 1840, about six o'clock in the evening,
+  Louis-Philippe was returning from Paris to Saint-Cloud with the
+  Queen and Madame Adélaïde. They were driving along the Quai des
+  Tuileries, and had reached the Poste du Lion, when an explosion
+  was heard; but the weapon which the assassin Darmès had used
+  against the King had burst and the charge had exploded backwards.
+  As soon as the assassin had been arrested and imprisoned it
+  became necessary to amputate his left hand, which was entirely
+  shattered.
+
+Yesterday my son-in-law received letters from Paris which say that the
+wind seems to blow in the direction of war. Lord Palmerston is stated
+to be anxious to insist upon the full enforcement of the treaty. Our
+Minister thinks himself certain of a majority, rather because of the
+apprehension with which his opponents would view their own accession
+to power in the present situation, than of any confidence inspired by
+the Cabinet. After the attempted assassination by Darmès the Duc
+d'Orléans is said to have declared that he was strongly in favour of
+war, and would rather be killed on the banks of the Rhine than
+murdered in a Paris slum. All our letters agree that excitement is
+running high and that conditions are both complicated and serious.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 21, 1840._--Yesterday the papers announced the
+abdication of Queen Christina. This event will not form an agreeable
+page in the annals of M. de La Redorte's Spanish embassy.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes as follows: "Many people are saying that
+Thiers will resign, and many say that he is in a difficulty upon the
+subject. He does not see how he can appear before the Chambers. He
+would like to arrange a retreat which would leave him at the head of a
+party, by making people believe that he was unable to persuade the
+King to take the energetic resolutions which the national honour
+requires. On the other hand, thus to be eclipsed, to leave every one
+in difficulty, after raising and provoking all these questions, to
+evade discussion and responsibility before the Chambers, would
+certainly be disgraceful. However, people who are best informed think
+that he will resign. The speech from the throne is now the only point
+upon which he can disagree and request permission to retire.
+
+"Prussia definitely refuses to let any horses go out of its territory.
+It is hoped that some will be found in Normandy and Holland. The
+situation is extremely embarrassing, for we are certainly not ready
+for war, and cannot be before spring, and yet loans have already been
+effected to the amount of four hundred and fifty millions. The deficit
+will be a bottomless pit. If stocks fall to ninety-nine, when by law
+sixteen millions a month must be redeemed, and if money is taken from
+the savings banks, the Treasury will be in a hopeless difficulty. The
+Syrian expedition seems to have no immediate result; Ibrahim allows
+the allies to seize the seaboard, which is separated from the rest of
+the country by a chain of mountains which runs along the sea, and
+which the disembarked troops cannot cross. He holds all this country,
+which is overawed by his army and dare not revolt, and is waiting for
+the storms to drive away the fleet, which cannot then return before
+spring. I have seen a letter from Lady Palmerston, strongly inclined
+to peace. Guizot also writes that Downing Street is now calmer.
+
+"The King is very depressed by this further attempt to assassinate
+him, and Thiers feels that the credit of the Ministry is not improved
+by the event. The Deputies who are already here and those who are
+arriving are said to be inclined for peace. I hear that the Chamber of
+Peers is tempted, if it has the courage--which I doubt--to adopt a
+patronising and embarrassing attitude towards the Ministry."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 23, 1840._--Madame Adélaïde, in a very kind
+answer to a letter from myself, writes as follows about the attempted
+assassination "The King's first word after the explosion to the Queen
+and to myself was, 'Well, it seems that you must always be in this
+fatal carriage,' a truly touching remark."
+
+I have the following from Madame de Lieven: "Granville yesterday
+handed in Lord Palmerston's answer to the note of the 8th. I believe
+that this answer undertakes to revoke the proposal for the Pasha's
+deposition, if he submits; you will see that this does not help
+matters. All that can now be said is that the general attitude and
+language upon either side is gentler, and may possibly lead to an
+understanding. Lord Palmerston will not explain himself more clearly,
+as he is waiting for news of some brilliant successes in Syria; so far
+he has waited in vain. The tone of the French Ministry is less
+warlike; they say that war may arrive in spring, if winter does not
+settle everything. Here you see a change, and diplomacy at Paris is
+inclined to believe in peace. We shall see what the Chambers will do;
+their action will be important both upon events and individuals.
+
+"The King has not appeared in the town since the shot was fired at
+him. On this subject the foreign newspapers comment far more suitably
+than the French.
+
+"The dissensions in the English Cabinet are said to be more obvious,
+and Palmerston is thought to be in the minority. M. de Flahaut, who
+arrives to-morrow, will enlighten us upon this subject. Madame de
+Flahaut is now very anti-Palmerston, because she naturally fears the
+possibility of war between her two native lands.[134] Lord John
+Russell has gone over to the majority against Palmerston, and, feeble
+though he is, his influence is important. Things in general are in
+incredible confusion, but I am really beginning to hope that there is
+a little more prospect of peace than there has been for the last few
+days."
+
+  [134] Madame de Flahaut was an Englishwoman, daughter of Admiral
+  Keith (Lord Elphinstone). He was ordered to notify Napoleon I.,
+  when he sought hospitality on the English coast in 1815, that he
+  was a prisoner of the allies. He was also ordered to prepare for
+  the prisoner's transport to St. Helena.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 24, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law heard that
+the French Ministry had resigned upon the occasion of the speech from
+the Crown, which it wished to devote to the subject of the _casus
+belli_, against the King's desires.[135]
+
+  [135] Thiers and his Ministry went out on October 29, 1840, and
+  were replaced by M. Guizot. Thiers was not to return to power
+  under the reign of Louis-Philippe.
+
+My son, M. de Dino, tells me that the Grand Duke of Tuscany has made
+M. Demidoff Prince of San Donato, a name derived from his silk
+manufacture, and has given him the title of Excellency. The Pope[136]
+has sent the dispensations for the marriage. The dowry of the young
+Princess is settled at two hundred and fifty thousand francs, with
+twenty-five thousand francs pin-money.
+
+  [136] The Pope was then Gregory XVI.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 25, 1840._--Queen Christina is apparently
+intending to settle at Florence, where her sentimental interests are
+centred. She has two children by Muñoz, whom she adores, and has
+managed to save an income of fifteen hundred thousand francs.
+
+The little Comte de Paris is very ill, in continuous fever, which
+wastes him away. The Duc d'Orléans is greatly distressed, and the
+Duchesse is in bed very weak and unhappy. She is not allowed to move
+for fear of a miscarriage, as she is now in her eighth month. The poor
+royal family is receiving some heavy blows.
+
+_Rochecotte, November 2, 1840._--Queen Christina is not going to
+Italy; Nice, Paris, and then Bordeaux, such are said to be her
+movements. She wishes to remain near Spain, in order to keep an eye
+upon the progress of events.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes as follows, the day before yesterday: "You see
+what has happened here; things are becoming very stormy; M. Guizot
+must be very courageous to embark in such a vessel. At London the
+general tone is becoming much milder, and will continue to improve in
+favour of the new Ministry, but a great deal will have to be done to
+satisfy the madmen here, and an ill interpretation will be placed upon
+English self-satisfaction. Thus there are many difficulties which are
+far from a solution. The Chamber will be in a state of continual
+storm, an interesting spectacle, but likely to become frightful. The
+King is said to be delighted that he has got rid of Thiers, and to be
+charmed with his new Ministers;[137] I wish I could believe that his
+satisfaction was likely to last. Thiers says that he will not oppose
+Guizot; this is nonsense. The Comte de Paris is better. The Duc
+d'Orléans is not satisfied with the change of Ministers, but King
+Leopold is very pleased."
+
+  [137] The new Cabinet was composed as follows: Minister of War
+  and President of the Council, Marshal Soult; Foreign Affairs, M.
+  Guizot; Public Works, M. Teste; the Interior, M. Duchâtel;
+  Finance, M. Humann; Education, M. Villemain; Justice, M. Martin
+  du Nord; Commerce, M. Cunin-Gridaine; Naval Affairs, Admiral
+  Duperré.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1840._--A letter which I have just received
+from M. Molé contains the following: "The outgoing Ministry was
+ruining everything, and in three months would have involved us in war
+with the whole of Europe, and given us a revolutionary Government into
+the bargain. I do not know what the new Ministry will do, but it
+cannot do worse, or even as badly. The method of its formation has
+obliged me to stand aloof--an easy part to play, and one which I
+usually prefer, the more so as when I do take part I never do so by
+halves."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 5, 1840._--My son, M. de Dino, writes from Paris
+that great preparations are being made to decorate the route by which
+the procession will pass bringing back the remains of Napoleon from
+St. Helena, and that a strange idea has been proposed, to have a row
+of the effigies of all the Kings of France. I suppose they will be
+placed there to present arms to the usurper. Really, people are
+absurd nowadays; in any case, this fine idea emanates from the
+Cabinet of M. Thiers, and not from the present Ministry.
+
+A letter from Madame Mollien says: "Yesterday evening, in the middle
+of the theatre, Bergeron, the foremost of all the King's assassins,
+entered a box, where was seated M. Emile de Girardin, the editor of
+_La Presse_, to whom, without saying a word, he gave a box on the
+ears. M. Girardin bounded up like a madman; his wife, who is twice as
+big and strong as he is, caught him by his collar, shouting, 'Don't go
+out! You shall not go out! He is an assassin!' The result is said to
+have been an incredible scene; everybody intervened, all were in a
+quarrelsome state of mind, and in the corridors and vestibule nothing
+could be heard except challenges and appointments."
+
+Here is an extract from another letter in a different strain: "M.
+Guizot and Madame de Lieven are the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and
+I have a fear that M. de Broglie must be content with the fate of the
+Sultan's wife, Validé. M. Molé has not been offered a position; the
+King continually repeats that M. Molé declined to lend a hand; this is
+not the case. At so serious a crisis no thinking man would use such
+language, but the matter is most easily explained in this way. The
+_Journal des Débats_ has since been carefully working upon the
+scruples of M. Molé, and said to him: 'If you refuse to support the
+Cabinet, which is Conservative, the Left will come into power, and it
+will be your fault. It is a crime against the country,' &c. This
+attitude seems to resemble the case of parents who, when they have a
+son dangerously ill, say to a girl, 'If you do not grant him an
+interview he will die, and it will be your fault.' If I were a girl I
+assure you that in this case I should look after myself. My opinion is
+that M. Molé should remain a member of the Academy and nothing more.
+Moreover, he will be none the worse off for that. Do you know that
+Maurice de Noailles is to become a priest? It is said that Barante
+will be Ambassador at London. I hope so."
+
+My son-in-law hears that Maurice de Noailles is entering the Church in
+despair, because he could not marry the daughter of the Duc de
+Noailles. I admit that I do not believe this story as yet, and await
+some confirmation of it.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 6, 1840._--Yesterday's post brought me a long
+letter from M. de Salvandy: "We are emerging from a Ministerial
+crisis, which has passed off with little incident, except that M. Molé
+has remained outside the new combination. He feels, with much
+exasperation, that some supreme influence has secured his exclusion.
+At the outset of the crisis M. de Montalivet worked very hard to find
+a post for M. Molé in the new Cabinet: he went about everywhere, and
+declared on all sides that his co-operation was indispensable, to M.
+Molé more emphatically than to any one. I could not help saying to M.
+Molé that so much zeal seemed suspicious, and that I could not but
+infer some bad result. However, M. Molé's chances of office never
+amounted to anything, nor has he been treated with any of that
+ceremony, which might outwardly have soothed his feelings; in fact,
+practically no notice has been taken of any member of the Ministry of
+April 15. Only upon the last day were they considered in the least.
+The new body was brought together with such little thought that no
+effort was made to secure M. Passy, who was ready to come in
+unconditionally, but was united with M. Dufaure; the latter based his
+refusal upon a personal dislike for M. Martin du Nord rather than upon
+political motives. M. Passy and M. Dufaure had no objection to myself
+or to M. Laplagne. Thus it would have been possible with no great
+difficulty to gather round Marshal Soult and M. Guizot some members of
+the Ministries of April 15 and May 12. These would have formed a good
+nucleus for a majority, at once compact and permanent. Instead of
+this, a Ministry has been lumped together, and it is expected that the
+dangers evoked by M. Thiers will provide votes at first, while the
+future can take care of itself. When the Cabinet, however, was formed,
+it was remembered that no measures had been taken to secure the
+adherence of the Left Centre, or even of the Conservative party. Then
+they took steps to repair this mistake, and the Ministers all came to
+me. M. Guizot, whom I had not seen since the Coalition, came wearing
+his order, to ask me solemnly for my co-operation. I did not hide the
+fact that it was rather late, and that this fashion of forming a
+Ministry without paying attention to any one, or respecting M. Molé
+and his party by the observance of outward formality, increased the
+difficulty of a situation, which was already complicated enough. When
+I heard M. Guizot I remembered what I was saying to the Duc d'Orléans
+a few days ago, that of the two rivals it was difficult to say which
+is the more futile; that if Thiers is futile without, Guizot is so
+within; in fact, Guizot has not a notion of the domestic dangers, the
+Parliamentary difficulties, and the general peril caused by the
+abstention of M. Passy and M. Dufaure; for they, added to Lamartine
+and myself, would form a possible Cabinet intermediate between that of
+to-day and that of M. Odilon Barrot, whether we took M. Molé, M. de
+Broglie, or even M. Thiers for our leader. In short, their confidence
+and presumption have been inexplicable, while they have completely
+forgotten the apostasy of 1839, which is aggravated by this fresh
+change of creed and colour. They are convinced that their theories can
+be resumed at the point where they had dropped them, and talk of
+safeguards, order, and resistance with the same authority. They have
+no notion of the fury which this language is likely to arouse among
+their adversaries, and regard us as cold and disagreeable. However, we
+shall support them, for we are men of honour before all things, and I
+am equally certain that there will be a majority on the general
+question. Thiers has brought things to such a point that his
+restoration would mean both revolution and war; but the humiliation
+abroad which Guizot's Cabinet will have to confront is likely to be a
+crushing burden. Honourable men do not pardon Thiers for making this
+humiliation inevitable, and in three months no one will pardon Guizot
+for yielding to it. In my opinion he will have to give way in a short
+time, but if he performs the double service of bringing us through a
+great difficulty without increasing it and of paving the way for a new
+Conservative majority he will have done a good deal. I do not despair,
+and for my part will certainly help him. He left me and went on to
+open conciliatory measures with M. Molé.
+
+"The immediate cause of Thiers' rupture with the King is as follows:
+In the speech Thiers demanded further measures, that is, an additional
+hundred and fifty thousand men--making six hundred and fifty thousand
+in all, the mobilisation of the National Guards, camps upon the Rhine
+and the Alps, in short, war. The King tried to compromise by saying
+that his Ministers would explain what they had done and what they
+intended to do. Thiers refused; it seems as though there was no
+sincerity on either side. Thiers felt that his position was untenable:
+the Left was trembling, the Conservatives would venture anything in
+their fright, and his own foolishness will not bear discussion. The
+King on his side was bold enough to regard his attempted assassination
+by Darmès as a possible starting-point from which to turn the struggle
+against himself and overthrow his Cardinal de Retz, while he ran no
+risk for his power, but a very great deal of risk for his life.
+
+"The Conservative party thus seems to be reorganised by the return of
+the large majority of the Doctrinaires and the probable support of the
+Left Centres, who are in terror, but the Doctrinaire party is divided;
+M. Duvergier de Hauranne and M. Piscatory follow M. de Rémusat and M.
+Jaubert from the Left; M. Broglie is divided between the two camps; M.
+Thiers continues to rely upon him, and flatters himself that he has
+been strongly defended by him in the Chamber of Peers; M. Guizot, on
+the other hand, calculates that he will accept the London Embassy; to
+this he attaches great importance, although M. de Broglie will not be
+able to lend him all the strength of which he will deprive M. Thiers
+by a long way; however, he will not weaken him, and that is something.
+Failing M. Thiers, Madames de Barante and de Sainte-Aulaire will fight
+for London. There is no doubt that M. de la Redorte will be retired,
+as he has cut a poor figure in the Peninsula. There will be many
+changes in the Diplomatic Body. I know that I have been thought of for
+an embassy, but I have not yet considered my reply. M. Guizot has
+gained nothing from London; something may be obtained from Lord
+Melbourne, but nothing from Lord Palmerston, and it is not certain
+that Europe is less inclined to the latter than to the former. The
+condition of the Comte de Paris still causes alarm. Chomel, to whom I
+have spoken, but he is rather a pessimist, has no hope except that the
+poor young Prince may live long enough to spare the Duchesse d'Orléans
+a great grief during her confinement."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 8, 1840._--M. d'Entraigues, our Prefect, who has
+been here since the evening of the day before yesterday, received
+yesterday by a courier a telegram sent to him at Tours with news of
+the nomination of the President, the Vice-President and the Committee
+of the Chamber of Deputies. The nominations in general are, thank
+heaven, favourable to the Cabinet and supported by a good majority.
+This beginning is a trifle consoling. If fear inspires wisdom, so much
+the better.
+
+I have a letter from the Duc de Noailles, who tells me that there is
+no truth in the rumour that his cousin M. Maurice is to enter the
+Church. People are indeed wonderfully clever in inventing and
+spreading stories and providing them with so many details as to make
+one believe what is utterly unfounded. The Duc de Noailles also says:
+"The royal session is said to have been a most mournful ceremony;[138]
+on the one side was much outcry of obvious meaning, while on the Left
+there was menacing silence; in the middle was the King shedding tears
+at a certain passage in his speech. The speech was wanting in dignity,
+and a pacific attitude should be more dignified; it was drawn up by
+Guizot. The desire for peace was too obvious, and it was not a
+success. The Ministry are sure of a majority for some time, but as the
+fear of war dies away they will lose it. Syria has been given up as a
+bad job by the Government. If the Pasha submits, all will be over; if
+he resists and is attacked in Egypt it is difficult to say how an
+explosion will be avoided here. Thiers said to Guizot on his arrival:
+'Now it is your turn. There are only two men in France, yourself and
+I; I am the Minister of the revolution, you of the Conservative
+movement; if one is not in power the other must be. We cannot act in
+concert, but we can live upon good terms. I shall put no obstacle in
+your way, and make no attempt to inconvenience you.' None the less he
+is already intriguing in the Chamber, and an agitation will be raised
+to support him."
+
+  [138] The opening session of the Chamber of Deputies.
+
+_Rochecotte, November 12, 1840._--The Abbé Dupanloup arrived here
+yesterday to consecrate my chapel. The ceremony is to take place
+immediately. Yesterday's post brought news of the confinement of the
+Duchesse d'Orléans. I am delighted to hear of the birth of a second
+son.[139] Madame de Lieven writes that she is somewhat dissatisfied
+with the beginning which the new Ministry has made.
+
+  [139] The Duc de Chartres.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 14, 1840._--I had wished the first mass said in
+my chapel to be for the repose of the soul of M. de Talleyrand, but an
+inaugural mass cannot be one of mourning. At the ceremony of the day
+before yesterday, therefore, colours were worn in honour of St.
+Martin; yesterday's mass was for the dear departed. The altar is
+exactly where his bed used to stand in the room which has been
+replaced by the chapel; the coincidence affected me deeply.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 17, 1840._--M. de Salvandy, who has most
+obligingly undertaken to send me a little weekly bulletin, tells me
+that the Diplomatic Body at Paris was almost as keenly excited by the
+last note from Lord Palmerston as the Chamber itself.[140]
+
+  [140] Lord Palmerston was unwilling to make any concessions.
+
+It seems that Count Apponyi has written everywhere pointing out the
+danger of urging France to revolution and to war when she is
+attempting to throw off the yoke of anarchy. Lord Granville and Herr
+von Bülow disavow the acts of Lord Palmerston. If he really wished to
+drive France to extremities, it may be believed that neither Austria
+nor Prussia would support him. Even Russia seems to have moderated her
+language.
+
+My son-in-law writes me from Paris on the 15th: "The state of affairs
+here seems to me very confused. The transition from revolutionary
+provocation to a demeanour of humility can only be effected amid
+uproar in order to put shame out of countenance. To this end everybody
+is working. There is a general cry for peace and for the support of
+the former Ministry, and a general outcry against the cowardice and
+degradation of the supreme power, though no one can say exactly what
+should have been done. These indeterminate attacks never produce a
+really embarrassing situation, and as they make an uproar without
+doing any harm, the men against whom they are ineffectually directed
+obtain the credit of success. It thus seems generally admitted that
+the Ministry will gain a majority. M. Guizot, for instance, was saying
+the day before yesterday in his _salon_, with the heroic air
+characteristic of General Guizot: 'Gentlemen, we have just begun the
+campaign; the war will be long and severe, but I hope that we shall
+gain the victory.' Though the Chamber desires peace at any price, it
+is not compliant. The greater its anxiety, the louder its outcries,
+which will only end with its unregretted fall. The Address, which is
+to be drawn up, people say, by M. Passy or M. de Salvandy, will be
+very bellicose, so much so as to embarrass the Government, although it
+had been decided to create as little trouble as possible on this
+point.
+
+"You will have read the answer of Lord Palmerston to the memorandum of
+October 8. It is an important matter. His disdain for us is obvious,
+and is not even disguised by forms or ceremonies. It seems, moreover,
+that this feeling towards us has grown remarkably of late. None the
+less the note has caused much embarrassment to M. Guizot, who had told
+everybody that since his entry upon office the situation in England
+had entirely changed and that Lord Palmerston was an altered
+character. He summed up his views in these words: 'I have peace in my
+pocket.' This is how he explained Lord Palmerston's note when he was
+talking at the house of the President of the Chamber[141] two days
+ago: 'Lord Palmerston has a theological mind; he will let no
+objection pass without an answer, so that this note means nothing;
+it is merely a question of principle.' M. Dubois, of the
+Loire-Inférieure, who is a clever man, and a strong supporter of the
+new Ministry, then took M. Guizot aside and told him that he would be
+making a great mistake if he repeated that observation in the Chamber.
+M. Guizot merely answered by repeating his statement, with which he
+was so delighted that he caused it to be inserted that evening in his
+own newspaper, _Le Messager_, in the form of a note at the foot of the
+memorandum, merely suppressing the term 'theological.' At the same
+time the incident has caused some stir, which has not yet died away,
+and would make M. Guizot cut a ridiculous figure if things seemed what
+they are in this country. The Ministry proposes to make peace, and
+everybody thinks that it will be successful. After that it will
+perish, for no obvious reason, in a hurricane; this also seems to be
+generally believed. Then M. Molé, who now remains in isolation, will
+come to power. He will probably be welcomed by every one, not because
+he is any more popular in the Chamber than he used to be, but because
+every one's energy is exhausted, while the King remains master. The
+matter will depend upon the King, who is ill-disposed to M. Molé at
+this moment, and uttered a remark concerning him which others
+attribute to M. Guizot, but which is too good to come from more than
+one source: 'M. Molé is an excellent looker-on, but is a bad actor.' I
+have an idea that the remark is mine, and that some one stole it from
+me five years ago.
+
+  [141] M. Sauzet.
+
+"The Syrian campaign is decidedly favourable to the allies. The
+English have displayed much energy. They are inducing the Turks to
+strike hard, and everything is yielding before them; the force of
+Ibrahim was a myth. At every moment we are expecting the news of the
+capture of Saint-Jean d'Acre, which will be an important success both
+here and there. The saddest part of it is that there is no certainty
+concerning the possible safety of Egypt. Already rumours are present
+of a probable revolt at Alexandria, of the assassination of the Pasha
+by knife or poison; while you have seen that Lord Palmerston, with his
+theological mind, no longer speaks of the deposition of the Pasha as
+he did three weeks ago. There is no certainty that we shall not yield
+upon that point here, and it would be a tremendous concession.
+
+"So much for the present. I now turn to the past. Thiers has shrunk in
+everybody's eyes: his timidity has been invariably as great as his
+imprudence and his superficiality. He dismissed the French Consul at
+Beyrout because he wished to serve the Pasha in Syria by calming the
+revolt, and it has never been possible to induce him to send reliable
+agents to Syria for the purpose of finding out the exact extent of
+Ibrahim's power. Hence we have been deceived, and the attitude of
+France has been guided by unrealised expectations. M. de Broglie
+thinks that the King was greatly mistaken in dismissing the Ministry
+of M. Thiers, because he would in any case have fallen a victim to
+public ridicule at this moment. This opinion is based upon the fact
+that if one stakes a large sum upon one card and it does not appear
+the ridicule is universal. The person to whom he was speaking on the
+matter yesterday evening thought, on the other hand, that while the
+Chamber might fear war, it would never have been strong enough to
+overthrow the Cabinet.
+
+"The speech drawn up by Thiers did not propose a new levy of a hundred
+and fifty thousand men, but merely wished to anticipate the new levy
+by three months, whether for peace or for war, this being the levy
+ordinarily made in the spring. Moreover, the tone of the speech was
+quite moderate; but the fact is that neither he nor the King was
+sincere and it was a mere pretext on either side.
+
+"There was a Ministerial crisis, of which we had no suspicion, after
+the capture of Beyrout. The Ministry wished to make a demonstration by
+sending the fleet to Alexandria, but the King was opposed to this
+idea. M. de Broglie was asked to mediate between the two parties, and
+patched the matter up, on the theory that it was impossible at that
+moment to appoint a permanent Ministry if those in power resigned upon
+such a question. He was also opposed to the idea of sending a fleet to
+Alexandria, believing that the measure was good in itself, as likely
+to cause the allies anxiety while giving them no reason for complaint,
+and thinking it a measure which an absolute Government would have
+every right to carry out; but in French practice, on the other hand,
+as soon as this measure had been executed, the Press would have driven
+the fleet into action, whether they wished or not, and war would have
+been the result. All this argument, in any case, is based upon the
+fact that this measure or anything like it could only be carried out
+by violent means of which the public must hear, such as a resignation,
+a crisis, and so forth. If the matter had been quietly arranged with
+the private knowledge of the King, the case would have been very
+different. Moreover, M. de Broglie is by no means well disposed
+towards the King. He says, however, that it is all a matter of
+indifference to him apart from the outward disturbance; that he will
+support any possible Ministry, that not only will he make no attempt
+to overthrow them, but will not even try to shake their stability,
+seeing that any of the said Ministries are always more reasonable than
+the Chamber. In short, he says that he is part of the Ministerial
+suite, an avowal which no one had yet ventured to make, and that he
+greatly envies you the prospect of spending his winter in the country.
+His calmness is quite Olympian, though tempered with bitter and
+piercing irony.
+
+"M. Guizot tells his friends in confidence that he has induced M. de
+Broglie to accept the London Embassy. I believe nothing of the kind,
+but I forgot to ask him yesterday evening. M. Molé seemed to me to be
+utterly cast down; he is a kind of Jeremiah singing madrigals, and is
+greatly changed."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 22, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law wrote to his
+wife saying that the diplomatic correspondence was read privately
+before the Commission of the Address in the Chamber of Deputies. It
+represents M. Thiers as an incompetent and impossible Minister, M.
+Guizot as a wise ambassador and a dangerous auxiliary, Lord Palmerston
+as a resolute and strong character; it shows that Thiers had
+attempted to deceive and blind the eyes of every one and to take them
+in, and was simply laughed at, as also was France. He also writes that
+the Duc d'Orléans made his little impromptu speech before the Chamber
+of Peers with admirable tact, grace, and nobility.
+
+Another note has been received from Lord Palmerston, milder in tone
+than the former, but still raising anxiety upon the Egyptian question.
+M. Mounier has been officially sent to London to try and secure some
+concession.
+
+My son Valençay writes to me to say that Madame de Nesselrode is at
+Paris for six weeks; that she will not appear at Court, and therefore
+will not go into society, but will live quietly by herself, and is
+delighted with her idea. I do not know whether Count Nesselrode will
+be equally delighted.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 23, 1840._--My son-in-law writes that M.
+Walewski, who had been sent to Egypt as an envoy to Ibrahim, thought
+that he was still writing despatches for the Ministry of March 1, and
+had announced that in spite of all his efforts he could not induce
+Ibrahim to pass the Taurus. This despatch seems to be causing a great
+sensation.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 24, 1840._--My son-in-law writes: "There is a
+vague rumour that some arrangement will be made in Syria and Egypt
+which will not be the ruin of the Pasha. This is in consequence of his
+complete submission to the Powers, but we shall boast of it here, and
+the majority will appear to believe it. For some time past there have
+been terrible arguments between Thiers and Guizot, face to face, and
+the worst of it is for them both that the bystanders support one of
+them against the other; consequently they will dig the pit in which
+they will both fall. Thiers is almost entirely ruined, and Guizot will
+be in the spring after he has refused, as he will, to pave the way for
+M. Molé, who will certainly enter upon office if the King wishes."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 25, 1840._--I have been reading with admiration
+the noble farewell of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation.[142] It
+seems to belong to another time and to an age when there was still
+something divine in the language of kings. This touching manifesto is
+said to have been drawn up by Señor de Offalia, who has also left
+Spain.
+
+  [142] This manifesto of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation
+  will be found in the Appendix.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 26, 1840._--What a dreadful speech M. Dupin has
+made! I am certainly the most peaceful creature in France, but I
+cannot understand how any one can descend to such depths. A descent so
+useless, so tactless, and so clumsy that it really seems as if he were
+trying to win a wager.
+
+The wife of the Marshal d'Albuféra tells me that the Comtesse de
+Nesselrode met M. Thiers at her house, and that he put out all his
+efforts to charm the Comtesse. Madame de Nesselrode takes such sudden
+fancies that she might get excited even over M. Thiers.
+
+The English have captured Saint-Jean d'Acre. Their little Queen has
+been confined of a daughter.[143]
+
+  [143] Victoria, Crown Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, was
+  born on November 21, 1840. By her marriage with Prince Frederick
+  William of Prussia she afterwards became Empress of Germany. She
+  was the mother of the Emperor William II.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 28, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes: "You
+will see by reading the reports of yesterday's session in the Chamber
+of Deputies the excitement which pervaded the assembly. This
+establishes and confirms peace with disgrace. These events will be a
+heavy burden upon the future of the present dynasty. I think that the
+consequence at home will be a kind of reform in the Chamber, which
+will produce a dissolution, and also another Chamber, in which we
+shall be forced to endure a Left Ministry led by Thiers."
+
+Madame Mollien writes to me: "Queen Christina is pretty; her
+complexion is superb, her skin fine and white; she has a gentle look
+and a clever and gracious smile, but those who wish to think her
+charming must look no lower than her head; in full detail she is
+almost a monstrosity, quite as much as her sister the Infanta. She
+came to France unattended by any of her ladies, though the newspapers
+are pleased to speak of some Doña, who, if she does exist, is probably
+nothing but a chambermaid. At Paris there are some Spanish ladies who
+will perform some kind of attendance upon her; at the present moment
+the Duchess of Berwick is so acting. Her suite is composed of only two
+men, who are both young; one especially, the Count of Raquena, does
+not seem to be more than twenty. He is a little man with fair
+moustaches, and looks like a comedy lieutenant. I do not know when the
+Queen will start. She says she is very happy here. I am afraid she
+will be too happy and stay too long. These royal visits always cause a
+certain amount of disturbance, which soon wearies the inhabitants of
+the Tuileries. She dines there every day, though she is staying in the
+royal palace. Her interview with her sister was very cold, but it
+passed off without any scene, and nothing more was expected."
+
+The Duchesse de Bauffremont sent me news of the marriage of her
+grandson with the second Mlle. d'Aubusson; the eldest daughter is
+marrying Prince Marc de Beauvau. Gontran's marriage will not take
+place for a year, as the young lady is only fifteen; she will be
+enormously rich. Her mother is Mlle. de Boissy. Her father has been
+ill for ten years, and his property is in the hands of executors.
+Gontran is not yet nineteen, and a very handsome young fellow.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 29, 1840._--The day before yesterday the
+_Journal des Débats_ was very curiously filled with the speeches of M.
+Passy and M. Guizot, throughout which M. Thiers must have felt himself
+somewhat uneasy. On the whole these explanations are not very
+creditable to the cleverness of any one except to the skill and the
+dignified tenacity of Lord Palmerston. It appears to me that all the
+French actors have emerged from the business somewhat bespattered,
+including even the little Bourqueney.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 30, 1840._--The discussions in the Chamber have
+induced me to read the newspaper through, and I am not sorry, for it
+is a curious drama, though one in which the situation is more
+interesting than the people, whose appearance becomes ever more
+threadbare as they adopt the most certain means of degradation, want
+of straightforwardness, simplicity, and truth in their dealings.
+Moreover, this discussion is like the Day of Judgment; whether they
+like it or not, every one is stripped of his fine feathers, and truth
+is forced to the forefront. Hitherto M. Villemain seems to me to speak
+the truth in the most suitable and striking language, but he is only
+in a position to speak for one side of the matter, though this, in my
+opinion, is the side to which blame chiefly attaches.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 1, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me: "I had
+a long talk yesterday with M. Guizot, and I told him that recent
+events and all that discussion has brought forth will considerably
+complicate the present situation for a long time. He thinks, on the
+contrary, that the difficulties are only momentary, and that public
+feeling upon this question will be as short-lived as it was upon the
+Polish war eight years ago.[144] I also had a long talk with Berryer
+concerning his speech; he is thinking it over, and has some good
+ideas; his conclusion will probably give the Ministry a set-back. He
+will say that war is obviously impossible at this moment, but that
+peace as formulated by the Ministry is not acceptable to the Chamber,
+and that the Address should be referred to a new commission. Odilon
+Barrot and M. Dufaure have already proposed this idea, which might
+easily become popular. I also met Thiers at the Chamber, and walked
+about for ten minutes with him. I reminded him that I had already
+prophesied the events that have come to pass, because in this great
+business nothing could be done without alliances, while France was
+united to an ally who was opposed to her interests and obviously
+likely to abandon her. He replied that France even alone could have
+prevented action, at the expense, however, of great energy and a
+large display of force. He throws the whole responsibility upon the
+King; he says that it is a case of inertia upon the throne, and that
+with inertia in high places and also naturally ingrained in the
+nation, nothing can be done; that if the Duc d'Orléans had been King
+the course of events would have been different; that he would perhaps
+have perished, but have perished with dignity, and would not have left
+France in her present state of humiliation and hopelessness, in which
+she will long continue. In any case, he is entirely devoted to the
+Left, and M. Odilon Barrot drew the bonds tighter yesterday. Madame de
+Lieven is, I think, really attached to Guizot, for she no longer goes
+to the sessions of the Chamber, and confines herself to asking news of
+them with much anxiety."
+
+  [144] A conflict arising from the revolution of July 1830 broke
+  out in Poland, where the Russians and the insurgents fought
+  terrible battles under the walls of Warsaw. On September 7, 1831,
+  Warsaw was obliged to capitulate in spite of a desperate
+  resistance, and the event caused great grief and sympathy
+  throughout France. An attempt was made to begin a revolt in Paris
+  and to overthrow the Ministry of Casimir-Perier, who had
+  recognised the impossibility of supporting Poland.
+
+I now come to an extract from a letter from the Princesse de Lieven
+herself: "Thiers seems to have decided that he will no longer serve
+the King. He says that he will wait for the Duc d'Orléans. Syria is
+lost for the Pasha. It is hoped and believed that he will yield to the
+summons of the English Admiral Stopford. I suppose that the French
+Government is advising him to do so; then the matter will be concluded
+with no glory for France, we must admit, and with every credit to Lord
+Palmerston. There are many people who strongly object to this latter
+result. The Ministers here expect a decent majority of fifty or sixty
+in favour of the Address, after which they will get on as well as they
+can. M. Guizot seems very tired, but is full of courage. At Vienna
+people are delighted with the change of Ministry and full of
+confidence in the present Ministers. I have no news of public opinion
+as yet from St. Petersburg. I am a little curious to hear what our
+Russian public will say about this great affair which has been settled
+without any active interference on the part of us Russians; it will
+cause us some astonishment. You will probably ask me whether there is
+a Russian public; the question is not unreasonable, but there is one,
+as far as the East is concerned. When I was at London as Ambassadress
+I ventured to call Turkey our Portugal; my own Court much appreciated
+the epigram, but the English did not. No haste is shown here to
+nominate a London Ambassador; I think they would prefer the Egyptian
+business to be settled first. We shall certainly have to wait until
+the middle of December. Madame de Flahaut does not know what to do,
+torn as she is by the whims and fancies which are natural to her and
+the extreme desire of her husband for a diplomatic post. The King
+greatly wished his ambassadors to call upon Queen Christina in a body;
+many of them felt scruples upon the point, but at length they decided
+to go, regarding her as nothing more than the widow of Ferdinand VII.,
+and in fact she is nothing more now. The Queen of England is said to
+have had a very easy confinement, and will probably have seventeen
+children like her grandmother. Madame de Nesselrode lives at the
+Chamber of Deputies; she is in love with Thiers, and has joined the
+Opposition extremists; she is finding life quite pleasant here. I see
+very little of her as her time is taken up with the debates in the
+Chamber and with theatres. My ambassador is crushed beneath the weight
+of all the great Russian ladies who are grouped together in Paris. I
+am sorry for him, for I can believe that it is entirely tiresome."
+
+I would have been ready to make a bet that Madame de Nesselrode would
+conceive a violent fancy for Thiers, if it were only to rival Madame
+de Lieven's fancy for Guizot. After reading the speech of M. Barrot
+and the series of invectives which he aimed directly at Guizot, I
+began to wonder yesterday how such things could be said and heard
+without leading to further explanations by means of swords and
+pistols.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 3, 1840._--The following are the most important
+passages from the bulletin sent by M. de Salvandy, under date December
+1, before and during the session of the Chamber. He says: "Have you
+heard at Rochecotte a pleasant epigram by Garnier Pagès, who is to
+speak to-day? 'I would strip them both, and their ugliness would then
+be obvious.' This epigram very well sums up the situation. M. Thiers
+retains his revolutionary attitude, but that is all; he remains
+incompetent to many and impossible to all. M. Guizot is far from
+having gained all that M. Thiers has lost. He has immense talent,
+admirable strength of mind in times of storm, the gift of overaweing
+all hostile revolts in the Assembly, and the art of raising the minds
+of his audience to consider questions with him upon a higher plane and
+from a wider point of view; these are his special advantages, though
+he has never made the best of them. Yet he grows stronger, though he
+raises no defences, and rests his power upon the majority without
+permanently establishing it. The soil declines to be cultivated. M.
+Thiers is like a mistress who is asked only to behave herself;
+anything will be permitted to him, and his reputation will not suffer.
+M. Guizot is the woman of strict morals who has been a failure and is
+blamed for everything. This struggle between the Ambassador and the
+Minister, in spite of attempts to soften it, does harm to the Chamber
+and to public opinion. He is not even pardoned for his firm resolve to
+abandon the principles of the Coalition, as if people would have
+preferred him faithful to infidelity personified. The speech of
+Dufaure seems to many people a manifesto intervening between the
+Cabinet and M. Thiers; the action of Passy and Dupin in this direction
+has caused much anxiety. My name is coupled with this movement because
+no one imagines that Ministers in retirement are not displeased to be
+employed. M. Molé is represented as hovering above all, although he
+has no connection with the sphere in which the Ministry of May 12
+predominates, for that Ministry, I think, regards it as a point of
+honour to preserve its consistency by holding aloof from M. Molé, as
+Jaubert thinks to remain consistent by retaining his seat among the
+others, whom he wounds and annoys by his constant outcries against the
+King and his enthusiasm for M. Barrot. Such is our position. The
+ground seems to be crumbling beneath us. Alas for our country, which
+should be strong and cannot be governed! Our Chamber is really the
+OEil de Bœuf of the democracy.[145] Favourites, male and female,
+disturb everything by their intrigues, and spend the time in
+overthrowing one another, with the result that ruin is universal. I am
+going to the Chamber, where MM. de Lamartine and Berryer will cross
+swords, and shall close this letter there.
+
+  [145] An allusion to the OEil de Bœuf in the castle of
+  Versailles, where Court intrigues were hatched.
+
+"_P.S._--Berryer has just spoken, a clever, brilliant, and perfidious
+speech. He has protected Thiers by going straightway to the Tuileries.
+There he has displayed his thunderbolts and launched anathemas against
+M. Guizot the Ambassador, which have been definitely applauded three
+times by the Assembly. M. de Lamartine is now rising to reply."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 4, 1840._--The speech of M. Berryer shows the
+state of the country from one point of view and that of M. de
+Lamartine from another. These two speeches seem to me to be the most
+brilliant effort on the part of one orator and the most lofty on the
+part of the other that the whole discussion upon the Address has
+produced. M. de Lamartine, for whom in general I have but a moderate
+liking, greatly pleased me with his reply which seems to be wise, well
+supported by facts, well thought out, and well delivered, with
+excellent touches of straightforward feeling, which had its effect
+upon the Assembly.
+
+We are assured that the mission of M. Mounier to London is intended to
+secure the help of England for the proposal of a marriage between the
+innocent Isabella with her cousin Carlos, Prince of Asturias.
+
+The remains of Napoleon have now been brought to Cherbourg. In Paris
+no preparations are said to have yet been made for this ceremony,
+which in my opinion will be very ridiculous.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 5, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from M.
+Royer Collard, from which the following is a striking extract: "A week
+ago, madame, I was a prisoner in the Chamber, following a great debate
+upon the Address with close interest. The audience have alternately
+expressed dissatisfaction with the chief actors, but not from the same
+point of view. The faults of Thiers are those of the Minister, and the
+faults of Guizot those of the man. I do not know whether you noticed
+in the newspapers that I was led to make a declaration in Guizot's
+favour which he greatly needed, as he was in a difficulty, for no one
+believed a word of what he was saying, although he spoke the truth.
+The next day he came over to my place to thank me, boldly crossing the
+whole Chamber for the purpose. I did not accept his thanks, and told
+him that I had done nothing for him, but had been thinking only of
+myself. He then buttonholed me in a corridor. I maintained a distant
+attitude and refused to converse. The difference between the two men
+is that Providence has not granted Thiers the power of distinguishing
+between good and evil; Guizot has this power, but will not use it. He
+is therefore the more guilty, but not, perhaps, the more dangerous. If
+one could regard any decision of to-day as irrevocable, I should say
+that they are both utterly ruined. I wish they were, but I am not sure
+of it."
+
+My son-in-law hears that the effect of Berryer's speech has been
+tremendous. It seems to have dealt a death-blow to M. Guizot, and a
+vigorous thrust in higher quarters. The Carlists are overjoyed. I am
+inclined to think that they regard the event as more important than it
+really is. Thiers loudly praises Berryer, and tells any one who will
+listen to him that in point of art nothing is superior to it, and that
+in 1789 no better performance was achieved.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven, to whom some one related the thrust that
+Guizot had received, answered that he had not been hit.
+
+It is said that the ceremony in honour of the remains of Napoleon will
+take place on the 15th of this month. How opportunely his ghost
+arrives!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 6, 1840._--I hear from a correspondent: "I have
+no certain confirmation of Demidoff's death, but I know from a sure
+source that he had a very unpleasant journey to Rome, and afterwards
+some harassing interviews with the Cardinal's Secretary of State and
+with the Russian Minister, after which he was obliged to leave the
+Papal States, in accordance with orders. The consequent excitement
+then caused him one of his worst attacks. Apparently he told a Greek
+priest that his children would all be brought up in the Greek
+religion, while he told the Catholic authorities that they would be
+brought up as Catholics. Moreover, he said, with his usual assurance,
+that with money anything could be gained from the Court of Rome, and
+that he had sent a hundred thousand francs to the Pope for the
+dispensations which he has procured. Cardinal Lambruschini, indignant
+at this story, inserted an article in the _Gazette romaine_, which has
+been circulated everywhere, and which denies the statement, affirming
+very positively that M. Demidoff only paid ninety francs for his
+dispensations--namely, the cost of their postage. The Russian Minister
+then refused to intercede with the Roman Court on behalf of Demidoff.
+Demidoff abused him, in consequence, and after all this fine
+performance was obliged to leave Rome; and if he is not dead with fury
+he is none the less in an awkward position."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 7, 1840._--The chief news of the day is the
+rejection of M. Odilon Barrot's amendment by a majority of more than a
+hundred.
+
+One or two clever epigrams current at Paris are these: MM. Jaubert and
+Duvergier de Hauranne--in short, the Doctrinaire section that has gone
+over to the Left--are known as the unrestrained schismatics from the
+Doctrine. In other circles partisans of Mgr. Affre, the Archbishop of
+Paris, are known as the _affreux_ (frightful). People must have their
+joke.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 9, 1840._--Madame Mollien informs me that, as
+the Address is now voted, men's minds are beginning to turn to the
+ceremony of the Remains, as the people of Paris call it. The expenses
+of the ceremony will amount to a million; thousands of workmen are
+busy day and night with preparations, and thousands of loafers spend
+their time looking on until nightfall. What foolishness all this
+comedy is, coming at such a time and in such circumstances! I think
+that the rock of St. Helena would have been a more fitting sepulchre,
+and perhaps a safer resting-place, than Paris, with its storms and
+revolutions.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 10, 1840._--M. Raullin writes to say that the
+Stock Exchange gambling was discussed at the session of the Chamber,
+and M. Thiers actually wept. He also says that the hatred and acrimony
+which embroil all these people is quite unparalleled, and that it is
+impossible to talk with any one unless you share their particular form
+of madness. Thiers wished to fight a duel with M. de Givré, which was
+prevented by Rémusat. M. Jaubert is also slightly infected by the
+disease. Madame Dosne is in bed, a result of the effects of the last
+session of the Chamber at which she was present. The revelations made
+upon the subject of the Stock Exchange gambling have overwhelmed her.
+
+M. de Saint-Aulaire writes from Vienna saying that he is going to
+stand for election to the French Academy; he displays great disgust
+with public affairs, and there is every probability that this feeling
+will become general.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 13, 1840._--Yesterday, as my solitude was more
+complete than usual, I returned, as I constantly do, to my
+recollections of the past. It occurred to me to write a few lines upon
+certain mental characteristics of M. de Talleyrand, as follows:
+
+His mind was strong, but his conscience was weak, for it needed
+enlightenment. The age in which he lived, his education, and the
+position into which he was forced were all incompatible with that
+reflection which can illuminate the soul. His natural want of
+sensitiveness also disinclined him for the serious work of
+self-examination and left him in darkness. Thus his unusual mental
+powers were entirely devoted to political interests. He was swept away
+by the terrible movement of his age, and threw the whole of his
+energies into it. If stress was required his energy was great; he
+could live without repose and rest, and deprived others of it as well
+as himself, but when he had attained his object he would relapse into
+a lengthy indifference, upon which he cleverly prevented any
+encroachment. He could be idle so gracefully that no one could disturb
+him without self-reproach, but he had a keen and accurate eye for a
+situation and a penetrating perception of its possibilities, while his
+mind was tempered with excellent common sense. When he took action he
+worked but slowly at first, but with rapidity and precipitation as the
+crisis approached. The attitude of carelessness, which he abandoned as
+little as possible, was most disastrous to him in private life, for he
+carried it to excess. His door was always open, his rooms were
+constantly invaded, while his indifference to the reliability and
+moral worth of the men who made their way to him was deplorable. At
+the same time he saw everything through his half-closed eyes, but he
+took little trouble to judge men, and even less to avoid those of whom
+he thought least. In conversation, if he felt no need of opposition,
+he allowed people to talk or act as they would, but if he felt himself
+attacked he was immediately aroused, and the answer was a crushing
+blow; he overthrew his opponent on the spot, though he never retained
+any bitterness of feeling for him. He speedily relapsed into his
+indifference, and as easily forgot an impropriety as he sincerely
+pardoned an insult. In any case, he was rarely called upon to defend
+himself. His dignity was natural and simple, so well protected by his
+reputation, his great past, and by the apparent indolence which was
+known to be only a mask, that I have rarely seen even the worst
+characters venture to show their true nature with him. I have often
+heard him say with real satisfaction: "I was a Minister under the
+Directory; all the hobnailed boots of the Revolution have tramped
+through my room, but no one ever ventured upon familiarity with me."
+He spoke the truth; even his nearest and dearest addressed him only
+with respectful deference. I am, moreover, convinced that his
+overpowering dignity was supported by a natural characteristic which
+could be felt even beneath his indolence. This was a cool courage and
+presence of mind, a bold temperament and instinctive bravery which
+inspires an irresistible taste for danger in any form, which makes
+risk attractive and hazard delightful. Beneath the nobility of his
+features, the slowness of his movements, and his luxurious habits
+there was a depth of audacious boldness which sometimes peeped out,
+revealed a wholly different order of capacities, and made him by
+force of contrast one of the most original and most attractive
+characters.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 14, 1840._--Among the letters which I received
+yesterday I had one from Berlin from M. Bresson, who says: "Frankfort
+is by no means a misfortune for Herr von Bülow; he has long desired it
+for private reasons; the post ranks as at least equal to that of
+London. The strange outcome of Eastern events has restored the credit
+of those responsible for the negotiations. The men who made the
+loudest outcry against Bülow are to-day warmest in his praises. We are
+so indulgent to those who show daring that I am myself inclined to
+regard them as correct. Humboldt has no political influence over the
+King of Prussia; no one has any as yet, and it is impossible to say
+exactly at present what attitude he will adopt. Some recent
+nominations of members of the Pietists have slightly damaged his
+popularity; his liking for them is not shared by the country. Lord
+William Russell extends the area of his amusements more and more; he
+is now divided between three ladies, one of whom attracts him with
+some frequency to Mecklenburg. Prince Wittgenstein no longer takes any
+share in public business; he has had several attacks and will not live
+long. I need not tell you what I felt concerning the discussion upon
+the Address; existing conditions make life abroad most unpleasant. Is
+it true that Flahaut is going to Vienna to replace Saint-Aulaire? If
+so, I shall certainly be left here. The wind of favour does not blow
+in my direction. A certain street and house very well known to you are
+not so well disposed to me as they were." This last passage alludes to
+Talleyrand's residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin, where Madame de
+Lieven now lives.
+
+I am informed of the death of the young Marie de La Rochefoucauld,
+daughter of Sosthène and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de
+Montmorency. This poor woman has survived her contemporaries, her
+children, and her grandchildren. Heaven has severely tried the high
+courage and profound faith with which she is endowed.
+
+I am also informed that at the much-talked-of ceremony of the Remains
+the Queen and the Princesses will be in mourning as for Louis XVIII.
+It seems that everybody is mad; the newspapers only speak of the
+funeral, or rather of the triumphal procession and of the religious
+honours which will everywhere be paid to the remains of Napoleon.
+After all, Napoleon, twice in forty years, will have performed the
+same service for the French. He will have reconciled them to religion,
+for it seems that it is quite curious to see the crowds upon their
+knees surrounding the clergy who bless these remains. Curious, too, is
+the general wish that their hero should have the benediction of the
+Church. Strange are the people who accept order personified in the
+midst of actual anarchy for the sake of a revolutionary idea, for it
+seems clear to me that there is no other motive for all these honours,
+which are paid, not to the legislator, but to the usurper and to the
+conqueror.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 15, 1840._--Yesterday I had some news from
+Madame de Lieven, the chief points of which I will copy: "Egypt is now
+done for. Napier was rather violent, contrary to his instructions, but
+at the same time he has succeeded. Napier wished to show his learning,
+and is asking the Pasha to restore the reign of the Ptolemys, a
+strange position for a vassal, but there it is. At Constantinople the
+principle of hereditary succession will be recognised for his family,
+and he will afterwards surrender the fleet. At London delight is great
+and Lord Palmerston cannot contain himself. Relations between the two
+countries remain very strained; it is not war, but cannot be called
+peace. The discussion upon the Address has been forgotten in view of
+the funeral of Napoleon; this will be a superb ceremony, and I hope it
+will be nothing else.
+
+"Queen Christina has gone, after making a conquest of your King. She
+will go to Rome, but not to Naples, where her daughter has not been
+recognised. The whole of Russian female society is here; five of the
+palace ladies are at Paris and only four left at St. Petersburg. The
+ambassadors have declared that they will not be present at the
+funeral. Most of them have adopted this idea independently, but Lord
+Granville asked for instructions; after some hesitation he was told
+to do as the others did. The confinement of the Queen of England was
+perfectly easy."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 17, 1840._--We have not yet heard how the
+funeral passed off at Paris the day before yesterday. Some uneasiness
+prevailed. The Duchesse de Montmorency told me: "There is an idea of
+attacking the English Embassy and wrecking the house. Some soldiers
+have been placed within the residence and Lady Granville has moved. It
+is estimated that eight hundred thousand people will be on foot. My
+children went to the Pecq, and thought that everything was very well
+conducted; there was a general silence when the boat came in, and all
+heads were bared. General Bertrand was on the right of the coffin,
+General Gourgaud on the left, M. de Chabot before it, and the Prince
+of Joinville went to and fro giving orders and had all the decorations
+removed which were not religious. The priests were there with
+surplices and many candles, and there was nothing worldly or
+mythological."
+
+The newspapers speak of great excitement. I shall be delighted when
+the evening post tells us how it has all gone off. I have written to
+secure my grandson Boson a view of the ceremony. Foolish, incoherent,
+contradictory, and ridiculous as it may be, still the solemn arrival
+of the coffin brought back from St. Helena will be very imposing, and
+he will be glad one day to have seen it. Unfortunately at his age he
+will be merely impressed, and will be unable to draw any of the
+strange conclusions which the sight should inspire--the complete
+forgetfulness of the oppression and the universal maledictions with
+which Europe resounded twenty-six years ago; to-day nothing remains
+but the recollections of Napoleon's victories, which make his memory
+so popular. Paris, proclaiming her eager love of liberty, and France,
+humiliated before the foreigner, are doing their utmost to honour the
+man who did most to reduce them to servitude and was the most terrible
+of conquerors.
+
+In the newspapers we have read a description of the decorations in the
+Champs Elysées, with the row of kings and great men. The great Condé
+at least should not have found a place among them. Condé offering a
+crown to his grandson's assassin! What I think should be fine is the
+hearse. I like the idea of Napoleon brought back to France on a
+buckler....
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 18, 1840._--Yesterday we awaited the post most
+anxiously, and by some fatality the box was broken and we had to go to
+bed without letters. Fortunately my son Dino, who had been at Tours,
+brought back a copy of a telegram received by the Prefect which said
+that everything went off very well, apart from a small demonstration
+by some fifty men in blouses, who tried to break through the lines in
+the Place Louis XV., but were driven back.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 19, 1840._--At last our letters have come.
+Madame Mollien, who was at the Church of the Invalides in the King's
+suite, says: "This ceremony was just as unpopular in the position
+where I was placed as it was popular in the streets of Paris. For
+every reason people are delighted that yesterday is over. Before
+entering the church we met in a kind of room, or rather chapel without
+an altar, which had already been used for the same purpose at the
+funeral of the victims of Fieschi. The royal family, the Chancellor,
+the Ministers, the Households, and even the tutors, waited together
+for two hours. The time was chiefly spent in speculation upon the
+progress of the procession and in attempts to derive some heat from
+two enormous fireplaces that had been hastily constructed and avoid
+the volumes of smoke which they belched into the room. Recollections
+of the Emperor were conspicuous by their absence; people talked of any
+subject except that. The Chancellor[146] was noticeable for his
+cheerfulness and his comical outbursts against the smoke. The Queen
+was feverish, but nothing could prevent her from accompanying the
+King, and she went home from the Invalides really ill. I can tell you
+nothing of the scene within the church. I was so shut in on my stand
+that I saw nothing, and could hardly hear the beautiful mass by
+Mozart, divinely sung."
+
+  [146] The Duc Pasquier.
+
+The following is another account: "The hearse, in my opinion, was
+really admirable; nothing could be more magnificent and imposing; the
+departmental standards borne by subalterns made an excellent effect,
+and the trumpets playing a simple funeral march in unison impressed me
+deeply. I liked, too, the five hundred sailors from _La Belle Poule_,
+whose austere appearance contrasted with the general splendour; but a
+ridiculous effect was produced by the old costumes of the Empire,
+which looked as though they had been brought out from Franconi's. The
+progress of the hearse was not followed sufficiently closely by the
+crowd, so that the people rushed along in too noisy a fashion. There
+were some unpleasant shouts of 'Down with Guizot!' 'Death to the men
+of Ghent!' Some red flags were also seen, and the _Marseillaise_ was
+heard once or twice, but these attempts were immediately checked. The
+Prince de Joinville has grown brown and thin, but he is handsome and
+looked very well. He was warmly welcomed throughout the procession
+yesterday."
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuféra saw the procession pass from Madame de
+Flahaut's house, who had invited the old ladies who had figured under
+the Empire, the wife of Marshal Ney, the Duchesse de Rovigo, &c., with
+a number of modern society figures or strangers. The eighty thousand
+troops are said to have given the ceremony the aspect of a review
+rather than of a funeral. The Marshal's wife reasonably disliked the
+attitude of the people, which was neither religious nor impressive nor
+respectful.
+
+I have also a letter from M. Royer Collard, who says nothing about the
+ceremony, at which he was not present; but in answer to a statement of
+mine, expressing my astonishment at his silence concerning Berryer's
+speech, he says: "If I were to give you my plain opinion of the
+protagonists in the debate upon the Address, I should be tempted to
+use very violent language. M. Berryer is supporting the cause of good
+by evil methods, an imaginary good by what is certainly wrong, and the
+cause of order by means of confusion. He has the outward graces of an
+orator, but not the essential points. He makes no impression upon
+men's minds, and nothing will be left to him but his name. You ask my
+opinion of M. de Tocqueville. He has a fund of honest motives which is
+not adequate for his purposes, and which he imprudently expends, but
+some remnants of which will always be left to him. I am afraid that in
+his anxiety to succeed he will wander into impossible paths by an
+attempt to reconcile irreconcilable elements. He extends both hands
+simultaneously, the right hand in welcome to the left, and the left
+hand to ourselves, and regrets that he has not a third hand behind him
+which he could offer unseen. He proposes to present himself for
+election to the French Academy in place of M. de Bonald. My first vote
+is promised to Ballanche, but he will have my second. His
+opponents--for there is an opposition--say that his literary success
+has already brought him into the Institute, the Chamber, and will give
+him an armchair at Barrot's house, and that he can therefore wait."
+Our hermit of the Rue d'Enfer displays a considerable spice of
+malignity beneath his excellent qualities. The notion of a third hand
+is very persuasive, a capital metaphor, in my opinion.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 20, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles also sends me a
+small account of the funeral, and says that the crowd of onlookers
+watched the procession going by almost as if it were that of the
+Bœuf-Gras, and that the people in the church were entirely absorbed
+by the question of the cold and the business of wrapping themselves
+up; that the service was confused and that the social spectacle was
+the main point in everybody's mind. The obvious inference seems to me
+to be that there are no more Bonapartists in France. The fact is that
+there is nothing in this country except newspaper articles.
+
+My son-in-law is told that a proposal is to be brought forward in the
+Chamber to efface the figure of Henry IV. from the star of the Legion
+of Honour and to replace it by the effigy of Napoleon. As a matter of
+fact there will be nothing more extraordinary in destroying the image
+of one's ancestor than in staining one's coat of arms.[147]
+
+  [147] An allusion to the deed to which Louis-Philippe placed his
+  signature in February 1831, the day after the Archbishop's
+  residence was destroyed and Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois was
+  plundered. M. Laffitte, who was too inclined to consider
+  resistance to sedition impossible, induced the Sovereign to
+  publish the following decree: "In future the State seal will
+  represent an open book, bearing these words, 'Charter of 1830,'
+  surmounted by a closed crown with a sceptre and a hand of justice
+  in saltire, and tricolour flags behind the escutcheon, with
+  inscription, 'Louis-Philippe, King of the French.'" Thus it was
+  that the lilies disappeared which had hitherto been represented
+  upon the State seal throughout the realm.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 23, 1840._--I have a letter from M. de Salvandy,
+of which the following are the essential points: "A note has arrived
+from Lord Palmerston stating that Napier's convention has been
+ratified, and guaranteeing the fact in the name of England.
+
+"M. Thiers will be president of the Commission concerning the
+fortifications, and will report their proceedings to the Chamber; thus
+he will have the Cabinet on the stool of repentance and be able to
+keep the Chamber in check. It thus appears that M. Thiers is by no
+means so weak as was thought, and that M. Guizot's position is by no
+means assured. In this general state of uncertainty anything is
+possible. The credit of the Chamber is shaken by it within, and a
+European disturbance may very well follow. Austria has presented a
+very moderate note upon the question of armaments, but Germany will
+not disarm."
+
+M. de Salvandy says the same as my other correspondents with regard to
+the funeral. He complains that there was too much gold, which was to
+be seen in every possible position. Apparently those who arranged the
+ceremony thought that it was the best means of representing glory. He
+also said that nothing could be less religious than the religious
+ceremony. This is natural when one has an archbishop who cannot walk
+or pray or use incense. I notice in the _Moniteur_ a phrase which is
+quite admirable: "The _De Profundis_ was sung by Duprez and the prayer
+by the Archbishop."
+
+M. de Salvandy says that during the ceremony M. Thiers was remarkably
+hopeful at the outset, very angry at the conclusion, and preoccupied
+throughout; apparently he had set his hopes upon a day which, thank
+heaven, has been a failure. Even in the church he attempted to begin a
+discussion with M. Molé concerning Napoleon's thoughts and chances
+during the Hundred Days.
+
+Now I have an extract from a letter sent by Frau von Wolff from
+Berlin: "Hitherto nothing has disturbed the perfect harmony between
+the Sovereign and his people; on political questions there is
+practically no difference of opinion among them, so we are almost all
+orthodox in this respect; but religious opinions are strongly divided,
+and from this point of view the first steps of the King are watched
+with some anxiety. It is to be hoped that the King will never
+sacrifice true merit to sectarian prejudice. With regard to the new
+nobility which the King has just created, it will be difficult for me
+to give you a precise explanation, for the institution seems to be
+still somewhat vague. The King hopes to obviate the inconvenience of a
+poor nobility--and the Prussian nobility is usually poor--by
+introducing new titles and attaching them to territorial estates, so
+that the title will pass only to those children or descendants who
+inherit land, and will become extinct if the succession leaves the
+family. This idea has not been greatly appreciated so far. People fear
+possible complications and entanglements and it is thought that the
+institution will hardly survive, as it is not in harmony with Germanic
+custom."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 27, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me that M.
+de Tocqueville has withdrawn his candidature for the Academy. The Duc
+has just been to dinner with M. Pasquier, where he met Mgr. Affre; he
+speaks of him as a regular peasant; even the enemies of Mgr. de Quélen
+noticed the difference at the ceremony in the Invalides. It was Mgr.
+de Quélen who officiated for the victims of Fieschi. Mgr. Affre is an
+appropriate prelate for this wretched age, which is so devoid of
+dignity wherever it is looked for.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 30, 1840._--I hear from Paris that a despatch in
+a mild and friendly tone has arrived from Russia for communication to
+the Government, saying that the isolation of France is regarded with
+regret and that there is a readiness to begin the usual measures for
+bringing France into the train of negotiations since a Conservative
+Ministry has been re-established at Paris. The despatch was read to M.
+Guizot and then to the King. Can it betoken a desire for a closer
+union? I hardly think so, but I do think that there is a general wish
+to avoid war in Russia as well as elsewhere; that there is a wish to
+calm the feelings of France and induce her to disarm, and that
+disarmament may follow elsewhere, for these general armaments are the
+ruin of Europe.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+I
+
+_Message from President Jackson of the United States_
+
+Since the last session of the Congress the validity of our claims upon
+France, as arranged by the treaty of 1831, has been recognised by both
+branches of the Legislature, and the money has been voted for their
+satisfaction, but I regret to be obliged to inform you that payment
+has not yet been made.
+
+A short summary of the most important incidents in this lengthy
+controversy will show how far the motives, by which attempts are made
+to justify this delay, are absolutely indefensible.
+
+When I took office I found the United States applying in vain to the
+justice of France for the satisfaction of claims the validity of which
+has never been doubted, and has now been admitted by France herself in
+the most solemn manner. The long-standing nature of these claims,
+their entire justice, and the aggravating circumstances from which
+they sprang, are too well known to the American people for a further
+description of them to be necessary. It is enough to say that for a
+period of ten years and more, with the exception of a few intervals,
+our commerce has been the object of constant aggression on the part of
+France, which usually took the form of condemning ships and cargo in
+virtue of arbitrary decrees, contravening both international law and
+the stipulations of the treaties, while ships were burnt on the high
+seas, and seizures and confiscations took place under special Imperial
+rescripts in the harbours of other nations then in French occupation
+or under French control.
+
+Such, as is admitted, has been the nature of our grievances,
+grievances in many cases so flagrant that even the authors of them
+never denied our right to satisfaction. Some idea of the extent of our
+losses may be gained by considering the fact that the burning of
+vessels at sea and the seizure and sacrifice in forced sales of
+American property, apart from awards to privateers before condemnation
+was pronounced, or without such formality, have brought the French
+Treasury a sum of twenty-four millions of francs, apart from
+considerable customs dues.
+
+For twenty years this business has been the subject of negotiations,
+which were interrupted only during the short period when France was
+overwhelmed by the united forces of Europe. During this period, when
+other nations were extorting their claims at the bayonet's point, the
+United States suspended their demands in consideration of the
+disasters that had overpowered the brave people to whom they felt
+themselves bound, and in consideration of the brotherly help which
+they had received from France in their own times of suffering and
+danger. The effect of this prolonged and fruitless discussion,
+disastrous both to our relations with France and to our national
+character, was obvious, and my own course of duty was perfectly clear
+to me. I was bound either to insist upon the satisfaction of our
+claims within a reasonable period or to abandon them entirely. I could
+not doubt that this course was most conformable to the interests and
+honour of the two countries.
+
+Instructions were therefore given from this point of view to the
+Minister who was once more sent to demand satisfaction. When Congress
+met on October 10, 1829, I considered it my duty to refer to these
+claims and to the dilatory attitude of France, in terms sufficiently
+strong to draw the serious attention of both countries to the matter.
+The French Minister then in power took offence at the message, under
+the idea that it contained a threat, upon which basis the French
+Government did not care to negotiate. The American Minister refuted
+the interpretation which the French authorities attempted to place
+upon the message, and reminded the French Minister that the
+President's message was a communication addressed not to foreign
+governments, but to the Congress of the United States, and that in
+this message it was his duty under the Constitution to provide this
+body with information upon the state of the Union with reference both
+to foreign as well as to domestic affairs. That if, again, in the
+performance of this task he deemed it his duty to call the attention
+of the Congress to the consequences which might result from strained
+relations with another Government, one might reasonably suppose that
+he acted under a sense of duty in thus frankly communicating with
+another branch of his own Government, and not that he acted with the
+object of threatening a foreign Power. The French Government was
+satisfied and negotiations were continued. These were concluded by the
+treaty of July 4, 1831, which partially recognised the justice of our
+claims, and promised payment to the amount of twenty-five millions of
+francs in six annual instalments. The ratifications of the treaty were
+exchanged at Washington on February 2, 1832. Five days later the
+treaty was presented to Congress, which immediately passed the Acts
+necessary to secure to France the commercial advantages conceded to
+her by the arrangement. The treaty had been previously ratified with
+full solemnity by the King of France, in terms which are certainly no
+mere formality: "We, regarding the above convention as satisfactory in
+all and each of the conclusions which it contains, declare, both for
+ourselves and for our heirs and successors, that it is accepted,
+approved, ratified, and confirmed, and by these presents, signed with
+our hand, we do accept, approve, ratify, and confirm it, promising
+upon our faith and word as King to observe and to secure its
+observance inviolably without contravention at any time and without
+permitting direct or indirect contravention for any reason or pretext
+whatsoever." The official announcement that ratifications had been
+exchanged with the United States reached Paris while the Chambers were
+in session. The extraordinary delays prejudicial to ourselves by the
+introduction of which the French Government have prevented the
+execution of the treaty, have already been explained to Congress. It
+is sufficient to point out that the session then opened was allowed to
+pass without any effort being made to obtain the necessary funds; that
+the two following sessions also went by without any action resembling
+a serious effort to secure a decision upon the question; and that not
+until the fourth session, nearly four years after the conclusion of
+the treaty, and more than two years after the exchange of
+ratifications, was the law referring to the execution of the treaty
+put to the vote and rejected.
+
+Meanwhile the United States Government, in full confidence that the
+treaty concluded would be executed in good faith, and with equal
+confidence that measures would be taken to secure payment of the first
+instalment, which was to fall due on February 2, 1833, negotiated a
+bill for the amount through the Bank of the United States. When this
+bill was presented by bearer the French Government allowed it to be
+protested. Apart from the loss incurred by non-payment, the United
+States had to meet the claims of the bank, which asserted infringement
+of its interests, in satisfaction of which this institution seized and
+still holds a corresponding amount from the State revenues.
+
+Congress was in session when the decision of the Chambers was
+communicated to Washington, and an immediate announcement of this
+decision on the part of France was a step which was naturally expected
+from the President. The profound discontent shown by public opinion
+and the similar excitement which prevailed in the Congress, made it
+more than probable that a recourse to immediate measures for securing
+redress would be the consequence of any appeal made upon this question
+to Congress itself.
+
+With a sincere desire to preserve the peaceful relations which have so
+long existed between the two countries, I wished to avoid this step if
+I could be convinced that in thus acting, neither the interests nor
+the honour of my country would be compromised. Without the most
+complete assurance upon this point I could not hope to discharge the
+responsibility which I assumed in allowing the Congress to adjourn
+without giving it an account of the affair. These conditions seemed to
+be satisfied by the assurances which were given to me.
+
+The French Government had foreseen that the feeling in the United
+States aroused by this second rejection of the credit vote would be as
+I have described it, and prompt measures had been taken by the French
+Government to anticipate the consequences. The King personally
+expressed through our Minister at Paris his profound regret for the
+decision of the Chambers and promised to send a ship of war with
+despatches to his Minister here, forthwith authorising him to give
+every assurance to the government and the people of the United States
+that the treaty would be in any case faithfully performed by France.
+The warship arrived and the Minister received his instructions.
+Professing to act in virtue of these instructions he gave the most
+solemn assurances that immediately after the new elections, and as
+soon as ever the Chamber would allow, the French Chambers would be
+convoked and that the attempt to obtain the necessary credit would be
+renewed; that all the constitutional power of the King and his
+Ministers would be exerted to secure this object. It was understood
+that he pledged himself to this end, and this Government expressly
+informed him that the question ought to be decided at a date
+sufficiently near to enable Congress to learn the result at the
+commencement of the session.
+
+Relying upon these assurances, I undertook the responsibility of
+allowing Congress to separate without offering any communication upon
+the matter.
+
+Our expectations, reasonably based upon promises so solemnly given,
+were not realised. The French Chambers met on July 31, 1834, and
+though our Minister at Paris urged the French Ministers to lay the
+matter before the Chambers, they refused. He then insisted that if the
+Chambers had been prorogued without coming to any conclusion in the
+matter, they should be again convoked in time to enable their decision
+to be known at Washington before the meeting of Congress. This
+reasonable demand was not only refused, but the Chambers were
+prorogued until December 29, a date so remote that their decision in
+all probability could not have been obtained in time to reach
+Washington before the Congress was forced to adjourn by the terms of
+the Constitution. The reasons given by the Ministry for their refusal
+to convoke the Chambers at a nearer date were afterwards shown to have
+been by no means insurmountable, for the Chambers were convoked on
+December 1 for the special purpose of considering home affairs, though
+this fact did not become known to our Government until after the last
+session of the Congress. As our reasonable expectations were thus
+deceived, it was my imperative duty to consult Congress as to the
+advisability of reprisals, in case the stipulations of the treaty were
+not promptly carried out. For this purpose a communication was
+indispensable. It would have been unworthy of us in the course of this
+communication to refrain from an explanation of all the facts
+necessary for an exact comprehension of the affair, or to shrink from
+truth for fear of offending others. On the other hand, to have gone a
+step further with the object of wounding the pride of a government and
+a people with whom we have so many reasons to cultivate friendly
+relations to our mutual advantage would have been both imprudent and
+disastrous.
+
+As past events had warned us of the difficulty of drawing up the most
+simple statement of our grievances without wounding the feelings of
+those who had become responsible for redressing them, I did my best to
+prevent any interpretation of the message containing the
+recommendations placed before Congress as a threat to France. I
+disavowed any such design and further declared that the pride and the
+power of France were so well known that no one would expect to extort
+satisfaction by fear. The message did not reach Paris until more than
+a month after the Chambers had met, and to such an extent did the
+Ministry disregard our legitimate claims, that our Minister was
+informed that the matter would not be made a Cabinet question when it
+had been brought forward.
+
+Although the message was not officially communicated to the Government
+and although it contained definite declarations that no menace was
+intended, the French Ministers determined to regard the conditional
+proposal of reprisals as a threat and as an insult, which the national
+honour made it their duty to reject.
+
+The measures by which they proceeded to show their resentment of this
+supposed insult were the immediate recall of their Minister from
+Washington, the offer of passports to the American Minister at Paris,
+and a declaration in the legislative Chambers that diplomatic
+relations with the United States Government were suspended.
+
+After they had thus avenged the dignity of France, they proceeded to
+show their justice. For this purpose a law was immediately presented
+to the Chamber of Deputies asking for the funds necessary to perform
+the terms of the treaty. As this proposal afterwards became a law, the
+terms of which are now one of the chief subjects of discussion between
+the two nations, I am bound to retrace the history of this law.
+
+The Financial Minister in his explanation alluded to the measures
+which had been taken in answer to the supposed insult, and represented
+the performance of the treaty as imperative upon the honour and
+justice of France. As the mouthpiece of the Ministry he declared that
+the message, until it had received the sanction of Congress, was
+merely the simple expression of the President's personal opinion. On
+the other hand he declared that France had entered into engagements
+which were binding upon her honour. In accordance with this point of
+view, the only condition upon which the French Ministry proposed to
+consider the payment of the money was to defer this payment until it
+was certain that the United States Government had done nothing which
+could injure the interests of France, or, in other terms, that
+Congress had not authorised any measure hostile to France.
+
+At this moment the French Cabinet could not have known what was the
+attitude or the decision of Congress, but on January 14 the Senate
+decided that there was no reason for the moment to take any
+legislative measures with reference to the business proceeding between
+the United States and France, and no decision upon the subject was
+made in the Representative Chamber. These facts were known at Paris
+before March 28, 1835, when the Commission which had been considering
+the bill of indemnity presented its report to the Chamber of Deputies.
+This Commission repeated the opinions of the Ministry, declared that
+the Congress had put aside the proposals of the President, and
+proposed the adoption of the law with no other restriction than that
+originally stated. The French Ministry and the Chambers thus knew that
+if the position they had adopted, and which had been so frequently
+stated to be incompatible with the honour of France, was maintained,
+and if the law was adopted in its original form, the money would be
+paid and this unfortunate discussion would come to an end. But this
+flattering hope was soon destroyed by an amendment introduced into the
+law at the moment of its adoption, providing that the money should not
+be paid until the Government had received satisfactory explanations
+concerning the President's message of December 2, 1834. What is still
+more remarkable, the President of the Council[148] adopted this
+amendment and consented to its insertion in the law. As for the
+pretended insult which had induced them to recall their Minister and
+send our Minister his passports, not until then did they propose to
+ask for an explanation of this incident. The proposals and opinions
+which they had declared could not reasonably be imputed to the
+American people or government were put forward as obstacles to the
+accomplishment of an act of justice towards this government and
+people. They had declared that the honour of France required the
+performance of an undertaking into which the King had entered unless
+Congress adopted the proposals of the message. They were certain that
+Congress had not adopted them and none the less they refused to
+perform the terms of the treaty until they had obtained from the
+President an explanation of an opinion which they had themselves
+characterised as personal and ineffectual. The supposition that I had
+intended to threaten or to insult the French Government is as
+unfounded as any attempt to extort from the fears of that nation that
+which its feelings of justice would have made it refuse, would have
+been foolish and ridiculous; but the Constitution of the United States
+obliges the President to explain to Congress the situation of the
+country and the American people cannot admit the intervention of any
+Government whatever upon earth in the free performance of the domestic
+duties which the Constitution has imposed upon its public officials.
+The discussions proceeding between the different branches of our
+Government concern ourselves alone, and our representatives are
+responsible for any words which they may utter only to their own
+constituents and to their fellows in office. If, in the course of
+these discussions, facts have been inaccurately stated, or wrong
+inferences have been drawn from them, correction will necessarily
+follow when the mistakes are perceived, from their love of justice and
+their sense of self-respect; but they will never submit to be
+questioned upon that matter as a right by any foreign Power. When
+these discussions lead to action, then our responsibility to foreign
+Powers begins, but it is then a national and not an individual
+responsibility. The principle upon which a demand is issued for an
+explanation of the terms of my message would also justify the claim of
+any foreign Power to demand an explanation of the terms employed in a
+committee report or in the speech of a member of Congress.
+
+  [148] At that time the Duc de Broglie.
+
+It is not the first time that the French Government has taken offence
+at messages from American presidents. President Washington and
+President Adams, in the performance of their duties to the American
+people, encountered ill-feeling on the part of the French Directory.
+The grievance raised by the Minister of Charles X. and removed by the
+explanations offered by our Minister at Paris, has already been
+mentioned when it was known that the Minister of the reigning King
+took offence at my message last year by interpreting it in a sense
+which the very terms of it forbade. Our last Minister at Paris in
+reply to the last note which showed dissatisfaction with the language
+of the message, sent a communication to the French Government under
+date January 28, 1835, which was calculated to remove all the
+impressions that undue susceptibility might have received. This note
+repeated and recalled to the attention of the French Government the
+disavowal contained in the message itself of any intention to use
+intimidation by threats; it declared in all truth that the message did
+not contain either in words or intention any accusation of bad faith
+against the King of the French; it drew a very reasonable distinction
+between the right of complaining in measured terms of the failure to
+perform the terms of the convention, and an imputation that the delay
+in performance was due to evil motives; in short it showed that the
+necessary exercise of this right was not to be regarded as an
+offensive imputation. Although this communication was made by our
+Minister without instructions and entirely upon his own
+responsibility, my approbation has since made it a governmental act
+and this approbation was officially notified to the French Government
+on April 25, 1835. However, it produced no effect. The law was passed
+with the unfortunate amendment, supported by the King's Ministers and
+was definitely approved by the King.
+
+The people of the United States are reasonably inclined to pursue a
+pacific policy in their dealings with foreign nations; the people must
+therefore be informed of the loyalty of their government to this
+policy. In the present case this policy was carried to the furthest
+limits compatible with due self-respect. The note of January 28 was
+not the only communication which our Minister took the responsibility
+of offering upon the same subject and from the same point of view;
+when he found that it was proposed to make the payment of a just debt
+dependent upon the accomplishment of a condition which he knew could
+never be performed, he thought himself bound to make a further attempt
+to convince the French Government that, if our self-respect and our
+regard for the dignity of other nations prevented us from using any
+language which might give offence, at the same time we would never
+recognise the right of any foreign government to require an
+explanation of communications passing between the different branches
+of our public service. To prevent any misunderstanding the Minister
+recalled the language used in a preceding Note and added that any
+explanation which could be reasonably asked or honourably given, had
+already been furnished and that the annexation of this demand to the
+law as a condition, was not only useless but might be regarded as
+offensive and would certainly never be fulfilled.
+
+When this last communication, to which I called the special attention
+of the Congress, was submitted to me, I conceived the hope that its
+obvious intention of securing a prompt and honourable settlement of
+the difficulties between the two nations would have been achieved, and
+I therefore did not hesitate to give it my sanction and my complete
+approbation. So much was due from me to the Minister who had made
+himself responsible for the act. The people of the United States were
+publicly informed of it and I am now communicating it to the people's
+representatives to show how far the Executive power has gone in its
+attempts to restore a good understanding between the two countries. My
+approval would have been communicated to the French Government if an
+official request for it had been received.
+
+As the French Government had thus received all the explanations which
+honour and principle could allow, we hoped that there would be no
+further hesitation in paying the instalments as they fell due. The
+agent authorised to receive the money was instructed to inform the
+French Government of his readiness; by way of reply he was informed
+that the money could not then be paid because the formalities required
+by the act of the Chambers had not been fulfilled.
+
+As I had received no official communication concerning the intentions
+of the French Government, and as I was anxious to conclude this
+disagreeable affair before the meeting of Congress, I instructed our
+Minister at Paris to inquire into the final determination of the
+French Government and if the due payment of the instalment was
+refused, to return to the United States without further explanations.
+
+The results of this last step have not yet reached our knowledge, but
+we expect information daily. I trust that information may be
+favourable. As the different powers in France have recognised the
+justice of our rights and the obligations imposed upon them by the
+treaty of 1831, and as no real cause remains as an excuse for further
+delay, we may hope that France will at length adopt that course of
+procedure demanded no less imperiously by the interests of the two
+nations than by the principles of justice. When once the treaty has
+been carried out by France, few causes of disagreement will remain
+between the two countries, and in short there will be nothing that
+cannot be surmounted by the influence of a pacific and enlightened
+policy and by the influence of that mutual good will and those
+generous recollections which will, we trust, then be revived in all
+their early strength; but in any case, the question of principle which
+has been raised by the new turn given to the discussion is of such
+vital importance to the independent action of the government, that we
+cannot abandon it or make it the subject of a bargain without
+compromising our national honour. I need not say that such a sacrifice
+will never be made by any act of mine. I will never stain the honour
+of my country to relieve myself of my obligation to tell the truth and
+to do my duty; nor can I give any other explanations of my official
+act than those required by honour and justice. This determination, I
+feel sure, will meet with the approbation of my constituents. My
+knowledge of their character is very inadequate if the sum of
+twenty-five millions of francs should outweigh for a moment in their
+eyes any question which affects their national independence; and if
+unfortunately a different impression should prevail they would rally,
+I feel certain, about their chosen Government vigorously and
+unanimously, and silence for ever this degrading imputation.
+
+Having thus frankly submitted to the Congress the further steps which
+have taken place since last session, in this interesting and important
+affair and also the views of the Executive power concerning it, it
+only remains for me to add, that as soon as the information expected
+by our Minister has been received, it will become the subject of a
+special communication.[149]
+
+  [149] From the _Journal des Débats of January 1, 1836_.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+   _Speech by the_ DUC DE BROGLIE, _President of the Council,
+   Chamber of Deputies in the Session of January 6, 1836, on the
+   subject of Poland_.
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+I do full justice to high ideals and the noble passions with which the
+orator whom you have just heard has been inspired;[150] but I will
+venture to remind him that he has not done full justice to the
+Government and to the Ministry of 1831 in expressing his apparent
+belief that the difficulties of that period prevented our Cabinet from
+showing that interest in the Polish nation which a French Government
+will always feel for Poland.
+
+  [150] M. Odilon Barrot.
+
+At that moment, difficult and dangerous as it was, when the domestic
+circumstances of France were very perplexing, the French Government
+did for the Polish nation all that it was its duty to do. It did more
+than any other nation, and if history ever reveals the diplomatic
+correspondence of the French Government at that time, I venture to
+think that full justice will be done to the illustrious man who was
+then President of the Cabinet.[151]
+
+  [151] M. Casimir Perier.
+
+What was done at that time in the interests of humanity and justice,
+the Government has never ceased to do whenever it thought that its
+intervention could be of any use to the population of Poland.
+
+But in the presence of so enlightened a Chamber as this, it is
+unnecessary to recall the fact that the intervention of a foreign
+Power in the domestic administration of another state must be
+conducted with every care and precaution. There is often a reason to
+fear that such intervention, far from calming irritation and
+exasperation and far from weakening political animosity, may arouse
+these passions to greater power. In a word, such a task can only be
+fulfilled by the constant exercise of care and precaution.
+
+I trust that the Chamber will understand me if I say that the French
+Government has never neglected any opportunity of intervening in the
+interests of humanity, but the Chamber will also understand perhaps
+that this is not the right moment for serving humanity and that it is
+indeed against the wishes of the Chamber to press the Government to
+further efforts in this place. It is to be feared that words actuated
+by generous feeling may indeed produce an effect entirely contrary to
+the sentiments which inspires them and may merely be translated abroad
+into greater ill-feeling. There is a fear, in short, that the cause of
+humanity may be betrayed in the very wish to serve it and without the
+knowledge of those who desire to defend it (General cries of Hear,
+Hear).
+
+On this point I shall say no more. The former speaker has himself
+pointed out the difference that should characterise the observations
+of one who speaks for the Government, and those of an isolated member
+of the Chamber. The Chamber will certainly understand that it is not
+for me to reply severally to the observations which have been laid
+before you, because any answer to these observations will have an
+undue importance as coming from myself.
+
+As to the other branch of the question, the existence of treaties
+which the first speaker has discussed, and to which the second[152]
+has also referred; I will speak upon the matter as shortly as I can.
+As far as I know, absolutely no one in Europe would assert that
+treaties should not be faithfully executed both in their letter and
+their spirit, but in the article of the treaty to which the two
+orators have referred, different principles are enounced; principles
+which are not incompatible, and should indeed be reconciled; on the
+one hand the Independence of Poland, and on the other the Union of
+Poland with Russia. In this article the principle is laid down that
+representation and certain national institutions should exist; but
+execution has been delayed until we know what these institutions are
+to be, and under what form they will be established.
+
+  [152] M. Saint-Marc Girardin.
+
+This article was not drawn up with all the clearness that might have
+been desired. The possibility is thus open that the several Powers who
+signed the treaty of 1815 may interpret it in different senses, and
+emphasise more or less the principles therein enounced. It may be--I
+am only putting a hypothetical case--that the several Powers will not
+agree upon the application of these principles, or upon the nature of
+the action that lies before them. Are we to say that the moment a
+difference of opinion arises, we should immediately have recourse to
+force? The Chamber cannot countenance such an idea. The maintenance of
+relations between the Powers is upon the same footing as the
+maintenance of harmony between the public bodies. The mere fact that
+divergence of opinion is possible is no reason for an appeal to force.
+Discussion, reason, and time will enable the truth to prevail.
+
+Well, gentlemen, I am confident that the Chamber will understand
+without further words from myself upon the question now before it,
+that there are divergences of opinion between the different Powers
+upon certain points. We consider that negotiations, discussion, and
+time will enable the truth to prevail, and we trust that upon this
+point you will agree with us. (Loud applause.)[153]
+
+  [153] From the _Journal des Débats of January 7, 1836_.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+   _Eulogy upon_ COUNT REINHART, _delivered at the Academy of Moral
+   and Political Science, by the_ PRINCE DE TALLEYRAND, _in the
+   Session of March, 3, 1838_.
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+
+I was in America when the kindnes of my friends appointed me a member
+of the Institute, and thus connected me with the study of Moral and
+Political Science, to which society I have had the honour to belong
+since its origin.
+
+On my return to France my first care was to attend the sessions of the
+Institute, and thus to show the members of that time, many of whom we
+have every reason to regret, what pleasure I felt at finding myself
+one of their number. During the first session at which I was present
+the committee was reappointed, and I received the honourable post of
+secretary. The six months' report which I drew up, with all the care
+that I could bring to it, was perhaps of a too deferential character,
+as I was giving an account of work to which I was a complete stranger.
+It was work which doubtless had cost much research and much labour to
+one of our most learned colleagues, and was entitled, "Dissertations
+upon the Riparian Laws." At the same time in our public meetings I
+delivered some lectures which I was then allowed to insert in the
+Memoirs of the Institute. Forty years have elapsed since that date,
+during which this chair has been forbidden to me, first by long
+absences, and also by duties to which I was obliged to devote the
+whole of my time, and I may add by the discretion which times of
+difficulty make incumbent upon a man whose business is political;
+and, finally, by the infirmities which old age usually brings or
+aggravates.
+
+But to-day I feel it necessary--and, indeed, regard it as a duty--to
+appear for the last time in memory of a man known throughout Europe, a
+man who was my friend, and who was our colleague since the formation
+of the Institute. I come forward publicly to testify to our esteem for
+his person and to our regret for his loss. His position and mine
+enable me to reveal several of his special merits. His principal, but
+not his sole title to glory consists in a correspondence extending
+over forty years, necessarily unknown to the public, who will probably
+never hear of it. I asked myself, "Who will speak upon that matter
+within these walls? Who will have any reason to speak of it except
+myself, who have known so much of it, who have been so pleased by it,
+and so often helped by it in the course of the Ministerial duties
+which I have had to perform under three very different reigns?"
+
+Count Reinhart was thirty years of age and I was thirty-seven when I
+first met him. He entered public life with a large stock of
+information; he knew five or six languages, and was familiar with
+their literatures. He could have attained celebrity as a poet or
+historian or geographer, and in this latter capacity he became a
+member of the Institute at the time of its foundation.
+
+At that time he was already a member of the Academy of Science in
+Göttingen. Born and educated in Germany, he had published in his youth
+certain poems which had attracted the attention of Gessner, Wieland
+and Schiller. At a later date, when his health forced him to take the
+waters of Carlsbad, he was fortunate enough to meet and to know the
+famous Goethe, who so far appreciated his taste and his knowledge as
+to apply to him for information upon any outstanding features in
+French literature. Herr Reinhart promised to keep him informed.
+Undertakings of this nature among men of first-rate intellectual power
+are invariably mutual, and soon become bonds of friendship. The
+intimacy between Count Reinhart and Goethe gave rise to a
+correspondence which is now being printed in Germany.
+
+Having thus reached that time of life when a man must definitely
+choose that career for which he thinks himself best fitted, we shall
+see that Herr Reinhart formed a resolution by no means consistent with
+his character, his tastes, his own position, and that of his family:
+remarkable as the fact was for that age, in preference to the many
+careers in which he could have been independent, he chose one in which
+independence was impossible, and gave his preference to diplomacy. His
+choice was a good one; he was fitted to occupy any post in this
+profession, and filled all posts in succession and all with
+distinction.
+
+I will venture to assert that his early studies had fitted him
+admirably for his profession. His work in theology especially had
+brought him distinction in the seminary of Denkendorf and in the
+Protestant faculty of Tübingen; it had given him a strength and
+dexterity in argument which may be noted in every document from his
+pen. Lest I should seem to be pursuing a paradoxical idea, I may
+recall the fact that several of our great diplomatists were
+theologians, and have all made their mark in history by their conduct
+of the most important political affairs of their age. Cardinal
+Chancellor Duprat was as completely versed in canon law as
+jurisprudence, and fixed, in conjunction with Leo X., the principles
+of the Concordat which in large part survives to-day; Cardinal
+d'Ossat, notwithstanding the opposition of several great Powers,
+succeeded in reconciling Henry IV. with the Court of Rome; his
+surviving correspondence is still recommended for study to those of
+our young men who propose to follow a political career; Cardinal de
+Polignac, a theologian, poet, and diplomatist, after many unhappy
+wars, was able to preserve the conquests of Louis XIV. to France by
+the treaty of Utrecht.
+
+Thus, too, amid theological books collected by his father, afterwards
+Bishop of Gap, was begun the education of M. de Lionne, to whose name
+fresh lustre has recently been added by an important publication.
+
+The names which I have quoted will suffice to justify my idea of the
+influence which I conceive to have been exerted upon Count Reinhart's
+mind by the early studies to which his father's education had directed
+him.
+
+The varied and profound information which he had acquired qualified
+him to perform at Bordeaux the honourable, if modest, duties of tutor
+in a Protestant family in that town. There he naturally began
+relations with several men whose talents, whose mistakes, and whose
+death brought such renown to our first Legislative Assembly. Count
+Reinhart was easily induced by them to enter the service of France.
+
+I feel in no way obliged to follow in detail the many vicissitudes of
+his long career. The numerous posts which were entrusted to him,
+sometimes of importance, at other times of inferior rank, seem to have
+followed in no consecutive order, and, indeed, to denote a want of
+gradation which we could hardly understand at the present time; but in
+that age neither positions nor persons were subject to prejudice. In
+other times favour, and more rarely discrimination, called men to
+eminent positions, but during the time of which I speak, for good or
+for evil, positions were won by force, and such a system naturally
+produced confusion.
+
+Thus we shall see Count Reinhart as First Secretary to the London
+Embassy; in a similar position at Naples; as Plenipotentiary Minister
+to the Hanseatic towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck; head of the third
+division in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary
+Minister at Florence; Foreign Minister; Plenipotentiary Minister in
+Switzerland; Consul-General at Milan; Plenipotentiary Minister for the
+area of Lower Saxony; Resident in the Turkish provinces beyond the
+Danube, and Chief Commissioner of commercial relations in Moldavia;
+Plenipotentiary Minister to the King of Westphalia; head of the
+chancery in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary
+Minister to the Germanic Diet and to the free town of Frankfort; and,
+finally, Plenipotentiary Minister at Dresden. How many posts, how much
+work, and how many interests were thus confided to the care of one
+man! And this at a time when talent seemed likely to be the less
+appreciated, as war appeared to be the chief arbitrator in every
+difficulty.
+
+You will not expect me, gentlemen, to give you any detailed account
+with dates of the works which Count Reinhart produced in the various
+posts which I have just enumerated; such an account would need a
+volume. I need only speak to you of the manner in which he fulfilled
+his official duties, whether he was Head of a Department, Minister, or
+Consul.
+
+Count Reinhart had not at that time the advantage which he might have
+had a few years later of seeing excellent models for his imitation;
+but he was well aware what high and different capacities should
+distinguish the head of a department of Foreign Affairs. His delicate
+tact showed him that the habits of such a head should be simple,
+regular, and retiring; that, remote from the uproar of the world, he
+should live for business alone, and bring to it an impenetrable
+secrecy; that while always ready to give an answer concerning facts
+and men, he should have constantly present to his memory every treaty,
+know the dates of them, their history, have a correct knowledge of
+their strong points and their weaknesses, their antecedent and
+consequent circumstances; that he should know the names of the chief
+diplomatists and even their family relations; and that while using
+this knowledge, he should be careful not to disturb the penetrating
+self-esteem of the Minister, and that if he should ever induce that
+Minister to share his own opinions, his success should remain
+concealed. He knew that he could only shine by reflection elsewhere,
+but he was also aware that so pure and modest a life would naturally
+command every respect.
+
+Count Reinhart's faculty of observation did not stop at that point. It
+had shown him how unusual is the combination of qualities necessary
+for a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Such a Minister must, in fact, be
+endowed with a kind of instinct which will give him prompt warning and
+prevent him from compromising himself before any discussion begins: he
+must be able to appear frank while remaining impenetrable; must be
+reserved and yet seem careless; must discriminate even in the nature
+of his amusements; his conversation must be simple, varied,
+attractive, always natural, and sometimes open. In a word, he must
+never cease for a single moment in the twenty-four hours of the day to
+be Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+
+At the same time, unusual as these capacities are, they could hardly
+be adequate if loyalty did not give them that support which they
+almost always require. I am bound to mention the fact here in
+opposition to a prejudice generally current. Diplomacy is not a
+science of duplicity and trickery; if good faith is required anywhere,
+it is especially necessary in political transactions, for it alone can
+make them permanent and durable. Attempts have been made to identify
+reserve with duplicity; good faith will never authorise duplicity, but
+it may admit reserve, and reserve has the special faculty of
+increasing confidence.
+
+Dominated by a sense of honour and of his country's interests, by the
+honour and interests of his Sovereign, by the love of liberty founded
+upon a respect for order and uniform justice, a Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, when he is equal to his task, occupies the highest position
+to which any lofty mind could aspire.
+
+Much as is required of a competent Minister, how much more is required
+of a good Consul. The claims upon a Consul are infinitely varied and
+are of a totally different order from those which may affect the other
+officials of a Foreign Office. They require an amount of practical
+experience which can only be acquired by a special education. Within
+the area of their jurisdiction Consuls are required to perform for
+their compatriots the duties of judges, arbitrators, and mediators;
+often they are officers of the Civil State; they act as notaries, and
+sometimes as Admiralty officers; they watch and report upon sanitary
+affairs; their position enables them to give an accurate and complete
+idea of the state of trade, of navigation, and of manufactures in the
+country where they reside. Count Reinhart, who neglected nothing to
+secure the accuracy of that information with which it was his business
+to provide his Government, or the correctness of the decisions which
+as a political agent, as Consul and Admiralty officer, he was obliged
+to give, had made a profound study of international and shipping law.
+This study had induced him to think that a time would come when clever
+combinations would establish a general system of commerce and
+navigation in which the interests of every nation would be respected,
+and the basis of which would be so strong that not even war itself
+could alter the principle of it, though it might interrupt some of its
+results. He was also able to decide certainly and promptly all
+questions of interchange, arbitration, conversion of money, weights
+and measures, while no claims were ever raised in dispute of the
+information which he provided or of the judgments which he delivered.
+It is also true that the personal consideration which he enjoyed
+throughout his career gave much influence to his intervention in any
+matter which he conducted or in any dispute upon which he had to
+pronounce.
+
+Wide as a man's knowledge may be and vast as his capacity, the
+complete diplomatist is but very rarely met with. Yet Count Reinhart
+might have attained this distinction if he had had one additional
+capacity. The clearness of his view and intelligence was admirable; he
+could write an excellent account of anything that he had seen or
+heard; his style was resourceful, easy, clever, and attractive. Of all
+the diplomatic correspondence of that age, the Emperor Napoleon, who
+had every right to be fastidious, showed a preference for the
+despatches of Count Reinhart; but admirably as he wrote, he could only
+express himself with difficulty. For action his intelligence required
+more time than conversation could provide, and for the easy
+reproduction of his mental speech he was obliged to work alone and
+unaided. Notwithstanding this real inconvenience, Count Reinhart
+always succeeded in performing his commissions thoroughly well. Whence
+did he derive the inspiration which enabled him to succeed?
+
+The source of his power, gentlemen, was a real and profound belief
+which governed all his actions, the sense of duty. The strength of
+this belief is not often entirely realised. A life entirely devoted to
+duty is easily separated from ambition. Count Reinhart's life was
+given up to the duties which he had to perform, nor was there in him
+any trace of personal ambition or any claim to rapid promotion. The
+religion of duty to which Count Reinhart was faithful all his life,
+consists in perfect submission to the orders and instructions of
+superiors; in constant vigilance added to much perspicacity, which
+never leaves those superiors ignorant of what they ought to know; in a
+strict adherence to truth in every official report, whether agreeable
+or unpleasant; in an impenetrable discretion and a regularity of life
+which secure confidence and esteem; in decorum of outward conduct and
+in continual care to give the acts of his Government that colouring
+and that interpretation demanded by the interest of the affairs under
+his charge.
+
+Though advancing age had warned Count Reinhart that it was time for
+rest, he would never have asked to be relieved, fearing that he might
+seem to show coldness in his pursuit of a career which had been
+life-long. The royal kindness, with its invariable attention,
+considered his necessities and gave this great servant of France a
+most honourable post, by calling him to the Chamber of Peers. Count
+Reinhart did not long enjoy this honour and died almost suddenly on
+December 5, 1837. He was twice married, and had a son by his first
+wife, who is now pursuing a political career. The best wish that we
+can offer the son is that he may resemble his father as nearly as
+possible.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+   _Memorandum addressed by_ LORD PALMERSTON _to the French
+     Government and handed to_ M. THIERS _by_ Mr. BÜLWER _at the
+     beginning of September 1840_.
+
+    FOREIGN OFFICE, _August 31, 1840._
+
+SIR,
+
+Various reasons have prevented me from sending you earlier and
+transmitting through you to the French Government certain observations
+which Her Majesty's Government desire to make upon the Memorandum
+which was handed to me on July 24 by the French Ambassador to this
+Court, in reply to the Memorandum which I had handed to His Excellency
+on the 17th of that month; but I am now able to fulfil this task.
+
+Her Majesty's Government observes with great satisfaction the friendly
+tone of the French Memorandum and its assurances of keen desire to
+maintain peace and the balance of power in Europe. The Memorandum of
+July 17 was conceived in a spirit no less friendly towards France, and
+Her Majesty's Government is equally anxious that France should be able
+to keep peace in Europe and prevent the smallest disturbance of that
+equilibrium which now exists between the Powers.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has been equally delighted to see the
+declarations contained in the French Memorandum stating that France
+wishes to act in concert with the other four Powers with reference to
+the affairs in the Levant.
+
+On this point the sentiments of Her Majesty's Government correspond in
+every respect with those of the French Government: for, in the first
+place, throughout the negotiations which have proceeded upon this
+question for more than twelve months, the British Government has
+constantly been anxious that a concert of the five Powers should be
+established, and that all five should agree to a common line of
+action; Her Majesty's Government though not bound to defer, as proof
+of this desire, to the other proposals which have been made from time
+to time to the French Government, and to which reference has been made
+in the French Memorandum, can unhesitatingly declare that no European
+Power can be less influenced than Great Britain by private views or by
+any desire and hope of exclusive advantage which might arise in her
+favour from the conclusion of the questions in the Levant. On the
+contrary, in these matters the interests of Great Britain are
+identical with those of Europe in general, and are based upon the
+maintenance of the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire as
+a guarantee for the preservation of peace and as essential to the
+maintenance of the balance of power in general.
+
+To these principles the French Government has promised its full
+adherence, and offered it in more than one instance, especially in a
+despatch from Marshal Soult, under date July 17, 1839. This despatch
+was officially communicated to the four Powers. It has also offered
+support in a collective note, dated July 27, 1839, and in the speech
+of the King of the French to the Chambers in December 1839.
+
+In these documents the French Government declares its determination to
+maintain the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire under
+the reigning dynasty as essential to the balance of power and as a
+guarantee for the preservation of peace; in a despatch from Marshal
+Soult the French Government has shown its resolution to oppose by
+action and influence any combination which might be hostile to the
+maintenance of this integrity and this independence.
+
+Hence the Governments of Great Britain and of France are entirely
+agreed upon the object towards which their policy should be directed.
+The only difference existing between the two Governments is a
+difference of opinion concerning the means regarded as most advisable
+to obtain this common end. On this point, as the French Memorandum
+observes, a difference of opinion may naturally be expected.
+
+On this point a great difference of opinion has arisen between the two
+Governments, which seems to have become stronger and more pronounced
+in proportion as the two Governments have more completely explained
+their respective views, and this fact for the moment prevents the two
+Governments from acting in concert to attain their common purpose. On
+the one hand, Her Majesty's Government has repeatedly pointed out her
+opinion that it would be impossible to maintain the integrity of the
+Turkish Empire and to preserve the independence of the Sultan, if
+Mehemet Ali were to be left in possession of Syria, as the military
+key of Asiatic Turkey, and that if Mehemet Ali were to continue to
+occupy this province as well as Egypt, he would be able at any time to
+threaten Bagdad from the south, Diarbekir and Erzeroum from the east,
+Koniah, Brousse, and Constantinople from the north; and that the same
+ambitious spirit which has driven Mehemet Ali under other conditions
+to revolt against his Sovereign, would soon induce him hereafter to
+take up arms for further invasions; and that for this purpose he would
+always maintain a large army on foot; that the Sultan, on the other
+hand, would be continually on guard against the possible danger, and
+would also be obliged to remain under arms, so that the Sultan and
+Mehemet Ali would continue to maintain arms upon a war footing for the
+purpose of observing one another; that a collision would be the
+inevitable result of these continual suspicions and mutual alarms, and
+that even if there should be no premeditated aggression upon either
+side, any collision of the sort would necessarily lead to foreign
+intervention in the Turkish Empire, while such intervention, thus
+provoked, would produce the most serious discord between the Powers of
+Europe.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has pointed out as probable, if not as
+certain, an even greater danger than this, which would result from the
+continued occupation of Syria by Mehemet Ali; namely, that the Pasha,
+trusting to military force and wearied by his political position as a
+subject, would carry out an intention which he has frankly avowed to
+the Powers of Europe that he would never abandon, and would declare
+himself independent. Such a declaration upon his part would
+incontestably amount to a dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and,
+what is more, this dismemberment might happen under such conditions as
+would make it more difficult for the European Powers to act in concert
+for the purpose of forcing the Pasha to withdraw such a declaration,
+and more difficult than it is for them to-day to combine their forces
+and oblige him to evacuate Syria.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has therefore invariably asserted that the
+Powers which are anxious to preserve the integrity of the Turkish
+Empire and to maintain the independence of the Sultan should unite in
+helping the latter to re-establish his direct authority over Syria.
+
+The French Government, on the other hand, has asserted that if Mehemet
+Ali were once assured of the permanent occupation of Egypt and Syria
+he would remain a faithful subject and become the strongest support of
+the Sultan; that the Sultan could not govern if the Pasha were not in
+possession of this province, the military and financial resources of
+which would then be of greater use to him than if they were in the
+hands of the Sultan himself; that every confidence might be placed in
+the sincerity with which Mehemet Ali had renounced all ulterior views,
+and in his protestations of faithful devotion to his Sovereign; that
+the Pasha is an old man, and upon his death, even if his rights are
+recognised as hereditary, the totality of his acquired power would
+revert to the Sultan, because all possessions in Mohammedan countries,
+of whatever nature, are in reality held only upon tenure for lifetime.
+
+The French Government has also maintained that Mehemet Ali will never
+be willing to evacuate Syria of his own accord and that the only means
+by which European Powers could use force would be operations by sea
+which would be inadequate, or by land which would be dangerous; that
+these operations by sea would not expel the Egyptians from Syria and
+would merely rouse Mehemet Ali to begin an attack upon Constantinople;
+while the measures which might be taken in such a case to defend the
+capital and in particular any operations on land undertaken by the
+troops of the allied Powers to expel the army of Mehemet Ali from
+Syria, would be more fatal to the Turkish Empire than the state of
+things could possibly be which these measures would be intended to
+remedy.
+
+To these objections Her Majesty's Government replied that no reliance
+could be placed upon the recent protestations of Mehemet Ali; that his
+ambition is insatiable and would only be increased by success; and
+that to provide him with the opportunity of invading, or to leave
+within his reach the objects of his desire would be to sow the seeds
+of inevitable collisions; that Syria is no further from Constantinople
+than a large number of well-administered provinces are from their
+capitals in other States and can be as well governed from
+Constantinople as from Alexandria; that it is impossible for the
+resources of this province to be of any use to the Sultan in the hands
+of a governor who might turn them against his master at any moment and
+that they would be more useful if they were in the hands or at the
+disposal of the Sultan himself; that, as Ibrahim had an army at his
+orders, he had also the means, upon the decease of Mehemet Ali, of
+securing his own succession to any power of which the latter might be
+possessed at his death; that it was not fit that the Great Powers
+should advise the Sultan to conclude a public arrangement with Mehemet
+Ali, with the secret intention of hereafter breaking the arrangement
+upon the first occasion that might seem opportune.
+
+None the less the French Government maintained its opinion and refused
+to take part in an arrangement which included the use of coercive
+measures.
+
+But the French Memorandum laid down that in the course of recent
+circumstances no positive proposal has been made to France upon which
+she was called to explain her attitude and that consequently the
+resolution which England communicated to her in the Memorandum of July
+17, doubtless in the name of the four Powers, must not be considered
+as actuated by refusals which France has not made. This passage
+obliges me briefly to remind you of the general course of
+negotiations.
+
+The original opinion conceived by Her Majesty's Government, of which
+the five Powers were informed, including France, in 1839, was that the
+arrangement between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali which might secure a
+permanent state of peace in the Levant, would be of a nature to
+confine the power delegated to Mehemet Ali to Egypt alone and would
+re-establish the direct authority of the Sultan throughout Syria, both
+in Candia and in all the towns of the Holy Land; thus interposing the
+desert between the direct power of the Sultan and the province of
+which the administration would be left to the Pasha. And Her Majesty's
+Government proposed that by way of compensation for the evacuation of
+Syria, Mehemet Ali should receive an assurance that his male
+descendants should succeed him as governors in Egypt, under the
+sovereignty of the Sultan.
+
+To this proposal the French Government raised objections saying that
+such an arrangement would doubtless be the best if there were any
+means of executing it, but that Mehemet Ali would offer resistance and
+that any measures of violence which the allies might employ to reduce
+him, would produce effects which might be more dangerous to the peace
+of Europe and to the independence of the Porte, than the actual state
+of affairs between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali could possibly be; that
+although the French Government thus refused to agree to England's
+plan, during the long space of time which had subsequently elapsed, it
+had not proposed any plan of its own. Further, in September 1839,
+Comte Sébastiani, the French Ambassador at the Court of London,
+proposed to draw a line from the east to the west of the sea, nearly
+from Beyrout to the desert near Damascus and to declare that all the
+land to the south of this line should be administered by Mehemet Ali
+and that all to the north should be under the immediate authority of
+the Sultan. The French Ambassador then gave Her Majesty's Government
+to understand that if such an arrangement were admitted by the five
+Powers, France would unite with the four Powers, in case of need, for
+the use of coercive measures, with the object of forcing Mehemet Ali
+to submission.
+
+I pointed out to Comte Sébastiani that such an arrangement was open,
+though in a less degree, to all the objections applicable to the
+present relative position of the two parties and that consequently Her
+Majesty's Government could not accede to it. I observed that it seemed
+inconsistent on the part of France to express her willingness to force
+Mehemet Ali to agree to an arrangement which would obviously be
+incomplete and inadequate to secure the proposed object, while
+objecting to coercive measures when they were proposed for the purpose
+of forcing consent to the arrangement desired by Her Majesty, the
+execution of which, as France admitted, would entirely fulfil the
+desired object.
+
+To these arguments Comte Sébastiani replied that the objections
+advanced by the French Government to the employment of coercive
+measures against Mehemet Ali, were founded upon considerations of
+domestic government, and that these objections would be removed if
+the French Government was enabled to prove to the nation and to the
+Chambers that it had obtained the best possible conditions for Mehemet
+All and that he had refused to accept them.
+
+As this insinuation was not admitted by Her Majesty's Government, the
+French Government communicated officially on September 27, 1839, its
+own plan, which was that Mehemet Ali should become a hereditary
+governor of Egypt and of all Syria, and governor for life of Candia,
+surrendering nothing but the district of Adana and Arabia. The French
+Government did not say a word as to its knowledge of Mehemet Ali's
+inclination to adhere to this arrangement, nor did it declare that if
+he refused to agree, France would take coercive measures to compel
+him.
+
+Obviously Her Majesty's Government could not consent to this plan,
+which was open to more objections than the present state of things,
+the more so as the gift to Mehemet Ali of the legal and hereditary
+title to a third of the Ottoman Empire, which he now occupies only by
+force, would have been to begin the positive dismemberment of the
+Empire.
+
+Her Majesty's Government, therefore, being desirous to show its
+readiness to come to an agreement with France upon these questions,
+stated that it would yield its well-founded objection to any extension
+of Mehemet Ali's power beyond Egypt and would join the French
+Government in recommending the Sultan to grant to Mehemet Ali, apart
+from the pashalik of Egypt, the administration of the lower part of
+Syria, to be bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cape Carmel to
+the southern extremity of the Lake of Tiberias, and by a line from
+this point to the Gulf of Akaba, provided that France would join the
+four Powers in coercive measures if Mehemet Ali refused this offer.
+This proposal, however, was not accepted by the French Government,
+which now declared its inability to join in coercive measures or to be
+a party to an arrangement to which Mehemet Ali would not consent.
+
+While these discussions were proceeding with France, separate
+negotiations were in progress between England and Russia, of which
+full details and information have been sent to the French Government.
+Negotiations with France were suspended for a time at the outset of
+this year, firstly because a change of Ministry was expected, and
+secondly because a change of Ministry took place.
+
+In the month of May, however, Baron von Neumann and myself resolved,
+upon the advice of our respective governments, to make a last effort
+with the object of inducing France to begin a treaty which was to be
+concluded with the other four Powers, and we submitted to the French
+Government, through M. Guizot, another proposal for an arrangement
+between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali. One objection put forward by the
+French Government to the last proposals of England was that although
+it was proposed to give Mehemet Ali the strong position extending from
+Mount Carmel to Mount Tabor, he would be deprived of the fortress of
+Acre.
+
+To overcome this objection Baron von Neumann and myself proposed that
+the northern frontiers of the part of Syria to be administered by the
+Pasha should extend from Cape Nakhora to the furthest point of the
+Lake of Tiberias, thus including within the boundary the fortress of
+Acre; and that the eastern frontier should extend along the western
+coast of the Lake of Tiberias and thence to the Gulf of Akaba. We
+declared that the government of this part of Syria could be granted to
+Mehemet Ali for life only, and that neither England nor Austria would
+consent to grant Mehemet Ali hereditary rights over any part of Syria.
+I further declared to M. Guizot that I could go no further in the way
+of concessions in the hope of securing the co-operation of France, and
+that this was our last proposal. Baron von Neumann and myself
+communicated these facts separately to M. Guizot: Baron von Neumann
+first, and myself the next day. M. Guizot told me he would inform his
+Government of this proposal and of the facts which I had laid before
+him, and that he would let me know the answer as soon as he had
+received it. A short time afterwards the plenipotentiaries of Austria,
+Prussia, and Russia informed me that they had every reason to believe
+that the French Government, instead of deciding upon the proposal for
+themselves, had sent it to Alexandria to learn the decision of Mehemet
+Ali; that the four Powers who had undertaken the business were thus
+confronted, not with France, but with Mehemet Ali; that, apart from
+the inevitable delay, this was an action which their respective courts
+had never intended to take and one to which they would never consent;
+and that the French Government had thus placed the plenipotentiaries
+in a very embarrassing position. I agreed with them that their
+objections were justified with regard to the conduct which they
+attributed to the French Government, but that M. Guizot had said not a
+word to me of what would be done. Mehemet Ali had been informed that
+the French Government at that moment was fully occupied with
+parliamentary questions and could naturally ask for time before
+sending an answer to our proposals, and that in any case delay could
+do no great harm. About June 27, M. Guizot came to me and read me a
+letter addressed to him by M. Thiers, containing the answer of the
+French Government to our proposal. This answer was a formal refusal.
+M. Thiers said that _the French Government positively knew that
+Mehemet Ali would not consent to a division of Syria unless he were
+forced to do so; that France could not co-operate in coercive measures
+against Mehemet Ali under these conditions, and that therefore she
+could not become a party to the proposed arrangement_.
+
+As France had thus refused to yield to England's ultimatum, the
+plenipotentiaries were bound to consider what steps should be adopted
+by their Governments. The position of the five Powers was this: the
+five had declared their conviction that in the interests of the
+balance of power and of the peace of Europe it was essential to
+preserve the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire under
+the reigning dynasty; all five had declared that they would use all
+their influence to maintain this integrity and this independence; but
+France, on the one hand, insisted that the best means to secure this
+result was to abandon the Sultan to the mercies of Mehemet Ali and to
+advise him to submit to the conditions which Mehemet might impose upon
+him in order to preserve peace _sine qua non_; while on the other side
+the four Powers regarded any further military occupation of the
+Sultan's provinces by Mehemet Ali as likely to destroy the integrity
+of the Turkish Empire and to be fatal to its independence; they
+therefore thought that it was advisable to confine Mehemet Ali within
+narrower limits.
+
+After about two months of deliberations, France not only refused to
+consent to the plan proposed by the four Powers as an ultimatum upon
+their part, but further declared that she would not become a party to
+any arrangement to which Mehemet Ali did not voluntarily consent
+without the use of force. It only remained then for the four Great
+Powers to adopt as an alternative the principle laid down by France,
+which consisted in the complete submission of the Sultan to the
+demands of Mehemet Ali; or to act upon their principles and force
+Mehemet Ali to accept an arrangement compatible in form with the
+rights of the Sultan, and compatible in content with the integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire. If the former alternative were adopted, the
+co-operation of France would be secured; in the latter alternative the
+hope of that co-operation must be abandoned.
+
+The keen desire of the four Powers to secure the co-operation of
+France has been shown by the fact that they have continued their
+efforts for several months in the course of negotiations. They are
+well aware of the value of French support, not only for the particular
+object which they have in view, but also with reference to the general
+and permanent interests of Europe. But what they failed to secure, and
+what they esteemed, was the co-operation of France in the maintenance
+of peace to secure the eventual safety of Europe and the practical
+execution of the principles to which the five Powers had declared
+their agreement. They desired the co-operation of France, not only for
+themselves and for the advantage and opportunity of the moment, but
+also for the good which it might have conferred, and for the future
+consequences which might have resulted from it. They wished to
+co-operate with France to do good, but they were not prepared to
+co-operate with her in doing evil.
+
+Thinking, therefore, that the policy advised by France was unjust, and
+in no way judicious with regard to the Sultan; that it might become
+the cause of misfortunes in Europe; that it was inconsistent with the
+public engagement undertaken by the five Powers, and that it was
+incompatible with the principles which they had wisely emphasised, the
+four Powers felt that they could not make the sacrifice demanded of
+them, and buy the help of France at so high a price--if, indeed, that
+could be called co-operation which merely consisted in allowing events
+to follow their natural course. As the four Powers were thus unable to
+adopt the views of France, they determined to accomplish their
+mission.
+
+This determination, however, was not unexpected and the probable
+eventualities had not been hidden from France. On the contrary, upon
+several occasions during the course of negotiations, and no later than
+October 1 last, I had pointed out to the French Ambassador that our
+desire to remain united with France must have a limit, that we were
+anxious to go forward with France but not disposed to come to a
+standstill with her, and that if she could not contrive to act in
+harmony with the four Powers, she must not be astonished if she saw
+them come to an understanding between themselves and acting apart from
+France.
+
+Comte Sabastiani told me that he foresaw that we should thus act, and
+that he could predict the result; that we were bound to try and
+conclude our arrangements without the help of France, and that we
+should find that our means were inadequate; that France would be a
+passive spectator of events; that after a year or eighteen months of
+useless efforts we should recognise that we had been mistaken, and
+that we should then apply to France; that this Power would then
+co-operate to settle these matters upon a friendly basis with as much
+friendliness after our failure as she would have shown before our
+attempt, and that she would then probably persuade us to agree to
+conditions to which we refused our consent at the moment.
+
+Similar indications were given to M. Guizot with regard to the line
+which would probably be taken by the four Powers if they were
+unsuccessful in coming to an arrangement with France. The French
+Government has therefore refused the ultimatum of the four Powers, and
+by the act of refusal has enounced afresh a principle of action which
+it knew could not be adopted by the four Powers: a principle which
+consisted in the idea that no settlement of the difficulties between
+the Sultan and his subject could take place except under conditions
+which the subject could accept voluntarily, or, in other terms, could
+dictate; hence, the French Government must have been prepared to see
+the four Powers determined to act apart from France; and when the four
+Powers had come to this determination, they could not be represented
+as breaking with France, or as excluding France from the arrangement
+of a war to be carried on by Europe. On the contrary, it was France
+who broke with the four Powers, for it was France who laid down for
+herself a principle of action which made co-operation with the other
+Powers impossible.
+
+At this point, without attempting further controversial observations
+with reference to the past, I feel obliged to point out that the
+voluntary retirement on the part of France was not entirely due to the
+course of negotiations at London, but that, unless Her Majesty's
+Government has been strangely misled, it was decided even more
+definitely in the course of negotiations at Constantinople. The five
+Powers declared to the Sultan by a Collective Note, which was handed
+to the Porte on July 27, 1839, by their representatives at
+Constantinople, that their unanimity was complete, and these
+representatives requested the Porte to refrain from any direct
+negotiations with Mehemet Ali, and to make no arrangement with the
+Pasha without the concurrence of the five Powers. However, Her
+Majesty's Government has good reason to believe that during the last
+few months the French representative at Constantinople has decisively
+isolated France from the other four Powers, and has energetically and
+repeatedly pressed the Porte to negotiate directly with Mehemet Ali,
+and to conclude an arrangement with the Pasha, not only without the
+concurrence of the four great Powers, but under the mediation of
+France alone, and in accordance with the special views of the French
+Government.
+
+As regards the line of conduct followed by Great Britain, the French
+Government must recognise that the views and opinions of Her Majesty's
+Government have never varied, from the outset of these negotiations,
+except in so far as Her Majesty's Government has offered to modify its
+views with the object of securing the co-operation of France. These
+views have been from time to time frankly expressed to the French
+Government, and have been continually supported in the most urgent
+manner by arguments which seemed conclusive to Her Majesty's
+Government. From the very outset of the negotiations, the declarations
+of principle made by the French Government induced Her Majesty's
+Government to believe that the two Governments had only to agree upon
+the means of carrying out their common principles. If the intentions
+of the French Government concerning these means differed from the
+views of England even at the outset of the negotiations, France has
+certainly not the right to refer to the difference between France and
+England as unexpected, seeing that the French Government recognised
+its existence a long time previously. If the intentions of the French
+Government with regard to the measures to be taken have undergone a
+change since the opening of negotiations, France certainly has not
+the right to impute to Great Britain a change of political intention
+which proceeds from France, and not from England.
+
+But in any case, when four out of five Powers have agreed upon a
+definite line of conduct, and when the fifth has resolved to pursue an
+entirely different policy, it would be unreasonable to require the
+four to abandon, in deference to the fifth, opinions to which they are
+daily more resolved to adhere and which refer to a question of vital
+importance for the chief and future interests of Europe.
+
+But as France continues to maintain the general principles which she
+laid down at the outset and continues to consider the maintenance of
+the integrity and independence of the Turkish Empire as necessary to
+preserve the balance of power; as again France has never refused to
+admit that the arrangement which the four Powers wished to introduce
+between the Sultan and the Pasha would be the best solution if it
+could be secured, and as again the objections of France referred not
+to the object proposed but to the means by which it is to be gained,
+her opinion being that the end is good, but that the means are
+inadequate and dangerous; Her Majesty's Government is confident that
+the isolation of France, which no one regrets more than Her Majesty's
+Government, will not be of long duration.
+
+When the four Powers, in concert with the Sultan, have succeeded in
+introducing an arrangement of this nature between the Porte and his
+subjects, there will then be no further point of disagreement between
+France and her allies, nor will there be any obstacle to prevent
+France from undertaking with the other Powers such engagements for the
+future as may seem necessary to secure the good results of an
+intervention by the four Powers in favour of the Sultan, and to
+preserve the Ottoman Empire from any recurrence of the dangers to
+which it is exposed.
+
+Her Majesty's Government impatiently awaits the moment when France
+will be able to resume her position in the concert of the Powers and
+trusts that that moment will be accelerated in the interests of the
+full development of the moral influence of France. Although the French
+Government, for reasons of its own, has refused to participate in the
+coercive measures to be employed against Mehemet Ali, this Government
+certainly cannot object to the employment of such measures with the
+object of inducing the Pasha to submit to the arrangements which are
+to be placed before him, and it is obvious that more than one argument
+might be adduced and that more than one prudential consideration might
+be urged upon the Pasha with more efficacy by France as a neutral
+Power and a non-participant in this affair, than by the four Powers
+which are actively engaged in the prosecution of coercive measures.
+
+In any case Her Majesty's Government is confident that Europe will
+recognise the justice of the proposal which has been put forward by
+the four Powers, for their purpose is just and disinterested. They are
+not seeking to gather any advantage for themselves or to establish any
+exclusive sphere of influence, or to acquire any territory, and the
+object which they have in view should be as profitable to France as to
+themselves, because France, like themselves, is interested in the
+maintenance of the balance of power and in the preservation of the
+general peace.
+
+You will send officially to M. Thiers a copy of this despatch.
+
+    I am, &c.,
+
+    (Signed)      PALMERSTON.
+
+(From the _Journal des Débats_ of October 2.)
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+_Manifesto to the Spanish Nation._
+
+
+SPANIARDS,
+
+As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness for me,
+my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in prayer that the God of
+mercy would shed His grace and His blessing upon us.
+
+When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul and the first
+thought of my heart was to raise my voice in friendship, the voice
+with which I have ever spoken to you with a sense of unspeakable
+tenderness, both in good and bad fortune.
+
+Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only consolation
+in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God and to you, to my
+father and to my children.
+
+Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and barren
+recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent of the
+realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions; on the contrary, I
+have done everything to calm them and would gladly see them at rest.
+The language of self-restraint alone is consonant with my affection,
+my dignity, and my glory.
+
+When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish hearts, rumour
+had informed me of your great exploits and your high qualities. I knew
+that in every age you had leaped forward to the combat with the
+noblest and most generous ardour to defend the throne of your
+Sovereigns; that you had defended it at the price of your blood, and
+that in days of glorious memory you had deserved well of your country
+and of Europe. I then swore to devote myself to the happiness of a
+nation which had shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings.
+The Almighty heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that
+you were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have kept
+it.
+
+When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the reins of State
+from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands, my gaze fell
+alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle, and the Spanish
+nation, thus uniting the three objects of my love in order to
+recommend them to the protection of heaven in one prayer. My painful
+experiences as mother and wife while my husband's life and my
+daughter's throne were endangered could not distract me from my duties
+as Queen: at my voice universities were opened; at my voice
+long-standing abuses disappeared and useful reforms, wisely
+considered, were brought forward; at my voice those who had sought in
+vain a home as exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to
+their hearths and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts
+of justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the grief
+and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned; for myself I
+reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all joy.
+
+At a later date, when God had called my august husband to Himself, who
+left the government of the whole realm in my hands, I strove to guide
+the State as a merciful Queen-Regent (_justiciera_). During the short
+period which elapsed since my elevation to power until the convocation
+of the first Cortes, my power was unique, but it was not despotic, or
+absolute, or arbitrary, for it was limited by my will. The most
+dignified people in the realm and the Council of Government, which I
+was bound to consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all
+matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion
+demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the sovereign
+power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously convoked
+the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores of the realm.
+
+I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If others
+have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for their
+actions before God, who holds laws sacred.
+
+The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the oath to
+it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and greatest of
+sacrifices--I laid down the sceptre and I was forced to abandon my
+daughters.
+
+In referring to the events which have brought these cruel tribulations
+upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity demands, with
+self-restraint and in words well weighed.
+
+I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by the
+Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously demanded
+by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which was only concluded
+by the renunciation which I signed at Valencia. During this deplorable
+period, the municipality of Madrid revolted against my authority, an
+example followed by other important towns. The rebels insisted that I
+should condemn the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me;
+that I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should
+annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I had
+sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that I should
+endanger the unity of the Regency.
+
+I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire loss
+of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without recognising
+the right of force, a right recognised neither by divine nor human
+laws, and the existence of which is incompatible with the
+Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions; I could
+not accept the third condition without infringing the Constitution,
+which regards as law any measure voted by the Cortes and sanctioned by
+the supreme head of the State, and which places a law once sanctioned
+beyond the sphere of the royal authority; I could not accept the
+fourth condition without accepting my own disgrace, passing
+condemnation upon myself and undermining the power which the King had
+left me and which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed,
+and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I had sworn
+never to surrender to the hands of factious men.
+
+My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the face of
+my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the monarchy, has
+brought down upon the defenceless woman, whose voice now speaks to
+you, a series of griefs and sufferings which no human language could
+express. You will not have forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my
+misfortunes from city to city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for
+one of those decrees of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted
+injustice and ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the
+small number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me, while
+the large number of those who loved me had so far lost courage as to
+offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony of their
+affection. There were some who offered me their swords, but I did not
+accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in isolation to the certain
+prospect of reading one day a new list of martyrs who had fallen
+victims to their loyalty. I might have stirred up a civil war, but
+civil war could not be aroused by myself, who have just given you the
+peace that my heart desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the
+past; my mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told
+myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure to
+death, but that she must not stir up war between them.
+
+Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my sceptre
+become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of thorns. At
+length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre and my crown to
+breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim but with a calm brow, a
+clear conscience, and a soul without remorse.
+
+Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this account of it
+that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so doing I have
+performed the last of my duties. She who was your Queen asks nothing
+more of you than that you will love her daughter and honour her
+memory.
+
+Marseilles, November 8, 1840.
+
+    (Signed)      MARIA CHRISTINA.
+
+
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
+
+[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted in more
+detail in the Biographical Index of vol. I.]
+
+
+A
+
+  ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a
+    desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen
+    years. He was eventually captured in 1847 by General
+    Lamoricière, sent to France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at
+    Amboise. Napoleon III. set him at liberty, and he afterwards
+    remained loyal to France. He died in Syria, where he had
+    withdrawn.
+
+  ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de
+    Courlande, married in 1801 François Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc
+    d'Acerenza. She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de
+    Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
+
+  ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and
+    married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was
+    Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.
+
+  ADÉLAÏDE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over
+    whom she exerted a great influence.
+
+  ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of Germany
+    in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion of
+    Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him, and he
+    was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at the
+    battle of Göllheim.
+
+  AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840.
+    On June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the
+    Faubourg Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while
+    beseeching the insurgents to surrender. He died two days later
+    in consequence of this wound.
+
+  AGNÈS SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine.
+    Agnès Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his
+    favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comté of
+    Penthièvre, the manors of Roquessière, Issoudun, and
+    Vernon-sur-Seine, and finally the seat of Beauté in the Bois de
+    Vincennes, whence she took the name of Dame de Beauté.
+
+  ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and
+    diplomatist.
+
+  ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de
+    St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra,
+    who died in 1826.
+
+  ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.
+
+  ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He
+    secretly married the Countess of Albany.
+
+  ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King
+    Louis-Philippe on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed
+    on July 11 following.
+
+  ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from
+    1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under
+    King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and
+    Education.
+
+  ALTON-SHÉE DE LIGNIÉRES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874). Peer of
+    France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional
+    Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence of the
+    ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the
+    advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his
+    political connections.
+
+  ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer,
+    known for his wit.
+
+  ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Frédéric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he
+    became Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor
+    at the Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III.
+    requested him to undertake the education of the Prince Royal,
+    afterwards Frederick William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon
+    was influential there until his death. He married three times:
+    in 1792, Marie Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824,
+    Louise Molière, who died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille
+    d'Harley and de Verquignieulle, of an old Belgian family.
+
+  ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the
+    famous Dr. Andral.
+
+  ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the
+    Spanish Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of
+    Frias and became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his
+    wife's family.
+
+  ANGOULÊME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin,
+    after his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in
+    1824. In 1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Thérèse
+    Charlotte, only daughter of King Louis XVI. He was
+    Commander-in-Chief of the French Army sent to Spain in 1823,
+    captured the fort of Trocadero, and showed his moderation by the
+    ordinance of Andujar. He died in exile at Goritz, and left no
+    children.
+
+  ANGOULÊME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Thérèse Charlotte of
+    France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie
+    Antoinette. At her birth she received the title of Madame
+    Royale. She shared the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the
+    Directory consented to exchange her for the commissaries sent
+    back by Austria. She married her cousin, the Duc d'Angoulême,
+    and returned to Paris with him in 1815. Exiled once more in
+    1830, she never returned to France, and died at Frohsdorf.
+
+  ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during
+    the minority of Louis XIV.
+
+  ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of
+    François II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles
+    VIII. and Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of
+    Brittany, to which she was heiress.
+
+  APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was
+    first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then
+    Ambassador at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at
+    London and then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808
+    he married Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.
+
+  ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier,
+    he became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France.
+    From 1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and
+    retained the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his
+    death.
+
+  ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he
+    retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement
+    here he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote
+    memoirs, &c. His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs, and his daughter the Mother Superior Angélique
+    de Saint Jean, Abbess of Port Royal.
+
+  ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first
+    studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of
+    the Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port
+    Royal. He composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of
+    Port Royal, and with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of
+    Arnauld d'Andilly.
+
+  ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Angélique de Sainte Madeleine
+    (1591-1661). Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She
+    was Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen.
+    She introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.
+
+  ARNAULD, Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She
+    was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal,
+    as was her aunt, the Mother Superior Angélique de Sainte
+    Madeleine. She has a large place in the records of Port Royal
+    worthies; she also wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &c.
+
+  ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent
+    to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short
+    time at Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he
+    retired from politics.
+
+  ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister
+    of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de
+    Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse
+    Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.
+
+  ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche.
+    Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la
+    Vauguyon.
+
+  ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of
+    Engineers in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns
+    of the Empire, and under the Restoration became _aide-de-camp_
+    to the Duc d'Orléans. Under the July monarchy he filled various
+    diplomatic posts, and became Peer of France in 1840. He retired
+    into private life after 1848.
+
+  AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In
+    1823 he married Mlle. Rouillé du Boissy du Coudray, and died
+    insane in 1842.
+
+  AUBUSSON, Mlle. Noémi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of
+    the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince
+    Gontran of Bauffremont.
+
+  AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge.
+    She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse Cassel.
+
+  AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King
+    Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Amélie. He distinguished
+    himself by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left
+    France in 1848 and returned after 1871. He again became an
+    exile, and did not return until 1889. His talents as historian
+    procured his entry to the French Academy. He bequeathed to the
+    Institute of France his beautiful estate of Chantilly.
+
+  AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many
+    German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.
+
+
+B
+
+  BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother
+    Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus
+    Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.
+
+  BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude
+    de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She
+    married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden,
+    who died in 1818.
+
+  BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke
+    Charles Louis of Baden and of Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She
+    married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in
+    1863.
+
+  BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in
+    1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in
+    1812. In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John
+    Hobart Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince
+    Metternich.
+
+  BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de
+    Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became Lady
+    of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de Provence,
+    afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship. The
+    Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and mind.
+
+  BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for
+    some time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing
+    establishment which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris,
+    where he became intimate with Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand,
+    Joubert, etc. He became a member of the French Academy in 1844.
+
+  BALZAC, Honoré de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and
+    remarkable contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his
+    profound analysis of human passion.
+
+  BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively
+    auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic
+    missions, Prefect of the Vendée and of the Loire-Inférieure,
+    then Deputy, Peer of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
+    As writer and historian he was most successful and his History
+    of the Dukes of Burgundy secured him a seat in the French
+    Academy.
+
+  BARANTE, the Baronne de. _Née_ d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she
+    was renowned for her beauty.
+
+  BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a
+    brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy
+    of Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the
+    throne-room of the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became
+    director of the Academy of Düsseldorf in succession to Schadow
+    whose daughter he had married.
+
+  BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum
+    of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
+
+  BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
+
+  BARTHE, Félix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.
+
+  BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the
+    Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X.
+    Under Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was
+    compromised and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak
+    upon the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to
+    London. Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the
+    _National_ after the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a
+    Deputy, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under
+    the Empire he held aloof from politics.
+
+  BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the
+    chief members of the Tory Party.
+
+  BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). _Née_ Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.
+
+  BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). _Aide-de-camp_ to the
+    Duc d'Orléans.
+
+  BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the Duc
+    de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de
+    Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of
+    the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Théodore de
+    Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de
+    Valençay.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married, in
+    1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.
+
+  BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made
+    a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in
+    1817. The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He
+    wrote a Life of Fénelon and a Life of Bossuet.
+
+  BAUTAIN, the Abbé (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where
+    he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of
+    Philosophy at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders
+    in 1828. In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him
+    Vicar-General. The Abbé Bautain pursued almost every branch of
+    human knowledge.
+
+  BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of
+    Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden;
+    she married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in
+    1825.
+
+  BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of
+    Bavaria in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King
+    Louis abdicated in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of
+    Germany.
+
+  BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick
+    of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.
+
+  BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King
+    Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess
+    Marie of Prussia.
+
+  BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first
+    wife, in 1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as
+    his second wife Mlle. Adèle de Gontaut-Biron.
+
+  BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    Assassinated at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry
+    II., King of England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a
+    martyr.
+
+  BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros,
+    with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in
+    1825 he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King
+    of Prussia, Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
+
+  BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).
+
+  BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orléans (1812-1850).
+    Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in
+    1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the
+    Austrians drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831,
+    where she attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and
+    her foreign ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under
+    an obvious pseudonym, a work in four volumes, entitled _An Essay
+    on the Formation of Catholic Dogma_, which aroused much
+    discussion. When Piedmont declared war upon Austria in 1848 the
+    Princess hastened to Milan, fitted out and paid a battalion.
+    After the peace she was exiled, and returned to Paris, where she
+    gained a living for the most part with her pen, as her property
+    had been confiscated by the Austrian Government. It was not
+    restored to her until 1859, when she returned to Italy and
+    plunged eagerly into politics.
+
+  BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff
+    of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime
+    Minister at Stuttgart, where he died.
+
+  BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.
+
+  BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of
+    War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor
+    Napoleon I. and under the first Restoration.
+
+  BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.
+
+  BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.
+
+  BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, _née_ Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of M.
+    Merlin.
+
+  BERTIN L'AÎNÉ, Louis François (1766-1841). French publicist.
+    Founded the _Journal des Débats_ with his brother, Bertin de
+    Veaux.
+
+  BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the
+    _Journal des Débats_. She married M. Bertin the elder.
+
+  BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon
+    I., whose _aide-de-camp_ he was, and whom he followed to Elba
+    and St. Helena.
+
+  BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada
+    was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado.
+    She was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the
+    Palace. Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the
+    eldest sister of the Empress Eugenie.
+
+  BILZ, Fräulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress
+    to Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then
+    Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). _Née_ von Gerschau. She married, in
+    1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.
+
+  BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun,
+    sister of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a
+    widower at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the
+    Comte Etienne de Biron.
+
+  BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married, in
+    1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.
+
+  BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the
+    Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny
+    married General von Boyen.
+
+  BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte,
+    daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish
+    Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She
+    married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish
+    Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.
+
+  BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in
+    Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and
+    Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic
+    Confederation in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe
+    in 1835. In 1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle.
+    Brentano.
+
+  BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative
+    of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration.
+    He became an _émigré_ in 1791, and returned to France when the
+    Empire was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and
+    became Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the
+    French Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to
+    support the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the
+    return of religious ideas to France.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Madame Lætitia (1750-1836). Lætitia Ramolino, of an
+    Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles
+    Bonaparte, by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was
+    her second son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she
+    retired to Rome, where she lived in seclusion.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I.,
+    Joseph Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of
+    a merchant, sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary.
+    He shared in the _coup d'état_ of the 18th Brumaire, and
+    several times governed France in the absence of Napoleon. In
+    1806 he was appointed King of Naples and transferred to the
+    throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost in 1813; after the
+    downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the United States,
+    and then to Florence, where he died.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Jérôme* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King
+    of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an
+    adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at
+    Boulogne, he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to
+    restore the Empire for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual
+    confinement, he was imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled
+    to Belgium, and returned to France after the revolution of 1848.
+    He was elected President of the Republic on November 16 of the
+    same year. Four years later the Empire was proclaimed, and
+    Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the name of Napoleon III.
+
+  BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and
+    grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of
+    Comte de Chambord.
+
+  BOSSUET, Jacques Bénigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he
+    was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in
+    1652. He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux.
+    In 1670 he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and
+    composed for that prince several educational works (Discourses
+    upon Universal History, &c.) and showed himself a zealous
+    defender of French liberty.
+
+  BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the
+    Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force
+    during the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army
+    of Italy. In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was
+    also attached to the Court under the Restoration. He became
+    member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.
+
+  BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice,
+    was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon
+    I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made
+    peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.
+
+  BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married
+    Mlle. Adrienne de Vandœuvre.
+
+  BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French
+    diplomatist.
+
+  BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
+
+  BRETZENHEIM VON REGÉCZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline,
+    daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince
+    Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.
+
+  BRÉZÉ, Marquis de Dreux--(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the
+    last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult
+    at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he
+    retired and became peer of France after his father's death in
+    1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders
+    of the Legitimist party against the government of
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.
+
+  BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. _Née_ Anna Pieri, of a noble family of
+    Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a
+    long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of
+    Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna,
+    whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.
+
+  BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as
+    auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805.
+    In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of
+    1848 he retired to private life.
+
+  BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.
+
+  BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). _Née_ Albertine de Staël.
+
+  BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte
+    d'Haussonville.
+
+  BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of
+    letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very
+    successful.
+
+  BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.
+
+  BÜLOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.
+
+  BÜLOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and
+    wife of Baron Heinrich von Bülow, with whom she resided in
+    London from 1830 to 1834.
+
+  BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached
+    to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly
+    resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister
+    Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the
+    daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the
+    United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.
+
+  BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at
+    Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then
+    Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in
+    1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became
+    Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of
+    Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was
+    appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.
+
+  BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married
+    in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, _née_ Baroness of Herding,
+    she inherited an enormous fortune.
+
+  BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of
+    Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the
+    Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth,
+    six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She
+    had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.
+
+  BUSSIÈRE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, _Chargé
+    d'affaires_ at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe
+    raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private
+    life.
+
+  BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic
+    poet.
+
+
+C
+
+  CALATRAVA, Don José Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and
+    defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he
+    was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was
+    re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was
+    obliged to take ship for England during the period of the
+    French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at
+    Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the
+    National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the
+    oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to
+    his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made
+    a Senator.
+
+  CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French
+    Education.
+
+  CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.
+
+  CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King
+    Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in
+    intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a
+    morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom
+    he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family
+    of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an
+    appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her
+    children during their life.
+
+  CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed
+    several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by
+    Pope Pius VII. as legate _a latere_ to the French Government,
+    and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of
+    1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town
+    crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.
+
+  CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden.
+    Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de
+    Janeiro and at Madrid.
+
+  CARAMAN, Marquise de. Césarine Gallard de Béarn married the
+    Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.
+
+  CARIGNAN, Prince Eugène de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of
+    Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia,
+    Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was
+    an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom
+    during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he
+    had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of
+    Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of
+    tie with the house of Savoy.
+
+  CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de
+    Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with
+    Mlle. de la Vauguyon.
+
+  CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of
+    Spain.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general
+    in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first
+    wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters,
+    and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom
+    he had no children.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the
+    Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married
+    in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of
+    Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and
+    became a widow in 1888.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest
+    daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.
+
+  CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the
+    Prussian army and Councillor at Grünberg, Silesia. He had
+    married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.
+
+  CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the
+    Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married
+    Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him
+    to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down
+    upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States,
+    Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Schönbrunn. She
+    was the mother of Queen Marie Amélie.
+
+  CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy,
+    daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of
+    Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.
+
+  CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.
+
+  CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.
+
+  CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the
+    eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a
+    journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He
+    was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the
+    Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he
+    followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian.
+    At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his
+    life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.
+
+  CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cordélia Greffulhe.
+    Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal
+    of France.
+
+  CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
+    Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and
+    Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844.
+    In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, grand-niece of the
+    Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino,
+    author of these memoirs.
+
+  CÆSAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated
+    for his conquest of Gaul.
+
+  CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac
+    followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a
+    profound attachment for the House of Orléans. He had been
+    appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly
+    after of pleurisy.
+
+  CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of
+    State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of
+    Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of
+    registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and
+    Finance Minister in 1829.
+
+  CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son
+    of the Duc de Périgord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de
+    Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.
+
+  CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the
+    mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840,
+    when she was well advanced in years.
+
+  CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care
+    for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him
+    at Heidelberg.
+
+  CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of
+    Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and
+    was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous
+    "Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire
+    and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince
+    of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the
+    Universities of Prague and Vienna.
+
+  CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.
+
+  CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of
+    Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of
+    England, by whom she had a very large number of children.
+
+  CHASTELLUX, Madame de, _née_ Zéphyrine de Damas. She married as
+    her first husband M. de Vogüé.
+
+  CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.
+
+  CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of
+    the Comte René de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of François de
+    Rougé, Comte du Plessis Bellière.
+
+  CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to
+    establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A
+    pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte
+    de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served
+    for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made
+    Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of
+    Alexander II.
+
+  CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry
+    general, who played an important part in the wars in which
+    Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at
+    the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866
+    against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had
+    entirely exonerated him.
+
+  CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.
+
+  CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.
+
+  CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the
+    Countess Louise Chotek.
+
+  CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in
+    1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of
+    division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much
+    reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when
+    he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not
+    return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and
+    a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was
+    appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of
+    Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.
+
+  CLÉMENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Roncière le Noury. She
+    was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the
+    château of Beauvais near Valençay.
+
+  CLÉMENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Clémentine d'Orléans,
+    daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus
+    of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.
+
+  CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the
+    Duc Aimé de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and
+    Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de
+    Crillon.
+
+  COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Doña Maria da
+    Gloria, Queen of Portugal.
+
+  COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded
+    his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess
+    Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he
+    married Princess Antoinette of Würtemberg.
+
+  COEUR, The Abbé (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who
+    were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous
+    banker of Charles VII., the Abbé Cœur was professor of
+    philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris
+    and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain
+    and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he
+    preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which
+    King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour.
+    In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He
+    delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.
+
+  COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valençay.
+
+  COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer
+    in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed
+    cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was
+    appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the
+    service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his
+    grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After
+    vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of
+    the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July
+    monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse
+    d'Orléans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.
+
+  COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and
+    daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de
+    Coigny in 1822.
+
+  COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the
+    circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.
+
+  COMBALOT, the Abbé Théodore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was
+    ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of
+    Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines.
+    His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political
+    character.
+
+  CONDÉ, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Condé,
+    first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien.
+    He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen,
+    and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of
+    the Fronde, the Prince de Condé was restored to his command at
+    the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable
+    service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comté.
+
+  CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English
+    politician.
+
+  CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State,
+    deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of
+    Timon.
+
+  CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the
+    School of Düsseldorf. He studied for several years at
+    Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent
+    and his power of drawing remarkable.
+
+  COSSÉ BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the
+    administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and
+    entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter
+    of the July Monarchy.
+
+  COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). _Née_ Comtesse de Medem, she
+    married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four
+    daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of
+    these memoirs.
+
+  COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.
+
+  COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.
+
+  CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A
+    member of the National Defence in 1870.
+
+  CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as
+    the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard
+    at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at
+    Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the
+    Conservatory at Naples.
+
+  CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French
+    anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he
+    had a large and select practice.
+
+  CUBIÈRES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military
+    school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz
+    and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the
+    rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during
+    the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with
+    glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration
+    he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in
+    1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona.
+    He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839
+    and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and
+    accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession
+    of the salt-mines of Gouhénans. He was then tried before the
+    Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten
+    thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of
+    Appeal of Rouen.
+
+  CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of
+    George III., King of England.
+
+  CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* _Née_ Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
+
+  CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of
+    Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.
+
+  CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orléans. He
+    belonged to another branch of the family of the famous
+    naturalist who bears that name.
+
+  CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of
+    letters on the staff of the _Journal des Débats_, and appointed
+    by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc
+    d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of
+    instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in
+    1866.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin
+    Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married
+    in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his
+    second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony
+    Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832
+    Prince Adam Czartoryski.
+
+
+D
+
+  DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and
+    Archchancellor of the same name.
+
+  DARMÈS. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October
+    15, 1840.
+
+  DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the
+    hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.
+
+  DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.
+
+  DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He
+    entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him
+    into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then
+    Duc d'Orléans, extricated him from his troubles by making him
+    Librarian of the Palais Royal.
+
+  DEMERSON, the Abbé (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in
+    1819 and was the incumbent of Saint Séverin, then of Saint
+    Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to
+    Notre Dame de Paris.
+
+  DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San
+    Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King
+    Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de
+    Montfort.
+
+  DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged
+    some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an
+    incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his
+    agent.
+
+  DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his
+    father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of
+    Hesse Cassel.
+
+  DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as
+    his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he
+    was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of
+    Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a
+    son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.
+
+  DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of
+    Prince Christian, _née_ Princess of Schleswig-Holstein
+    Augustenburg.
+
+  DESJARDINS, the Abbé (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was
+    Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and
+    afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return
+    to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign
+    missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on
+    suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to
+    Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he
+    refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Châlons in
+    1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.
+
+  DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist
+    who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly
+    in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of
+    which he was director from 1840.
+
+  DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived
+    at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of
+    the castle of Löbichau.
+
+  DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte
+    Alexandre de Périgord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his
+    father became Duc de Talleyrand.
+
+  DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). _Née_ Fräulein von Steinach,
+    she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat
+    at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that
+    neighbourhood.
+
+  DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen
+    Marie Amélie.
+
+  DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and
+    brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's
+    death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize
+    the throne.
+
+  DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the
+    Infanta Carlotta.
+
+  DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a
+    stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and
+    became Receiver-General for Finistère, and four years later
+    Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank
+    of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of
+    Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.
+
+  DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.
+
+  DOSNE, Mlle. Félicie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious
+    woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and
+    brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903,
+    some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The
+    Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She
+    died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.
+
+  DOUDAN, Ximénès (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the
+    Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the
+    Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his
+    services as private secretary.
+
+  DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inférieure and member of the Royal
+    Council of Education and director of the normal school.
+
+  DUCHÂTEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.
+
+  DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French
+    statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal
+    Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and
+    Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in
+    1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from
+    politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of
+    Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured
+    the passing of the law of Guarantees.
+
+  DUPANLOUP, Félix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished
+    priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms.
+    After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and
+    Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took
+    an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of
+    education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orléans, was a
+    member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence
+    of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In
+    1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to
+    Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the
+    conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by
+    his grateful people.
+
+  DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.
+
+  DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached
+    to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor
+    voice.
+
+  DÜRER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with
+    a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He
+    excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely
+    improved by him.
+
+  DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.
+
+  DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician.
+    One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July
+    monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He
+    was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned
+    and exiled after the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, but was
+    able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active
+    politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in
+    France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in
+    place of the Duc de Broglie.
+
+
+E
+
+  EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of
+    Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William
+    IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived
+    in retirement.
+
+  ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of
+    Lord Grey.
+
+  ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness
+    of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion
+    of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.
+
+  ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her,
+    a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and
+    America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg.
+    She had acquired a large fortune.
+
+  EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy.
+    This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles
+    Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552,
+    received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the
+    battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered
+    his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559
+    by the treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, and married Margaret of
+    France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor
+    Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at
+    Turin.
+
+  ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He
+    married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and
+    owner of the château of la Moustière, near Valençay.
+
+  EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt
+    concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and
+    sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the
+    diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent
+    of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and
+    reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help
+    of some friends did he escape poverty.
+
+  ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and
+    had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to
+    Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the
+    death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria
+    Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his
+    nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the
+    North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent
+    had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero,
+    but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847.
+    In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of
+    time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he
+    refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.
+
+  ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.
+
+  EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant
+    generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a
+    marshal under the July monarchy.
+
+
+F
+
+  FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.
+
+  FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.
+
+  FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop
+    of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the
+    doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by
+    Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.
+
+  FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of
+    Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in
+    favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.
+
+  FERRUS, Guillaume Marie André (1784-1861). A French doctor. He
+    introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bicêtre, of
+    which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting
+    doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of
+    Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia
+    Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his
+    nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief
+    almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and
+    died there.
+
+  FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King
+    Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.
+
+  FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in
+    Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in
+    the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister
+    to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He
+    was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for
+    several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then
+    became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince
+    Edmond Clary.
+
+  FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825,
+    Mlle. de Marmier.
+
+  FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under
+    Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.
+
+  FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English
+    admiral, Lord Keith.
+
+  FLAHAUT, Clémentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and
+    Comtesse de Flahaut.
+
+  FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a
+    great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body
+    in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor
+    appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was
+    called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.
+
+  FOULD, Bénédict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had
+    founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was
+    deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from
+    1843.
+
+  FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He
+    made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated
+    and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was
+    defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in
+    expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King
+    Robert.
+
+  FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was
+    appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though
+    constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a
+    strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works
+    from an early age.
+
+  FRANÇOIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles
+    V.
+
+  FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia
+    and founder of the Prussian military power.
+
+  FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son
+    of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess
+    Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled
+    for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until
+    1848.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg
+    (1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the
+    Prussian Army.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded
+    his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a
+    Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She
+    died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage
+    with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title
+    of Princess of Liegnitz.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended
+    the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in
+    1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.
+
+  FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man
+    of letters.
+
+  FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he
+    only survived three years.
+
+
+G
+
+  GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took
+    an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was
+    appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received
+    the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
+
+  GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844;
+    Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was
+    himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.
+
+  GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the
+    Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the
+    Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the
+    insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.
+
+  GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin
+    married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt,
+    Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc
+    d'Orléans who soon selected her as the governess of his
+    children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to
+    France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent
+    of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the
+    customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement
+    after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of
+    which her books on education are the most remarkable.
+
+  GÉRARD, François Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter
+    who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and
+    Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed
+    remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.
+
+  GÉRARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.
+
+  GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took
+    part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony.
+    He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in
+    1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.
+
+  GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian
+    Army. He resigned and married Fräulein Marianne von Schindel. In
+    1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern
+    and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.
+
+  GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General
+    Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a
+    famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was
+    a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he
+    married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he
+    was judicially separated in 1872.
+
+  GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was
+    mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative
+    Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of
+    the Legion of Honour.
+
+  GIROLET, the Abbé* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation
+    of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.
+
+  GIVRÉ, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at
+    an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and
+    Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and
+    became a contributor to the _Journal des Débats_. In 1837 he was
+    appointed deputy and voted with the Orléanist majority.
+
+  GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King
+    George III. of England.
+
+  GÖCKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State
+    Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.
+
+  GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author
+    of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister
+    of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.
+
+  GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children
+    of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.
+
+  GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to
+    the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic
+    at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the
+    war and remained for six years in this difficult post.
+
+  GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic
+    School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the
+    portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers
+    Ministry.
+
+  GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801,
+    distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at
+    Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took
+    a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he
+    accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings
+    with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from
+    them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815,"
+    and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of
+    Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under
+    Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose
+    him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de
+    Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of
+    Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.
+
+  GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of
+    Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacré Cœur, and Mother
+    Superior of the Paris house.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of
+    Devonshire.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter
+    of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in
+    1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the
+    Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary
+    fame.
+
+  GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was
+    one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for
+    his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.
+
+  GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.
+
+  GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). _Née_ Ponsonby.
+
+  GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and
+    beauty.
+
+  GRIVEL, the Abbé Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a
+    preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to
+    deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French
+    Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and
+    was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.
+
+  GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His
+    father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then
+    entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he
+    acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of
+    the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received
+    the title of baron.
+
+  GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and
+    statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of
+    Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In
+    1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio
+    of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council
+    of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830,
+    but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by
+    the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and
+    perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to
+    liberty.
+
+  GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the
+    Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at
+    Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs
+    when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had
+    married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.
+
+  WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the
+    Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was
+    separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and
+    became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica
+    of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage
+    with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.
+
+  GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman
+    and historian.
+
+
+H
+
+  HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. Stéphanie
+    Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.
+
+  HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton,
+    a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the
+    aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became
+    President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer
+    and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory,
+    whose life he wrote and whose works he published.
+
+  HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of
+    the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand
+    Duchess, née Stéphanie de Beauharnais.
+
+  HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of
+    Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the
+    death of his brother King William IV. of England.
+
+  HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King
+    of Hanover.
+
+  HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).
+
+  HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande,
+    who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of
+    Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with
+    Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.
+
+  HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French
+    politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy,
+    and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member
+    of the French Academy.
+
+  HÉLIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life
+    in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an
+    official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
+
+  HÉLIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.
+
+  HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in
+    1840.
+
+  HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the
+    Courts of Berlin.
+
+  HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the
+    Prussian service.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had
+    married a Princess of Baden.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of
+    Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William
+    III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis
+    II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary
+    Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor
+    Nicholas I., in 1855.
+
+  HOHENLOHE-ÖRINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of
+    cavalry in the service of Würtemberg.
+
+  HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King
+    of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.
+
+  HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). _Née_ Princess of Biron
+    Courlande.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800
+    he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse
+    de Talleyrand.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess
+    of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of
+    Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess
+    of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine
+    abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in
+    favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of
+    Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg,
+    by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic
+    marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he
+    had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.
+
+  HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the
+    famous Fox.
+
+  HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first
+    marriage.
+
+  HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M.
+    Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810
+    he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the
+    Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of
+    the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and
+    governor of the Bank of France.
+
+  HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799.
+    English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign
+    Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in
+    1834, and at Brussels in 1846.
+
+  HÜBNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of
+    Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became
+    secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and
+    political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a
+    prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the
+    conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was
+    first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867
+    he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic
+    service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.
+
+  HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian
+    service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been
+    Austrian Minister at Paris.
+
+  HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that
+    of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where
+    she lived, she became the patroness of the Abbés Bautain, Gratry
+    and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of
+    the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier.
+    Born of an old Alsatian family.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian
+    philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became
+    Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of
+    education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed
+    Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the
+    Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He
+    was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of
+    State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the
+    preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he
+    resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and
+    man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New
+    World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them
+    display. He was a brother of the foregoing.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of
+    Dachröden. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von
+    Humboldt.
+
+  HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French
+    politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a
+    conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States,
+    and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire.
+    In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United
+    States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the
+    portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but
+    resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he
+    supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and
+    afterwards lived in retirement.
+
+
+I
+
+  IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet
+    Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation.
+    He invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was
+    marching upon Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by
+    the intervention of the European Powers. Some years afterwards,
+    when war broke out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over
+    the Turks at Nezib in 1839, but the treaty of London of July
+    15, 1840, and the bombardment of the Syrian ports by the
+    English fleet obliged him to abandon the conquest of Syria for
+    a second time. He then devoted his time to the domestic
+    administration of Egypt.
+
+  ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.
+
+  ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who
+    held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by
+    his revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of
+    the Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into
+    trouble and he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards
+    he accomplished several missions to the different courts of
+    Europe, and was even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.
+
+
+J
+
+  JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh
+    President of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from
+    France in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five
+    millions for the ships taken from the United States under the
+    Empire. After holding the Presidency twice in succession, he
+    retired into private life.
+
+  JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied
+    Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and
+    interpreter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of
+    Requests, and then Chargé d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819
+    he was Secretary and Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a
+    Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830,
+    and was made a Peer of France by Louis-Philippe.
+
+  JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte François (1798-1874). A French politician
+    and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of
+    Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844,
+    when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into
+    private life.
+
+  JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). _Née_ Mlle. Charlotte de
+    Bontemps.
+
+  JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the
+    most famous in London.
+
+  JOINVILLE, François d'Orléans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of
+    King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the
+    remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married
+    Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of
+    Brazil.
+
+  JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A
+    nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822,
+    M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a
+    member of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of
+    Honour.
+
+
+K
+
+  KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince
+    Ludwig of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in
+    1823.
+
+  KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV.
+    of England and mother of Queen Victoria.
+
+  KRÜDENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter
+    of the Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the
+    Baron of Krüdener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had
+    two children. Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series
+    of adventures she became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia,
+    and then became a religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris
+    when the allies entered the town, and obtained great influence
+    over the Emperor Alexander I. Expelled from Germany and from
+    Switzerland she took refuge at her estates near Riga, and began
+    a connection with the Moravian Brothers. She started for the
+    Crimea in 1822 with the intention of founding an asylum for
+    criminals and sinners.
+
+  KRÜDENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the
+    foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la
+    Tour et Taxis, _née_ Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen
+    Louise of Prussia and of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who
+    brought her up at his house and whose wife adopted her. In 1825
+    she married Herr von Krüdener, and her second husband in 1850
+    was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp to the Emperor
+    Nicholas I. of Russia.
+
+  KRÜGER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.
+
+  KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend of
+    Princess Charles of Prussia.
+
+
+L
+
+  LA BESNARDIÈRE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who
+    lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.
+
+  LABORDE, Comte Léon de (1807-1869). Archæologist and traveller,
+    and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a
+    deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the
+    Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in
+    1868.
+
+  LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.
+
+  LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she
+    gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She
+    possessed the château of Marais near Paris, where she often gave
+    dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Molé.
+
+  LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.
+
+  LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of
+    the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of
+    the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then
+    devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at
+    Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the
+    department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of
+    finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration
+    of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.
+
+  LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican
+    of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French
+    Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.
+
+  LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was
+    the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his
+    arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted
+    assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was
+    recognised by M. Ladvocat.
+
+  LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid
+    all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken
+    the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her
+    dispositions.
+
+  LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge,
+    who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corrèze); he was an
+    incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He
+    married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning
+    him.
+
+  LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M.
+    Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was
+    condemned to perpetual imprisonment.
+
+  LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States
+    General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of
+    his time.
+
+  LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an
+    important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under
+    King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He
+    entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in
+    1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after
+    1848.
+
+  LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord
+    Melbourne and heir to his title.
+
+  LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine,
+    Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X.
+    He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI.
+    appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of
+    Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the
+    events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.
+
+  LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of
+    Lansdowne in 1819.
+
+  LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline
+    de Périgord.
+
+  LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.
+
+  LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. _Née_ Louise Suchet,
+    daughter of the Marshal d'Albuféra.
+
+  LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosthène de. Duc de Doudeauville
+    (1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the
+    Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had
+    paid much attention to literature.
+
+  LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of
+    the Duc de Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and
+    granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.
+
+  LA ROVÈRE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg.
+    A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with
+    the Marquis de la Rovère and died soon after her marriage. Her
+    tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.
+
+  LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his
+    father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a
+    warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the
+    ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the
+    _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1852.
+
+  LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and
+    diplomatist.
+
+  LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de
+    Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the
+    mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.
+
+  LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette
+    de Biron Courlande.*
+
+  LÉAUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Clémentine de Nicolaï
+    daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, _née_
+    Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to
+    a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and
+    which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de Léautaud.
+
+  LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of
+    the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a
+    director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer
+    of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer
+    of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris
+    for many years.
+
+  LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed
+    the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He
+    had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.
+
+  LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman
+    who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he
+    became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become
+    Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness
+    Anne of Grosschlag.
+
+  LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor
+    of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the
+    Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse
+    Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.
+
+  LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short
+    time he was the husband of Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal.
+
+  LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord
+    Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to
+    the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he
+    inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held
+    Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in
+    1886 with Mr. Gladstone.
+
+  LEZAY MARNÉSIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of
+    France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.
+
+  LIAUTARD, the Abbé (1774-1842). He studied at the College of
+    Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the
+    decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant
+    pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he
+    entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest
+    in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become
+    the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of
+    Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.
+
+  LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the
+    Landgräfin Josephine of Fürstenberg, and had married in 1792
+    Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.
+
+  LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian
+    diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.
+
+  LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for
+    twenty-two years Ambassador at London.
+
+  LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). _Née_ Dorothée de
+    Benkendorff.
+
+  LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach
+    contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick
+    William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of
+    Liegnitz.
+
+  LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent
+    by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.
+
+  LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German
+    astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and
+    became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically
+    to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an
+    astronomical museum at Dresden.
+
+  LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic
+    Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.
+
+  LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French
+    surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second
+    Restoration.
+
+  LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active
+    part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After
+    Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion
+    Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he
+    remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he
+    commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps
+    at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to
+    1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when
+    he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France
+    and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks
+    which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.
+
+  LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame
+    d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.
+
+  LÖWENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856).
+    Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of
+    Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held
+    a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight
+    years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.
+
+  LÖWENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fräulein von
+    Schönburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806,
+    Count Gustavus of Düben, then the Swedish chargé d'Affaires at
+    Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the
+    Count of Löwenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a
+    Baroness of Gur.
+
+  LÖWE-WEIMAR, the Baron François Adolphe de (1801-1854). He
+    belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to
+    Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself
+    in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission
+    in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he
+    distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera
+    epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.
+
+  LOGERE, M. de. Attaché to the French legation at Berlin.
+
+  LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and
+    Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and
+    afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fräulein
+    Frederica of Lamprecht.
+
+  LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.
+
+  LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose
+    political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people
+    were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of
+    Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing
+    the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the
+    Court of Peers and executed.
+
+  LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of
+    King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the
+    Low Countries.
+
+  LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth
+    Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William
+    III.
+
+  LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King
+    of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria,
+    wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.
+
+  LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in
+    the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a
+    Countess Batthyàny.
+
+  LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory
+    party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in
+    succession the highest political posts in his country. His
+    second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he
+    vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into
+    Parliament.
+
+
+M
+
+  MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish
+    family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and
+    the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and
+    did not return to the service until 1809, when his
+    distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the
+    Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was
+    appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of
+    Honour, a post which he held until 1831.
+
+  MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum.
+    Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin
+    of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession
+    of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight
+    of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in
+    1869, and retired into private life in 1870.
+
+  MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a
+    noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779
+    the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his
+    death she lived very quietly at Paris.
+
+  MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended
+    the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but
+    his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he
+    introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops
+    in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a
+    firman of 1839.
+
+  MAILLÉ, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles François Armand de la
+    Tour-Landry, Duc de Maillé, was before the Revolution first
+    Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an _émigré_ with
+    the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the
+    Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814,
+    and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made
+    him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July
+    monarchy,
+
+  MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King
+    Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.
+
+  MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French
+    diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.
+
+  MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Françoise Weygold,
+    was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison,
+    at that time Major.
+
+  MALESHERBES, Chrétien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of
+    Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis
+    XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died
+    himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French
+    Academy.
+
+  MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the
+    Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister
+    Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of
+    Golz.
+
+  MANNAY, the Abbé Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice,
+    where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest
+    he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims.
+    When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and
+    Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Trèves. He
+    resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was
+    appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a
+    great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.
+
+  MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the
+    Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the
+    chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards
+    Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired
+    to the convent of the Sacré Cœur, where she took the veil.
+
+  MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barbé* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and
+    politician, for a long time president of the financial court.
+
+  MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the
+    Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St
+    Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of
+    Julius Cæsar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed
+    Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him
+    with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in
+    1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg.
+    In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring
+    back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made
+    Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method
+    became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at
+    Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his
+    presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended
+    a career which had brought him both honour and riches.
+
+  MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter
+    of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.
+
+  MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French
+    diplomatist.
+
+  MARIA II., OR DOÑA MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of
+    Portugal.
+
+  MARIE AMÉLIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King
+    of the French.
+
+  MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I.,
+    King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand
+    VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and
+    Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Muñoz, officer in
+    the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had
+    been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to
+    Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to
+    Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter,
+    Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris,
+    and lived there until her death.
+
+  MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry
+    IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.
+
+  MARIE D'ORLÉANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King
+    Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of Würtemberg.
+
+  MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with
+    Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she
+    secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After
+    the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom
+    she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de
+    Bombelles.
+
+  MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and
+    Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.
+
+  MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married,
+    about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill,
+    afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was
+    the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great
+    influence.
+
+  MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father
+    adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he
+    studied at the Lycée Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in
+    the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years
+    at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality,
+    entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St.
+    Petersburg.
+
+  MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Comédie Française.
+
+  MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847).
+    Magistrate and French politician.
+
+  MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, François* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters
+    and politician.
+
+  MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal
+    Macdonald.
+
+  MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of
+    Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.
+
+  MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the
+    daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist
+    in the Russian service.
+
+  MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe,
+    he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very
+    intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant
+    relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became
+    the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta,
+    Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand
+    Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in
+    1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess
+    was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She
+    married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orléans, by whom she had two
+    children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became
+    a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of
+    the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in
+    1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded
+    his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in
+    1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise
+    of Prussia.
+
+  MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of
+    the Duchess de Dino.
+
+  MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A
+    patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and
+    his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael
+    Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.
+
+  MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a
+    merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in
+    1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and
+    proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their
+    revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1,
+    1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his
+    lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the
+    Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France
+    declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this
+    victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the
+    Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He
+    introduced great reforms into his country.
+
+  MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician,
+    brother of Lady Palmerston.
+
+  MÉRODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his
+    cousin Mlle. Thérèse de Mérode.
+
+  METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and
+    statesman.
+
+  METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince
+    Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.
+
+  MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who
+    had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler
+    and a benefactor of Lavau.
+
+  MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter,
+    sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of
+    draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at
+    Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola
+    which is its chief glory.
+
+  MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and
+    man of letters.
+
+  MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of
+    Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of
+    England.
+
+  MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old
+    parliamentary family.
+
+  MOLÉ, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. _Née_ Mlle. de la Briche.
+
+  MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars
+    of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second
+    Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as
+    Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the
+    Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of
+    France. Under the July government, he was governor of the
+    Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie
+    Amélie.
+
+  MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist
+    and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal
+    Catholicism.
+
+  MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic
+    School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the
+    Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior
+    in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship.
+    As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of
+    Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the
+    palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He
+    entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848
+    sent him back to private life.
+
+  MONTBRETON, Madame de. Clémence Marie de Nicolaï, daughter of the
+    Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, whose name appears in
+    the Lafarge trial.
+
+  MONTEBELLO, Napoléon Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the
+    famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a
+    Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He
+    supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.
+
+  MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant
+    visitor at the Castle of Valençay.
+
+  MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie,
+    daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de
+    Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was
+    aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She
+    was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orléans.
+
+  MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French
+    Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and
+    at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince
+    Paul of Würtemberg by a morganatic marriage.
+
+  MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of
+    Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of
+    Würtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff,
+    Prince de San Donato.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). _Née_ Mlle. de
+    Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of
+    the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de
+    Valençay.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of
+    Duc on his father's death in 1846.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de
+    Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her
+    only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosthène de la
+    Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.
+
+  MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of
+    _la Grande Mademoiselle_; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston
+    d'Orléans.
+
+  MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and
+    sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.
+
+  MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died
+    from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.
+
+  MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Françoise Bertaut married in 1639
+    Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On
+    the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de
+    Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme.
+    de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.
+
+  MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the
+    Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar
+    and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title
+    of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown
+    Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made
+    him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers
+    and showed much talent in many discussions.
+
+  MUÑOZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the
+    Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen
+    Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a
+    morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of
+    Ferdinand VII. Muñoz showed no ambition and only consented to
+    become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the
+    Golden Fleece.
+
+  MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of
+    King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very
+    early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council,
+    aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord
+    Munster.
+
+  MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I.
+    She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess
+    of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815
+    and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she
+    died.
+
+
+N
+
+  NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went
+    through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the
+    retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro
+    of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England
+    he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834,
+    appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and
+    Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet
+    during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate
+    and failed before Cronstadt.
+
+  NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King
+    Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.
+
+  NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the
+    King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand
+    II. in 1832.
+
+  NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the
+    Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith,
+    by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count
+    Mascali.
+
+  NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (_See_ Syracuse, Count of.)
+
+  NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which
+    had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The
+    Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia
+    and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.
+
+  NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790,
+    and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In
+    1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the
+    Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in
+    the Chamber of Peers until his death.
+
+  NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and
+    Major-General in the army of Würtemberg. He married as his
+    second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of Würtemberg.
+
+  NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orléans, wife of
+    Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she
+    obtained the Principality of Neuchâtel. She has left graceful
+    and lively memoirs of her life.
+
+  NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards
+    Imperial Chancellor of Russia.
+
+  NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count
+    Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.
+
+  NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of
+    the Duke of Beaufort, in England.
+
+  NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de
+    la Moskowa. _Née_ Aglaé Louise de Lascans, she had married
+    Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under
+    Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into
+    connection with the Dauphine during their youth.
+
+  NICOLAÏ, the Marquise Scipion de, _née_ Lameth. She was the mother
+    of Madame de Léautaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were
+    implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the
+    Lafarge trial.
+
+  NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and
+    controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port
+    Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal
+    he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the
+    prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to
+    leave France in 1679 and could only return through the
+    intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.
+
+  NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had
+    conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who
+    was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he
+    succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the
+    Duc Jean de Noailles.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de
+    Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842
+    his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de
+    Noailles.
+
+  NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was
+    the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne
+    was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for
+    divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord
+    Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him.
+    Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a
+    certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and
+    newspaper articles.
+
+
+O
+
+  O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.
+
+  O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell,
+    whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.
+
+  OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he
+    was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he
+    became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828;
+    Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and
+    Foreign Minister in 1837.
+
+  OLLIVIER, l'Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born in 1798. Priest of
+    Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.
+
+  OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). _Née_ the Countess of
+    Schlippenbach.
+
+  ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of
+    Holland in 1840.
+
+  ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the
+    Emperor Paul of Russia.
+
+  ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the
+    road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired
+    a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot
+    died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."
+
+  ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called
+    _Philippe Egalité_. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.
+
+  ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
+    Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.
+
+  ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all
+    the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic
+    service in 1828.
+
+
+P
+
+  PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married
+    Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V.
+    and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of
+    Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of
+    pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by
+    the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement.
+    On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one
+    of the most remarkable that he composed.
+
+  PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of
+    Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.
+
+  PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had
+    married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a
+    Portuguese statesman.
+
+  PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time
+    Foreign Minister.
+
+  PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.
+
+  PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans
+    and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of
+    the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.
+
+  PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble
+    geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist
+    and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the
+    Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most
+    powerful writer in Port Royal.
+
+  PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France.
+    Appointed Chancellor in 1837.
+
+  PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy
+    and member of the Institute.
+
+  PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.
+
+  PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of
+    several Cabinets.
+
+  PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff,
+    married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in
+    1827.
+
+  PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince
+    Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her
+    possession of this title.
+
+  PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he
+    was executed.
+
+  PÉRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de
+    Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan,
+    who died in 1854.
+
+  PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse
+    de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.
+
+  PÉRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valençay by
+    his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the
+    title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.
+
+  PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in
+    Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of
+    Frederick William III.
+
+  PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adélaïde, Countess of
+    Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.
+
+  PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to
+    the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts
+    under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King
+    Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.
+
+  PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of
+    the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis
+    d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the
+    Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.
+
+  PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An _émigré_ during the
+    Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the
+    Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice
+    under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In
+    1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac
+    Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the
+    July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers
+    and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at
+    the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in
+    complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.
+
+  PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took
+    orders. Princess Lubomirska, _née_ Czartoryska, who was
+    travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince
+    Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and
+    Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity,
+    secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus.
+    The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic
+    party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after
+    taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second
+    partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the
+    household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through
+    the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post
+    in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful
+    imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the
+    principles of Voltaire.
+
+  PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine
+    monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the
+    bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He
+    reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon,
+    and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years
+    afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France,
+    he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the
+    French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he
+    was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau.
+    The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he
+    returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in
+    Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.
+
+  PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la
+    Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary
+    gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the
+    Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.
+
+  PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the
+    Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was
+    elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative
+    majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in
+    Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he
+    was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He
+    abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.
+
+  PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie,
+    daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de
+    Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France
+    at an early age for Greece, where she died.
+
+  PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the
+    Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated
+    the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.
+
+  POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X.
+    He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of
+    Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.
+
+  POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns,
+    daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the
+    Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de
+    Polignac.
+
+  POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de
+    Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644,
+    he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun
+    in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent
+    to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him
+    Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the
+    glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into
+    disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of
+    Louvois.
+
+  PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople
+    from 1822 to 1827.
+
+  PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French
+    diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary
+    Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States;
+    afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846
+    he entered the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and
+    privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840
+    and died at Naples.
+
+  POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a
+    diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took
+    the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour
+    to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of
+    Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in
+    1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani.
+    Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his
+    wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.
+
+  PREISSAC, Comte François Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the
+    Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de
+    Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry
+    Regiment.
+
+  PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He
+    took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector
+    of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the
+    Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he
+    became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine,
+    Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of
+    Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of
+    the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord,
+    afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince
+    Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of
+    Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke
+    of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne,
+    daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in
+    1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William
+    III.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King
+    Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he
+    assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick
+    William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King
+    in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the
+    House of Hohenzollern.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of
+    Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of
+    Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress
+    Augusta.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King
+    Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the
+    Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in
+    1827.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King
+    Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of
+    the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he
+    contracted a morganatic marriage with Fräulein von Rauch, who
+    was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the
+    King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of
+    Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she
+    had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian
+    court.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of
+    Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess
+    of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian
+    Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese
+    Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing.
+    In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King
+    in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.
+
+  PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in
+    the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian
+    service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in
+    1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated
+    in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in
+    Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and
+    gardens.
+
+  PÜCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married
+    the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817
+    she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she
+    separated in 1826.
+
+  PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation
+    at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess
+    Lottum.
+
+
+Q
+
+  QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an
+    early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art,
+    and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy
+    at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the
+    Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in
+    1815; Professor of Archæology in 1818; and he was a member of
+    the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy
+    of Fine Arts.
+
+  QUÉLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de
+    Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in
+    1821.
+
+
+R
+
+  RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the
+    daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth
+    spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first
+    appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the
+    Théâtre Français, where she gave an admirable exposition of the
+    finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a
+    tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which
+    she soon died.
+
+  RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the
+    Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon
+    and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing
+    his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of
+    the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service
+    to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy
+    man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed
+    to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political
+    correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married
+    Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords
+    and a Privy Councillor.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince
+    Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great.
+    She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the
+    service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army
+    corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife,
+    whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who
+    died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He
+    was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess
+    Louise of Prussia.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of
+    Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa
+    Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter
+    of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw
+    Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.
+
+  RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French
+    service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served
+    the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus
+    Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of
+    France.
+
+  RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in
+    the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
+
+  RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he
+    bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish
+    artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier
+    Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a
+    great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.
+
+  RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish
+    banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law
+    when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was
+    known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation
+    of Notre Dame of Sion.
+
+  RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne.
+    He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the
+    congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.
+
+  RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor.
+    He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811,
+    where he was greatly patronised by the Court.
+
+  RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.
+
+  RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his
+    career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left
+    the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the
+    Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and
+    his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of
+    Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.
+
+  RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who
+    received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.
+
+  RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.
+
+  RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the
+    deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary
+    personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.
+
+  RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess
+    of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774,
+    the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost
+    her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great
+    deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the
+    literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several
+    works.
+
+  REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt
+    married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William
+    and Henry.
+
+  REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner,
+    a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain
+    at the Court of the Emperor William I.
+
+  REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a
+    Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern.
+    She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.
+
+  REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); _née_ Krusemacht, daughter and
+    sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the
+    Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief
+    lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.
+
+  REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg,
+    he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He
+    entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was
+    Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799
+    replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign
+    Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been
+    made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of
+    Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and
+    Political Science.
+
+  REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the
+    Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and
+    was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.
+
+  RÉMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and
+    politician.
+
+  RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during
+    the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.
+
+  REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General
+    and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional
+    commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.
+
+  RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter
+    of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.
+
+  RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of
+    French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite
+    of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His
+    father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was
+    Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de
+    Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian
+    Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in
+    1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.
+
+  RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a
+    brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he
+    entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On
+    the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal,
+    godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first
+    saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed
+    dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria.
+    After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years
+    War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and
+    pleasures.
+
+  RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral.
+    Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.
+
+  RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer
+    and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school
+    at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of
+    Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830,
+    he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and
+    though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat,
+    the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel.
+    The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was
+    relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until
+    1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.
+
+  RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny
+    and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.
+
+  RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower,
+    daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt,
+    Lord Rivers.
+
+  ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed
+    his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France
+    and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of
+    sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of
+    Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and
+    became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a
+    prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the
+    Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then
+    first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal
+    in 1824. After 1830 he retired.
+
+  ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de
+    Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose
+    third wife she was.
+
+  ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de
+    Richelieu.
+
+  ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de
+    Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in
+    1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he
+    became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered
+    the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice
+    Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his
+    popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded
+    to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of
+    the learned astronomer William Rosse.
+
+  ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish
+    origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre
+    on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure
+    in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and
+    her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to
+    reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went
+    to America and died of cholera in Mexico.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the
+    second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches
+    of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme
+    Rothschild, settled at Paris.
+
+  ROUGÉ, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he
+    married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.
+
+  ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of
+    a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected.
+    With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the
+    eighteenth century.
+
+  ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at
+    Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.
+
+  ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary.
+    Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards
+    commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was
+    ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc
+    d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the
+    battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he
+    succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English
+    refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the
+    Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was
+    afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria,
+    terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine
+    strategical roads.
+
+  ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy
+    he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable
+    reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of
+    Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.
+
+  ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher
+    statesman and Member of the Academy.
+
+  RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.
+
+  RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the
+    scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the
+    scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a
+    German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow.
+    Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.
+
+  RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Théodore de (1789-1860). He took part in the
+    wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General Gérard
+    in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal;
+    after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in
+    retirement.
+
+  RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and
+    Ambassador at Berlin.
+
+  RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several
+    Ministries and twice Prime Minister.
+
+  RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly
+    Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of Würtemberg, second wife of
+    the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She
+    was left a widow in 1801.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne,
+    Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke
+    Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna
+    Feodorovna.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*
+
+  RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of
+    Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand
+    Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.
+
+  RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince
+    Paul of Würtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe
+    Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia,
+    youngest son of the Emperor Paul.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son
+    of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander
+    II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the
+    Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the
+    Hereditary Prince of Würtemberg, who succeeded his father in the
+    same year.
+
+
+S
+
+  SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of
+    Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In
+    1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and
+    (3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died
+    suddenly at Vienna and left no children.
+
+  SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica
+    and one of the fathers of the church.
+
+  SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to
+    King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.
+
+  SAINT CYRAN, the Abbé de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne
+    studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with
+    the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and
+    obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous
+    disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon,
+    etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept
+    him in prison for four years.
+
+  SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of
+    an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France,
+    diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.
+
+  SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. _Née_ Louise Charlotte Victoire
+    de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M.
+    de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.
+
+  SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). _Née_ Hortense de
+    Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of
+    Holland and mother of Napoleon III.
+
+  SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer
+    and member of the French Academy.
+
+  SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the
+    Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the
+    history of his time.
+
+  SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of
+    Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal
+    Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In
+    1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a
+    daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.
+
+  SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the
+    Emperor Francis I. of Austria.
+
+  SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and
+    politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.
+
+  SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer
+    and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.
+
+  SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore,
+    married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died
+    in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count
+    Walewski.
+
+  SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer
+    in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of
+    the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine,
+    when his old ducal family became extinct.
+
+  SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice
+    in 1836.
+
+  SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the
+    service of the Low Countries.
+
+  SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733).
+    Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John
+    Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick
+    Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.
+
+  SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the
+    throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and
+    promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An
+    enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in
+    consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.
+
+  SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.
+
+  SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his
+    brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married
+    Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and
+    was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and
+    his learning.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.
+
+  SCHÖNBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of
+    the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of
+    Schönburg Waldenburg.
+
+  SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich.
+    He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.
+
+  SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time
+    first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and
+    governor of the houses and property of this princess.
+
+  SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in
+    the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had
+    married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.
+
+  SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian
+    lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan,
+    the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage
+    was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the
+    property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an
+    apoplectic stroke and was buried there.
+
+  SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a
+    soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the
+    marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the
+    occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which
+    had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his
+    wife perished in the flames.
+
+  SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fräulein Dullack, married, in
+    1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840,
+    chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth
+    the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.
+
+  SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at
+    Constantinople, Naples, and London.
+
+  SÉBASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the
+    Duc de Gramont. She had become an _émigré_ at the age of sixteen
+    with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow,
+    whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General
+    Sébastiani, whose second wife she was.
+
+  SÉGUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). Félicité d'Aguesseau, sole
+    heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count
+    Octave de Ségur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died
+    in 1818.
+
+  SÉMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the
+    Court of Peers.
+
+  SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre César Charles Guillaume
+    de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the
+    Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for
+    the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed
+    Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  SÉVIGNÉ, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most
+    distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of
+    remarkable letters.
+
+  SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the
+    opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles
+    VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked
+    by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to
+    flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of
+    Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he
+    was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was
+    imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.
+
+  SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of
+    Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs.
+    Jordan.
+
+  SIEYÈS, the Abbé (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and
+    politician during the Revolution.
+
+  SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was
+    commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy
+    Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent
+    reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the
+    School of Fine Arts in Paris.
+
+  SIMÉON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests
+    at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had
+    strong artistic tastes.
+
+  SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry
+    captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her
+    first marriage.
+
+  SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name,
+    Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.
+
+  SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian
+    of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was
+    the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.
+
+  SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of
+    the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.
+
+  STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain
+    to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and
+    took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married
+    Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples
+    at St. Petersburg.
+
+  STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). _Née_ Caroline de
+    Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left
+    a widow she settled at Paris.
+
+  STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon,
+    married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of
+    the English Parliament.
+
+  STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous
+    in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire.
+    In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.
+
+  STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count
+    of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the
+    acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off
+    and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg
+    society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain
+    for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great
+    ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870,
+    after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.
+
+  STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of Münchingen
+    had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was
+    Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. _Née_ Lady Carlisle.
+    She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.
+
+  SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). Léopold de Bourbon, son of
+    Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He
+    was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never
+    received any command.
+
+  SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). _See_ Carignan, Philiberte
+    de.
+
+
+T
+
+  TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return
+    from exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French
+    Ambassador at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State
+    and a member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into
+    retirement upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de
+    Rosière-Saraus, widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by
+    whom he had no children, so that the house of Tonnerre became
+    extinct with him.
+
+  TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre
+    Angélique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord, was
+    Archbishop of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of
+    Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain
+    of France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had
+    abandoned the church into which he had been forced to enter, and
+    was one of the best politicians of his time.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). _Née_ Catharine Werlée,
+    of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802
+    with the Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor
+    Napoleon, a marriage which was immediately dissolved.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as _le bel Archambaud_.
+    He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was
+    executed in 1793 during the Revolution.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron
+    Augustin de Talleyrand and of Adélaide de Montigny.
+
+  TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law;
+    some interesting publications gained him a great reputation
+    among scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial
+    Library upon its reorganisation.
+
+  TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian
+    diplomatist. Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he
+    remained until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord
+    Chamberlain to the Emperor Nicholas.
+
+  TAURY, the Abbé Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny;
+    he was selected in 1832 by the Abbé Tournet, founder of the
+    community of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as
+    Superior General of that community. In 1845 he was appointed
+    Vicar-General at Niort. He died of an apoplectic stroke when he
+    was descending from the pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.
+
+  TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George
+    III., George IV., and William IV. of England.
+
+  THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke
+    Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess
+    Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples,
+    who married her in 1837.
+
+  THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal,
+    liberal deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in
+    1848.
+
+  THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of
+    "Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of
+    Merovingian Times."
+
+  THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.
+
+  THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the
+    stockbroker.
+
+  THORWALDSEN, Barthélemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.
+
+  TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber of
+    Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition.
+    On the _coup d'état_ of December 2, he joined the
+    representatives who signed the act of accusation against Louis
+    Bonaparte and was imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a
+    short time afterwards and returned to private life. He was the
+    author of "Democracy in America," and of the _Ancien Régime_.
+
+  TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in
+    the Cortes and several times Minister.
+
+  TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa,
+    daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
+    sister of Queen Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince
+    Charles de la Tour et Taxis, Privy Councillor to the Emperor of
+    Austria and Postmaster-General, an office which had been in his
+    family since 1695.
+
+  TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess
+    Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at
+    Versailles.
+
+  TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of
+    Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in
+    1824. His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he
+    married the Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.
+
+
+V
+
+  VALÉE, Marshal Sylvain Charles (1773-1846). Fought in the
+    campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire with distinction,
+    and received the title of Comte from Napoleon. He supported the
+    Second Restoration, and Charles X. made him a peer of France.
+    In 1837 he gained his Marshal's baton at the capture of
+    Constantine and then became Governor-General of Algeria. In
+    1840 he resigned this command in favour of General Bugeaud.
+
+  VALENÇAY, Madame de. Wife of Jacques d'Etampes, Marquis de la
+    Ferté-Imbault, Marshal of France, who lived from 1590 to 1668.
+
+  VALENÇAY, the Duc de* (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord,
+    Duc de Talleyrand and de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death
+    of his mother, eldest son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand and of
+    Princess Dorothea of Courlande.
+
+  VALENÇAY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). _Née_ de Montmorency.
+
+  VALENÇAY, Yolande de (1833-1835). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse
+    de Valençay; she died of scarlatina when young.
+
+  VANDOEUVRE, Baron William de (1779-1870). Auditor to the Council
+    of State in 1806 and then deputy for the Aube; he became Peer of
+    France in 1837. He married Mlle. Dassy.
+
+  VATRY, the Baron de (1793-1871). Alphée Bourdon Vapereau de Vatry,
+    aide-de-camp to Prince Jérôme Bonaparte. He left the army under
+    the Restoration, became a stockbroker and made a large fortune.
+    He was a deputy from 1835 to 1848.
+
+  VATRY, the Baronne de. Died in 1881. She was the daughter of M.
+    Hainguerlot, and married Baron Alphée de Vatry who died in 1871.
+
+  VAUGUYON, Mlle. Pauline de la (1783-1829). Daughter of the Duc de
+    la Vauguyon; she married in 1810 the Baron of Villefranche of
+    the house of Carignan. She died of burns received in an accident
+    at her villa at Auteuil and left three children: (1) a daughter
+    who married Prince Massimo of Arsoli; (2) another daughter who
+    married the Count of Syracuse of the house of Naples; (3) a son
+    by name Eugène, who was recognised by the King of Sardinia as a
+    prince of the blood.
+
+  VÉRAC, the Marquis de (1768-1858). Armand de Vérac served for some
+    time in the army of the Princes and then returned to France; he
+    was exiled by Napoleon to Belgium eight years later. Under the
+    Restoration he became a Peer of France and Governor of the
+    Château of Versailles.
+
+  VERNET, Horace (1789-1863). A famous French painter who followed
+    the Algerian campaign and painted several battle scenes
+    illustrating it.
+
+  VERQUIGNIEULLE, the Marquise de. Flore Marie de Proudhomme et
+    d'Harlay de Verquignieulle, married in 1836 M. Ancillon whose
+    third wife she was. On his death in 1837, she returned to live
+    in Belgium, her native country.
+
+  VERTOT, the Abbé de (1655-1735). Réne Aubert de Vertot first
+    entered a religious vocation and became in succession a Capuchin
+    monk under the name of Father Zacharie, a Premonstratensian and
+    a member of the Order of Cluny. Then, being tired of the
+    cloister life, he joined the secular clergy and became priest of
+    Croissy-la-Garenne and of other places. He published a "History
+    of the Revolutions in Portugal," but his favourite work was a
+    "History of the Roman Republic."
+
+  VESTIER, Phidias (1796-1874). Architect and Inspector of the
+    historical monuments in the department of Indre-et-Loire. He was
+    made a Knight of the Legion of Honour after building the railway
+    station at Tours in 1849. He was the grandson of a painter,
+    several of whose works are in the Louvre. Largely supported by
+    the Duchesse de Talleyrand, he built numerous residences at
+    Paris and several country houses in the valley of the Loire.
+
+  VICENCE, the Duc de (1815-1896). Armand Alexandre Joseph Adrien de
+    Caulaincourt first entered upon a diplomatic career, which he
+    abandoned in 1837. Under the July monarchy he was a deputy,
+    under the Second Empire a Senator, and was made Commander of the
+    Legion of Honour in 1868.
+
+  VILLEFRANCHE, Comte Eugène de (1753-1785). This prince of the
+    house of Carignan served in the French Army and was given by
+    Louis XVI. the command of an Infantry Regiment which took the
+    name of _Savoie Carignan_. He incurred the royal disfavour on
+    account of his marriage with Mlle. Magon Laballue, left the army
+    and died at an early age, and in obscurity at Domart in
+    Picardie.
+
+  VILLEFRANCHE, Baron Joseph Marie de (1783-1825). Son of the
+    foregoing. He had a brilliant career in a cavalry regiment under
+    the Empire, which was continued under the Restoration, and in
+    1823 he followed the Duc d'Angoulême into Spain. He died
+    suddenly in a carriage of an apoplectic stroke. He had married
+    the daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon.
+
+  VILLEGONTIER, Comte Louis de la (1776-1849). Prefect of the Allier
+    in 1816, then Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine and Peer of France in
+    1819; he took the oath to the Government of Louis-Philippe and
+    supported his policy until 1848, when he retired into private
+    life.
+
+  VILLÈLE, Comte Guillaume Aubin de (1770-1840). Brought up in the
+    Seminary of Saint Sulpice, he became an _émigré_ during the
+    Revolution and was ordained priest at Düsseldorf; when he
+    returned to France in 1802 he devoted himself to preaching.
+    Louis XVIII. appointed him Bishop of Soissons; in 1824 he became
+    Archbishop of Bourges and entered the Chamber of Peers at the
+    same time. After 1830 he remained adverse to the new Government,
+    and refused the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1839. When Don
+    Carlos was driven from Spain and interned at Bourges, the
+    Archbishop offered him his palace for his residence, and
+    received from this Prince the grand cordon of Charles III.
+
+  VILLEMAIN, Abel François* (1790-1870). French professor, writer,
+    and politician.
+
+  VINCKE, Frau von (1766-1845). Fräulein von Vincke married her
+    relative, Herr von Vincke, and became lady-of-honour to Queen
+    Louise of Prussia, who was very fond of her. After the death of
+    this Princess she held a high position at court and in Berlin
+    society.
+
+  VIVIEN, Alexandre François Auguste (1799-1854). In 1840 he was
+    Minister of Justice in the Thiers Ministry, and lent his name to
+    the decree suppressing the deputy judges for the Court of the
+    Seine.
+
+  VOLTAIRE, Arouet de* (1694-1778). A French philosopher who exerted
+    a vast influence upon the history and literature of the
+    eighteenth century.
+
+
+W
+
+  WAGRAM, Prince Napoleon Louis de (1810-1888). Son of the famous
+    Marshal Berthier. He was a Peer of France in 1836 and Senator
+    in 1848.
+
+  WALEWSKI, Comte Alexandre (1810-1868). French politician and
+    Minister under Napoleon III. He was the natural son of the
+    Emperor Napoleon I., and of the Countess Marie Walewska, whom
+    the Emperor had known at Warsaw in 1807.
+
+  WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier, born in Bohemia, and
+    one of the greatest generals during the Thirty Years War.
+
+  WALSH, Countess Agatha. Left a widow as early as 1806, she became
+    first lady at the court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden
+    and did not retire until 1839. Her son, Theophilus, was a
+    constant visitor at the Baden court.
+
+  WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). A Scotch novelist.
+
+  WASA, Princess (1811-1854). Louise Stephanie, daughter of the
+    Grand Duke Charles of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, _née_
+    Stephanie of Beauharnais.
+
+  WEIZEL, Mlle. de. A very intimate friend of the family of
+    Entraigues and of the Baron and Baronne Finot, who lived near
+    Valençay.
+
+  WELLINGTON, the Duke of* (1769-1852). A famous English General,
+    the opponent of Napoleon and several times a member of the
+    Cabinet.
+
+  WERTHER, Baron* (1772-1859). Prussian diplomatist, Ambassador at
+    Paris, and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin.
+
+  WERTHER, Baroness* (1778-1853). By birth the Countess Sophia
+    Sandizell.
+
+  WERTHER, Baron Charles (1809-1894). Son of the foregoing. In 1869
+    he took the place of the Count of Golz as Ambassador at Paris,
+    and through his instrumentality a breach in relations took
+    place, which led to the outbreak of the 1870 war. In 1874 he was
+    appointed Ambassador at Constantinople, and retired to Munich in
+    1877.
+
+  WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of
+    letters.
+
+  WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn- (1770-1851). Household
+    Minister to King Frederick William III. of Prussia, and one of
+    the most important personages at the Berlin court.
+
+  WOLFF, Herr von. Councillor to the Prussian Ministry of the
+    Interior for many years.
+
+  WOLFF, Frau von. Daughter of the Councillor of Justice. Herr
+    Hennenberg.
+
+  WOLOWSKI, Louis (1810-1876). Born at Warsaw, he was naturalised in
+    France after the Polish revolution of 1830, and devoted himself
+    to the study of law and economic problems, in which he became a
+    master.
+
+  WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan (1791-1854). Russian Minister at
+    Munich from 1824 to 1828, and at Turin till 1832. He then became
+    Councillor of the Empire at St. Petersburg and Chief Master of
+    Ceremonies at the Court. He was an enlightened patron of the
+    arts.
+
+  WURMB, Herr Friedrich Karl von (1766-1843). Staff Officer at
+    Berlin. He resigned to marry Fräulein von Göcking, and became
+    land agent to the Duchesse de Dino at Deutsch-Wartenberg.
+
+  WURMB, Frau von (1783-1862). Wilhelmina of Göcking, daughter of
+    the Councillor of State to the Finance Ministry.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Duke Alexander of (1804-1855). He entered the Austrian
+    Military Service, but after contracting a morganatic marriage in
+    1835 with a Countess Rheday he settled at Paris.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, the King of* (1781-1862). William I.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of* (1816-1863). Daughter of King
+    William I. and wife of General Neipperg.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of* (1818-1877). Sister of the
+    foregoing. She married William III., King of the Low Countries.
+    She was a very distinguished Princess, and an intimate friend of
+    the Emperor Napoleon III.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Paul of (1785-1852). Brother of King William I.
+    He married, in 1825, Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, by
+    whom he had several children. He afterwards contracted a
+    morganatic marriage with an English woman and settled at Paris.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1808, and son of the
+    foregoing. He remained in the service of Würtemberg.
+
+  WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of. Born in 1813, and brother of the
+    foregoing. He entered the Prussian service.
+
+
+X
+
+  XIMENES DE CISNEROS, the Cardinal of (1436-1517). A famous
+    Spanish statesman and Archbishop of Toledo. He performed the
+    greatest services to Charles V., who showed himself most
+    ungrateful, and dismissed him after using his influence to
+    procure his nomination as King of Castile and of Aragon.
+
+
+Z
+
+  ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco* (1772-1850). Spanish diplomatist. He
+    belonged to one of the most ancient families of the reconquest.
+
+  ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Doña de.* Died in 1848. By birth she was Doña Maria
+    Antonia de Anduaga, of a family living in Guipuscoa, which
+    included several diplomatists among its members. She was Lady
+    Noble of the Order of Maria Louisa.
+
+  ZOÉ. A negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval and then
+    in the service of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, with whom
+    she ended her life.
+
+
+    Printed by BALLANTYNE & CO. LIMITED
+    Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 44646-0.txt or 44646-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/6/4/44646/
+
+Produced by Hélène de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/44646-0.zip b/old/44646-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a4773b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-0.zip
diff --git a/old/44646-8.txt b/old/44646-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c2459d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17879 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3, 1836-1840
+       Second Series
+
+Author: Duchesse De Dino
+
+Editor: The Princesse Radziwill
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2014 [EBook #44646]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by H�l�ne de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the
+original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors
+have been corrected.
+
+
+
+
+    MEMOIRS OF THE
+    DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES MAURICE DE TALLEYRAND-P�RIGORD, PRINCE OF
+BENEVENTO, 1754-1838]
+
+
+
+
+    MEMOIRS OF THE
+
+    DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+    (_Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan_)
+
+    1836-1840
+
+    _Edited, with Notes and Biographical Index, by_
+
+    THE PRINCESSE RADZIWILL
+
+    (_N�E CASTELLANE_)
+
+    WITH FRONTISPIECE
+
+    SECOND SERIES
+
+    NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
+    LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN
+    1910
+
+
+
+
+_Printed in England_
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    Paris, January 2, 1836--Dispute with America--Country
+    Life--Politics in Paris--Ministerial Crisis--The New
+    Ministry--The "Imitation"--Spring--Lacordaire--M.
+    Thiers--Prince Royal's Tour--The Abb� Girolet--The
+    Princes at Berlin--Spanish Affairs--Mme. de Lieven--The
+    Tour of the Princes--M. de Talleyrand--Address to the
+    King--Alibaud--Cardinal de Retz--Duc d'Orl�ans
+    Marriage--Letter from Vienna--Duchess Stephanie--Moral
+    Reflections--Revolution at Lisbon--The Queen of Spain--The
+    Political Prisoners--Outbreak at Strasburg--Death of
+    Charles X.                                                         1
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+    Paris, April 17, 1837--A Dinner-Party--The Princess
+    Helena--The Ministry--The Review--London Gossip--The
+    Abb� Dupanloup--Marriage Preparations--Fontainebleau--The
+    King in Paris--English Politics--Duchesse
+    d'Orl�ans--Appointments--At Valen�ay--Queen
+    Victoria--The Pantheon--M. de Salvandy--Private
+    Theatricals--At Rochecotte--Champchevrier--Retrospect.            81
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    Rochecotte, January 1, 1838--Life at Paris--At
+    Saint-Roch--Villemain--Bonn�table--Princess of
+    Denmark--Marriage Proposals.                                     146
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    Amiens, May 16, 1840--Travel in Belgium--Aix-la-Chapelle--The
+    Art of Travel--Berlin--Life in Berlin--Princess
+    Albert--The King's Illness--Tegel--Death of the King--The
+    King's Will--The Funeral--Silesia--G�nthersdorf--Wartenberg--News
+    from Paris--Countess Dohna--Start for Berlin--At
+    Berlin--Court of Condolence--Dresden--The
+    Castle--Carlsbad--L�bichau--Nuremberg--Baden--Egyptian
+    Question--Umkirch--France and England--Foreign
+    Politics--Mgr. Affre--Peace or War?--The Lafarge
+    Case--Events in Prussia--Madame Lafarge--French
+    Politics--Prospects of Peace--Queen Christina--The
+    New Ministry--The King's Speech--Thiers and Guizot--News from
+    Berlin--Napoleon's Funeral--Russian feeling.                     190
+
+APPENDIX I                                                           321
+
+APPENDIX II                                                          332
+
+APPENDIX III                                                         335
+
+APPENDIX IV                                                          343
+
+APPENDIX V                                                           357
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX                                                   361
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE
+
+DUCHESSE DE DINO
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+1836
+
+
+_Paris, January 2, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is working hard to advance
+the claims of M. Mol� to a seat in the French Academy. He is supported
+alike by M. Royer-Collard and by the Ministers; hence M. de Villemain
+found occasion to say, yesterday evening, that all the most _diverse_
+and _inverse_ influences were in combination to _transport_ or to
+_export_ M. Mol� to the Academy, and that he himself was strongly in
+favour of _importation_, as a seat in the Academy was no obstacle to
+other posts. This play on words was no less pointed than malicious.
+
+There was much talk of the various speeches delivered before the King
+on New Year's Day, and in particular of M. Pasquier's speech, which
+was remarkable for the boldness he displayed in his use of the word
+"subject," which M. de Villemain called a _progressive_ term.
+
+The King was delighted with Count Apponyi's speech, and the Diplomatic
+Service were equally pleased with the King's reply. In any case,
+Fieschi and Mascara[1] were so much treasure-trove to all the
+speech-makers; emotion and sympathy in every degree were noticeable,
+and M. Dupin was moved even to sobs!
+
+  [1] Mascara, in Algiers, was captured by the French in 1835.
+
+Concerning M. Pasquier, a notice was inserted by some jester in a
+low-class newspaper to the effect that his recent illness was caused
+by his recognition of Fieschi as his natural son! The old Comtesse de
+la Briche, who is falling into her dotage, went off in all seriousness
+to relate this piece of folly with sighs of profound emotion in the
+_salon_ of Madame de Chastellux, the Carlist headquarters. Such want
+of tact is almost inconceivable, and great merriment was aroused!
+
+
+_Paris, January 4, 1836._--The illness of Madame de Flahaut's second
+daughter has become critical, and provided me yesterday with an
+illustration of that truest of parables, the beam and the mote, when
+Madame de Lieven said to me, in reference to Madame de Flahaut: "Can
+you conceive that she talks politics to me at a time like this and
+orders her carriage to visit Madame Ad�la�de? She will even leave her
+daughter's room to discuss public affairs with her visitors, and asks
+me to dinner to-morrow to distract her thoughts, as she says, and not
+to be left alone in her anxiety!" Apparently people cannot see
+themselves as others see them, and such incidents give one startling
+cause for introspection.
+
+The much-discussed communication from President Jackson,[2] which has
+been expected with great impatience, has reached the Duc de Broglie,
+by way of England. He went to the King five hours later, to inform him
+that the communication had arrived; when the King asked to see it the
+Duc de Broglie told him that it was of no importance and that he had
+already sent it to the newspapers! He made the same observation to his
+colleague, M. de Thiers, who told every one he met during the evening,
+on the faith of this information, that the message was of no political
+significance. The next day the King and M. Thiers were able to read
+the message in the papers, and found that it was very cleverly
+conceived, very insolent to M. de Broglie personally, and exactly
+calculated to terminate the existing dispute. Council after council
+was then held, and lively discussions took place; at length the royal
+will has triumphed, with the support of M. Thiers, and the
+communication will be declared satisfactory. The intervention of
+England is to be declined, and a statement will be made that France is
+prepared to pay the sum of twenty-five millions as due under the terms
+specified. M. de Broglie eventually yielded, though his surrender was
+delayed by the wound to his self-esteem. At first he refused to submit
+for approval his note thanking England for her offer of intervention,
+but it was eventually shown to the King yesterday. It was criticised
+as being too long, too diffuse, and too metaphysical. There was a
+vigorous discussion in the council, but the King concluded the matter
+by giving his hand to the Duc de Broglie with a kind word. At the same
+time a considerable amount of ill-temper remains on both sides.
+However, a war with the United States would be very disadvantageous to
+French commerce; so this conclusion will probably have a good effect
+upon public opinion.
+
+  [2] _See_ Appendix. In 1834 Jackson had claimed an indemnity of
+  twenty-five millions, in very haughty terms, from the Government
+  of Louis Philippe as compensation to the United States for the
+  loss of ships seized under the Empire; in the event of refusal,
+  confiscation was threatened of all French estates within the
+  territories of the Union. While the claim was entirely
+  legitimate, the insulting form in which it was presented delayed
+  a settlement, until President Jackson retracted his words in the
+  communication to which reference is here made.
+
+
+_Paris, January 11, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had a call from M.
+Royer-Collard. He had just left M. de Berryer in a state of
+considerable vexation and disgust; their conversation had dealt with
+Prague. M. de Berryer said that at Prague M. Royer was in many men's
+minds and was well spoken of; that Charles X. had several times
+repeated his fear that he had not sufficiently considered several
+things which M. Royer had told him in a long conversation at the time
+of the much-discussed address[3] of 1830. The curious point is that
+when the old king attempted to recall these important points, of which
+he had but a vague recollection, he found himself unable to remember
+them. The incident is very characteristic of the man's good intentions
+and incompetency.
+
+  [3] The Address of the 221 (March 3, 1830). This was a reply to a
+  speech from the throne, and plainly expressed the displeasure of
+  the 221 Deputies at seeing M. de Martignac deposed from the
+  Presidency in favour of the Prince Jules de Polignac.
+
+
+_Paris, January 16, 1836._--M. Humann, Financial Minister, delivered a
+tirade yesterday in the Chamber of Deputies, in which he very
+imprudently raised the question of the reduction of the State bonds,
+without previously consulting his colleagues. It was thought that a
+dissolution of the Ministry would be the consequence, but the
+difficulty has been settled, and matters remain as they were, for the
+moment.
+
+The King has personally seen Count Pahlen and soothed his feelings,
+and it is hoped that the speech of the Duc de Broglie in the Chamber
+of Deputies will not lead to any outburst.[4]
+
+  [4] The speech to which reference is made will be found in the
+  Appendix to this volume.
+
+
+_Paris, January 24, 1836._--The Chamber of Deputies remains disturbed
+and restive. Apathetic as the session was at its opening, it provides
+vexation enough to those responsible for the government. The
+prevailing ill-temper is especially manifested against the Duc de
+Broglie, the tone of whose speeches displeases the Deputies. His
+observation in the Chamber the other day, "is that clear?" is regarded
+as almost unpardonable.[5]
+
+  [5] M. Humann submitted to the Chamber as a necessary measure a
+  scheme for the conversion of Government 5 per cent. bonds, which
+  had already been attempted in vain by M. de Vill�le in 1824. The
+  Chamber was inclined to receive the idea favourably, but the
+  Cabinet showed some ill-temper as it had not been previously
+  consulted, and M. Humann resigned. A question was asked in the
+  Chamber on this subject on June 18, and discussion was opened by
+  the Duc de Broglie. "We are asking," he said, "whether the
+  Government intends to propose the measure in the course of this
+  session. I answer, No; is that clear?" This last remark excited
+  general disfavour, and was the subject of adverse comment
+  forthwith.
+
+
+_Paris, January 28, 1836._--Yesterday we were dining with Marshal
+Maison. It was a remarkable dinner for many reasons, but especially
+for the stories told by the Marshal's wife, one of which amused me for
+a long time afterwards. They were speaking of crowded balls and saying
+how difficult it was to discover the exact number of guests actually
+present; thereupon the Marshal's wife observed in her high, shrill
+voice: "I have an admirable method which has always worked
+successfully in all the balls I have given; I put my chambermaid
+behind the door with a bag of beans at her side, and I say: 'Mariette,
+when any one comes in, you will take a bean out of the big bag and put
+it in your handbag.' Thus the numbers are exactly known, and that is
+the best way of doing it." So strong an inclination to wild laughter
+overcame me that I nearly choked, and Mmes. de Lieven, von Werther,
+and von L�wenhielm, who were present, were in the same predicament.
+
+
+_Paris, February 1, 1836._--If I were at my dear Rochecotte, as I was
+last year, I should think that spring was beginning on February 1,
+whereas here one can say nothing of the kind. My old dislike of Paris
+has been growing upon me for some time. Not that people are in any way
+disagreeable--indeed, the contrary is the case; but life at Paris is
+too exhausting, the atmosphere is too keen, attractions are too
+numerous and widely spread, while at the same time they are not
+sufficiently strong. There is no leisure, constant worry, and a
+continual sense of want.
+
+At London I lived amid a society at once high and simple-minded;
+social success and leisure were possible at the same time. M. de
+Talleyrand there enjoyed good health and was occupied with important
+business. The excitement which I then experienced had its
+compensations; I had time for my own occupations, for reading,
+working, writing, and thinking, nor was I pestered by every idle
+person. If calling is a tax upon one's time, calls can be paid at
+London with an empty carriage and with cards; in short, life was then
+a pleasure. Hence my deep and melancholy regret for those years which
+will never return; hence my longing for the calm and sweetness of
+Rochecotte, with its wide horizon and its pure sky, for my clean
+house, my kind and simple neighbours, my workpeople, my flowers, my
+big dog, my little cow and goat, the good Abb�, the modest Vestier,
+the little wood where we used to gather fir-cones--the place, in
+short, where I am at my best, because I have time for valuable
+introspection, for enlightenment of thought, for the practice of good
+and the avoidance of evil, time to unite myself in simplicity of heart
+and mind with the beauty, the strength, and the graciousness of
+nature, which there gives me shelter, refreshment, and repose. But a
+truce to these self-complainings, which are useless and ungrateful.
+
+Yesterday I saw Dr. Ferrus, on his return from Ham. His account of
+what he found there is as follows: Both the orders and the attitude
+of the doctors were extremely kind, but it was necessary to find some
+excuse for action, and the two ex-Ministers who were really ill, MM.
+de Chantelauze and de Peyronnet, insolently refused to permit a visit
+from the doctors; while the others, MM. de Polignac and Guernon de
+Ranville, though very compliant, submissive, and anxious to take
+advantage of the kindly attitude of the Government, were unfortunately
+unable to plead any malady. Hence it was necessary to postpone the
+desired attempt to improve their condition.[6]
+
+  [6] This is again a reference to the former Ministers of Charles
+  X. Certain people were energetically striving to secure the
+  liberation of these unfortunate political prisoners.
+
+
+_Paris, February 6, 1836._--Yesterday morning I went to the session of
+the Chamber of Deputies, with the Countess Bretzenheim, who had
+invited me to accompany her; there I heard for the first time a speech
+by M. Thiers; he spoke admirably, in opposition to the much-discussed
+proposal for the conversion of the stock, so imprudently put forward
+by M. Humann. While M. Thiers was speaking I thought I noticed him
+spitting blood several times; I wrote to ask him how he was, and the
+following is an extract from his reply: "I am exhausted; I did not
+spit blood, but in those few moments I shortened my life by several
+days; I have never encountered so strong an opposition of opinion, and
+an iron will is required to overcome an obstinacy so plain as that
+displayed by the Chamber. I am very sorry that you should have heard
+me speak, as the figures must have wearied you, and have given you a
+poor idea of our public oratory. We should be heard and judged only
+upon days of excitement, and not when we are discussing accounts. In
+any case, I am doubtful of the consequences, and were it not for the
+King I should be inclined to wish that the Ministry would resign. The
+struggle against such imprudence and foolishness is an unbearable
+task."
+
+This letter prepared me to some extent for the events of the evening.
+However, M. Royer-Collard, who came to me in the course of the
+morning, believed that the Ministry would emerge triumphant, for the
+reason that the Chamber would find difficulty in using an advantage,
+if they gained one. He was overcome with admiration for the speech of
+M. Thiers, and had told him as much in the Chamber. On this occasion
+they spoke to one another again, for the first time since the
+discussion of the September laws.
+
+My son, M. de Valen�ay, came directly from the session of the Chamber
+of Deputies to dinner with us. He told us of the stupefaction produced
+in the Chamber by the strange conclusions of Humann, and the
+excitement of the Ministers because the project for converting the
+Government stock had been postponed by a majority of two votes only.
+
+The _Journal de Paris_ announced the resignation of the Ministry at a
+later hour, and General Alava, who had just seen the Duc de Broglie,
+told us at eleven o'clock in the evening that the King had accepted
+their resignations, and had sent for MM. Humann and Mol�.
+
+At that moment I received the following note from M. Thiers: "We have
+resigned in full freedom and seriousness. The King knew beforehand,
+and agreed with every one, and myself in particular, that this result
+was the inevitable consequence of our intention to oppose the scheme
+for conversion. Our honour would be compromised if we did not persist
+in our action and force a new Ministry to take office. It matters not
+if that Ministry be weak and helpless; the burden of proving the fact
+will rest upon the Third Party. No other action is possible, either
+for the King or for ourselves, and would in any case be a deception in
+the style of Charles X."
+
+
+_Paris, February 7, 1836._--There is no news of the Ministry except
+the fact of resignation, which is definite. It is thought that M. de
+Broglie will never take office again, as the animosity of the Chamber
+is chiefly directed against himself.
+
+M. Thiers made no attempt to oppose resignation; he was actuated
+rather by the desire to secure an honourable withdrawal and to
+dissociate himself from colleagues whom he did not like than by any
+special devotion to the point at issue, though his defence was marked
+with great skill.
+
+The King summoned M. Humann, who _refused_, M. Mol�, who _declined_,
+M. Dupin, who _spoke at random_--shades of meaning which are worthy of
+note. In short, nothing has been done, nor can any action be regarded
+as probable. The friends of M. Mol� say that he will no longer be sent
+from pillar to post or put up with requests, refusals, and vexations
+such as he experienced in November, and that if people will not submit
+to his views he will decline to interfere.
+
+
+_Paris, February 8, 1836._--Yesterday I had a call from M.
+Royer-Collard. He explains the attitude of the Chamber towards the
+last Ministry as follows: The Ministry had lasted for three years and
+was worn out, especially the doctrinaire members of it, while the
+Cabinet had wearied the Chamber by too constantly pressing for
+decisions and making personal matters Cabinet questions; moreover, the
+Chamber had gone beyond its powers in the announcement issued at the
+time when the laws concerning intimidation were passed;[7] it had been
+by no means popular in the provinces, while the disdainful folly of M.
+de Broglie had filled the cup to overflowing. Finally, as the country
+was prosperous and peaceful both at home and abroad, the Chamber had
+thought the moment opportune to enounce its rights and to show the
+Ministry that it was not indispensable; while a popular question in
+the provinces had provided it with an opportunity for displaying its
+power, in which determination it was supported by its political
+ignorance, which will not allow it to foresee the extent of the
+crisis. M. Royer-Collard added that the only two Ministers who could
+have preserved their reputation in the Chamber were MM. Thiers and
+Duch�tel, but that here again some small period of exile would be
+necessary.
+
+  [7] In 1835, in consequence of Fieschi's attempt, the Ministry
+  proposed three severe legal enactments dealing with the jury and
+  the sentences in cases of rebellion, and, most important of all,
+  with the Press. The discussion upon these laws continued in the
+  Chamber from August 13, 1834, to September 29, and ended in a
+  complete success for the Government.
+
+Yesterday we dined with M. Thiers in fulfillment of a long-standing
+invitation. He was highly delighted and fluttering whenever he
+pleased. He proposes to travel, and to visit Vienna, Berlin, Rome, and
+Naples; he will start in April. M. de Broglie, who was also at dinner,
+appeared sad and downcast, and I was astonished that he made no
+attempt to hide his feelings; it was not the devil, but the doctrine,
+that he was burying.
+
+In the evening I paid a visit to Madame de Lieven and made the
+acquaintance of M. Berryer. M. Royer-Collard, who sees him constantly,
+told me in the morning that M. Berryer was very anxious to make my
+acquaintance. We were on our best behaviour. He talks simply and
+kindly.
+
+
+_Paris, February 9, 1836._--Yesterday we dined with the Sardinian
+Ambassador.[8] I was told that nothing had been yet decided concerning
+the Ministry, and M. Mol�, who was sitting near me, confirmed this
+statement. He has declined to join the Third Party, in spite of the
+universal desire that he should do so. I believe that, for want of a
+better leader, M. Dupin will eventually profit for the time being by
+this state of affairs; as, however, the little group which he leads is
+very weak, he will be obliged to base his power upon the Left, and
+this will cost him dear. His position will be analogous to that of the
+English Whig Ministry confronted by O'Connell. I hope that this state
+of affairs will be of no long duration, though a short time is quite
+enough in which to take many retrograde steps. At the Ch�teau sadness
+prevails, uneasiness in the diplomatic world and anxiety in public
+opinion.
+
+  [8] The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.
+
+The young and beautiful Queen of Naples died on January 31, a few days
+after the birth of her child. The news arrived yesterday.[9]
+
+  [9] Marie Christine, Princess of Savoy, died in giving birth to
+  the prince who was afterwards Francis II., the last King of
+  Naples.
+
+
+_Paris, February 10, 1836._--The judges in Fieschi's case, and the
+audience, take a remarkable interest in this man. He is an
+unprecedented character; he has a fine intellect and a real genius for
+strategy, while the terrors of his situation never obscure his memory,
+his self-possession, or his penetration; he is a man of strong
+passions, especially where women are concerned. His affection for Nina
+Lassave is remarkable; he constantly writes to her, and when he
+learned that she had been unfaithful to him he reproached her for not
+waiting a few days and sparing him this last bitterness, as his
+execution would have set her free; all this was written in the most
+touching style. Another point is that when M. Ladvocat sent money to
+Fieschi, that he might provide himself with some small dainties in
+prison, instead of spending the money, he sent it to this woman Nina.
+She wrote to thank him more or less in the following terms: "I thank
+you for thus depriving yourself for my sake; with what you have sent
+me I have bought a few decent things to do you credit before your
+judges, but as you will soon be unable to send me anything more, I am
+economising, and am now mistress of forty francs."
+
+This remark concerning economy is disgusting. Moreover, she wrote to
+Fieschi to assure him that she had remained faithful to him, which is
+untrue. Everybody seems to have been far more interested by these
+amorous details than by the actual crime. What a strange time it is!
+Fieschi's correspondence, in passing through the hands of M. Decazes,
+became the amusement of the House of Peers; but the truly astonishing
+fact is the notoriety which the whole story has given to Mlle. Nina,
+who was formerly resident in the Salp�tri�re. It is asserted that
+monetary proposals have been made to her by men of high position;
+there is no doubt that one hears the strangest descriptions of her
+beauties and her imperfections, and it is a positive fact that she has
+only one eye.
+
+If Fieschi is a lover, he is no less attracted by religion. When the
+almoner of the Chamber of Peers asked those under trial if they wished
+to hear Mass, Fieschi alone replied yes, and said that he was anxious
+to hear it as he was neither a heathen nor an atheist; that if he was
+not a theological expert he had nevertheless read Plutarch and Cicero
+and firmly believed in the immortality of the soul; as the soul was
+not divisible it could not be material, and that, in short, he
+believed in the spiritual nature of man. He asked the almoner to come
+and see him again and not to leave him after his sentence had been
+pronounced. In view of such inconsistencies, how is it possible to
+pass any absolute judgment on men?
+
+I believe the following to be an accurate bulletin of the Ministerial
+crisis: Yesterday morning the King sent for Dupin, Sauzet, and Passy,
+and commissioned them to form a Ministry upon two conditions only:
+firstly, they were not to give a post to any one who had voted against
+the repressive laws; secondly, the Minister for Foreign Affairs must
+be a man who would reassure European opinion and be agreeable to
+himself. The three men replied that they understood the King's wishes,
+but that they could not bind themselves until they had consulted their
+friends; they then withdrew. At the Chamber they sent round a list,
+which was drawn up nearly as follows: Dupin to be Minister of Justice
+and President, Passy to be Minister of Finance, Flahaut of Foreign
+Affairs, Molitor of War, Montalivet of the Interior. I have since
+learned that Montalivet refused the post in spite of the King's
+wishes, and that the King refused to accept the nomination of Flahaut.
+The King wished to appoint Rumigny or Baudrand to the Ministry of
+Foreign Affairs, and would have declared for the latter, if there had
+not been a wish to retain him as a companion to the Prince Royal on
+his travels. The Prince is very pleased at the fall of the last
+Ministry: I believe he is wrong; the Flahaut party are delighted. The
+Ministerial party hope to secure the election of M. Guizot as
+President of the Chamber of Deputies; the Opposition will support M.
+Martin du Nord.
+
+In the evening I accompanied M. de Talleyrand to a dinner given by M.
+de Montalivet. Counts Pahlen and Apponyi were pale with fear inspired
+by the sight of M. de Flahaut's name on a list of Ministers. Marshal
+Maison was regretting the loss of his ambassadorship at St. Petersburg
+with cries of rage which were not in the best of taste.
+
+We then went to the last Ministerial reception given by the Duc de
+Broglie. M. de Broglie believes himself to be fully in touch with the
+requirements of the time; he has no suspicion of the actual truth,
+that he is the sole cause and object of the squabbling which is going
+on, that he is the man rejected by the Chamber, and that if he were to
+say to his colleagues, "I see that I am myself the real
+stumbling-block; I will withdraw, but I beg you to remain," M. Mol�
+would take his place and everything would be settled to the general
+satisfaction.
+
+
+_Paris, February 11, 1836._--Madame de Rumford died yesterday morning
+after breakfast; she had had some friends to dinner the evening
+before. She had been much changed for some time, but has always
+refused to acknowledge herself an invalid, and remained as
+discourteous to death as she was to those about her. The loss of her
+_salon_ will be felt; it was a meeting-place, and there are very few
+that are habitually regarded as such. Every one found something there
+to remind him of this or that period of his life. This loss has
+saddened me; it is not well to have reached the age of eighty-four.
+But M. de Rigny was fifty, Cl�mentine de Flahaut sixteen, Yolande de
+Valen�ay two! Life is threatened at every step of the ladder, and one
+must always be ready.
+
+That old cat S�monville, whose claws are always ready, reached the
+Luxembourg yesterday with the announcement that the Ministry was at
+length settled. He was surrounded with questioners, and gave the list
+as follows: "President of the Council, Madame Ad�laide; Justice and
+Public Worship, the Duchesse de Broglie; Foreign Affairs, the Duchesse
+de Dino;[10] Interior, the Comtesse de Boigne; War, the Comtesse de
+Flahaut; Marine, the Duchesse de Massa; Finance, the Duchesse de
+Montmorency; Commerce, the Marquise de Caraman!" I sent this piece of
+wit to Madame de Lieven, in reply to a note asking for certain
+information; she replied that the King's condition at least was
+fulfilled, and that the Minister of Foreign Affairs was not likely to
+disturb Europe.
+
+  [10] The author of these memoirs.
+
+This is poor stuff, but poorer still is the fact that it is impossible
+to form a Ministry, in seriousness or otherwise. Yesterday I was at
+the Tuileries. The Ministers who had resigned were all grouped about
+the King, but, I think, with no particular object. It is deplorable!
+
+
+_Paris, February 12, 1836._--Of Ministerial news there is none; all
+that I have learned yesterday is as follows: Dupin, Passy, and Sauzet
+spent three hours with the King, and told him that they could not
+undertake the formation of a Ministry, as various intrigues had made
+the attempt impossible; they were, however, ready themselves to enter
+the Ministry, if their services were agreeable to the King. They then
+withdrew, and the King sent for M. Mol� in the course of the evening,
+but I cannot say what passed at this interview.
+
+
+_Paris, February 13, 1836._--I have the following information as
+regards the events of yesterday concerning the Ministerial crisis. M.
+Mol� declares that he will not take office without M. Thiers, who will
+not come in without M. Guizot; he, again, will not act without M. de
+Broglie, unless the latter recognises that he is himself the only real
+obstacle, insists that his colleagues should take office without him,
+and writes them a letter to that effect, dated from Broglie. M. de
+Salvandy attempted to enlighten him upon this point, but met with a
+very poor reception. A lively scene is said to have taken place
+between MM. de Broglie and Guizot; certainly M. de Broglie is
+obviously agitated, and so ill-tempered as to rouse the pity of his
+friends and the contempt of other men. Some people think that the King
+will summon de Broglie and request him with greater authority than
+Salvandy used to put an end to this deplorable state of affairs, which
+is only continued on his account.
+
+Dupin's chance has entirely disappeared. During the two days when it
+was thought that he would be Minister, Thiers and Guizot both entered
+the competition for the Presidency, and so gained an opportunity of
+counting the votes in their favour. M. Guizot received eight, M.
+Martin du Nord fifteen; the remainder of the Ministerial party would
+have voted for M. Thiers and secured for him the refusal of the
+position.
+
+
+_Paris, February 16, 1836._--Fieschi and his accomplices have been
+condemned to death; M. de Mareuil came yesterday to tell us of the
+sentence, at eleven o'clock in the evening.[11]
+
+  [11] The sentence which condemned Fieschi, P�pin, and Morey to
+  death. They were executed at the Barri�re Saint-Jacques on
+  February 19.
+
+It seems that many of the peers gave long explanations to justify
+their manner of voting. A small fraction of the Chamber considered
+that the circumstantial evidence against P�pin and Morey was
+inadequate to justify the extreme penalty, and preferred to inflict
+penal servitude for life. Fieschi was condemned to death unanimously,
+and M. Barthe asked that the punishments reserved for parricides
+should be added to the death penalty.
+
+The newspapers announce the death of Madame Bonaparte; her
+great-granddaughter--that is, the daughter of Joseph, who married the
+son of Lucien--was the only member of her numerous family at her side.
+Cardinal Fesch has been very attentive to her, and she leaves him her
+pictures; it is also thought that the division of her inheritance will
+cause fresh dissensions among her children, who are by no means at
+harmony with one another, for it seems that during her lifetime she
+gave considerable sums to Lucien, J�r�me, and to Madame Murat, which
+sums they are not willing to repay.
+
+
+_Paris, February 17, 1836._--Yesterday the King assembled his former
+Ministers and announced that in the first place he would not accept
+their resignations until another Cabinet was formed. Furthermore, he
+said that it was only by an accident that a majority in the Chamber
+had been against them; their system was that of the Chamber, although
+certain individuals in the Cabinet might not be agreeable to the
+Chamber, and he would therefore be delighted to see them all remain in
+office; if, however, they thought that any of their members were
+likely to keep the Chamber in a state of exasperation, he asked them
+to consider the matter among themselves and then to let him know upon
+what he could rely. M. de Broglie said that the King should make trial
+of the Third Party, to which the King replied: "It may please you,
+sir, to restate the weakness of that Third Party, but it does not
+please me to make so disastrous an attempt; I have had enough of three
+days' ministries; the majority is not to be found either in the Third
+Party or in the Left, but with you, gentlemen, or, if not with all of
+you, at any rate with some. Your arrangements and mutual engagements
+ought to give way before the gravity of the situation: so much I
+expect from your honesty and your desire for the general welfare; for
+my own part, gentlemen, I shall fold my arms and bide my time at
+Saint-Cloud." MM. de Broglie and Guizot replied that no member of the
+Cabinet was exactly bound, but that there were certain conventions
+which they must respect in each member's case. This was a very
+inopportune reply at such a moment, especially from the first speaker,
+who could have cut the Gordian knot at one word and have simplified
+the position. No one knows what the result will be, unless matters
+should turn out as M. Royer-Collard predicted to M. Thiers last
+Friday: "You are impossible to-day, but in a week you will be
+necessary, indispensable, and absolute."
+
+M. de Talleyrand and myself visited the Queen yesterday. The fact that
+the Court was in mourning for the Queen of Naples, together with the
+trial of Fieschi and the Ministerial crisis, made it impossible for
+the Ch�teau to take part in the pleasures of the carnival, and a very
+serious spirit prevailed. The King's attention was occupied by
+thoughts of the punishment which awaited the prisoners condemned the
+previous evening, and he had not ventured to go out, because he knew
+that Madame P�pin and her children were lying in wait for him. The
+Ch�teau was mournful indeed, and formed a painful contrast with the
+joyful tumult in the streets. M. Pasquier came to tell the King that
+P�pin had asked to see him that morning, so that the execution must be
+postponed until the next day.
+
+Before going home I spent half an hour with Madame de Lieven. No one
+was there except Lady Charlotte Grenville and M. Berryer, who said
+that when one knew nothing one was able to say anything one liked,
+and that he had no hesitation in asserting that Thiers' was the only
+possible combination, and alone likely to be agreeable to the Chamber.
+
+
+_Paris, February 19, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had a call from M.
+Thiers, who had definitely accepted the task of forming a Cabinet and
+acting as President. He proposed to spend the rest of the day in
+making up his list. He has too much common sense to underrate the
+difficulty of his new position, and too much courage or blindness to
+be dismayed by it. M. Mol� failed to secure election to the Academy;
+it has been a disastrous week for him.
+
+
+_Paris, February 20, 1836._--The following are the actual words
+written by the King beneath the signature which he was obliged to
+append to the death-warrants of Fieschi, P�pin, Morey, &c.: "It is
+only a profound sense of duty which induces me to give an approval
+which is one of the most painful acts of my life; however, considering
+the frankness which Fieschi showed in his confession and his conduct
+during the trial, I intend that the subordinate parts of his
+punishment shall be remitted, and I deeply regret that my conscience
+will not allow me to do more."
+
+
+_Paris, February 21, 1836._--M. Thiers is finding difficulties in the
+way of his attempt to combine a Ministry; every one is willing to work
+with him or under him, but not in company with others. At the same
+time it is important that the Cabinet should be both strong and
+reputable. There are difficulties everywhere, even for superior
+mortals.
+
+
+_Paris, February 22, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is in a very bad temper:
+the newspapers and public opinion all regard him as responsible for
+the new Ministry: the names have at length appeared in this morning's
+_Moniteur_.[12] He, however, has had nothing to do with it, and as the
+sudden rise of M. Thiers has not met with universal approval, the
+English being particularly incensed, M. de Talleyrand is aroused to
+great irritation by all that he hears upon the subject, and vents his
+anger upon Paris, his age, and his position, and keenly regrets that
+he ever left London.
+
+  [12] The Cabinet was as follows: M. Thiers, President of the
+  Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Sauzet, Keeper of the
+  Seals; M. de Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M. d'Argout,
+  Financial Minister; M. Passy, Minister of Commerce and Public
+  Works; M. Pelet de la Loz�re, Minister of Education; Marshal
+  Maison, Minister of War; Admiral Duperr�, Minister of Naval
+  Affairs.
+
+
+_Paris, February 23, 1836._--Yesterday, on returning home at the end
+of the morning, I found M. Berryer at my door; he had just left the
+Chamber of Deputies, where Thiers had been speaking. Berryer has a
+high opinion of the talent, the intellectual power, and the capacity
+of Thiers. Berryer is himself the most unprejudiced, impartial, and
+simple of characters; there is nothing artificial, affected, or
+extreme about him; it is difficult to think of him as a party man. In
+my opinion, no one was ever less a party man, and perhaps he would be
+glad if he could avoid the necessity of taking sides entirely. The
+ease, the lightness, the gentleness, and the simplicity of his
+conversation are the more creditable to him by contrast with his
+profession and his position. The justice of his judgment and the
+kindness which is most constantly characteristic of it compel
+confidence in his opinions and his statements.
+
+Thiers' speech was received with marked coldness by the Chamber. The
+fact is fortunate for him, in my opinion. There is some danger that
+the intoxication of success might lead to his fall, and anything which
+will keep him from disaster can only be useful and for his good.
+
+
+_Paris, February 24, 1836._--M. Mol� dined here yesterday. His bearing
+shows some traces of coldness and disappointment. He was unwilling to
+act in concert with M. Dupin in the matter of the Ministry;
+consequently the latter, who commanded several votes in the French
+Academy, withdrew them, and so brought about the rejection of M. Mol�;
+he then observed: "M. Mol� would not be my colleague, and I do not
+care for him as my fellow Academician."
+
+Paris is likely to become increasingly difficult as a place of
+residence. Apart from the two great dynastic divisions which separate
+society, we shall now have to deal with all the factions caused by
+disappointed ambition, the Mol�, Broglie, Guizot, and Dupin factions,
+and finally the Thiers faction. These will all be as bitterly hostile
+to one another as the Legitimists are to the Moderate Party. All these
+factions will never find any such common point of amalgamation as the
+Ch�teau might and should become; on the contrary, some object to the
+King, others to our house. Detestation and malignancy are mutual, but
+no one is willing to examine himself or to recognise that there are
+faults on all sides, and that the real causes of blame are to be found
+in himself. How strange is the blindness and how great the ill-faith
+of men, especially of those who are involved in public affairs and
+interests!
+
+
+_Paris, March 4, 1836._--Yesterday, at the house of M. de Talleyrand,
+M. Mignet related that Marchand, a former _valet de chambre_ under the
+Emperor, proposed to publish a commentary upon the "Commentaries" of
+C�sar, which Napoleon had dictated to him in the last weeks of his
+life in St. Helena. Marchand often spoke to M. Mignet of Napoleon's
+last moments, of the loneliness and emptiness of his life; in
+illustration, he said that one evening when the Emperor, who was then
+very ill, was in bed, he pointed to the foot of the bed and said to
+him: "Marchand, sit down there and tell me something." Marchand said
+to him: "Dear me, sire, what can I tell you who have done and seen so
+much?" "Tell me about your youth; that will be simple and true, and
+will interest me," replied the Emperor. There is something very
+pathetic about this little dialogue. What teaching might not Bossuet
+have drawn from these few words--Bossuet, who did not disdain to
+introduce the somewhat trivial anecdote of the fowl into the funeral
+oration upon the Palatine! Surely the greatest homage to Bossuet is
+the fact that every great misfortune, every triumph or failure, makes
+us turn towards the Eagle of Meaux, who alone could extol, lament, and
+immortalise them worthily.
+
+
+_Paris, March 5, 1836._--Yesterday morning MM. Berryer and Thiers met
+at my house. I think it would have been impossible to have been
+present at a conversation more animated, sparkling, witty, surprising,
+kind, sincere, free, and true, or more devoid of all party spirit,
+than that which then arose between these two men, so different and so
+highly gifted. I also thought that it would never finish; they did not
+go until after six o'clock.
+
+
+_Paris, March 7, 1836._--M. Royer-Collard introduced me yesterday to
+M. de Tocqueville, the author of "Democracy in America." He seemed to
+me to be a nice little man, simple and modest, with an intellectual
+expression. We talked a great deal about England, and our views upon
+the destiny of the country were quite in harmony.
+
+
+_Paris, March 9, 1836._--I had several times glanced at the "Imitation
+of Jesus Christ." Whether it was that my knowledge of others and
+myself was only superficial or that my mind was ill-prepared and too
+wandering, I had seen no great difference between this famous work and
+the "Journ�e du Chr�tien" and the "Petit Paroissien." I had often been
+surprised at the great reputation which this book enjoyed, but had
+never found any pleasure in reading it. Chance led me to open it the
+other day with Pauline; the first lines caught my attention, and I
+have since been reading it with ever increasing admiration. What
+intellectual power beneath the highest simplicity of form! What
+profound knowledge of the deepest recesses of the human heart! What
+beauty and enlightenment! And yet it is the work of an unknown monk.
+Nothing humiliates me more than a failure of self-knowledge or shows
+me more clearly in what darkness I was sunk.
+
+
+_Paris, March 10, 1836._--Yesterday I went with the Duchesse de
+Montmorency to a ball, given by Madame Salomon de Rothschild, the
+mother. The house is the most magnificent that can be conceived, and
+is therefore known as the Temple of Solomon. It is infinitely superior
+to her daughter-in-law's house, because the proportions are higher and
+greater. The luxury of it is indescribable, but in good taste--pure
+Renaissance, without any mixture of other styles; the gallery in
+particular is worthy of Chenonceaux, and one might have thought one's
+self at an entertainment given by the Valois. In the chief room the
+armchairs are made of gilt bronze instead of gilt wood, and cost a
+thousand francs apiece. The dining-hall is like the nave of a
+cathedral. All was well arranged and admirably lighted; there was no
+crushing, and every courtesy.
+
+
+_Paris, March 11, 1836._--Yesterday I went to Saint-Thomas d'Aquin, to
+hear the Abb� de Ravignan, formerly the King's _procureur_; he is a
+friend of Berryer, who praises him greatly, and a brother-in-law of
+General Exelmans; I had known him in the Pyrenees, where I had been
+struck by the beautiful expression of his face. He is a good preacher,
+with an excellent delivery, while his style is pure and refined, but
+rather logical and argumentative than warm or sympathetic. He
+therefore lays more stress upon evangelical dogma than upon morality,
+and seemed to me to be a man of talent rather than a great preacher.
+
+
+_Paris, March 18, 1836._--With regard to my reflections upon
+Bossuet,[13] you praise my attitude somewhat unduly. I have, indeed, a
+love of truth, and the world, with the dreadful misery which it
+contains, fills me with disgust; I have learned to fear the contagion
+of the world, under which I have suffered too long; I examine myself
+seriously, and am horrified to find myself immersed in the sorrow and
+grief which are the lot of worldly people and are the destruction of
+peace of mind, charity, and purity. I make some attempt to burst my
+bonds and rise to a purer region; but none the less my efforts are
+usually impotent, and my struggles vain and futile. As a rule I cannot
+tell whether the moral weariness which overwhelms me is due to the sad
+sight of the deplorable agitations amid which I live, or to the no
+less deplorable agitation of my inward life. When we have spent years
+amid the struggles of life and desire to change our path, however
+remote may be the road which leads us forward, we find ourselves a
+burden to ourselves; we can neither go forward with our load nor throw
+it off straightway; we stumble and retrace our steps; we prove
+ourselves but feeble travellers, and our goal recedes as our desire to
+reach it increases. Such is my case....
+
+  [13] Extract from a letter.
+
+Yesterday, towards the end of the morning, M. de Tocqueville came to
+pay his call; I like him. The Duc de Noailles also called; he is not
+so attractive, though by no means disagreeable. Another caller was
+Berryer, who might be most agreeable if his mind and bearing did not
+betray traces of low life, which have struck my notice. However, the
+conversation never flagged, as the first visitor has sound views, the
+second good judgment, and the third that mental alacrity which enables
+him to apprehend a point at once. The conversation of these
+distinguished men was concerned only with facts, and not with people:
+names were not mentioned; there was no gossip, no bitterness or
+extravagance. The talk was as it should always be, especially at a
+lady's house.
+
+
+_Paris, March 20, 1836._--How deep a melancholy may be inspired by the
+first fine spring day, when it fails to harmonise with one's own frame
+of mind! For forty-eight hours the weather has been mild and lovely,
+the atmosphere filled with sweetness and light and breathing joy and
+happiness; new life, new warmth and pleasure are springing into being,
+and I feel suffocated in this town. The public promenades cannot take
+the place of the country, and nothing can bring back the sweet
+springtime of last year, with its flowers, its wide horizon, and its
+freshness, in which it was so easy to take breath. I would worship any
+one who could give me back these things! And instead I drive with
+Madame de Lieven through the Bois de Boulogne in a closed carriage!
+Such was my occupation yesterday, while M. de Talleyrand was at the
+Academy of Moral and Political Science, voting for M. de Tocqueville,
+who failed to secure election.
+
+
+_Paris, March 24, 1836._--The Princess Belgiojoso is rather striking
+than beautiful: she is extremely pale, her eyes are too far apart, her
+head too square, her mouth large and her teeth discoloured; but she
+has a good nose, and her figure would be pretty if it were somewhat
+fuller; her hair is jet black, and she wears striking dresses; she has
+intellect, but wants balance, and is full of artistic whims and
+inconsistencies; her manner is intentionally and skilfully natural,
+sufficiently to hide her affectation, while her affectation seems to
+counterbalance a certain innate vulgarity, which her flatterers style
+an untamed nature. Such is my impression of this personage, with whom
+I have but the slightest acquaintance.
+
+M. Royer-Collard found me reading the "Imitation" the other day, and
+brought me yesterday a pretty little copy which he has had from his
+youth, and has almost invariably carried about with him. I have been
+deeply touched by this gift, and regard it as a most precious
+possession. My only objection to this little book is the fact that it
+is in Latin: I never knew Latin well, and I find that I have now
+forgotten it. I think I shall have to take it up again.
+
+M. Royer asked me to give him in exchange some book which I had
+constantly read. I gave him a copy of Bossuet's "Funeral Orations,"
+deeply scored with my marks; the ribbon-mark is torn away, but a
+hairpin happened to be marking one of the passages in the oration on
+the Princess Palatine, which had a special meaning for myself. M.
+Royer accepted the little volume most gratefully.
+
+Yesterday evening I went to the Italian Opera, and Berryer paid a
+visit to my box. His mind was full of the morning session in the
+Chamber of Deputies and of M. Guizot's _formidable_ speech. M. Thiers
+proposes to reply this morning, as, indeed, he must, unless he wishes
+to see M. Guizot become paramount in the Chamber; in short, we are to
+see the real adversaries engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle. This is
+an event, and is so regarded. Berryer described the whole affair
+marvellously well, without bitterness against any one, and without a
+word more than was necessary to make the situation clear. In ten
+minutes he had told me everything.
+
+
+_Paris, March 27, 1836._--Yesterday morning I had the honour of seeing
+the King with Madame Ad�la�de; his conversation was charming. He was
+kind enough to tell me stories of his marriage, of the Court of
+Palermo and the famous Queen Caroline. I also heard that Prince
+Charles of Naples and Miss Penelope arrived here within the last two
+days in a state of complete destitution. This was an embarrassing
+event, and in a sense discreditable, especially to the Queen.[14]
+
+  [14] Prince Charles of Naples, brother of the Duchesse de Berry,
+  was the nephew of Queen Marie Am�lie.
+
+I have reason to believe that Thiers did not reply forthwith to
+Guizot's great speech the other day for reasons of prudence, and in
+obedience to the orders of his superiors; but he will lose nothing by
+waiting, and we shall see a striking explosion upon the next
+opportunity. I think the authorities were unwilling to regard the
+question as a duel between two individuals, and have preferred to let
+the effect of the first speech wear off before offering a reply. In
+any case, an enormous majority responded to the effort that was made.
+The only vexatious point is the number of concessions offered by M.
+Sauzet in his speech, and on this subject I have noticed some strong
+discontent.
+
+M. de Tocqueville's name was proposed, without his knowledge, to the
+Academy of Political and Moral Science by M. Cousin; M. Tocqueville
+has told me that he did not wish to seek election again. As the
+grandson of M. de Malesherbes, he has no desire to join an Academy of
+mere figureheads, of which, for the most part, this institution is
+composed.
+
+
+_Paris, March 29, 1836._--It is certain that all idea of intervention
+in Spain has been abandoned by every grade within the Governmental
+hierarchy; some had never entertained the project, and others have
+dropped it. I think there is no reason to fear any imprudence whatever
+in this direction.
+
+Rumour is entirely occupied with a conversation between the King and
+Guizot, in which the former is said to have expressed his extreme
+displeasure with the dates which were given as marking the good system
+of administration. The King said that the system was not the work of
+any individual, but was his own, and that the only date he would
+recognise was his own date, August 9. He added that it was bad policy
+to attack the only Cabinet which could command a majority at that
+moment. Guizot replied that if the King cared to test the matter he
+would see that the majority was to be found elsewhere. "Not so,"
+returned the King; "it is you, sir, who are deluded, and you fail to
+see that the course you are pursuing rather divides you from the
+points at issue than brings you nearer to them. If you continue, you
+will perhaps force me to take a measure which I detest, and which will
+assuredly be more displeasing to yourself; that measure is a
+dissolution of the Chamber, please remember." I believe this
+conversation to be literally exact, and I think it will induce people
+to consider their words and deeds more carefully, the more so as the
+doctrinaires, who know perfectly well that they have no chance of
+re-election, will shrink from a dissolution.
+
+M. de Chateaubriand has sold his works, unedited or as yet unwritten,
+for a hundred and fifty thousand francs cash, in addition to a yearly
+income of twelve thousand francs payable to his wife upon his death.
+He is said to be completely upset by the payment of his debts, and his
+future existence which is thus defined and circumscribed seems to him
+a heavy burden. Everything he writes, even apart from his memoirs,
+will belong to his publishers in return for a scale of payment now
+laid down. The manuscripts of his memoirs have been solemnly sealed up
+in his presence in an iron box, which has been deposited with a
+solicitor. He says that his thoughts have suffered imprisonment for
+debt in place of himself.
+
+
+_Paris, March 30, 1836._--I have certainly heard more music this year
+than last; as I am deprived of all my favourite amusements, I have
+devoted myself wholeheartedly, without reserve, to music, and have
+sought opportunities for hearing it. As the advance of years or
+circumstances diminish my tastes, the pleasures which are left to me
+are intensified by the disappearance of others; affection takes the
+place of coquetry and music of dancing; reading and meditation replace
+idle conversations, with their malignity or indiscretions; I drive
+instead of calling, and prefer rest to excitement.
+
+
+_Paris, April 13, 1836._--I took Pauline yesterday evening to a
+charity lottery at the house of the Duchesse de Montmorency, where
+there was a crowd. All the Faubourg Saint-Germain were there,
+including even the Duchesse de Gontaut, formerly governess to the Duc
+de Bordeaux; she condescended so far as to bow to me very politely.
+Pauline was interested by everything, as girls of fifteen usually are.
+She was very pretty; her hair was simply done, but dressed by the
+great Edouard; she wore a sky-blue dress, and looked fresh as a rose,
+with her calm and dainty bearing and her happy little face; in short,
+she met with general approval, consequently I felt well disposed to
+every one; the slights formerly inflicted upon me by this or that
+person were forgotten when a pleasant word or a kind look was
+addressed to Pauline. It is certainly better not to live in hostility
+with society, and if one is so wrong-headed or unfortunate it is very
+pleasant to make one's daughter a means of reconciliation.
+
+I have letters from England telling me that the Duchess of Gloucester
+has become the happiest person in the world; Lady Georgiana Bathurst
+is her lady of honour; she is at home every evening, and her house is
+the meeting-place of the high Tories; all the news is to be heard
+there, and gossip goes on, with which the Duchess delights the King
+every morning. The King of England sees his Ministers only on
+business, and has no social intercourse with them. Lord Melbourne does
+not care or complain, and goes his own way without worrying the King,
+which seems to me to be a sound plan.
+
+Yesterday morning, thanks to a special ticket, for which I sent to ask
+the Archbishop, I was able to hear the last of the series of lectures
+given at Notre-Dame by the Abb� Lacordaire. He is starting for Rome
+to-day, and will be absent for two years. There were at least five
+thousand persons in the church, nearly all schoolboys and girls. Among
+the men who came in with the Archbishop and were favoured with seats
+on the Banc de l'OEuvre I recognised the Marquis de V�rac, the Duc
+de Noailles, and M. de Tocqueville. I was placed just behind this
+bench, with some fifty ladies, none of whom I knew; I was opposite to
+the pulpit and did not lose a single word. Imagination, vigour, and a
+style far removed from that of the seminary are the distinctive
+qualities of the Abb� Lacordaire; he is a young man with a good
+delivery. His use of metaphor, however, seemed to me to be slightly
+confused and somewhat too daring, while his doctrine allowed no room
+for the beautiful and humble theory of grace. I think that St.
+Augustine, the great apostle of grace, would have found matter for
+criticism in his words. On the whole, I was interested and struck with
+the attentive attitude of his audience. The Archbishop concluded the
+lecture with some suitable words of thanks and farewell to the young
+preacher, and with a blessing at once appropriate, simple, and gentle
+upon the congregation, which was received with surprising respect by
+his young hearers. It must be said that when the Archbishop avoids
+politics and the commonplaces of the seminary he can produce, as he
+did yesterday, a noble and touching effect, with his fine face and
+gestures and his appealing tone, in his splendid cathedral and from
+his exalted position, whence he looked down upon these many young
+faces. M. de Tocqueville, who called upon me towards the end of the
+morning, was even then moved by the scene.
+
+
+_Paris, April 13, 1836._--MM. Hyde de Neuville, de Jumilhac, de Coss�,
+Jacques de Fitz-James, and de Montbreton have all started for Prague,
+to ask Charles X. to give up the Duc de Bordeaux. In the event of a
+refusal they have resolved to carry him off, and flatter themselves
+that they will have the co-operation of the young Prince in the
+attempt. They wish to find a home for him in Switzerland, where he is
+to be educated, and so brought nearer to France in every sense of the
+term. This project, which is in itself somewhat visionary, is reduced
+to absurdity by the boasting and gossip with which it has been
+announced. Another plan, of which the police have been informed, is to
+carry off one of the young princes of royal blood and to keep him as a
+hostage. The Minister of the Interior has been somewhat disturbed by
+this proposal.
+
+
+_Paris, April 21, 1836._--A courier arrived yesterday from Vienna
+bringing a reply conceived in the most gracious terms to the
+insinuations which have been made concerning the Duc d'Orl�ans and his
+proposed journey in Austria. All that was avoided under the Duc de
+Broglie has been welcomed under M. Thiers, to whom personally the
+reply referred in very kind terms. Something of the same kind is now
+expected from Berlin. The departure of the Prince and of his brother,
+the Duc de Nemours, is fixed for May 4, but the fact will not be
+announced for another five days, when they will have returned from
+Chantilly. The return journey is to be made by Turin. The Sardinian
+Court, which feels the want of some support, is inclined, after much
+hesitation, to look to France. My son, Valen�ay, will accompany the
+Princes; he will be the only unattached member of their suite with
+them. It was proposed to give him a title and an official position,
+but I objected, as my son is sure to be well received anywhere.
+
+Yesterday at dinner at the house of M. de Talleyrand a quarrel arose
+between M. Thiers and M. Bertin de Veaux, the result of which, I
+think, has been the opposite of what was expected: instead of pacific
+explanations a duel became the consequence. I was on tenterhooks, and
+eventually checked the dissension almost brutally. Every one, I think,
+approved my action, which I would have taken earlier if I had not
+thought that M. de Talleyrand was the proper person to intervene; he,
+however, did not even exert himself to change the conversation. Bertin
+de Veaux was constantly aggressive, while Thiers for a long time was
+perfectly calm, until he grew excited and angry, and at length they
+hurled political defiance at one another.
+
+
+_Paris, April 23, 1836._--Mrs. Norton has written a letter to Mr.
+Ellice, which is a kind of manifesto, and has sent it to me with
+orders to communicate it to her foreign compatriots. I have read the
+letter, and, if her words are to be believed, she emerges from this
+foul story as pure as Desdemona.[15] I hope indeed that it is so. The
+whole business seems to me very vulgar and in very bad taste.
+
+  [15] Reference is here made to an action for divorce brought
+  against Mrs. Norton by her husband, which made a great stir in
+  England at this time. The intimacy of Mrs. Norton with Lord
+  Melbourne was well known. However, the verdict given in the
+  following June acquitted Lord Melbourne, but Mrs. Norton and her
+  husband separated.
+
+The Duchesse de Coigny, who has always come to England for her
+confinements, in order to ensure the birth of girls, was to start this
+morning to London for the same reason, but owing to mistaken
+calculations she was yesterday confined of a fine boy, which is a
+bitter disappointment.
+
+
+_Paris, April 26, 1836._--Visitors returning from Chantilly were most
+enthusiastic yesterday about the beauty of the spot, the extensive
+society to be found there, the excitement of the races, the brilliancy
+of the hunt, and, in the case of those who were at the Ch�teau, the
+graciousness of the Prince Royal. The English say that apart from the
+races themselves, which, however, are by no means bad, these three
+days at Chantilly are much superior to Ascot, Epsom, and any meeting
+of the kind in England.
+
+Hunting was carried on with the pack of the Prince of Wagram, and some
+four hundred young men rode out; but only thirty were in at the death
+of the stag.
+
+The Prince Royal is to start on the 3rd or 4th, and will go straight
+to Metz to visit the School of Artillery; he will not stop at any of
+the small Courts, which he proposes carefully to avoid by taking all
+kinds of unusual routes under the pretext that they are more direct.
+
+Yesterday I dined with Madame de la Redorte, and met several people,
+including General Alava, who told us the story of the duel between
+Mendizabal and Isturitz, in which neither combatant received a
+scratch.
+
+He seemed to expect a Ministerial crisis at Madrid which might affect
+his position as ambassador.
+
+Alava is so inclined to exaggerate that when he was at the house of M.
+Dupin at a reception of Deputies the host asked him, touching M.
+Berryer on the shoulder, whether he knew this Deputy. Alava
+straightway exclaimed: "Certainly I know M. Berryer, and _I share all
+his opinions_."
+
+
+_Paris, April 27, 1836._--The route of the Prince Royal passes through
+Verdun, Metz, Tr�ves, D�sseldorf, Hildesheim, Magdeburg, Potsdam, and
+Berlin. All the Ministers of Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria have brought
+pressing invitations from their Sovereigns asking the Prince to make a
+stay with them. These have been declined under the pretext of want of
+time, but in reality owing to some ill-feeling caused by the continued
+affronts and insults from Munich; if the Prince refused one invitation
+he obviously could not accept others without a declaration of
+hostility. He is sorry, however, to hurry by Dresden, whence there has
+never been any cause of complaint. From Berlin he will proceed to
+Vienna, by way of Breslau and Br�nn.
+
+For some days I have been reading a few volumes of the "Essais de
+Morale" by Nicole; our curiosity concerning this work was aroused by
+Madame de S�vign�. They are doubtless excellent, but I think one must
+be somewhat more advanced than I am to admire them keenly. There is a
+certain dry austerity apparent which somewhat repels me. To these many
+philosophical arguments I prefer the touching phrase of St. Augustine:
+"If you are afraid of God, throw yourself into the arms of God."
+Eventually, perhaps, I shall learn to appreciate Nicole, as one's
+mental tastes change with one's age and circumstances.
+
+
+_Paris, April 28, 1836._--Pozzo has received the order of St. Andrew
+in diamonds, and at the same time unlimited leave of absence to travel
+in Italy. I imagine that he will soon pass this way.
+
+The journey of the Prince Royal has been arranged to begin a day
+earlier, and he is to start on the 2nd. Berlin will not be reached for
+ten days, as he is to put up every night, while each day's journey
+will not be too long, as they wish him to arrive fresh and alert and
+ready to undergo military fatigues, the manoeuvres, festivities, and
+other duties. This seems to me very sensible. The Prince Royal has
+received a formal invitation to the manoeuvres at Berlin. Hence his
+reception cannot be anything but excellent. The invitation has
+certainly been sought, but it is undoubtedly an invitation, and
+accusations of importunity or rashness are therefore out of place. The
+Duc and the Duchesse d'Angoul�me will naturally have left Vienna when
+the two Princes arrive there.
+
+Yesterday I accompanied the Comtesse de Castellane to a reading given
+by M. de R�musat upon historical incidents in the style of the
+"Barricades"; "The Night of St. Bartholomew" was his subject. It was
+clearly and brightly treated, and the author assures us that much
+historical research has been devoted to it, but it was so long that
+the second part had to be postponed until Tuesday. To sit through a
+reading is an exhausting business.
+
+
+_Paris, May 1, 1836._--Yesterday was Pauline's ball--a pretty scene
+and entirely successful. There was no crowd, plenty of light, young
+and pretty people in full gaiety, and polite young men acting as
+partners to the ladies, all in excellent style and taste, and the
+company most carefully selected. It was not exactly exclusive, but the
+Faubourg Saint-Germain were in preponderant numbers. My cousin, Madame
+de Chastellux, for instance, went to the trouble of coming. In short,
+I was well pleased with our little success and with the delight of
+Pauline.
+
+
+_Paris, May 2, 1836._--Yesterday news arrived from Berlin of the
+preparations made to receive the young Princes. The King said that
+they should have the kind of reception given to his son-in-law, the
+Emperor. They are to stay at the old palace. An hour after their
+arrival all the princes will come to pay their first calls; in short,
+everything is to go off as well as possible. The Carlist faction is
+overwhelmed, and the aggressive members of it are quite ill in
+consequence; the moderate members are casting tender glances at the
+Ch�teau des Tuileries, and yesterday M. de Chabrol, formerly Naval
+Minister, and M. Mounier went to the Ch�teau. M. de Noailles would be
+ready to do the same were it not for his wife, whose feelings he has
+to consider--and reasonably, for she, though a most worthy person, is
+very extravagant in her political ideas.
+
+
+_Paris, May 4, 1836._--Yesterday I went to hear the conclusion of M.
+de R�musat's "Night of St. Bartholomew."[16] It is clever and
+talented, but I repeat that this style of performance is a mistake,
+and a good historical narrative would be much more interesting to me.
+
+  [16] This work was published after the death of the Comte de
+  R�musat in 1878, by his son Paul.
+
+I have seen M. Royer-Collard, and also M. Thiers. The former said that
+the doctrinaires were decisively defeated in the Dupin dispute, as the
+Chamber had pronounced against them. The second is very pleased with
+his reports from the Russian Ambassador and from the Court of St.
+Petersburg, which are beginning to become flattering. I believe he is
+on the way to another reconciliation which he thinks of more
+importance, with Bertin de Veaux, but this is still a profound secret.
+
+
+_Paris, May 6, 1836._--I have been deeply affected by the death of the
+good Abb� Girolet. He followed the fine precept of Bossuet, and the
+only precaution which he took against the attacks of death was the
+innocence of his life, for all his interests were so neglected that he
+has left me a fine complication to unravel, which demands my immediate
+presence at Rochecotte. I shall start the day after to-morrow, and
+they are only waiting for me to take the seals off his property. A
+will in which he has left me everything has been found, but where or
+what may this everything be? This is as yet unknown, and there is some
+fear that there may be more debts than property, which fact would
+prevent me from beginning the charitable foundations which I promised
+to take in hand after his death. I shall find a very obvious void at
+Rochecotte, and shall miss that gentle look which clung so
+affectionately to me. And then how sad are the details of his death!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, May 10, 1836._--No interesting news can be expected from
+me in this retired corner of the world, where I can boast only of
+peace and silence and of solitude--three excellent things which I
+appreciate the more as I have left, in the words of the "Imitation,"
+"the tumultuous commerce of men, which arouses vanity even in the
+simple-minded, and eventually enslaves the soul."
+
+I spent the evening with M. Vestier, my good architect, over plans and
+arrangements for the vault of the Abb� and for my own. This will be
+arranged quite simply in the parish cemetery on the hillside before
+that beautiful view, in the pure air, looking out upon the rising sun.
+The vaults are to be very simply surrounded by shrubs and an iron
+railing; there will be nothing more than names and dates. Thus his
+last resting-place will be as simple as was his mind, and I trust that
+mine will be equally so. The wishes of men are so rarely performed
+after their deaths that during our lifetime we should act as far as we
+can. I had considerable difficulty in inducing Vestier to undertake
+this simple work. He says it is horrible to be giving orders for the
+digging of my grave, and at length the poor fellow began to weep, but
+he yielded at last, for he is very obedient to me.[17]
+
+  [17] This plan was not entirely carried out; the Abb� alone was
+  buried at Saint-Patrice.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, May 13, 1836._--Yesterday I received a long letter from
+my son, Valen�ay, from Coblenz. Full honour has been done to the
+Princes; M. the Duc d'Orl�ans has invariably invited to dinner the
+authorities commissioned to welcome him. He speaks German with a
+fluency which is much appreciated. In every town regimental bands are
+constantly playing under the windows of the Princes, and, in short,
+all due attention is shown to them.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 18, 1836._--I have been here since the day before
+yesterday, and am expecting M. de Talleyrand and Pauline to-morrow.
+
+I have been reading a narrative written by one of the chief nuns of
+Port Royal, about the reform of their establishment, which was carried
+out by the Mother Marie Ang�lique de Sainte-Madeleine Arnauld, and
+about their persecution, in the time of their celebrated abbess, the
+Mother Ang�lique de Saint-Jean Arnauld, a niece of the foregoing and a
+daughter of M. d'Andilly. They were great minds and strong souls, and
+how remarkable are the details of the story! What a race were these
+Arnaulds, and M. Nicole and the Abb� de Saint-Cyran! All these names
+are to be found in the writings of Madame de S�vign�. Her friend, M.
+de Pomponne, was Arnauld, the son of M. d'Andilly. This was a peculiar
+family, even in its own time, and it was said that Pascal was quite a
+nonentity compared with Antoine Arnauld. They must have been giants
+indeed; and if giants at their time, what would they seem now?
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 22, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from my son,
+Valen�ay, from Berlin. He is delighted, and with reason, for apart
+from the generally satisfactory character of the journey, he is
+treated with especial kindness, which is particularly touching to me
+as it is due to consideration for myself. The Prince Royal told him
+that he had always regarded me as his sister, that he would treat him
+as a nephew, and that my letter was delightful. He objected, however,
+that there was not enough of the nursery about him. The Duchess of
+Cumberland and my godmother, Princess Louise,[18] have been quite
+motherly, and the Queen of the Low Countries has also been very kind,
+together with M. Ancillon, Herr von Humboldt, and the Countess of
+Redern. M. de Valen�ay assures me that the Crown Prince of Prussia was
+neither cold nor repellent in his reception of the Duc d'Orl�ans, but,
+on the contrary, kind and cordial; the Crown Princess and Princess
+William the younger were equally charming; every one else behaved very
+properly, as also did the sight-seers along the routes, and our
+Princes showed perfect prudence. There was some trouble in inducing
+the young French officers to take off their Belgian decorations; the
+Duc d'Orl�ans was anxious that they should not wear them at all at
+Berlin, but they showed some reluctance, and eventually it was agreed
+that they should remove them when meeting the Queen of the Low
+Countries.[19] A courier came to Berlin with an urgent letter from the
+King of Saxony inviting the Princes to pass through Dresden. I do not
+know whether that will induce them to change their route. The two
+Princes attended service in a Catholic church in Berlin on Sunday, and
+their action produced an excellent effect.
+
+  [18] The Princess Louise was the daughter of Prince Ferdinand of
+  Prussia, the youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married
+  Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.
+
+  [19] Queen Wilhelmina of the Low Countries was the daughter of
+  King Frederick William II. of Prussia, and sister of the king
+  then reigning, Frederick William III.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 23, 1836._--Yesterday, the Day of Pentecost, was spent
+as follows, and will give an idea of our usual mode of life in this
+place: First of all came high mass at the parish church, which lasted
+for two full hours, thanks to a sermon from the vicar, who took the
+more pains as he saw me in the Castle pew. The heat was extreme, and
+the smell unpleasant, while the crowd was almost as great as at
+Saint-Roch. The result for me was a severe headache, which passed off
+to some extent during a long drive which I took with M. de Talleyrand,
+to the ponds in the Forest of G�tines. Several people from the town
+dined with us. I walked for a little after dinner, while Pauline went
+for a drive with her uncle; I wrote until nine o'clock, when the post
+goes, and when M. de Talleyrand came in. The day was concluded with
+newspapers, tea, and piquet.
+
+These days are very pleasant when I am not alarmed about M. de
+Talleyrand's health, and I thank God for them as I go to bed. I no
+longer consider the amount of amusement or interest or pleasure to be
+gained; one day perhaps that will return; now that M. de Talleyrand
+and my children are well and my mind is free from anxiety, and my
+temper sufficiently kind to make life pleasant for those around me, I
+ask for nothing more. When we are able to perform a complete
+renunciation of self, we find our burden lightened, and the low and
+heavy flight of selfishness is replaced by the rapid sweep of
+outstretched wings, which is a pleasure in itself. My courage and my
+self-possession only disappear when I see sickness threatening or
+striking down my family, for I have only reached the threshold of that
+stage of resignation in which one sacrifices one's self to the things
+of heaven. I doubt if I shall ever pass within it. But enough of this,
+or I shall be thought as religious as a lady of the Faubourg
+Saint-Germain. I am very far from that point, which I shall never
+entirely reach, for my independence will never allow me to follow the
+beaten track or confine myself to particular practices, attitudes, and
+observances; at the same time, given my natural taste for good books,
+the natural seriousness of my mind, my wide experience, and the
+sincerity of my judgments upon myself, it will be hard if I do not
+learn to draw consolation at least from the one perennial source.
+
+The Carnavalet residence is for sale at a price of a hundred and forty
+thousand francs. If I dared, I would buy it, and I am, indeed,
+extremely tempted.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 26, 1836._--The correspondence between M. de Talleyrand
+and Madame Ad�la�de continues animated and very affectionate, and
+gives me some work.
+
+The following news reached us from Paris by letters of yesterday's
+date: Alava is overthrown, and Miraflores proclaims himself the
+successor; Alava says that the affairs of his country reduce him to
+despair. As a matter of fact the newspapers mention some strange
+affairs in the Assembly of the Procuradores, and great is the
+confusion caused by the whole business of the change of Ministry. Some
+people who declare themselves well informed, assert that Isturitz, to
+relieve himself of embarrassment, would be inclined to come to an
+understanding with Don Carlos and to arrange a marriage between Queen
+Isabella and her cousin.
+
+Lady Jersey has given orders for copies of her correspondence with
+Lady Pembroke to be sent to her. It seems that this correspondence is
+beyond all that could be imagined in maid-servant style. She also
+wishes M. de Talleyrand to read all these details.
+
+I have a letter from Princess Louise of Prussia, my godmother, which
+speaks in very high terms of the young French Princes. Princess Louise
+is a clever woman, naturally inclined to sarcasm and severity, and her
+appreciation is therefore the more valuable. M. de Valen�ay writes to
+me that he has been greatly struck by the beauty of the Princesses, by
+their jewels and the elegance of their dress. Herr von Humboldt took
+the Princes and their suite to see the museums and the artists'
+studios. The Crown Prince of Prussia has a taste for art, and has
+greatly stimulated these matters in Berlin. The Duc d'Orl�ans has
+given great pleasure by ordering a statue from Rauch, the chief
+sculptor in Prussia, and the King's favourite. The shyness of the
+Queen of the Low Countries is even greater than that of the Duc de
+Nemours. This mutual defect seems to have brought them together, for I
+am told that the Queen has conceived a friendship for the young Prince
+and that long conversations have taken place between them.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 29, 1836._--Yesterday I read the new play of M. Casimir
+Delavigne, _Une Famille au Temps de Luther_. The work contains some
+fine lines, but is quite unsuited for the stage, and nothing is colder
+than its theological discussions, even when they conclude with crime;
+moreover, these forms of fanaticism are somewhat wearisome, discordant
+as they are with the spirit of our time. Finally, the dreadful
+massacre of St. Bartholomew has become even tiresome, and the best
+proof of the fact that both it and the atrocities of the Atrides have
+lost their power to thrill, is their recitation with songs and dances.
+
+Madame Ad�la�de informs M. de Talleyrand that the Crown Princess of
+Prussia has written to her mother, the Queen-Dowager of Bavaria,
+saying that she was _forced to agree_ to the proposal to show honour
+to the French Princes, and that a very good friend of Louis-Philippe
+had advised them to show themselves in public.
+
+The King of Naples has now left home, some say to marry a princess of
+Modena, and others to pay court to the daughter of the Archduke
+Charles, and others, again, to have a look at the young princesses of
+Paris.
+
+The King is having a full-length portrait of Fran�ois I. painted for
+Valen�ay, and another of the Grande Mademoiselle; the former built the
+Castle, and the latter visited it and praised it in her memoirs. The
+King is also sending M. de Talleyrand the chair in which Louis XVIII.
+was wheeled about, and he has informed us through Madame that if he
+should go to Bordeaux, as is possible, he would pass this way.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, May 31, 1836._--It seems that neither intellect nor years
+can shelter people from foolishness, and a great act of folly has been
+committed by M. Ancillon in his marriage with Mlle. de Verquignieulle,
+if what we hear from Berlin is true. M. de Valen�ay also informs me
+that the entertainment given by M. Bresson,[20] at which the King of
+Prussia was present, was a very brilliant affair; all the servants
+were in full livery, blue, gold, and red, and Bresson said to him:
+"These are my colours," an amusing remark, and one worthy of the
+present time. "We shall see," as M. de Talleyrand says.
+
+  [20] M. Bresson was the French Minister at Berlin.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 1, 1836._--The young French gentlemen who went to
+Prague have returned after a very short stay. They were especially
+struck by the atmosphere of boredom which is the environment of life
+in that town. They said the Duc de Bordeaux had a very pleasant face,
+but his figure was not attractive and his mind but little developed,
+like that of a child brought up in the midst of old men.
+
+At a dinner given on May 22 to the two French Princes by the Crown
+Prince of Prussia, Princess Albert,[21] to the great rage of Bresson,
+the great disgust of the King, and the general horror of the company,
+appeared with an enormous garland of lilies in her hair; up to that
+point her behaviour had been quite proper.
+
+  [21] Princess Albert of Prussia was a princess of the Low
+  Countries.
+
+The presents distributed by the Duc d'Orl�ans at Berlin were most
+expensive, and in money and diamonds amounted to more than a hundred
+thousand francs. It is rather too much than not enough. Prince
+Wittgenstein received a box containing not only the portrait of the
+Prince Royal, but also that of the King and Queen--a very marked
+attention. M. Ancillon, plastered with the great Cross of the Legion
+of Honour, swelled himself out and strutted about, and appeared ready
+to trample upon any one and every one. His behaviour is explained by
+his middle-class origin and his Calvinistic views.
+
+The parting was affectionate, some professing to love the Princes as
+their sons and others as their brothers; in short, no success was ever
+more complete. The ladies were all struck with the handsome appearance
+of the Duc d'Orl�ans. My authorities for these statements are
+reliable, as I quote not merely M. de Valen�ay, but other letters
+which came in yesterday, written moreover by natives of Berlin. The
+accident which nearly befell the Duc d'Orl�ans at the manoeuvres was
+caused by his politeness to the Princesses; he was reining in his
+horse near them, when he was nearly thrown, but the skill with which
+he recovered himself gained him many compliments; and on this question
+the Duchess of Cumberland writes as follows: "Imagine what would have
+become of us if any misfortune had happened to him; I should be ready
+to leave my sick body upon my bed and be changed into a guardian angel
+to hover over them during their stay at Berlin, and thus to answer the
+confidence of your Queen, who begged me in a charming letter to treat
+her sons as my own."
+
+Upon the day when our Princes were at home to the Diplomatic Body M.
+de Ribeaupierre, the Russian Minister, sent his excuses, alleging a
+swollen face. Contrary to the old etiquette of Berlin, the whole of
+the Diplomatic Body was invited to a ball at the house of Prince
+William, the King's brother. Of this entertainment I am informed: "The
+ball given to the French mission by order of the King, Louis-Philippe,
+was a great success; the French Princes were so tactful as to do the
+honours themselves, and received the King and the Princesses at the
+foot of the staircase."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 2, 1836._--The Princess de Lieven arrived here
+yesterday in a feeble state of health. We took her in and looked after
+her as well as we could, but towards the evening I began to feel that
+she had some presentiments of a tiresome stay, and that if the journey
+hither lay before her at this moment she would hesitate to undertake
+it. This I can understand. Here she will have no news and will not be
+able to see the shadow-show of life, which are both necessities to
+her. The novelty of the outer world, recollections and historical
+traditions, natural beauties, the domestic life of a household,
+reading, thought, and work are by no means to her taste, and in other
+respects Valen�ay has never been more poverty-stricken than at this
+moment.
+
+The verses which M. de Peyronnet has sent to me are not very
+excellent, but that point is of no account in comparison with the
+actual circumstance and the whole question. During the winter I
+worked pretty hard for these poor people, and obtained some definite
+alleviation for M. Peyronnet, who was the worst of all in health, and
+this he found very agreeable; I hope that I may be able to do more for
+him as soon as the session is over. It was this charitable work which
+inspired the verses in question.[22]
+
+  [22] We have been unable to find them.
+
+My sister writes to me from Vienna saying that great preparations are
+made to receive the French Princes, and in particular Paul Esterhazy
+is working for that purpose; there will be an entertainment at his
+house at Eisenstadt. Unfortunately many people are in the country and
+many in mourning.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 4, 1836._--We have had two days of bad weather, but
+yesterday morning a better prospect fortunately allowed us to take
+Madame de Lieven for a drive in the forest and past the warren, the
+quarries, &c. In the evening, however, M. de Talleyrand had an attack
+of palpitation, which was but slight, though it is evident that the
+enemy is still there. Madame de Lieven yawned to desperation. The poor
+woman is bored, which fact I can very well understand and pardon. The
+truth is that, with her frame of mind and habits, she is not likely to
+endure our solitude or the dull and quiet atmosphere of the household
+which is due to the mental and physical state of M. de Talleyrand.
+Moreover, the Princess is not an easy guest from a material point of
+view; she has twice changed her room, and now wants to go back to the
+first room she occupied, in which is the bed of Madame de Sta�l. Lady
+Holland could not have given us more trouble, and Pauline says that
+the Princess is "rather whimsical."
+
+A caricature has appeared in London of Lord Melbourne and Mrs. Norton
+on the very day of the eclipse; it represents the sun and Mrs. Norton
+as the moon passing over it, while beneath is the word "Eclipse." The
+reference is to the scandalous law-suit which Mr. Norton is bringing
+against his wife, and in which Lord Melbourne is unpleasantly
+compromised.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 5, 1836._--The poor Princess de Lieven is greatly
+bored, and expresses herself on the subject with strange openness.
+Yesterday she asked me, as if she were talking to herself, why we had
+invited her at a time when we had no one staying in the house. I began
+to laugh, and replied very gently: "But, dear Princess, you yourself
+were so kind as to ask to come. We would have invited the whole world,
+but the session is not yet finished, so that diplomatists, peers, and
+Deputies cannot leave Paris." "That is true," she replied, and later
+on, when she saw that M. de Sercey had just arrived at Paris, she was
+full of regret that she could not be there to ask him questions; she
+also thought her _salon_ would have been very interesting that evening
+during the discussion of the foreign service vote. I like
+straightforward persons, because with them at any rate one knows
+exactly where one is.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 10, 1836._--The Princess de Lieven received letters
+yesterday from her husband, telling her that she has been represented
+in a very bad light to the Emperor Nicholas. Conversations and whole
+speeches have been sent to St. Petersburg as though they emanated from
+the Princess, which are certainly fictitious, for she is very zealous
+in her master's service; but those who talk a great deal and see many
+people are always compromised sooner or later. The Princess is greatly
+agitated in consequence.
+
+The Prince d'Orange is quite obviously showing signs of madness, which
+take the form of such sordid economy that his wife and children have
+not even enough to eat; he keeps the key of the pantry himself, and
+the Princess has to send out her chambermaid to buy cutlets. The
+eldest son is said to be a young scamp. He is now at London with his
+younger brother, where they are known as the "unripe Oranges." The
+Dutch are said to be much perturbed about the future of their country,
+and are praying that the life of the present King may be prolonged.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 13, 1836._--Yesterday I had a long letter from the
+Crown Prince of Prussia, with a kind sentence concerning the French
+Princes and their father, the King, though with a qualification
+against revolutions which shows his true opinion. It is a curious
+letter. I have had another from M. Ancillon in most laudatory terms,
+with no qualification, concerning the travellers, the union, the
+peace, and M. de Talleyrand; also a curious letter. Finally I have two
+very long letters from M. de Valen�ay written from Vienna; he had
+stopped at G�nthersdorf, of which he gives full details.[23] At Vienna
+he had seen the Count of Clam at the house of his aunt of Sagan, from
+whom he had learnt that the first interview had given great
+satisfaction and that our Princes had said everything that was proper.
+The Archduchess Sophie spoke very kindly of her remembrance of me and
+treated my son very well. He thinks that the Austrian princesses lack
+that grace and distinction which is so striking in the princesses of
+the Prussian royal family. Princess Metternich was at the first
+evening reception given by M. and Madame de Sainte-Aulaire; she
+behaved most discreetly, and stayed very late; the Duc d'Orange only
+talked to her for five minutes, and then upon the subject of
+homeopathy! She deserved a small lesson.[24]
+
+  [23] An estate belonging to the Duchesse de Dino in Silesia.
+
+  [24] Princess Metternich had used some discourteous terms
+  concerning the assumption of the crown by Louis-Philippe in 1830.
+
+The great diplomatic reception of the nobility and the garrison seems
+to have been superb. M. de Valen�ay was especially delighted by the
+races at Baden, where he was entertained by the Archduke Charles, who
+spoke to him very warmly of M. de Talleyrand. The Archduke received
+all the Frenchmen most cordially. They dined with the Archduchess
+Theresa, who is described by M. de Valen�ay as of an agreeable
+appearance, with pretty manners, and an attractive face. She is very
+dark and small. The Duc d'Orl�ans was seated near her at dinner, and
+their conversation was vivacious. Prince Metternich was also there. He
+has been reconciled, at any rate outwardly, with the Archduke.[25] The
+latter has retired to the pretty town of Baden, where he grows
+flowers; he told M. de Valen�ay that, like all old soldiers, he loved
+his garden. The Duc d'Orl�ans was to dine there again by himself two
+days later. The Archduke adores his daughter, and will leave her free
+to choose her own husband; she has refused the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria, and is to inspect the Kings of Naples and Greece. The Russian
+alliance alone causes her father some fears.
+
+  [25] The Liberal ideas of the Archduke Charles had induced Prince
+  Metternich to remove this prince from the Court and to regard him
+  with suspicion. They had almost quarrelled.
+
+M. de Valen�ay was also delighted with the entertainment at Laxemburg,
+and the water-parties, with music everywhere, which reminded him of
+Virginia Water. All the society of Vienna was there informally, and
+the scene was correspondingly animated.
+
+It is quite clear that all this causes ill-feeling at Prague. The
+Dauphine was speaking to some one who asked her, when she was about to
+start for Vienna, at what time they would have the honour of seeing
+her again; she replied that any one who wanted to see her henceforward
+would have to come and fetch her. A Vienna lady, a strong political
+opponent of France, said before M. de Valen�ay, in speaking of our
+Prince Royal, that he was so kind and gracious it was to be hoped that
+he was not something else!
+
+The travellers are to start on the 11th and make their way to Milan
+through Verona, devoting ten days to the journey.
+
+The Prince of Capua and Miss Penelope are at Paris. The former has
+seen the Queen; he will go to Rome, and there open negotiations for a
+reconciliation with Naples.
+
+All the Coburg family and the Belgian King and Queen are coming to
+Neuilly.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 17, 1836._--It seems that every day must be marked by
+some tribulation. Yesterday evening we had a terrible fright, the
+consequences of which might have been most serious; they seem to have
+been but slight, though the doctor says that we cannot be certain for
+nine days that no internal shock has been sustained. M. de
+Talleyrand's mania for staying out late brought him back yesterday in
+his little carriage when it was pitch-dark; moreover, he childishly
+amused himself by steering a zigzag course, so that he twisted the
+front wheel. This checked his progress, and he could not perceive the
+cause in the darkness, so he told the servant to push harder, which he
+did. The result was a violent jolt, which shot him out of the carriage
+and threw him head first with his face on the ground upon the gravel
+of the Orange Court at the entry of the _donjon_. His face was badly
+bruised, but fortunately his nose bled freely; he did not lose
+consciousness, and wished to sit in the drawing-room and play piquet.
+At midnight he put his feet in hot mustard and water, and is now
+asleep. But what a terrible nervous shock at his age and with his
+weight, and when he is suffering from a malady which demands that he
+should be spared every emotion and disturbance!
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 18, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand's face has suffered
+considerably, but otherwise he seems to have escaped miraculously from
+this remarkable fall.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 21, 1836._[26]--Do you remember that it was you who
+refused any form of conversation upon the subject of religion? Only
+upon one occasion at Rochecotte did you give me any outline of your
+ideas upon this subject; at that time you were more advanced than
+myself in respect of certain beliefs. My experiences since that date
+have brought me more rapidly along the road, but my starting-point has
+been my recollection of that conversation, in which I saw that you
+admitted certain fundamental principles of which I was not sure. In
+any case, my speculations have not advanced beyond that point, and
+only in points of practice do I attempt to guide my movements by this
+compass; I have never busied myself with dogmas or mysteries, and if I
+prefer the Roman Catholic religion I do so because I think it most
+useful to society in general and to States; individual religion is a
+different matter, and I think any religion based upon the Gospel is
+equally good and divine. Since I have seen all supports falling away
+around me, I have felt my own weakness and the necessity of some
+support and guide; I have sought and found; I have knocked and it has
+been opened to me; I have asked and it has been given to me; and yet
+all very incompletely hitherto, for when one thus walks alone and ill
+prepared it is impossible to avoid wrong paths, or to avoid slipping
+in the ruts with continual stumbles. Nor would it have been wise to
+arouse myself to excessive zeal and fervour, which would have prepared
+a reaction, perhaps fatal; I therefore advance step by step, and when
+I consider my progress am humiliated to see how little I have risen; a
+little more kindness, patience, and self-command is all that I have
+acquired. I have the same delight in the things that please me, the
+same repugnance for those that weary me, my dislikes are not extinct
+and enmity remains keen, my mental anxiety is often wearing, my
+energies are inconsistent, my speech often too hasty and its
+expression inconsiderate. I have, too, a thousand modes of
+self-flattery; I am wounded by blame, and too pleased by approbation,
+which I sometimes seek and would be ready to arouse at necessity; in
+fact, there is no task so long and difficult and none that demands
+more exertion and perseverance than to satisfy one's conscience.
+
+  [26] Extract from a letter.
+
+Apart from the practical methods which I have felt must be followed as
+a thread to guide me through the labyrinth, I have also been helped by
+a great sense of gratitude. One day in England I was suddenly struck
+by the thought of the innumerable favours which had been granted to
+me, though I had made so ill a use of my powers and my advantages. I
+admire the patience of God and the long-suffering of Providence
+towards me; to have found what I have found seems to me so real a
+blessing and so ill-deserved that it has filled me with gratitude.
+This sense has continually increased, and partially supports me in
+accomplishing the sacrifices which I am making. The deep instruction
+to be daily derived from the old age of M. de Talleyrand; the death of
+Marie Suchet;[27] her mother's grief; the successive deaths of so many
+of my acquaintances of different ages, sexes, and positions; of the
+granddaughter whose eyes I have closed,[28] and who brought death so
+near to me; the close reading of good books; the lofty conversation
+of M. de Royer-Collard, who is ready to throw aside philosophic doubts
+and is slowly succeeding--all these influences have made me consider a
+thousand matters hitherto unnoticed, and have directed me towards a
+lofty and a certain goal. Such is the story of this side of my life.
+My attitude, however, is not that of outward profession, and I can say
+that I am more advanced in reality than in form; in the latter
+respect, I doubt if I shall ever change.
+
+  [27] Daughter of the Marshal of Albuf�ra.
+
+  [28] Yolande de Valen�ay.
+
+What a long answer this is to one small page of your letter! If it
+seems to you too long, say so, and we will reserve all these
+revelations for evenings at Rochecotte.
+
+The Duc d'Orl�ans gives a glowing account of a conversation with
+Prince Metternich, by which he was delighted.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven has just gone away, to the general relief. I
+think that the Princess and her proud niece[29] came to feel that they
+had been somewhat ridiculous here, as they went to some trouble on
+their last day to utter innumerable thanks and excuses for the
+inconvenience they had caused, &c.
+
+  [29] The Baroness of Mengden, niece of the Princesse de Lieven,
+  afterwards lived at Carlsruhe, where she was abbess of a noble
+  chapter. She was very tall, especially in the upper part of her
+  body, and any one seated by her side at dinner was obliged to
+  raise his head in order to see her face. As she was very
+  good-natured, she became to some extent her aunt's drudge; at
+  Valen�ay, when the Princesse de Lieven stayed there, she gave her
+  niece her jewel-box to keep when she was out driving, so that the
+  Baroness of Mengden could rarely take part in these excursions.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 24, 1836._--How stupid ill-nature is! Madame de Lieven
+has been unkind enough to write to Paris groaning and lamenting over
+the profound boredom which she felt here, and her correspondents have
+been laughing at us or using her words against us; the fact is widely
+known and commented upon. Our friends told us of it with great
+indignation. This small ingratitude on the part of Madame de Lieven,
+which apparently arises on this occasion from want of social
+experience, is real stupidity; in any case, I am not surprised; I
+would have made a bet that it was so; her weariness was too profound
+to be concealed, and I clearly saw that the need of revenge was felt
+in her correspondence. I do not reproach her for being bored, for
+saying so, or even for writing the fact, but for prolonging her stay
+here under the pretext of illness. She was afraid of travelling alone,
+afraid to be isolated at Baden, and dared not stay longer at Paris,
+and so she stayed here, to die of inanition and to rouse our
+ill-feeling. This did not prevent her from weeping like a penitent
+when she went away; her tears were sincere, for she shed them, not for
+us, but for herself, her wandering and lonely life. On that point I am
+not deceived.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from M. de Valen�ay from Leoben. They were
+very pleased with Vienna in every respect. However, the Prussian royal
+family showed to better advantage than the Imperial royal family. The
+Prussian princesses were thought more striking for their youth, their
+beauty and good style, and notwithstanding the garland of lilies,
+which seems to have been the result of a teasing or coquettish
+conversation, our Prince Royal and Princess Albert began an obvious
+flirtation. The Empress of Austria and the Duchess of Lucca, her
+sister, are very beautiful, but in a cold, austere, and imposing
+style. Our Princes distributed the same presents at Vienna as at
+Berlin, but instead of the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour which
+was given to Ancillon, Prince Metternich, who has long possessed all
+the French orders, was given a magnificent service of S�vres china.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 25, 1836._--M. de Barante[30] writes from St.
+Petersburg saying that there is great feeling against Madame de
+Lieven, on account of her long stay in France. Some ill-temper has
+also been aroused by the successful journey of our Princes, but
+nothing of the kind has been shown to our ambassador, who is treated
+personally with great politeness.
+
+  [30] French Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
+
+It is said that Mrs. Norton was most angry, in the course of the
+strange trial--of which _Galignani_ gives a far too detailed
+account--because the servants who were called to give evidence said
+that she rouged and dyed her eyebrows.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 27, 1836._--Another attempt upon the King's life.[31]
+What a dreadful mania it is, and will it be always futile? Such is the
+sad question which one cannot help asking. We know nothing yet beyond
+the news telegraphed to the centres of the neighbouring departments,
+whence the prefects have sent messengers for our information.
+
+  [31] On the evening of June 25, 1836, a young man aged
+  twenty-six, named Louis Alibaud, shot at the king in the court of
+  the Tuileries when Louis-Philippe was reviewing the National
+  Guard and the drummers were beating a march.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 28, 1836._--Our Princes have been told by letter not
+to hasten their return on account of the attempt upon the King's life.
+They should reach Turin to-day, and are expected at Paris on the 8th.
+It seems that Lord Ponsonby[32] has gone mad. He insists upon the
+dismissal of Reis Effendi[33] and the chief of the Guard. He has
+written two notes to the Ottoman Porte in which he even threatens the
+Ottoman Empire with disruption if satisfaction is refused. Admiral
+Roussin himself writes that Lord Ponsonby is mad. All the Ministers,
+including the Russian Minister, are working to prevent a rupture; the
+Court of Vienna is explaining the matter to the English Government in
+London, and it is hoped that Lord Ponsonby will be recalled.
+
+  [32] English Ambassador at Constantinople.
+
+  [33] Reis Effendi was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Turkey.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 29, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from our
+travellers, dated from Roveredo, where they were detained by the
+indisposition of the Duc de Nemours. It was a somewhat serious attack,
+of which they made light in their letters to his parents, but which
+greatly frightened the Duc d'Orl�ans. He was also greatly vexed by the
+hurried departure of General Baudrand. It seems that this departure
+was provoked not so much by the necessity of a rapid journey to the
+waters as by some ill-temper at the fact that the Prince Royal did not
+show sufficient confidence in him.
+
+The Princes were about to make their way to Florence, as the Grand
+Duke of Tuscany had been especially pertinacious in asking for a
+visit, but the illness of the Duc de Nemours stopped their journey.
+They have met the Archduchess Marie Louise,[34] cousin-german of our
+Prince Royal. She asked M. de Valen�ay for news of us, as she is his
+godmother. He thought she was not so aged as she has been described.
+They have also seen the Princess of Salerno and the King of Naples.
+The latter is described as having a fine head, but a coarse and clumsy
+figure. He is in despair at the death of his wife, with whom he lived
+on very bad terms until she was with child, in giving birth to whom
+she died. He is said to be very whimsical.
+
+  [34] The widow of Napoleon I.
+
+The Archbishop of Paris was at Neuilly at eleven o'clock on the day
+when the King's life was attempted. It is unfortunate that he can
+never appear before the King except immediately after an attempt at
+assassination, and I therefore think that his visits are not very
+popular, as they are made under conditions with which one would
+readily dispense. He refused to admit the body of Siey�s to the
+church, and it was taken straight to the cemetery.[35]
+
+  [35] Siey�s died at Paris, June 28, 1836.
+
+My deepest grief concerning the attempted assassination of the 25th is
+that I fear the pistol-shot has killed our Princess Royal. Many say
+that Alibaud is another Louvel, an isolated fanatic, a natural product
+of newspaper extravagances and bad teaching. The King wishes to pardon
+the assassin, but it is thought that the Cabinet will not suffer him
+to do so. General Fagel[36] has been at Neuilly, notwithstanding the
+presence of the Belgian King and Queen; the King treated him very
+kindly.
+
+  [36] General Fagel had been the ambassador of the King of the Low
+  Countries in France under the Restoration.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 5, 1836._--My chambermaid's serious illness forces me
+to wait upon myself. I have felt a little awkward, but shall get used
+to it. It is not always pleasant, but it is useful, and I do not
+complain. I have, indeed, my moments of discouragement, but then I
+chide myself and it passes away. At times great nervous fatigue
+results from want of practice, but this will disappear, for we are not
+upon earth to amuse ourselves, or to rest, or to be well and happy and
+comfortable; that is our chief illusion; we mistake our object, and
+are then angry that we do not attain it; if we tell ourselves that the
+object of life is work, struggle, and sacrifice we avoid
+misunderstandings and escape the most painful of fates.
+
+The examination of Alibaud will not be printed; so much the better, as
+all this is bad food for public curiosity. Yesterday I had a letter
+from the Duc de Noailles, who is one of the judges; he told me that
+the crime was obviously prompted by want. As the man had not a
+halfpenny he wished to kill himself, but he thought his death should
+be made interesting and useful. Such is the influence of bad teaching
+derived from the republican age and society in which he has lived. He
+is not a gloomy fanatic like Louvel, nor a modern Erostratus like
+Fieschi, but is merely a beggar of considerable self-possession and
+badly brought up.
+
+All the newspapers, Carlist, Radical, and Moderate, are greatly vexed
+by the mandate of the Archbishop of Paris. To appear at Neuilly is too
+much for some; unwillingness to use the term "the King" in the mandate
+is a platitude which does not deceive others and irritates many; the
+Jesuitical and equivocal phrase at the end is thought very pitiable.
+In short, the outcry is general and deserved. I am sorry, for at
+bottom he is a man not without good qualities, but with a deplorable
+want of tact.
+
+I have a letter from M. de Valen�ay written from Milan; the horseraces
+in the arena, where twenty-five thousand people collected, and the
+illumination of the theatre of La Scala were admirable.
+
+The Mayor of Valen�ay came to consult M. de Talleyrand about an
+address to be presented to the King concerning the last attempt upon
+his life, and begged M. de Talleyrand to draw it up. He commissioned
+me with the task. Here it is, as it has been passed and as it was sent
+to Paris yesterday. To fall from diplomatic to municipal language is a
+great proof of decadence. That at any rate is what little Fontanes of
+Berry has produced, and of all the addresses drawn up on this occasion
+it is undoubtedly the most monarchical both in form and substance.
+
+   /* "With the confidence of children, the respect of subjects, and
+   the gratitude of the friends of true liberty, the inhabitants of
+   Valen�ay venture to place at the foot of the Throne the
+   expression of their delight at the miraculous preservation of the
+   sacred person of the King and their wishes for the permanent
+   happiness of the Royal Family. Insignificant and remote as is the
+   quarter of your realm whence these loving hearts yearn towards
+   your Majesty, your goodness is our guarantee that our token of
+   respect will be indulgently received. Our town, moreover, is not
+   without its claims upon the interest of the King, and the claim
+   which we are most pleased to assert is the honour which we have
+   had in receiving His Royal Highness Monseigneur the Duc
+   d'Orl�ans, and the recollection of the kindness which he has
+   shown amongst us," &c. &c.
+
+Then follow the signatures of the Municipal Council, including that of
+M. de Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 10, 1836._--My son, Valen�ay, arrived yesterday; he
+told us nothing new about his travels, and only confirmed his previous
+letters. We have also the Prince de Laval, by whom M. de Talleyrand is
+wearied to death, and with good reason. At Paris the Prince is
+tolerable, and sometimes even amusing, but in the country his want of
+judgment and his snobbishness, which induces him to say, for instance,
+that the orange-tree, pruned, clipped short, and planted in a box, is
+the aristocracy of nature, his continual practice of asking questions,
+of stammering and spitting before one's face, and always looking on
+the insignificant side of things, are most wearing; and he does not
+say a word of his departure.
+
+The Duc d'Orl�ans writes to say that only for reasons of state would
+he be sorry not to marry the daughter of the Archduke Charles, for her
+attractions for him are entirely moral; in person he thinks her, if
+not ugly, yet insignificant, and he is not attracted. In any case, the
+father and daughter readily assent to the proposal of marriage; the
+Emperor of Austria says nothing; but his brother the Archduke Francis
+Charles and his sister-in-law the Archduchess Sophie say "No."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 13, 1836._--Yesterday evening we had a visit from the
+Duc Decazes[37] and the Comte de la Villegontier, who stopped for tea
+on their way to their foundry at Aveyron. M. Decazes was sad and
+sorrowful concerning the King's dangers and the open sores in society,
+as revealed by the trial of Alibaud. He also complains, and with
+reason, of the organisation, or rather the non-organisation, of the
+police. He says that the King alone has preserved his calm and
+presence of mind, but that around him all are sad, anxious, and
+agitated, and that the Queen and Madame are very unhappy. Marshal
+Lobau has persuaded the King that the National Guard would take it ill
+if his Majesty did not review them on the 28th of this month. He will
+therefore pass under the Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, where the
+National Guard will march before him. But this is too much. The July
+festivals will be confined to the opening of the Arc de Triomphe, and
+the Obelisk from Luxor will be unveiled. No further commemoration
+would be required, in my opinion.
+
+  [37] M. Decazes then acted as chief referendary to the Chamber of
+  Peers.
+
+Alibaud yielded to the exhortations of the Abb� Grivel. He confessed,
+and therefore has repented. On the scaffold he kissed the crucifix
+before the people, but when one of the servants took away his black
+veil he flew into a rage and turned suddenly round to the multitude,
+red in the face, crying, "I die for my country and for liberty," and
+then he submitted.
+
+M. Decazes also told us that every day brought him anonymous letters,
+denunciations, and revelations, and that it was impossible to get a
+moment's peace. He left me in profound sadness.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 16, 1836._--The Prince de Laval, who is still here,
+admiring everything and evidently well pleased in spite of our
+political differences, has a certain form of wit which consists in
+saying smart and clever remarks now and then, but these are wanting in
+taste and balance. His class snobbishness recalls that of M.
+Saint-Simon, his caste prejudice is carried to a ridiculous point, his
+curiosity and gossip are unexampled, and his selfishness and
+absorption in his own importance and amusement are inconceivable; he
+advances every claim on his own behalf, and is therefore unbearable
+when taken seriously. Taken the other way, there is something to be
+got out of him, the more so as, though he is a tease, he is not
+ill-tempered, and the very extravagance of his poses forces him to
+live up to them.
+
+The Duc de Noailles, whom we also expect here to-day, is very
+different; he is reasonable, self-possessed, cold, polite, and
+reserved, asking no questions, never chattering nor wearying anybody;
+but though he is unpretentious his claims to consideration are none
+the less real, and he is absorbed, first of all by his position as a
+great lord, and then as a politician. His position as a man of fashion
+and fortune, of which Adrien de Laval boasts his past possession, as
+they are now gone, has no attraction for him. I might even say that if
+M. de Laval is a quondam young man, the Duc de Noailles is an old man
+before his time. He is only thirty-four or thirty-five, but his face,
+his manners, and his life in general make him appear fifty.
+
+
+_Paris, July 27, 1836._--I think more and more of the Duc de Noailles.
+He is a man of good judgment, sound taste, with a sense of honour and
+excellent manners. He is also dignified and possessed of common sense,
+while his goodwill is valuable, and his high position may be useful in
+the world in which he is a figure. But my high opinion of his good
+qualities and the value which I set upon his goodwill and friendship
+do not prevent me from seeing his pretentiousness. His chief ambition
+is political, and is not, perhaps, sufficiently supported by the ease
+of temperament which is quite indispensable at the present time. The
+whole family has remained what it was two hundred years ago. The
+Noailles are rather illustrious than ancient, rather courtiers than
+servants, but servants rather than favourites, intriguers rather than
+ambitious, society people rather than lords, snobs rather than
+aristocrats, and above all and before all, Noailles. I know the whole
+of the family existing at the present time; the best and most capable
+of them is undoubtedly the Duc, whom I judge perhaps somewhat
+severely, but for whom I have always a real esteem.
+
+I left Valen�ay the day before yesterday at six o'clock in the
+morning; my dear Pauline was very sad at being left behind; I slept at
+Jeurs with the Mollien family, reaching their house at eight o'clock
+in the evening, and arrived here in pretty good time. I found M. de
+Talleyrand in fairly good health, but much disturbed by the state of
+affairs. The King will not be present at to-morrow's review, and has
+given it up because of a discovery that fifty-six young people have
+sworn to kill him. As it was impossible to arrest these fifty-six, it
+has been thought more advisable to abandon the review. In what times
+we live!
+
+The death of Carrel[38] has also thrown a gloom over us. He made many
+mistakes, but his mind was distinguished and his talent remarkable.
+Even M. de Chateaubriand, the author of the "G�nie du Christianisme,"
+wept as he walked in the funeral procession of the man who refused to
+see a priest and forbade the holding of any Church ceremony at his
+funeral. The desire to produce an effect usually ends in some loss of
+taste and propriety in the most essential details.
+
+  [38] A violent newspaper quarrel brought about a meeting between
+  Armand Carrel, editor of _Le National_, and Emile de Girardin,
+  editor of _La Presse_. A pistol duel took place on July 28 in the
+  wood of Vincennes. Armand Carrel was severely wounded in the
+  stomach, and died the next day, after expressing a definite wish
+  for burial in a cemetery without any Church service.
+
+Affairs in Spain are going very badly. The supporters of intervention
+are growing active, and many of them are influential and leading
+spirits, but the supreme will is in active opposition to them.
+
+During my journey yesterday I was in very good company, with Cardinal
+de Retz, whose memoirs I have taken up again; I had not read them for
+many years, and then at an age when one is more attracted by the facts
+and the anecdotes than by the style or reflections. The style is
+lively, original, strong, and graceful, while the reflections are
+thoughtful, judicious, elevating, striking, and abundant. What a
+delightful book, and what insight, and often more than insight, in
+judgment, if not in action! He was a political La Bruy�re.
+
+
+_Paris, July 28, 1836._--Yesterday the Duc d'Orl�ans came to see me.
+He is in very bad health and somewhat melancholy; he too is obliged
+to take an infinite number of precautions which sadden his life. The
+King had resolved to go to the review, but was at the same time so
+convinced that he would be killed that he made his will, and gave full
+orders and directions to his son concerning his accession to the
+throne.
+
+At the end of the morning I also had a call from M. Thiers, who was
+very pleased with the news he had just received from Africa, with the
+political situation at home and abroad, and, in short, with
+everything, apart from the great and continual dangers which threaten
+the King's life. There were to have been several attempts upon the
+King's life on the day of the review; these attempts were to be
+organised separately and without connection. One was to be delivered
+by a group of men disguised as National Guards, who were to fire a
+volley of twenty shots at the King as he passed, one of which would
+certainly have found its mark. Two of the young men who have been
+arrested--and the arrests amount to more than a hundred--have already
+made important confessions. Yesterday morning a man was arrested in
+whose house was found a machine like Fieschi's, but more perfect and
+smaller in compass, with more accuracy and certainty in its working.
+
+
+_Paris, July 29, 1836._--Yesterday evening I was with the Queen. She
+seemed quite natural in manner, though she said very bitterly: "We can
+testify to ourselves that we are entirely upright, and yet we are
+forced to live amid terrors and with the precautions of tyrants."
+Madame Ad�la�de urges her not to sadden the King's temper. He was with
+his Ministers, and did not come in till later. His manner was quite
+ordinary, but his features bear the mark of gloomy thoughts; the
+greatest vexation he ever experienced in his life was his inability to
+go to the review. Moreover, he thinks that his days are numbered, for
+the day before yesterday, when taking leave of the Queen of the
+Belgians, who was returning to Brussels, he told her that he would not
+see her again. The young queen was in ill-health, and nothing was more
+heartrending than their farewells. Poor people!
+
+A remarkable fact which is vouched for by all the officers of the
+legions of the National Guard is that during the last fortnight a
+number of unknown or notorious people, such as Bastide, and others,
+have put down their names on the rotas of the National Guard and take
+sentry duty; this was in order that they might find a place in the
+ranks which were to march before the King upon the day of the review.
+
+Nothing sadder can be conceived than the Tuileries. I stayed there two
+hours with an inexpressible sinking of heart, a melancholy and an
+inclination to weep which I could hardly restrain, especially when I
+saw the King. I shall start early to-morrow morning for Valen�ay.
+
+
+_Chartres, July 31, 1836._--I left Paris yesterday, but much later
+than I intended, as the Duc d'Orl�ans sent word that he wished to
+speak with me again. I cannot say how much I have been touched by his
+perfect kindness to me. He came to see me every day, and showed that
+he counted me as his best friend--and he is certainly not mistaken. He
+has made remarkable progress in every respect, and if heaven preserves
+him to us I am sure that his reign will be brilliant. I hope that a
+good marriage will clear our political horizon, which is very dark.
+
+What is his marriage to be? That question will be decided next week,
+for I think that he certainly will marry; circumstances make it
+entirely necessary to consolidate and strengthen that which crime
+threatens and attacks daily, and a continuation of the line becomes
+even more important than the greatness of the alliance. The latter,
+however, is not to be despised. Search is made, but if no success
+results the only object will be to find a wife who can bear fine
+children, without any idea of a morganatic marriage, which is not
+required for many sound reasons, any more than a marriage with any
+member of the Bonaparte family. Religion is a matter of no
+consequence. It is absolutely necessary to deliver Paris from the
+mournful condition into which it has fallen. I know the French, and if
+they are shown a young and engaging bride they will be delighted,
+while the foreign political world will perhaps be more considerate to
+us when it has no further matrimonial snare to spread before us.
+
+Yesterday I stayed a few minutes at Versailles with Madame de Balbi,
+and a few minutes more at Maintenon, with the Duchesse de Noailles. I
+am now starting for Ch�teaudun, and shall go on from thence to
+Montigny, where I have promised to visit the Prince de Laval.
+
+
+_Montigny, August 1, 1836._--I left Chartres after hearing mass in the
+cathedral, which, as far as I could see, has not suffered from the
+fire.[39] The wood- and lead-work have gone, but as the vaulting
+within, which was made of stone, has not suffered, nothing is to be
+seen from within the church. The work of repair is now in progress.
+
+  [39] In the month of June 1836 a conflagration, supposed to be
+  caused by the carelessness of some plumbers, completely destroyed
+  the chestnut beam-work of the cathedral, which was the admiration
+  of visitors and was known as "the Forest." A great number of old
+  windows were broken or melted, and the bells were seriously
+  damaged. For several hours the fire threatened to spread to the
+  whole of the lower town. The important work of repair lasted for
+  several years.
+
+I stopped at Ch�teaudun in order to go over the whole of the old
+castle, including the kitchens and the dungeons. Though greatly
+ruined, some beauties yet remain, and the view is splendid. The Prince
+de Laval came to meet me, and brought me here in his carriage. He is
+making a charming spot here, arranged with good taste, care, and
+magnificence. The situation is beautiful, and the Gothic part of the
+castle has been well preserved and carefully restored. The castle
+would give a very good idea of the owner to anybody who did not know
+him. I must admit my astonishment at the fact that the spot could have
+been arranged as it was by Adrien de Laval; the truth is that he has
+an excellent architect; and then the Baron de Montmorency has arranged
+the court, and has had several consultations with me concerning the
+arrangement of the rooms, for this is not my first visit. In short, it
+is charming, and though things are much better at Rochecotte, there
+are some here which outrival ours. In respect of size and proportion
+the two places can be well compared.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 2, 1836._--I have now returned to my lair, and am
+delighted to be far from the uproar of Paris, but I should like time
+for a good rest, whereas M. de Talleyrand has also just come with
+people who are to surround us from to-day. If I could choose a coat
+of arms which really meant something I should prefer a stag at bay
+with the dogs around him.
+
+It is impossible to be more hospitable than M. de Laval has been, and
+I am slightly ashamed of the small ingratitude of which I may be
+guilty in relating one of the most ridiculous affairs which I know.
+Adrien possesses the order of the Holy Ghost, which is no longer worn;
+he had several medallions, and will any one guess what he has done
+with them? He has had them sewn on the middle of one of the velvet
+counterpanes which cover the chief beds in the castle. I was never
+more surprised than to wake up in the morning and find a large
+inscription of the Holy Ghost across my figure.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 6, 1836._--I have a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, dated July 22, from Vienna, which begins as follows:
+"I am now writing to you, as this letter will be taken by a courier
+who will start in two days and tell the Ministry I really do not know
+what. The attempted assassination by Alibaud has evoked unexpected
+manifestations of interest for the King here, and wishes no less
+sincere for his accomplishment of the great work with which Providence
+has entrusted him; but we need not be surprised that this incident has
+also increased the terror which is felt or which people seek to rouse
+concerning the condition of Paris. 'Everything comes to him who
+waits.' On this condition I would have answered for his success, but
+it is one of the cases where people will not wait, and possibly with
+reason." This letter from M. de Sainte-Aulaire must have come by the
+courier who brought the important answer concerning the proposed
+marriage between the Duc d'Orl�ans and the Archduchess Theresa; hence
+this answer must have arrived at Paris, and I am the more inclined to
+think that it has been received, as Madame Ad�la�de informs M. de
+Talleyrand that her nephew will write to him personally upon his own
+affairs. It is from no curiosity, but with a keen desire to see the
+fate of the young Prince happily settled, that I impatiently await his
+letters. I should also like to see the King of Naples make one of our
+princesses his queen.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 7, 1836._--By way of continuing the quotation which
+I gave yesterday from M. de Sainte-Aulaire's letter, I will say that
+the reply has been received and that it has been unfavourable. I am
+sorry, for our sakes, but if it is a setback to our Prince Royal I
+regard it as possibly a political error on the part of those who have
+declined. Their repentance may yet be speedy, for the incident may
+change the appearance of the world and bring once more into opposition
+the two forces which were inclined to amalgamate.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 9, 1836._--Yesterday at lunch-time we saw our
+cousins arrive, the Prince de Chalais and his brother.[40] The former,
+in my opinion, has the most charming face that I know, a fine figure
+and noble manners. I talked a great deal with him, as he did not leave
+until after dinner. He has sound sense, simplicity of mind,
+uprightness of heart, curiosity upon useful matters, and a sensible
+and reasonable interest in everything that can strengthen the fine
+position of a great landowner.
+
+  [40] The Comte Paul de P�rigord.
+
+I am informed that the decree which is to liberate the prisoners of
+Ham has been signed. I am truly pleased to hear it, as I have worked
+hard to secure it. They are not given full liberty, but a change of
+residence with some relaxations preparatory to full freedom, which
+will allow them to recover their shattered health more readily and
+under better conditions.
+
+Every one is well pleased at Neuilly with the King of Naples. Our King
+has been much worried by people who would like him to intervene beyond
+the Pyrenees, against his wish, but hitherto he resists vigorously.
+This mental anxiety, together with the precautions which people wish
+to impose upon him to secure his safety, is poisoning his life.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 11, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand is informed that the
+Spanish problems, which are growing more and more acute, are causing
+bitterness at Paris, where nothing of the kind should exist--namely,
+between the King and his Minister of Foreign Affairs,[41] who is
+supported by the Prince Royal, as these two men are anxious for
+intervention. We may wonder who will emerge victorious from this
+domestic struggle.
+
+  [41] M. Thiers.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 22, 1836._--I can well understand the reflections
+made concerning the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden; her want of tact
+is due to her early education. She was brought up in a pretentious
+boarding-school,[42] where she learnt much except that exquisite sense
+of propriety which may be transmitted hereditarily or implanted in
+youth but can never be taught. For instance, she asked M. Berryer to a
+ball at her house, though he had not been introduced and had not asked
+for an introduction. Then she talks too much, as a rule, and attempts
+to bring herself into notice by conversational brilliancies which are
+not always properly calculated or adapted to her position. Princesses
+are not obliged to be kind; they must, however, be obliging and
+dignified; but to understand the limits of propriety and not to go
+beyond them they must have acquired certain habits from infancy; here
+the Grand Duchess Stephanie was wanting, and Madame Campan has not
+been able to amend the defect. I believe her to be at bottom an
+excellent person. Her life shows devotion and courage in the
+misfortunes through which she has passed with great credit. I think
+that Madame de Lieven, who criticises her so severely, would not
+emerge so unscathed from the crises caused by her difficult position
+with respect to her husband. The Grand Duchess had a nice manner and a
+pretty, alert, and graceful bearing; she needed youth, and as she lost
+youth her defects became more obvious. This, unfortunately, is every
+one's case, and for that reason it is wrong to say that people are too
+old to amend; on the contrary, when charm passes away it is most
+essential to replace it by capacity; charm of youth calls forth
+indulgence and provides excuses which disappear with those charms and
+graces, and are replaced by a severity of judgment which can only be
+opposed by more self-control, more self-renunciation, and more
+self-respect.
+
+  [42] The institution of the famous Madame Campan, now the school
+  of Ecouen.
+
+We are officially informed that the refusal from Vienna was expressed
+in polite terms, but no reason was given. The possibilities of
+Princess Sophia of W�rtemburg have not been considered, in spite of
+what people say. Our Prince Royal has started for the country,
+somewhat thin and changed, but entirely convalescent.
+
+From Madrid we hear that Isturitz has resigned. Calatrava takes his
+place as President of the Council. Everything is going very badly.
+
+The King of Naples starts for Toulon on the 24th, and goes, as he
+came, unmarried.
+
+The ex-Ministers are still prisoners at Ham, in consequence of
+difficulties which have arisen among the Ministers in power. The
+Minister of the Interior wishes to keep the prisoners under his
+supervision, and the President of the Council wishes them to remain in
+the fortresses, under the milder regulations, but in military
+strongholds; but so long as they are there, the Minister of War claims
+supervision over them. It is quite time that this treatment came to an
+end, for the unhappy people are ill.
+
+Madame Murat has obtained permission to spend a month at Paris. She
+will arrive in a week, and is said to be taking no part in her
+brother's intrigues.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de Lieven, who announces her
+return to Paris as a positive fact. I am afraid she may be making a
+great mistake. Yesterday I had a letter from St. Petersburg in which
+she is said to be in very bad odour at Court. On the other hand, M. de
+L�we-Weimar is very well treated at Court, and poses as an aristocrat.
+Horace Vernet is also spoiled and petted in a most inconceivable
+manner. Why, in view of that, should Madame de Lieven be thus
+harassed? Can it be that she is suspected of being something of an
+intriguer? The English are certainly right to include the capacity of
+keeping quiet among a person's best qualities.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 24, 1836._--I have a comical and unexpected piece of
+news to the effect that M. Berryer has been playing in a vaudeville at
+Baden with Madame de Rossi. This must be a strange occupation for a
+politician, but it is better for him than bad company in Switzerland.
+Yesterday the newspapers announced the death of M. de Rayneval[43] at
+Madrid. This will increase the difficulty of a question which is
+complicated enough already.
+
+  [43] French Ambassador in Spain.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 27, 1836._--We have no details from Paris, but
+obviously some Cabinet crisis is in preparation. Meanwhile M. Thiers
+seems to have been anxious to involve the King in the Spanish
+difficulty against his wish, and to have acted for that purpose
+without consulting his colleagues. The result has been a considerable
+amount of ill-feeling which is difficult to quell, and should lead in
+a few days either to the submission of Thiers to the King or to the
+formation of a new Ministry, which, however, would contain some
+members of the present Cabinet, and in particular, I think, M. de
+Montalivet. All this is a matter of speculation, for we know nothing
+definite.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 28, 1836._--A letter from Madame Ad�la�de yesterday
+informed M. de Talleyrand as follows: "The Ministry is dissolved, to
+my profound regret. I am especially sorry for Thiers, but he was
+obstinate upon the question of intervention in Spain, and this has
+spoiled everything. The King wished to disband the new body that was
+formed at Bayonne, and demanded a formal undertaking that there should
+be no question of intervention hereafter; Thiers refused, and
+resigned. Any Ministerial crisis at this moment is very vexatious, for
+we have so small a circle from which we can choose. The King has sent
+for M. Mol�, but he was in the country. He will require time to come,
+and no doubt he will ask for Guizot. It is all very distressing, and
+we know by experience how long and difficult is the task of forming a
+new Cabinet. Pity me, for I am heartbroken!" Such was the position of
+affairs the day before yesterday in the immediate neighbourhood of the
+crisis. I am very sorry it should have occurred, in the first place
+because I have a real interest in Thiers, and because I regret that
+his revolutionary instincts should have overcome his devotion, his
+gratitude, and the recognition which he owed to the great wisdom, the
+prudence, and the long experience of the King. Moreover, constant
+changes of Ministry are Governmental misfortunes and shake public
+opinion too frequently; besides, Thiers' dexterity, alertness, and
+promptitude, apart from his energy and his intellect, are useful to
+the State. What use will he make of these powers when he has full
+liberty of action? Madame Ad�la�de, as the extract from her letter
+shows, has no great love for the Doctrinaires, but it is inconceivable
+that M. de Broglie should be recalled, with whom M. Guizot considers
+that he has settled accounts for ever. Apart from these disadvantages,
+I think it is obviously beneficial for the King to have given a fresh
+proof that on questions of real importance he cannot be shaken and
+will not be driven into action against his wish. Thus in February he
+resisted the arrogance of the Doctrinaires, and has now overthrown the
+infatuation of Thiers. This seems to be a fair warning for the future
+Ministry, whatever its political colouring, and an excellent guarantee
+to all right-thinking men in Europe.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 29, 1836._--M. de Talleyrand ought to regard the
+accidents that happen to him without disastrous results as a guarantee
+that his life is certainly assured, and in my place I think that this
+warning would rather turn my thoughts upon what they portend and
+induce me to thank God for the respite granted to lighten our burden
+of responsibility. Sometimes he reflects upon death, but not often.
+Yesterday evening there was a violent storm which threatened the
+Castle. After a loud clap of thunder he asked me what I had been
+thinking of at that moment, and I immediately replied: "If a priest
+had been in the room I should have confessed myself, for I am afraid
+of sudden death. To die unprepared and to carry with me my heavy
+burden of sin is a terrifying prospect, and however careful one may be
+to live well we cannot do without reconciliation and pardon." M.
+Cogny, our doctor, who was there, and who is terribly afraid of
+thunderstorms, added somewhat foolishly that he was performing an act
+of contrition at every flash. M. de Talleyrand said nothing at all,
+and we went on playing piquet. I take every opportunity of
+strengthening my belief, and thus attempting to arouse his, but never
+until I have an opening. In such a matter a light touch is
+indispensable.
+
+Yesterday I had a long, interesting letter from the Duc d'Orl�ans, and
+a letter which I think the more satisfactory as he has returned to
+more reasonable opinions upon the Spanish question. His opinion of the
+Ministerial crisis corresponds entirely with my own. I have also a
+letter from M. Guizot written from Broglie on August 24. When writing
+he had no news of the resignation of Thiers, which took place on the
+25th. He informs me that he has just bought a small estate near
+Lisieux and is going to turn farmer.[44] I presume that I shall next
+hear that he has left the plough to resume the pen and speechifying.
+
+  [44] This estate was the Val Richer, where M. Guizot lived until
+  his death.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 1, 1836._--I am strongly inclined to accede
+entirely to the opinion concerning the Emperor Nicholas which states
+that the only royal quality in his possession is personal courage. His
+chief deficiency seems to me to be that of intelligence, not only in
+conversation and judgment, but in general.
+
+M. de Montessuy, who accompanied M. de Barante to an entertainment at
+Peterhof and passed the night there, writes that he saw the Empress at
+a distance in the gardens and respectfully withdrew, but that in the
+evening she reproached him for so doing, saying that she had come down
+in order to speak to him and that it was wrong of him to avoid her.
+All this story seems to me to be very unlikely.
+
+Madame Ad�la�de writes to M. de Talleyrand on August 30 that nothing
+has yet been done with regard to the Ministry. M. Mol� has opened
+communications with MM. Guizot and Duch�tel, both of whom have arrived
+at Paris, but unanimity between them is rendered difficult by their
+respective sense of dignity. The King and Madame seem greatly to
+regret their forced separation from the retiring Ministers and the
+necessity of calling in others.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 3, 1836._--Yesterday I learned a piece of news
+which is causing me much anxiety and is likely to involve me in
+embarrassment: the death of my man of business in Germany, Herr
+Hennenberg, who died at Berlin on August 23. I am thus obliged to
+replace a most upright and capable man, a strong and respected
+character who had full knowledge for twenty-five years not only of my
+business, but of all my intimacies, past and present, who has thrown
+himself heartily into every interest of my life and performed immense
+services, and, in spite of the many pecuniary shocks which I have
+experienced, has restored my fortunes and brought them to visible
+prosperity, often to my own astonishment. He was, in short, a man to
+whom I had entirely handed over the control of my affairs, as, indeed,
+was necessary, in view of the long distance which separates me from
+the centre of my interests. Such a man cannot be replaced by
+correspondence or blindly, nor can I remain in uncertainty and
+unsettlement for any length of time without suffering incalculable
+loss. Hence a journey to Germany seems an absolute necessity; but, on
+the other hand, how can I leave M. de Talleyrand alone in view of the
+present state of his health? It is not to be thought of, and I pray
+that Providence may deliver me from this inextricable complication.
+
+Letters from Paris say that attempts to form a Ministry are so many
+successive failures, that the King is growing tired of it, and that
+Thiers is beginning to say that Spain is past all remedy. Perhaps they
+will end in patching the matter up, but the shock that each party has
+received will weaken their harmony, apart from the paralysing sense of
+mistrust and rancour which will remain. It is all very sad.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 4, 1836._--We have letters daily from Paris, but
+no word regarding any solution of the difficulty. Yesterday I thought
+the breach might be healed; I am less inclined to think so to-day. It
+is even possible that the journey to Fontainebleau may take place
+before the reconstruction of the Cabinet. M. Thiers would like to
+start for Italy, to which the King has replied that his resignation
+will be accepted only when he has nominated a successor. Mol� and
+Guizot are possibilities which seem to be exhausted without result.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 7, 1836._--We are told that the _Moniteur_ of
+to-day will contain the names of a Guizot-Mol� Ministry, recruited
+entirely from among the Doctrinaires under the influence and by the
+efforts of M. Guizot. I had a letter from M. Thiers yesterday, and am
+sorry to see some ill-temper displayed against all who do not share
+his ideas about that wretched Spanish question. In particular he
+thinks that the signatories to the Quadruple Alliance should have
+agreed with him. This remark is addressed to M. de Talleyrand, who
+proposes to reply that a fresh reading of the treaty will show that it
+was drawn up in such a way that France is not under obligation in any
+direction. M. Guizot persisted in objecting to the retention of M. de
+Montalivet as Minister of the Interior, and as the latter thought it
+inconsistent with his dignity to leave this post for another, as
+Guizot had proposed, he has resigned, to the King's great regret, and
+will go to Berry, where he has property. Sauzet and d'Argout are said
+to be going to Italy, once the refuge of dethroned Sovereigns and now
+the inevitable touringground of ex-Ministers.
+
+The following fact is certain: On the 4th of this month information
+was received that the _Soci�t� des Familles_, the most numerous and
+best organised of secret societies at this time, proposed to make some
+attempt to raise a public disturbance. Their intention was perfectly
+clear; the fear of discovery doubtless prevented them from putting it
+into effect. They proposed to advance upon the prison where the
+political prisoners are confined, to set them at liberty, to seize the
+Prefecture of Police, and thence to march upon Neuilly. The Ministers
+assert that their intentions were quite serious.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 9, 1836._--The newspapers are already declaring a
+terrible war upon the new Ministry, which will be settled before the
+Chambers.[45] The Opposition journals predict a breach in the
+Cabinet, which seems a not unlikely possibility. Then perhaps we shall
+see M. Thiers return to the head of affairs, but with a certain
+opposition to confront him, after making war upon a system which he
+had long supported and entering into obligations with men inclining to
+the Left, in which case he would be likely to draw the Government into
+dangerous paths. I do not really know, but in general things seem to
+me to be growing dark. In any case it is fair to recognise that the
+new Ministerial combination can display to the country and abroad
+honourable names, distinguished talent, and recognised capacity. Let
+us hope, then, that it may rest upon a solid basis. Eight or ten days
+before the last crisis M. Mol�, after a considerable silence, wrote a
+very sprightly letter to M. Royer-Collard and to myself.
+
+  [45] The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Mol�, President of
+  the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Guizot, Minister
+  of Public Instruction; M. Persil, Minister of Justice; M.
+  Duch�tel, Financial Minister; M. de Gasparin, Minister of the
+  Interior, with M. de R�musat as Under-Secretary of State; M.
+  Martin du Nord, Minister of Commerce and Public Works; General
+  Bernard, Minister of War; and Admiral Rosamel, Minister of Naval
+  Affairs.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 10, 1836._--Yesterday M. de Talleyrand received a
+nice deferential little note from M. Mol� upon his accession to the
+Ministry. The burden of the letter was as follows: As the new Cabinet
+had been formed upon a question and with ideas which M. de Talleyrand
+had wisely made his own, the new Ministers might congratulate
+themselves upon his approval, and for himself he trusted that it might
+be so, as he relied upon M. de Talleyrand's counsel and opinion. M. de
+Talleyrand immediately replied. It is not my business to praise the
+answer, but I think it should please M. Mol�, though he will find no
+criticism in it of the man whose place he takes. M. de Talleyrand may
+regret the blindness of M. Thiers upon the Spanish question, but it is
+not for him to blame M. Thiers in definite terms, as he has long shown
+and felt goodwill for him.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 11, 1836._--I shall not quote Madame de Lieven as
+testifying to the accuracy of the story told by M. de Montessuy,[46]
+but I admit that I cannot understand so strange an incident. If one of
+our princesses or our Sovereign had so acted, a revolutionary
+interpretation would immediately have been put upon it at St.
+Petersburg, and if the Emperor Nicholas admits Horace Vernet, and
+especially M. de L�we-Weimar, to his favour, his intimacy, and his
+confidence, I do not see why the King should be reproached for dining
+at the Tuileries with his National Guards. The truth is,
+Louis-Philippe cannot use the knout or Siberia, which are two stern
+precautions against familiarity, though it is fortunate for each of us
+that these weapons are not in his hands; in Russia, neither age nor
+sex nor rank nor merit is any protection.
+
+  [46] _See_ above, p. 63.
+
+I have a letter from M. Guizot couched in most sprightly terms,
+telling me of his entrance to the Council. The friendship of the King
+for M. de Talleyrand and the confidence with which he honours him
+forbid any Minister to be on bad terms with him; our intentions are
+identical, so that between ourselves and these gentlemen all should go
+well.
+
+I have a long letter from the Comte Alexis de Saint-Priest from
+Lisbon. He writes from time to time, though I only send short dry
+notes by way of answer; but he seems determined to regard them as
+proofs of friendship. It is merely a case of calculating
+self-interest. He knows that the Duc d'Orl�ans shows me some kindness,
+and he believes himself called upon to play a part when this Prince
+comes to the throne, and therefore desires in any case to be one of my
+friends; any one reading the opening sentences of his letter would
+think that I was a great deal to him and he to me. I am somewhat vexed
+in consequence.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 13, 1836._--How is it that people are so often
+found ready to report ill-tempered speeches to the persons affected by
+them? It is a strange and too common frame of mind. To myself it is so
+hateful that while I believe myself incapable of it, I always receive
+very coldly those who bring me confidential remarks of this nature. I
+think that the first condition upon which one can live in peace is to
+speak evil of things only when they are bad and as little as possible
+of people, and the second condition is to disregard evil spoken about
+ourselves unless it be spoken to warn one of some trap or actual
+danger, but it is very rarely that such information is actuated by
+this good and laudable intention. These moral reflections are evoked
+by the slanders which Lord Rosse is said to have uttered about Madame
+de Lieven and the information brought to her concerning them. In any
+case I see that social habit, knowledge of the world, the necessities
+of conversation, and, in short, the thousand and one considerations
+which make hypocrisy a virtue, or at any rate a social quality, allow
+these two people to meet on good terms, and if that be so, my theories
+are of little or no importance.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 16, 1836._--The following is an extract from a
+letter received by M. de Talleyrand yesterday; it was not sent by
+Madame Ad�la�de, but the writer is generally very well informed. "M.
+Mol� is ill. He has not yet been able to pay any calls, nor to receive
+any ambassador, nor has any council yet been held by the King. It is
+said that his health will not allow him to remain long in office, and
+that he will never establish himself there with any certainty. If he
+should resign, it is thought that the Ministry would not be entirely
+dislocated, and that Montalivet would probably take his place. There
+is also a rumour that the Ministry is ready to confront the Chambers
+fearlessly, and expects to secure a majority, that it is ready to be
+contented with a small majority in the hope of seeing it grow, and
+that it does not intend to make every point a Cabinet question.
+Marshal Soult is not to be Minister of War. He was anxious to be
+President of the Council, but this was refused, and the post will
+probably be given to Molitor, S�bastiani, or Bernard. The Ministry is
+entirely dominated by the King's policy upon the Spanish question. The
+body which was gathering on the Pyrenees frontier will be disbanded
+and the Foreign Legion abandoned. In any case that legion is at the
+service of Spain, and we have no right to use it for our own purposes.
+Strictest adherence will be maintained to the limits laid down by the
+treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. At the same time an ambassador at
+Madrid will be appointed, though the death of Rayneval might have
+enabled us to dispense with this; but the appointment will be made
+from respect to England. A rumour has gone abroad, but it is a great
+secret, and the appointment is not yet settled, that this ambassador
+will be the Duc de Coigny. The King is a little doubtful of the
+attitude which Thiers will adopt. He is also much displeased with him,
+and has expressed his displeasure several times. At one time Thiers
+took some steps to return to the Ministry, and the matter was
+discussed. He then submitted himself wholly to the King's opinion and
+will upon the Spanish question, but the style of the King's expression
+showed that he was very far from reposing confidence in Thiers, and
+that he would only take him back perforce and in a difficult and
+unavoidable position. The true cause of Thiers' resignation is not so
+much difference of opinion between the King and himself as the
+deceitful course by which he wished to draw the King into intervention
+against his will. Since he has gone several facts have been discovered
+of which no one had any suspicion. Thiers went away announcing that he
+would only return for the following session if he saw his policy
+attacked. He is said to be really very despondent about his fall, and
+has the more reason for despondency as he is sole author of it. The
+mode of his resignation has greatly diminished the reputation which he
+first achieved, and the public opinion is not in his favour."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 21, 1836._--Yesterday we heard that the
+Constitution of 1820 had been proclaimed at Lisbon. It is asserted
+that this event was prepared at London, and the fact remains that
+Admiral Gage, who was in harbour with three ships of the line,
+remained a passive spectator. The queens of the South are not destined
+to enjoy unbroken slumber, for at Lisbon, as at Madrid, the Queen was
+forced to sign the new Constitution at two o'clock in the morning. The
+army took the side of the people and of the National Guard. The poor
+little Prince of Coburg has made a sad marriage indeed. If he remains
+in private life with so heavy a burden as Do�a Maria he will collapse.
+It is impossible to avoid some feeling of dismay at these military
+reactions, and we are deeply anxious to see our Cabinet completed by a
+_real_ Minister of War. General Bernard was the last chance, and would
+be the best choice, as Marshal Soult persistently refuses.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 23, 1836._--Our festival of St. Maurice[47] was
+held yesterday, and was most brilliant. Numbers of neighbours came,
+and our cousins came over from Saint-Aignan. The gamekeepers with
+their early trumpet-blasts, fine weather, a long drive, the banquet in
+the Castle, and dinner to the little school-girls, the three courts
+lighted up, and a most pretty entertainment, cheerfully and
+delightfully played, completed our festivity.
+
+  [47] St. Maurice was the patron saint of the Prince de
+  Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 25, 1836._--It is certain that Charles X., to
+please the Duc de Bordeaux, has requested Don Carlos to receive his
+grandson into his army, and Don Carlos has very wisely refused. The
+truth is that this would have been the only thing that could have
+induced France to intervene.
+
+A letter from Strasburg gives me many details concerning the Abb�
+Bautain and MM. Ratisbonne and de Bonnechose which interest me
+greatly, for it was these men who carried on the correspondence
+concerning the philosophy of religion which I read last winter. This
+book is preceded by their biographies and the story of their
+conversion, so that my knowledge of their case is complete. M.
+Royer-Collard, to whom I have spoken several times concerning the Abb�
+Bautain, told me that when he was high master of the university he
+knew the Abb�, then quite a young man; that he had a distinguished
+mind and a lively imagination, but that his mother was at Charenton
+and that there seemed some likelihood of his following her, though at
+the same time he thought a great deal of him for many reasons. I trust
+that the death of Mlle. Humann will not relax the precious bond which
+unites all these young people, with their goodness and sincerity. The
+manner of Mlle. Humann's death was like that of Queen Anne of Austria,
+a description of which I have just read in the _M�moires_ of Madame de
+Motteville; this queen also died of cancer. I know few incidents so
+touching and edifying, so curious and well described, as the death of
+this princess. I have finished these memoirs; a book which
+counterbalances, from the political standpoint, the memoirs of
+Cardinal de Retz. By way of restoring my equilibrium, I am reading
+the _M�moires_ of the Grande Mademoiselle. I read them before my
+marriage, at a time when I did not know France, and therefore knew
+even less the district which I now inhabit, and in which this princess
+lived for a long time; consequently her book has an entirely new
+attraction for me and interests me deeply.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 28, 1836._--A few days ago a Spanish courier
+arrived at Paris from Madrid. He had been stopped by the Carlists, who
+had taken all his despatches except those directly addressed to King
+Louis-Philippe. In these despatches Queen Christina announces that she
+proposes to leave Madrid, leaving the two Princesses behind. The next
+day a telegram came in stating that the Queen is to leave Madrid, with
+all the Ministry, for Badajoz. This town was chosen as being nearest
+to Portugal, and because the Queen would be unable to travel in the
+direction of Cadiz or the Pyrenees or to any seaport. Unfortunate
+creature!
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 2, 1836._--M. de Valen�ay, who is at the camp of
+Compi�gne with the Duc d'Orl�ans, writes that everything is going off
+well and that the King's visit has had an excellent effect. The
+Ministers, who all accompanied the King to Compi�gne, followed him on
+horseback to the great review, but M. Mol� felt uncomfortable after a
+few minutes and got into the Queen's carriage. The camp is said to be
+very fine; the King was excellently received, and the young Princes
+make a good appearance. I am the more pleased to hear this as it is
+the first time that the King has left his confinement since the case
+of Alibaud. His presence in camp must have been thought very
+necessary, as the Duc d'Orl�ans answered for the King's safety with
+his own life, begging him to go and show himself to the troops; and
+only then did the Council, which had at first opposed the plan,
+consent to the King's journey.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 5, 1836._--I must copy the following passage about
+the castle of Valen�ay, which I found in the _M�moires_ of the Grand
+Mademoiselle, vol. ii. p. 411, in the year 1653: "I continued my
+journey to Valen�ay, and arrived there by torchlight. I thought I was
+entering an enchanted house. The rooms are the most handsome,
+delightful, and magnificent, in the world; the staircase is very fine,
+and is reached by an arcaded gallery that is superb. It was
+beautifully lighted up; there were plenty of people, including Madame
+de Valen�ay, and some local ladies with handsome daughters, and the
+general effect was most perfect. The room corresponded with the beauty
+of the staircase, both in decorations and furniture. It rained the
+whole day that I was there, and I think the weather must have done it
+on purpose, as the covered walks had only just been begun. From there
+I went to Selles; it is a fine house."
+
+I have a letter from Alexander von Humboldt about the death of my man
+of business, Herr Hennenberg. He offers his services in a most
+obliging and careful letter, marked by the utmost flattery and
+wittiness, a curious document which I shall keep among my precious
+autographs. The death of this man has aroused the interest of all my
+friends. Were it not for the anxiety which would pursue me if I were
+to leave M. de Talleyrand and my daughter, a journey to Prussia would
+suit me entirely.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 18, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from the
+Prince de Laval, written from Maintenon, where he was staying with M.
+de Chateaubriand and Madame R�camier. He told me that a messenger from
+the Princesse de Polignac had just arrived begging the Duc de Noailles
+to go to Paris to try and remove the fresh obstacle which prevented
+the accomplishment of the promise to improve the condition of the
+prisoners. The Prince de Laval adds that the Duc de Noailles was about
+to start, and that he would return to Montigny, whence he would come
+and pay us a short visit and tell us of the new complications which
+have arisen concerning the poor prisoners of Ham.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 20, 1836._--Yesterday we had a pleasant visit from
+M. Royer-Collard, who came over from Ch�teauvieux in spite of the
+deplorable state of the roads. He was very indignant that any one
+should be bargaining with the prisoners of Ham about their liberty. He
+left me a letter which he had received from M. de Tocqueville, who had
+returned from a journey in Switzerland. In it I found the following
+passage: "I have closely examined Switzerland for two months. It is
+very possible that the present severity of the French Government
+towards it may force this disunited people to submit, but it is
+certain in any case that we have made implacable enemies there. We
+have accomplished a miracle by uniting in common feeling against
+ourselves parties hitherto irreconcilable. This miracle has been
+performed by the violent measure of M. Thiers, and perhaps even more
+by the pride and haughtiness of our ambassador, M. de Montebello, and
+his mania for interfering in the domestic affairs of the country upon
+every possible occasion."
+
+I have recently been thinking a great deal of what has been done or
+left undone for the prisoners at Ham. All the newspapers with the
+exception of the _D�bats_ unanimously blame the last measures, the
+favours offered as a bargain and the degrading conditions imposed upon
+these prisoners, who are a class by themselves and unexampled in
+history. These unfortunate men, moreover, are not asking for liberty,
+but are only requesting some alleviation on the score of their health.
+It seems that our present Ministers do not share the opinion of
+Cardinal de Retz, who said: "Everything that seems dangerous and
+really is not, is almost always a wise measure." Some one else makes
+another observation which seems very applicable to recent events:
+"There is nothing finer than to do favours to those who are against
+us, and nothing weaker, in my opinion, than to receive favours from
+them. Christianity, which enjoins the first action upon us, would
+certainly have enjoined the second if it were good." Here we have a
+clever saying in the style of that fine period when everybody, even
+the least perfect, had some grandeur about him. I do not know whether
+vice is now any less, but as for grandeur I can find none.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 23, 1836._--I have decided to write a short note
+concerning the castle of Valen�ay, describing its foundation and
+history, &c., which I shall dedicate to my grandson, Boson, in the
+following words:[48]
+
+   TO MY GRANDSON,
+
+   "All are agreed that it is disgraceful to know nothing of the
+   history of one's own country, and that undue modesty or undue
+   presumption are possible dangers if one is ignorant of one's
+   family history, but few are aware how greatly the pleasure of
+   inhabiting a beautiful spot is increased by some knowledge of its
+   traditions. Of these three kinds of ignorance the last is
+   undoubtedly of least importance, but it is also the most common;
+   schoolmasters may create the first, parents the second, but only
+   individual taste can lead us to inquire into dates and facts
+   connected with places which are not generally recognised as
+   famous. This inquiry may seem trivial if it is not justified by
+   any interesting recollections of the past, but in such a case as
+   that of Valen�ay, where the house is well known for its connection
+   with celebrities, it is the less excusable to disregard or to
+   confuse its history, as we are specially called, if not to
+   perpetuate these famous events, at least to respect them.
+
+   "It has been a pleasure to make this piece of history easier for
+   your study. May it encourage you to remain as noble in heart and
+   thought as are the glories and the traditions of the ancient place
+   of which I propose to tell you the story."
+
+  [48] This note upon Valen�ay was printed in 1848 by Crapelet, Rue
+  de Vaugirard, at Paris, with the dedication to which the author
+  here refers. This curious work is quoted by Larousse in his great
+  "Dictionnaire universel du Dix-neuvi�me Si�cle," under
+  "Valen�ay." It has become scarce, but several copies exist.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 24, 1836._--Yesterday I had a very kind letter from
+the Duc d'Orl�ans, telling me of the departure of his brother the Duc
+de Nemours for Constantine. He envies him his dangerous enterprise.
+
+M. the Prince de Joinville was at Jerusalem.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 28, 1836._--All our letters from Paris say that no
+ceremony has been more imposing than the erection of the Obelisk of
+Luxor.[49] The royal family was welcomed with delight. It was their
+first public appearance in Paris since Fieschi's attempt, and the
+people showed their pleasure. The Cabinet hesitated, as in the case of
+Compi�gne, but the royal will carried the day, and with successful
+results.
+
+  [49] The Obelisk of Luxor was given to King Louis-Philippe by
+  Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt. It was removed from its place before
+  the Temple of Luxor, carried to Paris, and erected in the Place
+  de la Concorde in 1836.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 30, 1836._--To-morrow I propose to start from here
+at eight o'clock in the morning; I shall lunch at Beauregard,[50] dine
+at Tours and sleep at my own house at Rochecotte, where M. de
+Talleyrand and my daughter will join me on November 2.
+
+  [50] With the Comtesse Camille de Sainte-Aldegonde.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 2, 1836._--I have not had a moment's rest since
+my arrival here, as I had to put everything in order before the
+appearance of the guests whom I am expecting, and to examine the
+changes that have been caused during my absence by the construction of
+the artesian well; these changes have greatly improved the immediate
+neighbourhood of the Castle, though much remains to be done.
+
+I am inclined to think that M. Thiers has uttered some very
+ill-advised remarks concerning all of us. Ill-temper and despondency
+usually find unmeasured expression in the case of persons whose early
+education has been deficient. It was the Spanish question which drove
+M. Thiers from the Ministry, and on this point he was absolutely
+opposed to M. de Talleyrand; hence the result. I have no ill-feeling
+against him; it was bound to be so. Moreover, there are very few
+people of whom I am sufficiently fond to hate them profoundly.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1836._--What is the meaning of all this
+Strasburg disturbance?[51] I am inclined to think there is something
+serious in this mad Bonaparte enterprise, from the fact that a similar
+movement took place the same day at Vend�me. Six sergeants began the
+affair, which was immediately crushed, though one man was killed. I do
+not know whether the newspapers have anything to say of it, but it is
+quite certain, as the two prefects of Tours and Blois related it to
+M. de Talleyrand, who told me the news when he arrived. The Grand
+Duchess Stephanie will be uneasy concerning the expedition of her
+cousin, Louis Bonaparte.[52] I am sorry for the Duchesse de Saint-Leu,
+although I think she had some knowledge of the affair and is more
+inclined to intrigue than to act a part; but she is a mother, and has
+already lost her eldest son, and she must feel terrible anxiety; it is
+a just though bitter punishment for her miserable intrigues.
+
+  [51] On October 26, 1836, Prince Louis Bonaparte, accompanied by
+  his friend M. de Persigny, and supported by Colonel Vaudrey,
+  attempted to begin a military revolt and to overthrow the king,
+  Louis-Philippe.
+
+  [52] Afterwards Napoleon III.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 7, 1836._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame
+de Lieven, who tells me that the Emperor Nicholas is indisposed. When
+a Russian admits that the Emperor is indisposed he must indeed be ill.
+His death would be an event of very different importance from the
+outbreak at Strasburg. I do not think the French would have any great
+reason to regret him.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 10, 1836._--Madame Ad�la�de informs M. de
+Talleyrand that the King has resolved not to bring the young Bonaparte
+to trial; he will simply insist upon his immediate departure for
+America and exact a formal promise that he will never return to
+France. Madame de Saint-Leu has written to the King to beg for her
+son's life. She is known to be hidden at Paris, where the authorities
+are unwilling to leave her; nor will they allow her to live in
+Switzerland. Apparently she will go to the United States with her son.
+What foolishness it is which can lead to such a result!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 11, 1836._--Madame de Lieven was saying recently
+before Pozzo that she would perhaps spend the next winter at Rome.
+"What on earth would you find to do in Italy?" cried Pozzo. "You could
+ask no one to tell you the news except the Apollo Belvedere, and if he
+refused you would say, 'Wretch, away with you!'" This sally of Pozzo's
+made every one laugh, including the Princess; she is, in fact, quite
+frivolous.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 20, 1836._--Yesterday's letters told of a
+reversal in the affairs of Portugal. The counter-revolution seems to
+have failed at the moment when success was thought certain, and the
+mishap was due to a want of understanding between the little Van de
+Weyer and Lord Howard de Walden. The disaster is complete.
+
+Madame Ad�la�de tells M. de Talleyrand that the Court will certainly
+not go into mourning for the death of Charles X., as no notification
+of the event has been received.[53] She quotes several examples in
+which mourning was not worn for this reason, though near relatives
+were concerned, including the case of the late Queen of Naples; she
+was aunt and mother-in-law to the Emperor of Austria, and died in the
+Imperial castle near Vienna, but the Austrian Court did not go into
+mourning because the King of Naples, who was then in Sicily, did not
+send a notification of his wife's death. Such precedents are
+invincible.
+
+  [53] Charles X. had just died at Goritz, in Austria, on November
+  6, 1836.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 21, 1836._--The death of Charles X. has divided
+society in Paris upon every point. Every one wears mourning according
+to his own fancy, from colours to deep black by infinite gradations,
+and with fresh bitterness about every yard of crape that seems to be
+wanting. Some refer to him as the Comte de Marnes and Henry V., others
+as Louis XIX. In short, the place is a perfect Babel, and they are not
+even agreed upon the disease of which Charles X. died. Yesterday's
+letters speak of nothing else, except the affairs of Portugal. We are
+informed that the clumsy attempt might easily shake the position of
+Lord Palmerston.[54]
+
+  [54] The Queen of Portugal had been forced, after several
+  outbreaks, to accept the Radical Constitution of 1820. In
+  November she began a counter-revolution, helped by Palmella,
+  Terceira, and Saldanha, believing, at the instigation of England,
+  that the population of Lisbon would support her, and proposing to
+  dismiss her Ministers. She had been wrongly informed concerning
+  the popular feeling, and was forced to abandon the struggle.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 22, 1836._--The Prince de Laval writes that M.
+de Ranville is staying with him at Montigny, while M. de Polignac[55]
+is on the road for Munich and Goritz. I do not know at all how this
+business has been arranged, nor do I know the meaning of this meeting
+of Paris clergy summoned to the house of M. Guizot, the Minister of
+Public Worship. They say that the Archbishop is preparing a manifesto
+in consequence, but I have not yet received the answer to the riddle.
+
+  [55] M. de Polignac, who was a prisoner at Ham, had demanded from
+  M. Mol� his transference to a sanatorium.
+
+Only the Abb� de Vertot could tell the full story of the revolutions
+in Portugal. Lord Palmerston would not be the hero of it, nor Lord
+Howard de Walden either. What can one think of the base methods
+employed by such diplomacy?
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 28, 1836._--Differences of opinion concerning
+the question of mourning for Charles X. have found their way into the
+royal family; the Queen, who had voluntarily assumed mourning the
+first day, was vexed because the Ministry forced her to abandon it.
+The Cabinet is afraid of newspaper controversy, but has gained
+nothing, as all the newspapers are in rivalry according to their
+political colouring. I am much puzzled to know what shade of white,
+grey, or black I shall adopt when I reach Paris; generally speaking,
+the ladies of the neutral party who are also of society wear black in
+company and white at Court. The position of our diplomatists abroad
+will be very embarrassing.
+
+M. de Balzac, who is a native of Touraine, has come into the country
+to buy a small estate, and induced one of my neighbours to bring him
+here. Unfortunately it was dreadful weather and I was forced to invite
+him to dinner.
+
+I was polite, but very reserved. I am greatly afraid of these
+publicists, men of letters, and writers of articles. I never spoke a
+word without deep consideration, and was delighted when he went.
+Moreover, he did not attract me; his face and bearing are vulgar, and
+I imagine his ideas are equally so. Undoubtedly he is a clever man,
+but his conversation is neither easy nor light, but, on the contrary,
+very dull. He watched and examined all of us most minutely, especially
+M. de Talleyrand.
+
+I could very well have done without this visit, and should have
+avoided it if I had been able. He aims at the extraordinary, and
+relates a thousand incidents about himself, of which I believe none.
+
+The Prince de Laval informed me that M. de Polignac has not yet been
+able to profit by the freedom which was granted him, as he was too ill
+to move at the moment arranged for his departure.[56] He asks to be
+transported to the nearest frontier, Mons or Calais, to avoid any
+route of which he could not endure the fatigue.
+
+  [56] His punishment had been commuted to perpetual banishment.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 2, 1836._--The Archbishop's letter concerning
+the convocation of the clergy is a bad one, because of its
+fault-finding, which is an unsuitable characteristic in an
+ecclesiastic whose finest quality is evangelical simplicity; but we
+must also admit that he must have been shocked by the attempt to
+influence the clergy directly, and that the prohibition of prayers
+instituted by the Church is somewhat too revolutionary, and I wish we
+could reform revolutionary ways more definitely. We cling to them out
+of fear, and this timidity, which is too obvious, brings us into
+isolation abroad and encourages enemies at home.
+
+The Duc d'Angoul�me will certainly style himself Louis XIX. and his
+wife the Queen; she wished it to be so. However, immediately after the
+death of Charles X. they sent all the insignia of royalty into the
+room of the Duc de Bordeaux, declaring that even if events were
+favourable they never wished to reign in France. In any case the
+notifications were issued under the incognito title of Comte de
+Marnes. The young Prince is called Monseigneur at Goritz. He and his
+sister are staying with his uncle and aunt.
+
+M. de Polignac wrote to M. Mol� after the death of Charles X., saying
+positively that he would be grateful to the King of the French for
+permission to leave Ham, and thus obtained his permit. M. Peyronnet
+wrote in charcoal on his prison wall, "I ask mercy only from God,"
+which I think he had hardly the right to say, since he left his prison
+in very lively spirits. He would not see M. de Polignac again, even at
+the last moment.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 15, 1836._--I shall certainly leave here
+to-morrow evening, and shall be at Paris in the afternoon of the day
+following.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  [The two correspondents whose letters furnish material for these
+  memoirs spent a few months together at Paris, so that the memoirs
+  were interrupted, and recommenced in 1837.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+1837
+
+
+_Paris, April 17, 1837._--The new Ministry, which entered upon office
+the day before yesterday, and is destined to immortalise the date of
+April 15, as different Governments are designated by such dates, will
+have a stern conflict to wage, and I hope, for the sake of its leader,
+M. Mol�, that it will emerge with honour from the struggle. The
+_Journal de Paris_ offers a frank Doctrinaire opposition; the _Journal
+des D�bats_ pronounces a funeral oration over the last Ministry and
+offers peace and support to the new one. All this promises neither
+reality, sincerity, fidelity, nor stability, and I hardly know to whom
+or to what it is reasonable to trust in the sphere of political
+relations. M. Royer-Collard came to see me this morning before going
+to the Chamber of Deputies; he did not seem to think that the new
+Ministry would survive one session.[57]
+
+  [57] The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Mol�, President of
+  the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Barthe, Minister
+  of Justice; M. de Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M.
+  Lacave-Laplagne, Financial Minister; M. de Salvandy, Minister of
+  Public Instruction. General Bernard, Admiral de Rosamel, and M.
+  Martin du Nord retained their portfolios; M. de R�musat,
+  Under-Secretary of State, followed his Minister into retirement.
+
+M. Thiers came to dine with us, among other guests, and talked
+largely, as usual. He came from the Chamber, where they had in vain
+awaited the official proclamation of the new Ministry which had been
+announced. The King was to take the Electress,[58] who is at Paris at
+this moment incognito as the Comtesse d'Arco, to visit Versailles,
+but as the council lasted from ten in the morning till five in the
+afternoon the King was unable to go out or the Ministers to appear
+before the Chamber. The incident produced a bad effect upon the
+Electress, who is said to be irritable and scornful.
+
+  [58] Marianne Leopoldine, Archduchess of Austria-Este, born in
+  1771, married the Elector Charles Theodore of Bavaria. After her
+  husband's death she married the Grand Master of his Court, the
+  Comte Louis Arco. This princess died in 1848.
+
+
+_Paris, April 19, 1837._--Madame de Castellane, who came to see me
+this morning, was very painfully affected by last night's session in
+the Chamber, and told me that the extreme length of yesterday's
+council was due to a keen discussion concerning the complete repeal of
+the law of appanage and the advisability of leaving blank the appanage
+of the Duc d'Orl�ans in the law which was to be presented to the
+Chamber on the occasion of his marriage with Princess Helena of
+Mecklenburg-Schwerin; the Duc d'Orl�ans, who was present at the
+council, was anxious that a blank space should be left, and eventually
+gained his point.
+
+Hardly had Madame de Castellane left my house than Madame de Lieven
+came in; she came to ask me to dinner to-day. She told me a saying
+which is current concerning the new Ministry, and is borrowed from a
+new invention; they call it the deodorised Ministry.
+
+Towards the end of the morning I had a visit from M. de Tocqueville,
+who came to me from the Chamber, where he had witnessed the solemn
+entry of the Ministry. He said that the entry took place amid the most
+absolute silence; there was not a word or a gesture, as if the benches
+had been empty, and as if one had been in the middle of the ice upon
+Lake Ladoga, to quote a later remark by Madame de Lieven. The same
+silence prevailed during M. Mol�'s speech, and when the Ministry
+retired in a body to make their way to the Chamber of Peers there was
+a murmur of dissatisfaction which drove back MM. de Salvandy and de
+Rosamel, who had come to resume their places upon the Ministerial
+bench. In the ensuing debate Marshal Clauzel seems to have cut a poor
+figure, but M. Jaubert was most incisive, and at his remarks upon the
+provisional state of affairs malicious laughter against the Cabinet
+burst out on all sides. On the whole the impression was most
+discouraging for the new Ministry.
+
+After our dinner the Duc de Noailles came in his turn to give an
+account of the Ministerial entry into the Chamber of Peers. M. Mol�
+said a few short and confused words; M. de Br�z� said that he thought
+the speech too vague, and asked for some explanation of the reason for
+the dissolution of the last Cabinet. M. Mol� attempted to reply
+without committing himself, with the result, doubtless by mistake,
+that he used the word "categorical" to characterise the brevity of his
+words. Thereupon M. Villemain said maliciously that the speech of the
+President of the Council was anything rather than categorical, and
+that he would like to know what was going to happen concerning the law
+of non-revelation. M. de Montalivet then got up, and is said to have
+made an excellent speech. He would have left the Chamber with a
+thoroughly good impression, had not M. Sim�on, the promoter of the law
+of non-revelation, announced that his speech was ready. This will be a
+great embarrassment for the Ministry, as they would have preferred to
+allow this proposed law to be forgotten.
+
+
+_Paris, April 22, 1837._--Yesterday I had a visit from the Duc
+d'Orl�ans, who had just learnt the vote of the Chamber concerning his
+marriage dotation, and was satisfied both with the form and matter of
+it. He seems to me inclined to spend half of the million allotted to
+household expenses in charity to the workmen of Lyons, in bank-books
+bought for unfortunate people in the savings-banks of the country, in
+clothes for a large number of children in orphanages, and, in short,
+in good works. He is very pleased with his marriage, and in an
+excellent temper. The Princess Helena wishes to be escorted from
+Weimar by an envoy of France, and a suitable person is being sought
+for this mission. I should be glad to see the Baron de Montmorency
+obtain the honour. The Princess will see the King of Prussia at
+Potsdam. Her portrait has not yet arrived. There are still hopes that
+the marriage will take place before June 15. As the Princess is not to
+be married by procuration, and is not yet, consequently, the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans, her household will not go to meet her at the frontier.
+There she will be met only by some member of the King's household, and
+perhaps by one of the Queen's ladies; in any case, she is coming
+accompanied by her step-mother, the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg.
+
+Meunier will probably be pardoned on the occasion of the marriage.[59]
+The trial of Meunier presents no interest as regards the character of
+the individuals concerned, nor is their language in any way dramatic.
+The affair is much inferior to that of Fieschi, or even of Alibaud,
+and the only effect produced has been one of disgust, which is the
+best effect upon the public that could be produced.
+
+  [59] On December 27, 1836, at the opening of the Parliamentary
+  session, another attempt was made upon the life of King
+  Louis-Philippe as he was driving to the Palais Bourbon with three
+  of his sons. The criminal was Meunier, a young man aged
+  twenty-two, who was condemned to death by the Chamber of Peers;
+  but the King eventually secured a commutation of his penalty to
+  perpetual banishment on the occasion of the marriage of the Duc
+  d'Orl�ans.
+
+The ridiculous compliment of M. Dupin to the Prince Royal is well
+commented upon this morning in the _Journal de Paris_. The King would
+not allow his son to receive the congratulations of the Chambers
+except in his own presence, which induced M. S�monville to say that he
+would have thought he was abdicating if any other course had been
+followed.
+
+I dined at the house of M. and Madame Mollien with M. and Madame
+Bertin de Veaux, M. Guizot, and M. de Vandoeuvre. There was much talk
+of the halting speech of M. Barthe, at the end of which he suddenly
+came to a standstill, of the extremely poor appearance of the
+Ministry, and of the almost inevitable possibility of a duel between
+MM. Thiers and Guizot in the course of a session which will bring up
+so many burning questions. The two champions will deliver their blows
+upon the backs of the Ministry, which will probably succumb under
+their assault. This remark is fairly general, and is not my property.
+Yesterday nothing more than skirmishing went on.
+
+
+_Paris, April 26, 1837._--I hear of discussions in England upon the
+Spanish question. M. Thiers gave assurances the other day that the
+English Ministry was ready to leave Spain to its destiny. He deduced,
+with some fear for the reigning French dynasty, the conclusion that
+Don Carlos would be triumphant. It is true that this question is
+concerned with that of intervention, upon which he used to lay so much
+stress.
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra has been greatly agitated by the duel of her
+son-in-law, M. de La Redorte, who fought the editor of the _Corsaire_
+on account of an insulting article which appeared two days ago in this
+wretched newspaper, apparently attacking both the person and the
+opinions of M. de La Redorte. The duel was fought with pistols, and
+the editor was wounded in the hand; it is thought that he will lose a
+finger. Social distinctions are destroyed by the excesses of the
+Press.
+
+
+_Paris, April 27, 1837._--This morning I saw Madame Ad�la�de, who told
+me that the King had just signed the commutation of Meunier's penalty.
+She also told me that the Princess of Mecklenburg and her step-mother
+would reach the French frontier on May 25; on May 28, St. Ferdinand's
+Day, there would be a birthday celebration for the Duc d'Orl�ans at
+Fontainebleau, and the marriage would take place on the 31st.
+
+Our guests at dinner were the Princesse de Lieven, the Duc de
+Noailles, Labouch�re, M. Thiers, and Matusiewicz, who has returned
+much aged from Naples, of which he gives a bad account, both for its
+climate and its social resources. Thus the guests were somewhat
+heterogeneous, which was due to M. de Talleyrand's absence of mind,
+but all went off very well and the conversation was lively, especially
+between M. Thiers and Madame de Lieven. She was positively coquettish
+towards him--I use the word advisedly, because no other would express
+the fact. M. Thiers gave an account of the Chamber, continually
+repeating in a special tone of voice which evoked involuntary
+laughter, "Poor Ministry!" At the same time he patronises the
+Ministry, though he would never consent, I think, to be patronised at
+that price. It would suit him to keep the Ministry alive until the
+next session, but his success is doubtful, for, as he says himself, an
+invalid can be kept alive, but not a dead man. In yesterday's session
+the Ministry equivocated, as usual, and eventually decided against
+Marshal Soult, which caused much ill-temper on the Left because the
+Doctrinaires shouted on every side, "Settle it!" "Settle it!" They
+said that the scene was quite scandalous. After Madame de Lieven took
+her leave the gentlemen stayed on for some time, and talked of the
+changes which the schism had introduced into society, even into the
+neutral body of it. They discussed the influence of the _salons_ and
+of the women who controlled them. M. Thiers classed them as follows:
+The _salon_ of Madame de Lieven is the observatory of Europe; that of
+Madame de S�gur is purely Doctrinaire, with no concessions; that of
+Madame de La Redorte is entirely in the power of M. Thiers; with
+Madame de Flahaut the convenience of the Duc d'Orl�ans is the general
+desire, and with M. de Talleyrand the convenience of the King; the
+house of Madame de Broglie is for the 11th of October and for the
+concession, though the most bitter of concessions; the cabinet of
+Madame de Dino is alone guided by the most perfect independence of
+mind and judgment. My share is thus by no means the worst, though, to
+tell the truth, it was pronounced in my presence.
+
+The German newspapers announce the death of M. Ancillon, who had been
+ill for a long time, when the doctor ordered him a draught and a
+liniment; he explained the matter to Madame Ancillon, who was starting
+for a concert. When she came back she perceived that a mistake had
+been made, and a few hours afterwards the invalid was dead. The poor
+man was unfortunate in marriage. He began by marrying a wife who might
+have been his mother, then one who might have been his daughter, and
+finally this Belgian beauty, who was, I think, the worst of the three.
+
+
+_Paris, April 29, 1837._--This morning I saw M. Royer-Collard, who
+spoke of the session in the Chamber of Deputies on the previous
+evening, when a million had been voted for the Queen of the Belgians.
+The result, for which he also voted, was doubtless good, but the
+debate seems to have been very ominous for the Government, and M. de
+Cormenin by no means received a thrashing, but held the upper hand.
+The same impression was given to me by two others who were present at
+the session.
+
+
+_Paris, April 30, 1837._--M. Thiers came to see me this morning before
+the session of the Chamber. He confirmed the general report of the
+session which discussed the grant to the Queen of the Belgians; but
+the object of his visit was to complain of the Princesse de Lieven. He
+has suddenly seen what I had foreseen long ago, that she did not take
+him seriously, but brought him out and put him forward as an actor. He
+has too much common sense not to see the ridiculous side of this and
+not to feel it. He asked if I had noticed it and if others had seen
+it. I told him that no one had mentioned it to me, but that I thought
+a little more reserve in his language in a _salon_ which he himself
+called the observatory of Europe would not be out of place. I advised
+him, however, to remain on good terms with the Princess, who is really
+fond of him, and whose wit and easy conversation please him also. I
+think he found an opportunity the other day of letting drop a few
+words to her that frightened her considerably. There is no harm in
+that, as she is a person with whom one must remain upon good terms and
+yet keep in check.
+
+
+_Paris, May 1, 1837._--The Duc de Broglie is going to meet the
+Princess of Mecklenburg at Fulda, on this side of Weimar, not to marry
+her, but to offer his compliments and his escort. The wife of Marshal
+Lobau will be the Princess's lady-of-honour.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from the Archbishop of Paris, who sends me a
+copy of the answer from Rome, which he had just received, concerning
+his last difficulties with reference to the archiepiscopal estate.
+Rome entirely approves his conduct, and leaves him free to conduct any
+transaction which may satisfy his general interests. This last phrase
+is distinctly vague. I shall probably go to-morrow afternoon to thank
+the Archbishop and to learn some further details. He adds in his
+letter that he is certain that the Government have received an answer
+similar to that which he communicates to me.
+
+
+_Paris, May 2, 1837._--I am assured that the Prussian Minister here,
+Baron von Werther, will take the place of M. Ancillon at Berlin. He is
+offering some objection to the proposal, but it is thought that he
+will accept.
+
+The Marquis de Mornay has been nicknamed the Sosthenes of the July
+revolution--amusing, but very true.
+
+I have seen M. Royer-Collard, who thought that the law concerning
+secret funds would pass, but would be a mortal blow to the Cabinet.
+
+Yesterday evening I went to the Court reception held on the 1st of
+May.[60] There was an enormous crowd, including every type of beauty
+and ugliness, of well and badly dressed people. The Duc d'Orl�ans did
+not appear, as he is suffering from a severe sore throat and
+inflammation of the eyes. He is wise to take care of himself, as he
+has only three weeks for that purpose.
+
+  [60] The birthday of Louis-Philippe.
+
+I was told at the Ch�teau that in a morning session of the Chamber M.
+Jaubert had positively flayed the Ministry, and that to-day's session
+might easily end in their overthrow. I hardly think so, as no one is
+anxious to seize their inheritance.
+
+Rumours are also current of an important victory said to be won by Don
+Carlos.
+
+Apparently I did not mention what Matusiewicz told me about the new
+Queen of Naples, concerning whom I asked him many questions. She is
+the Archduchess Theresa of whom so much was heard last year. He says
+that she is agreeable, witty, kind, and nice, with no haughtiness or
+fine manners, and nothing of the princess about her. The King is said
+to be deeply in love with her.
+
+
+_Paris, May 4, 1837._--Yesterday I went to the Sacred Heart to see the
+Archbishop. I found him delighted with the answer from Rome, and not
+anxious to make any public parade of it. Whatever formalities the
+other side might raise, he was anxious to use the liberty given him
+from Rome to handle the whole question in a pacific spirit; in short,
+he was calmer and gentler than I had seen him for a long time.
+
+
+_Paris, May 5, 1837._--M. Mol�, who dined here yesterday, said that
+his colleague, M. Martin du Nord, would make a kind of apology to-day
+to the Chamber for his outburst of the day before yesterday. M. Thiers
+has harangued his forces and calmed their feelings.
+
+The ratification of the marriage contract of the Duc d'Orl�ans has
+come to hand from Mecklenburg; the illness of Herr von Plessen, the
+Mecklenburg Minister, had prevented him from travelling to the spot
+where the ratifications are to be exchanged, and some delay was
+feared, which would have been the more prolonged as the Minister has
+since died. M. Bresson therefore sent a bearer to him with the Act; he
+was almost at his last gasp when he signed it, and died three hours
+afterwards.
+
+Herr von Lutteroth says that the portrait of the Prince Royal which he
+was commissioned to take to the Princess Helena produced an excellent
+impression. Two attacks of influenza made it impossible to finish the
+portrait of the Princess; in her place I would not send anything. Herr
+von Lutteroth is full of the delightful qualities of the Princess,
+although he admits that her nose is by no means distinguished and her
+teeth rather bad. Otherwise she is admirable, especially her figure,
+which is charming. When he dined with her her gloves were too large
+and she wore black shoes which obviously were not made at Paris. The
+vexatious point is that the Duc d'Orl�ans has an obstinate cold on his
+chest; he coughs a great deal and his voice is very weak, but he is
+taking care of himself, and wisely.
+
+Mecklenburg princesses have no dowry, but when they marry the States
+vote them two or three hundred thousand francs as a voluntary gift.
+The Duc d'Orl�ans has refused this vote, to the great delight, it is
+said, of the people of Mecklenburg. The Duc de Broglie will be
+accompanied upon his mission by the Comte Foy, son of the famous
+General, the Comte d'Haussonville, MM. L�on de Laborde, Philippe de
+Chabot, and Doudain, the last-named with the title of First Secretary
+to the embassy.[61]
+
+  [61] This embassy of honour was sent to meet the royal bride; the
+  meeting took place at Fulda on May 22, 1837.
+
+
+_Paris, May 6, 1837._--After a visit from M. Royer-Collard, and as
+though by way of contrast, I went yesterday morning and waited for a
+long time at Madame Bautrand's, the famous costumier. I wanted to
+choose a few things for the entertainments at Fontainebleau, and spent
+an interesting time over it. In the first place there were the most
+delightful articles, then there was a crowd of people waiting for some
+mark of favour, and messages were coming from the Ch�teau hastily
+summoning the great personage. One really might have thought one's
+self in the rooms of a party leader.
+
+Yesterday evening I had a note from Madame de Castellane written after
+the session of the Chamber, giving the following account of it: M.
+Martin du Nord offered a reasonable explanation; M. Augustin Giraud
+vigorously attacked M. Mol�, who returned an admirable reply; M. Vatry
+challenged the great champions to enter the arena by proposing an
+amendment; M. de Lamartine, in a wearisome speech entirely off the
+point, aroused M. Odilon Barrot, who then delivered one of his finest
+speeches; M. Guizot in his turn made an excellent reply.
+
+I was awakened just now to receive a note from M. Mol�, telling me
+that M. Thiers, shaken and almost converted by yesterday's session, is
+anxious to overthrow the Ministry and so force M. Guizot to come
+forward with his friends, with the object of overthrowing him in turn;
+he adds that M. Dupin reminded M. Thiers of his obligations, telling
+him that such action would be dishonourable. M. Thiers seemed to waver
+once more, and announced that he would summon his friends again. M.
+Mol� sends me this news, asking me to discuss it with M. Thiers from
+Dupin's point of view. He has applied to the wrong person, for the
+burnt child fears the fire, and I have too keen a recollection of last
+year's scene to put my hand into a wasp's nest of that kind. I prefer
+not to meddle with what does not concern me, but in any case to-day's
+work will decide the case of the Ministry.
+
+
+_Paris, May 7, 1837._--I did not go out yesterday morning, and left my
+door open, so certain visitors came in: M. Jules d'Entraigues, the Duc
+de Noailles, and the little Princess Sch�nberg. All were full of the
+session of the previous evening and of M. Guizot's magnificent speech.
+He really performed admirably, and aroused the deepest parliamentary
+emotion in the Chamber.
+
+About five o'clock M. de Tocqueville arrived. He came from the session
+and had just heard Thiers, who had replied to Guizot. It seems that no
+one ever showed greater power; it is he who saved the Ministry and
+secured the passing of the law.[62] He added that Thiers spoke quietly
+and coldly, seeming to avoid any oratorical effects, and not
+attempting to outdo his rival in dramatic display, but anxious only to
+deliver a blow, and he is said to have succeeded.
+
+  [62] The reference is to a law concerning the estimates for the
+  secret police fund.
+
+At dinner our guests were the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, M. and Madame de La
+Redorte, MM. Thiers and Mignet. M. Thiers was well pleased with his
+day's work, and gave a warm tribute to Guizot, roundly asserting that
+he would never have been so foolish as to try and eclipse him, seeing
+that that was impossible; he had attempted only to make his position
+impossible, and that he had done. He then gave us his speech, which
+seemed to me to be strikingly clear, sensible, and practical. He told
+me that M. Royer-Collard had almost fallen upon his neck, saying, "You
+have killed them!"
+
+In the evening I went to Madame Mol�'s, to a dinner given in return
+for that which I recently gave when the Electress was present. The
+only subject of conversation was the session in the Chamber. The
+Ministry were as pleased as if they had been successful, though there
+is no possibility that they will triumph. As I came back I called upon
+Madame de Lieven. She had heard Guizot on the previous evening, but
+not Thiers in the morning. Thus she had remained entirely under
+Guizot's influence, which was the more appropriate as he came in
+himself delighted with the concert of praise by which he has been
+received; but in reality he felt the blow had been struck. I, who know
+him well, thought his feelings quite obvious.
+
+As I write I am quite deafened by the noise of the drum which is
+continually beaten for the great review of the National Guard which
+the King is to hold to-day. Heaven grant that all goes off well. I am
+most anxious.
+
+I know that Herr von Werther and Apponyi are but moderately satisfied
+with the political doctrines expressed by M. Guizot in his speech of
+the day before yesterday; they were expecting a less limited and less
+middle-class system. There they were wrong, for M. Guizot's social
+ideas are alone appropriate to the age and to the country as it is now
+constituted.
+
+
+_Paris, May 8, 1837._--I should be delighted if the last piece of news
+I have heard were true, that the Grand Duchess Stephanie is to marry
+her daughter to the Duke of Leuchtenberg; there would then be no
+possibility of her marrying one of our princes, and I should be
+equally pleased because I am not anxious to see among them a nephew of
+the Prefect of Blois.[63]
+
+  [63] The Comte de Lezay-Marnesia.
+
+The day before yesterday, in the evening, I met the Marquis of
+Conyngham at the house of Madame de Lieven. He related that the
+Duchess of Kent, who is always doing tactless things, recently invited
+Lord Grey to dinner together with Lady Jersey. Their respective rank
+required that Lord Grey should take Lady Jersey into dinner; Sir John
+Conroy requested Lord Grey to do so, but he absolutely refused, and
+Lady Jersey was taken in by some one of lower rank. Both were keenly
+irritated in consequence.
+
+It seems certain that the Duchesse de Saint-Leu is dying. The
+physician Lisfranc, who has returned from Arenenberg, says so. The
+poor woman has mismanaged her life and her position, and she is
+expiating her fault most cruelly. It is dreadful to survive her eldest
+son and to die far away from her second son, entirely cut off from her
+family; this misfortune disarms the severe criticism which one might
+be tempted to utter concerning her.
+
+Yesterday was held the great review, and all my rooms were filled from
+eleven o'clock in the morning. From our windows we had a perfect view
+of the march past, which followed the Rue de Rivoli, and then passed
+in front of the Obelisk, where were the King, the Queen, the Princes,
+and a very numerous following. Sixty thousand National Guards and
+twenty thousand line troops marched past. Previously the King had gone
+round the ranks within the Cour du Carrousel and on the Esplanade des
+Invalides. The National Guard shouted "Vive le Roi!" most vigorously,
+and the line troops still more so. The wind was cold and sharp, but
+the sun was bright. The King returned to the Ch�teau across the garden
+of the Tuileries. Thus the King's state of siege has come to an end,
+and a good thing too. We must hope upon the one hand that it will not
+often be thought necessary to renew this form of proceeding, and that
+on the other hand some relaxation may be possible of those excessive
+precautions which spoilt the effect of the show, and which were
+carried to such an extent yesterday that I have never seen anything
+sadder or more painful; the embankments, the Rue de Rivoli, the
+square, and the Tuileries were forbidden to every one except men in
+uniform, and men, women, children, little dogs, and every living being
+were driven away; it was a complete desert, and every one was
+blockaded in his house. My son Valen�ay, to get from his house in the
+Rue de Universit� to mine, was obliged to go by the Pont d'Auteuil!
+This state of things was maintained until the King returned to his
+rooms. All the police were on duty, and the posts of the National
+Guard were doubled upon every side by a row of police and municipal
+guards surrounding the royal group. The town looked as though deserted
+or plague-stricken, with a conquering army marching through without
+finding a stopping-place or inhabitants.
+
+After our dinner I went to inquire for the Queen and to say farewell
+to Madame Ad�la�de, who is starting for Brussels this morning. There
+had been a great military dinner of two hundred and sixty people in
+the Hall of the Marshals; all were in full dress, pleased and
+animated.
+
+I concluded the evening with Madame de Castellane, where I found M.
+Mol�, who was very pleased with the result of the review.
+
+In my wanderings I discovered that the last speech of M. Thiers was
+gaining an increasing hold on men's minds. It is thought that, without
+abandoning his general theories, he was pointing to a practical
+solution which would satisfy all positive spirits; people are much
+obliged by the fact that in this speech he had twice separated from
+the Left without hurting their feelings; in short, his clever words
+have dissipated some of the fears which he inspired and removed some
+of the obstacles which stood between himself and the power. This
+impression I have received from many different sides, and except the
+Doctrinaires and the extremists on the Left every one is feeling it.
+
+
+_Paris, May 9, 1837._--Yesterday I had a long visit from M.
+Royer-Collard, whose admiration for the speech of M. Thiers is at its
+height. He praises the occasion, the propriety of it, and above all
+the truth, not only its personal truth--that is to say, its individual
+sincerity--but its truth with reference to the actual state of
+opinion, which the speaker alone has correctly appreciated. He said it
+was one of those speeches over which one could never think too long,
+which grips the reader more and more, and the effect of which will
+steadily increase. He admits that the session when MM. Odilon Barrot
+and Guizot spoke was more interesting to watch, and that the two
+actors played their parts very well, but that they were merely acting;
+that they showed themselves good orators, but not statesmen; that both
+relied upon extremist opinions which were worn out; that M. Guizot in
+particular was no longer a man of his age, but an _�migr�_; and that
+this point had been admirably brought out by Thiers. M. Royer-Collard
+thinks the speech of Guizot imprudent and irritating, in which respect
+he says that Guizot followed his arrogant disposition. In short, he
+says many things; he says them in my sitting-room, but repeats them
+in the Chamber, at the Academy, to each and all, and makes it his
+business to do so. This is very useful to M. Thiers, in whose speech
+there is something too fine and subtle to be understood without a
+commentary.
+
+I did not go out after M. Royer's call, but stayed at home to read the
+life of Raphael by M. Quatrem�re; the book is lacking in warmth and
+vivacity, but it is well written. It is most restful at the present
+time to return to the exquisite art of an age when men of genius were
+complete, because they possessed every shade of genius, if one may use
+the phrase. Books of this kind give me an inexpressible longing for
+Italy.
+
+In the evening I looked in at the Austrian Embassy, where Madame de
+Lieven told me a large amount of gossip from London. One of her
+stories was as follows: At the last Lev�e the King thanked the Turkish
+Ambassador aloud and through an interpreter for postponing a dinner
+which he was giving, on account of the death of Lady Delisle, his
+natural daughter, and thus showing him a respect which his own family
+had refused; this remark was aimed at the Duchess of Kent. At the last
+Drawing-room the Queen could not be present, as she was ill, and it
+was held by Princess Augusta; the Duchess of Kent arrived with her
+daughter; the King heartily embraced the latter without noticing her
+mother, and seeing Sir John Conroy in the throne-room he ordered the
+Chamberlain to send him out. Finally, when the Prince of Linange came
+to his mother's house, the Duchess of Kent, with his wife, who is not
+his equal in birth, the King sent Lord Conyngham to the Duchess to say
+that he would receive his daughter-in-law, but could not permit her to
+enter his private apartments; the Duchess declined to receive Lord
+Conyngham, and sent a message to say that if he came to pay a private
+call she would see him with pleasure, but that she would not receive
+him as the King's messenger, and that he need only write down what he
+had to say. Lord Conyngham then sent her a letter, to which she
+replied by an epistle of twelve pages, enumerating all her supposed
+grievances against the King, and concluding with the statement that if
+her daughter-in-law were not received as a princess she would never
+set foot in the King's house again. She had several copies made of the
+letter, and sent them to all the members of the Cabinet. Lord
+Conyngham, who told all this to Madame de Lieven, in spite of his Whig
+principles, went on to say that the position of the English Ministry
+was unpleasant, as their relations with the King were disturbed and
+they were unpopular in the country, and that the difficulties
+concerning the Bank and the progress of affairs in Spain were very
+unpleasant incidents for the Cabinet.
+
+It is settled that the Duc de Coigny is to be knight-of-honour to the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans. He is naturally impolite, his habits are
+uncivilised, and he has only one hand, so that he will not be able to
+offer his hand to the Princess. An equally certain appointment is that
+of the Comtesse Anatole de Montesquiou as first lady to accompany the
+Princess, and to take the place of the lady-of-honour, whose delicate
+health will often prevent her from performing her duties.[64] This is
+an excellent choice. Madame de Montesquiou is forty-six years of age,
+her reputation is unblemished, she has been pretty and is still
+pleasant to look upon, her manners are quiet and simple and are the
+exact expression of her life and character. No better choice and no
+person better suited for the position could be found.
+
+  [64] The Comtesse de Lobau.
+
+The newspapers say that a subscription is being raised in the Chamber
+of Deputies to print fifty thousand copies of M. Guizot's speech. M.
+Martin du Nord, one of the members of the present Cabinet, has given a
+subscription, and thus confirmed the generally accepted opinion that
+he is secretly a Doctrinaire and a traitor to the Cabinet. Thereupon
+M. Mol� went to the King to ask for the removal of M. Martin du Nord
+or to offer his own resignation. I have not yet heard the conclusion
+of this fresh complication.
+
+
+_Paris, May 10, 1837._--At the time of writing yesterday I had not
+read the _Moniteur_, which announced the amnesty.[65] I knew that M.
+Mol� had long been anxious to see this measure passed, but I think
+that the speech of M. Thiers encouraged him in his design and
+accelerated the execution of it. I have heard people talking of
+nothing else all day. Men's minds are entirely occupied with it, and
+their attention is thus diverted from the peerage given to M. Bresson,
+which again is to be explained by this marriage. What a fortunate man
+he is! Undoubtedly he is capable, but circumstances have helped him
+with a speed and consistency rarely found in human destiny. To return
+to the great event of the amnesty, I will say that high society
+strongly approves of it, the more so as it has arrived unexpectedly
+and not been extorted by party importunity; so it is an act of mercy,
+and not of weakness. The sharp-sighted regard it as another act of
+hostility to the Doctrinaires rather than an act of kindness to the
+political prisoners--as much as to say that the measure could not be
+passed while the Doctrinaires were in office, but now that we have
+separated from them we hasten to grant it. This will isolate them yet
+more in the country. I repeat there are people who regard this measure
+as a consequence of M. Thiers' speech, and even as directly due to his
+influence. The Doctrinaires are most infuriated, and those peers who
+are friendly to them announce that all the contumacious persons will
+come up for judgment, and that the peers will then go off to their
+country seats instead of taking their places. The following story had
+a wide circulation yesterday: M. Jaubert, in speaking of the amnesty
+to M. Dupin, said to him: "It is a little hard that after leaving to
+us all the odium of the severe measures which we have courageously
+defended during the crisis and danger we should now be deprived of the
+credit of showing mercy." M. Dupin replied: "It is very sad, but you
+have one consolation, namely, that Persil will order the medal to be
+struck." (M. Persil is a Doctrinaire and Comptroller of the Mint.) The
+saying is a smart one. Those who approve the amnesty also urge, and
+with some reason, that it will obliterate the ill-effect produced by
+the excessive precautions on the day of the review.
+
+  [65] On the occasion of the marriage of the Duc d'Orl�ans an
+  amnesty was granted by ordinance dated May 8 to all who were in
+  prison for crimes or political delinquencies.
+
+Yesterday I was at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where Sigalon, who has
+just arrived from Rome, had placed the magnificent copy of the _Last
+Judgment_ of Michael Angelo, that masterpiece which is fading, like
+all the frescoes in the Vatican. The copy is the same size as the
+original, and forms the background of a hall, to which has been given
+the form and dimensions of the Sistine Chapel. It is the most
+beautiful and surprising thing that can be imagined. I was quite
+overwhelmed. Variety, richness, and boldness of composition are so
+combined that one rests stupefied before the power of such genius. In
+the same room have been placed casts of different statues by Michael
+Angelo which also have arrived from Italy, and complete one's
+admiration for this great man. The statue of Lorenzo de' Medici and
+the statue of Day and Night are admirable. We then saw the charming
+gateway to the castle of Anet and the beautiful door of the castle of
+Gaillon, both masterpieces of the Renaissance; then came the interior
+courtyard, adorned with fountains and fragments of ancient work, which
+was very fine. The building in itself is in excellent style; it
+contains fine models of all classes and ages of art, which will be
+added to. They form a collection as curious as it is interesting, and
+add a new attraction to Paris.
+
+Thence we went on to the new Church of Our Lady of Loretto. It seemed
+to me extremely heavy and full of motley ornaments, and had it not
+been for some fine pictures I should have found little agreeable to
+look at. It is said to be in the style of the Italian churches, which
+I do not know; but to judge from this specimen I would rather say my
+prayers under the lofty, bold, and austere vaults, the hewn stone and
+Gothic arches of Notre-Dame and of Saint-Etienne du Mont, than amid
+the glaring colours of this Southern imitation. We finished our
+wanderings by a visit to the Church of the Madeleine. The interior at
+present is in exact correspondence with the outside, and it seems that
+Calchas is about to sacrifice Iphigenia upon it, to such an extent
+have mythological subjects apparently pervaded this fine building.
+They are already beginning to gild the arches and the capitals of the
+columns, pretending that the white stone, though it is much enriched
+by different kinds of marbling, is too cold to the eye. Thus they are
+preparing a disagreeable contrast between the outside and the inside.
+I cannot understand the vagaries of Christian worship.
+
+In the evening at Madame de Lieven's house I saw Berryer, who does not
+yield to M. Royer in his admiration for M. Thiers' speech. I heard
+that M. Martin du Nord had given way upon the question of his
+subscription for printing Guizot's speech, as upon other points. For
+one who calls himself a member of the Opposition, he does not seem to
+oppose very strenuously.
+
+
+_Paris, May 11, 1837._--Yesterday I had a call from the excellent Abb�
+Dupanloup. We were mutually anxious to meet, in the interests of
+Pauline, before the general departure for the country. As usual, I was
+touched and pleased by his kind and spiritual conversation. We talked
+of our hope that the amnesty will inspire the Government with courage
+to reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, the closing of
+which is the greatest scandal of the July revolution; seeing that acts
+of mercy extend from Ham to the Republic and to la Vend�e, continued
+vindictiveness towards the church and to leave the Cross broken would
+seem to me most inconsistent. The church should be reopened without
+considering any difficulties that the Archbishop may raise. He should
+thus be forced to appoint a reliable priest, and then to go and
+express his thanks to the Tuileries, but he should set to work at once
+while the effect of the amnesty remains all-powerful; at such a moment
+there is no fear of any movement in the district, and this action
+would only be the strongest answer to the Doctrinaires, whose tactics
+are to represent the amnesty as the price of the compact made with the
+Left. To reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois would restore
+the balance. I think it would be a politic move as well as a religious
+restoration; if we delay too long the religious newspapers and people
+will begin to cry out, with reason, against the injustice of it, and
+any later action will seem like a concession to their complaints; then
+the Opposition will pounce upon it and foment irritation with the
+measure. Everything, therefore, should be quite spontaneous, the
+religious restoration no less than the royal mercy. I think they will
+take the matter in hand; it should have been done already, in my
+opinion.
+
+
+_Paris, May 14, 1837._--The _Moniteur_ of yesterday, heaven be praised,
+contains an ordinance by which the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois
+is to be restored for worship. I am delighted. The Baron de Montmorency,
+who came to see me in the morning, had dined yesterday at the Ch�teau,
+where the Queen wept with joy at the news.
+
+In the evening I went to pay a farewell visit at the H�tel de Broglie,
+where the amnesty was very unfavourably received, as Madame de Broglie
+is very anxious to fortify Princess Helena in her Protestantism.
+
+I then went on to the Duchesse de Montmorency, where I heard very bad
+news of the Prince de Laval. He had caught a slight cold and had taken
+no care of himself, but had gone to the races at Chantilly in very
+bitter weather. His malady grew worse, and now causes great anxiety. I
+should be grieved indeed if any misfortune happened to him, for in
+spite of his absurdities and foolishness he has a good heart and is a
+good friend.
+
+I finished the evening with Madame de Castellane. M. Mol� came in and
+told us that the Archbishop, accompanied by two of his Vicars-General,
+had called upon him that evening and upon the Keeper of the Seals
+after a visit to the King. It seems that his appearance in the
+Ministerial _salons_ made a great sensation. Before his visit the
+Archbishop had quietly had the church blessed. Mass was said there
+this morning. A week will be spent in necessary repairs, and next
+Sunday the new vicar will be installed. As M. Dupanloup has refused
+this post, the choice has fallen upon M. Demerson, the priest of
+Saint-S�verin, undoubtedly the most distinguished ecclesiastic in the
+diocese. He is the confessor of Madame Andral, and the friend of her
+father. M. Royer-Collard has often spoken to me of him and thinks a
+great deal of him.
+
+
+_Paris, May 15, 1837._--Yesterday evening I was at the Tuileries. I
+found the King delighted with a visit that he had paid in the morning
+to the Botanical Gardens to see the new hothouses they have been
+setting up. He was well applauded as he went by; in short, he seems to
+have grown young again. Everybody about him is well pleased. He went
+there without an escort, and spent two hours walking with the Minister
+of the Interior and of Education, with the Prefect of Police and one
+_aide-de-camp_. The crowd kept on increasing, and these gentlemen, who
+saw all the horrible faces from the Rue Mouffetard and that quarter
+thronging round the King, were dying with fear, but the King was
+delighted, and it was impossible to induce him to go indoors. He was
+most heartily cheered by all the crowd. I think, however, that it
+would not be advisable for him often to make such trials of his
+popularity.
+
+
+_Paris, May 16, 1837._--The Prince de Laval is not getting on well. He
+has been bled a second time, and the doctors say that his condition is
+serious.
+
+It is possible that M. Dupanloup is ambitious; I do not know him well
+enough to be positive. He is gentle, discreet, moderate, with a
+knowledge of the world, a fine command of language and conversational
+tact, and, in short, possesses every quality which the spiritual
+director of a society personage should have. All his penitents and all
+their mothers think a great deal of him. But this does not exclude
+ambition. I know that he lays great stress upon keeping apart from
+politics, but when confronted with the Archbishop he committed the
+venial sin of urging him to go to the Tuileries and of going with him
+to the incumbent of Saint-Roch, whose curate and friend he is. But the
+robe of ambition is like the chameleon's skin, the colours of which
+change according to the observer's position. I can therefore answer
+for nothing except that he has refused two important livings at Paris.
+I know that the Archbishop secretly destines him for the Madeleine
+when that living becomes vacant, and, in fact, it is a society parish
+which will suit him best.
+
+
+_Paris, May 18, 1837._--Yesterday morning I was with Madame Ad�la�de,
+where I saw the King. Every one at the Ch�teau is busy with
+preparations for the marriage and for the journey from Fontainebleau,
+which is to be a splendid affair. I am delighted, and should be still
+more so if I had not heard that not only the mothers but also the
+daughters are expected. I have done my best to have my daughter
+excused, to avoid the infinite vexations which I foresee, but M. de
+Talleyrand came in to Madame in the middle of our discussion, and
+instead of supporting my views he opposed me. It is very annoying.
+
+
+_Paris, May 19, 1837._--The death of the poor young Count Putbus is a
+very sad event for his family and for the unfortunate Countess Buol. I
+am very sorry for her, and her husband seems to me to be wanting in
+feeling and tact. In his position with reference to his wife, he may
+separate from her with as much uproar as he pleases, but if he will
+not do so from pecuniary considerations he should behave himself
+quietly or at least humanely. In any case I assert that for her it is
+better to lament her lover as dead than faithless, and that, unhappy
+as she is, she would be still more so if Count Putbus had abandoned
+her. A woman's danger when she finds her lover faithless is that she
+may be roused to vengeance and may lose those illusions which shelter
+her, not only against faults, but against hardness of heart and
+frivolity, properly so called. Death leaves us all our illusions, and
+even encourages them.
+
+
+_Paris, May 21, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand, M. and Madame de Valen�ay,
+Pauline, and myself are invited to stay at Fontainebleau throughout
+the festivities--that is to say, we are to come on May 29 and to stay
+till June 3, inclusive. This is a favour, as nearly everybody else has
+been invited at successive intervals of twenty-four hours.
+
+One of my German friends, a canoness, and a clever and intelligent
+person,[66] writes to me as follows concerning the Princess Helena of
+Mecklenburg: "The most amiable, the best educated, the kindest of the
+German princesses is to adorn the throne of France. I am sure that she
+will please you greatly. She is as cheerful as a child of fifteen,
+with as much sense as a person of thirty. She combines the charm of
+every age."
+
+  [66] Fr�ulein Sidonie von Dieskau, of whom mention will be made
+  later on the occasion of the Duchesse de Talleyrand's journey to
+  Germany.
+
+The Marquis de Praslin and the Duke of Treviso are the two
+knights-of-honour in subordination to the uncivilised Duc de Coigny,
+who will lead them.
+
+
+_Paris, May 22, 1837._--The Duc d'Orl�ans will first go to Verdun, to
+see without being seen, and then to Melun to be seen. Henry IV. in
+disguise went to the frontier to see Marie de Medici at supper, and
+Louis XIV. did the same at Fontarabia.
+
+Among the persons invited to Fontainebleau there is one who certainly
+could not have been forgotten, in my opinion, and this is the great
+Mlle. Palmyre, the famous dressmaker. The fact is that she has been
+working upon a pattern sent from Mecklenburg, but I am by no means
+certain that this pattern is a good one or well made. Thus the eighty
+dresses of the trousseau may fit badly, and it is just as well to have
+some one there to make readjustments when necessary. Merchants,
+workmen, omnibuses, and post-chaises are all in confusion; the
+expenditure, the orders, and the activity are inconceivable. It is
+impossible to get anything, and tradesmen certainly have not the right
+to complain, for every one is on the move. A crowd of foreigners have
+also arrived at Paris, most of them English.
+
+The Werther family have resolved to leave immediately after the
+marriage of the Prince Royal, without waiting for the festivities, for
+Herr von Werther has agreed to take M. Ancillon's place. They are very
+good people, who will be regretted at Paris, and who are also very
+sorry to leave.
+
+
+_Paris, May 25, 1837._--For the 29th and 30th, the days of arrival and
+marriage, the Marshals have been invited to Fontainebleau, with the
+officials of the two Chambers, the Ministries of October 11, February
+22, September 6, and all the present Cabinet. I have always said that
+Fontainebleau was a chronological castle. It was resolved not to go
+further back than October 11, to avoid the necessity of inviting M.
+Laffitte. All the chief presidents of the courts have also been
+invited, and of the Diplomatic Body Herr and Frau von Werther,[67] M.
+and Madame Lehon.[68] The rest are invited for the other days, two at
+a time.
+
+  [67] Baron Werther was Prussian Minister at Paris from 1824.
+
+  [68] Comte Lehon was Belgian Minister.
+
+I must mention an incident concerning Madame Mol�, who vegetates
+rather than lives. The other evening at the Duchesse de Montmorency's
+people were saying how sorry the Werthers were. She asked why. "At
+leaving Paris, of course." She replied: "But to go to Fontainebleau is
+not very sad nor very tiring." "But, madame, Herr von Werther is going
+to Berlin to take the place of M. Ancillon." "Oh, then M. Ancillon is
+coming here?" I do not think that after such an experience any one
+will accuse M. Mol� of betraying diplomatic secrets to his wife.
+
+The Queen of England has written a charming letter to the French Queen
+concerning the marriage of the Prince Royal, and, in view of her close
+relationship with Princess Helena, has sent her a magnificent Indian
+shawl, one of the most beautiful that has ever come out of the wealthy
+storehouses of the Company. It is said to be a marvel. I shall see it
+at Fontainebleau, where the wedding presents will be displayed.
+
+
+_Paris, May 26, 1837._--The King of England held the last Drawing-room
+seated; since then he has felt worse, and people are anxious about
+him. It is said that he wished to live long enough to thwart the
+desires of the Duchess of Kent, by not leaving her to act as Regent
+for a single day, and the Princess Victoria attained her majority two
+days ago.
+
+They say that anarchy is at its height at Madrid, and also that Don
+Carlos is at his wits' end.
+
+The Duc de Broglie and the gentlemen of his suite are writing
+enthusiastic letters about the Princess Helena. All say that she has a
+very pleasant appearance; all seem to be in love with her, and cannot
+speak enough of her delightful manners, while she is said to be
+excellently dressed. The trousseau, which has been ordered here, is
+said to be very magnificent.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, May 30, 1837._--Writing here is a feat of some
+ingenuity. The weather was too fine yesterday, and a great storm
+followed; it burst in the morning, and cleared ten minutes before the
+arrival of the Princess, who was received in bright sunlight and with
+much emotion. Her arrival was a fine spectacle; a family scene amid
+the most royal splendour. The Princess showed much emotion, no
+embarrassment, nobility and grace, and was equal to the occasion. I do
+not know if she is pretty; she is so gracious that people have not
+considered that point. She reminds one a little of Madame de
+Marescalchi, but is of a much more German type, while the lower part
+of her face recedes a trifle. She has beautiful hair, a good
+complexion--in short, she looks very well, and the Prince Royal is
+well pleased.
+
+Pauline never left my side even at dinner, to which I was taken in by
+the Baron von Werther. He was placed between the Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg and myself. M. de Talleyrand was far from well yesterday,
+yet by force of will he kept a smiling countenance. I was very anxious
+about him the whole time.
+
+Until to-morrow we shall number two hundred and eighty at table.
+Yesterday the day began for me at half-past five in the morning at
+Paris, and finished here at one o'clock at night. At ten o'clock I
+must be fully dressed for the Queen's mass.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, May 31, 1837._--The two most exhausting days have
+passed, for which I thank heaven, as I have been trembling the whole
+time for M. de Talleyrand, who has been so incredibly rash as to
+undergo these severe trials. However, he has seen everything, and has
+come through with little more than fatigue.
+
+Those who wish to be correct follow the Queen to her private mass in
+the morning. Pauline has just taken me into a charming little chapel,
+in memory of Louis VII., the Young.
+
+The two German princesses were not visible yesterday for the whole
+morning. The time before dinner was filled up by walks, for those who
+were tempted, of whom I was not one, and the inspection of the
+wedding presents for the rest, of whom I was one. The presents and the
+dresses are most fine and magnificent, especially the case by Buhl
+which contained the shawls, which was one of the finest things I have
+seen. The whole was exhibited in the rooms of the Queen Mother. The
+diamonds are beautiful, and the jewels numerous, in different styles,
+but there are no pearls. The Duc d'Orl�ans does not like them, and the
+Princess can also wear the Crown pearls.
+
+The royal family dined in private. Madame de Dolomieu and General
+Athalin presided at the table of two hundred and eighty guests in the
+Diana Gallery. Pauline was again near me at dinner, and M. Thiers on
+the other side.
+
+At half-past eight the civil marriage took place in the room of Henry
+II., a superb spectacle in the most beautiful surroundings imaginable,
+and magnificently lighted. The Chancellor, M. Pasquier, who was
+recently appointed to this post, was in his ermine robes at a great
+red and gold table, around which stood all who were witnessing the
+ceremony, with the bridal pair in front of him. We made our way there
+in procession. Then we went on to the great chapel, ornamented with
+the shields of France and Navarre. The exhortation given by the Bishop
+of Meaux[69] was both short and well weighed. Unfortunately, in the
+case of mixed marriages many ceremonies have to be omitted which would
+add to the picturesqueness of the scene. The priest of Fontainebleau,
+who is the famous Abb� Lieutard, and hitherto one of the chief
+opponents of the present Government, assisted the Bishop, and even
+claimed to do so as a right. The hall, which was arranged as a
+Protestant church, could hardly hold us, and the crowd was
+suffocating; the exhortation of the pastor, M. Cuvier, was very long
+and very dull, going back to the creation of the world, with continual
+references to procreation. It was puritanism itself. Before the
+blessing he asked the bride permission to perform a duty with which he
+had been entrusted by the Biblical Society, and offered her a Bible,
+in which he urged her to read constantly. I thought the act quite out
+of place at such a moment, and very disrespectful to the Queen, who is
+making a great sacrifice from the religious point of view.
+
+  [69] Mgr. Gallard.
+
+The Princess was perfectly calm the whole time; I noticed no
+nervousness, and less emotion than at the time of her arrival. She was
+perfectly well dressed. Unfortunately she has no colour, and thus
+wants a certain lustre, but in spite of her thinness she is graceful
+and charmingly simple. Her feet are long and well made and her hands
+are white and delicate; in short, she is a person of much attraction.
+
+After all these ceremonies we separated. I went to look after M. de
+Talleyrand, about whom I was anxious, and whom I found very well. M.
+Mol� came in, in a bad temper. It is indeed strange that throughout
+this affair he has obtained no favours of any kind.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 1, 1837._--There is no political news to be
+learnt here. The Princes are absorbed in themselves; M. de Salvandy,
+the only Minister on duty near the King, is in the same state.
+Curiosity is turned away from politics, and there is enough here to
+arouse it and satisfy it.
+
+Yesterday was spent as follows: After lunch came a very long drive in
+the forest; twenty-six carriages, each with four horses, the great
+royal coach with eight horses, and then eighty riding horses, all
+conducted by the richly liveried servants of Orl�ans, were assembled
+in the great courtyard of the Cheval Blanc, and provided a general
+opportunity for excursions. We hastened to follow the King and to
+traverse the most beautiful parts of the forest. Many sightseers who
+were seen galloping most imprudently among the rocks joined the royal
+procession, and gave the wood an animated and charming aspect.
+
+I forgot to say that lunch had been preceded by a mass said by the
+Bishop of Meaux in the great chapel. Every one was there, including
+the royal family and the Duchesse d'Orl�ans. I should have been glad
+yesterday, when there was no mixed marriage to consider and when only
+the King's mass was being said, if the service had been finely
+rendered with appropriate music. Instead of that there was nothing of
+the kind; there were no clergy and not a sound of music; even the bell
+for the moment of elevation was forgotten. Methodists display much
+more trickery in their pretentious simplicity and their affected and
+solemn speech; but at mass, where the words cannot be heard, outward
+show is necessary, with incense, music, flowers, gold, and bells, and
+all that can stir the soul by uplifting it to God without the
+necessity of hearing the words pronounced.
+
+Many people have gone and others have come, including the Turkish
+Ambassador,[70] who sat by Pauline at dinner. The theatre hall has not
+been restored, and looks faded; the orchestra, which was not from
+Paris, was abominable; Mlle. Mars has grown old, and no longer played
+her parts properly; the other actors were very poor, and the choice of
+plays was not happy. These were _False Confidences_ and _The
+Unexpected Wager_. The Princess Royal was in the great box at the back
+of the hall, between the King and Queen. She listened attentively, but
+her face does not express her feelings, and does not change. She is
+always gentle and calm to the point of immobility, and makes no
+gestures, which is a mark of distinction. Perfect repose gives a sense
+of dignity, and when she walks or bows she does it with perfect grace.
+
+  [70] His Excellency Mohammed Nouri Effendi.
+
+M. Humann, when he went away yesterday, was run away with by the
+post-horses down the hill of Chailly. He jumped out of the carriage,
+bruised his face, and put his shoulder out.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 2, 1837._--Yesterday was not so full as the
+preceding days, as after mass, lunch, and the gathering after lunch,
+we were left with a few hours' freedom. I spent them with M. de
+Talleyrand or in the town. M. de Talleyrand went to see Madame
+Ad�la�de, to whom he wished to give a piece of news which reached us
+from the Bauffremont family, who were interested by it, and which, to
+speak truly, has produced a sad effect here. It is the announcement of
+the marriage of the Count of Syracuse, brother to the King of Naples,
+with Philiberte de Carignan. This young person is the granddaughter of
+the Comte de Villefranche, the prince of the house of Carignan who
+married, in a fit of folly, the daughter of a boat-builder at St.
+Malo, Mlle. Magon Laballue. The Sardinian Court only consented to
+recognise the marriage on condition that the children of it should
+enter religious orders; the revolution destroyed this obligation, and
+the son entered the army and married Mlle. de La Vauguyon, sister of
+the Dowager-Duchess of Bauffremont, who was burnt to death in 1820. It
+was only after her death and the accession of the present King of
+Sardinia that the last two children were recognised as princes of the
+blood and treated as such. The eldest daughter was married before this
+concession to a private individual of high family, the Prince of
+Arsoli, a Roman family. Philiberte, the daughter and granddaughter of
+marriages contested or doubtful, thus becomes Princess of Naples. The
+marriage, by licence, must have taken place the day before yesterday
+with much haste and precipitation. The displeasure it will cause here
+is obvious. The King of Naples is at the bottom of it.
+
+Yesterday after dinner we went to hear Duprez in part of the opera
+_William Tell_, and the Esslers danced in a pretty ballet. I was
+surprised that the Princess Royal never lost her calm, even at the
+most exciting points of Duprez' acting. I never saw a movement of her
+head, a gesture, or any greater animation in her face. The same was
+true during the ballet, which I can better understand.
+
+
+_Fontainebleau, June 3, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand started this morning
+with Pauline. They wish to keep me here until to-morrow. No one could
+have been surrounded with greater regard and attention than has been
+shown to M. de Talleyrand; he was quite overcome as he went away. The
+King and Madame Ad�la�de have insisted that he shall return to Paris
+for next winter, but I do not think that he will give up his project
+of going to Nice.
+
+Pauline's stay here has done her no harm. She has always behaved
+perfectly and pleased me much. She was delighted to be in the same
+room with me. Her dress was in excellent taste, and she has gone away
+very pleased to have been here, but also glad to go and in no way
+dissipated in heart or mind.
+
+Nearly every one has gone, and only those on regular duty and intimate
+friends remain. I am starting to-morrow at the same time as the Queen
+and the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who came here yesterday. The country
+drive was very pretty, animated and popular. We then went into the
+prettiest part of the forest, called the Calvaire, whence there is an
+admirable view. From the depths of the ravines over which we hung
+singers who had been stationed there raised their song. It was
+delightful, and the weather, wonderful to relate, lent such a charm to
+the drive that it was prolonged. We eventually returned past the large
+vine arbour and the canal.
+
+After dinner we had a tiresome comic opera, _The Flash_, followed by
+_The Caliph of Bagdad_, for which the King had asked as an old
+favourite. It was very late before this was over, and as I stayed up
+with M. de Talleyrand my sleep was cut short, the more so as his early
+departure obliged me to be ready in good time. The King and Madame
+came to say good-bye to him in his room. After lunch the King amused
+himself by showing the Ch�teau to three or four guests. I was
+delighted both with the Ch�teau and with our guide.
+
+
+_Paris, June 5, 1837._--I came back yesterday from Fontainebleau. Mass
+was said at six o'clock in the morning, and then the departure took
+place. I was included in the royal company, and thus arrived in
+excellent time, not leaving them until they turned off for
+Saint-Cloud. The last day at Fontainebleau, the day before yesterday,
+was occupied much to my taste, by a historical excursion, and in the
+evening we had a theatrical performance by actors from the Gymnasium.
+The whole stay at Fontainebleau was very pleasant, as I received much
+attention and kindness.
+
+As soon as I arrived yesterday I went to the Champs Elys�es to Madame
+de Flahaut's house; she had urgently begged me to come and see the
+royal entry, for which the weather was magnificent. There was a vast
+crowd and a most brilliant procession, the Princess bowing with
+perfect grace. The view from the Place Louis XV. and the Champs
+Elys�es was magnificent. All went off very well, but there was not
+enough cheering and more curiosity than enthusiasm. People opened
+their eyes but not their mouths. The main point is that there were no
+pistol-shots, and that the King was able to show himself to the crowd
+without any _apparent_ precautions.
+
+
+_Paris, June 6, 1837._--Yesterday I saw M. Royer-Collard, who was
+somewhat displeased with the marriage of the Prince Royal, as a man of
+the Faubourg Saint-Germain might well be. I was vexed with him, and we
+had a small quarrel. He is partial in his views, and his conversation
+is intolerant to an extraordinary degree.
+
+The day before yesterday in the garden of the Tuileries there were
+more than sixty thousand people present from eleven o'clock in the
+morning to eleven at night, and such real enthusiasm that the King was
+obliged to leave his state dinner in the Hall of the Marshals and come
+out upon the balcony with his family, whence he uttered a few words of
+thanks, which were received with infinite delight. From the moment of
+entering the garden until the march past of the troops the royal
+family remained in the Pavillon de l'Horloge, whence there was a
+magnificent view. The setting sun gilded the top of the Obelisk and
+the Arc de Triomphe, and was reflected upon the arms and cuirasses of
+the troops; the benches of the National Guard were adorned with
+flowers. I am assured that it was a real transformation scene.
+
+There seems to be much inclination towards a dissolution of the
+Chamber, at any rate on the part of M. Mol�. M. Royer-Collard is
+vigorously urging him in that direction.
+
+The Turkish Ambassador here can speak a few words of French. This
+discovery is due to myself, for every one took his professed ignorance
+so literally as not to speak a word to him. He looked so dull that I
+felt sorry for him, and made a venture. He replied in a few words, and
+the result is that I have been allowed to see the portrait of Sultan
+Mahmoud, who seems to be very handsome.
+
+
+_Paris, June 7, 1837._--Yesterday I called upon the Queen to thank her
+for Fontainebleau. The Duchesse d'Orl�ans was with her mother-in-law,
+gracious, pretty, and amiable. She is a real treasure, and is
+generally popular. She delighted the Council of State, the peers, and
+the Deputies by adding a kind phrase to the answer which her husband
+returned to the different speeches. She has spoken individually to
+each peer, and never in commonplaces. They are all delighted.
+
+My awakening this morning was a sad one, as news was brought to me of
+the death of Adrien de Laval. He was a sincere friend, and they are
+scarce. I am very sorry, both for him and for his aunt the good
+Vicomtesse de Laval, who is hardly able to bear such a shock; and if
+she also should be carried off it would be a heavy blow to M. de
+Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Paris, June 8, 1837._--The popularity of the Princess Royal increases
+steadily. She has even been talking to General Neigre, of the Antwerp
+Artillery. The Duc d'Orl�ans is extremely proud and happy at the
+respect shown to her. It is certain that the personal influence of his
+wife increases his own importance, and I already see that the Pavillon
+Marsan will rise superior to the Pavillon de Flore.[71] I am not sure
+that some small jealousy has not already arisen.
+
+  [71] At the Palace of the Tuileries the Pavillon Marsan was
+  occupied by the Duc and Duchesse d'Orl�ans, while the Pavillon de
+  Flore was occupied by Madame Ad�la�de, sister of King
+  Louis-Philippe.
+
+The following story is related as a fact: The Duchesse d'Orl�ans saw
+her husband turn his opera-glasses for a long time in the direction of
+Madame Lehon. She then turned to him and took away the opera-glasses,
+saying, half jestingly and half seriously: "That is no compliment to
+me, and is not polite to the person at whom you look." He is said to
+have offered no objection to her action, and if this is true it is
+noteworthy.
+
+M. de Flahaut is furious because he has not received the Grand Cordon
+of the Legion of Honour. He had proposed to resign his post as First
+Equerry, but has changed his mind. It is said that the Duc de Coigny
+refuses him any authority except over the stable.
+
+
+_Paris, June 11, 1837._--I cannot give many details concerning
+yesterday's festivity at Versailles. I started about one o'clock in
+full dress, with the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, and we came back together
+at four o'clock in the morning. The weather was beautiful, the spot
+admirable, the gardens in regal state, the inside of the house
+splendid, and the sight magnificent. It lasted for five hours. My eyes
+are smarting with the glare of the lights. Fifteen hundred people were
+invited, and yet some are displeased; I admit that I should have drawn
+up the lists in another way.
+
+I had the honour of dining at the King's table, for whom it was a
+great day. At the last set piece there was a tremendous shout of "Long
+live the King!" and it was well deserved.
+
+Count Rantzau, who is escorting the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg, was deeply touched to see in an honourable position the
+portrait of Marshal Rantzau, who served under Louis XIV., and whose
+descendant he is. He sat by me at dinner, and I drew a great deal out
+of him concerning the Princesses, whom I esteem more highly every day.
+
+
+_Paris, June 12, 1837._--I am starting to-morrow to rejoin M. de
+Talleyrand at Valen�ay.
+
+The King of England is most seriously ill, and is only kept alive with
+cura�ao and raw meat. He knows that he is dying, and is calling his
+family round him: the FitzClarences, and even Lord Munster. Mr.
+Caradoc is said to be taking Sir John Conroy's place with the Duchess
+of Kent. He sends for presents for her, the cost of which is paid by
+the Princess Bagration. It is said that if the King dies the Duchess
+of Kent will summon Lord Moira to the post of Prime Minister, who is a
+great Radical; others say that King Leopold is advising his niece to
+take Lord Palmerston, but the little Princess is inclined to Lord
+Grey.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 14, 1837._--I have just arrived, after a tiring
+journey in dreadful heat and two thunderstorms. M. de Talleyrand is
+very well, as also is Pauline.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 17, 1837._--Madame Ad�la�de has sent M. de Talleyrand
+details of the accidents which took place upon the day of the
+fireworks; twenty-three persons were suffocated in the crowd and
+thirty-nine are injured. This has naturally caused much grief. The
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans was anxious not to go to the entertainment at the
+H�tel de Ville and to cancel the balls; but it was pointed out to her
+that many people would be disappointed and much expense needlessly
+incurred. Festivities have therefore been postponed until after the
+funeral of the victims.
+
+It seems that the fireworks, the illuminations, and especially the
+sham fight, were remarkably beautiful. Popular festivities are hardly
+ever held without accidents, and I am always afraid of them. The
+victims all belong to the working class, which makes their case still
+sadder, and some of them leave their families in poverty.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 18, 1837._--Pauline has made a conquest of the
+Archbishop of Bourges, Mgr. de Vill�le, who called here before my
+arrival. She is said to have done the honours of the Castle remarkably
+well, with unusual self-possession, grace, and propriety. I am not
+sorry that she was obliged to try.
+
+Considerable restorations are being made in our great castle. The
+northern part of the moat has been cleaned out, and the wretched
+little gardens which blocked the approach to it have been cleared
+away; there is now a walk all the way round. The belfry upon the town
+church looks very well, and in general the place seems improved.
+
+Hostile newspapers try to draw comparisons between the accidents at
+the fireworks and the sad scenes upon the marriage of Louis XVI., and
+the catastrophe at the Schwarzenberg ball at the time of the Emperor
+Napoleon's marriage. They draw omens from these coincidences. But what
+more disastrous coincidence could there be for the elder branch of the
+Bourbons than the assassination of the Duc de Berry and the revolution
+of 1830? Yet no misfortune happened at the marriage of this Prince. It
+is not in consequence of such special incidents that kings lose their
+thrones.
+
+The Municipal Council at Paris has voted a hundred and fifty thousand
+francs for the further expenses of the festivity. Everything is on so
+large a scale that the hire of glasses and water-bottles costs four
+thousand francs. Ices and refreshments to the amount of twenty
+thousand francs were distributed on the day when the festival was
+postponed to the workmen and to the hospitals. The patients will have
+a feast, and smart sayings are in circulation concerning the
+indigestion they are likely to get.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 19, 1837._--A German newspaper has a story of a vision
+which the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is said to have seen, and speaks of her
+idea of playing the part of a second Joan of Arc. All this is
+doubtless ridiculous; at the same time there is some mysticism in her
+desire to come to France, for M. Bresson, the most prosaic of men, has
+several times told me this: "She thinks she has a vocation, and has
+seen a special call of Providence in this marriage proposal; her
+mother-in-law, who is inclined to the Pietist sect, was swayed by the
+same idea."
+
+The following has also been told me by Count Rantzau: Upon the day
+when he learnt of Meunier's attempted assassination of the King,
+negotiations for the marriage had been already opened. He was unable
+to hide from the Princess his fear of the fate towards which she was
+inclined. She then replied: "Stop, sir; the news that you give me, far
+from shaking my will, only confirms it. Providence has perhaps
+destined me to receive a shot intended for the King, and thus to save
+his life. I shall not shrink from my mission."
+
+There is thus a strong strain of fanaticism in her, which in no way
+spoils her extreme simplicity of manner or the remarkable calm of her
+bearing. This is so unusual a combination that I have been more struck
+by it than by any of her other good qualities.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 22, 1837._--Madame Ad�la�de has written a long letter
+to M. de Talleyrand, with full details of the entertainment at the
+Town Hall, which seems to have been the most beautiful thing of this
+kind, and far more magnificent than anything else that has yet been
+done. The King was admirably received as he passed through the streets
+and at the Town Hall. There were five thousand persons at this
+entertainment. Princess Helena thought the diorama of Ludwiglust[72]
+perfectly like the original.
+
+  [72] The Castle of Mecklenburg, where the princess had been
+  brought up.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 25, 1837._--So the old King of England is dead. I was
+interested to read the manner in which the young Queen was proclaimed
+at London, in her own presence from the balcony of St. James's Palace.
+This beautiful and touching scene is marked by a very pleasing
+restraint.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 28, 1837._--A widely circulated rumour at Paris
+asserts that Mr. Caradoc intends to secure a divorce from Princess
+Bagration--an easy process; that he will be made a peer and will
+become the husband of the young Queen. He asserts his descent from the
+Kings of Ireland. All this I believe to be nonsense, but meanwhile the
+young Queen is so charmed with him that she will do and say nothing
+without his consent.
+
+Here is another story: Charles X. had given the Duc de Maill� a
+picture for the church of Lormois; the family has just sold it to a
+dealer for fifty-three thousand francs; the result has been a dispute
+with the Civil List officials, who assert that Charles X. had no right
+to present the picture. Pamphlets have been printed setting forth the
+case on either side. If the dealer is obliged to restore the picture
+he will force the Maill� family to return the fifty-three thousand
+francs. Apart from this picture, the family found that the inheritance
+of the Duc de Maill� consisted solely of debts. It is certain that if
+the picture came from one of the museums or one of the royal castles
+Charles X. had no right to give it away. It is all very unpleasant.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, June 29, 1837._--M. de S�monville was introduced in the
+evening by the Queen herself to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans at the Round
+Table. He told the Princess that only the kindness of the Queen could
+have induced him to show her so old a face. "You mean so old a
+reputation," replied the Princess. The old cat sheathed his claws and
+was pleased.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 1, 1837._--I hear from Paris that the situation of
+public affairs is regarded as satisfactory at the moment, although the
+Ministerial elections have generally shown opposition. At Strasburg,
+Grenoble, and Montpellier they were absolutely Republican. Many people
+assert that the Ministry should dissolve the Chamber, as it is worn
+out. They urge that the marriage of the Prince Royal and the amnesty
+make the present moment favourable, that later on circumstances will
+not, perhaps, be so advantageous, but that the King refuses to
+consider the idea. M. Royer-Collard writes to me on the same subject:
+"I think that M. Mol� is inclined to dissolution, and the King, though
+he will not yet accept it, will be led to it by force of
+circumstances. The Chamber is exhausted and can carry on no longer."
+As a postscript he adds: "I have had a long interview with M. Mol�,
+and I am to see him again; he has decided to propose, and therefore to
+carry out, the plan of dissolution. I did not urge him, but I am of
+his opinion. The Chamber can no longer go on, and a dissolution need
+only be desired and accepted to become necessary."
+
+Finally Madame de Lieven writes to me as follows immediately before
+starting for England: "M. de Flahaut was anxious to secure the
+complimentary mission to London. He has been obliged to give way to
+General Baudrand, which has increased the bad temper both of the
+husband and the wife. S�bastiani is so ill that he is useless at
+London; I really do not know who keeps your Court informed. Madame de
+Flahaut is working as hard as she can to secure the recall of
+Granville from Paris and the appointment of Lord Durham to his post,
+with the double idea of removing a competitor from Palmerston's path
+and having an ambassador at Paris inclined to intrigue. Granville's
+chief merit was that he had no such tendency. In my opinion Durham
+will have to have his way, as he will no longer stay at St. Petersburg
+and wants something better. Your Deputies are said to be dispersing in
+uneasiness and discontent. M. Mol� says that he wants a dissolution,
+but that the King does not.
+
+"M. Mol�'s last reception was well attended. A hundred and fifty
+deputies came to M. Guizot's party. M. Thiers has written from Lucca
+that his wife suffered severely from sea-sickness."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 6, 1837._--The following is an extract from a letter
+from Madame de Lieven dated from Boulogne: "I have seen M. Mol� and
+M. Guizot at the last moment; the former had received a letter from
+Barante. My Sovereign's ill-temper is in no way improved, and is even
+worse than before. It is a hopeless case, as he is going mad. M. Mol�
+is certainly jealous of Guizot. I have some very amusing things to
+tell you on that subject, which have all happened since your
+departure. There are some strange characters in the world, and as I
+naturally have a sense of humour, I laugh."
+
+I should like to know the details of this rivalry, which seems to me
+so improbable, from the nature of its object, that I am inclined to
+think the Princess has been led astray by feminine vanity. She
+confuses jealousy with the susceptibility native to character.
+
+I have a letter from Baron de Montmorency, the executor of the Prince
+de Laval, telling me that the latter, in a pencilled note, written the
+evening before his death, has left me a souvenir which he is sending
+me. I am deeply touched by it.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 11, 1837._--I arrived here yesterday, and am obliged
+to go out on business. The valley of the Loire is superb. The spring
+is late this year, and the foliage is therefore unusually green for
+this season. My plants have all grown very well, the climbers
+especially, and the flowers are abundant; everything seems in
+excellent order.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 12, 1837._--Yesterday I went round my house; small
+improvements are slowly being carried out.
+
+I was much struck by the effect of the Sistine Madonna in the
+drawing-room, which has taken the place of the Corinne, which has gone
+to the drawing-room of the Abb�'s house. The change is almost
+symbolical, and shows the difference between the spirit of my past and
+that which now dominates me, or, to speak more accurately, is gaining
+ground; progress is by no means rapid.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, July 13, 1837._--Yesterday it only rained for half the
+day, and I was able to go round my little empire, which I found in
+very good condition. I shall be sorry presently to tear myself away
+from it. I propose to dine and sleep at Tours, and shall be back at
+Valen�ay to-morrow.
+
+I was able yesterday to visit my hydraulic rams.[73] Nothing takes up
+less room or produces a better result. Many workmen come to see them,
+and several landowners wish to imitate them; it is really an admirable
+invention. I have now water for the kitchen, the stables, and
+everywhere, and next year I shall present myself with a fire-engine.
+
+  [73] As Rochecotte was without any water-supply, and the hillside
+  upon which the castle was built was quite bare, hydraulic rams
+  were introduced. These were the first imported to France. The
+  Duchesse de Dino had them made in England, and insisted that
+  French measures should be transposed exactly into English, and
+  English into French, with the result that when they were set up
+  at Rochecotte, where they still stand, the measurements were
+  found to be exact.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 15, 1837._--I left Tours yesterday morning. Before
+starting I saw the sad sight of a man killed by lightning. His
+companion only had his legs broken, and was being taken to the
+hospital for a double amputation.
+
+I had lunch at Loches, where I visited everything: the tomb of Agn�s
+Sorel, the oratory of Anne of Brittany, and a curious church, the
+prison of Ludovico Sforza. I admired the magnificent panorama from the
+top of the towers. We then stopped at Montr�sor, to inspect one of the
+prettiest Renaissance churches I have seen. It is built by the side of
+an old castle, which was begun by the famous Foulques Nera, the
+greatest builder before Louis-Philippe.
+
+At the ironworks of Lu�ay[74] I found horses from the house, which
+brought me here very quickly.
+
+  [74] Lu�ay de Male is a dependency of the estate of Valen�ay. By
+  its architecture the castle of Lu�ay seems to belong to the same
+  age as that of Valen�ay. It is in a fine situation, overlooking
+  the ironworks, the fine lake which provides it with water, the
+  town of Lu�ay, and picturesque ravines.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 18, 1837._--With regard to the trial of General de
+Rigny, I can say that the General was deeply hurt, and reasonably so,
+because the Government wished to punish him after his brilliant
+acquittal before the Council of War; he declared to the Minister of
+War that if they chose that moment to deprive him of the command of
+Lille, he would accuse Marshal Clausel before the civil courts, and
+without in any way sparing him, as he had felt obliged to do at
+Marseilles. The Minister of War told him that he had wished to give
+him the command, but that the King objected. M. Mol� and the whole
+Council said the same, and Baron Louis, uncle of General de Rigny,
+thought it well to go to Neuilly and demand an explanation from the
+King. The King said that the General had been proved guilty of
+insubordination, to which the poor old uncle replied: "But your
+Majesty is surely ready to recognise the judgment that has been
+passed; the Council of War admitted that the remarks attributed to my
+nephew were libellous; all that we can now do is to prosecute the
+Marshal." The King then replied: "Ah, I did not know that. I will look
+into the details of the trial, and then we shall see."[75]
+
+  [75] In 1836 Marshal Clausel, who was then Governor of Algeria,
+  attacked the Bey of Constantine unsuccessfully; upon his failure
+  the army, which was weakened, was obliged to raise the siege of
+  the town and to retreat by forced marches in the midst of
+  continual attacks from the Arab troops. General de Rigny, who was
+  stationed in the rearguard, bore the whole weight of this
+  disastrous retreat. In spite of his efforts he found that his
+  general had singled him out in an order of the day for a formal
+  accusation of treacherous insinuations and advice, and had
+  declared him a rebel and an unworthy officer. General de Rigny
+  demanded to be judged by a court-martial, and secured a verdict
+  of acquittal, which was unanimously given in 1837.
+
+The fact is that at the Ch�teau anybody called Rigny is in bad odour,
+for the opposite reason from that which has made the fortune of M.
+Bresson. It is not enough to be a devoted servant of the Government;
+one must also be, and always have been, an Orl�anist.
+
+I have received Madame de Lieven's first letter from London. She seems
+delighted with the magnificence of her hosts' style of living, the
+Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, and also by the attentions of her
+friends. She says that the young Queen is a marvel of dignity and
+industry, and is not to be led, even by her mother. She manages her
+whole Court herself, and as the Duchess of Sutherland is Mistress of
+the Robes the Princess sees the notes that the Queen writes on the
+occasion of the Court functions, which are models of good arrangement
+and propriety. The Duchess of Sutherland is in charge of all
+arrangements, and is even above the Lord Chamberlain. Apparently she
+can become a second Duchess of Marlborough if she likes. When the
+Queen receives addresses on her throne the Duchess of Sutherland
+stands at her right hand, while the Duchess of Kent, the Queen's
+mother, is seated below the steps. The Queen wishes to review the
+troops on horseback, and what she wishes she does. Lord Melbourne is
+all-powerful and the Whigs are triumphant; the elections will be
+keenly fought; it is the Tories' last chance. Lord Durham has resumed
+his power over the Radicals, who flatter him, and the Queen does not
+share her mother's liking for him.
+
+The English crown has no diamonds. The very beautiful diamonds of the
+Queen-Dowager are her own property, and came to her from her
+mother-in-law, the old Queen Charlotte, who bequeathed them to the
+crown of Hanover. As this crown is now separated from the English
+crown, the Duke of Cumberland, as King of Hanover, reclaims the
+diamonds. Thus Queen Victoria has none, and although she is in no
+hurry to send back these jewels she will not wear them.
+
+Count Orloff has been sent to London to compliment the Queen. Madame
+de Lieven hopes to learn from him how far she can defy the Emperor,
+her master.
+
+M. Thiers wrote to her from Florence that he was not satisfied with
+the treaty concluded with Abd-el-Kader.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, July 26, 1837._--Letters received this morning seem to show
+that the resolution to dissolve the Chamber has been retracted, or has
+given rise at any rate to hesitation. The audacious declaration of the
+King of Hanover, the success of Don Carlos, and the fear of seeing the
+English elections turn in a Radical direction is said to give rise to
+apprehension here of definite mandates and republican tendencies in
+the coming general elections.
+
+The Court is at the town of Eu, and from thence will go on to
+Saint-Cloud. The Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg accompanies its
+movements. She is liked and respected, and, feeling that her position
+will not be agreeable in Germany, she is in no hurry to return, and is
+somewhat afraid of the solitude that there awaits her.
+
+Yesterday I had a letter from M. Royer-Collard, who is in Paris, from
+which the following is an extract: "Dissolution resounds throughout
+all correspondence, even in that from the Minister of the Interior.
+Conditions, however, are laid down: if Don Carlos does not reach
+Madrid, if the King of Hanover is not overthrown, if the English
+elections give no cause for terror; these reservations are due to the
+character and policy of the King, who does not care to run risks, and
+who spares the Doctrinaires by leaving them some hope. The decision is
+to come from M. Mol�, who would leave them nothing. In neither case is
+there any consideration as to whether the step in itself is good or
+bad: 'It will all pass over.' For my part, if I am allowed to express
+an opinion, it is precisely those cases which are considered capable
+of postponement that I would never postpone. I do not know what the
+new Chamber will be like, nor do I expect miracles from it, but I
+regard the old Chamber as inadequate and entirely incompetent, if any
+important resolution is required."
+
+I have also a letter from M. Thiers from Florence. He seems to be sad
+and uneasy about his wife's health; he speaks of her with warm and
+tender anxiety, and says that this is his only trouble and that he
+defies politics to disturb his equanimity henceforward. He adds: "I
+have returned to literature and philosophy; like the classical
+Bossuet, I enjoy the spectacle of human affairs in monuments and
+books--that is to say, in the memorials of men of former times. I
+claim the power of discovering the truth from a mere hint, and as this
+is the method of historical investigation I believe I have a good
+knowledge and understanding of the past. This presumption of mine,
+which harms nobody, neither M. Guizot nor King Louis-Philippe, nor
+Prince Metternich, would enable me to live very happily and busily if
+I were spared family cares. I shall therefore do all that I possibly
+can to remain as I am; I wish to improve, to increase my intellectual
+and moral powers, and this can be done better in retirement than
+anywhere else, as one then has time for reflection and study,
+undisturbed by selfish considerations. If some fine position should
+appear some day when I have made myself what I can become, well and
+good; but to spend one's life bandied about between the King and his
+demands for an appanage and the Chamber with its refusals, to be
+constantly harassed by the Tuileries and the Palais Bourbon, by people
+who are never grateful and make you the butt of their grievances
+without the only recompense for the troubles of position, the power to
+do good--all this is simply not worth while. I say this with full
+meaning, and as I am happy enough to see that my feelings are shared
+by those about me, I shall maintain my point of view; so that this
+winter you will see me in entire freedom."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 1, 1837._--M. de Vandoeuvre came to pay us a visit
+yesterday. He told us an amusing story of Madame de Boigne, who had
+been invited to dinner with M. and Madame de Salvandy. When she
+arrived she found only the lady of the house, who apologised for her
+husband and said that he could not appear at dinner because he was
+ill. They sat down without him, but when they went back to the
+drawing-room they found the young Minister, as he calls himself,
+carelessly reposing in a long chair, in Turkish slippers and a fine
+flowered dressing-gown, with a smoking cap embroidered by ladies'
+hands cocked over one ear. The sharp and prudish face of Madame de
+Boigne at that moment is said to have been indescribable.
+
+The daughter of the Duchesse de Plaisance has died of typhoid fever at
+Beyrout, in Syria; her father told me the news. The fate of the
+unhappy mother, of whom at present I know nothing, causes me grief and
+anxiety. She was a good friend to me at a time when I had but few
+friends, and I cannot forget it.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 4, 1837._--I have read the article upon Madame de
+Kr�dener in the _Revue des deux Mondes_. She was a Courlandaise, and I
+have seen her at my mother's house, with whom she struck up a small
+friendship. My mother also thought, and rightly, that it was her duty
+to take some notice of all her compatriots. Madame de Kr�dener was an
+adventuress by nature, and if she had not been well born she would
+have been recognised as such long before her final absurdities. From
+1814 until her death she lived surrounded by a gang of scoundrels, who
+followed her about Europe and presented an unpleasant sight which was
+anything rather than evangelical. They were a strange company of
+apostles.
+
+People who are easily excited, animated and changeable, ready for
+anything, attracted in the most opposite directions, are often
+regarded as hypocrites, simply because they are changeable, and one is
+always tempted to doubt their sincerity. Such is the case of M.
+Thiers. I am sure he is very happy as he writes in his villa at
+Careggi,[76] amid recollections of the Medici, and that he is also
+entirely disgusted with Paris. Ardent and impetuous natures, equally
+ready for any enterprise, are unfortunately often misjudged by
+characters more happily balanced. I know something of this from my own
+experience. We shall undoubtedly see M. Thiers once more in the arena
+of politics and ambition, but to-day he sincerely believes that he has
+left it for ever. The advantage of such natures as his, and perhaps as
+mine, consists in the fact that they are never wholly cast down and
+are so supple and elastic that they accommodate themselves to the most
+different situations; but it must be admitted that corresponding
+inconveniences are involved. Their judgment of things and of people is
+often too rapid, and their execution is often too quick and too
+complete; by springing from rock to rock they are always in danger,
+and sometimes fall; they then descend to an abyss, which is regarded
+as their proper position by those who have been able to maintain
+themselves steadily at one height, are by no means sorry to see their
+overthrow and are disinclined to offer any help. How many times have I
+seen and experienced this! The worst part of it is not the accusations
+of folly, but of hypocrisy. There is, however, for these natures one
+infallible resource, when they have the strength to fall back upon it:
+they can force themselves to recover their equilibrium and follow the
+golden mean. It is a long task, which will continue necessarily
+throughout their lives, but that is the advantage of it, as the end of
+it can never be determined.
+
+  [76] Careggi forms part of the town of Fiesole, near Florence.
+  Several villas stand about the neighbourhood, the most famous
+  being that which was built by the Medici, which contains several
+  Renaissance masterpieces. The Grand Dukes of Tuscany offered the
+  use of it to distinguished foreigners who stayed at Florence. In
+  this way M. Thiers occupied it in 1837. In 1848 the Princess of
+  Parma sought refuge there in her flight from the revolutions.
+  This villa still belongs to the house of Lorraine.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes to us that his uncle has died within a few
+hours, with every symptom of cholera. I do not know whether I am
+wrong, but for me everything is shrouded in a veil of darkness, and I
+instinctively fear some catastrophe. If only it does not fall upon M.
+de Talleyrand or upon my children! For myself I trust in the will of
+God and prepare myself as well as I can. But how many arrears remain
+to be paid, and how terror-stricken I should be were it not for my
+full confidence in the Divine mercy!
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 5, 1837._--M. de Montrond writes from Paris to M. de
+Talleyrand that the following story was told of the young Queen
+Victoria at the house of the Flahauts: The Duchess of Sutherland had
+kept the Queen waiting; when she arrived the Queen went up to her and
+said: "My dear Duchess, pray do not let this happen again, for neither
+you nor I ought to keep any one waiting." Was not that very well said?
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 8, 1837._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de
+Lieven, which was begun in England and finished in France in the
+course of her journey to Paris. She has seen Orloff in London, and
+thinks that through him she has settled her business so well that she
+can venture to return to Paris. She tells me some curious things of
+the young Queen. "Every one has been taken in by her; she has secretly
+prepared herself for a long time for her destined position. At the
+present moment she gives her whole heart to Lord Melbourne. Her mother
+wished her to enter into obligations with the Radicals, and also with
+Conroy personally. It seems that Conroy, who dominates the mother, had
+behaved very rudely to her daughter, and even threatened her with
+confinement three days before her accession if she did not promise him
+a peerage and the post held by Sir Herbert Taylor. She gave him a
+pension of three thousand pounds and forbade him the palace. The
+mother only comes to see her daughter when she is sent for. The
+Duchess of Kent complains bitterly, and is obviously overcome by
+vexation; and Caradoc, who had miscalculated his possibilities in that
+quarter, has shared in this disgrace and has left England. The young
+Queen is full of affection and respect for her uncle, King Leopold,
+who did not like Conroy; he used to take the girl's part against her
+mother. Melbourne is all-powerful, and adores his young Sovereign. Her
+self-possession is incredible. People are quite afraid of her; she
+keeps every one in order, and I assure you that everything looks very
+different as compared with the old King's time. The Queen wears every
+day the Order of the Garter as a medal upon her shoulder, and the
+motto upon her arm. She has never grown tall, and therefore wears a
+dress with a train even in the morning; she has a distinguished
+appearance; her face is charming and her shoulders superb. She issues
+her orders as a queen; her will must be obeyed at once and without
+contradiction. All the courtiers seem overwhelmed."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 15, 1837._--I knew Madame de Lieven's taste for
+planting herself at Paris, but I did not think it went so far as to
+induce her to monopolise the Russian Embassy, and from every point of
+view this is a false move; with whatever kindness she may meet in her
+present position, which is regarded as neutral and without influence,
+an official position would bring her into inextricable difficulties.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 17, 1837._--The following is an extract from a
+letter from Madame de Lieven received yesterday: "For the moment
+Conservatism is very fashionable in England. The new House of Commons
+will be much better composed than the last; I hope and I believe that
+this will produce an agreement with the moderate Tories; they are
+prepared for it. I can answer for Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of
+Wellington, who are ready to give their help and support for the
+moment without any return. If Lord Melbourne accepts he will lose the
+support of the Radical Party, and will find himself obliged in a short
+time to bring Tories into the Cabinet; but that is the best bargain
+open to him, and Lord Melbourne is more inclined to it than his
+colleagues. We shall see if he is bold enough to take the step; when I
+left him he seemed ready for it. The Queen will not be married or
+think of marrying for a year or two at least. You may rely upon the
+accuracy of this statement. The Duchess of Kent is a complete
+nonentity, and even put somewhat on one side by her daughter. Conroy
+dare not appear before the Queen. The Queen is astounding! Most
+astounding! With so much power at eighteen, what will she be like at
+forty?
+
+"The Clanricardes have quarrelled with the Ministry. She is happy,
+because she can now be as Tory as she pleases.
+
+"Diplomacy is in a poor way at London, since you and I are no longer
+there. The members look shabby indeed; they seem mere nobodies,
+receive no respect, have no position, know no news, ask everybody for
+news, and come and whisper a Court affair a fortnight after it is
+forgotten. I blush for my late profession.
+
+"Esterhazy has gone to Brussels. This is producing an effect at
+London, as it is the first act of recognition to the Belgian royalty;
+but from that source Queen Victoria's policy is inspired."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 20, 1837._--We hear from Paris that the Duc
+d'Orl�ans has a cold and is growing thin. There is some fear of his
+lungs, and it is said that he takes too much exercise. It is thought
+the exertion of the camp at Compi�gne may be too much for him. His
+wife is literally adored by the royal family, and by all who come near
+her.
+
+I have a charming letter from the Duchess of Gloucester. These old
+princesses seem to have been deeply saddened by the death of the late
+King.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 25, 1837._--The King and Queen of the Belgians will
+be at London on the 26th of this month--that is, to-morrow. It is
+supposed that the King will have full influence over his niece, but
+that he will not restore relations between the Duchess of Kent and the
+Queen, or go out of his way to spare the former, as he finds their
+disunion in accordance with his ideas.
+
+The Princess de Lieven is very angry with her husband, who will not
+appear at Havre, where she has arranged to meet him. She is doing her
+utmost at St. Petersburg to gain some means of reviving her husband's
+spirits, of which, to use her own expression, very little remain. She
+repeats that she cannot leave Paris without risking her life. I think
+that she has no great desire to meet the poor Prince again. She tells
+me that M. Guizot is at Paris, that he comes to see her every day, and
+that he drives M. Mol� away as soon as he comes in. M. Mol� is invited
+to the camp at Compi�gne from the 1st to the 4th of September, and M.
+Guizot from the 5th to the 8th. The whole of France will be invited in
+turn.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, August 29, 1837._--I had a troublesome day yesterday.
+Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde came to us, bringing her daughters and M.
+Cuvillier Fleury, tutor to the Duc d'Aumale and a contributor to the
+_Journal des D�bats_. I had to put myself out and show them
+everything, and was very glad when they started back for Beauregard at
+nine o'clock in the evening. M. Fleury has left his pupil for the
+moment to travel for six weeks, and is contributing articles to the
+_Journal des D�bats_ about the castles that he visits. There is
+nothing so disagreeable as this kind of thing, and he has received a
+strong hint here that we do not care to see ourselves in print.
+
+Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde says that the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is
+certainly with child. She also says that Princesse Marie is to marry
+Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg next October, and will live in France.
+
+M. Mignet, who has been here for two days, tells us no news. He
+confines himself to long historical dissertations, which are sometimes
+interesting, but generally somewhat pedantic.
+
+Madame de Jaucourt writes that Baron Louis is dying of a stroke of
+apoplexy. This has been largely brought on by fretting over the
+business of his nephew de Rigny.[77]
+
+  [77] _See_ p. 120.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 2, 1837._--I have a letter from the Duc de
+Noailles, who gives me some small news. I never saw any one of
+importance stay at home less than he does. At Paris he pays a daily
+round of calls, morning and evening, which take up the whole of his
+time, and he never refuses an invitation to dinner. In the summer he
+goes the round of the country houses and the watering-places, and is
+continually making excursions to Paris, as his residence is close at
+hand. Barren characters, when they are naturally intelligent, feel a
+greater need of change than others; in any case, the consequence is
+that he always knows the news. At Paris he keeps it to himself, and
+asks more questions than he answers; but when he writes he tells all
+that he knows, so that his letters are always pleasant.
+
+I have also a letter from M. Thiers, from Cauterets. He is
+izard-hunting with the Basques, of which sport he is very fond,
+although the Pyrenees seem to him but poor scenery after the Lake of
+Como. He is less anxious about his wife's health, and talks of coming
+here for the end of the month, but with all his impedimenta, as he
+cannot leave the ladies whom he is escorting. I am not altogether
+pleased, but how can I refuse?
+
+It seems that the expedition to Constantine is actually to take place,
+and that the Prince Royal will lead it. This campaign seems to me a
+very foolish one for the Prince Royal.
+
+I have just read the so-called memoirs of the Chevalier d'Eon, which
+are tiresome, improbable, and absurd; the idea in particular that he
+could have had a love-affair with the old Queen of England, the
+ugliest, the most prudish and austere woman of her time, is too
+ridiculous an invention.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 6, 1837._--The newspapers now say that it is the
+Duc de Nemours, and not the Prince Royal, who will command the
+expedition to Constantine. This seems to me a better arrangement.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven writes as follows: "There is talk of a double
+marriage: the Princesse Marie with Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg and
+Princesse Cl�mentine with the eldest son of the reigning Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Here, however, a difficulty appears. The children
+of the marriage should be Lutherans, which the Queen does not wish;
+and in the case of the first marriage there is also the possible
+difficulty that the King of W�rtemberg might not give his consent. It
+is said that the negotiations, though not broken off, are not far
+advanced. I have a letter from my brother which shows me that Orloff
+has kept his word. He says that Paris is the only place to suit me,
+and that no one protests against it. Now I have only my husband to
+think of, and how can he be likely to offer objections as the Court
+has raised none? This difficulty is bound to disappear, but not for a
+month or six weeks, for my husband will require advices from the
+Emperor, and the whole troublesome affair will have to go round
+Europe, from Paris to Odessa and from Odessa to Ischl and from Ischl
+to Paris. Just think of that!" So much from this great and aged spoilt
+child.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 8, 1837._--The news given us by Madame de
+Sainte-Aldegonde was premature. Madame Ad�la�de writes to M. de
+Talleyrand that the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is not with child, that the
+King will not go to Amboise this year, and that the marriage of the
+Princesse Marie with Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg is possible, but not
+absolutely settled, though negotiations are going on.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 9, 1837._--I have come back from an excursion to
+Ch�teauvieux and Saint-Aignan which occupied the whole of yesterday
+and to-day. I was marvellously well and in high spirits with M.
+Royer-Collard, but to-day I feel broken down and miserable. There is
+no sense in it; I do not know what does me good or what makes me feel
+ill; I suffer from what I think should do me good and recover from
+that which should lay me low. I am a very strange little creature. The
+doctor tells me every day that it is the result of my nervous,
+fantastic, and capricious disposition. What is certain is that I have
+fits of cheerfulness, of gaiety, and of sadness; that I look after
+myself, or my nerves look after me, very badly; and that I am
+exceedingly tired of myself, and to some extent of other people.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 11, 1837._--What is to be said of the mandate of
+the Archbishop of Paris, and of the article in the _Journal des
+D�bats_ which follows it? The desecration of Sainte-Genevi�ve is
+obvious, and the scandal of the pediment has been felt by all
+right-thinking people.[78] In the face of such an enormity it was
+difficult for the plaintive voice of the chief pastor not to utter a
+cry of pain, and the absence of any protest would have been
+blameworthy, in my opinion. But his cry has been uttered with violence
+and bitterness, and with none of the apostolic respect for the
+feelings of others which it is always wise to keep in view. In M. de
+Qu�len we shall always have an excellent priest with the courage and
+devotion of his convictions, but he will never learn tact, and will
+constantly injure his position by his words and his actions. I am
+sorry for him, as I am interested in him, and also for the cause of
+religion, which is even more wounded by these unhappy events and
+Governmental scandals. The want of thought which permitted this
+pediment, the obvious hesitation of the Ministry to know whether it
+would be disclosed or not, the weakness which showed it to the eyes of
+the public, and the tone of indifference with which newspapers speak
+of it, are so many disavowals of the system of order and energy which
+they have claimed as theirs. Next to the pillage of the archbishopric,
+the destruction of the crosses, and the rejection of the fleur-de-lys,
+nothing seems to me more hopelessly revolutionary than this hideous
+pediment. It frightens right-thinking people far more than usurpation.
+
+  [78] It was proposed to erect upon the Pantheon a colossal statue
+  of Renown to replace the cross removed in 1831 from what was at
+  that time the Church of Sainte-Genevi�ve. Cortot was commissioned
+  with this work, and set up a model in carton-pierre. Criticism
+  unanimously condemned it, and the statue was taken down after
+  some time.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 12, 1837._--The Carlist party are very wrong to
+accuse the Duc de Noailles of inclination to support the present
+Government; he is very far from anything of the kind. I have seen that
+he was somewhat tempted to that course for two or three months during
+the journey of the two Princes in Germany and when the marriage of the
+Archduchess Theresa was discussed. Since Alibaud's pistol-shot and the
+refusal of Austria he has given up the idea, and I think he is more
+determined than ever to follow his present line of conduct, although
+his impartiality in thought and language will always prevent him from
+joining the hot-headed members of his party.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes as follows: "I have a letter from my husband
+proposing the right bank of the Rhine and asserting that he cannot
+possibly cross it. We shall see. I hope and believe that he will
+change his mind. M. Mol� and M. Guizot meet at my house, and are
+beginning to talk. The consent of the King of W�rtemberg to his
+cousin's marriage has come to hand. M. Guizot has returned from
+Compi�gne delighted with the wit and intelligence of the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans. Madame de Flahaut is kept very much aloof from the
+Princess, and is vexed in consequence. She had her four days at the
+Ch�teau, like the other guests, and then returned to her rooms in the
+town of Compi�gne. Lady Jersey writes that she will come and spend the
+winter at Paris to see the Prince de Talleyrand. My husband has seen
+their Hanoverian Majesties at Carlsbad."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 18, 1837._--Yesterday I had a very kind letter
+from M. Mol�. He tells me that he has been obliged to postpone the
+diplomatic affair. He wishes to create some peers, but is somewhat
+hampered by the stupid social classification. He speaks bitterly of
+the great attention paid by M. Guizot to Madame de Lieven, and readily
+accepted by the latter.
+
+Alava, who has been here since yesterday, told me that the hunchbacked
+daughter of the Duc de Frias has married the Prince of Anglona. Mlle.
+Auguste de Rigny is certainly the only heiress of the Baron Louis, who
+leaves seventy thousand francs income. She has already an income of
+eighteen thousand of her own. The will is quite simple, and so
+definite that it cannot be attacked.[79]
+
+  [79] Baron Louis died at Vry-sur-Marne, near Paris, on August 26,
+  1837.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 19, 1837._--M. de Salvandy, whom M. de Talleyrand
+had invited here, appeared yesterday at dinner-time. He is going back
+this evening, having sandwiched this excursion between two meetings of
+the Council. I have exhausted myself in graciousness of manner and in
+making conversation, which is not an easy matter with a man who is
+undoubtedly intellectual, but emphatically so, and constantly anxious
+to produce an effect. In any case, he has been very attentive to me.
+He told me that the Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg had an income of only
+fifty thousand francs, and that the King of W�rtemberg showed much
+politeness and readiness throughout the affair, though the alliance is
+a poor one for our young Princess; we gain nothing more than a husband
+for her. It is not true that she will stay in France; in the summer
+she will live in her husband's castle, fifteen leagues from Coburg,
+and in the winter in a little palace at Gotha. When they visit Paris
+they will be put up at the Elys�e. They are going to Germany
+immediately after the marriage, which will take place in the first
+fortnight of October.
+
+The French elections will take place on November 15, and the Chamber
+will meet on December 5.
+
+M. de Salvandy also talked much of the Duchess d'Orleans, whom he
+believes, and I think rightly, to be an eminently clever person, and,
+as she has to govern some day thirty-two million souls, is working
+daily to win their hearts one by one.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 20, 1837._--M. de Salvandy left us yesterday
+after dinner. During our morning talk he quoted an instance showing
+the growing influence of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans over her husband.
+Before his marriage he troubled so little about mass that last May, a
+few weeks before his wedding, he went to the races at Chantilly on the
+Day of Pentecost, and never even thought of attending mass. Recently
+at Saint-Quentin he went there _in fiocchi_, telling the National
+Guard that they might follow him or not as they pleased. The Guard
+went in a body. Saint-Quentin, however, like all manufacturing towns,
+is by no means religious.
+
+The Pope is deeply vexed about the business of Sainte-Genevi�ve, and
+is going to offer a severe remonstrance through Mgr. Garibaldi. The
+King, who has been much distressed by the scandal, is embarrassed in
+his relations with Rome because he yielded to M. de Montalivet, who is
+unfortunately surrounded by the wretched troop of hostile newspapers,
+to which he pays homage and deference. M. Mol�, who is opposed to the
+pediment, has also yielded. M. de Salvandy is also fulminating, and I
+imagine when he has uttered one sonorous phrase he will think his duty
+done.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 22, 1837._--M. de Salvandy has written, upon his
+arrival in Paris during the session of the Council, telling M. de
+Talleyrand that he had found everybody much excited at the news from
+Spain; all are expecting to hear of the arrival of Don Carlos at
+Madrid. It is possible that this news will somewhat disturb
+arrangements for the dissolution and the elections.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 28, 1837._--Madame Ad�la�de writes that the
+marriage of her niece to Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg will take place
+at Trianon on October 12. Madame de Castellane tells me that the
+Lieven-Guizot flirtation is unparalleled. He is making her read Dante
+and Tasso, and never leaves her house. Since he has been in the
+country he writes letters to her of ten pages. During his absence the
+Princess went to his house, gained admission to his rooms, and
+examined everything carefully. She has written curious but sensible
+articles on the subject. An article has appeared concerning the whole
+affair in _Le Temps_. This has made her furious, and she has had a
+very lively interview with M. Mol�, because _Le Temps_ is said to be
+considerably under Ministerial influence; hence relations between the
+Prime Minister and herself are somewhat strained. It is all very
+ridiculous, and I am glad to be away from Paris and all this gossip.
+
+In any case, a retired life is delightful. In society one squanders
+too much energy; instead of laying up a proper store of provisions for
+the great journey, we scatter them broadcast, and find ourselves
+lacking when we have to start. Terrible is our want and disgraceful
+our indigence! I am sometimes really terrified at my wretched
+condition.
+
+Yesterday I had a sad piece of news--the death of the young Princess
+of Arsoli, daughter of the late Madame de Carignan. She was carried
+off by cholera in the same week as her mother-in-law, Princess
+Massimo. I had seen her born.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 29, 1837._--The Baron de Montmorency, who arrived
+here yesterday, thinks that there is some hitch in the W�rtemberg
+marriage. The King of W�rtemberg seems to have suddenly refused his
+consent, except on condition that all the children should be
+Protestants, while our Queen wishes them all to be Catholics. If the
+Duke Alexander yields to the Queen there will be a marriage the more
+without the head of the family, which never looks well. If France
+gives way to the King of W�rtemberg the Princess will have to go to be
+married at the frontier, as was Mlle. de Broglie, for the French
+Catholic clergy will only allow mixed marriages on condition that all
+the children are brought up as Catholics. It is really inconceivable
+that so important a question was not decided before the announcement
+of the marriage. It will lead to any number of vexatious ideas, and
+show with what difficulty business can be conducted at our Court.
+
+It is said that Von H�gel, the Austrian Charg� d'Affaires at Paris, is
+going mad.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 1, 1837._--Yesterday our theatricals took place,
+for which we had been rehearsing for a fortnight; I played my part in
+spite of a headache. People kindly said that I entirely concealed my
+suffering on the stage, but as soon as it was over I was obliged to go
+to bed at once. The performance was quite successful, and Pauline
+played two totally different parts so admirably that I begin to wonder
+whether I ought to allow her to continue this amusement. Our scene
+from the _Femmes savantes_ went very well, and M. de la Besnardi�re,
+who is an old theatre-goer, asserts that he never saw it so well
+played. I really think that it went with a certainty, a unity, and a
+correctness that were quite remarkable. M. de Talleyrand was
+delighted. There was supper and dancing after the performance, but I
+was not there.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 2, 1837._--All the neighbours about us went away
+yesterday after mass, but in the course of the day a certain Mr.
+Hamilton arrived, who is an American, and the son of Colonel
+Hamilton, who was well known during the War of Independence in the
+United States; M. de Talleyrand often speaks of him, and was very
+intimate with him in America. The son did not wish to leave the Old
+World, where he has been making a tour, without seeing his father's
+friend. He brought his own son with him, a young man of twenty-one.
+Neither of them speak French, so I exhausted myself in making English
+conversation. They are starting again this morning. In his own country
+Mr. Hamilton belongs to the Opposition party. He is a sensible man,
+but with that tinge of Americanism which is always somewhat
+disagreeable in the best of them.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 7, 1837._--I hear from Paris that the difficulties
+with W�rtemberg have been smoothed over. The marriage is to take place
+on the 14th, and everything is going on to the general satisfaction.
+Our Princess has been invited to Stuttgart. The Duc d'Orl�ans is said
+to be the only member of the family dissatisfied with this union, and
+we are told that he treated his future brother-in-law more than coldly
+at Compi�gne.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 9, 1837._--The Duc Decazes arrived here
+unexpectedly at dinner-time yesterday. He was on his way from Livorno,
+full of the Bordeaux affair, which he seems inclined to visit upon the
+Prefect, M. de Pressac. After dinner he continued his journey to
+Paris, where he is summoned by the marriage of the Princesse Marie. He
+had left M. Thiers and all his family at Tours. We are expecting them
+to-day.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 10, 1837._--M. and Madame Thiers, Madame Dosne and
+her young daughter arrived yesterday an hour before dinner-time. They
+came by Montrichard, and so they were all shaken and weary. Madame
+Thiers does not show any sign of exhaustion in her face; she is
+perhaps a little thin, but nothing else; I think it is largely a
+matter of nerves, and that if she were in good spirits her
+indisposition would quickly disappear. In any case, for a person of
+her kind, I think her quite anxious to please, but, like her mother,
+she has a vulgar intonation and trivial expressions to which I cannot
+get accustomed. It was a dull and heavy evening, in spite of the
+enthusiasm of M. Thiers for Italy. He seems to be greatly struck by
+the beauty of Valen�ay, and I think they are all very glad to be here.
+Fortunately the weather is fine; I have never prayed for sunshine so
+earnestly.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 11, 1837._--Madame Thiers was very tired yesterday;
+she went upstairs after lunch and did not reappear until dinner-time.
+She would not go for a drive, and her mother kept her company. We took
+the husband out with us, and he was in excellent spirits, with no
+bitterness or hostility. He wishes to go from here to Lille without
+crossing Paris, where he only wishes to arrive just in time for the
+Chambers; he was also very sarcastic about the repeated proposals that
+have been made to him for the greatest embassies.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 12, 1837._--M. de Talleyrand yesterday took M.
+Thiers to see M. Royer-Collard. They returned both well pleased with
+their walk, whence I infer that they left their host equally pleased.
+I have no great trouble with the ladies. The young wife appears for
+meals, lolls in a drawing-room armchair for half an hour after lunch
+and for an hour after dinner, then goes up to her room; she will not
+drive, and only wishes to be left alone. Her mother is with her a
+great deal, and her husband most attentive. The young wife governs
+them all, but like a spoilt and capricious child, and I think that the
+poor husband finds the path of marriage a somewhat thorny one.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 13, 1837._--The Duchesse de Saint-Leu is dead. What
+will become of her son? Will he be left upon our frontier?
+
+Madame Murat continues to remain at Paris. General Macdonald,[80] who
+was thought to be her husband, and who was greatly devoted to her in
+any case, has died at Florence. To the universal surprise, this event
+has not so far saddened her as to prevent her from going to the
+theatre, nor does she show any of the grief that might have been
+expected.
+
+  [80] Francis Macdonald had been appointed Minister of War at
+  Naples by King Murat in 1814.
+
+Here people talk of nothing but the approaching elections; they seem
+to be still very uncertain and to defy all calculations. I have always
+noticed this to be the case at every dissolution of the Chamber. The
+instructions of the Ministry are very capricious; on the whole the
+Doctrinaires and progressive parties are to be proscribed, but with so
+many exceptions here and there that unusual points of contact are
+created. M. Thiers is quite calm, in excellent political spirits; he
+talks a great deal of his forty years and of the frost of age;
+however, I would not trust to that, and if he were provoked he would
+be quite capable of entering the fray most vigorously. He has quite
+abandoned his ideas of Spanish intervention, not as regards the past,
+but for the present moment. I have never seen him so wise and
+self-controlled--a condition only to be attained by those whose
+inclinations are definite, and who have enough self-satisfaction not
+to be ambitious for power. His wife unbends a little; she danced
+yesterday evening in excellent spirits.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 15, 1837._--The whole of the Thiers family went
+away yesterday. Although the mother has been anxious to please, the
+young wife amiable in her manner, and her husband witty, animated, and
+tractable, as usual, I am not sorry to see them go.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 22, 1837._--We are to have a second theatrical
+performance. I rehearsed my part yesterday with M. de Valen�ay while
+the rest of the company were out driving.
+
+I have a very carefully written letter from Madame Dosne, from which
+the following is an interesting passage: "Since our arrival the house
+has been stormed by friends, inquirers, and interested people, who
+wish to learn the attitude of M. Thiers. He has seen M. Mol� and M. de
+Montalivet, who are struggling for his friendship, and has been
+effusively received by the royal family. You know better than any one,
+madame, to whom he owes that. In short, his move to Paris has been
+quite politic and successful. He is ready to defend the Ministry as
+long as it lasts and to help it as long as he can, if they will
+support his view with regard to the elections. To-morrow we shall
+start for Lille, where we shall stay as long as my daughter wishes."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 26, 1837._--Madame de Lieven writes to say that her
+husband has sent his son Alexander to her to carry her off dead or
+alive, but she has refused to stir, and that the son has gone back
+again provided with all possible certificates from the doctors of the
+Embassy stating the impossibility of moving her. She is loud in the
+praises of Comte Pahlen and of my cousin Paul Medem. It seems that the
+Autocrat told M. de Lieven that he would crush the Princess if she
+persisted in remaining in France. I think she has some private means
+which no one can touch, and which help her to hold out. Before long it
+will become a regular drama.
+
+I have a long letter from the Duc d'Orl�ans, in which he tells me that
+his sister, the Duchess of W�rtemberg, did not go immediately to
+Stuttgart on leaving Paris, but went first to Coburg, and will not go
+to W�rtemberg till later. The Duc d'Orl�ans gives me excellent
+accounts of his wife, and seems to regard her as a perfect friend,
+which is the best certificate a woman can have from her husband, and a
+guarantee of the most desirable future for her.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, November 2, 1837._--I shall start presently to dine and
+sleep at Beauregard. To-morrow I shall pass through Tours, and reach
+my house at Rochecotte in time for dinner.
+
+I have a kind letter from M. Guizot, who tells me that the new Chamber
+will be like the last, and that if there is a difference it will be to
+the advantage of his own views.
+
+M. Thiers writes from Lille saying that the general electioneering cry
+is "Down with the Doctrinaires!" and that he is asked by five
+different departments to become a candidate, but that he will remain
+faithful to Aix. Finally, M. Royer-Collard writes from Paris saying
+that M. Mol� has been tricked in the elections; that it does not,
+however, follow that the elections will go in favour of the
+Doctrinaires, but that they will not lack Ministerial support. Of
+these three versions which is the most credible? I am inclined to
+accept the last.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1837._--Since yesterday I have been in my own
+home. As I passed through Tours in the morning I found the poor
+Prefect grappling with the electoral fever.
+
+The confusion of the instructions is incredible, continually modified
+or contradicted as they are by intrigues at Paris, alternating between
+the influence of Guizot or Thiers; consequently I think the result
+will be very far removed from that which was proposed at the
+dissolution of the Chamber. Fortunately the country is calm, for the
+dissolution was decided upon, not for patriotic reasons, but simply
+for personal interest, and miscalculation upon that ground is a matter
+of indifference. At the same time it is foolish uselessly to stir up
+an infinity of local passions which, though they do not rise to the
+danger and violence of political strife, none the less injure public
+spirit by dividing the country more and more into parties.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 5, 1837._--The comedies which we acted at
+Valen�ay brought some life into the great castle, of which there has
+been a prodigious lack during June, July, and August. I admit, to my
+shame, that for the first time in my life since I rested from the
+fatigues of Fontainebleau and Versailles I have been very bored. The
+illness which we have all suffered one after another brought anxiety
+in place of boredom, and I am glad of some small diversion to bring me
+out of the groove.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 11, 1837._--A letter from Madame Ad�la�de
+reached me yesterday. She seems fairly pleased with the elections, and
+would be more so were it not for the infamous alliance between the
+Legitimists and Republicans, which has brought success to the latter
+party in several places. I use her own expressions. She also says that
+Princesse Marie is delighted with her husband and her journey, with
+Germany and with the reception which has so far been given.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 24, 1837._--I am sorry for the Grand Duchess
+Stephanie on account of the wrongdoing or misfortune of her daughter,
+the Princess Wasa.[81] I never liked her, and was struck by her bad
+appearance when I saw her at Paris in 1827 with her mother; moreover,
+her husband, whom I also know, is a very ordinary person, and by no
+means the man to guide a young wife.
+
+  [81] Princess Louisa of Baden, the eldest daughter of the Grand
+  Duchess Stephanie of Baden, had married a Prince Wasa. Her
+  household was constantly disturbed by quarrels, which the Grand
+  Duchess was continually trying to heal, though for a long time
+  without success.
+
+The Duchess of Massa speaks with delight in her letters of the
+hospitality and the distinction at the Court of Coburg, and of the
+happiness of the Princesse Marie. I also hear that the Duc d'Orl�ans
+constantly talks of his domestic happiness, in which he is entirely
+absorbed. He is to give an entertainment upon the return of his
+brother, the Duc de Nemours, the victor of Constantine.
+
+I am more and more delighted with the life of Bossuet by Cardinal
+Bausset. How fortunate it is that I put off reading this book at a
+time when the taste for reading had passed away, and is now revived by
+this excellent work! I have ordered a fine engraving of Bossuet which
+I wish to possess; it is absurd that he should not have his place here
+with my other friends of the great century, Madame de S�vign�, Madame
+de Maintenon, Cardinal de Retz, and Arnauld d'Andilly. Although I
+admire every personage of that great age, I have my preferences. I
+want a portrait of the Palatine to complete my collection.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 30, 1837._--My sister, the Duchesse de Sagan,
+writes to say that she will come here shortly; I do not know whether
+she will carry out her plan this time--not that I am altogether
+regretful if she should fail, for I am never entirely at my ease with
+her. I was accustomed to be afraid of her in my youth, and am still
+somewhat overawed; but as the matter has been announced and arranged,
+it is better that she should come.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 2, 1837._--Yesterday in the _Journal des D�bats_
+I read the great memorandum of the Prussian Government against the
+Archbishop of Cologne.[82] We must suspend our judgment until we hear
+his defence; but the fact remains that so strong a measure as to
+arrest an archbishop and imprison him does not look well in the case
+of a Protestant Sovereign when dealing with a Catholic prelate in a
+Catholic country. It has too strong an appearance of persecution, even
+if it be justified at bottom. I am very curious to know the end of
+this affair; it seems to me of serious import.
+
+  [82] The Archbishop of Cologne and the Prussian Government
+  differed on the question of mixed marriages. The Archbishop
+  wished to appeal to the Pope, and the Government had him arrested
+  on November 28, 1837. He remained a prisoner for four years at
+  Minden, and never re-entered his diocese, where his coadjutor
+  took his place on his death in 1845. The Archbishop of Cologne,
+  Baron Droste de Vischering, was born in 1773.
+
+M. de Montrond tells M. de Talleyrand that the whole family of Thiers
+profess such a redoubled affection for us since their stay at Valen�ay
+that we shall be regarded as responsible for the acts and deeds of M.
+Thiers during the coming session. I have urged this upon M. de
+Talleyrand as an argument for staying here as long as possible, but
+with what success I do not know.
+
+M. Guizot is to be found at Madame de Lieven's house from morning to
+evening, to the general amusement.
+
+Madame Ad�la�de's letters begin to urge more strongly our return to
+Paris, which is exactly the reason why I should prefer to stay here.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 4, 1837._--M. de Sainte-Aulaire informs me that
+the Grand Duchess Stephanie has solved her daughter Wasa's domestic
+difficulties. I fear she has only postponed the evil day.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 6, 1837._--Yesterday I carried out an enterprise
+which I had long been anxious to perform. I went with my son Valen�ay
+to see the Comte d'H�liaud and Madame de Champchevrier. We started in
+fine frosty weather, lunched with M. d'H�liaud, and spent an hour at
+Champchevrier on our return with the nicest people in the world, in a
+fine old castle, with moats and avenues, and a well-wooded country of
+preserves; old tapestry, stag-horns, and hunting-horns hung from the
+walls are the chief ornaments in this noble but not very elegant
+mansion. It is inhabited by a simple, upright, and respected family,
+who live comfortably but not luxuriously, hunting and farming
+throughout the year. At certain times forty or fifty of the
+surrounding families meet there for amusement. The whole establishment
+is well worthy of a description by Walter Scott, especially an old
+grandmother of eighty-two, upright, alert, imposing, and polite, in a
+surprisingly antique dress. We were very kindly received. By the time
+we reached home I was frozen, but very glad that I had paid my calls
+and fulfilled my neighbourly duties.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes to say that he met M. Thiers one morning at
+Madame de Lieven's house, where he spoke like a little saint and a
+great philosopher.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 10, 1837._--My sister and my son Alexandre at
+last arrived here yesterday, after a long and tiring journey. My
+sister has grown very stout, and looks much older; none the less she
+is astonishingly well preserved for the age of fifty-seven. She talks
+a great deal and very loudly. The Vienna strain in her is predominant.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 11, 1837._--I took my sister for a long drive
+yesterday. She thinks this place very pretty, and, as other persons
+have already told me, assures me that nothing recalls to her so much
+_la bella Italia_. We had hardly returned from our long drive than I
+began it over again for M. de Salvandy, who dropped in unexpectedly at
+dinner, and after a short stay continued his journey to
+Nogent-le-Rotrou, where he is going to an electoral banquet. He told
+us that the Duc de Nemours had reached Havre with a broken arm, in
+consequence of an accident upon board of a wretched steamship. He
+travelled by Gibraltar, in order to avoid a great ball that the town
+of Marseilles had prepared for him, and over which great expense had
+been incurred. The King is very displeased by this prank.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 19, 1837._--Last spring when I consulted
+Lisfranc and Cruveilhier they both told me that I was threatened by a
+tendency to feverishness. Since that time my life has been arranged
+to avoid the danger, and with success; but since the arrival of my
+sister I have felt a great and steadily increasing nervous agitation,
+so much so that yesterday inflammation was pronounced, with violent
+fever. I am much distressed, and think I shall have to spend some days
+in bed or upon my sofa.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 20, 1837._--The doctor says that I am better
+to-day. I never remember having felt so ill as the day before
+yesterday. I am still keeping my room, and feel very poorly, but the
+doctor repeats that there is no danger, and that with a few days' more
+care I shall be quite well.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 25, 1837._--The pain in my right side is growing
+less, and I am not so weak. When I am stronger I shall speak of my
+thoughts during these days of danger through which I have passed. The
+mental life becomes the clearer when the outward eye is veiled and
+obscured.[83]
+
+  [83] The Duchesse de Dino suffered from a much more severe
+  illness than she relates. It is to this period that she ascribed
+  those inward changes which then took place in the case of M. de
+  Talleyrand, and gradually brought him back to the Christian
+  faith.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 26, 1837._--I am better, and very grateful to
+Providence which has delivered me from so grievous a state; but I
+shall not recover from the shock for a long time. I was deeply touched
+to learn that yesterday during the service I was recommended to the
+prayers of the congregation. All my neighbours and the whole
+countryside have been most kind; my servants have watched and worked
+with infinite zeal, and the two doctors, MM. Cogny and Orie, have been
+very attentive.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 28, 1837._--The weather is magnificent, and at
+midday I shall be wheeled on to the terrace for a moment.
+
+I have no news from Paris, and am greatly ignorant of the affairs of
+this world. It seemed to me during the two days that I was ill that I
+saw something of the things of the next world, and that it was not so
+difficult as might be thought to rise towards one's Creator; that
+there was even a certain sweetness in the idea that one was to rest at
+length from all the troubles of life. Providence can soften all the
+trials which He sends to us, by giving us the strength to bear them,
+and one can never feel too thankful for all the Divine favours.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 31, 1837._--This last day of a year, which upon
+the whole has not been entirely agreeable, induces me to throw a
+retrospective glance upon my life--an effort which produces a not very
+pleasant result. However, it would be wrong to complain; if
+misfortunes are not lacking for me, there are also blessings which it
+would be ungrateful not to recognise; and one may feel despondent and
+serious and yet have no right to feel or to call oneself unhappy. May
+God preserve for myself and for those whom I love, honour, health, and
+that peace of mind which keeps the soul from care, and my thanks will
+be heartfelt.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+1838
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 1, 1838._--In spite of my weakness I remained
+until midnight in the drawing-room, to embrace M. de Talleyrand, my
+children, and my sister as the new year came in. I am to go out in the
+carriage to-day, to come down to dinner, and, in short, to return to
+life by degrees.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 2, 1838._--The whole countryside passed this way
+yesterday; people were still here in the evening. I am no worse this
+morning, but the contrary, and if this marvellous weather will last a
+few days longer I hope that I shall soon be quite myself again. M. de
+Talleyrand, unfortunately, already speaks of returning to Paris.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 5, 1838._--I have no good opinion of the year
+upon which we have entered, from a political point of view. My mind is
+despondent, my soul sad, my nerves are weak, my heart is full, and, to
+use the language of the chambermaid, I wouldn't give twopence for
+anything. We have been plunged in fog for the last few days, but none
+the less I have been to pay my farewell calls in the immediate
+neighbourhood.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, January 6, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand and Pauline have just
+started for Paris. No one is left in the house except my sister, my
+son Alexandre, and myself. I must make up my accounts and prepare for
+departure, as we are all three going the day after to-morrow.
+Notwithstanding the sad recollections of the illness which darkened my
+last weeks here, I shall leave this pleasant little spot with regret.
+
+
+_Paris, January 11, 1838._--I arrived here yesterday at ten o'clock in
+the evening after a journey which nine degrees of frost and constant
+snow made extremely unpleasant. However, we had no accident, and the
+change of air, sudden as it has been, has rather strengthened me and
+given me a little appetite.
+
+Yesterday I dined at Versailles with Madame de Balbi, whom I thought
+had grown very old. My sister at the same time was eating fowl with
+Madame de Trogoff, whom she knew very well long ago.
+
+We found M. de Talleyrand in good health, but anxious about our
+journey. He told me that the Ministry was absorbed in work upon the
+Address, so that none of the members are visible for the moment.
+
+
+_Paris, January 12, 1838._--Yesterday I was very busy with my sister's
+dresses, my own, and those of Pauline. We have all three arrived in
+rags. Then I went to see Madame de Laval, who is greatly changed. In
+the evening I took my sister to hear _The Puritans_, in the same box
+at the _Th��tre Italien_ as I had last year. Rubini has certainly lost
+something of his voice, and Madame Grisi has begun to shriek.
+
+I believe there is great agitation in the political world, but I ask
+no questions, do not even read a newspaper, and preserve my beloved
+state of ignorance, partly through idleness and partly as a
+precaution.
+
+
+_Paris, January 13, 1838._--My sister wished to go for once to the
+Chamber of Deputies, which is a new sight for her. The Russian
+Ambassador gave us his tickets, and we spent our morning yesterday at
+the Palais Bourbon. M. Mol� surpassed my expectations. He delighted my
+sister and charmed myself. There could be nothing more dignified,
+nothing clearer, better thought or better expressed than his speech.
+His success was quite complete. I saw Madame de Lieven at the Chamber;
+my sister and she will not look at one another; they detest one
+another, though they do not know one another. This is inconvenient
+for me.[84] M. Guizot came up into our seat, and I thought him greatly
+changed.
+
+  [84] A book recently published by M. Jean Hanotau, _Letters of
+  Prince Metternich to the Comtesse de Lieven_ (1818-1819), shows
+  that it was Prince Metternich who set these two ladies against
+  one another.
+
+I am quite overcome by so different a mode of life from that of the
+last six months.
+
+
+_Paris, January 14, 1838._--Yesterday I had a very long and very kind
+visit from the Prince Royal, who was quite calm and in a placid frame
+of mind.
+
+I then called upon the Princesse de Lieven, who gave me full details
+of her domestic situation, which excluded conversation upon any other
+topic and reduced me to the position of audience. She thinks she will
+certainly be able to stay here _ad vitam �ternam_ without molestation.
+I hope she may. In the evening I went to the Tuileries, to pay my
+respects to the Queen.
+
+
+_Paris, January 15, 1838._--Great fires are becoming quite
+fashionable. The burning of the London Stock Exchange will form a
+counterpart to the destruction of the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg,
+with the difference that a hundred persons perished in Russia, while
+no loss of life took place in England. Paul Medem told me that the
+Winter Palace was three times as large as the Louvre, and that six
+thousand persons lived there; that the Imperial pharmacy was situated
+in the middle of the castle, and that an explosion resulting from a
+chemical experiment had caused the conflagration.
+
+I did not go out yesterday. M. de Sainte-Aulaire came to lunch with my
+sister and myself, after which I had a call from M. Royer-Collard, who
+is much better this year. I saw MM. Thiers and Guizot with M. de
+Talleyrand. We had a long and tiresome family dinner, after which my
+sister and myself found nothing better to do than to go to bed at
+half-past nine. I have not entirely recovered my strength. A
+conversation with Dr. Cruveilhier, only too similar to that which I
+had at Tours with Dr. Bretonneau, has done much to bring back my
+despondency and listlessness.
+
+
+_Paris, January 16, 1838._--Yesterday when I was writing I had heard
+nothing of the conflagration which destroyed the _Th��tre Italien_ the
+preceding night. The under-manager and four firemen lost their lives.
+It is a great catastrophe, and disastrous for poor people like myself
+whose only pleasure was the Italian Opera. I feel it quite deeply.
+
+Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday, and it was a great
+pleasure to see her again. She is very nice, and we talked over "dear,
+ever dear England," an inexhaustible subject for me.
+
+In the evening I took Pauline to a ball given by the Duc d'Orl�ans; it
+was charming and delightfully arranged. We went away after supper at
+two o'clock in the morning, which was late for me. However, apart from
+a bad headache I need not complain of the way in which I got through
+my task. Unfortunately there are many others of the kind, and the
+prospect of their multiplicity frightens me. I saw nothing noticeable
+at the ball except the delicate appearance of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans,
+which unfortunately is not to be explained by any prospect of a child.
+I think our excellent Queen looks older, and the Duc de Nemours is
+terribly thin. He has grown a beard in the modern style, but so fair
+that it is frightful to behold.
+
+
+_Paris, January 17, 1838._--Yesterday I spent the morning with my
+sister in doing what I detest more than anything else--making a full
+round of indispensable calls. In the evening I took her to the
+Tuileries. The arrangements were most noble and magnificent. She was a
+little astonished at the forms of presentation here, and I was more
+than usually struck by them.
+
+
+_Paris, January 23, 1838._--I have caught a cold as a result of
+sitting in a draught which blew straight upon my back at a concert
+yesterday at the residence of the Duc d'Orl�ans; this was the only
+thing of which to complain at an evening's entertainment where there
+was no crowd and where the music was delightful, well chosen, and not
+too long.
+
+M. de Talleyrand is very well, except for his legs; their weakness
+does not matter so much, but they are becoming painful, especially
+the toes of one foot, which are not always their natural colour. This
+is an ominous sign. I am very anxious, and so is he; in short, I am
+greatly depressed, and everything weighs heavily upon my mind.
+
+
+_Paris, January 28, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is not ill, but his mania
+for dining out has not agreed with him. Yesterday at Lord Granville's,
+when giving his arm to the Princesse de Lieven, he trod upon the folds
+of her dress and nearly fell; he did not actually fall, but his knee
+gave way, his weak foot turned, and he twisted his big toe. I was
+deeply anxious when I saw him come back in this state. What a sad year
+it is! The fact is that since last April nothing has gone right, and
+if I did not regard all this as a trial and preparation for a better
+world, I should be quite disgusted with this one.
+
+
+_Paris, January 30, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand's foot gives him pain,
+and the worst of it is the difficulty of finding out whether the pain
+is the result of the sprain or the general weakness of the foot;
+otherwise he is calm, with people always about him, and plays his game
+of whist every evening.
+
+I was with the Queen this evening, who had received the sad news that
+morning of the burning of the palace in Gotha in which her daughter,
+Princesse Marie, was living. Princesse Marie nearly lost her life, and
+has lost much valuable property, albums, portraits, books, her
+diaries, in fact everything. Her diamonds are melted out of the
+settings, which are mere lumps of metal; the large stones alone
+resisted the heat, and these must be repolished. And then many
+precious objects which money cannot replace have gone. This first
+cloud which overshadows her young happiness is especially cruel,
+because it raises distrust and destroys the sense of future security.
+It is a real grief to the Queen, the more so as the shock might have
+done the Princess some harm, as she is with child.
+
+
+_Paris, February 1, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is anxious about the
+state of his leg and the consequent change necessitated in his mode of
+life. I wish his foot would get strong enough to allow him to get
+into a carriage, but he cannot yet put enough weight upon it to mount.
+Want of fresh air and exercise, if this continues, may have serious
+consequences. Meanwhile he is not alone for a single moment from ten
+o'clock in the morning till after midnight.
+
+Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday. In a few days she is
+returning to her dear England, of which I think daily with deep
+regret. I knew all that I was losing when I left it, and I have at any
+rate counted the cost.
+
+
+_Paris, February 2, 1838._--The state of M. de Talleyrand's leg is
+pretty much the same, though it was slightly less swollen yesterday.
+He is rather despondent, and, I think, too far-sighted not to realise
+all the possible ill-results. I cannot say how despondent I feel and
+what a weight is upon my mind.
+
+
+_Paris, February 3, 1838._--Yesterday was M. de Talleyrand's birthday,
+and he is now eighty-four. Fortunately his leg has seemed much better
+during the last day or two. This fact was the best birthday present he
+could have, or I either.
+
+
+_Paris, February 5, 1838._--My sister collected some Austrians and
+Italians yesterday evening at her house, and engaged a band of
+Neapolitan musicians who are here. She got them to sing some of their
+national airs, which are very pretty. M. de Talleyrand was carried up
+to my sister's rooms, and played his game there. His leg improves in
+appearance, but the sprained foot is weak and painful. I do not know
+if he will ever be able to walk again. If he could only get into a
+carriage! His inability to get fresh air makes me anxious.
+
+He is sad and worried. Strange to say, he has expressed a wish to make
+the acquaintance of the Abb� Dupanloup, and has asked me to invite him
+to dinner on my birthday. I did so at once. The Abb� at first accepted
+and then refused. I suspect the Archbishop's hand in this. I shall see
+him to-morrow and get an explanation. When M. de Talleyrand heard that
+the Abb� had refused he said: "He has less intelligence than I
+thought, for he ought to be anxious to come here for my sake and his
+own." These words have impressed me and increased my vexation with the
+Abb�'s refusal.
+
+
+_Paris, February 7, 1838._--Yesterday, in spite of the keen cold, I
+went to the Archbishop, who was very gracious. He gave me, for St.
+Dorothea's Day, my birthday, which was yesterday, a splendid copy of
+the _Imitation of Jesus Christ_, and another for M. de Talleyrand; for
+my sister a portrait of Leo XII., the Pope who had received his
+renunciation, and for Pauline a handsome religious work. He was
+greatly surprised and vexed that the Abb� Dupanloup had refused to
+dine with us; in short, I came away quite satisfied.
+
+I was still more pleased at the way in which M. de Talleyrand accepted
+the Archbishop's present and listened to my account of our
+conversation. He would like the Archbishop to use his authority to
+induce the Abb� Dupanloup to come here. I cannot help ascribing his
+excellent frame of mind to my own feelings in my last illness, and to
+the words which I was then able to speak to him. I bless God for the
+sign that He has been pleased to send me by His hidden and always
+admirable means of working and if to complete this great task I should
+have to make a yet greater sacrifice I shall readily do so.
+
+
+_Paris, February 9, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand went out yesterday for
+the first time for a drive, which did him good, or, more correctly,
+pleased him. The effects of his sprain are rapidly passing away, but
+the same is not true of the general condition of his foot, which is
+unsatisfactory. He was carried into the carriage and helped out again,
+which was not so difficult as I thought, but this obvious infirmity is
+painful to look at--more painful than I can say. Rumours are believed
+that the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is with child; however, I think we shall
+have to wait a little before the story can be confirmed.
+
+
+_Paris, February 10, 1838._--It is said that the quarrel between the
+Flahauts and General Baudrand will be settled, but I do not think
+permanently.[85] Madame de Flahaut comes to see M. de Talleyrand in
+the evenings, and her husband every morning; they are kind and
+gracious, as threatened people are.
+
+  [85] M. de Flahaut and General Baudrand were in constant rivalry
+  with one another. They were continually quarrelling about their
+  official duties in attendance upon the Duc d'Orl�ans, and in
+  February 1838 they were intriguing to be sent to the coronation
+  of Queen Victoria.
+
+M. Royer-Collard, whom I saw yesterday for a moment, was delighted to
+find that his speeches the other day had shattered the position which
+people wished the Deputies to resume. There was some friction between
+us on this occasion. There is too strong a strain of bitterness in his
+nature, which sometimes makes him quite mischievous, though he does
+not know it.
+
+
+_Paris, February 11, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand was able to visit Madame
+Ad�la�de yesterday, the chief event of his day, and therefore of mine.
+The event of to-day is the snow, which is falling heavily and
+incessantly, and brings us back to the middle of the winter.
+
+The Abb� Dupanloup came to see me yesterday, and paid a long call. I
+was quite satisfied with the result, and he will dine with us in a
+week.
+
+We also had some people to dinner; the whole of the Albuf�ra family,
+the Thiers, the Flahauts; and some people come in every evening.
+
+
+_Paris, February 15, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is very busy with a
+small laudatory speech upon M. Reinhard which he proposes to deliver
+at the Academy of Moral and Political Science at the beginning of next
+month. He is taking trouble with it, and spent several hours over it
+yesterday.
+
+The Baudrand and Flahaut business is not yet concluded. Claims,
+hesitations, and equivocations have been forthcoming from either side,
+with the result that the two rivals have become ridiculously bitter,
+and, what is worse, the Prince Royal has been involved.
+
+
+_Paris, February 23, 1838._--We are still in the midst of cold and
+snow.
+
+The Duc de Nemours has had a sore throat, which threatened to become
+quinsy, but his indisposition has not postponed any of the Court
+festivities, and the day before yesterday he was present at the
+Queen's ball.
+
+M. de Talleyrand has a cold and his legs are weak. These are his two
+weak points. The former is only a transitory trouble; the other,
+though its remote consequences may be serious, is not threatening at
+present. Such is the true state of affairs.
+
+
+_Paris, February 25, 1838._--I was informed early this morning that M.
+de Talleyrand was suffering from a kind of suffocation. This was
+purely due to outward circumstances, for he had slipped down in his
+bed and was practically buried by his vast bedclothes, with the result
+that a kind of nightmare was the consequence. I have just left him
+sleeping peaceably in an armchair. What I do not like is the fact that
+for the last two days he has been more or less feverish, and that he
+will eat nothing or very little for fear of increasing the fever. He
+is very weak. The absence of Dr. Cruveilhier, who is at Limoges, is
+also a trouble, and though I feel no immediate anxiety, I am far from
+confident concerning the result of this invalid condition, which seems
+to point to a general break-up.
+
+
+_Paris, March 3, 1838._--In two hours M. de Talleyrand is going to the
+Academy in cold and most unpleasant rain; I also fear the effect of
+the excitement upon him. There will be a large audience, but no women,
+as this Academy will not admit them. I hope that to-day will go off
+well, but I wish it were to-morrow.
+
+
+_Paris, March 4, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand is very agitated and very
+weak this morning. He made a great effort, and whatever his success, I
+fear he will have to pay dearly for it. His success was beyond my
+expectation; the accounts of some fifty people who besieged my room
+after the session leave me no doubt upon that point. He had recovered
+his vocal powers, read excellently well, walked about, seemed younger
+and entirely himself, and two hours afterwards he was overthrown and
+incapable of making an effort. I do not know what the newspapers will
+have to say of the speech, but if anything can disarm them I think it
+should be the fact that a man at such an age and with so full a past
+should display such energy in delivering in public farewells so noble
+and so full of justice and good teaching.[86]
+
+  [86] For the speech of M. de Talleyrand _see_ Appendix.
+
+
+_Paris, March 5, 1838._--The day has gone off better than I expected
+for M. de Talleyrand. The _Journal G�n�ral de France_, which is a
+Doctrinaire organ, contained the best, cleverest, and pleasantest
+article upon M. de Talleyrand's speech. Some ascribed it to M. Doudan,
+others to M. Villemain. The article in the _D�bats_ was kind, but
+dull; that of the _Journal de Paris_ good; of the _Charte_ stupid and
+badly written; the _Gazette de France_ fairly good; the _Si�cle_ and
+the _Presse_ insignificant; the _National_ of no account. Against my
+custom, which has been not to open a single newspaper since my return
+from the country, I read them all yesterday, and shall do the same
+to-day; then I shall resume my state of ignorance.
+
+
+_Paris, March 6, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had a fainting fit yesterday
+before dinner. I think it was due to the excessively rigorous methods
+of his dieting and to the catarrh of his chest and stomach, which
+takes away his appetite. The blister which will be placed upon him
+will relieve him, I hope. Yesterday's newspapers were not equally
+satisfactory concerning his speech, but he was not disturbed on that
+account, for the intelligent and right-minded members of his audience
+have been really pleased. The house is constantly full of people
+coming to congratulate him. M. Royer-Collard said to me yesterday: "M.
+de Talleyrand has solemnly disavowed the unpleasant incidents of his
+life and publicly glorified the good and really useful parts of it."
+
+
+_Paris, March 7, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had no further attacks of
+faintness yesterday, but he does not look well, and I think him much
+changed. I hear that his brother, the Duc de Talleyrand, my
+father-in-law, is also in a very poor state of health; the Vicomtesse
+de Laval is feverish with a bad cold and she cannot sleep. This is
+all very sad, and these omens of death depress me greatly.
+
+
+_Paris, March 8, 1838._--M. de Talleyrand had a better day yesterday.
+We take great care of him: when I came back from a dinner given to my
+sister by the Stackelbergs, and from the Queen, to whom I went
+afterwards, I found him surrounded by fair ladies and in pretty good
+spirits.
+
+In the morning I took Pauline to ask offerings from the Archbishop. My
+sister wished to accompany us, so that I was unable to speak with M.
+de Qu�len.
+
+The Flahaut party have lost all touch with the Pavillon Marsan, except
+the good graces of the Prince Royal, which they seem to be
+monopolising. At the Pavillon de Flore there is a general satisfaction
+at their departure, notwithstanding many fine phrases. The Flahauts do
+not understand the truth, and throw the blame upon a Doctrinaire
+intrigue, to which the Duc de Coigny is said to have lent his help.
+They are soon starting for England, where I think they will make a
+pretty long stay.
+
+
+_Paris, March 10, 1838._--The Abb� Dupanloup came to see me yesterday.
+He then asked to see M. de Talleyrand, to thank him for the copy of
+his speech which he had sent him. Pauline took him there. He stayed
+alone for twenty minutes with M. de Talleyrand, who did not open the
+subject directly, but let some kind words fall, and when the Abb� came
+back to my room he seemed to feel some hope. In any case, he has shown
+great discretion and perfect tact, and I think he is entirely right.
+He was the first to suggest that he should take his leave, and was
+told that he would gladly be seen again. This is all excellent,
+provided we are given time. It is not so much a case of illness as of
+general depression and an obvious alteration in his features; but with
+such a mind one cannot be hasty. What a task it is, and how terrified
+I should be of it if I did not tell myself that the most unworthy
+instrument which God is pleased to choose can become more powerful
+than the greatest saint, if God's providence is not pleased to make
+use of him!
+
+
+_Paris, March 11, 1838._--The English Ministry has triumphantly
+survived the crisis which was thought likely to become its overthrow.
+Will ours pass equally well through next week's crisis, the question
+of the secret service funds? Many batteries have been laid in position
+against it, and a silent agitation is proceeding on all sides. It is
+said that either extremity of the Chamber will direct a converging
+fire upon the Ministerial benches, I suppose with the object of
+afterwards shooting one another down upon the field of battle. It is
+all very distressing.
+
+
+_Paris, March 14, 1838._--I spent two hours yesterday with the
+Archbishop. I was better pleased with his sentiments than with his
+decisions. However, everything has been left for his meditation. He
+asked me to write and tell him what I thought, and I hope, with the
+grace of God, Who will cast light here and there, to reach some
+satisfactory conclusion, both for those who are to leave us and for
+those destined to continue their pilgrimage.
+
+On leaving the Archbishop I went to the Vicomtesse de Laval, who is
+weak and shaken in health, but alert in heart and mind.
+
+On my return I found M. de Talleyrand depressed and uneasy; he
+recovered his spirits after a talk with me. The last few days he has
+eaten a little better. In the evening he was not so weak, and I have
+just heard that he had a quiet night. I am swayed incessantly between
+hope and despair, but supported by the sense that I am useful, and
+perhaps even necessary. If my strength is to fail me, I trust that it
+may last to the end of my task, after which the sacrifice will have
+been made, as I made it during my illness at Rochecotte.
+
+
+_Paris, March 15, 1838._--Yesterday I accompanied my sister, who
+wished to go once more before her departure to the Chamber of
+Deputies. I felt greatly bored. M. Mol� spoke very well; M. Barthe was
+unbearably superficial; M. Guizot gave us the most wearisome of all
+his sermons; M. Passy was coarse without being clever; M. Odilon
+Barrot was very clever and witty, and left neither Thiers nor Berryer
+anything to say, but his delivery is so oratorical and so badly
+sustained that it is hard work to listen to him. On the whole the
+honours of the session remained with M. Mol�; or, to speak more
+accurately, if the Ministry gained nothing its adversary lost a great
+deal, which amounts to the same thing at the present moment.
+
+
+_Paris, March 16, 1838._--I took Pauline yesterday to mass, to the
+sermon, and to the salutation, after which she made her collection.
+Two funerals interrupted the collection, preventing any one from
+coming out, and they were also delayed by a driving rain, so that we
+remained standing at the church door for an interminable time.
+However, the sermon of the Abb� de Ravignan,[87] concerning
+indifference in religion and its various causes, pleased me greatly,
+and if it is not one of the best sermons I have read, it is at any
+rate one of the best that I have ever heard.
+
+  [87] The Abb� de Ravignan had taken the place of Lacordaire in
+  the pulpit of Notre-Dame.
+
+M. Mol�, who was dining here, said that this morning in the Chamber,
+during the formation of the official bodies, the alliance between men
+who were enemies a few months ago was notorious.
+
+
+_Paris, March 17, 1838._--I spent a long time yesterday morning at the
+Seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, of which the Abb� Dupanloup
+is the superior. The good Abb� pleased me greatly, and also expressed
+his satisfaction with the little document which I showed him.[88]
+
+  [88] The reference is to the letter which the Prince de
+  Talleyrand wrote to Rome retracting the errors of his life, which
+  had incurred the censure of the Church.
+
+In another month we shall have a new poem by M. de Lamartine, called
+_L'Ange d�chu_,[89] then the _M�langes litt�raires_, by M. Villemain,
+and a work by M. de Chateaubriand on the Congress of Verona; in short,
+enough reading for the whole summer.
+
+  [89] Better known under the title of _La Chute d'un Ange_ (_The
+  Fallen Angel_), the opening of the poem called _Jocelyn_.
+
+M. de Talleyrand says that on May 1 he will go to his estate of Pont
+de Sains, in Flanders, stay there for the summer, travel to Nice by
+easy stages, starting on September 1, and return to Valen�ay in the
+month of May 1839. Such extensive projects are decidedly rash, and it
+is unreasonable for him to expose himself to the damp of Flanders
+after May 1. I tell him so and trust to Providence.
+
+The motto, or rather the conclusion of a letter, which I find in an
+old book seems to me very pretty: "Be with God." I have adopted it.
+
+
+_Paris, March 22, 1838._--Princesse Marie, who has been here since the
+19th, nearly had a miscarriage yesterday, as the result of too long a
+drive; while the Duchesse d'Orl�ans can only avoid one by remaining in
+her long chair.
+
+M. de Rumigny, our ambassador at Turin, has brought a foolish dispute
+upon himself--a personal quarrel with the King over a matter of
+etiquette. Complaints concerning him have come to hand. It is the most
+foolish business conceivable, as it is all about the black or white
+headdresses worn by the women. Sardinian etiquette allows the Queen
+alone to wear them. How absurd it all is!
+
+A coalition between MM. Thiers and Guizot seems likely, but there is
+such an outcry against this combination that either party is
+embarrassed, and it will probably come to nothing. M. Guizot in
+particular is experiencing the evil results of it, because his
+reputation is suffering greatly, and upon that, rather than upon his
+talent, he regarded his importance to be based. The fact is that
+notwithstanding all that has been said on either side in the speeches
+which closed last session and the discussions that have filled the
+interval there is something too abrupt in this alliance, which M.
+Royer-Collard calls an impious coalition.
+
+There is much talk of a journey to be made by the King to Nantes and
+Bordeaux for the month of June, which would bring us back to Berry and
+towards Touraine. Hitherto M. de Talleyrand contemplated only Pont de
+Sains, a calamitous idea.
+
+
+_Paris, March 25, 1838._--Yesterday I defied an equinoctial storm to
+go and see the Archbishop. By degrees we came to an agreement, in the
+terms of the letter, and I hope that we shall arrive at some useful
+result, but we require time and the help of outward circumstances
+which do not depend on us and must be asked from a greater Power than
+ourselves. In any case, if heaven can be importuned by the prayers of
+earth, the petitions sent up on this subject should be efficacious.
+
+
+_Paris, March 28, 1838._--Yesterday I had a most important
+conversation with M. de Talleyrand, and found him in a state of
+open-mindedness which seemed miraculous. I now hope to be able to push
+steadily forward, and though the goal is still far away I trust that
+no precipice will form an obstacle to my progress.
+
+Death comes upon people here in a terrifying way; M. Alexis de Roug�
+was carried off in twelve hours by a sudden stroke of apoplexy. His
+loss has thrown many people into great grief.
+
+I have called upon Madame Ad�la�de, where I heard all the nice things
+that the Duchess of W�rtemberg is saying about Germany. The Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans feels that her child has quickened, and I think that her
+condition will be publicly announced in a few days.
+
+They say that the young Queen of England gallops down the streets of
+London through all the omnibuses and cabs. Her old aunts think this is
+very shocking, and so it is.
+
+In the English Parliament there is a coalition no less astounding than
+that of MM. Thiers and Guizot; Lord Brougham and Lord Lyndhurst have
+joined hands.
+
+
+_Paris, April 1, 1838._--Yesterday I went with my sister to the court
+of the Louvre to see the bronze statue which is to be sent off in a
+few days to Turin and is on exhibition for the moment. It is a statue
+of Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy after the battle of Saint-Quentin,
+pulling up his horse and putting his sword into its sheath. It is the
+work of Marochetti, a delightful thing, full of grace, nobility, and
+life. I was very pleased with it, and it seems to have met with the
+general approval.
+
+
+_Paris, April 3, 1838._--Yesterday I gave M. de Talleyrand the little
+document which I had drawn up for him. The incident passed over
+without a storm. I suppose that he will have read and digested it
+yesterday evening, and I shall see to-day whether the horizon is
+clouded.
+
+
+_Paris, April 4, 1838._--The little document was entirely successful.
+
+Yesterday I took my sister to Saint-Roch to hear the Abb� de Ravignan,
+who pleased her greatly. He has a fine face, a beautiful voice, an
+excellent delivery, faith, conviction, warmth, authority, a close and
+vigorous style of argument, couched in clear and noble language, with
+a precise choice of words. He is not prolix and never diffuse. He
+lacks unction and his teaching is therefore rather doctrinal than
+evangelical, so that his talent had full scope as he was preaching on
+the infallibility of the Church.
+
+M. de Pimodan, a great Legitimist, who was giving his arm to one of
+the lady collectors, insolently blocked the Queen's passage; the
+vicar, the Abb� Olivier, who was accompanying her to the door, and who
+is a little thick-set man, strong as a Turk, vigorously elbowed M. de
+Pimodan to move him out of the way; he flew into a rage, and rudely
+asked the _cur�_ what he meant by shoving him. The Abb� calmly
+replied: "I meant, sir, to make room for the Queen"; upon which the
+gentleman muttered some very insolent remarks, which passed unnoticed.
+
+The Princesse de Bauffremont, who was to be one of the lady
+collectors, heard the evening before that Madame de Vatry was also to
+perform this duty. There were six of these ladies, chosen from
+different circles of Parisian society, in order to untie as many
+purse-strings as possible. The Princess then said that she would not
+be seen in company with the daughter of M. Hamguerlot, and withdrew.
+Was ever such false pride or want of charity?
+
+
+_Paris, April 8, 1838._--The general attention was occupied by the
+session in the Chamber of Peers yesterday. The speech of M. de Brigode
+which was delivered the evening before had made every one alert, and
+the active part taken by the Duc de Broglie in this discussion seems
+to be an event, and is connected with the hostile movement and the
+impious alliance in the Chamber of Deputies. The Ministry made an
+excellent reply to the attacks of MM. de Broglie and Villemain. M.
+Pasquier, who is angry at an attempt to limit his powers, made a very
+bad President. The Ministry is anxious concerning Easter week.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Duc de Talleyrand, younger brother of the Prince de Talleyrand,
+died on April 28, 1838. The Duc and Duchesse de Dino then inherited
+his title, which they afterwards bore. The following 17th of May the
+Prince de Talleyrand died in his turn, after four days' illness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following letter was written on May 10, 1838, but was placed at
+this point of the Memoirs by the author herself.
+
+   _A letter addressed by the Duchesse de Talleyrand to the Abb�
+   Dupanloup with reference to the latter's account of the last
+   moments of the Prince de Talleyrand._
+
+"I have read with profound emotion, M. l'Abb�, as you may be sure, the
+valuable manuscript which I now beg to return to you.[90]
+
+  [90] The manuscript in question was an account of the last
+  moments of the Prince de Talleyrand, written by the Abb�
+  Dupanloup, afterwards Bishop of Orleans. The author never printed
+  it, and bequeathed it, with all his papers concerning the Prince
+  de Talleyrand, to M. Hilaire de Lacombe, who sent them to the
+  Abb� Lagrange, afterwards Bishop of Chartres. He only used them
+  for purposes of frequent quotation in the life of the Bishop
+  Dupanloup, which he wrote some years ago, and two chapters of
+  which are devoted to M. de Talleyrand. These papers are now in
+  the possession of M. Bernard de Lacombe. The letter of the
+  Duchesse de Talleyrand, transcribed in this volume, is reproduced
+  here, although I have already published it in _Le Temps_ of April
+  30, 1908.
+
+"Everything is related with a truth and simplicity which must, I
+think, touch the hearts of the most indifferent and convince the most
+sceptical. I have nothing to add to your account, which perfectly
+describes all the incidents of the sad event unfortunately
+accomplished before our eyes. But perhaps I alone am able to point out
+the course of mental development which for some years had certainly
+begun to modify M. de Talleyrand's feelings. It was a gradual process,
+and there is a certain interest in following its slow but sincere
+growth, as it eventually led him in so consoling a manner to his goal.
+
+"I will therefore try to retrace my recollections of this matter, and
+I think I shall not go back too far if I begin with my daughter's
+first communion, which took place at London on March 31, 1834. On that
+day she came to ask for the blessing of M. de Talleyrand, whom she
+called her good uncle. He gave it her tenderly, and then said to me:
+'How touching is the piety of a young girl, and how unnatural is
+unbelief, especially in women.' However, a short time after our return
+to France M. de Talleyrand was alarmed by the strength of my
+daughter's feelings. He was afraid that she might be taught to
+mistrust him, or to form unfavourable opinions of him, and even asked
+me to find out from what point of view Pauline's confessor treated the
+subject. I put the question directly to my daughter, who replied with
+that candour which you yourself know, that as her uncle did not
+involve her in any sin she never spoke of him to her confessor, who
+only mentioned him in advising her to pray to God earnestly for him.
+M. de Talleyrand was touched by this answer, and said to me: 'Such
+conduct is that of an intelligent and deserving man.'
+
+"From that time he was anxious that Pauline should have more
+opportunities for attending church, and even go some distance from
+home to receive the benefit of your wise direction; he used to offer
+her the use of his carriage, and I have sometimes seen him go to
+personal inconvenience for the advantage of his 'little girl.'
+
+"Eventually he derived a certain self-esteem on account of Pauline's
+religious earnestness, and seemed to be flattered that she should have
+been so well brought up under his own eyes; he would often say, in
+speaking of Pauline, 'She is the angel of the house.' He took great
+pleasure, as all good minds do, in declaring the merits of others. No
+one could give praise more gracefully, with greater moderation,
+advantage, and propriety; any one who was mentioned or criticised by
+him received all the credit that could be his due. Upon occasions he
+would certainly utter words of blame, but only at rare intervals, and
+never with such direct force as when he praised. He was especially
+lenient towards ecclesiastics, and if he disapproved of them it was
+only for political reasons, and never on account of their religious
+ministrations, while he always expressed himself with great
+moderation. He both respected and admired the ancient Church of
+France, of which he spoke as a great, a fine, and a magnificent
+institution. In his house I have seen cardinals, bishops, and simple
+village pastors; all were received with infinite respect, and became
+the objects of tactful attention. An inappropriate word was never
+uttered before them; M. de Talleyrand would never have allowed
+anything of the kind. I have seen the Bishop of Rennes (the Abb�
+Mannay) spend months at Valen�ay and the Bishop of Evreux (the Abb�
+Bourlier) stay at M. de Talleyrand's residence in Paris with the same
+purity and freedom of conduct and enjoying the same respect as in
+their dioceses. Towards his uncle, the late Cardinal of P�rigord, M.
+de Talleyrand was a tender, attentive, and deferential nephew. He was
+often to be seen at the Archbishop's house, where he was especially
+fond of a talk with the Abb� Desjardins, whom he liked for the
+gentleness and the wide range and tact of his conversation.
+
+"I have often been astonished at the unconstraint of my uncle's
+bearing in the society of ecclesiastics, which I can only explain by
+supposing that he was under a delusion, strange, but real and
+long-lasting, concerning his actual position with reference to the
+Church. He was quite aware that he had dealt the Church a blow, but he
+thought that the process of secularisation which he had unduly
+stimulated had been one of simplification rather than of
+destruction.[91] As his position thus seemed to him pretty clearly
+defined, he regarded it as easy. This mistake lasted as long as his
+political life, and only after his retirement did he think of defining
+more exactly his relations with the Papacy. But before this time a
+vague instinct made him feel that if, in his opinion, he did not
+exactly owe any reparation, he owed at least some consolation to those
+whom he had saddened. He therefore was ready to support the interests
+of the clergy upon every occasion, and never refused an alms either to
+a priest in distress or to a beggar, but tacitly recognised the claims
+of both upon him. His charity was great, and I gave him much pleasure
+by repeating to him a remark made by a most estimable person, which
+was as follows: 'You may set your mind at rest; M. de Talleyrand will
+come to a good end, for he is charitable.' I was able to remind him of
+this saying at the most solemn hour of his life, as you, M. l'Abb�,
+may remember, and remember, also, what consolation he derived from it.
+He was always deeply grateful to those in retirement from the world
+and in convents who prayed for him. He never forgot it, and used to
+say: 'I have some friends among the good souls.' His heart was touched
+because he was a good man, a very good man indeed; he felt this
+himself when he used to ask me: 'Am I not really better than I am
+thought to be?' Certainly he was better than he was thought; only his
+neighbours, his friends, and his servants could appreciate the extent
+of his simple kindness, his attention, his love, and his loyalty. You
+have seen our tears. The good-hearted alone are thus lamented.
+
+  [91] M. de Talleyrand had spoken strongly in favour of the
+  Concordat. The Pope was aware of the fact, and on March 10, 1802,
+  addressed a Papal letter to him which authorised him to re-enter
+  civil life, though expressed in somewhat vague terms.
+
+"After his return from England he was twice strongly impressed with
+salutary effect by the Christian death of the Duc de Dalberg and by
+the religious habits which characterised the latter part of the life
+of Dr. Bourdois, his contemporary, his friend, and his doctor. He was
+grateful to Dr. Bourdois for entrusting him to the clever hands of M.
+Cruveilhier; he had confidence in his skill, and felt himself honoured
+to be so well attended by so religious a man. The earnestness of his
+doctor seemed to be regarded by him as an additional guarantee.
+
+"Pope Pius VII. was always the object of his veneration; he devoted
+several pages of his memoirs to the struggle between this Pope and the
+Emperor Napoleon, and his view of the matter was entirely to the
+advantage of the Pope. He had a strong admiration for the policy of
+the Papacy as clever, quiet, gentle, and always uniform, which
+qualities he regarded as of first-rate importance in the conduct of
+business.
+
+"Throughout the pontificate of Pius VII. my uncle thought himself in
+fairly good odour at Rome. In support of this conviction he often
+quoted to me a remark by the holy Father with reference to himself.
+The Pope was then at Fontainebleau, and was speaking to the Marquise
+de Brignole, a friend of M. de Talleyrand, and said, referring to my
+uncle: 'May God rest his soul; for my part, I have a great affection
+for him.'
+
+"M. de Talleyrand was well aware that I often had the honour of seeing
+the Archbishop of Paris, and he had guessed that our intercourse was
+actuated by one principal idea as far as M. de Qu�len was
+concerned--the desire to preserve his relations with my uncle. M. de
+Talleyrand was never worried by him; on the contrary; and though
+several letters addressed by the Archbishop of Paris to M. de
+Talleyrand at different times failed to achieve their object, he was
+none the less touched by the enduring interest he had inspired in a
+prelate whose character he honoured and whose sincere zeal and
+open-mindedness he appreciated. He also showed much interest in M. de
+Qu�len and his political position, which he would like to have been
+able to render easier. Upon several occasions I have seen him attempt
+to do him some service, by advice which he thought useful, or by
+speaking warmly in his favour at any other time. This he did not
+merely from love of truth, but also as a testimony to the memory of
+the late Cardinal P�rigord. He often said: 'I look upon M. de Qu�len
+as a legacy from my uncle, the Cardinal. He likes us and our name and
+everything connected with the Cardinal.' On New Year's Day he used to
+instruct me to leave his card at the Archbishop's house, saying, 'We
+should always treat him as a grandparent.' He never saw me start upon
+a visit to Saint-Michel or to the Sacr� Coeur[92] without asking me
+to give his respects to the Archbishop. When I came back he used to
+ask me for news of him and whether his own name had been mentioned,
+and what M. de Qu�len had said of him. He would listen attentively to
+my answers, smile, and say at length: 'Yes, yes, I know that he is
+very anxious to win my soul and to offer it to the Cardinal.' Up to
+his last year these remarks were never uttered very seriously, but
+with great kindliness.
+
+  [92] The Archbishop de Qu�len, who was out of sympathy with the
+  Government of 1830, was threatened in 1831 by an insurrection
+  which pillaged the Archbishop's residence in Paris. As he then
+  had no official residence, he took refuge first in the Convent of
+  the Ladies of St. Michel of Paris, and then in that of the Ladies
+  of the Sacr� Coeur at Conflans, a short distance outside the
+  town.
+
+"On December 10, 1838, I received very early notice of the death of
+the Princesse de Talleyrand. I was obliged to announce the news to my
+uncle, and I was most reluctant to do so, for it was just at this time
+that he was attacked by violent palpitations which made us fear a
+sudden death. Excitement above all was to be avoided, and I was afraid
+that this news might cause him some agitation. But it was not so, and
+he immediately replied calmly in words which much surprised me: 'That
+greatly simplifies my position.' At the same moment from the pocket of
+his dressing-jacket he drew out some letters and told me to read them.
+The first was written by a religious lady at the Sacr� Coeur; M. de
+Talleyrand had known her well in past years, had done her some
+service, and always called her his old friend; she was Madame de
+Marboeuf. In this letter she spoke to him of God, and sent him a
+medal, which he always used to wear, and which to-day becomes yours.
+
+"The second letter was sent to him by a clergyman near Gap, who was
+entirely unknown to him, and who spoke of God with admirable and
+touching simplicity.
+
+"Finally, the third letter, inspired by the warmest faith,
+open-mindedness, reason, and sincere interest, boldly touched upon my
+uncle's religious position. He wrote a few lines to the Duchesse
+Mathieu de Montmorency to thank her for it, and constantly carried
+this letter about with him in a little pocket-book, where I found it
+after his death. He often spoke of it, and of the noble and
+unfortunate lady who had written it, and always with warmth and
+respect.
+
+"He also knew that one of my cousins, Madame de Chabannes, a nun of
+the Grandes Carm�lites at Paris, constantly prayed for him; he was
+touched by the fact, and would say to me, when speaking of these pious
+people: 'The good souls will not despair of me.' I know nothing so
+gentle or so loving as this saying of his, which showed that he had no
+fear that God would abandon him.
+
+"In the case of any one who knew him as well as I did, attempts to
+urge him too rapidly along this path would have been tactless. It was,
+indeed, necessary to give these various impressions time to develop,
+and with him nothing was done quickly; his trust in time was infinite,
+and it was faithful to him unto death.
+
+"Whenever I spoke to my uncle of his marriage, as I often did, I was
+not afraid so show him my surprise at a mistake as inexplicable as it
+was fatal in the eyes of God. He then replied: 'The truth is that I
+cannot give you a satisfactory explanation of it; it was done at a
+time of general disturbance, when people attached no great importance
+to anything, to themselves, or to others; there was no society and no
+family, and every one acted with complete carelessness in the midst of
+wars and the fall of empires. You do not know how far astray men may
+wander in periods of great social upheaval.' The same idea may be
+found in his proposed declaration to the Pope, the original of which
+is in my hands, when he wrote: 'This revolution which has swept
+everything away and has continued for the last fifty years.'
+
+"Thus you may see that not only did he make no attempt to justify his
+marriage, but that he did not even try to explain it. His domestic
+life had been very unhappy under the Empire and the Restoration, and
+since that time I have always seen him embarrassed and ashamed of this
+strange bond which he no longer wished to bear, but the painful chain
+of which he could not entirely break; and when death broke it for him
+he realised his deliverance to the full.
+
+"Some time afterwards, in March 1836, one of his servants was attacked
+by an illness which was soon declared mortal. My daughter induced the
+man to see a priest and to receive the sacraments. M. de Talleyrand
+knew of it, and expressed his satisfaction. On this occasion he said
+to me: 'Any other procedure in our house would have been a scandal
+which would certainly have caused unpleasant talk; I am delighted that
+Pauline should have prevented it.' The same evening he related the
+incident to Madame de Laval, and enlarged with satisfaction upon the
+influence which Pauline exerted upon the whole house by her firm and
+modest earnestness.
+
+"In the spring of 1837 my uncle desired to leave Fontainebleau,
+whither he had come for the marriage of the Duc d'Orl�ans, before the
+Court had finished its stay. He told me to remain and to be present at
+the great festival which the King gave at Versailles a few days later.
+I rejoined him afterwards at Berry, where he had been anxious to go in
+time to meet the Archbishop of Bourges at Valen�ay, who was passing
+that way while making a tour of his diocese. I heard from Pauline that
+M. de Talleyrand had shown special attention to the prelate, even to
+the point of changing his personal customs. On Friday and Saturday he
+had declined to have meat upon his table, and all the meals were
+served as for a fast day.
+
+"During the summer of the same year, 1837, the superior of the Sisters
+of Saint-Andr�, who were established at Valen�ay by the care of M. de
+Talleyrand, came to inspect this community. He called at the Castle,
+where he was asked to dinner. As we left the table M. de Talleyrand
+said to me: 'I have an idea that the Abb� Taury is a member of the
+community of Saint-Sulpice; go and ask him.' I brought back a reply in
+the affirmative. 'I was sure of it,' he returned with satisfaction;
+'there is a gentleness and reserve and a sense of propriety in the
+members of that community which is quite unmistakable.'
+
+"On Sundays and great festivals M. de Talleyrand was always present at
+mass when he was at Valen�ay; on his two patron saints' days, St.
+Charles and St. Maurice, he was also present, and would have felt hurt
+if the vicar had not come to say mass at the Ch�teau. His behaviour in
+chapel was entirely proper, and notwithstanding his infirmity he
+would always kneel down at the right moment. If there was no mass, if
+people came late or made a noise, he noticed it as being improper.
+During mass he read attentively either the _Funeral Orations_ of
+Bossuet or his _Discourse upon Universal History_. One Sunday,
+however, in November 1837 he had forgotten his book, and took one of
+the two which Pauline had brought for herself. It was the _Imitation
+of Jesus Christ_. As he gave it back to her he turned to me and asked
+me to give him a copy of this admirable book. I offered him mine,
+which he afterwards took to mass in preference to any other.
+
+"He regarded it as important that the officiating priest should
+perform the service in full, and often quoted the Archbishop of Paris
+as the ecclesiastic whose conduct of the service was most to his taste
+and most dignified. One Sunday I ventured to tell him that during mass
+my thoughts had wandered in his direction. He wished to know them, and
+I ventured to tell him that I had been wondering what his thoughts
+could be when he remembered that he too had held the same distinction
+as the priest officiating before him. His reply seemed to me to be an
+obvious proof of the delusion under which he was concerning his true
+ecclesiastical position. He said: 'Why do you think it strange to see
+me at mass? I go there as you do, or any one else. You are constantly
+forgetting that I have resigned my orders, which fact makes my
+position very simple.' At that time he wished to show me the letters
+granting his resignation, but they were at Paris. After his death I
+found them, with all the papers relating to this business, and very
+curious they are. I examined them carefully; they showed me that his
+marriage alone had been the great obstacle to his reconciliation with
+the Church; his other offences had been pardoned and the
+ecclesiastical censure removed at Paris by Cardinal Caprara in the
+name of the Pope.
+
+"I referred just now to the attention with which M. de Talleyrand used
+to read Bossuet's _Discourse on Universal History_; this fact recalls
+to my mind an incident which seemed to me remarkable. One day at
+Valen�ay, I think in the year 1835, he asked me to come into his room.
+I found him there reading. 'Come,' he said, 'I wish to show you how
+mysteries should be spoken of; read aloud and read slowly.' I read the
+following: "In the year 4000 of the world's history, Jesus Christ the
+son of Abraham in time, the Son of God in eternity, was born of a
+virgin.' 'Learn the passage by heart,' he said to me, 'and see with
+what authority and what simplicity all mysteries may be concentrated
+in these few lines. Thus and thus only it is proper to speak of holy
+things. They are imposed upon us, but not explained to us. That fact
+alone secures their acceptance; in other forms they are worthless, for
+doubt begins when authority ends, and authority, tradition, and
+dominion are only revealed sufficiently in a Catholic church.' He
+always had something unpleasant to say about Protestantism; he had
+seen it at close quarters in America, and had preserved a disagreeable
+memory of it.
+
+"In the month of December 1837 I felt seriously ill. We were then at
+my house at Rochecotte, where, unfortunately, spiritual resources are
+few. However, as I felt in some danger I wished to send for the local
+clergyman. My uncle heard of it, and as I was getting well he showed
+some surprise. 'So you have reached that point,' he said to me; 'and
+how did you get there?' I told him as simply as I could, and he
+listened with much interest. In conclusion I added that, among many
+other serious considerations, I had not forgotten that of my social
+position, which I was the more bound to remember in view of its
+importance. He then interrupted me quickly and said: 'In truth there
+is nothing less aristocratic than unbelief.' Two days afterwards he
+re-opened a similar conversation of his own accord, made me go through
+the same details, then looked at me steadily and said: 'You believe,
+then?' 'Yes, sir,' I replied, 'firmly.'
+
+"During our last stay together at Rochecotte he heard of the arrest of
+the Archbishop of Cologne; he seemed to regard it as an important
+event. 'This may give us back the line of the Rhine,' he said
+immediately. 'In any case, it is a grain of Catholicism sown in
+Europe; you will see it rise and grow vigorously.'
+
+"At that time I came across a passage dealing with the limits of the
+spiritual and temporal powers, which is to be found in the discourse
+delivered by F�nelon at the consecration of the Archbishop of Cologne.
+I showed this fine passage to my uncle, who was delighted with it, and
+said: 'That should be copied and sent to the King of Prussia.'
+
+"When we returned to Paris in the month of January 1838 M. de
+Talleyrand was soon deprived of the little exercise which he had been
+able hitherto to take. He sprained his foot at the English Embassy,
+where he was dining, on January 27. The winter was very cold, and the
+douching which was ordered for his sprained foot to restore its
+strength gave him a cold. The cold became bronchitis, and he could not
+sleep or eat. Every morning he used to complain of his harassing
+insomnia. 'When one cannot sleep,' he said, 'one thinks terribly.'
+Once he added: 'During these long nights I recall many events of my
+life.' 'Can you give yourself reasons for them all?' I asked him.
+'No,' he said; 'in truth there are some I do not understand in the
+least; others that I can explain and excuse; and others, too, for
+which I blame myself the more severely as they were performed with
+extreme carelessness, though they have since been my chief cause of
+self-reproach. If I had acted according to any system or principle,
+then I should certainly understand them, but my actions were performed
+without consideration and with the carelessness of that age, as was
+almost everything done in our youth.' I told him that it was
+preferable, in my opinion, to have acted thus than as a result of
+false doctrine. He admitted that I was right.
+
+"It was at the end of one of these conversations that your letter
+arrived, M. l'Abb�, the letter that you quote in your interesting
+narrative. He handed it to me to read, and said somewhat abruptly: 'If
+I were to fall seriously ill, I should ask for a priest. Do you think
+the Abb� Dupanloup would come?' 'I have no doubt of it,' I replied;
+'but he could only be of any use to you if you re-entered the
+communion from which you have unfortunately departed.' 'Yes,' he
+replied, 'I owe something to Rome, I know well, and have thought of it
+for a long time.' 'For how long?' I asked him, surprised, I admit, at
+this unexpected beginning. 'Since the last visit of the Archbishop of
+Bourges to Valen�ay, and afterwards when the Abb� Taury came there. I
+then wondered why the Archbishop, who at that time was more directly
+my spiritual pastor, did not open the subject. Why did the apostle of
+Saint-Sulpice never speak to me?' 'Unfortunately,' I replied, 'they
+would not have dared.' 'Yet,' he said, 'I would have welcomed anything
+of the kind.' Deeply moved by such satisfactory words, I took his
+hand, and, standing before him with tears in my eyes, I said: 'Why
+wait for any one to open the question? Why not take for yourself
+spontaneously, freely, and nobly the step that is at once most
+honourable to yourself, most consoling to the Church and to all
+right-minded people? I am sure that you would find Rome well disposed,
+while the Archbishop of Paris is deeply attached to you; so make the
+trial.' He did not interrupt me, and I was able to go further into
+this delicate and even thorny question, though it was a question that
+I thoroughly understood, as it had been repeatedly explained to me by
+M. de Qu�len, who had been anxious to make me realise all its
+bearings. We were interrupted before I had been able to say all I
+wished, but on going to my room I wrote M. de Talleyrand a long letter
+under stress of my deep devotion. He read it with that trustfulness
+with which he was accustomed to rely upon my instinct when his
+reputation and his real interest was at stake. So my letter made an
+impression upon him, though he did not tell me so until later, when he
+gave me a paper for M. de Qu�len, of which I will speak afterwards.
+
+"In the month of March 1838 he read a eulogy upon M. Reinhard at the
+Academy of Moral and Political Science. His doctor feared the effect
+upon him of such an enterprise. Our attempts to dissuade him were in
+vain. 'This is my last appearance in public,' he said, 'and nothing
+shall keep me back.' He was anxious to use the opportunity for
+explaining his political doctrines and for showing that they were
+those of an honest man. He even hoped that he would be thus of some
+use to those who proposed to follow a diplomatic career. The evening
+before the meeting he went over his speech with me, and said: 'The
+religion of duty; that will please the Abb� Dupanloup.' When we
+reached the passage concerning theological study I interrupted him to
+say: 'Admit that that is intended much rather for yourself than for
+good M. Reinhard.' 'Why, certainly,' he replied, 'there is no harm in
+letting the public see my point of departure.' 'I am delighted,' I
+said, 'to see you overshadowing the end of your life with the
+recollections and traditions of your early youth.' 'I was sure you
+would be pleased with it,' was his kindly reply.
+
+"M. de Talleyrand bore the strain of this fatiguing meeting, where he
+was successful in every way, remarkably well. From the point of view
+of literature and politics he was successful, and also as a nobleman
+and an honest man. When he returned home he at once sent the first
+proofs of his speech to M. de Qu�len and to you. He expected your
+approval, and was touched by it.
+
+"Then his health seemed to improve; he recovered his strength, made
+plans for travel, and talked of Nice for the following winter; he felt
+his powers reviving, and noticed it with pleasure. On April 28,
+however, when he heard of his brother's death, who was eight years
+younger than himself, he put his hands before his eyes and said:
+'Another warning, my dear child. Do you know whether my brother
+recovered his memory before death?' 'Unfortunately not, sir,' I said.
+He then resumed with extreme sadness: 'How dreadful it is thus to fall
+from the most worldly life into dotage, and from dotage into death!'
+
+"This painful shock did not check the improvement in his health, and
+we were able to think that he had been restored to life. I am the more
+careful to observe that this was the moment, when all idea of an
+approaching death was far away, when he chose to undertake seriously
+the project of submission to the Pope. He drew up a form of
+declaration without saying anything to me of it, a kind of pleasant
+surprise which he wished to keep for me. One day, when he saw me ready
+to go to Conflans to M. de Qu�len, he drew from the drawer of his
+desk, the desk at which I am now writing, a sheet of paper covered on
+both sides, with erasures at several points. 'Here,' he said, 'is
+something which will secure you a hearty reception where you are
+going. You shall tell me what the Archbishop thinks of it.' On my
+return I told him that M. de Qu�len deeply appreciated the paper, but
+wished the statements there expressed to be presented in a more
+canonical form, and intended to send him the ecclesiastical formula in
+a few days.
+
+"You know better than any one, sir, that thus the matter was actually
+carried out. M. de Talleyrand also spoke to me on the same day of his
+intention to write an explanatory letter to the Pope when sending him
+the declaration. He went into full details, and insisted upon his
+willingness to speak of Pauline in this letter. He ended by a saying
+which seems to me of considerable importance: 'What I am to do should
+be dated during the week of my speech to the Academy. I do not wish
+people to be able to say that I was in my dotage.' This idea was
+carried out upon his deathbed, and was performed as he wished.
+
+"But here I must stop. Attractive as the subject may be, your
+narrative contains full details. Moreover, during my uncle's illness I
+was nothing more than his nurse, and my actions were confined to
+summoning the consolations of your presence and to obeying my uncle by
+reading to him the two addresses to Rome before he signed them. I
+forced myself to read them slowly and seriously, because I neither
+would nor could diminish in any way the merit of his action; it was
+necessary that he should thoroughly understand what he was about to
+do. His faculties were too clear, heaven be praised, and his attention
+too concentrated, for any hurried or confused reading to have
+satisfied him. It was for me to justify his touching confidence which
+had induced him to wish this important reading to be performed by
+myself, and only the firmness and clearness of my pronunciation could
+satisfy this condition. He was to be left to the last moment in full
+consciousness of his act and full freedom of his will. From this
+difficult task I have derived the complete indifference with which I
+have afterwards faced any doubts, attacks, or calumnies of which I
+have been the object.
+
+"I can say in the sight of God that there was no ignorance or weakness
+on the part of M. de Talleyrand; there was no delusion and no abuse of
+confidence on my part. His generous nature, the recollections of his
+early youth, his family traditions, the wide experience of a long
+career, the example of Pauline, some explanations which I was
+instructed to give him, the confidence with which you were able to
+inspire him, the revelation that comes to every man at the gate of the
+tomb, and above all the infinite mercy of a gracious Providence--such
+are the reasons which allow us to honour him as sincerely in his death
+as we loved him in his life.
+
+"Carried away by a subject which is near to my heart, I have
+overstepped the limits which I had at first laid down, but I have no
+fear that I have wearied you by recalling your attention to details
+which I know you will value, and which for me have the special
+advantage that they have established, M. l'Abb�, between us, a bond
+which nothing can weaken or break.
+
+    "DUCHESSE DE TALLEYRAND,"
+    "PRINCESSE DE COURLANDE."
+
+
+_Heidelberg, August 27, 1838._--I have been here with my daughter
+since yesterday evening. My sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, arrived the
+previous evening. This morning, at six o'clock, faithful to my habits
+at Baden, I went out while my sister and daughter were still asleep,
+and while recalling memories of the place I found the bridge and
+stopped before the statue of the Elector Charles Theodore; I then
+crossed the river and walked upon the banks of the Neckar for
+three-quarters of an hour, with the town upon my left, dominated by
+the old castle. The pretty landscape, with the river valley, the
+position of the town, and even the style of the agriculture, reminded
+me of the hillsides of Amboise and my dear Loire, and was pleasantly
+lighted by the broken rays of a sun struggling through light clouds.
+
+I now know who wrote the article upon M. de Talleyrand which appeared
+in the _Gazette_ of Augsburg. My sister read it in manuscript. The
+writer was the Minister Schulenburg, a clever man, who had seen a
+great deal of M. de Talleyrand in past times. He is a friend of the
+Vicomtesse de Laval, and saw M. de Talleyrand at her house once more
+when he came to Paris eighteen months ago. He is anxious not to be
+known as the author of this article.
+
+
+_Paris, September 6, 1838._--I arrived here the day before yesterday,
+and found a letter which told me that as M. Mol� had refused to make
+an alliance with M. Guizot, the latter had formed a coalition with M.
+Thiers. M. Guizot will become President of the Chamber of Deputies and
+M. Thiers Prime Minister. All this is to be revealed and settled
+during the discussion upon the Address. I cannot guarantee this story.
+The King is at Eu, and I shall not see the Court until I return.
+
+I am just finishing the last work of Villemain.[93] The first chapter
+of the second volume deals with Montesquieu; the second is a detailed
+analysis of the _Esprit des Lois_, which is much too deep for me. The
+following chapters summarise the bad philosophy of the eighteenth
+century, as it appears in the mouths of its prophets, its votaries,
+and its adversaries. The last part of the volume is devoted to
+Rousseau, by whose charms Villemain seems too obviously to have been
+overcome. I have no kindly feelings for Rousseau, for he was a
+hypocrite, and Voltaire's cynicism is perhaps less disgusting; at any
+rate, Voltaire was not guilty of so many positively bad actions as
+Rousseau, and mere talent in itself is no justification for either
+man.
+
+  [93] _The Eighteenth Century._
+
+My children write from Valen�ay saying that the crowd at the funeral
+ceremony was enormous.[94] Starting from Blois, the procession was
+joined by the people of all the neighbouring settlements on foot, in
+great sadness, while at night they came with torches. On the carriage
+which bore the coffin of M. de Talleyrand and that of my
+granddaughter, Yolande, were H�lie and P�an;[95] in the carriage which
+followed was my son Alexandre. All the clergy of the district offered
+their services. My son Valen�ay also sends me the programme of the
+ceremony, which seems very well arranged; I especially approve of a
+large distribution of charity to the poor, who should never be
+forgotten, neither in joy nor sorrow.
+
+  [94] The funerals of the Prince de Talleyrand, of his brother,
+  the Duc de Talleyrand, and of the little Yolande de P�rigord,
+  daughter of the Duc and Duchesse de Valen�ay, who died in
+  childhood, took place on September 6, 1838, at Valen�ay. The
+  three coffins were placed in a vault which the Prince de
+  Talleyrand had constructed during his lifetime.
+
+  [95] The Prince de Talleyrand's footmen.
+
+Before starting, the coffin of M. de Talleyrand was covered with black
+velvet, with silver nails, and bore an escutcheon with his arms, his
+name and distinctions; the coffin of Yolande was covered with white
+velvet. The arrival of the funeral procession in the Castle court at
+Valen�ay, at ten o'clock at night in the most beautiful moonlight, is
+said to have been extremely imposing; there was deep silence, broken
+only by the sound of the hearse as it slowly passed the draw-bridge.
+The bodies were placed for the night in the church, and watched by the
+clergy in prayer. The coffin of the Duc de Talleyrand, accompanied by
+the doctor who had attended him, arrived two hours later.
+
+
+_Paris, September 7, 1838._--The Princesse de Lieven, whom I saw
+yesterday, told me that she no longer receives any letters from her
+husband. She examined me closely as to any information I might have
+gained in Germany concerning her Emperor, whom I think she really
+hates as much as the inhabitants of Warsaw can hate him. If, however,
+she was once more within his grasp, or merely out of France, her
+patriotism would be equal to that of any old Muscovite. She told me
+that at Munich the Emperor Nicholas had displayed great exasperation
+with the Russian Minister at the enormous expense to which he had gone
+for the reception of the Empress, saying, "Do you wish, then, to
+increase our unpopularity?" She spoke a great deal of the father's
+carelessness with respect to his son's well-being. Apart from the
+rapidity of their journey, and the scanty food which the father gave
+him in the course of it, he made the Grand Duke continually hold his
+legs outside the carriage, no matter what the weather might be, in
+order that they should not be in his father's way.
+
+I am assured that Queen Victoria, who showed herself so anxious to
+escape from the maternal yoke, is now trying to avoid the influence of
+her uncle, King Leopold.
+
+The Flahaut family have been saying the most horrible things at London
+about the Tuileries, and the Tuileries are aware of the fact.
+
+France has abandoned Belgium in the course of the negotiations in
+progress at London, and forces her to yield upon all questions of
+territory, but supports her pecuniary claim; between the figures of
+Leopold and King William there is a difference of 16,000,000. The
+Powers wish to compromise, but Leopold objects, and refuses to relax
+his grasp of Limburg until the crowns are paid.
+
+In Spain Queen Christina is trying to make money out of everything,
+and demands a price for every nomination that she makes. She thinks
+only of amassing money and spending it quietly out of Spain, for which
+she may speedily have an opportunity. Her sister, whose practical mind
+has already gained her a certain influence here, and who might be able
+to marry her prettiest daughter to the Duc de Nemours, is intriguing
+vigorously against her.
+
+M. Thiers spent three hours with Count Metternich near Como, and
+showed anything but sympathy for Spain during the conversation.
+However, people have not been taken in and prejudice remains
+unaltered.
+
+
+_Bonn�table, September 17, 1838._--I reached this strange place an
+hour before dinner-time. The country is very pretty, but the castle
+stands at the end of a little town, and the only view is the high-road
+which runs along the moat. It is an old manor-house, with heavy
+turrets, thick walls, and the windows few and narrow. There is little
+in the way of furniture or decoration, but it is solid and clean, and
+the necessaries of life of every kind are at hand, from an almorne to
+a warming-pan. The mistress of the house, an active, bustling,
+good-tempered lady, is largely occupied in most charitable work, in
+which she shows great insight, and really leads the life of a
+Christian widow, on the principles laid down by St. Jerome. In short,
+one is inclined to think oneself in a country far away from France and
+in a century quite remote from the nineteenth. Evening prayers are
+said all together at nine o'clock in the chapel, and are read by the
+Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency herself. They moved me deeply,
+especially the prayer for the rest of the departed, repeated by one
+who has survived all her relatives, whether older, of her own age, or
+younger than herself. This prayer in the mouth of one who is thus
+alone, without forefathers or posterity, was strangely sad. The other
+isolated being, poor Zo�,[96] who repeated the responses, completed
+the picture and the impression, which went to my heart. All the
+servants were present. No more edifying spectacle could be seen than
+that of this great and ancient house. The Duchesse is very highly
+connected, and came to her title through the Luynes, who had inherited
+it by marriage from the Duchesse de Nemours, one of whom had married
+the niece.
+
+  [96] Zo� was a negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval,
+  to whom she showed the greatest devotion. In 1838, after the
+  death of the Vicomtesse, Zo� was taken into service by the
+  Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, daughter-in-law of Madame de
+  Laval, who lived upon the estate of Bonn�table, where Zo� ended
+  her days in peace.
+
+
+_Bonn�table, September 18, 1838._--If the weather were not so damp I
+should find much interest in this place, which is quite unique. Mass
+brings the household together every morning at ten o'clock; we do not
+lunch until eleven o'clock, and have then half an hour for walking in
+the moats, which are dry and have been turned into gardens by the care
+of the Duchesse; she also took us for a walk around her kitchen garden
+and the whole of her strange household. After lunch we worked round a
+table at an altar-cloth, while the prior read his newspapers aloud. At
+one o'clock we went to visit the fine hospital and the schools founded
+by the Duchesse; everything is perfectly arranged, and much better
+cared for than the castle. There are six beds for men and six for
+women, a kind of boarding-school for twelve girls, and classes for
+day scholars and the poor, together with a large dispensary. This is
+all in one place, with the necessary outbuildings. Eight sisters do
+the work of the establishment, which is really very fine. The Duchesse
+then made us get into an old carriage with worm-eaten lining, but
+drawn by four handsome horses, driven very cleverly four-in-hand by
+one of the coachmen of Charles X. With Madame de Montmorency
+everything is in contrast. She inherited her taste for horses from her
+mother, and indulges herself in that respect; she has no taste for
+carriages, and does not care if the one makes the other look shabby.
+Thus drawn over shocking roads, we reached a magnificent forest of
+full-grown timber, where the fine trees are only cut every hundred
+years. It is really beautiful. In the centre of this forest, where six
+roads meet, is a vast clearing; there the Duchesse has built a china
+factory, with all the necessary outbuildings, which is almost a
+village. She has spent a great deal of money on it, and admits herself
+that it is not a lucrative investment, but it gives occupation to
+sixty-eight people, is a reason for a pretty walk, and an additional
+interest for herself. I made a few purchases, and Pauline was
+interested in seeing the pottery moulded, fired, painted, and
+enamelled.
+
+After dinner one of the local clergy called while we spent our time in
+embroidery, as after lunch, and talked of matters of local interest.
+Then came prayers, good-night, and sleep.
+
+
+_Bonn�table, September 19, 1838._--Yesterday it rained all day. No one
+went out except the clergy, who were going to a retreat at Mans, and
+stopped here to pay their respects to the Duchesse. The sisters also
+came in for their orders. The Duchesse is in very good spirits. She
+has the gift of narrative, and kept the conversation going very well
+throughout a long day, without the smallest appearance of ill-nature.
+When I went down to my room she lent me a manuscript book of her
+thoughts. She writes wonderfully, and her writing displays a wealth
+and variety of astonishing description. The outpourings of her heart
+since her husband's death are especially touching, and display a
+tenderness of feeling which would hardly be guessed from her outward
+appearance. I shall leave her entirely overcome by the warmth of her
+reception, her fine qualities, and the admirable example which she
+sets here.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, September 27, 1838._--Yesterday I had a most unexpected
+piece of news which grieved me deeply: Madame de Broglie is dead of
+brain fever, though she was so young, at any rate for death--a year
+younger than myself--though she was so happy, healthy, beautiful,
+useful, distinguished, and beloved. In one short week she was carried
+off, though prepared for death by her constant goodness. It has been
+no surprise to her.
+
+Almost the same day, but after a longer illness, amid the dissipations
+of too worldly a life, died Lady Elizabeth Harcourt. She was of the
+same age, and also handsome, but I think in no way prepared for the
+dread passage.
+
+With the death of my brother-in-law, the Prince of
+Hohenzollern-Hechingen, I have heard of three deaths during the last
+week. Last month Anatole de Talleyrand died; in the month of July
+Madame de Laval; on May 17 M. de Talleyrand; on April 28 my
+father-in-law; in March my uncle Medem. In less than seven months
+eight persons have disappeared who were bound to me by ties of blood,
+friendship, or intercourse. Death surrounds me on every hand, and I
+can no longer trust either to the freshness of my daughter or to the
+cares of others; only the goodness of God can be infallibly trusted,
+and on His infinite mercy I must rely, and confide my loved ones to
+His care.
+
+During the last two days of her life Madame de Broglie was delirious,
+and chanted the Psalms so loudly that one could hear her from one end
+of her residence to the other. When she was not singing she talked to
+her brother and her daughter who had died years before.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, October 3, 1838._--I am again in this beautiful spot, so
+rich in memories and so deprived of life and movement. I reached here
+yesterday in the moonlight, which suits the place so well, and which
+M. de Talleyrand always pointed out to us with such admiration. It was
+an unpleasant journey: broken carriages, tired horses, bad
+postillions, torn harness, and abominable roads, as they are being
+repaired or constructed afresh; in short, a series of petty obstacles,
+which troubled and vexed us, and made us late. M. de Talleyrand's old
+dog, Carlos, was strangely excited at our arrival, and pulled Mlle.
+Henriette by her dress, as if he would say, "Come and help me to look
+for the missing one."
+
+
+_Paris, October 9, 1838._--I am now again in Paris, though I cannot
+conceal the fact that a stay in this town makes me sadder than ever.
+How I long for my workmen, my garden, the soft skies of Touraine, the
+quiet of the country, the restfulness of the fields, time to think and
+to reflect, of which I am here deprived by constant business and
+worry!
+
+
+_Paris, October 12, 1838._--Yesterday I went to the Convent of the
+Sacr� Coeur, where I stayed a long time with the Archbishop of Paris.
+He gave me an exact translation of the letter of secularisation sent
+by Pius VII. to M. de Talleyrand. It is a curious document, and shows
+that even though M. de Talleyrand, with his habitual carelessness, had
+mistaken the text, the general sense had been known to him, and that
+he had every reason to say that Rome could not be too exacting without
+self-contradiction. As, however, the letter had preceded the marriage
+of M. de Talleyrand, and as that marriage was not authorised by the
+Church, it was actually necessary for him to retract. This was done
+_in verba generalia_, as Rome admitted, and so every one should be
+satisfied.
+
+When I returned home I gave orders that I should not be disturbed
+during the evening, and busied myself in putting the papers that I had
+found at M. de Talleyrand's house into some order. I shall complete
+this work only by degrees, for it causes me keen emotion. For
+instance, I came upon a note which M. de Talleyrand sent to me from
+his room to mine on February 6, 1837,[97] in which he told me that at
+his supreme hour his only anxiety would be my future and my
+happiness. I cannot say how this scrap of paper has agitated me.
+
+  [97] February 6 is St. Dorothea's Day, the patron saint of the
+  Duchesse de Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Paris, October 13, 1838._--M. de Montrond came to see me yesterday.
+He showed himself extremely kind and soothing; but the true nature of
+things peeps out invariably, and towards the end of his call, which
+had been spent in expressions of regret for M. de Talleyrand's death,
+he let fall a phrase to this effect: "Do you propose to become a lady
+of the Faubourg Saint-Germain?" I was able to reply that I had no need
+to do anything of the kind, that my position was plain: a lady of rank
+and independent means, unwilling to sacrifice my opinions here or my
+position there; too deeply attached to the memory of M. de Talleyrand
+not to be on good terms with the Tuileries, and too good company not
+to live happily with my family and my own friends. He replied that I
+had not forgotten to speak like M. de Talleyrand himself. Then he
+rose, took my hand, and asked me if I would not be kind to him, saying
+that he was alone in the world, that he was very anxious for
+opportunities to talk of M. de Talleyrand with me sometimes, and then
+he began to weep like a child. I told him that he would always find me
+ready to listen to him, and to reply, if he spoke of M. de Talleyrand,
+a subject of inexhaustible interest to myself. Human nature is
+remarkable in its great diversity and its astonishing contrasts.
+
+
+_Paris, October 17, 1838._--I have only had two satisfactory incidents
+since my return: the arrival of my son Valen�ay, who is so good to me,
+and a long conversation with the Abb� Dupanloup, which went on
+yesterday for two hours at my house. Our minds are in sympathy, and,
+what is better, we are marvellously alert to divine one another's
+feelings, and both noticed it, owing to the strange and rapid
+coincidence of our expressions. He has a rapidly working mind, and for
+that reason pleased M. de Talleyrand, while with him one is never
+embarrassed or hampered, and transitional ideas are never clogged; his
+clearness of mind is never marked by dryness, because he has a sweet
+and most affectionate soul. My long intercourse with M. de Talleyrand
+has made it difficult for ordinary people to get on with me; I meet
+minds which seem slow, diffuse, and ill-developed; they are always
+putting on the brake, like people going downhill; I have spent my life
+with my shoulder to the wheel in uphill work. In M. de Talleyrand's
+lifetime I took more pleasure in the society of others, because I
+fully enjoyed my own society with him; perhaps also because I
+sometimes felt the need of rest at some lower elevation. But to-day I
+feel that I am being overcome, in a moral sense, by what the English
+call creeping paralysis; in short, yesterday I was able to spread my
+wings for a moment, and it did me good. I complained to him of the
+want of system in my life, of the weariness and oppression which were
+the result of overstrain. He spoke of my reading, and told me that he
+thought I should be deeply attracted by patristic literature; he
+promised to sketch out a little course of reading for me within my
+range. He is no inquisitive or indiscreet converter of souls; he is a
+good and intelligent man, a pure and lofty soul, discreet and
+moderate, whose influence can never be anything but wise, gentle, and
+restrained.
+
+
+_Paris, October 18, 1838._--The Princess Christian of Denmark, who is
+at this moment at Carlsruhe, is no longer young; but fifteen years
+ago, when she came to Paris, she was very pretty; her complexion,
+hair, and shoulders were especially beautiful. Her features were less
+striking, and those are the most permanent elements in beauty. I know
+that she and her husband have retained a very kindly feeling for the
+present royal family of France. Princess Christian is the
+granddaughter of the unfortunate Queen Mathilda of Denmark. Prince
+Christian's first wife was a mad woman with dreadful manners.[98] She
+went to Rome for refuge and to join the Catholic Church, and there she
+plunged into the most ridiculous mummeries. Her husband adored her,
+and if the King of Denmark had not insisted upon a separation Prince
+Christian would have remained under her yoke. He still corresponds
+with her, and has never ceased to regret her loss. The present
+Princess Christian, though prettier, is quite sensible, but has never
+had much influence with her husband, owing, it is said, to the fact
+that she has no children. The first wife was the mother of Prince
+Frederick, who is an exile in Jutland.
+
+  [98] The first wife of Prince Christian of Denmark was Princess
+  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Unfaithful to her husband, she
+  was separated from him in 1809, and divorced by order of the king
+  in 1810. She died in 1840 at Rome, where she had lived after her
+  conversion to Catholicism. She was born in 1784, and married in
+  1806.
+
+_Paris, October 20, 1838._--Yesterday I went with Pauline to the
+Com�die-Fran�aise to hear Mlle. Rachel, who is now causing so great a
+sensation. I was not at all pleased. They all acted very badly, though
+Mlle. Rachel is not so bad as the rest. They played _Andromaque_, in
+which she took the part of Hermione, the part of irony, scorn, and
+disdain. She went through it accurately and intelligently, but there
+is no sympathy or attraction in her acting. She has a thin voice, is
+neither pretty nor beautiful, but very young, and might become an
+excellent actress if she had good training. The rest of the company is
+wretched. I was very bored, and returned home benumbed.
+
+
+_Paris, October 21, 1838._--The Duchesse de Palmella, whom I saw
+yesterday, told me a strange thing. She said that the Duke of
+Leuchtenberg, the first husband of Queen Do�a Maria, had never been
+her husband; that on his arrival in Portugal he was attacked with
+scurvy, which made him contagious and greatly disgusted his wife, who
+adores the little Coburg. She is now expecting her confinement.
+
+With Pauline I called upon the Duchesse d'Orl�ans, who seemed to have
+recovered very well from her confinement. Her child, which she was
+kind enough to show us, is really charming. She has every reason to be
+as proud of him as she is.
+
+We came home for an audience granted me by the Infanta Carlotta, the
+wife of Don Francisco. Like myself, they are both staying in the
+Galliffet residence.[99] It was a curious interview. The Infanta is a
+much bolder figure than Madame de Zea, and much taller. She is very
+fair, with a face which, though washed out, is none the less stern,
+with a rough manner of speaking. I felt very ill at ease with her,
+although she was very courteous. Her husband is red-haired and ugly,
+and the whole tribe of little Infantas, boys and girls, are all
+utterly detestable. The eldest of the princesses is well brought up,
+inclined to talk, and graciously took notice of Pauline. In my
+opinion, this Infanta would be a most unpleasant Sovereign.
+
+  [99] After the death of the Prince de Talleyrand the Duchesse de
+  Talleyrand sold the residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin to the
+  Rothschilds. This house she had inherited from the Prince. She
+  then settled in a large suite of rooms in the residence of the
+  Marquis de Galliffet, Rue de Grenelle.
+
+
+_Paris, October 31, 1838._--During the last two days I have seen a
+great deal of the Comtesse de Castellane. She speaks of only one thing
+which she wants, and for which she is working with incredible energy.
+I cannot complain, as her efforts show how much she thinks of my
+daughter, to whom she wishes to marry the young Henri de Castellane.
+Yesterday I went to consult the Archbishop on the point. He, as well
+as the Abb� Dupanloup, seems to think that of all the possible
+openings that have hitherto appeared Henri de Castellane would offer
+the best chance of domestic happiness, by reason of his personal
+merits. Both of them say that Pauline ought to choose for herself,
+after due examination. Examination requires acquaintanceship; to
+become acquainted they must see one another; and to see one another
+they must meet. And so I have reached a new phase in my life, when I
+am obliged to give a young man the run of my house in order to see
+what he is worth. I have known M. de Castellane personally for many
+years, but I have lost sight of him for a long time; besides, he is
+going to marry Pauline, and not me. He is clever and well-educated,
+hard-working, and, I think, ambitious. He is very correct and polite,
+lives a retired life, and goes only into the best society; he is a
+good son and a good brother, has an excellent name, but no title at
+present, and no prospect; has few family ties, and wishes to live in
+the same house as myself at Paris, though with a separate
+establishment. He is respectful to his mother, but not on confidential
+terms with her; wishes to have a religious wife, though he does not
+practise the forms of religion himself. He is to have twenty thousand
+francs income when he marries, and thirty thousand more from his
+grandmother. He has a childless uncle who is worth forty-two millions.
+For the moment the uncle will not give or promise or guarantee
+anything, but he is very anxious for the marriage, and as he is
+eccentricity personified he may come down handsomely some day. The
+Abb� Dupanloup advises me to speak to Pauline on the subject without
+any constraint, and also to tell her of other proposals made for her
+hand. She does not like Jules de Clermont-Tonnerre, and thinks he
+looks vulgar; the Duc de Saulx-Tavannes horrifies her--as a matter of
+fact he has the figure of an elephant, while there is madness in the
+family on both sides. The Duc de Guiche is not yet nineteen years of
+age, has no property whatever, a number of brothers and sisters, a
+rather foolish mother, while his family are always in extremities. The
+Marquis de Biron is very rich and a good fellow; he is a childless
+widower, but extremely stupid, and a red-hot Carlist. Pauline has
+recently seen M. de Castellane on two occasions, and likes him
+greatly; but she says she would like to know more of him, to make
+certain of his principles and belief. I tell her that there is no
+hurry, that she can very well wait, and that in any case I shall not
+consent to any marriage taking place until our business affairs have
+been wound up, the will declared, and the anniversary of the 17th of
+May over. This is understood, though the parties would like a promise
+to be given before that date, without celebrating the marriage. I can
+also understand that they would like to make certain of Pauline, but I
+do not propose to have our throats cut in that way. Madame Ad�la�de,
+who is much afraid that Pauline's marriage might prevent her from
+going to the Tuileries, is a warm supporter of M. de Castellane. She
+let me know that M. de Talleyrand, to her knowledge, had thought of
+him. This is true, but he was more inclined to M. de M�rode, though
+family arrangements made the proposal impossible; besides, Pauline
+likes M. de Castellane much better than M. de M�rode. Another who has
+been mentioned to me is Elie de Gontaut, the younger brother of the
+Marquis of Saint-Blancard, but he is a young fop, and, though rich,
+his position as younger brother is very pronounced, and that would not
+please Pauline. In short, there is a perfect crowd of suitors, and I
+do not know to whom I should listen. One point is certain, and I shall
+make it perfectly clear: that Pauline herself will have to make the
+choice.[100]
+
+  [100] Mlle. Pauline de P�rigord did in fact marry M. de
+  Castellane, on April 11, 1839. He then assumed the title of
+  Marquis from his grandfather, who had just died. His father,
+  General de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France, yielded the
+  title to him on the occasion of his marriage and never bore it
+  himself. From his grandmother, who brought him up, the old
+  Marchioness de Castellane, _n�e_ Rohan-Chabot, whose first
+  husband, the Duc de la Rochefoucauld, had left her a large
+  fortune, M. de Castellane received as a wedding-gift the property
+  of Aubijou, in Auvergne, in the department of Cantal, which will
+  often be mentioned in these memoirs.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+1840
+
+
+The Duchesse de Sagan, eldest sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand,
+had died in the winter of 1840. A number of business difficulties were
+involved by the disposal of her property, and the Duchesse de
+Talleyrand resolved upon a journey to Prussia, which she had not
+visited since her marriage. She was accompanied by her eldest son, M.
+de Valen�ay, while her correspondent, M. de Bacourt, who had been
+appointed French Minister to the United States, went to take up his
+new post at Washington, where he remained for several years.
+
+
+_Amiens, May 16, 1840._--I cannot say with what fear I think of my
+departure from Paris this morning and of the real trials upon which we
+are to enter. I am now on the way to Germany, while you are starting
+for America.[101] But to return to my journey of to-day: the roads are
+heavy, the postillions brought us along rather badly, and we did not
+arrive here until nine o'clock in the evening. I have read a good deal
+of the life of Cardinal Ximenes. It is a sober and a serious book,
+correctly written, but cold, and progress in it is difficult. I do
+not, however, regret my trouble with it, for I know but little of this
+great character, and he is worth studying.
+
+  [101] Extract from a letter to M. de Bacourt.
+
+The country is beautifully green and fresh, with bushy vegetation. We
+had pleasant weather, in spite of a few showers, but twenty times I
+told myself that travelling was the most foolish of all professions;
+to be carried along these interminable roads, bumped upon their rough
+surface, delivered to the tender mercies of postillions, fleeing from
+all one loves, going as rapidly as possible towards things and people
+who are quite uninteresting; thus spending one's life as though it
+were eternal, and only realising its shortness when it is at an end.
+
+
+_Lille, May 17, 1840._--This morning before leaving Amiens we heard
+mass in the fine cathedral. The 17th of May is a date of special
+import to myself. I gave myself some credit for going to mass so far
+from the house of the rector of the Academy, M. Martin, with whom we
+put up; then it was raining hard, and the Picard streets are very
+dirty and the pavement detestable.
+
+The cathedral is really magnificent; strength, grace, and boldness are
+combined; stained-glass windows alone are wanting, as the light is too
+bright. I prayed with all my heart for the dead and for the living,
+and for the travellers who are to entrust themselves to the sea or
+traverse unknown lands.
+
+On the road from Amiens to this town I read the _Diable boiteux_, the
+merits of which do not attract me in the least. The stories are too
+monotonous and uninteresting, and the constant tone of mockery and
+satire, which is not supported by the fine verse of Boileau, quite
+disgusted me. However, I have read it, and am glad it is over. I now
+know the nature of this book, which has had a certain reputation.
+
+We had a better journey than yesterday. Our servants have gone to the
+office to arrange for to-morrow's journey, which will be complicated
+by the Belgian railways. After the mediocrity of Amiens and Arras,
+where I had some broth this morning, Lille strikes one as a large if
+not a great town, but I must admit that at present my travelling
+curiosity is benumbed and my interest remarkably dull.
+
+
+_Li�ge, May 18, 1840._--We have been fourteen mortal hours on the
+journey from Lille to this town, notwithstanding the help of the
+railway. The fact is that to make use of the railway it is necessary
+to make a round of twenty leagues, which considerably diminishes the
+advantage of it. From Courtrai one must go up to Gand, touch Malines,
+and then to Li�ge by Louvain and Tirlemont. A vast amount of time is
+wasted in stoppages at the numerous stations. Moreover, if one takes
+one's own carriage time is required to put it on a truck and take it
+off again, while the expense for the freight of carriages is so heavy
+that nothing is saved by the railway. It is certainly a marvellous
+invention, and the machinery is interesting. All is worked with
+perfect punctuality and order, but at the same time it is an
+unpleasant way of travelling, to my taste. There is no time to see
+anything; for instance, we passed along the outer walls of several
+towns which I should have liked to examine; we did not even pass
+through villages, but went straight across country, with no other
+event than occasional tunnels, cold and damp, in which the smoke of
+the engine becomes thick enough to choke one. Even though the wind
+carries away the smoke, it and the rattling of the engine would make
+you imagine yourself upon a steamboat. Imagination was the easier in
+my case as sickness and a certain stupefaction never left me. In
+short, I arrived worn out and more and more displeased with the
+fatigues and weariness of my enterprise. At Menin we were told to get
+out in a bitter wind to be searched by the Custom House officials;
+only when the examination was half over did they ask for our
+passports; upon seeing our rank the Inspector of Customs checked the
+ardour of his subordinates and allowed us to go. The fortress of Menin
+is most carefully kept, and as clean and well restored as it can be;
+and yet, if I am not wrong, I think that our protocols had required
+its destruction.
+
+I was struck with great admiration for the wealth and the good
+cultivation of all Belgium, and if I had been able to satisfy my taste
+for old buildings by visiting Ghent, Malines, and other places I
+should have been consoled.
+
+
+_Bergheim, May 19, 1840._--To travel from Li�ge to Cologne would have
+been too long a day, so we are sleeping here in a very clean little
+inn, though we have no means of warming ourselves, in spite of the
+fact that the wind is icy. It is something of a hardship to be forced
+to go without a fire or to be suffocated by a cast-iron stove. I am
+undoubtedly a very ungrateful daughter of Germany, as I find
+numberless material discomforts which I did not suspect in past years,
+but which now cause me considerable exasperation.
+
+I was greatly struck by the delightful country through which we passed
+on the road from Li�ge to Aix-la-Chapelle by way of Verviers.
+Chaudfontaine especially is a charming spot. The direct road would
+have been through Battice, but this road is out of use and repair, and
+we were directed from Li�ge to Verviers. The richness and beauty of
+the countryside, the activity of the factories, and the river valleys
+made the scene entirely animated and agreeable.
+
+I was struck by the changed appearance of Aix-la-Chapelle. Although
+the watering season had not yet commenced, the town was as animated as
+possible; there are plenty of fine shops and new houses. At the same
+time I should not care to take the waters there, as there is nothing
+countrified about the place, and the walks are all too distant. To-day
+I read a large part of a book by the Pr�sident de Brosses, _Italy a
+Hundred Years Ago_. It is written with vigour and cheerfulness, wit
+and fancy, but the spirit of the eighteenth century and the writer's
+peculiar cynicism are obvious at every page.
+
+
+_Cologne, May 20, 1840._--We have reached here so early that we have
+decided to travel another dozen leagues to-day, after seeing Frau von
+Binzer, changing our money, and buying some eau de Cologne. How cold
+it is here! The change of climate becomes more and more perceptible.
+
+
+_Elberfeld, May 20, 1840._--Frau von Binzer is an extremely ugly
+person, but cheerful, sensible, clever, and very loyal. She spent last
+year with my sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, and had only left her for
+six weeks when she was overtaken by death. She wept bitterly in
+speaking of my sister, and assured me that her death was a happy
+deliverance; that she was so sad, so wearied, irritated, and disgusted
+with everything that her temperament had visibly changed. She seems to
+have had fits of actual despair, to have suffered a great deal during
+the last weeks, and to have had several presentiments of her death.
+She made her will on the evening before her last journey to Italy, in
+the course of five minutes, while she had some friends in the house
+taking tea. She told Frau von Binzer what she was doing, to her great
+astonishment. She had intended to make another will, but death came
+upon her as a punishment for her dilatoriness. Frau von Binzer was so
+grieved at the rapidity of our departure from Cologne that I could not
+refuse to take lunch with her. She lives a long way from the hotel
+where I had put up, and I therefore had a considerable walk to her
+house and back. My walk was prolonged because she insisted upon taking
+me out of my way to show me the Stock Exchange, an old and curious
+house of the Templars, the Town Hall, with its curious tower and
+doorway, and the cathedral, which the Crown Prince of Prussia has
+taken under his patronage, and which is being rapidly restored; the
+results will be admirable. We stopped for a moment in front of the
+Church of St. Mary of the Capitol, where Alpaide, the mother of
+Charles Martel, is buried. We also looked at two houses belonging to
+old aristocratic families in the time of the Hansa, which are in
+Byzantine style. At the same time Cologne is a very ugly town, and the
+Rhine is by no means beautiful at the spot where we crossed it.
+
+Here we are, twelve leagues from Cologne, in the prettiest town
+conceivable, which reminds one of Verviers; the country about it is
+also pretty, and somewhat Belgian in character. All is clean and well
+cared for. The Prussian roads are truly admirable, the postillions go
+much better, and the horses are kept in good condition. In this
+respect and in many others the country has undergone a remarkable
+change. At the same time the iron stoves, the beds, and the food cause
+me discomfort. The railway is progressing, and it is intended to
+continue the line to Berlin. The work is being pushed on with great
+rapidity, and from Li�ge nothing is to be seen but navvies, machinery,
+and other preparations for this transformation scene.
+
+
+_Mersheden, May 21, 1840._--We reached Arnberg at five o'clock. This
+seemed a little early to finish our stage, so we continued our
+journey for six leagues more. Now we are in a typical village inn, but
+fairly clean, and with very obliging people. We might have found
+better accommodation at the next stage, but I could not bring myself
+to expose the servants any longer to the frightful weather. I have
+rarely seen any more dreadful; hail, rain, blasts, and storms all came
+down upon us. None the less I noticed that we were passing through
+country almost as pretty as that which we saw yesterday. It reminded
+me at times of the valley of Baden and of the narrower valley of
+Wildbad. I am still reading the _Italy_ of the President de Brosses,
+which is amusing, but not entirely attractive. I will copy two
+passages which seem to me fairly applicable to our present mode of
+life: "Generally speaking, the inconveniences and the causes of
+impatience during a long journey are so many that one should avoid the
+further vexation of economy in small matters. It is certainly hard to
+be cheated, but we should satisfy our self-esteem by telling ourselves
+that we are cheated willingly and because we are too lazy to be
+angry." That is a piece of advice which I am inclined to practise too
+often. Here is the other passage which also suits my case: "In foreign
+countries we should be on our guard against satisfaction of the sight
+and weariness of the heart. There is as much as you please to amuse
+your curiosity, but no social resources. You are living only with
+people who have no interest in you or you in them, and however kind
+they are, it is impossible for either party to go to the trouble of
+discovering interest in the other when each knows that they are ready
+to part and never to meet again."
+
+
+_Cassel, May 22, 1840._--The weather to-day was as bad as yesterday,
+and the country not so pretty. Cassel is quite as small a town as
+Carlsruhe, and looks even less like a residential city. The suburbs
+especially are very poor. I found nothing to admire but a hill covered
+with magnificent oak-trees, which took us a long time both to ascend
+and descend. I feel the cold most bitterly, and everything here is so
+late that the lilac is hardly in flower.
+
+On arriving I sent for newspapers, in which I saw an account of the
+long-delayed visit of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia to Mannheim.
+Poor Grand Duchess Stephanie! A year ago such a visit would have been
+an event; to-day it is mere empty courtesy, and it must have cost her
+an effort to receive it graciously. The only matter of interest to me
+in the newspaper was the bad account given, with no attempt at
+concealment, of the King of Prussia's health. This slow illness must
+change all the habits of the royal family and of Berlin society. I
+shall certainly not regret the entertainments, but I shall be sorry to
+be unable to pay my respects to the King, who was very kind to me in
+my youth.
+
+
+_Nordhausen, May 23, 1840._--It did not rain to-day, but it is cold
+enough for frost. To-morrow we have forty-one leagues to travel if we
+are to reach Wittenberg, a severe task which seems to me impossible.
+Fortunately we have done with the roads and the postillions of Hesse,
+which have remained faithful to the old Germanic aberrations. In
+Prussia both the posting system and the roads are excellent, the
+villages and their inhabitants look greatly superior, but for the last
+twenty-four hours, though the country is not precisely ugly, it has
+lost the richness and attractiveness which struck me on the road from
+Lille to Arnberg.
+
+
+_Wittenberg, May 24, 1840._--Forty-two leagues in twenty-four hours in
+a country where no one knows what going ahead means, is really
+excellent progress.
+
+This town is an old acquaintance of my youth. When we used to go from
+Berlin to Saxony and from Saxony to Berlin, Wittenberg was always the
+second halt, for at that time macadamised roads were unknown. Progress
+was made at a walking pace, ploughing through deep sand. To-morrow I
+expect to cover twenty-seven leagues in nine or ten hours, which
+occupied two days in those earlier times. From Nordhausen to this
+point the country is ugly, and the inevitable pine-tree forests have
+reappeared. The cradle of my youth was certainly far from beautiful.
+
+My curiosity was aroused by Eisleben and Halle, through which we
+passed. The former of these towns was Luther's birthplace. His house
+is well preserved, and there is a small museum there of all kinds of
+things relating to him and to the Reformation. I only saw the outside
+of the house, which is of no special interest, but at the door I
+bought a small description of Eisleben and its curiosities, which has
+made me quite learned.
+
+Halle is very ugly, in spite of a few Gothic exteriors, past which I
+drove. Moreover, these university towns have invariably a character of
+their own, which is provided by the crowd of wretched students, with
+their noise and want of manners, who loaf about the carriages, with
+long pipes in their mouths, and seem quite ready to cause a
+disturbance.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 25, 1840._--The rain has been coming down again all day,
+and my re-entry to my native town was made under no agreeable
+auspices. Fortunately I had no reason to regret that the countryside
+was not in sunshine, for the scenery from Wittenberg here is
+atrocious. I had forgotten to some extent my native land, and was
+surprised to find it so hideous. However, I must make an exception of
+the bridge of Potsdam, which is really pretty. The bank of the Havel
+is bright and graceful with the wooded slopes which surround it,
+covered as they are with pretty country houses. Even Potsdam, which is
+only a summer residence, looks more like a capital town than Cassel,
+Stuttgart, or Carlsruhe; but half a league further on everything is as
+dry and dismal as possible, until the suburbs of Berlin, which gave me
+a real surprise on the side from which we reached the town. This
+happened to be an English quarter, with iron gateways before the
+houses, and a number of gardens between the gateways and the houses,
+which are small, but very well kept.
+
+Berlin itself is a handsome town, but thinly populated, while as
+regards carriages, cabs are the dominant feature, and sadness is
+therefore its chief characteristic. I am staying at the Russicher Hof.
+Opposite is the Castle; a pretty bridge and the museum on the left;
+on the right are the quays. It is a pleasant aspect, and my room on
+the first floor is almost too magnificent.
+
+My man of business, Herr von Wolff, told me that the King's condition
+was regarded as desperate, and that yesterday he sent for his eldest
+son, and entrusted him with the business of government. The scene is
+said to have been very touching. The King's illness is intestinal
+catarrh, which seems incurable. It is also said that he has had the
+deplorable privilege of bad doctors in Berlin, where the doctors are
+excellent. He can take no food, and is visibly wasting away; but death
+is not thought to be imminent. The day before yesterday he walked as
+far as his window to see the troops march past, and those who saw him
+were horrified by the change in his appearance.
+
+The whole town is in sadness, and the royal family in despair. The
+Princess of Liegnitz is quite as ill as the King, with severe
+gastritis, and is thought to be in great danger.
+
+M. Bresson, who has just spent an hour with me, is in despair at the
+King's condition. He will see no one except the Princess of Liegnitz,
+his doctors, and the Prince of Wittgenstein. He has seen the Crown
+Prince for a moment, but none of his other children, and says he feels
+too weak to see any one else. A messenger has just been despatched to
+the Russian Empress, to stop her progress at Warsaw, where she is to
+arrive to-morrow. The King would be in no condition to bear this
+interview, much less the lamentable scenes which the Emperor Nicholas
+would certainly make. The Empress is also said to be in a very sad
+way. This approaching death will be a great blow, which will re-echo
+near and far.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 26, 1840._--I slept fairly well. My bed is not quite so
+narrow or so extraordinary as some that I have found on the journey
+from Cologne to Berlin. Unless one is prepared to sleep on nothing but
+feathers, nothing is to be found but thin, hard mattresses nailed on
+to deal boards. The bedclothes are of a remarkable character, while
+the sheets look like towels. I had several of them sewn together, and
+thus succeeded in covering my bed. As regards bedrooms, Germany is
+undoubtedly in a state of savagery, even more so than with regard to
+food, which is extraordinary enough at times, though in Berlin even M.
+de Valen�ay admits that it is good. The cleanliness is perfect, and
+the furniture tasteful. There are carpets everywhere, and the iron
+stoves are replaced by fine porcelain stoves, which give no smell and
+heat the room excellently, but it is disappointing to be forced to use
+them on the 26th of May. M. Bresson utters terrible groans about the
+climate.
+
+Is it not strange that I should have felt no emotion whatever upon
+re-entering this town where I was born and where I was largely brought
+up? I examined it with the same curiosity as I felt towards Cologne
+and Cassel, and that was all. I have no feeling of that special
+patriotism which I have long felt for Germany. I am a complete
+stranger both to things and people, entirely unconnected with the
+place, speaking the language with some hesitation; in short, I am not
+at home, or rather ill at my ease, and ashamed at being so. I do not
+think it would be thus if I were to return to London. I do not think I
+should then be delighted; I should probably burst into tears; but at
+any rate I should feel some emotion, as I feel at Valen�ay. I am less
+afraid of that which stirs my feelings than of that which freezes
+them.
+
+Everything goes on here so early that one must be ready at dawn.
+Waking up is nothing, but getting up is difficult. I am extremely
+tired, even more than when travelling, because when once ensconced in
+my carriage, which is very soft, I can rest in silence, inaction, and
+sleep, whereas here things are very different.
+
+My man of business from Silesia was at my house at nine o'clock. He is
+going away this evening to make preparations for my arrival. At eleven
+o'clock Herr and Frau von Wolff came in. They told me that the Duke of
+Coburg was negotiating to buy the estate of Muskau from Prince P�ckler
+for his sister, the Grand Duchess Constantine. The garden of Muskau is
+said to be the most beautiful in Germany. It is only ten leagues from
+my house.
+
+M. Bresson came in at midday to tell me that there was some
+improvement in the King, that he had been able to take some soup and
+to walk round his room. He urged me at the same time not to put off my
+calls upon the chief ladies of the Princesses.
+
+Midday is the fashionable hour for calls here, so I started off with
+M. de Valen�ay. First we went to the Countess of Reede at the Castle.
+She is the chief lady of the Crown Princess, and was an intimate
+friend of my mother. She was not at home, nor was the Baroness of
+Lestocq, lady-in-waiting to the Princess William, the King's
+sister-in-law. We also went to the Countess of Wincke at the King's
+palace to call upon the Princess of Liegnitz. She is an old lady
+belonging to the palace of the late Queen, of which I retained some
+confused idea from my youth. She received us with an old aristocratic
+air which pleased me. The Countess of Schweinitz, at the new palace of
+Prince William, the King's son, was also at home. Countess Kuhneim, at
+the Teutonic Palace, where the Princess Charles of Prussia resides,
+was out.
+
+Frau von Schweinitz told me that Prince William was to start to-morrow
+to meet his sister, the Empress of Russia, and to stop her from coming
+here. We also went to see the Werthers, who were delighted to talk of
+Paris; and then to the house of Madame de Perponcher, with whom I
+played a great deal in my youth. She was not at home.
+
+Berlin is really a very fine town. The streets are wide and laid out
+in regular lines, the houses are tall and regular, there are many
+palaces and fine buildings, fine squares with trees, gardens and
+walks, and yet it is gloomy. There is obviously a lack of wealth to
+fill the fine setting. The carriages of private individuals are so
+much like cabs that I was deceived by the resemblance for some time.
+The horses and liveries and everything of the kind are dreadfully
+shabby.
+
+Yesterday we dined with M. Bresson, who lives in a beautiful house
+which my sister the Duchess of Acerenza occupied in past years. The
+rooms are fine and beautifully furnished for Berlin, but spoilt by a
+horrible portrait of the French King, whose hand is stretched over a
+vast charter--quite an atrocity! The other guests were von Humboldt,
+Lord William Russell, and M. de Loy�re, who is attached to the French
+Embassy. Herr von Humboldt talked in his usual style of all the
+rivers, all the mountains, all the planets, and of the whole universe.
+He did not forget his neighbours, whom he did not treat with
+superlative charity. Princess Albert seemed to me to be very much in
+his bad books, and also to some extent in those of M. Bresson. Lord
+William Russell is always taciturn, as a Russell should be. He says he
+is not displeased with his position, and anything that separates him
+from Lady Russell always suits his taste. As for M. Bresson, he is
+obviously bored, and the nine years he has spent here have completely
+exhausted his patience. I think that he greatly fears the approaching
+death of the King as likely to affect his position. He complains of
+the effects of the climate, and is obviously beating against his bars.
+
+In the middle of this dinner Princess William, the King's
+daughter-in-law, asked me to wait upon her at half-past six. I
+therefore went. She lives in a charming palace, beautifully arranged;
+the conservatories are decorated with marble, the floors are
+magnificent, and the furniture is beautiful; in short, the whole is in
+exquisite taste. The Princess was alone, and received me most
+graciously. I stayed a long time.
+
+The general fear of a visit from the Russian Imperial family is very
+curious. The royal family is preoccupied with the business of avoiding
+anything of the kind, and use a thousand devices for the purpose. They
+seem to be afraid of them as of a devastating torrent.
+
+I have just had a call from Madame de Perponcher. Her queenly bearing
+and her regular features have survived the passing of her youth. She
+is a clever woman, and her conversation is animated.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 27, 1840._--A special luxury in Berlin, to be found in
+all the houses belonging to people of importance, are the wide
+windows, which light the rooms brilliantly, and give a bright
+appearance to the houses.
+
+This morning I had a private audience of the Crown Princess, who lives
+in a part of the Castle properly so called. Her large private room is
+handsome and curious. The Princess is very polite, but a little cold
+and timid, with beautiful blue eyes, a dull complexion, strong and by
+no means attractive features; she limps a little. The conversation
+became animated upon the arrival of the Crown Prince. He showed me
+great cordiality, and had just come from the King, who was perceptibly
+better. This improvement has revived all their spirits, but there is
+still a grave reason for anxiety.
+
+I dined with Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law; her husband
+has delayed his departure. At dinner there were the Crown Prince and
+Princess, and the two Princes of W�rtemberg, the sons of Prince Paul;
+the latter are starting to-morrow to meet their sister, the Grand
+Duchess Helena, who is going to Ems, and then to Italy. The other
+guests were Prince George of Hesse, brother of the Duchess of
+Cambridge; a Russian general and an English officer who had come to
+look at the manoeuvres; Werther, his wife, and his son, who is going
+to Paris to take the place of Arnim till the new appointment is made;
+and the Count and Countess of Redern. The Countess is a Hamburg
+heiress, entirely ugly; she looks like a blonde Jewess, which is to be
+ugly twice over.
+
+I sat near the Crown Prince, who asked me many questions about
+Versailles, and was then interested in all the recollections of our
+youth; he has grown very stout and old.
+
+At seven o'clock in the evening I was requested to visit Princess
+Albert, and invited to stay for tea and supper. It is impossible to
+imagine anything which takes up so much time as Court life here. The
+only satisfactory point is that everyone withdraws before ten o'clock
+at night; but at that time one is more exhausted than one would be at
+two o'clock in the morning at Paris.
+
+I think that of all the persons I have seen here Princess Albert has
+filled me with the greatest curiosity and interest. At first I
+thought her face long and narrow, her mouth large, and the lower part
+of her face, when she laughed, very ugly, while the want of eyebrows
+was remarkable; but by degrees I have grown used to her, and find her
+actually pleasant. Her teeth are white, she has a cheerful laugh and
+lively eyes, her figure is pretty, and she is tall, like myself; but
+it is too obvious that she laces very tightly, which is the more
+noticeable as she is never at rest; she wriggles, gesticulates,
+laughs, fidgets, and talks somewhat at random; she never crosses a
+room except at a run and a skip, and does not shine in point of
+dignity of bearing, but on the whole she is by no means unpleasant,
+and I think that men might find her somewhat attractive. She was very
+kind to me, with a frankness and good-nature in putting her questions
+as if she had always known me, and poking fun right and left at her
+family to begin with; she astonished me greatly. The fact is that she
+is a spoilt child, accustomed to do and say anything she likes, and is
+regarded here as quite beyond restraint. She goes away to The Hague
+when her family would like her to stay in Berlin, and comes back when
+they think she intends to make a long stay in Holland. In short, she
+is a strange being. Her husband is very delicate. Their palace, though
+pretty outside, seemed to me rather poor within. At her house I saw no
+one except the Princess of W�rtemberg, Madame de Perponcher (reasons
+of etiquette forbid her to receive M. de Perponcher, as the Diplomatic
+Body are excluded from royal residences), Herr von Liebermann,
+Prussian Minister at St. Petersburg, and the Prince and Princess
+William, the King's son, who arrived late.
+
+I cannot be anything but grateful for the reception that has been
+offered to me here, but the want of rest overpowers every other
+consideration, and I should like to be back in my dear Rochecotte.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 28, 1840._--This morning I had an audience of Princess
+Charles. She has charming features, a fine figure, a high colour,
+tired eyes, beautiful manners, and a kind and pleasant way of
+speaking. Her appearance, on the whole, is insignificant, but she
+shows much kindness of heart. Her husband is simply vulgar. At the
+present moment he has a mania for seeing operations, and watches all
+the new experiments in surgery. Berlin is just now much excited by a
+mode of curing squinting, practised by Dieffenbach. Out of two hundred
+cases he has had only one failure, and that was due to the impatience
+of the patient. It is a very clever idea, and people come in from all
+parts to be made beautiful instead of ugly.
+
+Here every one professes surprise at the resemblance between Madame de
+Lazareff and myself.
+
+I have called upon Princess P�ckler, the wife of the traveller; she is
+a lady who is largely supported by the Court; but she was not at home.
+In the afternoon I called upon Princess William, the Queen's
+sister-in-law, who was extremely kind to me. She has been very
+beautiful, and some remnants of her beauty still remain. She is a
+leading member of the sect of the Pietists. She introduced me to her
+unmarried daughter, a pretty princess of fifteen years of age, whose
+face pleased me greatly.[102]
+
+  [102] The daughter of Princess William of Prussia to whom
+  reference is here made married the King of Bavaria a short time
+  afterwards.
+
+Princess William is the sister of the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg, step-mother to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans.
+
+I am going to the theatre to see a ballet, in the box of the Countess
+of Redern, who insisted upon my coming. Then I shall finish my day
+with the Werthers, who are giving a party for me. I am quite
+overwhelmed by my busy life, which is so utterly different from the
+idle existence I have led for the last two years.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 29, 1840._--The ballet here is very well done. The King
+takes great interest in it, and gives an annual subscription of a
+hundred and twenty thousand crowns to the Opera, which is a great deal
+for this country. There are many pretty dancers, the theatre is
+beautiful and the orchestra excellent. I have been unable to judge of
+the singers, as I did not go till the opera was over.
+
+At the Werthers' I found a rout going on, which was much like all
+other parties of the kind. The women were well dressed, but not
+pretty, the social intercourse somewhat cold, while the men in the
+service wore their uniforms, which gave them a stiff appearance.
+
+The King's condition gave less satisfaction yesterday; he had had a
+fainting fit after expressing a wish to eat herrings, which was
+speedily satisfied. However, the Princes went to the theatre. The
+doctors persist in saying that his state is not desperate. This is the
+opinion, among others, of a certain Dr. Sch�nlein, who has been
+appointed professor at the university here; he comes from Z�rich with
+a very great reputation, and the King has been induced to see him in
+consultation. Princess Frederick of the Low Countries is expected. She
+is her father's favourite, and he is as anxious to see her as he is
+afraid of the Russian visits. Princess William, the King's
+sister-in-law, whose eldest daughter is married to Darmstadt, told me
+that the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia is deeply in love with
+Princess Marie, his future bride, and she is beginning to feel the
+same towards him.
+
+I was to have dined to-day with the Crown Prince, but as the King had
+had another fainting fit the High Marshal came to tell me that the
+dinner would not take place. The King's precarious condition causes
+much anxiety to some people who are fond of him, and to others who
+respect him for political considerations. No one, not even the heir,
+was prepared for this crisis, and to their sadness is added perplexity
+and hesitation.
+
+Yesterday morning I went for a drive in the Tiergarten, the Bois de
+Boulogne of Berlin, and saw the spot where I had been daily taken for
+a walk in my youth. It is a very pretty wood on the edge of the town,
+well planted, partly in English style, bounded by the Spree, and full
+of pretty country houses. It is a very popular resort at Berlin.
+
+I dined with Lord William Russell, where I heard that there was some
+small excitement in the Ministry at London, though nothing was likely
+to come of it. The present Cabinet is as used to defeats as
+Mithridates to poison.
+
+This morning Herr von Humboldt came to fetch us, and took his niece,
+Frau von B�low, and myself to the Museum. He had told all the
+directors, professors, and artists to be ready. I therefore saw
+everything in the greatest detail. The building is fine and well
+arranged, the classification perfect and intelligent, and the light
+well managed. The King has acquired some excellent examples of every
+style of art; an ancient bust of Julius C�sar in greenish basalt is
+one of the most beautiful things I know. The Museum is very rich in
+pictures of the ancient German school; the Etruscan vases are quite
+first-rate; the fifteenth-century china is very curious; the intaglios
+and the medals are in perfect order and tastefully set out. The
+officials, who are clever and full of artistic erudition, did me the
+honours with great courtesy. I replied by asking many questions, and
+was attentive to the answers; but the visit lasted for three hours,
+and I was standing all the time, and eventually I nearly collapsed.
+
+I then went to a great dinner with M. Bresson. As I was starting for
+it the Prince of Wittgenstein arrived; he had been requested by the
+King and the Princess of Liegnitz to express to me in the kindest
+terms their regret at their inability to see me. The King was not
+quite so ill, and had been able to see Princess Frederick of the Low
+Countries, his favourite daughter, for whom he had telegraphed, and
+who had hastened to come to him. The Prince of Wittgenstein was most
+obliging; he is a stout personage, and is greatly downcast at the
+moment and heart-broken at the King's danger. He has a very kindly
+feeling for France, and is very friendly with Princess William, the
+king's daughter-in-law, who overwhelms me with kindness.
+
+At M. Bresson's dinner Herr von Humboldt, as usual, relieved every one
+else of the trouble of talking, which is very convenient for lazy
+persons like myself.
+
+
+_Berlin, May 31, 1840._--To-day is an important day in the history of
+the country, and one of which the King awaits the issue with
+impatience. The Great Elector ascended the throne on May 31, 1640,
+Frederick the Great on May 31, 1740, and I am assured of the existence
+of a prophecy that the Crown Prince will ascend the throne on May 31,
+1840.
+
+I went to mass in a church which is hardly a church: it is a great
+round hall, covered with a single cupola, surrounded with columns,
+with a large window between each column. Nothing could be less solemn
+and less Catholic.
+
+I dined with Prince Radziwill, who took me up after dinner to the
+rooms of his late mother, where I had been a great deal in my youth.
+They are no longer used, and are just as I had known them. Nobody
+could be kinder than all the Radziwills have been to me. The daughter
+of the late Princess married the nephew of Prince Adam Czartoryski.
+She is now in the country. The two Radziwill Princes married two
+sisters, the daughters of Prince Clary. They all had plenty of
+children, and live as a very happy family in the same house.
+
+I had gone home after the dinner, when I received a message from
+Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law, asking me to pay her a
+visit. I found her alone, and she kept me talking for an hour. The
+latest news of the King was very sad. He told his chief groom of the
+chamber that he had no hope of recovery, but would not speak of his
+death for fear of affecting those about him. He is said to have
+insisted upon being carried to-morrow to the window of his room, at
+the moment of the solemn function which has been largely advertised,
+and the preparations for which he has supervised from his bed. The
+Crown Prince, in the King's name, is to lay the first stone of a
+monument in honour of Frederick II. at the entry of the promenade
+Unter den Linden. The whole garrison, all the state bodies, and all
+Berlin, are to be present at this ceremony. Stands have been erected
+for the public. My son and myself are to find a place on the balcony
+of Princess William, where the Princesses will be.
+
+Yesterday evening at the house of the Prince of Wittgenstein, where I
+went, was Madame de Kr�dener, _n�e_ Lerchenfeld, natural daughter of
+the Count Lerchenfeld and of the Princess of Thurn and Taxis. At St.
+Petersburg she was at first a favourite of the Empress, but was
+afterwards somewhat discarded because the Emperor appeared to be
+taken with her. She strongly resembles the late Queen of Prussia,
+which may be explained by her birth, but she has not her majestic
+bearing; she is, however, a handsome woman.
+
+I hear from Paris that there is an attempt to gather the household of
+the Emperor Napoleon for a mission to fetch his remains from St.
+Helena. Marchand, his groom of the chamber, was asked if he wished to
+accompany the mission; at first he hesitated, and then accepted on the
+condition that he should be allowed to sit at the table of the Prince
+de Joinville; to satisfy him he has been appointed captain on the
+staff of the National Guard, and he is to go, and will sit at the
+Prince's table! I abstain from comment.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 1, 1840._--I have just returned from the ceremony, which
+was really most beautiful and imposing. The thought of the King's
+dangerous condition, which every one had at heart, gave a singularly
+touching and solemn aspect to this national celebration, the last at
+which the poor King could be present. And in what manner was he
+present? In bed at his window! Fortunately the weather was less
+disagreeable than it has lately been. The Crown Prince laid the first
+stone of the monument which is to support the equestrian statue of
+Frederick the Great. Is it not strange that there is no statue of him
+as yet in Berlin? Yesterday was the anniversary of his accession a
+hundred years ago; but as it was a Sunday the celebration was
+postponed till to-day. Each regiment in the army was represented by a
+detachment. The army is really superb, and splendidly equipped.
+Besides the state bodies, the authorities, the Consistory, a
+detachment of the Landwehr, deputations from the guilds of arts and
+crafts, with their bands, surrounded the square, which is magnificent
+and was most beautifully decorated. Around the monument could be seen
+all those who had served under Frederick II., dressed as they were at
+that time, and carrying the flags captured during the Seven Years'
+War. The King himself had considered every detail of this fine
+ceremony, and had given the most positive orders to forbid any
+manifestation of applause for himself; but the silent and profound
+respect, the perfect order and the sadness of the spectators was
+sufficiently striking and touching. When the foundation-stone was
+lowered, salvos were fired, bells rang, drums beat, and the old
+tattered flags were lowered; at that moment most of the spectators
+burst into tears. Nothing of the sort could be looked for in a
+republican atmosphere or in our revolutionary regions.
+
+On the balcony where I was placed I saw Prince Frederick of the Low
+Countries, who introduced me to his wife. She was overcome with grief;
+she is not pretty, but looks kind and natural. The young Hereditary
+Grand Duke of Russia, who arrived this morning, was present; the Crown
+Prince of Prussia introduced me to him. He is said to have grown very
+fat. I expected to see a very insignificant young man, but he is quite
+the contrary, although I do not care about his complexion.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 2, 1840._--Yesterday evening I went to tea with Madame
+de Perponcher, whose _salon_ is, in my opinion, the pleasantest in
+Berlin. She is very conversational and well-mannered, while she is
+simple and restrained. She is a central point of society, and her
+mother's position with the Crown Princess has helped her largely.
+There I heard that no change has taken place in the King's condition,
+though something of the kind had been feared owing to the excitement
+of the day.
+
+The suite of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia are staying at the
+same hotel as myself, at the King's expense. They make a fearful
+uproar, and consume the more food as their board costs them nothing.
+It is impossible to say how the Russians are detested here.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 3, 1840._--Yesterday I was at a great dinner given by
+the Werthers. The King was said to be better; he had had some sleep,
+and felt the moral relief of passing the fatal date. During the dinner
+I received a message from the young Princess William asking me to call
+upon her after dinner in outdoor dress. I went, and we drove out. She
+took me to Charlottenburg, which she showed me in full detail, and
+especially the country house which the King has had built there, where
+he prefers to stay.
+
+I was glad to see the portraits of the Duc d'Orl�ans and the Duc de
+Nemours which were drawn here at the time when they passed through
+Berlin. The King bought them for his private room. When we came back
+the Princess made me stay to tea, and I spent all the time alone with
+her.
+
+This morning when I was finishing breakfast M. Bresson came to tell us
+that the King was _in extremis_. In the afternoon I stopped before his
+palace; he was still alive, and had even recovered sufficient
+consciousness to demand the reading of the newspapers. There is a
+crowd about the palace; many people are in tears, and the behaviour of
+the population is perfect.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 4, 1840._--Yesterday I dined at the house of M. Bresson
+with Princess P�ckler, who is starting for Muskau to meet her husband.
+He is returning from Vienna after an absence of six years; she speaks
+of him with admiration. She is a little old woman of wit,
+intelligence, and tact, and has gained considerable reputation in
+different circles.
+
+Only yesterday was the publication begun of bulletins upon the King's
+health; he might be dead at the present moment. Hitherto he had
+forbidden any announcements; I do not think he knew anything of it
+yesterday. He has preserved his consciousness, and is quite calm,
+simple, and dignified.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since last night the King has been in a kind of agony, from which he
+sometimes gains relief by a few drops of coffee. He can still speak a
+little, and says not a word about his condition, though he realises
+its gravity to the full. The whole family, even the grandchildren, are
+at the palace, and the Ministers also. The crowd still throngs the
+square and shows the same interest.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 5, 1840._--The King was still alive yesterday at eight
+o'clock in the evening. He had said farewell to his children and
+solemnly handed his will to his Ministers; he then declared that he
+had done with this world and wished to see no one except the Princess
+of Liegnitz and the pastor for whom he sent, intending to devote his
+remaining time to securing his peace of mind and in considering the
+life to come.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 6, 1840._--Herr von Humboldt has just left me. The King
+was very feverish last night; he can hardly speak, and seems to have
+lost all interest. What a long struggle for a man of seventy! All the
+Mecklenburg family has arrived. The appearance of the Duke of
+Cumberland has caused some consternation, and the Emperor Nicholas
+will be here to-morrow in spite of every attempt to prevent his
+arrival. There is an obvious intention to surround the new Sovereign
+from the moment of his accession, and this may damage his public
+reputation, for the people are apprehensive, and do not hide their
+fears. It is an interesting time for spectators, and I am perhaps
+watching the sowing of seed which will produce great consequences.
+
+At the same time I wished to fulfil my promise of going to see Frau
+von B�low at Tegel, which is three leagues from Berlin. At first I
+found the wind very unpleasant, but when we entered a forest which
+began half-way I was pleasantly sheltered, and the scent of the
+pine-trees was delightful. On leaving the pine-trees we reached a
+superb lake, the shores of which were wooded with trees in leaf--an
+unusual sight here.
+
+At one end of the lake is the fortress of Spandau, at the other the
+park, the castle of Tegel, and the monument raised by the late Herr
+Wilhelm von Humboldt to his wife. It is very pretty. The castle is by
+no means extraordinary, but contains some fine artistic works brought
+from Italy, and a good portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by G�rard.
+The monument is a column of porphyry upon a granite base, and the
+capital is in white marble. The column supports a white marble statue
+of Hope by Thorwaldsen, and is surrounded half by an iron railing and
+half by a great stone bench. All is in excellent taste, and the only
+point which displeased me was that Frau von Humboldt, her husband, her
+eldest son, and one of the children of Frau von B�low are really
+buried at the foot of this column. I cannot bear graves in gardens;
+my belief requires a common cemetery or vault in a church or
+chapel--in short, a spot consecrated to prayer and reflection, and
+undisturbed by worldly tumult.
+
+I drove round the lake, and then took the road back to Berlin. At the
+gates of the town I met Lord William Russell, who told me that the
+King was at his last gasp, and that orders had been given to close the
+theatres. My son, whom I found at our hotel on the point of coming in,
+gave me the same news. He had just been watching the operation for
+curing squinting, and was full of admiration for Dieffenbach, his
+dexterity, and the result of the operation. Of the two patients, both
+young girls, one did not say a word, and the other cried a great deal.
+The mere demonstration would have made me want to scream. The whole
+operation lasts from seventy to eighty seconds. The operator is helped
+by three pupils; one raises the upper eyelid, the second depresses the
+lower lid, and the third wipes away the blood between the two
+incisions. The first incision divides the lower part of the white of
+the eye; then with a little hook Dieffenbach draws forward the muscle
+covered by that part, cuts it through, and the operation is over. This
+muscle, in the case of people who squint, is too short, and brings the
+eye too close to the nose. As soon as it is cut through the pupil goes
+to its proper place.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 7, 1840._--Yesterday evening the King had reached the
+end, the death-rattle set in, and there was that motion of the hands,
+mechanical but terribly symptomatic, which common people call "picking
+things up to pack." He was unable to speak, and seemed to have lost
+consciousness.
+
+I am extremely guarded here in discussing either politics or religion;
+I hear a great deal, and listen with interest to anything I am told
+about the state of this country, but I am not imprudent in my answers.
+Prudence here is easier than in France, where it is almost impossible
+not to be overcome by the contagion.
+
+I have just been told that the Emperor Nicholas has arrived; I do not
+think he will see the King, from whose room all are excluded, though
+he is still alive.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 8, 1840._--The King died yesterday at twenty-two minutes
+past three in the afternoon, surrounded by all his family, whose hands
+he clasped without speaking. He died in the arms of the Princess of
+Liegnitz, for whom the royal family and the public are showing the
+greatest respect. She has perfectly fulfilled her duty. The Prince
+Royal fell fainting at the moment when the King expired. Grief is
+general and widespread. The Emperor Nicholas is said to have lamented
+loudly; he arrived from Warsaw in thirty-seven hours, accompanied only
+by General Benkendorff.
+
+Yesterday evening the troops took the oath to the new Sovereign. The
+Government has issued a proclamation everywhere of the death, which is
+touching, simple, and perfectly correct.
+
+I have been to Frau von Schweinitz to hear news of Princess William,
+who takes the title of Princess of Prussia, as her husband is
+heir-presumptive, though he is not Crown Prince, since he is the
+brother, not the eldest son, of the new King. The will had been
+opened. The late King has ordered a military funeral; his body will be
+placed in the cathedral by day, and, in accordance with his wishes,
+taken to Charlottenburg by night, to be placed in the same vault with
+the late Queen, his wife. I have just visited this monument in the
+park of Charlottenburg, yesterday afternoon. It is enclosed in a
+temple in ancient style at the end of a long walk of pines and
+cypress-trees; within the temple, between two candelabras beautifully
+carved in white marble, is to be seen, upon a raised platform, a bed
+of white marble, upon which the Queen's statue is gracefully and
+simply recumbent, wrapped in a long robe with open sleeves. The bare
+arms are crossed over the breast, the neck is bare, and the head wears
+only the royal circlet. It is a masterpiece, especially for the
+drapery, which is remarkably true to nature, and the best work of
+Rauch, the Prussian sculptor, whom the late Queen had educated at
+Rome. The general effect is beautiful, but too mythological; the
+religious touch which death imperiously claims is wanting.
+
+The King will lie in state to-morrow and the day after in military
+dress. The body will not be embalmed, and will be interred on
+Thursday, in accordance with his orders. He also ordered the pastor to
+pray at his bedside immediately after his death and aloud in the
+middle of his family, exhorting them to peace and concord. This was
+done, and it is to be hoped that his prayer will be heard, though
+there is no immediate appearance that any one heeds it. The immediate
+withdrawal of the Prince of Wittgenstein and of Herr von Lottum was
+expected, but the new King begged them not to leave him, at any rate
+at first. The public is glad to see the father's old servants thus
+retained by the son, and the more so as their relations with the
+Prince Royal were not entirely agreeable and an earlier change was
+expected. It is to be hoped that there will be no change at all. Such
+is the summary of a conversation on my part with M. Bresson and Lord
+William Russell; after which I went to see the collection of pictures
+belonging to Count Raczynski, the best private collection in Berlin. A
+large cartoon by a pupil of Cornelius of Munich, representing one of
+the great battles of Attila, is the best thing there. Tradition
+relates that the battle was continued in the sky, and that those who
+perished go on fighting, like shadows in the clouds, at certain times
+of the year; the two battles are to be seen in the cartoon. The design
+is admirable and well executed. The rest of the collection did not
+greatly attract me.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes from Paris: "We have had a curious week here:
+the Ministry was defeated in the Chamber upon the law for the funeral
+of Napoleon, and attempted revenge by sowing discord between the
+Chamber and the country; after more mature reflection, and after the
+proposed subscription had been a partial failure, the matter was
+dropped, and the letter of Odillon Barrot concluded it.
+
+"The Duc d'Orl�ans, in Africa, has had a fresh attack of dysentery,
+which was very dangerous for twenty-four hours."
+
+Now an extract from a letter from the Duc de Noailles:
+"Notwithstanding the complete fiasco concerning the Imperial remains,
+Thiers retains his strength, and will become complete master. The
+proposal of Remilly,[103] which was in sight, will not come up for
+discussion this year. There will be no dissolution between the two
+sessions; after next session dissolution is certain; the new Chamber
+will be moderately, but certainly more Left. Thiers is determined
+neither to urge on nor to check progress in this direction; to guide
+the movement, but to follow it, as he thinks that strength and the
+majority are there to be found. He hopes to be able to restrain the
+Left, but in case of failure he has determined rather to obey it than
+to resign. So we are definitely embarked upon this path, and this is
+the great event of the winter; the consequences, but not the rapidity,
+of the movement can be calculated."
+
+  [103] After the vote upon the secret service funds in March 1840
+  one of the Deputies, M. Remilly, attempted to embarrass the
+  Ministry by a proposal for Parliamentary reform, providing that
+  Deputies should not be promoted to salaried posts or secure
+  promotion for their Parliamentary life in the following year.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 9, 1840._--Yesterday after dinner I called upon the
+Countess of Reede, the chief lady of the new Queen's Court. There I
+saw the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, brother of the
+late Queen and of the late Princess of Thurn and Taxis, a great friend
+of M. de Talleyrand. He spoke of my uncle in the warmest terms, which
+touched me deeply, saying that he had experienced much kindness from
+him under the Empire. I was there informed that, besides the King's
+will properly so called, which dates from 1827, and of which I know
+nothing, there is a codicil containing arrangements for the funeral,
+and in such detail that the position of the troops in the streets is
+pointed out. A letter to his successor has also been found, which is
+said to be full of the wisest counsel; while encouraging his son to
+avoid innovations of every kind without due consideration, the King
+also advises him to avoid any retrogressive step out of harmony with
+the spirit of the age. It is said that this letter will be published.
+
+When I returned home Herr von Humboldt came to see me, and kept me up
+while he told me many stories which were doubtless curious, and would
+have interested me were it not for his overpoweringly monotonous
+manner. In any case, he is very well informed of all that goes on
+here, and clever at ferreting out new information.
+
+The Russian and the other Courts are starting on Wednesday, the day
+after the King's funeral. I think that the King and Queen will be glad
+to breathe a little freely.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 10, 1840._--Yesterday the director of the Museum came to
+fetch me, and took me, with my son, to the studio of Rauch, a very
+clever sculptor and a very pleasant man. He showed us several statues
+intended for the Walhalla of Bavaria; the model of the statue of
+Frederick II., the first stone of which I had seen laid; and a Danae
+for St. Petersburg; then a little statue, half natural size, of a
+young girl fully dressed and holding a little lamb in her arms, which
+was very pretty, and I liked it greatly. Before we went home I was
+taken to see the Egyptian Museum, which is in a building apart.
+Although the collection is said to be admirable, I could feel no
+pleasure in looking at the hideous colossi and the numerous mummies.
+
+When I returned home I had a call from Prince Radziwill, who came from
+the Castle, where, with the chief officers of the garrison, he had
+been passing in parade before the lying-in-state of the late King. The
+King was laid out with his face uncovered, wrapped in his military
+cloak, with his little cap on his head, as he had ordered in his
+codicil.
+
+The King has bequeathed a hundred thousand Prussian crowns, or three
+hundred and fifty-five thousand francs, to the town of Berlin, and
+other sums to K�nigsberg, Breslau, and Potsdam, as being the four
+towns of his kingdom in which he has resided. He has bequeathed the
+little palace in which he lived as Crown Prince, which he would not
+leave as King, and in which he died, to his grandson, the son of
+Prince William, who will probably be King one day. The Princess of
+Leignitz retains the palace by the side of it, in which she was
+living, the domain of Erdmansdorff, in Silesia, and an income of forty
+thousand crowns, to be paid by the State. It seems that the King had
+left from fourteen to twenty million crowns in his private chest. He
+has ordered that each soldier present at his funeral shall receive a
+crown, and each non-commissioned officer two crowns. He has also
+ordered that his body shall be followed, not only by all the clergy of
+Berlin, but by all those of the neighbourhood; they are coming in from
+Stettin, Magdeburg, and every part of the kingdom.
+
+M. Bresson was much depressed by the King's death, but has recovered
+his spirits on seeing that the Prince of Wittgenstein is to be
+retained at Court, at any rate for the moment. The new King is
+treating his father's old servant most admirably.
+
+A strange incident which has caused much displeasure was the sight of
+the Russian officers in the suite of the Emperor Nicholas on duty
+before the body of the late King together with the Prussian officers.
+The Emperor issued the request, and the authorities did not venture to
+refuse, but some ill-feeling has been shown, and the very scanty
+liking for Russia has been further diminished.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 11, 1840._--I spent the whole of yesterday paying
+farewell calls, and when I was calling upon Frau von Schweinitz, the
+Princess of Prussia sent for me. With her I found the Prince of
+Prussia, and both were very kind to me.
+
+The King informed me through the Countess of Reede that he hoped to
+see me later, on my return, at Sans Souci. He has ordered the Chief
+Marshal to find me a good place for this morning's ceremony. The
+Emperor of Russia is starting this evening for Weimar and Frankfort,
+where he wishes to see his future daughter-in-law.
+
+This morning I went to the ceremony, and just as I was starting out
+the King sent word telling me to go through the Castle, and the
+Princess of Prussia sent me her liveried servants to secure me a
+place. I thus reached the church by way of the royal apartments. I was
+in a stand opposite the Princess of Leignitz, who was well enough to
+be present at the ceremony; she was heavily veiled, like all the
+ladies, and I could not distinguish her features. The church was not
+draped, which gave it too bright an appearance, and the sombre nature
+of the ceremony suffered in consequence. The organ, the singing, and
+the sermon by the pastor, the great emotion of the old servants and
+children of the deceased, the terrible salvos of cannon, and the
+beautiful tolling of all the bells were imposing. Before withdrawing
+the new King offered a prayer of considerable length in a low voice on
+his knees by the coffin. The whole family followed his example, after
+which the King embraced all his brothers, his wife, his sisters,
+nephews, and uncles--in short, the whole of his family. The Emperor of
+Russia, who has a fine but terrible face, did the same. There was thus
+a great deal of embracing for a church. My own opinion is that in the
+house of God one should be occupied only with worship; but between a
+Protestant temple and the Church the difference is considerable.
+
+The King of Hanover, who arrived an hour before the ceremony, was
+present. He is old, and though he looks somewhat uncivilised he
+appeared to me like an old lamb by the side of a young tiger when I
+compared him with the Emperor of Russia.
+
+I propose to start to-morrow for Silesia.
+
+
+_Crossen, June 12, 1840._--I left Berlin this morning at half-past
+seven in mild and cloudy weather. Thanks to the excellent roads, the
+good horses, and the capital post service, we accomplished thirty-six
+leagues in thirteen hours and a half, which is satisfactory travelling
+in any country. As far as Frankfort-on-the-Oder, which we crossed in
+the middle of the day, the country is chiefly remarkable for its
+dismal and barren character. When the valley of the Oder is reached
+the country becomes less flat and more smiling. Frankfort is a large
+town of thirty-two thousand souls, for whom excitement is provided by
+three large fairs during the year; but apart from those times it is
+very empty. There is nothing attractive about the town. Crossen, where
+I am at this moment, which is also on the Oder, is not so large a
+town, but more pleasantly situated. I am now only a few hours from my
+own property, and shall arrive there in good time to-morrow.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 13, 1840._--I am now upon my own estates. It is a
+strange impression to find a home of one's own at so vast a distance
+from the spot where one's life is usually passed, and also to find
+this home as clean and well ordered, though all is quite simple, as if
+one always lived there.
+
+This morning when I started from Crossen it was raining, and the rain
+continued as far as Gr�nberg, a large fortress, where I found Herr and
+Frau von Wurmb, who had come to meet me. Frau von Wurmb is the
+daughter of a state councillor in the Prussian service, Herr von
+G�cking, to whom the late King had entrusted me during my period of
+wardship. She married a Westphalian gentleman, Herr von Wurmb, who had
+formerly served in the Prussian armies, until his delicate health
+obliged him to resign. For many years he has lived in Wartenberg, a
+little town which belongs to me. There, at first under the direction
+of Hennenberg, and since his death alone, he has supervised my
+estates, forests, &c. Frau von Wurmb, as my guardian's daughter, was a
+constant companion of my youth. She was very well brought up. People
+of good society in Germany do not object to conducting the business of
+those whom they regard as great lords; for instance, the cousin of
+Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minister at London, manages my sisters'
+money.
+
+Herr and Frau von Wurmb preceded me here. The last few leagues
+traverse sand and pine forests, but at the entrance to a small hamlet,
+which does not deserve the name of village, is a pleasant avenue which
+leads to a planted court, in the middle of which is a large house;
+fine trees hide the outbuildings, which are not an agreeable sight. At
+the back of the house is a pleasant view: a garden very well planted
+and kept up, full of flowers, many of them rare; the garden is
+cleverly joined to a field, at the end of which is a very pretty wood.
+A streams runs through the garden and keeps it fresh. The house is of
+double depth: it is a long rectangle, with thirteen windows in front;
+it is spoilt by its enormous roof, a necessary protection against the
+long-lasting snow in winter, and also by the yellow orange colour with
+which the bricks have been painted. The interior is not bad. In the
+middle is a vaulted hall, with a staircase in the background; to the
+right of the hall, is a large room with three windows, and further on
+a little library with two windows opening upon a very pretty
+greenhouse, which is connected with the orangery; there I have fifty
+orange-trees of moderate size. On the left of the hall is my bedroom,
+a large dressing-room, wardrobes, bathroom, and the maid's room. These
+rooms are doubled in the following way: behind the library is a room
+containing the rooms opening from the dining-room; behind the
+drawing-room is the dining-room; while behind my own room and the
+adjoining ones are the servants' rooms, a bedroom, and a large
+dressing-room. On the first floor are four gentlemen's rooms, with
+cupboards, of which only two are furnished, and a large billiard-room.
+In the attics are six servants' rooms, a store-room, and a
+lumber-room. The living rooms and my own look southwards, and so do
+not get the view of the garden; but I prefer to have the sun, even if
+I must look upon the courtyard, especially in a house which has no
+cellar; there is, however, no trace of dampness. The ground floor is
+very prettily furnished, and the floors are inlaid with all kinds of
+wood, and are surprisingly pretty considering that they were done
+here. On the first floor there is only the room now occupied by M. de
+Valen�ay, which is furnished, and that somewhat scantily. In fact, the
+house contains only what is absolutely necessary, and I am glad that I
+brought some plate; Herr von Wurmb is lending me many things. However,
+we shall do, and I feel better here than I have done for a long time,
+because here I have at least silence and rest about me. This is the
+heart of the country; I do not regret it, and feel a certain pleasure
+in the noise of the cows and the bustle of haymaking, which shows me
+once again that I am really of a very countrified nature.
+
+There is a fairly good little portrait of my mother in the
+drawing-room, and a very bad one of myself, while in a smaller room
+are lithographs of the Prussian royal family. The library is somewhat
+restricted, but contains five hundred excellent books in English,
+French, and German. I have already been round the garden, which is
+quite pretty. The gardener comes from the King's gardens in
+Charlottenburg, and has been to Munich and Vienna to perfect himself.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 14, 1840._--This morning at eight o'clock, in
+spite of the cold and bitter wind, which seem to be characteristic of
+Prussia, I started in the carriage to drive four leagues for mass and
+high mass too. Wartenberg is two-thirds Catholic, while G�nthersdorf
+is entirely Protestant. The Catholic church is at the entrance to
+Wartenberg, a town over which I have some seigneurial rights; each
+house pays me a small tax. The road runs through my woods for two
+leagues until we reach the high-road. The church was full, the priest
+at the entrance with the holy water and a beautiful address, while my
+seat was strewn with country flowers. There was nothing wanting: a
+procession, the blessing of the Sacrament, the sermon, prayers for the
+royal family and for myself, and a beautiful organ accompaniment,
+while the children of the Catholic school sang very well. I think the
+whole ceremony lasted nearly three hours. Frau von Wurmb, who lives in
+one of my houses a short distance from the town, with a pretty garden
+round it, was expecting me to lunch. There was no one present except
+her own family, which is numerous.
+
+After lunch Herr von Wurmb asked me to see all the servants of my
+estates, who had come together from various points to pay their
+respects. Then began a long march past. They form a regular staff, all
+nominated by myself and paid from my purse. Such is the custom here
+upon large estates: an architect, a doctor, two bailiffs, two
+collectors, an agent, a treasurer, and a head keeper, four Catholic
+priests and three Protestant pastors, and the mayor of the town; all
+true gentlemen and very well educated, speaking and introducing
+themselves perfectly. I did my best to please every one, and made a
+complete conquest of the priest of Wartenberg, to whom I promised some
+embroidery of my own making for his church. When I went away Herr von
+Wurmb went with me for part of the road to a very pretty enclosure: an
+acre or two of forest surrounded with palings, divided by walks, with
+a little piece of water, a good gamekeeper's house, where the
+pheasants are brought up most carefully. We saw the sitting hens and
+the little pheasants in coops, and also the full-grown birds, which
+were near the water or flying in the trees. Nearly six hundred are
+sold each year. Roe deer and hares also abound.
+
+It was five o'clock when I got back. After dinner I went to sleep with
+weariness, for the day had been long, and the cold increased the
+drowsiness produced by the open air.
+
+I am here without newspapers or letters, which I do not miss, and wait
+patiently until the post is pleased to make its way to this remote
+corner of the world. I have already told myself that this country
+would form a very pleasant retreat from the shocks by which Western
+Europe is always more or less threatened, and in times of revolution
+one would not mind the severity of the climate.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 15, 1840._--Loving a country life as I do, I have
+every possibility of satisfying my desire here, for as I wish to see
+everything in a short time I have not a moment to lose; so to-day I
+started at nine o'clock in the morning and returned to Wartenberg, to
+the old Jesuit convent called the Castle. It is a considerable
+building, with cloisters; the cells of the monks have been transformed
+into pretty rooms, which are now inhabited by the treasurer, the
+bailiff, one of the chief stewards, the doctor, the Protestant pastor
+and the Protestant school, while there is a very pretty Catholic
+chapel, with fresco paintings and an image of miraculous power which
+attracts a large number of pilgrims on the 2nd of July every year.
+There is a collection of fine ornaments and sacred vessels of some
+value. A little glazed cupboard contains the coins and medals offered
+_ex voto_; from my chain I took off the little silver medal with the
+effigy of M. de Qu�len, and placed it with the other offerings.
+
+This visit was lengthy, and I concluded it by unearthing from a dusty
+spot the portraits of the old landowners who had left this property to
+the Jesuits by will. After giving orders for the restoration of the
+portraits I went to see the brewery, the distillery, and the
+stockyards, where cattle are bred for sale at Berlin. All this is on a
+very large scale. I have even a winepress, for my vintage is a good
+one, and also a large plantation of mulberry trees; the silkworms are
+bred, the silk wound off and sent to Berlin, where it is woven.
+
+After all this inspection we went to see two farms at Wartenberg; then
+a very agreeable road between beautiful plantations, all made since my
+reign began, which extend for two leagues, brought us to the summit of
+a wooded hill, from the top of which there is a splendid view over the
+Oder--an unusual thing in this part of Silesia. On the road my son
+Louis was able to get a shot at some roebuck. I returned here at six
+o'clock in the evening. Fortunately the weather was respectable.
+
+I have just opened an old writing-desk, in which I have found papers
+of my youth--letters from the Abb� Piatoli and many affecting things
+of the kind, such as the wedding present given me by the Prince
+Primate; this is a bird in a golden cage which sings and flaps its
+wings. Then there are engravings and pieces of embroidery. They have
+recalled so many shadows of the past. There is something remarkably
+solemn in this past thus suddenly revived with such intense
+verisimilitude.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 17, 1840._--I set out at ten o'clock in the
+morning, and returned at eight in the evening. First I visited two
+farms which belong to the seigniory of Wartenberg, in the second of
+which I had lunch. I also visited the church, for in this country both
+the churches and their incumbents are dependent upon the overlord.
+
+After lunch we crossed the Oder by a ferry, and went as far as
+Carolath, which is well worth seeing. It is a very large castle upon
+a considerable elevation, and was built at different times. The
+earliest part goes back to the days of the Emperor Charles IV. Neither
+within nor without are there any traces of style or careful work, but
+there is something grandiose about the general appearance. There is
+nothing in the way of gardens except planted terraces going down to
+the Oder. The view is admirable, the more so as the opposite banks are
+very well wooded with magnificent old oak-trees upon an expanse of
+turf covered with cattle and horses reared in the Prince's stables.
+The town of Beuthen and the fortress of Glogau make a good effect in
+this countryside. The village is pretty, several factories provide
+animation, and a pretty inn adds a touch of gracefulness. The castle
+lords, husband and wife, with their youngest daughter, were away on
+business. The eldest daughter, a pretty young person, was at the
+castle with a young cousin and an old steward of the Prince; they
+received me most kindly. A three-horsed carriage was harnessed, and
+after crossing the Oder by a ford we drove through the great oak-trees
+which I mentioned above, in the midst of which the Princess has built
+a delightful cottage, where we were given tea. Unfortunately I was
+devoured by gnats, and returned with a swollen face, while a slight
+sunstroke in addition completed my overthrow. In this strange climate
+cold is so rapidly followed by heat that one is always caught by
+surprise. However, I am very glad to have seen Carolath. It is a
+curious spot; Chaumont, on the banks of the Loire, gives a fairly good
+idea of it.
+
+This morning we started again at nine o'clock, my son and myself, to
+visit some of my estates upon the other side of the Oder. The district
+is called Schwarmitz, and is more exposed to inundations than any
+other. A nephew of the late Herr Hennenberg farms it; he lives at
+Kleinitz, another of my estates, but he had come to meet me at the
+dykes, which toilsome constructions I visited. His wife, the
+Protestant and Catholic clergyman, the head gamekeeper, and a crowd of
+people were waiting for us at the farm, together with an excellent
+lunch. After the meal we went through the farm in detail, two
+farmhouses and a fine strip of oak forest, and then returned by way
+of Saabor. This is an estate belonging to the younger brother of
+Prince Carolath. If the castle and park were properly kept up they
+would be preferable to the castle and park of Carolath, though the
+situation is not so good. It is, however, very fine, and the forecourt
+most beautiful. The landowner has been ruined, and was very anxious
+for me to buy Saabor, which is surrounded by my estates, but
+topographical circumstances are no sufficient reason for concluding
+such a bargain.
+
+Letters from Paris, which have hitherto gone astray, tell me the
+following news: Private correspondence from Africa gives the most
+harassing details about that vexatious country. Marshal Val�e is again
+asking for troops and money.
+
+The Prefect of Tours, M. d'Entraigues, has run away from the uproar
+which threatened him in his prefecture. The Sub-Prefect of Loches is
+the only victim who has been sacrificed to the demands of the Deputy,
+M. Taschereau. The nephew of Madame Mollien is transferred from the
+prefecture of the Ari�ge to that of Cantal, and thus becomes the
+Prefect of the Castellanes. M. Royer-Collard tells me that he has
+saved M. de Lezay, the Prefect of Blois, and M. Bourbon.[104] With
+this object he asked an interview of M. Thiers, with which he seems to
+have been well satisfied.
+
+  [104] M. Bourbon de Sarty was the prefect of Marne.
+
+M. de La Redorte is now Ambassador at Madrid; his wife is too ill to
+accompany him. This is an unexpected step forward in his career, and a
+push which will cause vexation to all who will have their own
+promotion delayed in consequence. I suppose the King must have made
+this concession to his Prime Minister, whose close friend M. de La
+Redorte is, by way of recompense for his non-intervention in Spain.
+
+The Duc d'Orl�ans on his return from Africa is said to have found the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans in excellent health; the measles from which she has
+suffered, by removing the centre of irritation, has restored her
+digestion, so that she is able to take food and grow stronger. I am
+delighted to hear it.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 18, 1840._--It has been raining all day, and I was
+therefore obliged to abandon the project of visiting a small piece of
+land belonging to me, half a league away, which is called Drentkau. I
+gave a dinner to twelve people, clergy and local authorities. I shall
+have to give two more to do the correct thing. My household is only
+arranged for twelve people, and I cannot have more guests at one time.
+
+My son Louis jabbers German with such effrontery that he is making
+rapid progress. I have had a call from Prince Frederick of Carolath,
+the owner of Saabor. His position in this province is analogous to
+that of a lord-lieutenant in an English county.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 19, 1840._--I visited two schools within my
+jurisdiction; they are Catholic schools, and in an excellent state of
+efficiency. The education given to the children surprised me, and I
+was most delighted and edified. I gave some prizes by way of
+encouragement, and have undertaken to provide for the career of a boy
+of twelve whose energy and intelligence are really marvellous, though
+he is too poor to enter the seminary, for which he feels a special
+vocation.
+
+
+_Sagan, June 21, 1840._--The day before yesterday at G�nthersdorf I
+received a letter which decided me to come here. Herr von Wolff wrote
+to me from Berlin saying that transactions were in progress here of a
+very irregular nature and against the interests of my children; that
+he was coming to put the matter right, and advised me to come on my
+side. I therefore started from G�nthersdorf yesterday morning with M.
+de Valen�ay. The journey took us six hours. I put up at the inn; as
+things are I do not think it advisable to go to the castle, but how
+strangely I was impressed with the necessity! Here, where my father
+and sister lived and where I spent so much time in my youth, I have to
+go to an inn!
+
+After an hour's conversation with Herr von Wolff we went to the
+castle. I recognised everything except things that had been taken away
+with some undue haste, and which perhaps will have to be brought back.
+My eldest sister's old man of business wept bitterly. He is on very
+bad terms with Herr von Gersdorff, who looks after the affairs of my
+sister, the Princess of Hohenzollern. I saw him, but did not talk
+business, in the first place because the matter affects my son and not
+myself, and also because I wished to avoid any open breach.
+
+Sagan is really beautiful so far as the castle and park are concerned,
+though the neighbourhood is inferior to that in which my own estates
+lie; but the house is magnificent. I found some old figures of my
+father's time, which revived sad memories. It was a pleasure to see
+the portraits of my family.
+
+There is here a certain Countess Dohna, who was brought up first with
+my mother and then with my eldest sister, and who married a man of
+very good position in the country. In her youth she was quite like a
+child of the house. She came yesterday to tea with me, and I was
+delighted to see her and talk with her of my poor sister, the Duchesse
+de Sagan, and of her last visit a short time before her death.
+
+This morning I went to mass in the charming church of the Augustine
+monks, where my father has rested for thirty-nine years. I was greatly
+affected by the whole service, and by the music, which was excellent.
+
+After that I went to see the Countess Dohna, who came with me to the
+castle. I wished to look at the outbuildings, which I had not seen
+yesterday. In the stables I found an old gilt carriage lined with red
+velvet, and almost exactly resembling the carriage of the Spanish
+Princes at Valen�ay. In that carriage my father left Courlande and
+came here. The business man of my sister, the Princess of
+Hohenzollern, sells everything which does not belong to the fief, and
+put up this carriage for sale. I bought it at once for a bid of
+thirty-five crowns.
+
+I dined at two o'clock, according to the custom of the town, and
+afterwards we went to the end of the park to visit a little ancient
+church where my sister de Sagan told me that she wished to place my
+father's body and to be buried herself. The little church must be
+restored, which will be quite easy. It might be made a very suitable
+and retired burial-place.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 22, 1840._--I have now returned to my own
+fireside, of which I am quite fond. Before leaving Sagan this morning
+I received calls from many of the local people, and went through a
+long business conference. The whole Sagan question is so complicated
+that it will last a long time. Wolff, Wurmb, and my eldest sister's
+old business man advised me to simplify the matter by asking my
+sister, who still owes me some money for Nachod,[105] to surrender the
+allodial forests of Sagan, which will thus come back to my sons some
+day. I do not object, for these forests are superb, but this is a
+further question. There are some preliminary points which should be
+settled first and will take time. The business men urge me strongly to
+spend the whole year in Germany. I cannot spend the winter in so cold
+a climate, but I should like to come back next spring for the fine
+weather. I believe my son is right in saying that he is very fortunate
+in making his first appearance in this country with myself.
+
+  [105] Nachod, an estate in Bohemia with a vast castle built by
+  the Piccolomini, had been bought by the Duc de Courlande. His
+  eldest daughter, Wilhelmine de Sagan, had inherited it, and died
+  there in 1839. Nachod was then sold to the Princes of
+  Schaumburg-Lippe, who still retain it.
+
+On my way back I stayed for two hours at Neusalz, which is a curious
+town to visit. Half of it is occupied by a colony of Moravian
+brothers, whose customs nearly resemble those of the Quakers. They are
+somewhat unusual, especially the custom which they call the Feast of
+Love. In their church they sing and pray and take coffee and cakes in
+the most perfect silence and with the most perfect gluttony. They are
+very industrious, very avaricious, somewhat hypocritical, and
+amazingly clean. They address one another in the second person
+singular. They have missionaries, and their branches spread throughout
+the world. Besides the Moravian church, Neusalz has a Catholic and a
+Protestant church. The latter is quite new, and very pretty. I visited
+it to see a present given by the reigning King of Prussia; this is a
+very handsome Christ after Annibale Carrache. I also examined in full
+detail the splendid ironworks, where many castings are made.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 23, 1840._--It is beautiful weather. This evening
+my garden is green, fresh, and sweet-smelling. There are times and
+seasons of climate, nature, and mind which are especially prone to
+raise regrets in the heart, and notwithstanding the actual comfort
+with which I am surrounded I feel somewhat depressed to-day. I have
+been going through papers the whole morning with my business man, and
+afterwards went with him to inspect the Protestant school in this
+village.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 25, 1840._--I spent yesterday from ten in the
+morning till nine in the evening in visiting the most distant part of
+my estates, which include a town, three farms, and a little forest. In
+one of the farms the remains of an old Gothic castle have been
+transformed into a barn. I lunched with a retired lieutenant who is
+married and works my farms, upon one of which is a good
+dwelling-house; the farms have always been held together, first by the
+grandfather and then by the father of the present holder. His wife is
+expecting a child, and they hope that the lease will be renewed to the
+fourth generation. I went to look at the church and the town, which is
+three parts Catholic. I was very warmly received. The position of a
+great overlord is very different here from in France, and my son's
+head is quite turned by it.
+
+
+_G�nthersdorf, June 26, 1840._--To-morrow I must return to Berlin,
+while my son will go on to Marienbad. I have recovered my strength in
+the open-air life that I have led among the woods. Yesterday I went to
+see the worst of my farms, which is called Heydan, and is wrested by
+main force from the sand.
+
+I had my neighbour to dinner, Prince Carolath of Saabor, a stout man
+between fifty and sixty years of age, very pleasant and polite.
+
+
+_Frankfort-on-the-Oder, June 28, 1840._--I spent the whole of
+yesterday out of doors in rain and hail. I could have wished for
+better weather for the sake of the good people who had prepared
+receptions for me, and also for my own sake, as I could form but a
+very inadequate judgment of the two recently made farms; one is called
+Peterhof, after my father, and the other Dorotheenaue, after myself.
+These farms have been established upon lands by the help of which the
+peasants of Kleinitz have been enabled to buy their freedom from
+forced labour. Beautiful forests surround these lands. The agent in
+residence belongs to a family of Courlande, which followed my father
+to Silesia. A striking portrait of my father, who had made a present
+of it to his follower, adorns his room. He values it highly, and so I
+could not ask him to sell it to me, as I was tempted to do.
+
+When I arrived here I found a very kind letter from the Duc d'Orl�ans,
+referring most properly to the death of the King of Prussia and to his
+successor. This is what he says about France: "The apparent agitation
+has subsided, but there are still clouds upon the horizon; though the
+storm has been cleverly averted, it has not entirely dispersed.
+However, the interval between the sessions will pass off well. Only
+the King and M. Thiers are in the foreground, and neither is willing
+to embarrass the other. Both wish to smooth their path, and no
+question will arise to divide them. For my part, I wish every success
+to our great little Minister, who can confer vast benefits upon this
+country."
+
+I was sorry to say good-bye to my son; he is a good child, natural,
+tractable, and quiet. I am glad that he was pleased with Silesia, and
+that he has shown so good a spirit in every respect. Moreover, in him
+I had a relative at hand, and I begin to feel the great difference
+between solitude and isolation. For a long time I confused these two
+conditions, which are so similar and yet so different; the one I can
+bear very well, the other makes me afraid.
+
+
+_Berlin, June 29, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday at three o'clock in
+the afternoon. I found many letters, but none of any interest.
+However, Madame Mollien says that the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is with
+child, and adds that the digestive disturbance has returned from which
+the measles seemed to have relieved her. Madame Ad�la�de, who also
+writes, seems to be well pleased with the way in which the review of
+the National Guard passed off, and especially with the reception of
+the Duc d'Orl�ans upon his return from Africa. Some of the officers
+attached to him are dead, and many of them have been left behind
+wounded or ill; he himself has grown very thin.
+
+Here at Berlin, according to what I hear from different people whom I
+saw yesterday evening, the moderation, the goodness, and the wisdom of
+the new King give great satisfaction. He works hard, is accessible to
+everybody, and shows every respect for the friends and the wishes of
+his father. Herr von Humboldt has brought me all kinds of gracious
+messages from Sans Souci; the Prince and Princess of Prussia have sent
+others; Madame de Perponcher told me that there would be a grand Court
+of Condolence on Friday next, and explained what costume would be
+worn.
+
+The only change under the new Government is that the King works with
+each of his Ministers separately, whereas the late King would only
+talk with the Prince of Wittgenstein and work only with Count Lottum.
+Herr von Altenstein, who was Minister of Worship and Education, died
+three weeks before the late King, and no fresh appointment has yet
+been made. There is much anxiety to know who will fill this important
+post. The choice will give some indication of the direction in which
+affairs will be guided. The nomination for that very reason is a
+matter of great perplexity to the King.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 1, 1840._--My great objection to towns is the calls that
+have to be made and received. In spite of the fact that I am only a
+bird of passage here I have to suffer this inconvenience. I have made
+a large number of calls and received a great many yesterday morning
+and evening. The Prince of Prussia, who started this morning for Ems,
+was with me for a long time, and told me that the Empress of Russia
+was well pleased with her future daughter-in-law, and the young
+Princess will travel to Russia with the Empress herself.
+
+Lord William Russell also came to see me. He told me that Lady
+Granville had _ordered_ Mr. Heneage, who is attached to her husband's
+Embassy at Paris, to accompany Madame de Lieven to England.
+
+I went with Wolff to see the studio of Begas, a German painter trained
+at Paris under the eyes of Gros. He is very talented.
+
+There has been an earthquake in the department of Indre-et-Loire,
+which was felt at Tours; at Candes, four leagues from Rochecotte,
+several houses have been overthrown. At Rochecotte nothing has
+happened, thank heaven, but this subterranean convulsion frightens me;
+another event of the kind might easily ruin all my work of
+restoration, and my artesian well might run dry.
+
+
+_Potsdam, July 2, 1840._--I left Berlin yesterday at eleven o'clock in
+the morning by the railway. I was in the same carriage with Prince
+Adalbert of Prussia, the King's cousin, Lord William Russell, and
+Prince George of Hesse. When I got out of the train, which reaches
+Potsdam in less than an hour, I found the carriage and the servants of
+the Princess of Prussia, with an invitation to visit her at once at
+Babelsberg, a pretty Gothic castle which she has built upon a wooded
+height overlooking the valley of the Havel. It is a small residence,
+but very well arranged, with a beautiful view. We sat there talking
+for an hour. Her carriage remained at my disposal in Potsdam after it
+had brought me back. When I had dressed I went to Sans Souci, where
+the King dines at three o'clock. Both he and the Queen were most kind
+and friendly. After dinner he took me to see the room where Frederick
+II. died, and that King's library. He insisted that I should follow
+him to the terrace, which is a fine piece of work. Then I was handed
+over to the Countess of Reede, the Queen's chief lady, and to
+Humboldt, who drove me to the Marble Palace, where are many beautiful
+objects of art, and also to the New Palace, where the great summer
+festivities are held. The Princess of Prussia came to meet us, and
+took me to Charlottenhof, which was made by the reigning King from the
+models, plans, and design of a villa belonging to Pliny. It is a
+charming sight, full of beautiful things brought from Italy, which
+harmonise admirably, an inconceivable confusion of flowers and fresco
+paintings as at Pompeii, with fountains and ancient baths, all in the
+best taste. The King and Queen were there, and we had tea. The King
+then took me with him in a pony chaise and drove me through splendid
+avenues of old oak-trees to Sans Souci, where he insisted that I
+should stay to supper. Supper was served in a little room without
+ceremony, and there was more conversation than eating. This went on
+very pleasantly and easily until eleven o'clock. The King promised me
+his portrait, and has been most kind in every way. He made me promise
+to come and see him again at Berlin, and was, as they say here, very
+_herzlich_.
+
+This morning Humboldt came of his own accord to suggest that before
+going to lunch with the Princess of Prussia I should see the Island of
+the Peacocks, with its beautiful conservatories and curious menagerie.
+The King's boatmen and the overseers of the botanical gardens waited
+on me, and I brought back some splendid flowers. We reached the
+Princess of Prussia a little late. After lunch she took me in the pony
+chaise to see Glinicke, the pretty villa of Prince Charles, who is at
+this moment at the baths of Kreuznach with his wife. Thence I returned
+to Potsdam and to Berlin by the railway.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 3, 1840._--Madame de Perponcher came for me to-day at
+four o'clock. She took me through the rooms of her mother, the
+Countess of Reede, so that we avoided the crowd and were the first to
+reach the Court of Condolence which was held by the Queen at Berlin.
+She was seated on her throne in a room hung with black; the shutters
+were closed, and the room was lighted only by four large candles,
+according to old etiquette. The Queen wore a double veil, one
+streaming behind and the other lowered before her face; all the ladies
+were dressed in the same way, and it was impossible to distinguish
+faces. Each made a silent bow before the throne, and that was all. It
+was strangely sad and lugubrious, but a very noble and imposing
+ceremony. The men who passed before the throne were in uniform, with
+their faces uncovered, but any gold or silver on their uniforms was
+covered with black crape.
+
+
+_Berlin, July 5, 1840._--My stay at Berlin has now come to an end. I
+went to high mass this morning, a less meritorious act here than
+elsewhere, on account of the admirable music.
+
+
+_Herzberg, July 6, 1840._--I started this morning from Berlin by
+railway as far as Potsdam, where I stayed for lunch. When I got out of
+the train I found a footman with a very affectionate farewell letter
+from the Princess of Prussia. I have been spoilt to the last moment. I
+feel most deeply grateful, for every one has shown me a kindness and a
+cordiality which I had only experienced in England before now.
+
+I have finished the _Stories of the Merovingian Age_, by M. Augustin
+Thierry. The book is not without interest or originality; as a picture
+of strange and unknown customs, it is valuable. I have begun the
+Dialogues of F�nelon on Jansenism, a book which is little known and
+almost forgotten, though admirably written, and sometimes as striking
+as the _Provincial Letters_.
+
+
+_K�nigsbruck, July 8, 1840._--I came here yesterday at six o'clock in
+the evening to see my niece, the Countess of Hohenthal. The lady of
+the place is taller, fairer, more intelligent, quite as pleasant, and
+in my opinion prettier and kinder than her sister, Frau von Lazareff.
+Her other sister, Fanny, is an excellent and cheerful character, and
+if her health were better she would be pretty. The Count of Hohenthal
+is a thorough gentleman who admires and adores his wife. Miss
+Harrison, once the governess of these ladies, is a prudent and loyal
+person who has acted as their mother, and is respected as such in the
+household. K�nigsbruck is a great house, rather vast than beautiful,
+at the entrance to a small town. Its position would be picturesque and
+the view agreeable if it were not almost choked by the outbuildings,
+which, in the German style, are placed far too near the castle. The
+country is a transition-point between the barrenness and flatness of
+Prussia and the rich productivity of Saxony.
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from M. Royer-Collard,
+written from Paris when he was about to start for the Bl�sois: "Thiers
+came even to-day to sit down here in silence with M. Cousin, who
+represented the companion brother of the Jesuit. Thiers speaks very
+disdainfully of the Ministries which preceded his own, and modestly of
+his successes as Minister of the Interior; in any case, he is very
+kind to me."
+
+
+_K�nigsbruck, July 9, 1840._--To-day I went over the castle in detail.
+It might afford opportunity for beautification in several directions;
+but such is not the local taste, as the lords work their estates
+themselves and prefer the useful to the agreeable.
+
+My niece had told me that the King and Queen of Saxony had expressed a
+wish to see me; I therefore wrote yesterday to Pillnitz, where the
+Court now is, to ask their Majesties for an interview. When the answer
+arrives I shall arrange for my departure.
+
+My nieces generally spend their winters at Dresden, and told me that
+the French Minister, M. de Bussi�res, was in very bad odour there. He
+is regarded as an unpleasant character and in bad style. He has
+introduced some disagreeable customs, and deeply wounded the Queen by
+various tactless remarks concerning her. There is a general wish for
+his removal to some other diplomatic post.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 11, 1840._--I left K�nigsbruck this morning, and was
+glad to see once more the pretty suburbs of Dresden. I am now about to
+dress and to start for Pillnitz.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 12, 1840._--The castle of Pillnitz is neither very
+beautiful nor curious. The gardens are only moderately good, but the
+situation on the banks of the Elbe is charming; the country is
+delightful and fertile. The whole royal family of Saxony were
+assembled there yesterday. The Queen, whom I had known long ago at
+Baden, before her marriage, is the tallest woman I know; she is very
+kind, well educated, and simply anxious to please. The King had dined
+several times with M. de Talleyrand at Paris; he is a frank and
+natural person, especially when his shyness, which is obvious at
+first, has time to wear off. Princess John, the Queen's sister, and
+the twin sister of the Queen of Prussia, is strikingly like the
+latter, but she has been so worn out by constant child-bearing that
+she hardly has the strength to move or to utter more than a few words.
+I had also known her at Baden, when she was very pretty and agreeable.
+Her husband, Prince John, is one of the most learned royal personages
+of his time, always busy with deep matters; his dress and appearance
+are very careless, and there is something of the German professor
+about him. Princess Augusta, the Queen's cousin, had nearly all the
+sovereigns of Europe as her suitors thirty years ago: Napoleon
+mentioned her name in the council where his marriage was decided; none
+the less she remained single, and, moreover, has become a very
+pleasant old maid. She was never pretty, but was fresh and bright,
+with individual points of beauty. Her expression remains kind and
+attractive. Finally, I made a conquest of Princess Amelia, the King's
+sister, who writes comedies. She is a witty and imaginative person,
+and her conversation is lively and sparkling; she showed remarkable
+kindness to me.
+
+After dinner I was taken into a very fine room to change my dress, and
+was strongly tempted to theft by the many fine examples of old Dresden
+china. The Queen sent for me, and I was taken to her room, where she
+asked me questions, as the Princesses had done. Everybody came in soon
+in out-of-door dress, and we started in carriages for a long drive.
+The vine is largely grown about Dresden. Above the royal vineyards the
+King has built a little summer-house, which reminds me of that of the
+Grand Duchess Stephanie at Baden. This was the object of our drive,
+and the view from it is superb: on the right was Dresden, opposite the
+Elbe, with its smiling banks, and on the left the mountain chain known
+as Saxon Switzerland. Tea was served in the summer-house and after a
+pleasant conversation I said farewell, when all kinds of warm messages
+were exchanged. My carriage had followed me, and brought me back to
+Dresden by ten o'clock in the evening.
+
+
+_Dresden, July 13, 1840._--As yesterday was Sunday I went to mass in
+the morning in the chapel of the castle, where the music is famous
+throughout Germany. It is the only place where singers are still to be
+heard in the style of Crescentini and Marchesi. This celebrated music
+did not satisfy me; it was too operatic in style, too noisy and
+dramatic, instead of suggesting a religious calm; moreover, these
+mutilated voices, notwithstanding their brilliancy, have a certain
+unpleasant harshness and shrillness. I never cared for the voice of
+Crescentini, whom I heard at her best at Napoleon's Court.
+
+After mass we visited the interior of the castle, where Bendemann, one
+of the most distinguished artists of D�sseldorf, is now painting
+frescoes in the great hall where the King opens and closes the
+sessions of the States. It will be a fine piece of work in respect
+both of its composition and execution, but it will never have the
+brilliancy which only Italy can give to this style of painting, and
+which is so indispensable to it. I was much interested by the
+apartments of the Elector Augustus the Strong, which were furnished in
+the fashion of his age, and have never been used since, except by the
+Emperor Napoleon. They contain a great number of specimens of Buhl
+furniture, lacquer-work, gilt copper, old china, and inlaid wood, but
+these things are kept in bad condition and badly arranged, and do not
+make a quarter of the effect they should produce. The castle from the
+outside looks like an old convent, but there are some curious
+architectural details in its interior courts which remind me of the
+castle of Blois, though they cannot vie with it. Nothing can give
+grace, lightness, and elegance to architectural work like the
+everlasting white stone which belongs exclusively to the centre of
+France. Here the stone is very dark.
+
+In the evening I had a visit from the Baron of Lindenau, Minister of
+Education and Director of Museums. He played an important political
+part in the affairs of Saxony during the co-regency of the present
+King. I had known him formerly at the house of my late aunt, the
+Countess of Recke. He is a distinguished man, and I was glad to see
+him again.
+
+My nephew took us this morning to see the Japanese Palace, which
+contains the royal library, the manuscripts, the intaglios, medals,
+and engravings. I went through twenty vaulted chambers, which contain
+all known specimens of china, of every age and every country. There
+were some very beautiful and very curious things among them. This
+collection is especially rich in Chinese specimens. Then we went on to
+the royal china manufactory, which has preserved the fine paste so
+greatly admired in old Saxon china, which is now sold by curiosity
+dealers.
+
+After dinner I went to the historical museum called the Zwinger, which
+is arranged after the style of the Tower of London. Herr von Lindenau
+had sent word of my coming to the chief directors, who are most
+learned men, and explained everything to us delightfully. The picture
+gallery and the treasury I had seen upon other occasions, and did not
+visit them again.
+
+
+_Teplitz, July 14, 1840._--It is not a long journey from Dresden
+here--only eight short hours, through charming country. The hills
+prevent rapid progress, but the variety and the attractiveness of the
+scenery compensate for the delay. Some of the scenery recalls the
+Murgthal, and other parts Wildbad. The Erzgebirge, at the foot of
+which Teplitz lies, makes a sufficient background, though it is not an
+imposing mountain range. The mountains are, moreover, well wooded, the
+village is very pretty, flowers are grown, and the roads are
+excellent. Immediately after my arrival I had a visit from my niece,
+Princess Biron, who married my eldest nephew. She took me in her
+carriage to see the town, which is not far off, the pretty promenades,
+and the village of Sch�nau, which is close to the town and contains
+the chief watering-places. It is all very nice, and prettily built;
+but Teplitz may be as pretty as it likes--it cannot equal dear Baden.
+The society of the place is also different, and seems to me to be very
+moderate here. It is said that the death of the King of Prussia will
+make a great difference, as he came every year.
+
+Princess Biron is a pleasant person; though not pretty, she has a
+noble bearing, and is deeply loved and respected in her husband's
+family.
+
+
+_Teplitz, July 15, 1840._--I am starting for Carlsbad, where I shall
+see my two sisters this evening, from whom I have been separated for
+sixteen years. This unduly long absence has changed my habits, and I
+have lost touch with their interests; so I begin the day with some
+emotion.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 16, 1840._--Fifteen hours' travelling to-day, during
+which I did not stop for a moment. I had to cover twenty-six leagues,
+continually going uphill or down. After Teplitz the country is pretty
+as far as Dux, the castle of Count Wallenstein, where Casanova wrote
+his memoirs; after that the country becomes extremely dull. It was ten
+o'clock when I arrived. My sisters were sitting opposite one another
+playing patience. Jeanne, the Duchess of Acerenza, welcomed me very
+naturally; Pauline, the Princess of Hohenzollern, with some
+embarrassment, which immediately communicated itself to me. We only
+talked of indifferent matters, and they gave me tea. I then went to a
+house opposite, where my sister Jeanne has hired a room for me.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 17, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes from Paris
+telling me that he dined with M. Thiers at the house of the Sardinian
+Ambassador,[106] and had a long talk with him. He found M. Thiers
+profoundly interested in Africa, willing to spend vast sums there, to
+wage a great war and keep up an army of eighty thousand men, and to
+build the continuous lines which have been so largely discussed, to
+surround the whole plain of the Mitija.[107] He attempts to prove that
+these efforts will produce marvellous results in two or three years:
+the real possession of Africa, a large colonising movement, and a
+splendid port on the Mediterranean. The Duc de Noailles also tells me
+that Madame de Lieven is at London, and is greatly pleased with her
+reception.
+
+  [106] The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.
+
+  [107] The vast plain of the Mitija is situated to the south of
+  Algiers, and extends between two mountainous zones of the Atlas
+  and the Sahel. It is famous for its fertility, for which reason
+  the Arabs call it "the Mother of the Poor."
+
+Another correspondent says: "The King does not seem to come to terms
+with his Ministry, although he is said to be on the best footing with
+the several members of it. Having lost a game, the King has now to win
+one, and is waiting his opportunity patiently. M. Guizot still seems
+to be the fashion in England.[108] He bets at the racecourse, and has
+won two hundred louis. Surely M. Guizot on the turf is one of the
+strangest anomalies of our age!"
+
+  [108] M. Guizot was then Ambassador at London.
+
+Yesterday my sisters took me to see the various springs and the shops,
+which are very pretty. I then dined with them at three o'clock, my
+brother-in-law, Count Schulenburg, being present.[109] Then we went
+for a drive along the valley, which greatly resembles the valley of
+Wildbad. There I found some old acquaintances--the Prince and Princess
+Reuss-Schleiz, the Count and Countess Solms, son of the old Ompteda by
+her first marriage, the Countess Karolyi, called Nandine, the old
+L�wenhielm, with his wife, whose first married name was Frau von
+D�ben, Liebermann, and an old Princess Lichenstein. I returned home at
+ten o'clock, rather wearied with this succession of faces.
+
+  [109] The third husband of the eldest sister of the Duchesse de
+  Talleyrand.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 18, 1840._--Yesterday I went to pay a call to the
+Countess of Bj�rnstjerna, who lives in the same house as myself. She
+is starting for Hamburg this morning, where she will hear whether she
+is to meet her husband at Stockholm or London. Her eldest son is
+marrying the only daughter of her sister, Countess Ugglas, who died
+some years ago. It has been pleasant to meet some one to remind me of
+London, the best time of my life, even in the form of this little
+Bj�rnstjerna. I have also been to see an old man of eighty years who
+always used to live with my aunt, the Countess of Recke, and whom I
+had missed at Dresden, where I hoped to find him. He usually lives
+there in a house the use of which was bequeathed to him by my aunt,
+and which reverts to myself after the death of this poor old man. We
+both grew sad over the memories of my good aunt.
+
+After dinner I went for a drive with my sisters along a pretty road
+cut out of the mountain-side, and visited a china factory, where there
+were some pretty things. Pottery has been a comparatively widespread
+industry in Bohemia for some time, but remains much behind the Saxon
+manufacture.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 19, 1840._--Yesterday I spent very much as the former
+day, and as I shall probably spend every day of my stay here. I always
+wake up early, write till nine o'clock, get up and dress. At ten
+o'clock I go to my sisters, and stay talking to them till midday. I
+then pay some necessary calls, and return home to read. I go back to
+my sisters at three o'clock for dinner, then take them for a drive in
+a carriage that I have hired. At six o'clock they sit in front of
+their door to see the people go past. I stay with them for a time, and
+then return to my room, and finally go back to them at eight o'clock
+for tea.
+
+My sister Hohenzollern has brought all the curious letters that had
+belonged to my mother, and which my sister the Duchesse de Sagan had
+seized. She proposed to keep a third of them, and we therefore divided
+them. My share contains the letters of the late King of Poland,[110]
+of the Emperor Alexander, of the brothers and sisters of Frederick the
+Great, Goethe, the Emperor Napoleon to the Empress Jos�phine, the
+great Cond�, Louis XIV., and in particular a letter from F�nelon to
+his grand-nephew whom he called Fanfan.[111] This letter is enclosed
+in a paper on which the Bishop of Alais, M. de Bausset, has written a
+signed note testifying to the authenticity of this letter, so that
+there are two autographs in one.
+
+  [110] Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, last King of Poland.
+
+  [111] M. L�on de Beaumont, the son of F�nelon's sister.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 20, 1840._--I went to mass yesterday in an enormous
+crowd, for this country is essentially Catholic. The little chapels,
+the great crucifixes, the _ex-votos_, scattered about the mountains,
+are all visited on Sundays by the people, who leave small candles and
+flowers there. I went to visit two of these little shrines, which
+increase the beauty of the landscape, apart from their religious
+meaning.
+
+I then went to see my sisters in the usual place. Countess L�on
+Razumowski and Princess Palfy were with them. I was introduced, but
+did not find them very interesting. Countess Razumowski is the leader
+of the pleasure-seeking society here; they spend their days in tea and
+supper parties in the style of the Russian ladies at Baden.
+
+M. de Tatitcheff is also here, and told us that a young Russian who
+had come straight from Rome said that the Pope was in a desperate
+condition.
+
+In the evening a Mrs. Austin, a clever English lady, brought letters
+of introduction to my sisters. She sees a good deal of M. Guizot at
+London, is always quoting his remarks, and boasts of her
+acquaintanceship with Lady Lansdowne.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 22, 1840._--Yesterday I had a very touching letter
+from the Abb� Dupanloup. He has been for rest and retirement at the
+Grande Chartreuse, whence his letter is dated. He proposes to return
+to Paris at once to help in the consecration of the new
+Archbishop.[112] He speaks with much concern about the condition of
+the French clergy, whose irritation he describes as very great.
+
+  [112] Mgr. Affre.
+
+I have also a letter from the Princesse de Lieven from London. She
+says: "The Ministry is very weak, but it is likely to continue in
+life, though vitality will be feeble. The Queen has entirely recovered
+her popularity since the attempt to assassinate her.[113] She really
+behaved with great courage and coolness, most creditable and unusual
+at her age. She is very fond of her husband, whom she treats as a
+small boy. He is not so clever as she, but is very calm and dignified.
+M. Guizot has an excellent position here, is universally respected,
+and perfectly happy. Herr von Brunnow cuts a poor figure. He and his
+wife are thought to be quite ridiculous and out of place. The little
+Chreptowicz, daughter of Count Nesselrode, who is here, is very vexed
+and ashamed about it. Alava has lost his cheerfulness. Lady Jersey's
+hair is grey. Lord Grey looks very well, but is very peevish."
+
+  [113] On June 6, 1840, a young man named Oxford, afterwards
+  thought to be mentally weak, fired two pistol-shots at Queen
+  Victoria as she was driving through the streets of London,
+  accompanied by her husband, Prince Albert.
+
+It is said here that Matusiewicz is dangerously ill of gout at
+Stockholm, and that M. Potemkin has gone raving mad at Rome. This is
+likely to cause some changes in the Russian diplomatic service, and
+perhaps will bring my cousin, Paul Medem, from Stuttgart.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 27, 1840._--I propose to start the day after to-morrow
+for Baden. A certain Herr von H�bner arrived yesterday. He is an
+Austrian[114] with a post in the office of Prince Metternich. He
+brought me a pressing invitation from the Prince to go and see him at
+K�nigswarth, which is only six hours by road from here. I sent a
+refusal, but in terms of warm regret; it would not be kind to my
+sisters if I were to cut my stay short by a day or two after so long a
+separation, and I also fear the foolish interpretations which our
+newspapers might place upon my action. Frederic Lamb, Esterhazy,
+Tatitcheff, Fiquelmont, Maltzan, and other diplomatists are gathered
+at K�nigswarth. This will attract attention, and I am not anxious that
+my name, which has not yet been sufficiently forgotten, should be made
+the subject of delightful journalistic comments.
+
+  [114] Herr von H�bner was Austrian Ambassador in France under the
+  Second Empire, before the Italian War.
+
+
+_Carlsbad, July 30, 1840._--I am leaving Carlsbad at midday this
+morning, and going with my sister Acerenza to L�bichau, in Saxony, an
+estate which belongs to her; my mother is buried there. She will then
+meet my sister Hohenzollern at Ischl, for which she also starts
+to-day. We part upon the best terms, and I have promised to pay them a
+visit at Vienna on my next journey to Germany.
+
+
+_L�bichau, July 31, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday evening, after a
+journey through a picturesque and mountainous country, well wooded and
+well watered. I have been travelling in the pretty duchy of
+Saxony-Altenburg, a fertile, smiling, and populous district, where I
+spent every summer until the time of my marriage. I revisited it
+afterwards upon several occasions. Many recollections give me an
+interest in the country, and sometimes arouse emotion. Some old faces
+of past times still remain to greet me. I went into the room where my
+mother died, and which my sister now uses, and we went to see her
+grave at the end of the park. I also went to the presbytery to see the
+wife of the pastor, who was a faithful companion of my youth; one of
+her daughters is my godchild, and is a pretty young person.
+
+
+_L�bichau, August 1, 1840._--It rained all yesterday, and it was
+impossible to go out. I spent my time in going over the house and
+looking at the rooms which I had occupied at different periods. Some
+people from the neighbourhood came in to see us, including the
+deaconess, Fr�ulein Sidonie von Dieskau, a great friend of my mother.
+I often used to go to her house in my youth. She is a very lively and
+clever person, and bears her sixty-two years admirably.
+
+Here I found a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who says: "Lady
+Sandwich gave an evening party recently. You would never guess who was
+engaged to amuse the company--a hypnotist! The Marquise de Caraman was
+overheard saying to the young Duc de Vicence, 'If we were alone I
+should like to be hypnotised, but I dare not before all these people;
+I should be afraid of showing my excitement.' Marshal Val�e will be
+continued in his African command, notwithstanding the criticism to
+which he is exposed, on account of the difficulty of finding any one
+to take his place. The Flahaut have returned in a very softened frame
+of mind, and well disposed to the Government; they often go to
+Auteuil, where M. Thiers has set up house. The marriage of Lady Acton
+with Lord Leveson is settled for this month; it will take place in
+England, where the Granvilles have been called by the serious illness
+of their daughter, Lady Rivers. Lord Granville does not greatly
+approve of this marriage; much pressure has been necessary to obtain
+his consent, but his son's passion has overcome all obstacles."
+
+
+_L�bichau, August 2, 1840._--Yesterday I went with my sister a
+distance of a short half-league to visit a summer residence in the
+middle of the park, in which I spent several summers. My mother made
+me a present of it, and I gave it back to her when I was married. It
+is now in somewhat poor repair, but I was glad to see it again. On our
+return I went into the village to recall some memories.
+
+
+_Schleitz, August 3, 1840._--This town is the residence of the Prince
+of Reuss LXIV. Three years ago it was burnt down. The castle is quite
+new, built in the style of a barracks, with two very insignificant
+towers; it is a pity, for the country is beautiful, especially towards
+Gera, where I dined with the deaconess von Dieskau, of whom I spoke
+above, and who is one of the pleasantest recollections of my youth.
+She is very comfortably settled.
+
+
+_Nuremberg, August 4, 1840._--Yesterday evening I reached Bayreuth at
+a late hour, and started again early this morning.
+
+A mere walk through the streets of N�remberg will show any observer
+the peculiarities of the town. Octagonal balconies in the form of
+projecting towers in the middle or at the corners of the houses, with
+gables, almost all overhanging the street, are most characteristic.
+The number of niches with statues of saints would make one think that
+the country was Catholic; yet the town is entirely Protestant; but the
+vandalism of the Reformation was as rabid here as elsewhere, and the
+good taste of the inhabitants has preserved from a sense of artistic
+value what they no longer appreciate for religious reasons.
+
+Yesterday evening at the last posting station before Bayreuth I met
+some travellers whom I did not know but who seemed to be important
+people. The husband came up to my carriage and asked me if I had heard
+the news. I replied that I had not. He then told me that he belonged
+to Geneva, and that he was taking his invalid wife to Marienbad; that
+on leaving Geneva he had seen one of his friends from Paris, who told
+him of the news that a convention had been signed at London between
+Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England against the Pasha of Egypt, and
+that the French King was furious in consequence; that M. Thiers had
+immediately ordered the sudden mobilisation of two hundred thousand
+men to march to the northern frontier, and of ten thousand
+sailors.[115] As I no longer see the newspapers, I am very doubtful
+what to think of such news, and do not know what to make of these
+apparent contradictions.
+
+  [115] The complications of the Eastern question nearly plunged
+  France into war about this time. Syria had revolted, and the
+  English, who objected to the power of the Egyptian Viceroy,
+  Mehemet Ali, joined Prussia, Austria, and Russia, excluding
+  France, whom Lord Palmerston knew to be unduly favourable to
+  Egypt, and secretly signed the treaty at London on July 15, 1840,
+  restoring Syria to the Sultan.
+
+I was told that on September 1 a fifteen days' camp would take place
+here; twenty thousand troops, the whole Bavarian Court, and other
+princes will make it a brilliant affair.
+
+In _Galignani_ I saw the news of the death of Lord Durham; I do not
+think he will be greatly regretted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To return from my aberrations, the Church of St. Sebald is
+ill-proportioned and the decorations are very tawdry, but it contains
+one fine monument. This is a great silver reliquary covered with gold
+bands, placed in an openwork monument of cast iron, remarkable for its
+delicacy and gracefulness; the ornamentation is extremely rich and the
+design admirable. The Town Hall, the large hall painted with frescoes
+by Albert D�rer, where several Imperial Diets have been held, is worth
+seeing, and also the room in which are hung the portraits of those
+citizens of Nuremberg who were benefactors to their native town by
+founding religious houses. A chapel of St. Maurice which has been
+transformed into a museum has some interesting pictures of the old
+German school. The bronze statue of D�rer in one of the squares, which
+was modelled by Rauch of Berlin, and cast here, has nobility of
+bearing and makes a fine effect. The old castle, upon an elevation,
+overlooks the town, and from it may be gained a general view of the
+countryside. Though it is somewhat mean in appearance, it has the
+merit of indisputable antiquity. The King and Queen of Bavaria inhabit
+it when they are here. An old linden-tree planted in the middle of the
+court by the Empress Cunegonde must be eight hundred years old if the
+chronicle is to be believed; one may reasonably doubt such antiquity,
+though the fact remains that this tree has seen many events.
+
+The Church of St. Lawrence is very fine and imposing; the tabernacle
+and the pulpit are masterpieces. Two fountains, one of cast iron and
+the other of stone, in two of the squares are very noteworthy for
+curious details of sculpture, but the little threads of water which
+they spout make them look more like _ex-votos_ than fountains. The
+house of the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau and the house of the
+Hohenzollerns, who for a long time were Burgraves of Nuremberg, with
+several other houses in the hands of private individuals, are curious.
+The mania for restoration has reached N�remberg; the results would be
+highly praiseworthy were it not for the habit of painting in glaring
+colours houses with sculptured fronts which should especially be left
+in the natural colour of the stone. The cemetery of St. John contains
+the tombs of all the illustrious men of the town. The Rosenau, the
+public walk, of which the inhabitants are very proud, is damp and
+badly kept. I finished my round with a visit to the toy shop which has
+been famous for centuries; all kinds of figures and grotesques are
+there made, cleverly carved in wood.
+
+
+_Baden, August 7, 1840._--I am now at Baden, and felt quite overcome
+when I just now entered it alone. The sight of the Jagd-Haus, of the
+little chapel, the poplar-trees upon the road--in fact, something at
+every step awoke memories and regrets. I am staying in a clean little
+house on the Graben, opposite the Strasburg Hotel. Houses are being
+built in every direction; Baden will soon be a large town, and much
+less attractive to me. As I read the letters which you write me from
+America[116] I often think they would have greatly interested M. de
+Talleyrand, and would have reminded him of many things, but if poor M.
+de Talleyrand had lived I do not think he would have allowed you to go
+into exile so far away; although he often said that a politician to
+complete his education should certainly go to America, as a distant
+point of view from which to judge old Europe.
+
+  [116] Extract from a letter.
+
+
+_Baden, August 8, 1840._--Herr von Blittersdorf whom I saw with his
+wife, told me of another wild attempt of Louis Bonaparte, who had
+disembarked at Boulogne-sur-Mer and had attempted to arouse a
+revolt.[117] The news was telegraphed, so that there were no details.
+
+  [117] On August 6, 1840, Prince Louis Bonaparte took advantage of
+  the excitement caused by the approach of the date when Napoleon's
+  remains were to be brought back to Paris, and made an attempt at
+  Boulogne-sur-Mer to restore Napoleon's dynasty to the throne of
+  France. On this occasion the Prince was arrested and tried before
+  the Chamber of Peers. He was defended by Berryer, and was
+  condemned to perpetual confinement in the castle of Ham in 1846.
+  He succeeding in escaping, and went first to Belgium, and thence
+  to England.
+
+The King of W�rtemberg is here; he has just left the watering-place of
+Aix in Savoy. His daughter and son-in-law, the Count of Neipperg, are
+with him; they go out a great deal, give parties, and so on. Herr von
+Blittersdorf also told me that the news from Paris was of a very
+warlike character; for his part he did not understand either how war
+was possible, seeing that every party had important reasons for
+avoiding it, or again how it could be prevented in view of Lord
+Palmerston's measures, which have been ratified by the northern
+Powers,[118] while public opinion in France was unanimous and excited;
+and the Pasha of Egypt again had gained a success, whereas disasters
+alone could have stopped the coercive measures for which the
+convention stipulated. On this question the French King is said to be
+in full agreement with M. Thiers, and to have stated that he would
+prefer war to revolution. M. Guizot has been reproached because he did
+not give warning in sufficient time to stop the signing of the
+convention. He defends himself by saying that he did give notice, but
+was left without instructions. Such is the statement of Herr von
+Blittersdorf. He is very anxious about the situation, and especially
+about the frontier position of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which would
+be inconvenient in times of war. He says that the position of the
+duchy is the more difficult on account of the want of a fortress, the
+building of which he has urged for the last twenty-eight years upon
+Austria, though he has not been able to attain it. I came back very
+anxious in view of the possibility of war.
+
+  [118] Lord Palmerston secured the signing of a convention by
+  which the four Powers undertook to give the Porte any necessary
+  support to reduce the Pasha and protect Constantinople as far as
+  needful against his attacks.
+
+
+_Baden, August 9, 1840._--To-day I fell back into my usual habits when
+taking the waters. I found some of the faces of former years. My son,
+M. de Valen�ay, arrived from Marienbad. During the day I had a call
+from Count Woronzoff Dashkoff, who has come from Ems. The waters seem
+to have greatly benefited the Empress of Russia; he says that the Duke
+of Nassau treated the Grand Duchess Olga very coldly, and that
+Princess Marie of Hesse was quite a success among the Russian
+grandees. Count Woronzoff says that she has bad teeth and does not
+think much of her beauty.
+
+I then saw Herr von Blittersdorf, who says that the King of
+W�rtemberg, Princess Marie, his daughter, and even the Count of
+Neipperg, regret the marriage, which places them in a false position.
+The Princess is said to be in bad health, and by no means rich. All
+these stories seem foolish, the more so as the Count of Neipperg is
+quite an insignificant person.
+
+The Duc de Rohan has also arrived; he told me of the death of Madame
+de La Rov�re (Elizabeth of Stackelberg), a young and handsome lady,
+happy and beloved, and a friend of my daughter Pauline. Poor Frau von
+Stackelberg! She has thus lost three children of full age and very
+dear to her in less than six months. These are heavy blows; she is a
+real angel, and has been a sufferer all her life.
+
+
+_Baden, August 10, 1840._--I have a letter from the Duchesse
+d'Albuf�ra, who is very anxious about her son-in-law, M. de La
+Redorte, the Spanish Ambassador. He reached Barcelona at a very gloomy
+time. She says that he has done extremely well, and that the
+authorities at Paris are very pleased with his attitude from the
+outset.
+
+All my letters talk of war in a tone which reduces me to despair.
+Madame de Lieven was the first to send the news to Paris of the famous
+convention of the four Powers, which she announced with a cry of
+triumph in a letter to Madame de Flahaut. This Russian Princess showed
+herself most delighted and overjoyed at having some excitement worthy
+of her, but how will she settle that with M. Guizot? It seems that
+these rumours of war reduce Madame de Flahaut to despair, as she has
+recovered her affection for the Tuileries.
+
+The Duc de Noailles is, I hear, very proud because he has predicted
+the disturbance now in progress. I cannot sufficiently remember any of
+his speeches to recall his prophecies. In any case, it is a poor
+consolation for the evils which threaten European society.
+
+
+_Baden, August 12, 1840._--I dined with the Wellesleys; Princess Marie
+and the Count of Neipperg were there. After seeing the latter I am
+the less able to understand the marriage. The King of W�rtemberg is
+said to be displeased with his son-in-law, who adopts a contemptuous
+attitude; the Count is susceptible and hard to please, and the poor
+Princess is torn between her husband and her father, as also is
+society between the husband and the wife; in short, the position is
+false and foolish for everybody. The Princess is the chief sufferer,
+and, though not pretty, she is a pleasant person; there is something
+wrong about her figure--her movements are neither free nor easy.
+
+This morning I went to a concert given by the Countess Strogonoff.
+Princess Marie and the Grand Duke of Baden were also there. High
+society in general was well represented. I saw nothing of any
+particular note, and fortunately made no new acquaintances.
+
+
+_Baden, August 14, 1840._--Yesterday I read the manifesto of the new
+Archbishop of Paris, Mgr. Affre, on the occasion of his enthronement.
+Two points in it seemed to me to show great affectation: he attempted
+to reassure the Government about the moderation of his political
+views, and he refused to say a single word about his predecessor,
+which is against all custom and good taste. If he would not speak of
+his predecessor's administration of office or of his personality, he
+might at least have praised his charity, which is incontestable; he
+would not have compromised himself, and would have avoided the
+foolishness of silence.
+
+Herr von Blittersdorf told me at his wife's house that he was startled
+by the exasperation which was produced in France by the absolute
+silence of the Queen of England with reference to France in her Speech
+upon the prorogation of Parliament. He told me also that England had
+resolved to break with France on the Eastern question, because she had
+recently acquired accurate information concerning the intrigues of M.
+de Pontois, to prevent any reconciliation of the Sultan with the
+Pasha.[119] England was also aware of the assurances given to the
+latter, that he need not take the severity of the Powers seriously,
+and might continue his enterprise, trusting to the help of France.
+Lord Palmerston complains of this duplicity. On the other hand it is
+asserted that the prospects of peace between the Porte and Egypt are
+hampered by Lord Ponsonby; in short, it is a hopeless tangle. Let us
+trust that it will not be settled by cannon-shots.
+
+  [119] In 1840 the Sultan was Abdul Mejed, who ascended the throne
+  the preceding year.
+
+The following is an extract from a letter from M. Bresson from Berlin
+which I have just received: "I have been suddenly overwhelmed with
+work, and not of the pleasantest kind. The evil is great, and will not
+be entirely repaired. How often have I thought that if M. de
+Talleyrand were alive and at London this would not have happened! I
+wish also he could be at Berlin and everywhere, for I am not very
+successful in making people listen to reason. Yet this is the most
+unworthy transaction of modern times, though quite worthy to bear the
+names of Lord Palmerston, von B�low, and Neumann. Herr von B�low acted
+without authorisation. At first there was an outcry against him, then
+there was a wish to do as the majority were doing, and his fine
+masterpiece was ratified with very few restrictions. The four Courts
+will let me hear of it within six months. Mehemet Ali will send them
+about their business and wait for them to blockade him, an enterprise
+if possible more ridiculous than that of La Plata,[120] and one which
+will be far more expensive. I hope that he will not cross the Taurus
+to delude our friends of St. Petersburg. The chief politicians look
+for a double moral effect upon France and upon Mehemet Ali, thanks to
+the Syrian insurrection. You can see how careful their calculations
+have been. Apart from this there is the insult of the clandestine
+negotiations and the notification to M. Guizot of the fact that these
+had been signed forty-eight hours after everything was over and when
+he was thinking of something entirely different, so you may easily
+judge of our feelings. If the good old King of Prussia were still
+alive we should not have seen such stupidity. Herr von B�low would
+have had a wigging, or rather he would never have gained the upper
+hand. He thought he had flattered and won men over and could rely upon
+the passions aroused by the inheritance of a Prince whom Prussia will
+daily regret more and more. In short, I am in a very bad temper, and I
+take no trouble to hide it. We now know exactly what there is behind
+words and protestations. I trust that the people will also learn what
+the resentment of France can mean." In this outburst the natural
+impetuosity of M. de Bresson is obvious, but I also seem to see that
+the action of the Powers was inspired rather by tactlessness than by
+real hostility, and from this fact one may derive some hopes of peace.
+
+  [120] Rosas secured his appointment in 1829 as Governor of Buenos
+  Ayres in 1835. This dictator had a serious quarrel with France
+  owing to his refusal to satisfy the claims of the French
+  residents. After a long blockade the quarrel was satisfactorily
+  terminated in 1840 by Admiral de Mackau.
+
+
+_Baden, August 19, 1840._--Yesterday I received so pressing an
+invitation from the Grand Duchess Stephanie to visit her at her estate
+of Umkirch, in Briesgau, where she now is, that I resolved to pay her
+a visit after completing my cure here.
+
+I have seen my cousin, Paul Medem, who came from Stuttgart, where he
+had just shown his letters of credit as Russian Minister. He does not
+believe in the possibility of the war, and as proof of his conviction
+has just invested two hundred thousand francs in the French Funds.
+
+
+_Baden, August 20, 1840._--I was very agreeably surprised to receive
+the portrait of the King of Prussia, with a kind autograph letter. The
+portrait is an admirable and striking likeness, painted by Kr�ger.
+
+Madame de Nesselrode brought her son to see me, who has just come from
+London. He left Madame de Lieven absorbed by the European conflict, on
+bad terms with Brunnow, very cold towards Lady Palmerston, and furious
+because she had not been let into the secret of the signature of the
+famous convention. She involuntarily helped to mystify M. Guizot by
+assuring him that there could be no truth in the idea or she would
+have known it herself. She belongs to the French Embassy, is treated
+as such, and people go on laughing at her. She is at home until
+lunch-time; as soon as M. Guizot appears the door is closed, no one is
+admitted, and any one with her takes his leave. Her position seems,
+in truth, to be ridiculous and impossible, and she is only supported
+by the Sutherlands, with whom she lives.
+
+I have a letter from Paris from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who says:
+"What can I tell you of the war? The Press is urging it forward by
+every means; every day bellicose articles fill the newspapers and
+excite people's minds. I am assured, however, that the King is quite
+calm and has no fear of an outbreak, but can the progress of public
+opinion be checked? It is said that orders have been issued to
+mobilise the National Guard in France; we may expect to see every
+means of defence prepared. People are not calm enough to see that in
+this way war may be aroused. Every fresh measure increases the general
+agitation.
+
+"In any case I am convinced that the Government itself does not know
+what the result will be. I trust that diplomacy may avoid any resort
+to cannon-shot. I have been to see the Duchesse d'Orl�ans at
+Saint-Cloud; she is very thin, but does not complain of her health;
+she is often to be seen driving in the Bois, with the Duc d'Orl�ans
+riding by the carriage. Madame de Flahaut is at Dieppe, and her
+husband at Paris; he often dines with the Prince Royal. His position
+is likely to become embarrassing during the trial of Louis Bonaparte."
+
+
+_Baden, August 22, 1840._--My son M. de Valen�ay, who has returned to
+Paris, tells me he has seen the Duc d'Orl�ans, who says: "Thiers and
+Guizot seem to distrust one another profoundly. Guizot supposes that
+Thiers wished to throw the responsibility of the present crisis upon
+him and allowed suspicions to arise that he had not kept his
+Government informed. He has therefore sent copies of his despatches to
+his friends in Paris, who threaten to use them if the Ambassador is
+attacked. According to these friends, Guizot informed Thiers
+accurately of the course of events, but the latter declined to give
+him instructions or to reply before consulting Mehemet Ali, but simply
+sent instructions to London to say neither yes nor no. Palmerston, on
+the other hand, wished to drive Thiers into a corner. Thiers on his
+side said: 'Palmerston is playing diamond cut diamond, but I will balk
+him,' an expression which seems to have become a diplomatic term. At
+length Palmerston, worried and impatient, is said to have settled the
+business. There is a strong feeling in favour of war; Guizot, however,
+still believes in peace, but he writes that as a matter of fact a mere
+spark, a blow given to a sailor, would be enough to fire the most
+terrible war in the world."
+
+
+_Umkirch, August 26, 1840._--Yesterday when I was half-way from Baden
+on the road here a formidable storm burst, and we were obliged to take
+shelter in a barn; hailstones fell as big as nuts. Notwithstanding the
+delay I arrived at six o'clock in the evening. The Grand Duchess had
+kindly sent her horses to meet me at Friburg. When I arrived Herr von
+Schreckenstein told me I should find her in bed, where she had been
+with a chill since the evening before.
+
+The new lady-in-waiting, Frau von Sturmfeder, a widow who seems to be
+about fifty years old, with pleasant manners, took me to the Duchess.
+I found her very feverish, but no less talkative than usual; very
+exasperated by her invalid state, and nearly as much by the arrival of
+Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was paying her an unexpected visit.
+After half an hour Princess Marie took me to dinner. The large
+assembly room and the dining-room are in a separate building, a
+hundred yards away from the castle; nothing could be more
+inconvenient; after rain and without goloshes it would be impossible
+to get there.
+
+I already knew Umkirch. I did not care for it in past times, nor does
+it please me any better now. The main residence is small and the rooms
+are low; mine, however, which is on the first floor, has a fine view
+of the mountains.
+
+At dinner all the guests were assembled--that is to say, Princess
+Marie; Duke Bernard, with his _aide-de-camp_, old Madame de Walsh, who
+is here on a visit, though her days of official service are over; her
+son and daughter-in-law, the Baroness von Sturmfeder; Herr von
+Schreckenstein; Fr�ulein Bilz, a little hunchbacked music-mistress;
+and M. Mathieu, the French painter, who is giving lessons to Princess
+Marie. After dinner I went back to the invalid, and stayed with her
+until tea-time. She seems delighted to see me. She continues very
+anxious to see her daughter married, and has just had an offer from
+Prince Hohenlohe; he, however, was thought to be not sufficiently
+distinguished, and his request has been refused; the old Count of
+Darmstadt would also be ready to marry her, but he is thought to be
+too old and too ugly. There is an idea that Prince Frederick of
+Prussia, the Prince of D�sseldorf, exhausted and wearied by the
+extravagance of his wife, will procure a divorce, and will then turn
+his thoughts to Princess Marie, who would be quite ready to take him.
+Such is the desire at this moment. They would like me to send a good
+account of the Princess to Berlin.
+
+Very little interest is shown in Louis Bonaparte, whom they would like
+to see confined in a fortress.
+
+Madame de Walsh, who is a friend of the Abb� Bautain, told me that he
+had just been summoned to Paris by M. Cousin and by the new
+Archbishop; there is apparently a proposal to form a faculty for
+advanced theological study, with M. Bautain at the head of it. He is
+certainly an intelligent and talented man, but not entirely reconciled
+to Rome. Hot-headed and ambitious, his relations with his bishop have
+long been strained; he has not that readiness to submit upon points of
+doctrine which is inherent in Catholicism and the foundation of its
+permanency. His appointment will therefore arouse some mistrust among
+the clergy, and not without reason. I shall hear the truth of the
+whole matter at Paris from the Abb� Dupanloup.
+
+The Duke of Saxe-Weimar, though heavy in appearance, is not without
+common sense and learning. To my great astonishment I found him a
+strong supporter of the house of Orl�ans; he asserted his strong
+affection for the Duchesse d'Orl�ans, his niece, and entrusted me with
+a letter for her. He is very anti-Russian and anti-English, and went
+so far as to say that if war should break out the King of the Low
+Countries ought to make common cause with France. He is at this moment
+on the unattached list, and is provisionally established at Mannheim,
+whence he is very anxious to make a journey to Paris.
+
+The Grand Duchess and Princess Marie knew all about the presents and
+the trousseau given by Russia to Princess Marie of Hesse. The Emperor
+gave her two rows of pearls with a sapphire clasp, supposed to be
+worth two hundred thousand francs; the Empress gave her a bracelet to
+match; and her _fianc�_, the Grand Duke, gave her his portrait framed
+in diamonds and a parasol adorned with emeralds and pearls, together
+with maps of the Russian Empire and views of St. Petersburg nicely
+bound, and, lastly, the present left by the will of the late Empress
+Marie to her grandson's future wife, which is a S�vign� in three
+pieces, each as large as a breastplate.
+
+
+_Lun�ville, August 27, 1840._--I left Umkirch this morning, and spent
+fourteen hours in traversing a long road which is made longer by the
+pass over the mountains. I crossed the Vosges by the Col du Bonhomme.
+Many factories and workshops give some life and animation to the
+country, which is sometimes bright and lively. Vegetation is poor and
+the outlines of the hills too monotonous.
+
+
+_Vitry-sur-Marne, August 28, 1840._--I left Lun�ville at seven o'clock
+this morning, stopped at Nancy for two and a half hours, and arrived
+here at ten in the evening, which may be called good going.
+
+
+_Ay, August 30, 1840._--On my road here yesterday I stopped at
+Ch�lons, where I met M. de La Boulaye, who was there for the session
+of the General Council. I was very glad to see him; he is a pleasant
+man in mind as well as character, and I think even more of the one
+than of the other every day of my life. He gave me the Paris news
+which he had heard from M. Roy, who had come straight from that
+Babylon to preside over the Council-General of Marne. The night before
+he left Paris he had seen the King, who talked upon the questions of
+the day, and said: "Thiers is urging me to war, to which I reply:
+'Very well, but the Chambers must be convoked.' He then answers: 'We
+shall get nothing from this Chamber; it should be dissolved.' 'Oh, no,
+my dear Minister; on that point I prefer to take the Chamber as I
+find it and make the best of things.'"
+
+M. Roy also said that the news of the ratification of the London
+Treaty reached Paris on the 22nd, and was not published till the 24th.
+During that time the terrible excitement on the Stock Exchange ruined
+more than one broker, forced M. Barbet de Jouy to flee, enriched M.
+Dosne, the father-in-law of M. Thiers, with seventeen hundred francs
+and M. Fould with several millions. The latter has taken M. de
+Rothschild's place in the confidence of the Ministry. The public
+outcry was such that the Guardian of the Seals, M. Vivien, was obliged
+to give orders for the information to be published. This information
+will produce no effect, as is natural, but it shows that the scandal
+has gone very far. It seems that in consequence the chief personage in
+the Ministry has lost much ground in public opinion; he is thought to
+have guided the diplomacy of the country very casually, and to have
+concealed interesting news from the public in a most unusual way. The
+whole of the manufacturing and speculating world is said to tremble at
+the thought of war, and to exert a very strong influence upon the
+public.
+
+I reached here at about three o'clock in the afternoon in African
+heat. I am glad to be back again in a warm climate, with its flowers,
+its fruits, its beautiful nights, and its blue sky.
+
+I have a letter from the Princesse de Lieven written from London on
+August 22. She says: "General anxiety concerning the situation is
+becoming apparent here. All goes well, or rather there is no anxiety
+upon questions of foreign policy, however serious the complications
+may be. French newspapers, and even the French military preparations,
+are regarded with scorn, but at last the people are beginning to rub
+their eyes; they are astonished to find that what is known as French
+humbug may mean something, and that this something may be neither more
+nor less than a general war, waged, as far as France is concerned,
+with dreadful weapons--weapons which were wisely laid aside for ten
+years, and which France will perhaps be forced to raise once more; in
+short, uneasiness is spreading, and I cannot help seeing in the fact
+the opening of the way to an understanding, in spite of the obstacles
+which the sense of self-esteem may meet with on the road. This is my
+point of view. My politics are concerned with my set of rooms,[121]
+which I like and wish to keep. The Duke of Wellington loudly asserts
+that he is Turkish, and more Turkish than anybody, but that Turkey
+will not have peace with France, and that peace must be preserved
+before all things. Leopold is greatly interested; he proposes to
+return to Belgium. M. Guizot has been at Eu and Windsor; his present
+life suits him, and he looks very well."
+
+  [121] The Princesse de Lieven had hired in the house recently
+  bought by M. de Rothschild in the Rue Saint-Florentin the
+  first-floor rooms, which the Prince de Talleyrand had occupied
+  for many years when he was in possession of this residence. The
+  Princesse thought that there she could recover the political
+  atmosphere which suited her taste. She stayed there until her
+  death in 1857.
+
+My niece, the Countess of Hohenthal, who has been to Dresden to see
+her uncle Maltzan when he went there from K�nigswarth, sends me some
+news concerning the stay of the Empress of Russia in Saxony: "The
+Empress of Russia has shown such coldness to the Saxon Court that the
+King and Queen of Prussia, who have delighted everybody, have been
+reduced to despair. She would not stay at Pillnitz, where many
+preparations for her comfort had been made; she refused to use the
+Court carriages, and went about the shops and streets like a
+boarding-school girl, without the least sense of decorum. She refused
+to dine at Court, and only looked in for a moment at a concert given
+in her honour. The King of Prussia was ready to give the portfolio of
+Foreign Affairs to my uncle Maltzan, but he preferred to retain his
+post at Vienna. It is said that his refusal is due to the fact that he
+is wildly in love with Princess Metternich."
+
+
+_Paris, August 31, 1840._--Once again I am in this great Paris,
+doubtless populous, and yet so empty for me. This morning at ten
+o'clock I reached my little house,[122] which seems to me like a
+pleasant little inn, only I am astonished by its small size, which
+suits my habits and my tastes so little that I could certainly have
+chosen nothing better in order to realise my intention of visiting
+Paris only when absolutely obliged.
+
+  [122] The Duchesse de Talleyrand had bought a little house with a
+  court and garden at Paris in the Rue de Lille, No. 73, in the
+  year 1840. This house, which in size was a mere temporary abode,
+  was bought in 1862 by the Comtesse de Bagneux.
+
+
+_Paris, September 3, 1840._--Yesterday I had a long visit from M.
+Mol�, who blames M. Guizot, and relates his infinite blunders with
+great complacency; he blames M. Thiers, and draws a vivid picture of
+his bumptiousness, his casual ways, and so on. Nor does the King
+escape his criticism as regards the present crisis, which entirely
+occupies all minds here. He says that the greatest swashbucklers are
+dying with fear of war; that really people are ashamed and vexed
+because they have been led astray and induced to regard as impossible
+what, however, has happened, while they are angry at finding
+themselves isolated when lasting alliances have been dangled before
+their eyes. But amid the general panic certain points are so well
+advertised by conversations and continual publications that it daily
+becomes more difficult to solve the problem, and the only possibility
+is to cut the knot. Commercial interests have been suddenly paralysed,
+and business in general is suffering heavily. Rothschild, who has
+quarrelled with M. Thiers, has lost even more millions than M. Fould
+has gained. M. Mol� explains all this very cheerfully.
+
+I went to dinner with the wife of Marshal d'Albuf�ra. The poor woman
+was in despair, for that morning she had seen her daughter start for
+Spain in the most deplorable state of health. She has kept one of her
+grandchildren with her. She is really a most warm-hearted person. Her
+account of the present political situation differs entirely from that
+of M. Mol�; she is no less frightened by the serious nature of events,
+but attributes them to other causes. She is never tired of praising
+the capacity, the energy, and the cleverness of M. Thiers, his
+inexhaustible resource, and his complete harmony with the King. One
+fact she told me which would hardly please M. Bresson: that M. de La
+Redorte was given the choice of going to Berlin and preferred Madrid.
+She says that M. de La Redorte has been very successful in Spain, and
+that the King and Ministers are never weary of praising the
+distinguished tone of his despatches.
+
+At nine o'clock I went to see Madame de Castellane. There the
+panegyric upon the late M. de Qu�len was discussed, which led the
+conversation to the new Archbishop, M. Affre. His nomination was
+brought about by M. de Montalembert in the following way: M. de
+Montalembert has become a strong partisan of the Ministry, and M.
+Thiers thinks that with his help he will be able to confine the ranks
+of the clergy to distinguished men. As a matter of fact, M. de
+Montalembert is only connected with the democratic section of the
+young clergy, who form a party by themselves, including the Abb�s
+Coeur, Combalot, Lacordaire, and Bautain, which is not regarded as
+orthodox in the sense that the old clergy are. This party also
+contains some distinguished young priests like the Abb� Dupanloup, the
+Abb� Petetot, the Cur� de Saint-Louis-d'Autin, and others; in fact,
+there is quite a schism.
+
+When I returned home I found a letter from M. Bresson, of which the
+following is an interesting passage: "The position is very serious,
+and the Prussian King's first appearance in foreign policy is not
+happy. There is no frankness or nobility in following all these fine
+protestations with an act of provocation and injustice towards
+ourselves, who have never been guilty of a single act of bad faith
+towards Prussia. Such action calls for vengeance, and I am by no means
+a sufficiently humble Christian not to thirst for it. I am well aware
+that they are sorry at what has happened and are embarrassed by it,
+but they have been carried away by that great windbag B�low further
+than they wished at a time when his voracious appetite has been
+followed by a fit of indigestion; but the harm has now been done, and
+it is irreparable. They have shown their real feelings, and what
+confidence can we have for the future? In short, I am utterly
+disgusted, and I should be glad to resign my post; I am also ill and
+depressed, and have a longing for Rome. I wish to leave my mind fallow
+and to sit in real sunshine and get warm. I have spent twenty-four
+years in exile working without intermission, and I can stand it no
+longer. I am utterly bored, and do not want the good relations which
+I have been able to maintain here to break down during my tenure of
+office, as they seem likely to do. One fault leads to a second, and
+one wrongdoing begets another. Besides, I have been personally
+affronted; I have been loyal and they have not been. My resentment
+will find vent, and whether upon the King or the Minister is all the
+same to me. I will make them repent their want of gratitude and
+courtesy towards our King, after calling him the Palladium of Europe,
+in speaking to me and M. de S�gur." In this vehement style the
+impetuosity of M. Bresson will be obvious, but the truth is I think
+things have gone so far as to make him wish for another post.
+
+To-morrow the Paris Stock Exchange account is made up. The probable
+losses are estimated at twenty-four to twenty-five millions--a very
+great disaster.
+
+
+_Paris, September 4, 1840._--Yesterday I went to the Tuileries to keep
+an appointment with Madame Ad�la�de. I also saw the King there, who
+was well and cheerful, in a very easy frame of mind, convinced that
+there would be no war, and certainly not anxious for one. He flattered
+himself that the four Powers would soon be persuaded that they were
+working in the wrong direction and be forced to fall back upon his
+intervention, and that he would thus be called to play the part of
+mediator, &c. He is very greatly hurt that the Powers should have put
+him in such a position, but is too sensible to listen to the
+invectives and the uproar of the Ministerial Press. He has no greater
+leanings towards M. Thiers than he used to have, but he understands
+that it is now impossible to break with him, and hopes to use him to
+extort certain concessions from the Powers, which he alone could
+induce the country to accept. There is an element of truth and
+cleverness in these ideas, though also a certain amount of illusion.
+Madame's feelings are those of the King, though she is extremely
+bitter against M. Guizot, and accuses him of showing the most utter
+diplomatic incompetence. She repeated more than twenty times: "Oh, if
+only our dear Prince de Talleyrand were alive, if only our good
+General S�bastiani had remained at London, we should not be in this
+position!"
+
+I had hardly returned home when the Duc d'Orl�ans called upon me, and
+stayed for a long time. He is far more anxious, and at the same time
+far more decided, than his father. His exasperation with the Powers is
+extreme, chiefly on account of the way in which events have come to
+pass. On July 16 Guizot sent news that nothing had happened or would
+happen; on the 17th he had a letter from Lord Palmerston asking him to
+call, and when he reached the house Lord Palmerston simply read the
+famous memorandum. Guizot became pale and agitated, and could find
+nothing to say except that he would inform his Government, and left
+Lord Palmerston as though thunderstruck. Now he and his friends throw
+the whole of the blame upon Thiers. Thiers replies vigorously that
+they are in the wrong, and gives details, so that relations are
+greatly strained. Thiers is horrified at the possibility of war, but
+instead of calming the journalists of his party he is so entirely
+dominated by them that he not only cannot check them, but thinks
+himself bound to tell them everything. The result is that secrecy is
+impossible; the Diplomatic Body is affronted and action in general is
+hampered. Meanwhile all the preparations announced by the newspapers
+have been made, and even doubled. The Duc d'Orl�ans is himself taking
+the business in hand. Thirty-four million francs have already been
+expended. All the forces in Algiers are being recalled, and the
+authorities have made up their minds to abandon the colony without
+regret, telling themselves that they have had the advantage of
+training their soldiers and their officers. The Chambers will not be
+summoned until all chances of peace have disappeared, when it is
+expected that all these expenses will be certainly approved. The Queen
+is the most warlike of the whole royal family; the blood of Maria
+Theresa is aroused; she is furious with the action of the Powers, and
+says that if war breaks out she will ask the Archbishop of Paris to
+bless the swords of her five sons and make them swear upon the Holy
+Sacrament never to sheath them again until France and their dynasty
+are restored to the chief place in Europe. As she usually interferes
+in no way, this vigour has astonished and embarrassed the King.
+
+M. Guizot, to return to him, is an object of ridicule at the Ch�teau,
+especially since the return of the Duc de Nemours from London, for he
+tells numberless stories at the expense of the little ambassador. He
+asks for the addresses of tailors, wishes his trousers to be
+tight-fitting, bets at the races, thinks he has a good eye for a
+horse, devotes his attention to his carriages and his table, is
+utterly frivolous, and, to complete his ridiculous appearance, brags
+in front of Mrs. Stanley and tries to make Madame de Lieven jealous,
+and it is said with some success. This field of operations, in short,
+is being cleverly worked.
+
+After the Duc d'Orl�ans had gone I had a call from the Abb� Dupanloup,
+who gave me some curious details concerning the Paris clergy, among
+whom a silent but very definite opposition has arisen against Mgr.
+Affre. The vulgarity and rudeness of his manner rouses exasperation
+against him every day. He has admitted his entire hatred of the memory
+and the friends of the late Mgr. de Qu�len; even my poor self am an
+object of his dislike; and as for the Sacr� Coeur, it is a case of
+persecution. The Abb� began to laugh when I said, "Then we have become
+the Fort-Royal of the Jesuits!" Mgr. Affre does not venture to
+interfere with the Abb� Dupanloup or his little seminary, and even
+goes out of his way to please him, because of the Abb�'s widespread
+relations, which make him a favourite with M. Jaubert, Minister of
+Public Works, with the Princesse de Beauffremont, a pronounced
+Carlist, with Madame de La Redorte, and with Madame de Gramont, of the
+Sacr� Coeur. Moreover, in the course of the week which preceded the
+nomination of the Archbishop, M. Thiers sent for him to ask his
+opinion about the state of the clergy. M. Thiers, with his usual
+tactlessness, had made an appointment at the same time with M. de
+Montalembert, who brought with him Mgr. Affre. The parties arrived
+simultaneously, and were astounded at meeting one another. While they
+were thus awaiting the Minister with surprise, he was closeted with
+M. Royer-Collard. Eventually the four men confronted one another for a
+few moments--a memorable scene.
+
+The Abb� Dupanloup renewed his promise to come and see me at
+Rochecotte in October; at the same time he did not hide the fact that
+he might be unable to come if he saw that the Archbishop was unduly
+disturbed, for he has to respect his feelings for the sake of his
+little seminary.
+
+In the papers seized with Louis Bonaparte proofs were found that the
+undertaking was financed by Russia, with the connivance of the Carlist
+party, led by Berryer, and the name of M. Thiers was too frequently
+mentioned. The King forbade the Chancellor to pursue his action in
+this direction for two reasons: firstly, because M. Thiers would have
+been obliged to give evidence which would have embarrassed and
+complicated the general situation to a far greater extent; and,
+secondly, because the King thinks it useless to show his foreign
+enemies to what an extent they can count on positive support from
+Russia. What will be the end of these conflicting interests and this
+general complication?
+
+
+_Paris, September 5, 1840._--Paris was greatly excited the day before
+yesterday and yesterday by the numerous gatherings and bands of
+workmen. The newspapers give full details. Much money has been found
+upon those who have been arrested, which is supposed to come from the
+Russo-Bonapartists; such, at least, is the opinion of the Government.
+Every day reveals some new social disease, and the age is racked by
+cruel sickness.
+
+Yesterday I went to the Sacr� Coeur for a long talk with Madame de
+Gramont, whom I found uneasy and disturbed. She gave me full details
+of the harassing treatment laid upon her by the new Archbishop, and
+also of his new style of ruling the Paris clergy, to which they are by
+no means accustomed. For instance, he reprimanded the poor old
+incumbent of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin for the reason that he himself had
+been slandered in his parish, for which he regarded the incumbent as
+responsible. In a certain sacristy he saw some young priests laughing
+at his vulgar manners, and addressed them with strong language. He
+wishes to force certain incumbents to resign. In short, there is
+general disturbance throughout the diocese.
+
+I also went to Madame de Jaucourt, whom I found alone, aged and
+isolated, but lively. She told me a fact which I should have thought
+impossible a few days ago, but which I am now more inclined to
+believe: that the Queen and Madame gave sixty thousand francs to M. de
+Montalembert's newspaper, the _Univers catholique_. For some time in
+this paper accounts have been noticed of the King's conversations with
+foreign ambassadors.
+
+Madame de Castellane came to ask me to dine with her to-day, and with
+M. Mol�, who will read us his speech upon the occasion of his
+admission to the French Academy, where he is taking the place of M. de
+Qu�len.
+
+This morning I saw M. Hottinger, the banker, who is much disturbed
+about the situation. He sees, with great uneasiness, that the efforts
+of diplomacy can be nullified at any moment by the will of the Pasha
+of Egypt, in whose hands it is obvious that the question of peace or
+war now rests. Conspiracies and risings at Constantinople continually
+complicate all these questions for the worse. It is certain that only
+a miraculous Providence could disperse these heavy clouds. At
+Marseilles trade has come to a standstill and people are warehousing
+their stocks; not a single ship is leaving the port, and every one is
+anxiously awaiting the issue.
+
+At one o'clock I went to Saint-Cloud to see Madame Ad�la�de; then I
+went to the Queen, and afterwards to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans: she is
+really charming, distinguished, witty, gracious, and self-restrained;
+her conversation is most agreeable and attractive. Madame Ad�la�de
+seemed to me to think that peace will be preserved; heaven grant that
+she is right!
+
+
+_Paris, September 7, 1840._--The revolt is now breaking out with fresh
+audacity. Guns from the Invalides are galloping to the Faubourg
+Saint-Antoine, the assembly is beating continuously and troops are on
+the march, while the National Guard is concentrated at the different
+mayors' houses; in short, this is a case of battle. So far our
+Faubourg Saint-Germain is peaceful, but it must be admitted that if
+the combat is not soon concluded the left bank of the Seine will be no
+better off than the right. I am told that the bands scattered through
+Paris are largely composed of Poles and Italians, wandering people
+without a fixed home, never sleeping twice in the same house, and
+therefore difficult to seize. Since yesterday they have been
+threatening to set Paris on fire, by way of simplifying their task.
+The foremen of the factories, who have long known of the proposed
+movement, had warned the Chief of Police, who had, however, no legal
+authorisation to take adequate precautions. It was even impossible to
+prevent yesterday's terrible outbreak. To-day there is a general
+panic, and the troops and guns are ordered to do police work. Let us
+hope they will again stand firm.
+
+
+_Paris, September 8, 1840._--Yesterday evening at eight o'clock I
+heard that the troops had driven the rioters out of Paris, and that
+the town was tranquil; public buildings, however, were guarded, on
+account of threats of incendiarism. In the afternoon I saw M. Mol�,
+who seemed to be quite overwhelmed by the fact that public stocks had
+gone down four francs. He also told me of the definite rupture of the
+Doctrinaires with M. Thiers, whose manifesto was inserted in a Rouen
+newspaper, and has been quoted in M. Mol�'s newspaper, _La Presse_.
+This conflict is said to be most energetic.
+
+The _Journal des D�bats_ is also very bitter against M. Thiers.
+Business men on the Stock Exchange are making outcries against him,
+and his position is becoming very difficult. A more pressing interest
+is the other war, the first demonstration of which seems to have been
+brought about in Syria by the action of Admiral Napier. It is
+certainly said that this Admiral is a madman, and that as he is backed
+by the hot-headed Lord Ponsonby this demonstration does not emanate
+from the English Government, but we wonder whether this Government
+will disavow it.
+
+
+_Paris, September 10, 1840._--The general calm has outwardly at least
+been re-established at Paris. Yesterday I dined at Saint-Cloud, which
+has been restored and furnished by the King in a magnificent fashion;
+splendid Gobelin tapestry is to be seen there, copies from Rubens
+representing the life of Marie de' Medici. The King took me round all
+the rooms, and talked a little of every subject on the way, constantly
+saying that he was anxious for peace and would do all he could to
+preserve it, but thought his task must be facilitated; this is not
+being done, either at home or abroad. His hatred of the Russians and
+his bitterness towards England are extreme. He has a special, and not
+unreasonable, grudge against England, on account of present events in
+Spain. Queen Christina was convinced that if she could only see
+Espartero she could induce him to become her personal adherent, and
+had therefore invited him to Madrid. On his refusal she undertook the
+journey which was her ruin. In her absence public feeling was
+manufactured in the capital; she is now obliged to return under the
+most ominous auspices. Probably her daughter will first be taken from
+her, and after that what will be done with her? This is the question
+which the King continually asks himself, uneasily repeating: "I fear
+the poor woman is ruined."[123] He says that England finances and
+encourages the anarchist movement; that Espartero is entirely English,
+and that if a general war bursts out we may expect to see him invade
+France as an English ally.
+
+  [123] After ending the civil war (aroused by Don Carlos on the
+  death of his brother, Ferdinand VII.) by the capitulation of
+  Bergara, Marie Christina attempted to begin a reactionary policy.
+  In 1840 she presented to the Cortes the law of the
+  _Ayuntamientos_, intended as a restriction upon municipal
+  freedom. An insurrection at once broke out in Barcelona, and
+  rapidly spread to Madrid and a large number of other towns. This
+  movement was supported by Espartero. The Queen-Regent summoned
+  him and commissioned him to form a Ministry on September 16,
+  1840, but he imposed such severe conditions upon her that she
+  thought acceptance impossible. On October 2 she resigned the
+  regency.
+
+The King had heard that the King of Prussia had set the Archbishop of
+Cologne at liberty and authorised him to return to Rome, but that the
+Archbishop would not take advantage of this permission until he had
+received fresh instructions from Rome.
+
+The Duchesse de Nemours has a most inexpressive countenance and a
+monotonous tone of voice, which somewhat counteracts the effect of her
+brilliant youth. The Duc de Nemours remains as stupid as ever. The Duc
+d'Aumale is now regarded as a man. He seems lively and inclined to
+talk. Princesse Cl�mentine is growing faded, and takes less trouble to
+please. The Queen and the Duchesse d'Orl�ans are the two bright stars.
+M. Dupin, who was also dining at Saint-Cloud, was loudly groaning and
+haranguing about the weakness of the Government in their treatment of
+the rioters, saying that as long as they were addressed with the words
+"gentlemen and fellow toilers" incendiarism and plunder might be
+expected. The day before yesterday these workmen during the night
+disarmed two outposts in the Rue Mauconseil, though it must be said
+that the soldiers made no attempt to defend themselves. The result was
+a fresh panic at the Stock Exchange yesterday. The fear, the grief,
+and the ruin which have overtaken a number of people cannot be
+imagined.
+
+The other day M. de Montrond was saying that M. de Flahaut was anxious
+to go to London as ambassador, but they are too glad to be rid of
+Guizot to recall him here, notwithstanding the dissatisfaction which
+he causes on the other side of the Channel.
+
+
+_Paris, September 11, 1840._--I have decided to start at the end of
+the morning for Jeurs to visit the Comtesse Mollien, where I shall
+sleep.
+
+Yesterday evening on returning home I continued reading the accounts
+of the trial of Madame Lafarge, as I had fallen behind.[124] If she is
+innocent of the crime, so much the better for her relations, but the
+evidence of the two expert bodies, her enormous purchases of arsenic,
+and the sudden transition from complete repugnance to excessive
+tenderness for her husband would always make me suspect her so far as
+to desire another nurse if she had to mix my potions.
+
+  [124] Madame Lafarge, with whom several people in French society
+  were compromised, was first accused of stealing diamonds and then
+  of poisoning her husband. The first accusation was never entirely
+  cleared up, but the second was proved. The Court of Assizes
+  condemned Madame Lafarge to penal servitude. She remained in
+  prison for twelve years, at the end of which she was pardoned
+  owing to her enfeebled health. She died a few months later, in
+  1852.
+
+I am especially shocked by Madame Lafarge's behaviour at one point,
+and by the uproarious laughter with which she greeted the emphatic and
+really ridiculous evidence of one of the witnesses; such frivolity
+seems to me to be rather a proof of impudence than of innocence. The
+more innocent a person might be, the more she would suffer under such
+an accusation, and while preserving a clear conscience her mind would
+be filled with other ideas than any which could produce such bursts of
+laughter. Her behaviour there shows a terrible lack of refinement and
+a complete failure to realise her position, for when the accusation
+concerns husband-poisoning, whether one is accuser or accused, I can
+hardly conceive of any inclination to hilarity. On the whole, whether
+she is a poisoner or not, she is obviously an unpleasant adventuress.
+
+
+_Courtalin, September 14, 1840._--I left Jeurs very early yesterday,
+after being, as usual, kindly and hospitably entertained. The day
+before yesterday I took a stroll with Madame Mollien in the valley of
+the Juine, which extends from Etampes to Corbeil; it is well watered,
+well wooded, and populous; great rocks peep out among the trees, as in
+certain parts of the forest of Fontainebleau. The three chief
+residences in this valley are Gravelles, belonging to M. de
+Perregeaux, Chamarande, belonging to M. de Talaru, and M�nilvoisin,
+belonging to M. de Choiseul-Praslin. The first two of these I already
+knew, and Madame Mollien took me to see the third. It is a stately and
+spacious residence; the approaches and the park are handsome, but the
+general appearance is depressing. This is characteristic of all the
+residences in this district. They have no outlook, shut in as they are
+in this narrow valley. They lack space and air, but not water, of
+which there is such an abundance that dampness is unavoidable. The
+waters of the Juine turn a number of mills, some of which are so large
+as to look like castles.
+
+I arrived here yesterday evening, and found all the Montmorency family
+assembled with a M. de Roothe, an old man of seventy-eight, son of the
+last wife of Marshal Richelieu.
+
+The only subject of discussion yesterday evening in the drawing-room
+was the case of Madame Lafarge. Here, as everywhere, very opposite
+opinions prevail concerning her. Those who think her innocent say that
+her husband did not die of poisoning, but from taking cantharides as a
+tonic for nervous debility, and that the rapid change in his wife's
+behaviour is to be attributed to his recovery from this failing, and
+also the pleasure with which she saw him enter her room by the window
+when he did not come in by the door. Those who persist in thinking
+Madame Lafarge guilty say that the first experts should be believed,
+who performed their analysis after the first post-mortem, rather than
+the second, who went to work when putrefaction had set in. They also
+emphasise the evil tendencies, established by yesterday's evidence, of
+the accused: her habits of lying and playing a part; her evil
+reputation from her youth; the haste with which her family attempted
+to get rid of her by marriage, even going so far as to apply to a
+matrimonial agency. She is the granddaughter of a certain Madame
+Collard, who before her marriage bore the sole name of Hermine; she
+was brought up by Madame de Genlis, and was generally supposed to be
+her daughter and the daughter of the Duc d'Orl�ans, father of the
+present King of France. This ancestry of hers is supposed to account
+for the keen interest taken in her case at the Tuileries. The
+accusation concerning the diamonds is differently regarded in
+different circles. Mdmes. de L�autaud, de Montbreton, and the Nicolai,
+belonging to the Faubourg Saint-Germain and that clique, think her
+capable of theft and poisoning; the democracy, who are delighted to
+find a society lady guilty, regard the fable which Madame Lafarge
+invented about Madame L�autaud as true. Party spirit appears in
+everything and destroys all feelings of equity and justice.
+
+I have just received a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, of which
+the following is an extract: "I was at Auteuil with Madame Thiers the
+evening of the day before yesterday. Considerable uneasiness prevailed
+about current events; these are moving rapidly and becoming very
+complicated. The decision to fortify Paris had thrown the Stock
+Exchange into excitement; it is a measure which will be enormously
+expensive to carry out, and will rouse much apprehension. M. Thiers
+said that all his efforts were intended to gain time to finish his
+preparations; he added that if we could prolong the matter until April
+next we should be in a state of defence, and he said that no one could
+be more keenly interested in the question than the King and Queen. As
+regards Spain, he seems very uneasy and doubtful of the result; he
+receives telegrams every day. On the 7th the Queen-Regent was still at
+Valencia, but he thinks that she will perhaps have to fight a battle
+to return to her capital. The Town Council of Madrid appoint fresh
+Ministers every day, and anarchy there seems complete."
+
+
+_Courtalin, September 15, 1840._--At dinner-time two new arrivals
+appeared, the Duc de Rohan and his son the Prince of L�on. They
+brought certain information that M. Anatole Demidoff had married
+Princesse Mathilde de Montfort in return for the payment of the
+father's debts by M. Demidoff. He is moved only by considerations of
+vanity, and has so acted in order to become connected with the King of
+W�rtemberg and the King of Russia, but the connection is said to be
+unfavourably regarded by the two Sovereigns, and not likely to bring
+him much satisfaction.
+
+
+_Bonn�table, September 17, 1840._--The day before yesterday, in the
+evening, after all the usual gossip of the Courtalin drawing-room, we
+had some amusing anecdotes very well told by M. de Roothe concerning
+his father-in-law, Marshal Richelieu.[125] He was married during three
+different reigns, and the first marriage was ordered by Louis XIV.,
+who had found a perfumed cap of the young fool too near the bed of the
+Duchesse de Bourgogne.
+
+  [125] At the age of fourteen the Duc de Richelieu, then Duc de
+  Fronsac, married Mlle. de Noailles, by order of King Louis XIV.
+  In 1734, after the sieges of Kehl and Philippsburg, where he
+  greatly distinguished himself, Richelieu married Mlle. de Guise,
+  Princess of Lorraine, and at the age of eighty-two he married a
+  third wife, Madame de Roothe. It is said that after the marriage
+  ceremony he went home to change his clothes, threw down the
+  ribbon of his order on the bed, and said to his footman: "You can
+  go; the Holy Spirit will do the rest."
+
+I am astonished by the thought that I have dined with a man whose
+father-in-law had been at the feet of that charming Princess and had
+been scolded by Madame de Maintenon. M. de Roothe said that Marshal
+Richelieu was always a lady's man, and that an hour before his death,
+when his daughter-in-law came to his bedside, and said that she
+thought he was better and looked stronger, he answered: "Ah, the fact
+is that you see me through your fair eyes." M. de Roothe gave the
+following account of his mother's marriage with Marshal Richelieu: A
+few years previously, when her first husband was still alive, as she
+was driving with him, they passed a carriage overturned and broken
+upon the Pont Neuf; they stopped to learn to whom the accident had
+happened, and whether they could help the sufferers. It was the
+Marshal Richelieu whom they picked up and took home to his house in
+their carriage. The next day the Marshal called to thank M. and Madame
+de Roothe; he was struck with the beauty of the latter, and renewed
+his visits so constantly that people remarked upon it to Madame de
+Roothe, telling her that the Marshal's reputation was such that it
+might be dangerous to receive him too often, in spite of his eighty
+years. Madame de Roothe therefore kept out of his way. Some time
+afterwards she became a widow, and was left with four children in such
+straitened circumstances that she was obliged to sell her horses.
+Marshal Richelieu, disguised as a horse-dealer, appeared as purchaser,
+said that he could not come to an agreement with Madame de Roothe's
+servants, and asked to see her herself. He was taken in, and a
+recognition followed. To cut explanations short, she told him that she
+had changed her mind and would not sell her horses. M. de Richelieu
+withdrew, but in order to help the poor widow he induced the King,
+without her knowledge, to find rooms for her in the Tuileries, the
+very rooms where we have seen the Vicomtesse d'Agoult and Madame
+Ad�la�de. Madame de Roothe accepted the King's kindness. Some months
+afterwards she learnt that she owed it to the Marshal, and she thought
+it her duty to write and thank him. He came to call upon her, fell at
+her feet, and said: "If you are comfortable in these rooms, allow me
+at least to say that they are unworthy of you, and that the Richelieu
+residence would suit you much better." The proposal was accepted, and
+the marriage took place. Madame de Roothe became with child, but the
+Duc de Fronsac was furious at the thought that a birth might prejudice
+his rights, and induced a chambermaid to give his mother-in-law a
+draught which brought on a miscarriage.
+
+Yesterday I travelled rapidly, thanks to good roads, good horses and
+postillions, and in particular to a hurricane which blew on our backs
+and swept the carriage, servants, and horses along in its blast. I
+found the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency in good health, but slightly
+deaf. Her chaplain is ill, and the customs of the house are
+consequently altered.
+
+I have a letter from M. Bresson. His account of the political
+situation is as follows: "Things here have become somewhat calmer; the
+matter will blow over, but resentment and distrust will remain. People
+will no longer meet with the same cordiality, and will be continually
+on their guard; in short, the ground is by no means as clear as it
+was, a thing which M. de Talleyrand never liked, but I think that the
+main storm has turned aside, and if you have made plans for a journey
+to Prussia next year you need not abandon them for any possible war.
+Herr von Werther has been rather seriously ill. The Prince of
+Wittgenstein comes back to-morrow from Kissingen. Frau von Reede,
+seventy-four years of age as she is, is the leader of society at
+K�nigsberg. We shall have some splendid festivities for the
+Huldigung.[126] The nobles of the Mark of Brandenburg have alone
+subscribed twenty thousand crowns. All this brilliant prospect does
+not restore my good-humour; my health is certainly changed by the
+climate, and my character by isolation and exile. I have reached one
+of those periods in life, one of those frames of mind, when change is
+required at any cost, and it is for change that I hope. My best days
+are past; my few remaining ties in this world will soon be broken, and
+I ought to try to strengthen my connection with my country. You would
+do me a very great service if you could induce my patroness, Madame
+Ad�la�de, to smooth the path for my retirement."
+
+  [126] King Frederick William IV. was not exactly crowned, but he
+  went to K�nigsberg to receive the homage (_die Huldigung_) of his
+  subjects, who took the oath of fidelity to him through their
+  Deputies on September 10, 1840.
+
+I have an idea that M. Thiers will soon have no trouble in finding
+high diplomatic posts for his friends, owing to a large number of
+voluntary resignations.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 19, 1840._--I am now at Valen�ay, a spot so full
+of memories that it seems to me like a native land. M. and Madame de
+Valen�ay are alone here with their children. They both seem very glad
+to see me again, and I am always happy to be back at Valen�ay. Here I
+am less cut off than elsewhere from an eventful past, and the dead are
+less far away than anywhere else.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 22, 1840._--M. and Madame de Castellane arrived
+here yesterday from their native Auvergne, which seems by no means a
+pleasant district in which to live. There are no high-roads to their
+residence, but only badly made paths, which must be traversed in a
+litter or on horseback. The snow is already upon their mountains,
+where there are no trees and no cultivation, nothing but grass for the
+cattle; there is no fruit and no vegetables, no game, and no doctor
+within easy reach. Pauline has grown thin and sunburnt; her husband is
+very thin, and I hope they will pick up at Rochecotte, where we are
+all going. Their little daughter, Marie, is most satisfactory, fair,
+fat, and fresh, always in a good temper, laughing and restless, a
+little angel whom I was very glad to see again, and her mother with
+her.
+
+To-day is St. Maurice's Day, formerly the most festive and animated of
+days at Valen�ay. This year it will be celebrated only by a mass for
+the repose of the soul of our dear M. de Talleyrand. It will be
+celebrated in the chapel where he rests.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 24, 1840._--The great Lafarge drama is now
+concluded; she has been condemned. The reflection which came to me
+upon reading the verdict is that the appearance of this woman, her
+speeches, her gesture, and her bearing, produced a very striking
+effect and secured her conviction. It is a verdict which could by no
+means be inferred from the facts, for she has shown for a long time
+great presence of mind, while her counsel were extremely talented, and
+the Public Prosecutor displayed a tactlessness akin to rudeness.
+Public sympathies were widely divided, and Madame Lafarge was
+supported by a powerful family. The extraordinary and unusual element
+in this case is that I can see no one, not even the condemned person,
+who is in any way attractive. Apart from the prisoner herself, there
+is Denis, who seems to be a bad man; her mother Lafarge, who is too
+anxious about the will; the deceased man, whose business transactions
+were a trifle shady; Madame de L�autaud, very frivolous; Madame de
+Montbreton, who was too fond of hypnotism; Madame de Nicola�, who did
+not look after her daughters properly. As the accusers of Madame
+Lafarge numbered so few estimable persons, she must have strongly
+impressed the jury with her guilt for them to bring in a verdict
+against her.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 25, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles has been to Paris
+to call upon Madame de Lieven on her return from London, and writes to
+me as follows: "I found the Princesse much changed. There are still
+hopes of peace, and the Government is moving in that direction. The
+King retains his confidence. The proposals of Mehemet Ali have opened
+a new stage in the business, which may prevent war, but nothing is
+settled; if the matter drags on until the spring Thiers will then be
+more warlike than he now is, as we shall then have an army which we do
+not now possess. There is a kindlier feeling towards Prussia than
+towards the other three Powers. It seems that Berlin has already had
+more than enough of the convention, and that Herr von B�low is loudly
+abused for his presumption and his blindness."
+
+From another source I hear as follows: "Uneasiness at London is
+spreading through every class. The English Ministry declares its
+astonishment at the measures taken in France and at the energy
+displayed by the King. I believe that Lord Palmerston is very anxious.
+The Princesse de Lieven read a letter to M. de Montrond from Lady
+Cowper which does not conceal the uneasiness and uncertainty of those
+about her. They say Lord Holland stands entirely aloof from events. I
+have certain information to the contrary; he writes letters of six
+pages to Mr. Bulwer on current business, and shows as much keenness as
+any young man. He is said to be a very strong opponent of France. In
+both England and Scotland the harvest is a bad one, which adds to the
+embarrassments of the English Cabinet. Meanwhile, though spirits are
+rising at Saint-Cloud, the breach seems to be widened by the exchange
+of notes in very bitter language. The whole matter is very confused,
+and it is impossible to forecast the result with any certainty."
+
+Yesterday M. de Maussion came here from Paris, or rather from M.
+Thiers, at whose house he has been living. He says that Madame de
+Lieven is regarded as a spy in the house of M. Thiers, where she is
+accused of all kinds of treachery. He also says that M. de Flahaut
+comes to M. Thiers every morning with a bundle of letters from
+England, that he poses as a man of importance, and that he and his
+wife are intriguing more vigorously than ever. He adds that M. de
+Flahaut is starting for England in order to be absent during the trial
+of Louis Bonaparte, but his wife is giving out that he has a secret
+and important mission to the English Cabinet, to repair the
+tactlessness of M. Guizot. There is a wish to remove M. Guizot, but M.
+Thiers does not want him in Paris for the meeting of the Chambers, so
+M. de Flahaut is thrown back upon the embassy at Vienna, and it is
+thought that he will obtain it.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 25, 1840._--Frau von Wolff writes to me from
+Berlin under date the 19th of this month: "Our town is astir with
+preparations for the ceremonies to take place the day after to-morrow
+at the entry of the King and Queen, and is also busy with the
+entertainments which will be given when the oath of fidelity is taken.
+An enormous number of strangers are coming in from every quarter. You
+will have seen in the German newspapers how enthusiastically the King
+was welcomed at K�nigsberg and with what royal dignity he ascended the
+throne of his ancestors. All who were present agreed in saying that
+the King's impromptu speech after the oath was more moving than
+anything they have known. The speech was so unprepared that the Queen
+halted as though with astonishment when she saw the King suddenly rise
+and approach the railing; there he stopped, and, raising one hand to
+heaven, he uttered in a strong, sonorous voice which went to every
+heart and was heard at the end of the enclosure, the simple words of
+hope for the future. He moved many to tears, and shed tears himself.
+We need only pray to heaven to preserve us the blessings of peace;
+hitherto the prospects of war have not shaken the general confidence.
+The King's energy and activity in the work of government is
+incomparable. To judge from the beginning he has made, Prussia will
+make giant strides under his rule; but I repeat, to enjoy the golden
+age which seems to smile upon us peace must be preserved."
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 28, 1840._--Yesterday we were amused by a small
+dramatic performance during the evening, which began by the dialogue
+between Agrippine and N�ron,[127] played in costume by M. de Montenon,
+who took the part of N�ron, and my son-in-law as Agrippine, a truly
+feminine monstrosity. Then _Le Mari de la Veuve_ was acted with much
+vigour, balance, and spirit by my son Louis, my daughter Pauline,
+Mlle. Cl�ment de Ris, and Mlle. de Weizel. Then we had two scenes from
+the _D�pit amoureux_ by Mlle. Cl�ment de Ris, M. de Montenon, M. and
+Madame d'Entraigues, and finally _Pass� Minuit_ by MM. de Maussion and
+de Biron, which greatly amused the pit. After the performance there
+was supper and a dance, and all passed off very cheerfully.
+
+  [127] From Racine's tragedy _Britannicus_, Act IV. scene ii.
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 29, 1840._--I have a number of letters, one of
+which says: "The meeting of the Cabinet has been called at London for
+Monday the 7th. It is thought unlikely that Lord Palmerston will be
+able to carry his own views, and the Ministers are said to be by no
+means unanimous; for this reason some hope survives that peace may be
+maintained; on the other hand, nothing is known of the nature of the
+instructions sent to the Mediterranean, and the whole situation is
+very uncertain."
+
+Now for Madame de Lieven. She begins with many moans over her health,
+and ends: "My health, however, is not so bad as that of Europe. What a
+disturbance everywhere! War is the most likely consequence. To think
+that people could allow things to reach this point and that not a man
+in Europe can conduct a piece of business properly! Prince Metternich
+must be dead. Every one desires peace passionately, and see to what
+the wild love of peace has brought Europe! Indeed, the whole world
+must be mad! The crisis must be settled in a few weeks. I am told that
+Vienna is making great efforts, but Palmerston is very obstinate. In
+France there has been an outcry, and much more also than mere outcry.
+What self-respecting persons would think of retreating? I should like
+a talk with you; we have seen better times, and I have many things to
+tell you of London which would astonish you. My dear Duchesse, if war
+breaks out I am bound to be the first to leave Paris and France, and
+where shall I go? It is abominable!"
+
+
+_Valen�ay, September 30, 1840._--M. Mol� writes as follows: "The Comte
+de Paris has been very ill--in fact, in the greatest danger; he is
+better, but not cured. No doubt you know that Madame de Lieven has
+returned; her friend M. Guizot--and I am certain of my facts--will
+soon break with his master and superior, M. Thiers. The discussion
+upon the Address will be the latest date for the accomplishment of
+this great event."
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra says: "Anxiety continues to prevail here;
+people are asking what answer is to be sent to the proposals of
+Mehemet Ali, but many people think that thunderbolts will be the
+answer. In France armaments are being organised upon a very large
+scale. The Duchesse de Massa has arrived in time to close the eyes of
+Marshal Macdonald, her father. It is thought that his marshal's baton
+will go to General S�bastiani. The Princesse de Lieven receives a
+written despatch from our London Ambassador every day."
+
+
+_Tours, October 2, 1840._--Here I find a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, who writes from Vienna on September 23: "The matter
+would proceed excellently, if it were conducted here; but discussion
+takes place at Vienna and Berlin, and negotiations at London, where, I
+believe, a very different temper unfortunately prevails."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 4, 1840._--Yesterday's newspapers contain a long
+explanatory note from Lord Palmerston, addressed to the English
+Minister in Paris, Mr. Bulwer, which puts the Eastern question in a
+very different light from that given by the French narratives.[128] We
+have also news of the capture of Beyrout,[129] which is a strong
+beginning to the course of coercive measures. What will be the result?
+
+  [128] The memorandum addressed by the French Government to Lord
+  Palmerston will be found in the Appendix.
+
+  [129] Beyrout had been taken from Turkey by Ibrahim Pasha, whose
+  victories had subjugated the whole of Syria for the Viceroy of
+  Egypt. As this expedition threatened the Ottoman Empire, and, in
+  fact, nearly brought about a European war, the town of Beyrout
+  was bombarded and captured from Mehemet Ali by an Anglo-Austrian
+  squadron in 1840.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 5, 1840._--My son-in-law has a letter from Paris
+telling him that the _salon_ of M. Thiers on the day when the news
+arrived of the capture of Beyrout was so bellicose that it threatened
+to throw the whole world into a conflagration. However, in the
+_Journal des D�bats_ of the 3rd instant I saw a small article on this
+question urging calm and moderation, and when I consider the inspired
+nature of this paper I have become a little calmer.
+
+I had expected that the pleadings of M. Berryer on behalf of Prince
+Louis Bonaparte would display a seditious tendency, would be
+blustering, rash, and outrageous. I was greatly surprised to find that
+I could read them without the slightest emotion. But I have often
+noticed that when one reads Berryer's speeches they do not produce an
+effect in harmony with his reputation, and that one must hear him to
+be dazzled and attracted, to such an extent does he possess the outer
+and attractive qualities of an orator.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 6, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra writes from
+Paris: "Events in the East are of a very alarming nature, and so also
+is the language of the Ministerial newspapers, for which the
+moderation of the Saint-Cloud organ[130] is but a small compensation.
+The former journalists threaten M. Thiers that they will break with
+him if he does not begin war. Prussia and Austria seem decidedly
+anxious not to make war upon us or upon anybody; it is difficult to
+understand the situation. M. de Flahaut is at London staying with Lord
+Holland, who sees the Ministers every day and tells his wife that he
+is trying to convince them of our real position, but this officious
+service will probably have no great result, as people at London seem
+to have made up their minds. I have seen Lady Granville; both she and
+her husband are greatly depressed. They still hope that war will not
+break out, and I know that Lord Granville is doing all he can to
+produce a calmer frame of mind. Everybody one meets is uneasy and
+anxious, nor will they talk of anything but of the memorandum, of
+Beyrout, of Espartero and the fortifications; they go to bed in
+excitement and awake painfully anxious. You are lucky to be far away
+from such a turmoil. Nobody pays attention to the trial of Louis
+Bonaparte; M. d'Alton-Sh�e alone voted for death, after a violent
+speech. The proposal was badly received by the rest of the Chamber."
+
+  [130] _I.e._ the _Journal des D�bats_.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 7, 1840._--Yesterday I heard a sad piece of
+news--the death of my poor friend the Countess Batthy�ny at Richmond
+on the 2nd. She had recently felt an improvement in her health, which
+had induced her to consider the possibility of coming to live at
+Paris.
+
+I hear from Paris: "M. Mol� is at Paris for the trial of Louis
+Bonaparte, in which M. Berryer was a complete failure. All minds are
+absorbed by the bombardment of Beyrout and the possible consequences.
+There is a universal outcry against M. Thiers. Madame de Lieven is
+rather ill; she is feverish, and sees visitors in her long chair. She
+professes a close attachment for M. Guizot, but is said to show a
+tendency to coldness."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 8, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame
+de Lieven, begun on the 5th and finished on the 6th. The following is
+an extract from the part dated the 5th: "In England nothing has been
+decided; the Ministers are not agreed; however, the peace party is
+predominant, to which Palmerston himself pretends to belong, though he
+does not offer any means of finding a solution satisfactory to France;
+moreover, his hands are not free, as he must ask for Russia's consent
+at every moment. Since the bombardment of Beyrout Thiers seems to
+think his position no longer tenable unless he makes some bold stroke;
+his colleagues are not all of his opinion, and the King is not in
+favour of extreme measures. However, some decision must be made. Lord
+Granville is very anxious. Things have gone so far that change is
+inevitable. It was even said yesterday that Thiers wished to send two
+hundred thousand men to the Rhine and a French fleet to Alexandria to
+oppose the English. This would be an act of madness. The situation is
+very dangerous, and assuming that Thiers breaks with the Government,
+where are people to be found sufficiently resolute to undertake the
+heavy burden now before them?"
+
+On the 6th she writes: "The three or four councils held within the
+last two days have ended in the resolution to send a protest to the
+English Government in which a _casus belli_ will be laid down, and I
+think that Alexandria and Saint-Jean d'Acre will be the points at
+issue; but if one of these towns were to be attacked at this moment
+what would become of the protest? The English Government has on its
+side addressed notes to its allies to modify the treaty; negotiations
+are going on with tolerable frankness, but meanwhile military
+operations are also proceeding. They say that the King is not in
+entire agreement with M. Thiers concerning the _casus belli_; he is
+also said to be especially satisfied with M. Cousin, who is on good
+terms with Admiral Roussin and M. Gouin. I am told on good authority
+that the meeting of the Chambers is arranged for the early days of
+November, and that the protest of which I told you will be decided
+this morning. Saint-Jean d'Acre will not be mentioned in it."
+
+This interesting letter gave much food for our conversation. The Duc
+de Noailles, who is here, and who has brought his manuscript, read us
+a passage on quietism.[131] It is clearly written, and in a good and
+brisk style, with well-chosen quotations which enliven the subject.
+
+  [131] This piece is to be found in the _History of Madame de
+  Maintenon and the Chief Events of the Reign of Louis XIV._, the
+  first part of which was to appear in 1848.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 11, 1840._--Yesterday we heard of the sudden
+death of Arthur de Mortemart,[132] a fine young fellow, who was to
+inherit a magnificent fortune, and also, though I did not know the
+fact, to marry the daughter of the Duc de Noailles, who set off
+immediately upon hearing the sad news. Arthur de Mortemart was
+twenty-seven years of age, and an only son. It is a dreadful blow to
+his family.
+
+  [132] The only son of the Duc de Mortemart, who died in
+  consequence of a fall from a carriage.
+
+M. Mol� writes: "The Chambers are being convoked for the 28th, and my
+friends insist that I should return to Paris between the 15th and
+20th. I agree, but we shall have nothing but the remarkable and barren
+pleasure of exchanging our condolences. We are advancing with fatal
+rapidity towards a revolutionary Government, which may lead to even
+more bloodshed than before. God alone knows how long it will last and
+what will take its place. However, if the newspapers do not mislead
+and divide the right-minded party we should emerge successfully, with
+courage, but our domestic difficulties make the situation
+irremediable; foreign affairs would easily be settled if our home
+policy inspired any confidence. In any case, the Chamber will have to
+decide the whole matter, but there is little hope that it will rise to
+the greatness of its task. I do not know what will happen to my
+reception at the Academy in the midst of all this. I am ready, and
+notwithstanding the arguments of M. Villemain, who seems to be
+intimidated, I shall omit nothing from my eulogy of Mgr. de Qu�len,
+and I invoke the great day."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 12, 1840._--A letter from M. de Barante at St.
+Petersburg tells me: "I am waiting for news from elsewhere, for at St.
+Petersburg nothing is decided, nor in reality do people greatly care.
+Peace would be perhaps the wiser course, but war is more in conformity
+with the sentiments which people have been professing for ten years;
+so they will only do what England wishes. You can make your
+conjectures in accordance with this view; you know Lord Palmerston and
+all his political environment, of which I have no idea."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 14, 1840._--Madame de Montmorency writes to say
+that M. Demidoff has written to M. Thiers for authorisation to
+announce his wife at Paris as Her Royal Highness Madame the Princesse
+de Montfort. Madame Demidoff has written personally to Madame Thiers,
+whom she knew in Italy, on this subject, and the King has given his
+consent.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 17, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra writes:
+"Peace now seems to be a trifle nearer. Negotiations have been
+resumed, and people are agreed in saying that if war is to break out
+it will not be for a considerable time, and that many diplomatic notes
+will be exchanged before we reach that extremity. General de Cubi�res,
+Minister of War, had resigned because he thought the majority in the
+Council too warlike, and his opinion was that we should be unable to
+wage a successful war with the Powers and must avoid the possibility.
+His resignation, however, has not been accepted, as the negotiations
+and prospects of peace have been resumed, at any rate for the moment.
+The French memorandum has brought many over to the side of M. Thiers.
+The vacant Presidency of the Chamber is a post which occupies many
+minds; opinions are divided between M. Odilon Barrot and M. Sauzet.
+The Comte de Paris has fallen ill again, and his parents are very
+uneasy."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 19, 1840._--Madame de Lieven writes: "The English
+Cabinet has welcomed the French note. The peace party is gaining
+strength, but the issue does not lie in that direction. St.
+Petersburg, which is a long way off, must be consulted, and during
+these delays the newspapers are able to interfere. The memorandum of
+Thiers has caused much satisfaction at Paris, and some embarrassment
+to Lord Palmerston; at St. Petersburg it will be thought that he says
+aloud what has hitherto been whispered. As for Austria, Apponyi claims
+that the narrative is inaccurate where Austria is concerned. In any
+case, the decision is imminent, and will be known on November 15. The
+four Powers care nothing about the war or about France; so we may ask
+in what direction or for what reason France will take action.
+Unfortunately there is a general idea that peace and M. Thiers are
+incompatible. This would be quite dangerous, for excitement is high,
+and Thiers in the scales can outweigh war."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 20, 1840._--The newspapers contain an account of
+a fresh attempt to assassinate the King, made by a certain
+Darm�s.[133] The constant repetition of these attempts makes one
+tremble, and it is impossible to avoid uneasiness.
+
+  [133] On October 15, 1840, about six o'clock in the evening,
+  Louis-Philippe was returning from Paris to Saint-Cloud with the
+  Queen and Madame Ad�la�de. They were driving along the Quai des
+  Tuileries, and had reached the Poste du Lion, when an explosion
+  was heard; but the weapon which the assassin Darm�s had used
+  against the King had burst and the charge had exploded backwards.
+  As soon as the assassin had been arrested and imprisoned it
+  became necessary to amputate his left hand, which was entirely
+  shattered.
+
+Yesterday my son-in-law received letters from Paris which say that the
+wind seems to blow in the direction of war. Lord Palmerston is stated
+to be anxious to insist upon the full enforcement of the treaty. Our
+Minister thinks himself certain of a majority, rather because of the
+apprehension with which his opponents would view their own accession
+to power in the present situation, than of any confidence inspired by
+the Cabinet. After the attempted assassination by Darm�s the Duc
+d'Orl�ans is said to have declared that he was strongly in favour of
+war, and would rather be killed on the banks of the Rhine than
+murdered in a Paris slum. All our letters agree that excitement is
+running high and that conditions are both complicated and serious.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 21, 1840._--Yesterday the papers announced the
+abdication of Queen Christina. This event will not form an agreeable
+page in the annals of M. de La Redorte's Spanish embassy.
+
+The Duc de Noailles writes as follows: "Many people are saying that
+Thiers will resign, and many say that he is in a difficulty upon the
+subject. He does not see how he can appear before the Chambers. He
+would like to arrange a retreat which would leave him at the head of a
+party, by making people believe that he was unable to persuade the
+King to take the energetic resolutions which the national honour
+requires. On the other hand, thus to be eclipsed, to leave every one
+in difficulty, after raising and provoking all these questions, to
+evade discussion and responsibility before the Chambers, would
+certainly be disgraceful. However, people who are best informed think
+that he will resign. The speech from the throne is now the only point
+upon which he can disagree and request permission to retire.
+
+"Prussia definitely refuses to let any horses go out of its territory.
+It is hoped that some will be found in Normandy and Holland. The
+situation is extremely embarrassing, for we are certainly not ready
+for war, and cannot be before spring, and yet loans have already been
+effected to the amount of four hundred and fifty millions. The deficit
+will be a bottomless pit. If stocks fall to ninety-nine, when by law
+sixteen millions a month must be redeemed, and if money is taken from
+the savings banks, the Treasury will be in a hopeless difficulty. The
+Syrian expedition seems to have no immediate result; Ibrahim allows
+the allies to seize the seaboard, which is separated from the rest of
+the country by a chain of mountains which runs along the sea, and
+which the disembarked troops cannot cross. He holds all this country,
+which is overawed by his army and dare not revolt, and is waiting for
+the storms to drive away the fleet, which cannot then return before
+spring. I have seen a letter from Lady Palmerston, strongly inclined
+to peace. Guizot also writes that Downing Street is now calmer.
+
+"The King is very depressed by this further attempt to assassinate
+him, and Thiers feels that the credit of the Ministry is not improved
+by the event. The Deputies who are already here and those who are
+arriving are said to be inclined for peace. I hear that the Chamber of
+Peers is tempted, if it has the courage--which I doubt--to adopt a
+patronising and embarrassing attitude towards the Ministry."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 23, 1840._--Madame Ad�la�de, in a very kind
+answer to a letter from myself, writes as follows about the attempted
+assassination "The King's first word after the explosion to the Queen
+and to myself was, 'Well, it seems that you must always be in this
+fatal carriage,' a truly touching remark."
+
+I have the following from Madame de Lieven: "Granville yesterday
+handed in Lord Palmerston's answer to the note of the 8th. I believe
+that this answer undertakes to revoke the proposal for the Pasha's
+deposition, if he submits; you will see that this does not help
+matters. All that can now be said is that the general attitude and
+language upon either side is gentler, and may possibly lead to an
+understanding. Lord Palmerston will not explain himself more clearly,
+as he is waiting for news of some brilliant successes in Syria; so far
+he has waited in vain. The tone of the French Ministry is less
+warlike; they say that war may arrive in spring, if winter does not
+settle everything. Here you see a change, and diplomacy at Paris is
+inclined to believe in peace. We shall see what the Chambers will do;
+their action will be important both upon events and individuals.
+
+"The King has not appeared in the town since the shot was fired at
+him. On this subject the foreign newspapers comment far more suitably
+than the French.
+
+"The dissensions in the English Cabinet are said to be more obvious,
+and Palmerston is thought to be in the minority. M. de Flahaut, who
+arrives to-morrow, will enlighten us upon this subject. Madame de
+Flahaut is now very anti-Palmerston, because she naturally fears the
+possibility of war between her two native lands.[134] Lord John
+Russell has gone over to the majority against Palmerston, and, feeble
+though he is, his influence is important. Things in general are in
+incredible confusion, but I am really beginning to hope that there is
+a little more prospect of peace than there has been for the last few
+days."
+
+  [134] Madame de Flahaut was an Englishwoman, daughter of Admiral
+  Keith (Lord Elphinstone). He was ordered to notify Napoleon I.,
+  when he sought hospitality on the English coast in 1815, that he
+  was a prisoner of the allies. He was also ordered to prepare for
+  the prisoner's transport to St. Helena.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 24, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law heard that
+the French Ministry had resigned upon the occasion of the speech from
+the Crown, which it wished to devote to the subject of the _casus
+belli_, against the King's desires.[135]
+
+  [135] Thiers and his Ministry went out on October 29, 1840, and
+  were replaced by M. Guizot. Thiers was not to return to power
+  under the reign of Louis-Philippe.
+
+My son, M. de Dino, tells me that the Grand Duke of Tuscany has made
+M. Demidoff Prince of San Donato, a name derived from his silk
+manufacture, and has given him the title of Excellency. The Pope[136]
+has sent the dispensations for the marriage. The dowry of the young
+Princess is settled at two hundred and fifty thousand francs, with
+twenty-five thousand francs pin-money.
+
+  [136] The Pope was then Gregory XVI.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, October 25, 1840._--Queen Christina is apparently
+intending to settle at Florence, where her sentimental interests are
+centred. She has two children by Mu�oz, whom she adores, and has
+managed to save an income of fifteen hundred thousand francs.
+
+The little Comte de Paris is very ill, in continuous fever, which
+wastes him away. The Duc d'Orl�ans is greatly distressed, and the
+Duchesse is in bed very weak and unhappy. She is not allowed to move
+for fear of a miscarriage, as she is now in her eighth month. The poor
+royal family is receiving some heavy blows.
+
+_Rochecotte, November 2, 1840._--Queen Christina is not going to
+Italy; Nice, Paris, and then Bordeaux, such are said to be her
+movements. She wishes to remain near Spain, in order to keep an eye
+upon the progress of events.
+
+Madame de Lieven writes as follows, the day before yesterday: "You see
+what has happened here; things are becoming very stormy; M. Guizot
+must be very courageous to embark in such a vessel. At London the
+general tone is becoming much milder, and will continue to improve in
+favour of the new Ministry, but a great deal will have to be done to
+satisfy the madmen here, and an ill interpretation will be placed upon
+English self-satisfaction. Thus there are many difficulties which are
+far from a solution. The Chamber will be in a state of continual
+storm, an interesting spectacle, but likely to become frightful. The
+King is said to be delighted that he has got rid of Thiers, and to be
+charmed with his new Ministers;[137] I wish I could believe that his
+satisfaction was likely to last. Thiers says that he will not oppose
+Guizot; this is nonsense. The Comte de Paris is better. The Duc
+d'Orl�ans is not satisfied with the change of Ministers, but King
+Leopold is very pleased."
+
+  [137] The new Cabinet was composed as follows: Minister of War
+  and President of the Council, Marshal Soult; Foreign Affairs, M.
+  Guizot; Public Works, M. Teste; the Interior, M. Duch�tel;
+  Finance, M. Humann; Education, M. Villemain; Justice, M. Martin
+  du Nord; Commerce, M. Cunin-Gridaine; Naval Affairs, Admiral
+  Duperr�.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 4, 1840._--A letter which I have just received
+from M. Mol� contains the following: "The outgoing Ministry was
+ruining everything, and in three months would have involved us in war
+with the whole of Europe, and given us a revolutionary Government into
+the bargain. I do not know what the new Ministry will do, but it
+cannot do worse, or even as badly. The method of its formation has
+obliged me to stand aloof--an easy part to play, and one which I
+usually prefer, the more so as when I do take part I never do so by
+halves."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 5, 1840._--My son, M. de Dino, writes from Paris
+that great preparations are being made to decorate the route by which
+the procession will pass bringing back the remains of Napoleon from
+St. Helena, and that a strange idea has been proposed, to have a row
+of the effigies of all the Kings of France. I suppose they will be
+placed there to present arms to the usurper. Really, people are
+absurd nowadays; in any case, this fine idea emanates from the
+Cabinet of M. Thiers, and not from the present Ministry.
+
+A letter from Madame Mollien says: "Yesterday evening, in the middle
+of the theatre, Bergeron, the foremost of all the King's assassins,
+entered a box, where was seated M. Emile de Girardin, the editor of
+_La Presse_, to whom, without saying a word, he gave a box on the
+ears. M. Girardin bounded up like a madman; his wife, who is twice as
+big and strong as he is, caught him by his collar, shouting, 'Don't go
+out! You shall not go out! He is an assassin!' The result is said to
+have been an incredible scene; everybody intervened, all were in a
+quarrelsome state of mind, and in the corridors and vestibule nothing
+could be heard except challenges and appointments."
+
+Here is an extract from another letter in a different strain: "M.
+Guizot and Madame de Lieven are the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and
+I have a fear that M. de Broglie must be content with the fate of the
+Sultan's wife, Valid�. M. Mol� has not been offered a position; the
+King continually repeats that M. Mol� declined to lend a hand; this is
+not the case. At so serious a crisis no thinking man would use such
+language, but the matter is most easily explained in this way. The
+_Journal des D�bats_ has since been carefully working upon the
+scruples of M. Mol�, and said to him: 'If you refuse to support the
+Cabinet, which is Conservative, the Left will come into power, and it
+will be your fault. It is a crime against the country,' &c. This
+attitude seems to resemble the case of parents who, when they have a
+son dangerously ill, say to a girl, 'If you do not grant him an
+interview he will die, and it will be your fault.' If I were a girl I
+assure you that in this case I should look after myself. My opinion is
+that M. Mol� should remain a member of the Academy and nothing more.
+Moreover, he will be none the worse off for that. Do you know that
+Maurice de Noailles is to become a priest? It is said that Barante
+will be Ambassador at London. I hope so."
+
+My son-in-law hears that Maurice de Noailles is entering the Church in
+despair, because he could not marry the daughter of the Duc de
+Noailles. I admit that I do not believe this story as yet, and await
+some confirmation of it.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 6, 1840._--Yesterday's post brought me a long
+letter from M. de Salvandy: "We are emerging from a Ministerial
+crisis, which has passed off with little incident, except that M. Mol�
+has remained outside the new combination. He feels, with much
+exasperation, that some supreme influence has secured his exclusion.
+At the outset of the crisis M. de Montalivet worked very hard to find
+a post for M. Mol� in the new Cabinet: he went about everywhere, and
+declared on all sides that his co-operation was indispensable, to M.
+Mol� more emphatically than to any one. I could not help saying to M.
+Mol� that so much zeal seemed suspicious, and that I could not but
+infer some bad result. However, M. Mol�'s chances of office never
+amounted to anything, nor has he been treated with any of that
+ceremony, which might outwardly have soothed his feelings; in fact,
+practically no notice has been taken of any member of the Ministry of
+April 15. Only upon the last day were they considered in the least.
+The new body was brought together with such little thought that no
+effort was made to secure M. Passy, who was ready to come in
+unconditionally, but was united with M. Dufaure; the latter based his
+refusal upon a personal dislike for M. Martin du Nord rather than upon
+political motives. M. Passy and M. Dufaure had no objection to myself
+or to M. Laplagne. Thus it would have been possible with no great
+difficulty to gather round Marshal Soult and M. Guizot some members of
+the Ministries of April 15 and May 12. These would have formed a good
+nucleus for a majority, at once compact and permanent. Instead of
+this, a Ministry has been lumped together, and it is expected that the
+dangers evoked by M. Thiers will provide votes at first, while the
+future can take care of itself. When the Cabinet, however, was formed,
+it was remembered that no measures had been taken to secure the
+adherence of the Left Centre, or even of the Conservative party. Then
+they took steps to repair this mistake, and the Ministers all came to
+me. M. Guizot, whom I had not seen since the Coalition, came wearing
+his order, to ask me solemnly for my co-operation. I did not hide the
+fact that it was rather late, and that this fashion of forming a
+Ministry without paying attention to any one, or respecting M. Mol�
+and his party by the observance of outward formality, increased the
+difficulty of a situation, which was already complicated enough. When
+I heard M. Guizot I remembered what I was saying to the Duc d'Orl�ans
+a few days ago, that of the two rivals it was difficult to say which
+is the more futile; that if Thiers is futile without, Guizot is so
+within; in fact, Guizot has not a notion of the domestic dangers, the
+Parliamentary difficulties, and the general peril caused by the
+abstention of M. Passy and M. Dufaure; for they, added to Lamartine
+and myself, would form a possible Cabinet intermediate between that of
+to-day and that of M. Odilon Barrot, whether we took M. Mol�, M. de
+Broglie, or even M. Thiers for our leader. In short, their confidence
+and presumption have been inexplicable, while they have completely
+forgotten the apostasy of 1839, which is aggravated by this fresh
+change of creed and colour. They are convinced that their theories can
+be resumed at the point where they had dropped them, and talk of
+safeguards, order, and resistance with the same authority. They have
+no notion of the fury which this language is likely to arouse among
+their adversaries, and regard us as cold and disagreeable. However, we
+shall support them, for we are men of honour before all things, and I
+am equally certain that there will be a majority on the general
+question. Thiers has brought things to such a point that his
+restoration would mean both revolution and war; but the humiliation
+abroad which Guizot's Cabinet will have to confront is likely to be a
+crushing burden. Honourable men do not pardon Thiers for making this
+humiliation inevitable, and in three months no one will pardon Guizot
+for yielding to it. In my opinion he will have to give way in a short
+time, but if he performs the double service of bringing us through a
+great difficulty without increasing it and of paving the way for a new
+Conservative majority he will have done a good deal. I do not despair,
+and for my part will certainly help him. He left me and went on to
+open conciliatory measures with M. Mol�.
+
+"The immediate cause of Thiers' rupture with the King is as follows:
+In the speech Thiers demanded further measures, that is, an additional
+hundred and fifty thousand men--making six hundred and fifty thousand
+in all, the mobilisation of the National Guards, camps upon the Rhine
+and the Alps, in short, war. The King tried to compromise by saying
+that his Ministers would explain what they had done and what they
+intended to do. Thiers refused; it seems as though there was no
+sincerity on either side. Thiers felt that his position was untenable:
+the Left was trembling, the Conservatives would venture anything in
+their fright, and his own foolishness will not bear discussion. The
+King on his side was bold enough to regard his attempted assassination
+by Darm�s as a possible starting-point from which to turn the struggle
+against himself and overthrow his Cardinal de Retz, while he ran no
+risk for his power, but a very great deal of risk for his life.
+
+"The Conservative party thus seems to be reorganised by the return of
+the large majority of the Doctrinaires and the probable support of the
+Left Centres, who are in terror, but the Doctrinaire party is divided;
+M. Duvergier de Hauranne and M. Piscatory follow M. de R�musat and M.
+Jaubert from the Left; M. Broglie is divided between the two camps; M.
+Thiers continues to rely upon him, and flatters himself that he has
+been strongly defended by him in the Chamber of Peers; M. Guizot, on
+the other hand, calculates that he will accept the London Embassy; to
+this he attaches great importance, although M. de Broglie will not be
+able to lend him all the strength of which he will deprive M. Thiers
+by a long way; however, he will not weaken him, and that is something.
+Failing M. Thiers, Madames de Barante and de Sainte-Aulaire will fight
+for London. There is no doubt that M. de la Redorte will be retired,
+as he has cut a poor figure in the Peninsula. There will be many
+changes in the Diplomatic Body. I know that I have been thought of for
+an embassy, but I have not yet considered my reply. M. Guizot has
+gained nothing from London; something may be obtained from Lord
+Melbourne, but nothing from Lord Palmerston, and it is not certain
+that Europe is less inclined to the latter than to the former. The
+condition of the Comte de Paris still causes alarm. Chomel, to whom I
+have spoken, but he is rather a pessimist, has no hope except that the
+poor young Prince may live long enough to spare the Duchesse d'Orl�ans
+a great grief during her confinement."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 8, 1840._--M. d'Entraigues, our Prefect, who has
+been here since the evening of the day before yesterday, received
+yesterday by a courier a telegram sent to him at Tours with news of
+the nomination of the President, the Vice-President and the Committee
+of the Chamber of Deputies. The nominations in general are, thank
+heaven, favourable to the Cabinet and supported by a good majority.
+This beginning is a trifle consoling. If fear inspires wisdom, so much
+the better.
+
+I have a letter from the Duc de Noailles, who tells me that there is
+no truth in the rumour that his cousin M. Maurice is to enter the
+Church. People are indeed wonderfully clever in inventing and
+spreading stories and providing them with so many details as to make
+one believe what is utterly unfounded. The Duc de Noailles also says:
+"The royal session is said to have been a most mournful ceremony;[138]
+on the one side was much outcry of obvious meaning, while on the Left
+there was menacing silence; in the middle was the King shedding tears
+at a certain passage in his speech. The speech was wanting in dignity,
+and a pacific attitude should be more dignified; it was drawn up by
+Guizot. The desire for peace was too obvious, and it was not a
+success. The Ministry are sure of a majority for some time, but as the
+fear of war dies away they will lose it. Syria has been given up as a
+bad job by the Government. If the Pasha submits, all will be over; if
+he resists and is attacked in Egypt it is difficult to say how an
+explosion will be avoided here. Thiers said to Guizot on his arrival:
+'Now it is your turn. There are only two men in France, yourself and
+I; I am the Minister of the revolution, you of the Conservative
+movement; if one is not in power the other must be. We cannot act in
+concert, but we can live upon good terms. I shall put no obstacle in
+your way, and make no attempt to inconvenience you.' None the less he
+is already intriguing in the Chamber, and an agitation will be raised
+to support him."
+
+  [138] The opening session of the Chamber of Deputies.
+
+_Rochecotte, November 12, 1840._--The Abb� Dupanloup arrived here
+yesterday to consecrate my chapel. The ceremony is to take place
+immediately. Yesterday's post brought news of the confinement of the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans. I am delighted to hear of the birth of a second
+son.[139] Madame de Lieven writes that she is somewhat dissatisfied
+with the beginning which the new Ministry has made.
+
+  [139] The Duc de Chartres.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 14, 1840._--I had wished the first mass said in
+my chapel to be for the repose of the soul of M. de Talleyrand, but an
+inaugural mass cannot be one of mourning. At the ceremony of the day
+before yesterday, therefore, colours were worn in honour of St.
+Martin; yesterday's mass was for the dear departed. The altar is
+exactly where his bed used to stand in the room which has been
+replaced by the chapel; the coincidence affected me deeply.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 17, 1840._--M. de Salvandy, who has most
+obligingly undertaken to send me a little weekly bulletin, tells me
+that the Diplomatic Body at Paris was almost as keenly excited by the
+last note from Lord Palmerston as the Chamber itself.[140]
+
+  [140] Lord Palmerston was unwilling to make any concessions.
+
+It seems that Count Apponyi has written everywhere pointing out the
+danger of urging France to revolution and to war when she is
+attempting to throw off the yoke of anarchy. Lord Granville and Herr
+von B�low disavow the acts of Lord Palmerston. If he really wished to
+drive France to extremities, it may be believed that neither Austria
+nor Prussia would support him. Even Russia seems to have moderated her
+language.
+
+My son-in-law writes me from Paris on the 15th: "The state of affairs
+here seems to me very confused. The transition from revolutionary
+provocation to a demeanour of humility can only be effected amid
+uproar in order to put shame out of countenance. To this end everybody
+is working. There is a general cry for peace and for the support of
+the former Ministry, and a general outcry against the cowardice and
+degradation of the supreme power, though no one can say exactly what
+should have been done. These indeterminate attacks never produce a
+really embarrassing situation, and as they make an uproar without
+doing any harm, the men against whom they are ineffectually directed
+obtain the credit of success. It thus seems generally admitted that
+the Ministry will gain a majority. M. Guizot, for instance, was saying
+the day before yesterday in his _salon_, with the heroic air
+characteristic of General Guizot: 'Gentlemen, we have just begun the
+campaign; the war will be long and severe, but I hope that we shall
+gain the victory.' Though the Chamber desires peace at any price, it
+is not compliant. The greater its anxiety, the louder its outcries,
+which will only end with its unregretted fall. The Address, which is
+to be drawn up, people say, by M. Passy or M. de Salvandy, will be
+very bellicose, so much so as to embarrass the Government, although it
+had been decided to create as little trouble as possible on this
+point.
+
+"You will have read the answer of Lord Palmerston to the memorandum of
+October 8. It is an important matter. His disdain for us is obvious,
+and is not even disguised by forms or ceremonies. It seems, moreover,
+that this feeling towards us has grown remarkably of late. None the
+less the note has caused much embarrassment to M. Guizot, who had told
+everybody that since his entry upon office the situation in England
+had entirely changed and that Lord Palmerston was an altered
+character. He summed up his views in these words: 'I have peace in my
+pocket.' This is how he explained Lord Palmerston's note when he was
+talking at the house of the President of the Chamber[141] two days
+ago: 'Lord Palmerston has a theological mind; he will let no
+objection pass without an answer, so that this note means nothing;
+it is merely a question of principle.' M. Dubois, of the
+Loire-Inf�rieure, who is a clever man, and a strong supporter of the
+new Ministry, then took M. Guizot aside and told him that he would be
+making a great mistake if he repeated that observation in the Chamber.
+M. Guizot merely answered by repeating his statement, with which he
+was so delighted that he caused it to be inserted that evening in his
+own newspaper, _Le Messager_, in the form of a note at the foot of the
+memorandum, merely suppressing the term 'theological.' At the same
+time the incident has caused some stir, which has not yet died away,
+and would make M. Guizot cut a ridiculous figure if things seemed what
+they are in this country. The Ministry proposes to make peace, and
+everybody thinks that it will be successful. After that it will
+perish, for no obvious reason, in a hurricane; this also seems to be
+generally believed. Then M. Mol�, who now remains in isolation, will
+come to power. He will probably be welcomed by every one, not because
+he is any more popular in the Chamber than he used to be, but because
+every one's energy is exhausted, while the King remains master. The
+matter will depend upon the King, who is ill-disposed to M. Mol� at
+this moment, and uttered a remark concerning him which others
+attribute to M. Guizot, but which is too good to come from more than
+one source: 'M. Mol� is an excellent looker-on, but is a bad actor.' I
+have an idea that the remark is mine, and that some one stole it from
+me five years ago.
+
+  [141] M. Sauzet.
+
+"The Syrian campaign is decidedly favourable to the allies. The
+English have displayed much energy. They are inducing the Turks to
+strike hard, and everything is yielding before them; the force of
+Ibrahim was a myth. At every moment we are expecting the news of the
+capture of Saint-Jean d'Acre, which will be an important success both
+here and there. The saddest part of it is that there is no certainty
+concerning the possible safety of Egypt. Already rumours are present
+of a probable revolt at Alexandria, of the assassination of the Pasha
+by knife or poison; while you have seen that Lord Palmerston, with his
+theological mind, no longer speaks of the deposition of the Pasha as
+he did three weeks ago. There is no certainty that we shall not yield
+upon that point here, and it would be a tremendous concession.
+
+"So much for the present. I now turn to the past. Thiers has shrunk in
+everybody's eyes: his timidity has been invariably as great as his
+imprudence and his superficiality. He dismissed the French Consul at
+Beyrout because he wished to serve the Pasha in Syria by calming the
+revolt, and it has never been possible to induce him to send reliable
+agents to Syria for the purpose of finding out the exact extent of
+Ibrahim's power. Hence we have been deceived, and the attitude of
+France has been guided by unrealised expectations. M. de Broglie
+thinks that the King was greatly mistaken in dismissing the Ministry
+of M. Thiers, because he would in any case have fallen a victim to
+public ridicule at this moment. This opinion is based upon the fact
+that if one stakes a large sum upon one card and it does not appear
+the ridicule is universal. The person to whom he was speaking on the
+matter yesterday evening thought, on the other hand, that while the
+Chamber might fear war, it would never have been strong enough to
+overthrow the Cabinet.
+
+"The speech drawn up by Thiers did not propose a new levy of a hundred
+and fifty thousand men, but merely wished to anticipate the new levy
+by three months, whether for peace or for war, this being the levy
+ordinarily made in the spring. Moreover, the tone of the speech was
+quite moderate; but the fact is that neither he nor the King was
+sincere and it was a mere pretext on either side.
+
+"There was a Ministerial crisis, of which we had no suspicion, after
+the capture of Beyrout. The Ministry wished to make a demonstration by
+sending the fleet to Alexandria, but the King was opposed to this
+idea. M. de Broglie was asked to mediate between the two parties, and
+patched the matter up, on the theory that it was impossible at that
+moment to appoint a permanent Ministry if those in power resigned upon
+such a question. He was also opposed to the idea of sending a fleet to
+Alexandria, believing that the measure was good in itself, as likely
+to cause the allies anxiety while giving them no reason for complaint,
+and thinking it a measure which an absolute Government would have
+every right to carry out; but in French practice, on the other hand,
+as soon as this measure had been executed, the Press would have driven
+the fleet into action, whether they wished or not, and war would have
+been the result. All this argument, in any case, is based upon the
+fact that this measure or anything like it could only be carried out
+by violent means of which the public must hear, such as a resignation,
+a crisis, and so forth. If the matter had been quietly arranged with
+the private knowledge of the King, the case would have been very
+different. Moreover, M. de Broglie is by no means well disposed
+towards the King. He says, however, that it is all a matter of
+indifference to him apart from the outward disturbance; that he will
+support any possible Ministry, that not only will he make no attempt
+to overthrow them, but will not even try to shake their stability,
+seeing that any of the said Ministries are always more reasonable than
+the Chamber. In short, he says that he is part of the Ministerial
+suite, an avowal which no one had yet ventured to make, and that he
+greatly envies you the prospect of spending his winter in the country.
+His calmness is quite Olympian, though tempered with bitter and
+piercing irony.
+
+"M. Guizot tells his friends in confidence that he has induced M. de
+Broglie to accept the London Embassy. I believe nothing of the kind,
+but I forgot to ask him yesterday evening. M. Mol� seemed to me to be
+utterly cast down; he is a kind of Jeremiah singing madrigals, and is
+greatly changed."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 22, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law wrote to his
+wife saying that the diplomatic correspondence was read privately
+before the Commission of the Address in the Chamber of Deputies. It
+represents M. Thiers as an incompetent and impossible Minister, M.
+Guizot as a wise ambassador and a dangerous auxiliary, Lord Palmerston
+as a resolute and strong character; it shows that Thiers had
+attempted to deceive and blind the eyes of every one and to take them
+in, and was simply laughed at, as also was France. He also writes that
+the Duc d'Orl�ans made his little impromptu speech before the Chamber
+of Peers with admirable tact, grace, and nobility.
+
+Another note has been received from Lord Palmerston, milder in tone
+than the former, but still raising anxiety upon the Egyptian question.
+M. Mounier has been officially sent to London to try and secure some
+concession.
+
+My son Valen�ay writes to me to say that Madame de Nesselrode is at
+Paris for six weeks; that she will not appear at Court, and therefore
+will not go into society, but will live quietly by herself, and is
+delighted with her idea. I do not know whether Count Nesselrode will
+be equally delighted.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 23, 1840._--My son-in-law writes that M.
+Walewski, who had been sent to Egypt as an envoy to Ibrahim, thought
+that he was still writing despatches for the Ministry of March 1, and
+had announced that in spite of all his efforts he could not induce
+Ibrahim to pass the Taurus. This despatch seems to be causing a great
+sensation.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 24, 1840._--My son-in-law writes: "There is a
+vague rumour that some arrangement will be made in Syria and Egypt
+which will not be the ruin of the Pasha. This is in consequence of his
+complete submission to the Powers, but we shall boast of it here, and
+the majority will appear to believe it. For some time past there have
+been terrible arguments between Thiers and Guizot, face to face, and
+the worst of it is for them both that the bystanders support one of
+them against the other; consequently they will dig the pit in which
+they will both fall. Thiers is almost entirely ruined, and Guizot will
+be in the spring after he has refused, as he will, to pave the way for
+M. Mol�, who will certainly enter upon office if the King wishes."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 25, 1840._--I have been reading with admiration
+the noble farewell of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation.[142] It
+seems to belong to another time and to an age when there was still
+something divine in the language of kings. This touching manifesto is
+said to have been drawn up by Se�or de Offalia, who has also left
+Spain.
+
+  [142] This manifesto of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation
+  will be found in the Appendix.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 26, 1840._--What a dreadful speech M. Dupin has
+made! I am certainly the most peaceful creature in France, but I
+cannot understand how any one can descend to such depths. A descent so
+useless, so tactless, and so clumsy that it really seems as if he were
+trying to win a wager.
+
+The wife of the Marshal d'Albuf�ra tells me that the Comtesse de
+Nesselrode met M. Thiers at her house, and that he put out all his
+efforts to charm the Comtesse. Madame de Nesselrode takes such sudden
+fancies that she might get excited even over M. Thiers.
+
+The English have captured Saint-Jean d'Acre. Their little Queen has
+been confined of a daughter.[143]
+
+  [143] Victoria, Crown Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, was
+  born on November 21, 1840. By her marriage with Prince Frederick
+  William of Prussia she afterwards became Empress of Germany. She
+  was the mother of the Emperor William II.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 28, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes: "You
+will see by reading the reports of yesterday's session in the Chamber
+of Deputies the excitement which pervaded the assembly. This
+establishes and confirms peace with disgrace. These events will be a
+heavy burden upon the future of the present dynasty. I think that the
+consequence at home will be a kind of reform in the Chamber, which
+will produce a dissolution, and also another Chamber, in which we
+shall be forced to endure a Left Ministry led by Thiers."
+
+Madame Mollien writes to me: "Queen Christina is pretty; her
+complexion is superb, her skin fine and white; she has a gentle look
+and a clever and gracious smile, but those who wish to think her
+charming must look no lower than her head; in full detail she is
+almost a monstrosity, quite as much as her sister the Infanta. She
+came to France unattended by any of her ladies, though the newspapers
+are pleased to speak of some Do�a, who, if she does exist, is probably
+nothing but a chambermaid. At Paris there are some Spanish ladies who
+will perform some kind of attendance upon her; at the present moment
+the Duchess of Berwick is so acting. Her suite is composed of only two
+men, who are both young; one especially, the Count of Raquena, does
+not seem to be more than twenty. He is a little man with fair
+moustaches, and looks like a comedy lieutenant. I do not know when the
+Queen will start. She says she is very happy here. I am afraid she
+will be too happy and stay too long. These royal visits always cause a
+certain amount of disturbance, which soon wearies the inhabitants of
+the Tuileries. She dines there every day, though she is staying in the
+royal palace. Her interview with her sister was very cold, but it
+passed off without any scene, and nothing more was expected."
+
+The Duchesse de Bauffremont sent me news of the marriage of her
+grandson with the second Mlle. d'Aubusson; the eldest daughter is
+marrying Prince Marc de Beauvau. Gontran's marriage will not take
+place for a year, as the young lady is only fifteen; she will be
+enormously rich. Her mother is Mlle. de Boissy. Her father has been
+ill for ten years, and his property is in the hands of executors.
+Gontran is not yet nineteen, and a very handsome young fellow.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 29, 1840._--The day before yesterday the
+_Journal des D�bats_ was very curiously filled with the speeches of M.
+Passy and M. Guizot, throughout which M. Thiers must have felt himself
+somewhat uneasy. On the whole these explanations are not very
+creditable to the cleverness of any one except to the skill and the
+dignified tenacity of Lord Palmerston. It appears to me that all the
+French actors have emerged from the business somewhat bespattered,
+including even the little Bourqueney.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, November 30, 1840._--The discussions in the Chamber have
+induced me to read the newspaper through, and I am not sorry, for it
+is a curious drama, though one in which the situation is more
+interesting than the people, whose appearance becomes ever more
+threadbare as they adopt the most certain means of degradation, want
+of straightforwardness, simplicity, and truth in their dealings.
+Moreover, this discussion is like the Day of Judgment; whether they
+like it or not, every one is stripped of his fine feathers, and truth
+is forced to the forefront. Hitherto M. Villemain seems to me to speak
+the truth in the most suitable and striking language, but he is only
+in a position to speak for one side of the matter, though this, in my
+opinion, is the side to which blame chiefly attaches.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 1, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me: "I had
+a long talk yesterday with M. Guizot, and I told him that recent
+events and all that discussion has brought forth will considerably
+complicate the present situation for a long time. He thinks, on the
+contrary, that the difficulties are only momentary, and that public
+feeling upon this question will be as short-lived as it was upon the
+Polish war eight years ago.[144] I also had a long talk with Berryer
+concerning his speech; he is thinking it over, and has some good
+ideas; his conclusion will probably give the Ministry a set-back. He
+will say that war is obviously impossible at this moment, but that
+peace as formulated by the Ministry is not acceptable to the Chamber,
+and that the Address should be referred to a new commission. Odilon
+Barrot and M. Dufaure have already proposed this idea, which might
+easily become popular. I also met Thiers at the Chamber, and walked
+about for ten minutes with him. I reminded him that I had already
+prophesied the events that have come to pass, because in this great
+business nothing could be done without alliances, while France was
+united to an ally who was opposed to her interests and obviously
+likely to abandon her. He replied that France even alone could have
+prevented action, at the expense, however, of great energy and a
+large display of force. He throws the whole responsibility upon the
+King; he says that it is a case of inertia upon the throne, and that
+with inertia in high places and also naturally ingrained in the
+nation, nothing can be done; that if the Duc d'Orl�ans had been King
+the course of events would have been different; that he would perhaps
+have perished, but have perished with dignity, and would not have left
+France in her present state of humiliation and hopelessness, in which
+she will long continue. In any case, he is entirely devoted to the
+Left, and M. Odilon Barrot drew the bonds tighter yesterday. Madame de
+Lieven is, I think, really attached to Guizot, for she no longer goes
+to the sessions of the Chamber, and confines herself to asking news of
+them with much anxiety."
+
+  [144] A conflict arising from the revolution of July 1830 broke
+  out in Poland, where the Russians and the insurgents fought
+  terrible battles under the walls of Warsaw. On September 7, 1831,
+  Warsaw was obliged to capitulate in spite of a desperate
+  resistance, and the event caused great grief and sympathy
+  throughout France. An attempt was made to begin a revolt in Paris
+  and to overthrow the Ministry of Casimir-Perier, who had
+  recognised the impossibility of supporting Poland.
+
+I now come to an extract from a letter from the Princesse de Lieven
+herself: "Thiers seems to have decided that he will no longer serve
+the King. He says that he will wait for the Duc d'Orl�ans. Syria is
+lost for the Pasha. It is hoped and believed that he will yield to the
+summons of the English Admiral Stopford. I suppose that the French
+Government is advising him to do so; then the matter will be concluded
+with no glory for France, we must admit, and with every credit to Lord
+Palmerston. There are many people who strongly object to this latter
+result. The Ministers here expect a decent majority of fifty or sixty
+in favour of the Address, after which they will get on as well as they
+can. M. Guizot seems very tired, but is full of courage. At Vienna
+people are delighted with the change of Ministry and full of
+confidence in the present Ministers. I have no news of public opinion
+as yet from St. Petersburg. I am a little curious to hear what our
+Russian public will say about this great affair which has been settled
+without any active interference on the part of us Russians; it will
+cause us some astonishment. You will probably ask me whether there is
+a Russian public; the question is not unreasonable, but there is one,
+as far as the East is concerned. When I was at London as Ambassadress
+I ventured to call Turkey our Portugal; my own Court much appreciated
+the epigram, but the English did not. No haste is shown here to
+nominate a London Ambassador; I think they would prefer the Egyptian
+business to be settled first. We shall certainly have to wait until
+the middle of December. Madame de Flahaut does not know what to do,
+torn as she is by the whims and fancies which are natural to her and
+the extreme desire of her husband for a diplomatic post. The King
+greatly wished his ambassadors to call upon Queen Christina in a body;
+many of them felt scruples upon the point, but at length they decided
+to go, regarding her as nothing more than the widow of Ferdinand VII.,
+and in fact she is nothing more now. The Queen of England is said to
+have had a very easy confinement, and will probably have seventeen
+children like her grandmother. Madame de Nesselrode lives at the
+Chamber of Deputies; she is in love with Thiers, and has joined the
+Opposition extremists; she is finding life quite pleasant here. I see
+very little of her as her time is taken up with the debates in the
+Chamber and with theatres. My ambassador is crushed beneath the weight
+of all the great Russian ladies who are grouped together in Paris. I
+am sorry for him, for I can believe that it is entirely tiresome."
+
+I would have been ready to make a bet that Madame de Nesselrode would
+conceive a violent fancy for Thiers, if it were only to rival Madame
+de Lieven's fancy for Guizot. After reading the speech of M. Barrot
+and the series of invectives which he aimed directly at Guizot, I
+began to wonder yesterday how such things could be said and heard
+without leading to further explanations by means of swords and
+pistols.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 3, 1840._--The following are the most important
+passages from the bulletin sent by M. de Salvandy, under date December
+1, before and during the session of the Chamber. He says: "Have you
+heard at Rochecotte a pleasant epigram by Garnier Pag�s, who is to
+speak to-day? 'I would strip them both, and their ugliness would then
+be obvious.' This epigram very well sums up the situation. M. Thiers
+retains his revolutionary attitude, but that is all; he remains
+incompetent to many and impossible to all. M. Guizot is far from
+having gained all that M. Thiers has lost. He has immense talent,
+admirable strength of mind in times of storm, the gift of overaweing
+all hostile revolts in the Assembly, and the art of raising the minds
+of his audience to consider questions with him upon a higher plane and
+from a wider point of view; these are his special advantages, though
+he has never made the best of them. Yet he grows stronger, though he
+raises no defences, and rests his power upon the majority without
+permanently establishing it. The soil declines to be cultivated. M.
+Thiers is like a mistress who is asked only to behave herself;
+anything will be permitted to him, and his reputation will not suffer.
+M. Guizot is the woman of strict morals who has been a failure and is
+blamed for everything. This struggle between the Ambassador and the
+Minister, in spite of attempts to soften it, does harm to the Chamber
+and to public opinion. He is not even pardoned for his firm resolve to
+abandon the principles of the Coalition, as if people would have
+preferred him faithful to infidelity personified. The speech of
+Dufaure seems to many people a manifesto intervening between the
+Cabinet and M. Thiers; the action of Passy and Dupin in this direction
+has caused much anxiety. My name is coupled with this movement because
+no one imagines that Ministers in retirement are not displeased to be
+employed. M. Mol� is represented as hovering above all, although he
+has no connection with the sphere in which the Ministry of May 12
+predominates, for that Ministry, I think, regards it as a point of
+honour to preserve its consistency by holding aloof from M. Mol�, as
+Jaubert thinks to remain consistent by retaining his seat among the
+others, whom he wounds and annoys by his constant outcries against the
+King and his enthusiasm for M. Barrot. Such is our position. The
+ground seems to be crumbling beneath us. Alas for our country, which
+should be strong and cannot be governed! Our Chamber is really the
+OEil de Boeuf of the democracy.[145] Favourites, male and female,
+disturb everything by their intrigues, and spend the time in
+overthrowing one another, with the result that ruin is universal. I am
+going to the Chamber, where MM. de Lamartine and Berryer will cross
+swords, and shall close this letter there.
+
+  [145] An allusion to the OEil de Boeuf in the castle of
+  Versailles, where Court intrigues were hatched.
+
+"_P.S._--Berryer has just spoken, a clever, brilliant, and perfidious
+speech. He has protected Thiers by going straightway to the Tuileries.
+There he has displayed his thunderbolts and launched anathemas against
+M. Guizot the Ambassador, which have been definitely applauded three
+times by the Assembly. M. de Lamartine is now rising to reply."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 4, 1840._--The speech of M. Berryer shows the
+state of the country from one point of view and that of M. de
+Lamartine from another. These two speeches seem to me to be the most
+brilliant effort on the part of one orator and the most lofty on the
+part of the other that the whole discussion upon the Address has
+produced. M. de Lamartine, for whom in general I have but a moderate
+liking, greatly pleased me with his reply which seems to be wise, well
+supported by facts, well thought out, and well delivered, with
+excellent touches of straightforward feeling, which had its effect
+upon the Assembly.
+
+We are assured that the mission of M. Mounier to London is intended to
+secure the help of England for the proposal of a marriage between the
+innocent Isabella with her cousin Carlos, Prince of Asturias.
+
+The remains of Napoleon have now been brought to Cherbourg. In Paris
+no preparations are said to have yet been made for this ceremony,
+which in my opinion will be very ridiculous.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 5, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from M.
+Royer Collard, from which the following is a striking extract: "A week
+ago, madame, I was a prisoner in the Chamber, following a great debate
+upon the Address with close interest. The audience have alternately
+expressed dissatisfaction with the chief actors, but not from the same
+point of view. The faults of Thiers are those of the Minister, and the
+faults of Guizot those of the man. I do not know whether you noticed
+in the newspapers that I was led to make a declaration in Guizot's
+favour which he greatly needed, as he was in a difficulty, for no one
+believed a word of what he was saying, although he spoke the truth.
+The next day he came over to my place to thank me, boldly crossing the
+whole Chamber for the purpose. I did not accept his thanks, and told
+him that I had done nothing for him, but had been thinking only of
+myself. He then buttonholed me in a corridor. I maintained a distant
+attitude and refused to converse. The difference between the two men
+is that Providence has not granted Thiers the power of distinguishing
+between good and evil; Guizot has this power, but will not use it. He
+is therefore the more guilty, but not, perhaps, the more dangerous. If
+one could regard any decision of to-day as irrevocable, I should say
+that they are both utterly ruined. I wish they were, but I am not sure
+of it."
+
+My son-in-law hears that the effect of Berryer's speech has been
+tremendous. It seems to have dealt a death-blow to M. Guizot, and a
+vigorous thrust in higher quarters. The Carlists are overjoyed. I am
+inclined to think that they regard the event as more important than it
+really is. Thiers loudly praises Berryer, and tells any one who will
+listen to him that in point of art nothing is superior to it, and that
+in 1789 no better performance was achieved.
+
+The Princesse de Lieven, to whom some one related the thrust that
+Guizot had received, answered that he had not been hit.
+
+It is said that the ceremony in honour of the remains of Napoleon will
+take place on the 15th of this month. How opportunely his ghost
+arrives!
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 6, 1840._--I hear from a correspondent: "I have
+no certain confirmation of Demidoff's death, but I know from a sure
+source that he had a very unpleasant journey to Rome, and afterwards
+some harassing interviews with the Cardinal's Secretary of State and
+with the Russian Minister, after which he was obliged to leave the
+Papal States, in accordance with orders. The consequent excitement
+then caused him one of his worst attacks. Apparently he told a Greek
+priest that his children would all be brought up in the Greek
+religion, while he told the Catholic authorities that they would be
+brought up as Catholics. Moreover, he said, with his usual assurance,
+that with money anything could be gained from the Court of Rome, and
+that he had sent a hundred thousand francs to the Pope for the
+dispensations which he has procured. Cardinal Lambruschini, indignant
+at this story, inserted an article in the _Gazette romaine_, which has
+been circulated everywhere, and which denies the statement, affirming
+very positively that M. Demidoff only paid ninety francs for his
+dispensations--namely, the cost of their postage. The Russian Minister
+then refused to intercede with the Roman Court on behalf of Demidoff.
+Demidoff abused him, in consequence, and after all this fine
+performance was obliged to leave Rome; and if he is not dead with fury
+he is none the less in an awkward position."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 7, 1840._--The chief news of the day is the
+rejection of M. Odilon Barrot's amendment by a majority of more than a
+hundred.
+
+One or two clever epigrams current at Paris are these: MM. Jaubert and
+Duvergier de Hauranne--in short, the Doctrinaire section that has gone
+over to the Left--are known as the unrestrained schismatics from the
+Doctrine. In other circles partisans of Mgr. Affre, the Archbishop of
+Paris, are known as the _affreux_ (frightful). People must have their
+joke.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 9, 1840._--Madame Mollien informs me that, as
+the Address is now voted, men's minds are beginning to turn to the
+ceremony of the Remains, as the people of Paris call it. The expenses
+of the ceremony will amount to a million; thousands of workmen are
+busy day and night with preparations, and thousands of loafers spend
+their time looking on until nightfall. What foolishness all this
+comedy is, coming at such a time and in such circumstances! I think
+that the rock of St. Helena would have been a more fitting sepulchre,
+and perhaps a safer resting-place, than Paris, with its storms and
+revolutions.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 10, 1840._--M. Raullin writes to say that the
+Stock Exchange gambling was discussed at the session of the Chamber,
+and M. Thiers actually wept. He also says that the hatred and acrimony
+which embroil all these people is quite unparalleled, and that it is
+impossible to talk with any one unless you share their particular form
+of madness. Thiers wished to fight a duel with M. de Givr�, which was
+prevented by R�musat. M. Jaubert is also slightly infected by the
+disease. Madame Dosne is in bed, a result of the effects of the last
+session of the Chamber at which she was present. The revelations made
+upon the subject of the Stock Exchange gambling have overwhelmed her.
+
+M. de Saint-Aulaire writes from Vienna saying that he is going to
+stand for election to the French Academy; he displays great disgust
+with public affairs, and there is every probability that this feeling
+will become general.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 13, 1840._--Yesterday, as my solitude was more
+complete than usual, I returned, as I constantly do, to my
+recollections of the past. It occurred to me to write a few lines upon
+certain mental characteristics of M. de Talleyrand, as follows:
+
+His mind was strong, but his conscience was weak, for it needed
+enlightenment. The age in which he lived, his education, and the
+position into which he was forced were all incompatible with that
+reflection which can illuminate the soul. His natural want of
+sensitiveness also disinclined him for the serious work of
+self-examination and left him in darkness. Thus his unusual mental
+powers were entirely devoted to political interests. He was swept away
+by the terrible movement of his age, and threw the whole of his
+energies into it. If stress was required his energy was great; he
+could live without repose and rest, and deprived others of it as well
+as himself, but when he had attained his object he would relapse into
+a lengthy indifference, upon which he cleverly prevented any
+encroachment. He could be idle so gracefully that no one could disturb
+him without self-reproach, but he had a keen and accurate eye for a
+situation and a penetrating perception of its possibilities, while his
+mind was tempered with excellent common sense. When he took action he
+worked but slowly at first, but with rapidity and precipitation as the
+crisis approached. The attitude of carelessness, which he abandoned as
+little as possible, was most disastrous to him in private life, for he
+carried it to excess. His door was always open, his rooms were
+constantly invaded, while his indifference to the reliability and
+moral worth of the men who made their way to him was deplorable. At
+the same time he saw everything through his half-closed eyes, but he
+took little trouble to judge men, and even less to avoid those of whom
+he thought least. In conversation, if he felt no need of opposition,
+he allowed people to talk or act as they would, but if he felt himself
+attacked he was immediately aroused, and the answer was a crushing
+blow; he overthrew his opponent on the spot, though he never retained
+any bitterness of feeling for him. He speedily relapsed into his
+indifference, and as easily forgot an impropriety as he sincerely
+pardoned an insult. In any case, he was rarely called upon to defend
+himself. His dignity was natural and simple, so well protected by his
+reputation, his great past, and by the apparent indolence which was
+known to be only a mask, that I have rarely seen even the worst
+characters venture to show their true nature with him. I have often
+heard him say with real satisfaction: "I was a Minister under the
+Directory; all the hobnailed boots of the Revolution have tramped
+through my room, but no one ever ventured upon familiarity with me."
+He spoke the truth; even his nearest and dearest addressed him only
+with respectful deference. I am, moreover, convinced that his
+overpowering dignity was supported by a natural characteristic which
+could be felt even beneath his indolence. This was a cool courage and
+presence of mind, a bold temperament and instinctive bravery which
+inspires an irresistible taste for danger in any form, which makes
+risk attractive and hazard delightful. Beneath the nobility of his
+features, the slowness of his movements, and his luxurious habits
+there was a depth of audacious boldness which sometimes peeped out,
+revealed a wholly different order of capacities, and made him by
+force of contrast one of the most original and most attractive
+characters.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 14, 1840._--Among the letters which I received
+yesterday I had one from Berlin from M. Bresson, who says: "Frankfort
+is by no means a misfortune for Herr von B�low; he has long desired it
+for private reasons; the post ranks as at least equal to that of
+London. The strange outcome of Eastern events has restored the credit
+of those responsible for the negotiations. The men who made the
+loudest outcry against B�low are to-day warmest in his praises. We are
+so indulgent to those who show daring that I am myself inclined to
+regard them as correct. Humboldt has no political influence over the
+King of Prussia; no one has any as yet, and it is impossible to say
+exactly at present what attitude he will adopt. Some recent
+nominations of members of the Pietists have slightly damaged his
+popularity; his liking for them is not shared by the country. Lord
+William Russell extends the area of his amusements more and more; he
+is now divided between three ladies, one of whom attracts him with
+some frequency to Mecklenburg. Prince Wittgenstein no longer takes any
+share in public business; he has had several attacks and will not live
+long. I need not tell you what I felt concerning the discussion upon
+the Address; existing conditions make life abroad most unpleasant. Is
+it true that Flahaut is going to Vienna to replace Saint-Aulaire? If
+so, I shall certainly be left here. The wind of favour does not blow
+in my direction. A certain street and house very well known to you are
+not so well disposed to me as they were." This last passage alludes to
+Talleyrand's residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin, where Madame de
+Lieven now lives.
+
+I am informed of the death of the young Marie de La Rochefoucauld,
+daughter of Sosth�ne and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de
+Montmorency. This poor woman has survived her contemporaries, her
+children, and her grandchildren. Heaven has severely tried the high
+courage and profound faith with which she is endowed.
+
+I am also informed that at the much-talked-of ceremony of the Remains
+the Queen and the Princesses will be in mourning as for Louis XVIII.
+It seems that everybody is mad; the newspapers only speak of the
+funeral, or rather of the triumphal procession and of the religious
+honours which will everywhere be paid to the remains of Napoleon.
+After all, Napoleon, twice in forty years, will have performed the
+same service for the French. He will have reconciled them to religion,
+for it seems that it is quite curious to see the crowds upon their
+knees surrounding the clergy who bless these remains. Curious, too, is
+the general wish that their hero should have the benediction of the
+Church. Strange are the people who accept order personified in the
+midst of actual anarchy for the sake of a revolutionary idea, for it
+seems clear to me that there is no other motive for all these honours,
+which are paid, not to the legislator, but to the usurper and to the
+conqueror.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 15, 1840._--Yesterday I had some news from
+Madame de Lieven, the chief points of which I will copy: "Egypt is now
+done for. Napier was rather violent, contrary to his instructions, but
+at the same time he has succeeded. Napier wished to show his learning,
+and is asking the Pasha to restore the reign of the Ptolemys, a
+strange position for a vassal, but there it is. At Constantinople the
+principle of hereditary succession will be recognised for his family,
+and he will afterwards surrender the fleet. At London delight is great
+and Lord Palmerston cannot contain himself. Relations between the two
+countries remain very strained; it is not war, but cannot be called
+peace. The discussion upon the Address has been forgotten in view of
+the funeral of Napoleon; this will be a superb ceremony, and I hope it
+will be nothing else.
+
+"Queen Christina has gone, after making a conquest of your King. She
+will go to Rome, but not to Naples, where her daughter has not been
+recognised. The whole of Russian female society is here; five of the
+palace ladies are at Paris and only four left at St. Petersburg. The
+ambassadors have declared that they will not be present at the
+funeral. Most of them have adopted this idea independently, but Lord
+Granville asked for instructions; after some hesitation he was told
+to do as the others did. The confinement of the Queen of England was
+perfectly easy."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 17, 1840._--We have not yet heard how the
+funeral passed off at Paris the day before yesterday. Some uneasiness
+prevailed. The Duchesse de Montmorency told me: "There is an idea of
+attacking the English Embassy and wrecking the house. Some soldiers
+have been placed within the residence and Lady Granville has moved. It
+is estimated that eight hundred thousand people will be on foot. My
+children went to the Pecq, and thought that everything was very well
+conducted; there was a general silence when the boat came in, and all
+heads were bared. General Bertrand was on the right of the coffin,
+General Gourgaud on the left, M. de Chabot before it, and the Prince
+of Joinville went to and fro giving orders and had all the decorations
+removed which were not religious. The priests were there with
+surplices and many candles, and there was nothing worldly or
+mythological."
+
+The newspapers speak of great excitement. I shall be delighted when
+the evening post tells us how it has all gone off. I have written to
+secure my grandson Boson a view of the ceremony. Foolish, incoherent,
+contradictory, and ridiculous as it may be, still the solemn arrival
+of the coffin brought back from St. Helena will be very imposing, and
+he will be glad one day to have seen it. Unfortunately at his age he
+will be merely impressed, and will be unable to draw any of the
+strange conclusions which the sight should inspire--the complete
+forgetfulness of the oppression and the universal maledictions with
+which Europe resounded twenty-six years ago; to-day nothing remains
+but the recollections of Napoleon's victories, which make his memory
+so popular. Paris, proclaiming her eager love of liberty, and France,
+humiliated before the foreigner, are doing their utmost to honour the
+man who did most to reduce them to servitude and was the most terrible
+of conquerors.
+
+In the newspapers we have read a description of the decorations in the
+Champs Elys�es, with the row of kings and great men. The great Cond�
+at least should not have found a place among them. Cond� offering a
+crown to his grandson's assassin! What I think should be fine is the
+hearse. I like the idea of Napoleon brought back to France on a
+buckler....
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 18, 1840._--Yesterday we awaited the post most
+anxiously, and by some fatality the box was broken and we had to go to
+bed without letters. Fortunately my son Dino, who had been at Tours,
+brought back a copy of a telegram received by the Prefect which said
+that everything went off very well, apart from a small demonstration
+by some fifty men in blouses, who tried to break through the lines in
+the Place Louis XV., but were driven back.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 19, 1840._--At last our letters have come.
+Madame Mollien, who was at the Church of the Invalides in the King's
+suite, says: "This ceremony was just as unpopular in the position
+where I was placed as it was popular in the streets of Paris. For
+every reason people are delighted that yesterday is over. Before
+entering the church we met in a kind of room, or rather chapel without
+an altar, which had already been used for the same purpose at the
+funeral of the victims of Fieschi. The royal family, the Chancellor,
+the Ministers, the Households, and even the tutors, waited together
+for two hours. The time was chiefly spent in speculation upon the
+progress of the procession and in attempts to derive some heat from
+two enormous fireplaces that had been hastily constructed and avoid
+the volumes of smoke which they belched into the room. Recollections
+of the Emperor were conspicuous by their absence; people talked of any
+subject except that. The Chancellor[146] was noticeable for his
+cheerfulness and his comical outbursts against the smoke. The Queen
+was feverish, but nothing could prevent her from accompanying the
+King, and she went home from the Invalides really ill. I can tell you
+nothing of the scene within the church. I was so shut in on my stand
+that I saw nothing, and could hardly hear the beautiful mass by
+Mozart, divinely sung."
+
+  [146] The Duc Pasquier.
+
+The following is another account: "The hearse, in my opinion, was
+really admirable; nothing could be more magnificent and imposing; the
+departmental standards borne by subalterns made an excellent effect,
+and the trumpets playing a simple funeral march in unison impressed me
+deeply. I liked, too, the five hundred sailors from _La Belle Poule_,
+whose austere appearance contrasted with the general splendour; but a
+ridiculous effect was produced by the old costumes of the Empire,
+which looked as though they had been brought out from Franconi's. The
+progress of the hearse was not followed sufficiently closely by the
+crowd, so that the people rushed along in too noisy a fashion. There
+were some unpleasant shouts of 'Down with Guizot!' 'Death to the men
+of Ghent!' Some red flags were also seen, and the _Marseillaise_ was
+heard once or twice, but these attempts were immediately checked. The
+Prince de Joinville has grown brown and thin, but he is handsome and
+looked very well. He was warmly welcomed throughout the procession
+yesterday."
+
+The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra saw the procession pass from Madame de
+Flahaut's house, who had invited the old ladies who had figured under
+the Empire, the wife of Marshal Ney, the Duchesse de Rovigo, &c., with
+a number of modern society figures or strangers. The eighty thousand
+troops are said to have given the ceremony the aspect of a review
+rather than of a funeral. The Marshal's wife reasonably disliked the
+attitude of the people, which was neither religious nor impressive nor
+respectful.
+
+I have also a letter from M. Royer Collard, who says nothing about the
+ceremony, at which he was not present; but in answer to a statement of
+mine, expressing my astonishment at his silence concerning Berryer's
+speech, he says: "If I were to give you my plain opinion of the
+protagonists in the debate upon the Address, I should be tempted to
+use very violent language. M. Berryer is supporting the cause of good
+by evil methods, an imaginary good by what is certainly wrong, and the
+cause of order by means of confusion. He has the outward graces of an
+orator, but not the essential points. He makes no impression upon
+men's minds, and nothing will be left to him but his name. You ask my
+opinion of M. de Tocqueville. He has a fund of honest motives which is
+not adequate for his purposes, and which he imprudently expends, but
+some remnants of which will always be left to him. I am afraid that in
+his anxiety to succeed he will wander into impossible paths by an
+attempt to reconcile irreconcilable elements. He extends both hands
+simultaneously, the right hand in welcome to the left, and the left
+hand to ourselves, and regrets that he has not a third hand behind him
+which he could offer unseen. He proposes to present himself for
+election to the French Academy in place of M. de Bonald. My first vote
+is promised to Ballanche, but he will have my second. His
+opponents--for there is an opposition--say that his literary success
+has already brought him into the Institute, the Chamber, and will give
+him an armchair at Barrot's house, and that he can therefore wait."
+Our hermit of the Rue d'Enfer displays a considerable spice of
+malignity beneath his excellent qualities. The notion of a third hand
+is very persuasive, a capital metaphor, in my opinion.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 20, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles also sends me a
+small account of the funeral, and says that the crowd of onlookers
+watched the procession going by almost as if it were that of the
+Boeuf-Gras, and that the people in the church were entirely absorbed
+by the question of the cold and the business of wrapping themselves
+up; that the service was confused and that the social spectacle was
+the main point in everybody's mind. The obvious inference seems to me
+to be that there are no more Bonapartists in France. The fact is that
+there is nothing in this country except newspaper articles.
+
+My son-in-law is told that a proposal is to be brought forward in the
+Chamber to efface the figure of Henry IV. from the star of the Legion
+of Honour and to replace it by the effigy of Napoleon. As a matter of
+fact there will be nothing more extraordinary in destroying the image
+of one's ancestor than in staining one's coat of arms.[147]
+
+  [147] An allusion to the deed to which Louis-Philippe placed his
+  signature in February 1831, the day after the Archbishop's
+  residence was destroyed and Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois was
+  plundered. M. Laffitte, who was too inclined to consider
+  resistance to sedition impossible, induced the Sovereign to
+  publish the following decree: "In future the State seal will
+  represent an open book, bearing these words, 'Charter of 1830,'
+  surmounted by a closed crown with a sceptre and a hand of justice
+  in saltire, and tricolour flags behind the escutcheon, with
+  inscription, 'Louis-Philippe, King of the French.'" Thus it was
+  that the lilies disappeared which had hitherto been represented
+  upon the State seal throughout the realm.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 23, 1840._--I have a letter from M. de Salvandy,
+of which the following are the essential points: "A note has arrived
+from Lord Palmerston stating that Napier's convention has been
+ratified, and guaranteeing the fact in the name of England.
+
+"M. Thiers will be president of the Commission concerning the
+fortifications, and will report their proceedings to the Chamber; thus
+he will have the Cabinet on the stool of repentance and be able to
+keep the Chamber in check. It thus appears that M. Thiers is by no
+means so weak as was thought, and that M. Guizot's position is by no
+means assured. In this general state of uncertainty anything is
+possible. The credit of the Chamber is shaken by it within, and a
+European disturbance may very well follow. Austria has presented a
+very moderate note upon the question of armaments, but Germany will
+not disarm."
+
+M. de Salvandy says the same as my other correspondents with regard to
+the funeral. He complains that there was too much gold, which was to
+be seen in every possible position. Apparently those who arranged the
+ceremony thought that it was the best means of representing glory. He
+also said that nothing could be less religious than the religious
+ceremony. This is natural when one has an archbishop who cannot walk
+or pray or use incense. I notice in the _Moniteur_ a phrase which is
+quite admirable: "The _De Profundis_ was sung by Duprez and the prayer
+by the Archbishop."
+
+M. de Salvandy says that during the ceremony M. Thiers was remarkably
+hopeful at the outset, very angry at the conclusion, and preoccupied
+throughout; apparently he had set his hopes upon a day which, thank
+heaven, has been a failure. Even in the church he attempted to begin a
+discussion with M. Mol� concerning Napoleon's thoughts and chances
+during the Hundred Days.
+
+Now I have an extract from a letter sent by Frau von Wolff from
+Berlin: "Hitherto nothing has disturbed the perfect harmony between
+the Sovereign and his people; on political questions there is
+practically no difference of opinion among them, so we are almost all
+orthodox in this respect; but religious opinions are strongly divided,
+and from this point of view the first steps of the King are watched
+with some anxiety. It is to be hoped that the King will never
+sacrifice true merit to sectarian prejudice. With regard to the new
+nobility which the King has just created, it will be difficult for me
+to give you a precise explanation, for the institution seems to be
+still somewhat vague. The King hopes to obviate the inconvenience of a
+poor nobility--and the Prussian nobility is usually poor--by
+introducing new titles and attaching them to territorial estates, so
+that the title will pass only to those children or descendants who
+inherit land, and will become extinct if the succession leaves the
+family. This idea has not been greatly appreciated so far. People fear
+possible complications and entanglements and it is thought that the
+institution will hardly survive, as it is not in harmony with Germanic
+custom."
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 27, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me that M.
+de Tocqueville has withdrawn his candidature for the Academy. The Duc
+has just been to dinner with M. Pasquier, where he met Mgr. Affre; he
+speaks of him as a regular peasant; even the enemies of Mgr. de Qu�len
+noticed the difference at the ceremony in the Invalides. It was Mgr.
+de Qu�len who officiated for the victims of Fieschi. Mgr. Affre is an
+appropriate prelate for this wretched age, which is so devoid of
+dignity wherever it is looked for.
+
+
+_Rochecotte, December 30, 1840._--I hear from Paris that a despatch in
+a mild and friendly tone has arrived from Russia for communication to
+the Government, saying that the isolation of France is regarded with
+regret and that there is a readiness to begin the usual measures for
+bringing France into the train of negotiations since a Conservative
+Ministry has been re-established at Paris. The despatch was read to M.
+Guizot and then to the King. Can it betoken a desire for a closer
+union? I hardly think so, but I do think that there is a general wish
+to avoid war in Russia as well as elsewhere; that there is a wish to
+calm the feelings of France and induce her to disarm, and that
+disarmament may follow elsewhere, for these general armaments are the
+ruin of Europe.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+I
+
+_Message from President Jackson of the United States_
+
+Since the last session of the Congress the validity of our claims upon
+France, as arranged by the treaty of 1831, has been recognised by both
+branches of the Legislature, and the money has been voted for their
+satisfaction, but I regret to be obliged to inform you that payment
+has not yet been made.
+
+A short summary of the most important incidents in this lengthy
+controversy will show how far the motives, by which attempts are made
+to justify this delay, are absolutely indefensible.
+
+When I took office I found the United States applying in vain to the
+justice of France for the satisfaction of claims the validity of which
+has never been doubted, and has now been admitted by France herself in
+the most solemn manner. The long-standing nature of these claims,
+their entire justice, and the aggravating circumstances from which
+they sprang, are too well known to the American people for a further
+description of them to be necessary. It is enough to say that for a
+period of ten years and more, with the exception of a few intervals,
+our commerce has been the object of constant aggression on the part of
+France, which usually took the form of condemning ships and cargo in
+virtue of arbitrary decrees, contravening both international law and
+the stipulations of the treaties, while ships were burnt on the high
+seas, and seizures and confiscations took place under special Imperial
+rescripts in the harbours of other nations then in French occupation
+or under French control.
+
+Such, as is admitted, has been the nature of our grievances,
+grievances in many cases so flagrant that even the authors of them
+never denied our right to satisfaction. Some idea of the extent of our
+losses may be gained by considering the fact that the burning of
+vessels at sea and the seizure and sacrifice in forced sales of
+American property, apart from awards to privateers before condemnation
+was pronounced, or without such formality, have brought the French
+Treasury a sum of twenty-four millions of francs, apart from
+considerable customs dues.
+
+For twenty years this business has been the subject of negotiations,
+which were interrupted only during the short period when France was
+overwhelmed by the united forces of Europe. During this period, when
+other nations were extorting their claims at the bayonet's point, the
+United States suspended their demands in consideration of the
+disasters that had overpowered the brave people to whom they felt
+themselves bound, and in consideration of the brotherly help which
+they had received from France in their own times of suffering and
+danger. The effect of this prolonged and fruitless discussion,
+disastrous both to our relations with France and to our national
+character, was obvious, and my own course of duty was perfectly clear
+to me. I was bound either to insist upon the satisfaction of our
+claims within a reasonable period or to abandon them entirely. I could
+not doubt that this course was most conformable to the interests and
+honour of the two countries.
+
+Instructions were therefore given from this point of view to the
+Minister who was once more sent to demand satisfaction. When Congress
+met on October 10, 1829, I considered it my duty to refer to these
+claims and to the dilatory attitude of France, in terms sufficiently
+strong to draw the serious attention of both countries to the matter.
+The French Minister then in power took offence at the message, under
+the idea that it contained a threat, upon which basis the French
+Government did not care to negotiate. The American Minister refuted
+the interpretation which the French authorities attempted to place
+upon the message, and reminded the French Minister that the
+President's message was a communication addressed not to foreign
+governments, but to the Congress of the United States, and that in
+this message it was his duty under the Constitution to provide this
+body with information upon the state of the Union with reference both
+to foreign as well as to domestic affairs. That if, again, in the
+performance of this task he deemed it his duty to call the attention
+of the Congress to the consequences which might result from strained
+relations with another Government, one might reasonably suppose that
+he acted under a sense of duty in thus frankly communicating with
+another branch of his own Government, and not that he acted with the
+object of threatening a foreign Power. The French Government was
+satisfied and negotiations were continued. These were concluded by the
+treaty of July 4, 1831, which partially recognised the justice of our
+claims, and promised payment to the amount of twenty-five millions of
+francs in six annual instalments. The ratifications of the treaty were
+exchanged at Washington on February 2, 1832. Five days later the
+treaty was presented to Congress, which immediately passed the Acts
+necessary to secure to France the commercial advantages conceded to
+her by the arrangement. The treaty had been previously ratified with
+full solemnity by the King of France, in terms which are certainly no
+mere formality: "We, regarding the above convention as satisfactory in
+all and each of the conclusions which it contains, declare, both for
+ourselves and for our heirs and successors, that it is accepted,
+approved, ratified, and confirmed, and by these presents, signed with
+our hand, we do accept, approve, ratify, and confirm it, promising
+upon our faith and word as King to observe and to secure its
+observance inviolably without contravention at any time and without
+permitting direct or indirect contravention for any reason or pretext
+whatsoever." The official announcement that ratifications had been
+exchanged with the United States reached Paris while the Chambers were
+in session. The extraordinary delays prejudicial to ourselves by the
+introduction of which the French Government have prevented the
+execution of the treaty, have already been explained to Congress. It
+is sufficient to point out that the session then opened was allowed to
+pass without any effort being made to obtain the necessary funds; that
+the two following sessions also went by without any action resembling
+a serious effort to secure a decision upon the question; and that not
+until the fourth session, nearly four years after the conclusion of
+the treaty, and more than two years after the exchange of
+ratifications, was the law referring to the execution of the treaty
+put to the vote and rejected.
+
+Meanwhile the United States Government, in full confidence that the
+treaty concluded would be executed in good faith, and with equal
+confidence that measures would be taken to secure payment of the first
+instalment, which was to fall due on February 2, 1833, negotiated a
+bill for the amount through the Bank of the United States. When this
+bill was presented by bearer the French Government allowed it to be
+protested. Apart from the loss incurred by non-payment, the United
+States had to meet the claims of the bank, which asserted infringement
+of its interests, in satisfaction of which this institution seized and
+still holds a corresponding amount from the State revenues.
+
+Congress was in session when the decision of the Chambers was
+communicated to Washington, and an immediate announcement of this
+decision on the part of France was a step which was naturally expected
+from the President. The profound discontent shown by public opinion
+and the similar excitement which prevailed in the Congress, made it
+more than probable that a recourse to immediate measures for securing
+redress would be the consequence of any appeal made upon this question
+to Congress itself.
+
+With a sincere desire to preserve the peaceful relations which have so
+long existed between the two countries, I wished to avoid this step if
+I could be convinced that in thus acting, neither the interests nor
+the honour of my country would be compromised. Without the most
+complete assurance upon this point I could not hope to discharge the
+responsibility which I assumed in allowing the Congress to adjourn
+without giving it an account of the affair. These conditions seemed to
+be satisfied by the assurances which were given to me.
+
+The French Government had foreseen that the feeling in the United
+States aroused by this second rejection of the credit vote would be as
+I have described it, and prompt measures had been taken by the French
+Government to anticipate the consequences. The King personally
+expressed through our Minister at Paris his profound regret for the
+decision of the Chambers and promised to send a ship of war with
+despatches to his Minister here, forthwith authorising him to give
+every assurance to the government and the people of the United States
+that the treaty would be in any case faithfully performed by France.
+The warship arrived and the Minister received his instructions.
+Professing to act in virtue of these instructions he gave the most
+solemn assurances that immediately after the new elections, and as
+soon as ever the Chamber would allow, the French Chambers would be
+convoked and that the attempt to obtain the necessary credit would be
+renewed; that all the constitutional power of the King and his
+Ministers would be exerted to secure this object. It was understood
+that he pledged himself to this end, and this Government expressly
+informed him that the question ought to be decided at a date
+sufficiently near to enable Congress to learn the result at the
+commencement of the session.
+
+Relying upon these assurances, I undertook the responsibility of
+allowing Congress to separate without offering any communication upon
+the matter.
+
+Our expectations, reasonably based upon promises so solemnly given,
+were not realised. The French Chambers met on July 31, 1834, and
+though our Minister at Paris urged the French Ministers to lay the
+matter before the Chambers, they refused. He then insisted that if the
+Chambers had been prorogued without coming to any conclusion in the
+matter, they should be again convoked in time to enable their decision
+to be known at Washington before the meeting of Congress. This
+reasonable demand was not only refused, but the Chambers were
+prorogued until December 29, a date so remote that their decision in
+all probability could not have been obtained in time to reach
+Washington before the Congress was forced to adjourn by the terms of
+the Constitution. The reasons given by the Ministry for their refusal
+to convoke the Chambers at a nearer date were afterwards shown to have
+been by no means insurmountable, for the Chambers were convoked on
+December 1 for the special purpose of considering home affairs, though
+this fact did not become known to our Government until after the last
+session of the Congress. As our reasonable expectations were thus
+deceived, it was my imperative duty to consult Congress as to the
+advisability of reprisals, in case the stipulations of the treaty were
+not promptly carried out. For this purpose a communication was
+indispensable. It would have been unworthy of us in the course of this
+communication to refrain from an explanation of all the facts
+necessary for an exact comprehension of the affair, or to shrink from
+truth for fear of offending others. On the other hand, to have gone a
+step further with the object of wounding the pride of a government and
+a people with whom we have so many reasons to cultivate friendly
+relations to our mutual advantage would have been both imprudent and
+disastrous.
+
+As past events had warned us of the difficulty of drawing up the most
+simple statement of our grievances without wounding the feelings of
+those who had become responsible for redressing them, I did my best to
+prevent any interpretation of the message containing the
+recommendations placed before Congress as a threat to France. I
+disavowed any such design and further declared that the pride and the
+power of France were so well known that no one would expect to extort
+satisfaction by fear. The message did not reach Paris until more than
+a month after the Chambers had met, and to such an extent did the
+Ministry disregard our legitimate claims, that our Minister was
+informed that the matter would not be made a Cabinet question when it
+had been brought forward.
+
+Although the message was not officially communicated to the Government
+and although it contained definite declarations that no menace was
+intended, the French Ministers determined to regard the conditional
+proposal of reprisals as a threat and as an insult, which the national
+honour made it their duty to reject.
+
+The measures by which they proceeded to show their resentment of this
+supposed insult were the immediate recall of their Minister from
+Washington, the offer of passports to the American Minister at Paris,
+and a declaration in the legislative Chambers that diplomatic
+relations with the United States Government were suspended.
+
+After they had thus avenged the dignity of France, they proceeded to
+show their justice. For this purpose a law was immediately presented
+to the Chamber of Deputies asking for the funds necessary to perform
+the terms of the treaty. As this proposal afterwards became a law, the
+terms of which are now one of the chief subjects of discussion between
+the two nations, I am bound to retrace the history of this law.
+
+The Financial Minister in his explanation alluded to the measures
+which had been taken in answer to the supposed insult, and represented
+the performance of the treaty as imperative upon the honour and
+justice of France. As the mouthpiece of the Ministry he declared that
+the message, until it had received the sanction of Congress, was
+merely the simple expression of the President's personal opinion. On
+the other hand he declared that France had entered into engagements
+which were binding upon her honour. In accordance with this point of
+view, the only condition upon which the French Ministry proposed to
+consider the payment of the money was to defer this payment until it
+was certain that the United States Government had done nothing which
+could injure the interests of France, or, in other terms, that
+Congress had not authorised any measure hostile to France.
+
+At this moment the French Cabinet could not have known what was the
+attitude or the decision of Congress, but on January 14 the Senate
+decided that there was no reason for the moment to take any
+legislative measures with reference to the business proceeding between
+the United States and France, and no decision upon the subject was
+made in the Representative Chamber. These facts were known at Paris
+before March 28, 1835, when the Commission which had been considering
+the bill of indemnity presented its report to the Chamber of Deputies.
+This Commission repeated the opinions of the Ministry, declared that
+the Congress had put aside the proposals of the President, and
+proposed the adoption of the law with no other restriction than that
+originally stated. The French Ministry and the Chambers thus knew that
+if the position they had adopted, and which had been so frequently
+stated to be incompatible with the honour of France, was maintained,
+and if the law was adopted in its original form, the money would be
+paid and this unfortunate discussion would come to an end. But this
+flattering hope was soon destroyed by an amendment introduced into the
+law at the moment of its adoption, providing that the money should not
+be paid until the Government had received satisfactory explanations
+concerning the President's message of December 2, 1834. What is still
+more remarkable, the President of the Council[148] adopted this
+amendment and consented to its insertion in the law. As for the
+pretended insult which had induced them to recall their Minister and
+send our Minister his passports, not until then did they propose to
+ask for an explanation of this incident. The proposals and opinions
+which they had declared could not reasonably be imputed to the
+American people or government were put forward as obstacles to the
+accomplishment of an act of justice towards this government and
+people. They had declared that the honour of France required the
+performance of an undertaking into which the King had entered unless
+Congress adopted the proposals of the message. They were certain that
+Congress had not adopted them and none the less they refused to
+perform the terms of the treaty until they had obtained from the
+President an explanation of an opinion which they had themselves
+characterised as personal and ineffectual. The supposition that I had
+intended to threaten or to insult the French Government is as
+unfounded as any attempt to extort from the fears of that nation that
+which its feelings of justice would have made it refuse, would have
+been foolish and ridiculous; but the Constitution of the United States
+obliges the President to explain to Congress the situation of the
+country and the American people cannot admit the intervention of any
+Government whatever upon earth in the free performance of the domestic
+duties which the Constitution has imposed upon its public officials.
+The discussions proceeding between the different branches of our
+Government concern ourselves alone, and our representatives are
+responsible for any words which they may utter only to their own
+constituents and to their fellows in office. If, in the course of
+these discussions, facts have been inaccurately stated, or wrong
+inferences have been drawn from them, correction will necessarily
+follow when the mistakes are perceived, from their love of justice and
+their sense of self-respect; but they will never submit to be
+questioned upon that matter as a right by any foreign Power. When
+these discussions lead to action, then our responsibility to foreign
+Powers begins, but it is then a national and not an individual
+responsibility. The principle upon which a demand is issued for an
+explanation of the terms of my message would also justify the claim of
+any foreign Power to demand an explanation of the terms employed in a
+committee report or in the speech of a member of Congress.
+
+  [148] At that time the Duc de Broglie.
+
+It is not the first time that the French Government has taken offence
+at messages from American presidents. President Washington and
+President Adams, in the performance of their duties to the American
+people, encountered ill-feeling on the part of the French Directory.
+The grievance raised by the Minister of Charles X. and removed by the
+explanations offered by our Minister at Paris, has already been
+mentioned when it was known that the Minister of the reigning King
+took offence at my message last year by interpreting it in a sense
+which the very terms of it forbade. Our last Minister at Paris in
+reply to the last note which showed dissatisfaction with the language
+of the message, sent a communication to the French Government under
+date January 28, 1835, which was calculated to remove all the
+impressions that undue susceptibility might have received. This note
+repeated and recalled to the attention of the French Government the
+disavowal contained in the message itself of any intention to use
+intimidation by threats; it declared in all truth that the message did
+not contain either in words or intention any accusation of bad faith
+against the King of the French; it drew a very reasonable distinction
+between the right of complaining in measured terms of the failure to
+perform the terms of the convention, and an imputation that the delay
+in performance was due to evil motives; in short it showed that the
+necessary exercise of this right was not to be regarded as an
+offensive imputation. Although this communication was made by our
+Minister without instructions and entirely upon his own
+responsibility, my approbation has since made it a governmental act
+and this approbation was officially notified to the French Government
+on April 25, 1835. However, it produced no effect. The law was passed
+with the unfortunate amendment, supported by the King's Ministers and
+was definitely approved by the King.
+
+The people of the United States are reasonably inclined to pursue a
+pacific policy in their dealings with foreign nations; the people must
+therefore be informed of the loyalty of their government to this
+policy. In the present case this policy was carried to the furthest
+limits compatible with due self-respect. The note of January 28 was
+not the only communication which our Minister took the responsibility
+of offering upon the same subject and from the same point of view;
+when he found that it was proposed to make the payment of a just debt
+dependent upon the accomplishment of a condition which he knew could
+never be performed, he thought himself bound to make a further attempt
+to convince the French Government that, if our self-respect and our
+regard for the dignity of other nations prevented us from using any
+language which might give offence, at the same time we would never
+recognise the right of any foreign government to require an
+explanation of communications passing between the different branches
+of our public service. To prevent any misunderstanding the Minister
+recalled the language used in a preceding Note and added that any
+explanation which could be reasonably asked or honourably given, had
+already been furnished and that the annexation of this demand to the
+law as a condition, was not only useless but might be regarded as
+offensive and would certainly never be fulfilled.
+
+When this last communication, to which I called the special attention
+of the Congress, was submitted to me, I conceived the hope that its
+obvious intention of securing a prompt and honourable settlement of
+the difficulties between the two nations would have been achieved, and
+I therefore did not hesitate to give it my sanction and my complete
+approbation. So much was due from me to the Minister who had made
+himself responsible for the act. The people of the United States were
+publicly informed of it and I am now communicating it to the people's
+representatives to show how far the Executive power has gone in its
+attempts to restore a good understanding between the two countries. My
+approval would have been communicated to the French Government if an
+official request for it had been received.
+
+As the French Government had thus received all the explanations which
+honour and principle could allow, we hoped that there would be no
+further hesitation in paying the instalments as they fell due. The
+agent authorised to receive the money was instructed to inform the
+French Government of his readiness; by way of reply he was informed
+that the money could not then be paid because the formalities required
+by the act of the Chambers had not been fulfilled.
+
+As I had received no official communication concerning the intentions
+of the French Government, and as I was anxious to conclude this
+disagreeable affair before the meeting of Congress, I instructed our
+Minister at Paris to inquire into the final determination of the
+French Government and if the due payment of the instalment was
+refused, to return to the United States without further explanations.
+
+The results of this last step have not yet reached our knowledge, but
+we expect information daily. I trust that information may be
+favourable. As the different powers in France have recognised the
+justice of our rights and the obligations imposed upon them by the
+treaty of 1831, and as no real cause remains as an excuse for further
+delay, we may hope that France will at length adopt that course of
+procedure demanded no less imperiously by the interests of the two
+nations than by the principles of justice. When once the treaty has
+been carried out by France, few causes of disagreement will remain
+between the two countries, and in short there will be nothing that
+cannot be surmounted by the influence of a pacific and enlightened
+policy and by the influence of that mutual good will and those
+generous recollections which will, we trust, then be revived in all
+their early strength; but in any case, the question of principle which
+has been raised by the new turn given to the discussion is of such
+vital importance to the independent action of the government, that we
+cannot abandon it or make it the subject of a bargain without
+compromising our national honour. I need not say that such a sacrifice
+will never be made by any act of mine. I will never stain the honour
+of my country to relieve myself of my obligation to tell the truth and
+to do my duty; nor can I give any other explanations of my official
+act than those required by honour and justice. This determination, I
+feel sure, will meet with the approbation of my constituents. My
+knowledge of their character is very inadequate if the sum of
+twenty-five millions of francs should outweigh for a moment in their
+eyes any question which affects their national independence; and if
+unfortunately a different impression should prevail they would rally,
+I feel certain, about their chosen Government vigorously and
+unanimously, and silence for ever this degrading imputation.
+
+Having thus frankly submitted to the Congress the further steps which
+have taken place since last session, in this interesting and important
+affair and also the views of the Executive power concerning it, it
+only remains for me to add, that as soon as the information expected
+by our Minister has been received, it will become the subject of a
+special communication.[149]
+
+  [149] From the _Journal des D�bats of January 1, 1836_.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+   _Speech by the_ DUC DE BROGLIE, _President of the Council,
+   Chamber of Deputies in the Session of January 6, 1836, on the
+   subject of Poland_.
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+I do full justice to high ideals and the noble passions with which the
+orator whom you have just heard has been inspired;[150] but I will
+venture to remind him that he has not done full justice to the
+Government and to the Ministry of 1831 in expressing his apparent
+belief that the difficulties of that period prevented our Cabinet from
+showing that interest in the Polish nation which a French Government
+will always feel for Poland.
+
+  [150] M. Odilon Barrot.
+
+At that moment, difficult and dangerous as it was, when the domestic
+circumstances of France were very perplexing, the French Government
+did for the Polish nation all that it was its duty to do. It did more
+than any other nation, and if history ever reveals the diplomatic
+correspondence of the French Government at that time, I venture to
+think that full justice will be done to the illustrious man who was
+then President of the Cabinet.[151]
+
+  [151] M. Casimir Perier.
+
+What was done at that time in the interests of humanity and justice,
+the Government has never ceased to do whenever it thought that its
+intervention could be of any use to the population of Poland.
+
+But in the presence of so enlightened a Chamber as this, it is
+unnecessary to recall the fact that the intervention of a foreign
+Power in the domestic administration of another state must be
+conducted with every care and precaution. There is often a reason to
+fear that such intervention, far from calming irritation and
+exasperation and far from weakening political animosity, may arouse
+these passions to greater power. In a word, such a task can only be
+fulfilled by the constant exercise of care and precaution.
+
+I trust that the Chamber will understand me if I say that the French
+Government has never neglected any opportunity of intervening in the
+interests of humanity, but the Chamber will also understand perhaps
+that this is not the right moment for serving humanity and that it is
+indeed against the wishes of the Chamber to press the Government to
+further efforts in this place. It is to be feared that words actuated
+by generous feeling may indeed produce an effect entirely contrary to
+the sentiments which inspires them and may merely be translated abroad
+into greater ill-feeling. There is a fear, in short, that the cause of
+humanity may be betrayed in the very wish to serve it and without the
+knowledge of those who desire to defend it (General cries of Hear,
+Hear).
+
+On this point I shall say no more. The former speaker has himself
+pointed out the difference that should characterise the observations
+of one who speaks for the Government, and those of an isolated member
+of the Chamber. The Chamber will certainly understand that it is not
+for me to reply severally to the observations which have been laid
+before you, because any answer to these observations will have an
+undue importance as coming from myself.
+
+As to the other branch of the question, the existence of treaties
+which the first speaker has discussed, and to which the second[152]
+has also referred; I will speak upon the matter as shortly as I can.
+As far as I know, absolutely no one in Europe would assert that
+treaties should not be faithfully executed both in their letter and
+their spirit, but in the article of the treaty to which the two
+orators have referred, different principles are enounced; principles
+which are not incompatible, and should indeed be reconciled; on the
+one hand the Independence of Poland, and on the other the Union of
+Poland with Russia. In this article the principle is laid down that
+representation and certain national institutions should exist; but
+execution has been delayed until we know what these institutions are
+to be, and under what form they will be established.
+
+  [152] M. Saint-Marc Girardin.
+
+This article was not drawn up with all the clearness that might have
+been desired. The possibility is thus open that the several Powers who
+signed the treaty of 1815 may interpret it in different senses, and
+emphasise more or less the principles therein enounced. It may be--I
+am only putting a hypothetical case--that the several Powers will not
+agree upon the application of these principles, or upon the nature of
+the action that lies before them. Are we to say that the moment a
+difference of opinion arises, we should immediately have recourse to
+force? The Chamber cannot countenance such an idea. The maintenance of
+relations between the Powers is upon the same footing as the
+maintenance of harmony between the public bodies. The mere fact that
+divergence of opinion is possible is no reason for an appeal to force.
+Discussion, reason, and time will enable the truth to prevail.
+
+Well, gentlemen, I am confident that the Chamber will understand
+without further words from myself upon the question now before it,
+that there are divergences of opinion between the different Powers
+upon certain points. We consider that negotiations, discussion, and
+time will enable the truth to prevail, and we trust that upon this
+point you will agree with us. (Loud applause.)[153]
+
+  [153] From the _Journal des D�bats of January 7, 1836_.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+   _Eulogy upon_ COUNT REINHART, _delivered at the Academy of Moral
+   and Political Science, by the_ PRINCE DE TALLEYRAND, _in the
+   Session of March, 3, 1838_.
+
+GENTLEMEN,
+
+
+I was in America when the kindnes of my friends appointed me a member
+of the Institute, and thus connected me with the study of Moral and
+Political Science, to which society I have had the honour to belong
+since its origin.
+
+On my return to France my first care was to attend the sessions of the
+Institute, and thus to show the members of that time, many of whom we
+have every reason to regret, what pleasure I felt at finding myself
+one of their number. During the first session at which I was present
+the committee was reappointed, and I received the honourable post of
+secretary. The six months' report which I drew up, with all the care
+that I could bring to it, was perhaps of a too deferential character,
+as I was giving an account of work to which I was a complete stranger.
+It was work which doubtless had cost much research and much labour to
+one of our most learned colleagues, and was entitled, "Dissertations
+upon the Riparian Laws." At the same time in our public meetings I
+delivered some lectures which I was then allowed to insert in the
+Memoirs of the Institute. Forty years have elapsed since that date,
+during which this chair has been forbidden to me, first by long
+absences, and also by duties to which I was obliged to devote the
+whole of my time, and I may add by the discretion which times of
+difficulty make incumbent upon a man whose business is political;
+and, finally, by the infirmities which old age usually brings or
+aggravates.
+
+But to-day I feel it necessary--and, indeed, regard it as a duty--to
+appear for the last time in memory of a man known throughout Europe, a
+man who was my friend, and who was our colleague since the formation
+of the Institute. I come forward publicly to testify to our esteem for
+his person and to our regret for his loss. His position and mine
+enable me to reveal several of his special merits. His principal, but
+not his sole title to glory consists in a correspondence extending
+over forty years, necessarily unknown to the public, who will probably
+never hear of it. I asked myself, "Who will speak upon that matter
+within these walls? Who will have any reason to speak of it except
+myself, who have known so much of it, who have been so pleased by it,
+and so often helped by it in the course of the Ministerial duties
+which I have had to perform under three very different reigns?"
+
+Count Reinhart was thirty years of age and I was thirty-seven when I
+first met him. He entered public life with a large stock of
+information; he knew five or six languages, and was familiar with
+their literatures. He could have attained celebrity as a poet or
+historian or geographer, and in this latter capacity he became a
+member of the Institute at the time of its foundation.
+
+At that time he was already a member of the Academy of Science in
+G�ttingen. Born and educated in Germany, he had published in his youth
+certain poems which had attracted the attention of Gessner, Wieland
+and Schiller. At a later date, when his health forced him to take the
+waters of Carlsbad, he was fortunate enough to meet and to know the
+famous Goethe, who so far appreciated his taste and his knowledge as
+to apply to him for information upon any outstanding features in
+French literature. Herr Reinhart promised to keep him informed.
+Undertakings of this nature among men of first-rate intellectual power
+are invariably mutual, and soon become bonds of friendship. The
+intimacy between Count Reinhart and Goethe gave rise to a
+correspondence which is now being printed in Germany.
+
+Having thus reached that time of life when a man must definitely
+choose that career for which he thinks himself best fitted, we shall
+see that Herr Reinhart formed a resolution by no means consistent with
+his character, his tastes, his own position, and that of his family:
+remarkable as the fact was for that age, in preference to the many
+careers in which he could have been independent, he chose one in which
+independence was impossible, and gave his preference to diplomacy. His
+choice was a good one; he was fitted to occupy any post in this
+profession, and filled all posts in succession and all with
+distinction.
+
+I will venture to assert that his early studies had fitted him
+admirably for his profession. His work in theology especially had
+brought him distinction in the seminary of Denkendorf and in the
+Protestant faculty of T�bingen; it had given him a strength and
+dexterity in argument which may be noted in every document from his
+pen. Lest I should seem to be pursuing a paradoxical idea, I may
+recall the fact that several of our great diplomatists were
+theologians, and have all made their mark in history by their conduct
+of the most important political affairs of their age. Cardinal
+Chancellor Duprat was as completely versed in canon law as
+jurisprudence, and fixed, in conjunction with Leo X., the principles
+of the Concordat which in large part survives to-day; Cardinal
+d'Ossat, notwithstanding the opposition of several great Powers,
+succeeded in reconciling Henry IV. with the Court of Rome; his
+surviving correspondence is still recommended for study to those of
+our young men who propose to follow a political career; Cardinal de
+Polignac, a theologian, poet, and diplomatist, after many unhappy
+wars, was able to preserve the conquests of Louis XIV. to France by
+the treaty of Utrecht.
+
+Thus, too, amid theological books collected by his father, afterwards
+Bishop of Gap, was begun the education of M. de Lionne, to whose name
+fresh lustre has recently been added by an important publication.
+
+The names which I have quoted will suffice to justify my idea of the
+influence which I conceive to have been exerted upon Count Reinhart's
+mind by the early studies to which his father's education had directed
+him.
+
+The varied and profound information which he had acquired qualified
+him to perform at Bordeaux the honourable, if modest, duties of tutor
+in a Protestant family in that town. There he naturally began
+relations with several men whose talents, whose mistakes, and whose
+death brought such renown to our first Legislative Assembly. Count
+Reinhart was easily induced by them to enter the service of France.
+
+I feel in no way obliged to follow in detail the many vicissitudes of
+his long career. The numerous posts which were entrusted to him,
+sometimes of importance, at other times of inferior rank, seem to have
+followed in no consecutive order, and, indeed, to denote a want of
+gradation which we could hardly understand at the present time; but in
+that age neither positions nor persons were subject to prejudice. In
+other times favour, and more rarely discrimination, called men to
+eminent positions, but during the time of which I speak, for good or
+for evil, positions were won by force, and such a system naturally
+produced confusion.
+
+Thus we shall see Count Reinhart as First Secretary to the London
+Embassy; in a similar position at Naples; as Plenipotentiary Minister
+to the Hanseatic towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and L�beck; head of the third
+division in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary
+Minister at Florence; Foreign Minister; Plenipotentiary Minister in
+Switzerland; Consul-General at Milan; Plenipotentiary Minister for the
+area of Lower Saxony; Resident in the Turkish provinces beyond the
+Danube, and Chief Commissioner of commercial relations in Moldavia;
+Plenipotentiary Minister to the King of Westphalia; head of the
+chancery in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary
+Minister to the Germanic Diet and to the free town of Frankfort; and,
+finally, Plenipotentiary Minister at Dresden. How many posts, how much
+work, and how many interests were thus confided to the care of one
+man! And this at a time when talent seemed likely to be the less
+appreciated, as war appeared to be the chief arbitrator in every
+difficulty.
+
+You will not expect me, gentlemen, to give you any detailed account
+with dates of the works which Count Reinhart produced in the various
+posts which I have just enumerated; such an account would need a
+volume. I need only speak to you of the manner in which he fulfilled
+his official duties, whether he was Head of a Department, Minister, or
+Consul.
+
+Count Reinhart had not at that time the advantage which he might have
+had a few years later of seeing excellent models for his imitation;
+but he was well aware what high and different capacities should
+distinguish the head of a department of Foreign Affairs. His delicate
+tact showed him that the habits of such a head should be simple,
+regular, and retiring; that, remote from the uproar of the world, he
+should live for business alone, and bring to it an impenetrable
+secrecy; that while always ready to give an answer concerning facts
+and men, he should have constantly present to his memory every treaty,
+know the dates of them, their history, have a correct knowledge of
+their strong points and their weaknesses, their antecedent and
+consequent circumstances; that he should know the names of the chief
+diplomatists and even their family relations; and that while using
+this knowledge, he should be careful not to disturb the penetrating
+self-esteem of the Minister, and that if he should ever induce that
+Minister to share his own opinions, his success should remain
+concealed. He knew that he could only shine by reflection elsewhere,
+but he was also aware that so pure and modest a life would naturally
+command every respect.
+
+Count Reinhart's faculty of observation did not stop at that point. It
+had shown him how unusual is the combination of qualities necessary
+for a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Such a Minister must, in fact, be
+endowed with a kind of instinct which will give him prompt warning and
+prevent him from compromising himself before any discussion begins: he
+must be able to appear frank while remaining impenetrable; must be
+reserved and yet seem careless; must discriminate even in the nature
+of his amusements; his conversation must be simple, varied,
+attractive, always natural, and sometimes open. In a word, he must
+never cease for a single moment in the twenty-four hours of the day to
+be Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+
+At the same time, unusual as these capacities are, they could hardly
+be adequate if loyalty did not give them that support which they
+almost always require. I am bound to mention the fact here in
+opposition to a prejudice generally current. Diplomacy is not a
+science of duplicity and trickery; if good faith is required anywhere,
+it is especially necessary in political transactions, for it alone can
+make them permanent and durable. Attempts have been made to identify
+reserve with duplicity; good faith will never authorise duplicity, but
+it may admit reserve, and reserve has the special faculty of
+increasing confidence.
+
+Dominated by a sense of honour and of his country's interests, by the
+honour and interests of his Sovereign, by the love of liberty founded
+upon a respect for order and uniform justice, a Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, when he is equal to his task, occupies the highest position
+to which any lofty mind could aspire.
+
+Much as is required of a competent Minister, how much more is required
+of a good Consul. The claims upon a Consul are infinitely varied and
+are of a totally different order from those which may affect the other
+officials of a Foreign Office. They require an amount of practical
+experience which can only be acquired by a special education. Within
+the area of their jurisdiction Consuls are required to perform for
+their compatriots the duties of judges, arbitrators, and mediators;
+often they are officers of the Civil State; they act as notaries, and
+sometimes as Admiralty officers; they watch and report upon sanitary
+affairs; their position enables them to give an accurate and complete
+idea of the state of trade, of navigation, and of manufactures in the
+country where they reside. Count Reinhart, who neglected nothing to
+secure the accuracy of that information with which it was his business
+to provide his Government, or the correctness of the decisions which
+as a political agent, as Consul and Admiralty officer, he was obliged
+to give, had made a profound study of international and shipping law.
+This study had induced him to think that a time would come when clever
+combinations would establish a general system of commerce and
+navigation in which the interests of every nation would be respected,
+and the basis of which would be so strong that not even war itself
+could alter the principle of it, though it might interrupt some of its
+results. He was also able to decide certainly and promptly all
+questions of interchange, arbitration, conversion of money, weights
+and measures, while no claims were ever raised in dispute of the
+information which he provided or of the judgments which he delivered.
+It is also true that the personal consideration which he enjoyed
+throughout his career gave much influence to his intervention in any
+matter which he conducted or in any dispute upon which he had to
+pronounce.
+
+Wide as a man's knowledge may be and vast as his capacity, the
+complete diplomatist is but very rarely met with. Yet Count Reinhart
+might have attained this distinction if he had had one additional
+capacity. The clearness of his view and intelligence was admirable; he
+could write an excellent account of anything that he had seen or
+heard; his style was resourceful, easy, clever, and attractive. Of all
+the diplomatic correspondence of that age, the Emperor Napoleon, who
+had every right to be fastidious, showed a preference for the
+despatches of Count Reinhart; but admirably as he wrote, he could only
+express himself with difficulty. For action his intelligence required
+more time than conversation could provide, and for the easy
+reproduction of his mental speech he was obliged to work alone and
+unaided. Notwithstanding this real inconvenience, Count Reinhart
+always succeeded in performing his commissions thoroughly well. Whence
+did he derive the inspiration which enabled him to succeed?
+
+The source of his power, gentlemen, was a real and profound belief
+which governed all his actions, the sense of duty. The strength of
+this belief is not often entirely realised. A life entirely devoted to
+duty is easily separated from ambition. Count Reinhart's life was
+given up to the duties which he had to perform, nor was there in him
+any trace of personal ambition or any claim to rapid promotion. The
+religion of duty to which Count Reinhart was faithful all his life,
+consists in perfect submission to the orders and instructions of
+superiors; in constant vigilance added to much perspicacity, which
+never leaves those superiors ignorant of what they ought to know; in a
+strict adherence to truth in every official report, whether agreeable
+or unpleasant; in an impenetrable discretion and a regularity of life
+which secure confidence and esteem; in decorum of outward conduct and
+in continual care to give the acts of his Government that colouring
+and that interpretation demanded by the interest of the affairs under
+his charge.
+
+Though advancing age had warned Count Reinhart that it was time for
+rest, he would never have asked to be relieved, fearing that he might
+seem to show coldness in his pursuit of a career which had been
+life-long. The royal kindness, with its invariable attention,
+considered his necessities and gave this great servant of France a
+most honourable post, by calling him to the Chamber of Peers. Count
+Reinhart did not long enjoy this honour and died almost suddenly on
+December 5, 1837. He was twice married, and had a son by his first
+wife, who is now pursuing a political career. The best wish that we
+can offer the son is that he may resemble his father as nearly as
+possible.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+   _Memorandum addressed by_ LORD PALMERSTON _to the French
+     Government and handed to_ M. THIERS _by_ Mr. B�LWER _at the
+     beginning of September 1840_.
+
+    FOREIGN OFFICE, _August 31, 1840._
+
+SIR,
+
+Various reasons have prevented me from sending you earlier and
+transmitting through you to the French Government certain observations
+which Her Majesty's Government desire to make upon the Memorandum
+which was handed to me on July 24 by the French Ambassador to this
+Court, in reply to the Memorandum which I had handed to His Excellency
+on the 17th of that month; but I am now able to fulfil this task.
+
+Her Majesty's Government observes with great satisfaction the friendly
+tone of the French Memorandum and its assurances of keen desire to
+maintain peace and the balance of power in Europe. The Memorandum of
+July 17 was conceived in a spirit no less friendly towards France, and
+Her Majesty's Government is equally anxious that France should be able
+to keep peace in Europe and prevent the smallest disturbance of that
+equilibrium which now exists between the Powers.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has been equally delighted to see the
+declarations contained in the French Memorandum stating that France
+wishes to act in concert with the other four Powers with reference to
+the affairs in the Levant.
+
+On this point the sentiments of Her Majesty's Government correspond in
+every respect with those of the French Government: for, in the first
+place, throughout the negotiations which have proceeded upon this
+question for more than twelve months, the British Government has
+constantly been anxious that a concert of the five Powers should be
+established, and that all five should agree to a common line of
+action; Her Majesty's Government though not bound to defer, as proof
+of this desire, to the other proposals which have been made from time
+to time to the French Government, and to which reference has been made
+in the French Memorandum, can unhesitatingly declare that no European
+Power can be less influenced than Great Britain by private views or by
+any desire and hope of exclusive advantage which might arise in her
+favour from the conclusion of the questions in the Levant. On the
+contrary, in these matters the interests of Great Britain are
+identical with those of Europe in general, and are based upon the
+maintenance of the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire as
+a guarantee for the preservation of peace and as essential to the
+maintenance of the balance of power in general.
+
+To these principles the French Government has promised its full
+adherence, and offered it in more than one instance, especially in a
+despatch from Marshal Soult, under date July 17, 1839. This despatch
+was officially communicated to the four Powers. It has also offered
+support in a collective note, dated July 27, 1839, and in the speech
+of the King of the French to the Chambers in December 1839.
+
+In these documents the French Government declares its determination to
+maintain the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire under
+the reigning dynasty as essential to the balance of power and as a
+guarantee for the preservation of peace; in a despatch from Marshal
+Soult the French Government has shown its resolution to oppose by
+action and influence any combination which might be hostile to the
+maintenance of this integrity and this independence.
+
+Hence the Governments of Great Britain and of France are entirely
+agreed upon the object towards which their policy should be directed.
+The only difference existing between the two Governments is a
+difference of opinion concerning the means regarded as most advisable
+to obtain this common end. On this point, as the French Memorandum
+observes, a difference of opinion may naturally be expected.
+
+On this point a great difference of opinion has arisen between the two
+Governments, which seems to have become stronger and more pronounced
+in proportion as the two Governments have more completely explained
+their respective views, and this fact for the moment prevents the two
+Governments from acting in concert to attain their common purpose. On
+the one hand, Her Majesty's Government has repeatedly pointed out her
+opinion that it would be impossible to maintain the integrity of the
+Turkish Empire and to preserve the independence of the Sultan, if
+Mehemet Ali were to be left in possession of Syria, as the military
+key of Asiatic Turkey, and that if Mehemet Ali were to continue to
+occupy this province as well as Egypt, he would be able at any time to
+threaten Bagdad from the south, Diarbekir and Erzeroum from the east,
+Koniah, Brousse, and Constantinople from the north; and that the same
+ambitious spirit which has driven Mehemet Ali under other conditions
+to revolt against his Sovereign, would soon induce him hereafter to
+take up arms for further invasions; and that for this purpose he would
+always maintain a large army on foot; that the Sultan, on the other
+hand, would be continually on guard against the possible danger, and
+would also be obliged to remain under arms, so that the Sultan and
+Mehemet Ali would continue to maintain arms upon a war footing for the
+purpose of observing one another; that a collision would be the
+inevitable result of these continual suspicions and mutual alarms, and
+that even if there should be no premeditated aggression upon either
+side, any collision of the sort would necessarily lead to foreign
+intervention in the Turkish Empire, while such intervention, thus
+provoked, would produce the most serious discord between the Powers of
+Europe.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has pointed out as probable, if not as
+certain, an even greater danger than this, which would result from the
+continued occupation of Syria by Mehemet Ali; namely, that the Pasha,
+trusting to military force and wearied by his political position as a
+subject, would carry out an intention which he has frankly avowed to
+the Powers of Europe that he would never abandon, and would declare
+himself independent. Such a declaration upon his part would
+incontestably amount to a dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and,
+what is more, this dismemberment might happen under such conditions as
+would make it more difficult for the European Powers to act in concert
+for the purpose of forcing the Pasha to withdraw such a declaration,
+and more difficult than it is for them to-day to combine their forces
+and oblige him to evacuate Syria.
+
+Her Majesty's Government has therefore invariably asserted that the
+Powers which are anxious to preserve the integrity of the Turkish
+Empire and to maintain the independence of the Sultan should unite in
+helping the latter to re-establish his direct authority over Syria.
+
+The French Government, on the other hand, has asserted that if Mehemet
+Ali were once assured of the permanent occupation of Egypt and Syria
+he would remain a faithful subject and become the strongest support of
+the Sultan; that the Sultan could not govern if the Pasha were not in
+possession of this province, the military and financial resources of
+which would then be of greater use to him than if they were in the
+hands of the Sultan himself; that every confidence might be placed in
+the sincerity with which Mehemet Ali had renounced all ulterior views,
+and in his protestations of faithful devotion to his Sovereign; that
+the Pasha is an old man, and upon his death, even if his rights are
+recognised as hereditary, the totality of his acquired power would
+revert to the Sultan, because all possessions in Mohammedan countries,
+of whatever nature, are in reality held only upon tenure for lifetime.
+
+The French Government has also maintained that Mehemet Ali will never
+be willing to evacuate Syria of his own accord and that the only means
+by which European Powers could use force would be operations by sea
+which would be inadequate, or by land which would be dangerous; that
+these operations by sea would not expel the Egyptians from Syria and
+would merely rouse Mehemet Ali to begin an attack upon Constantinople;
+while the measures which might be taken in such a case to defend the
+capital and in particular any operations on land undertaken by the
+troops of the allied Powers to expel the army of Mehemet Ali from
+Syria, would be more fatal to the Turkish Empire than the state of
+things could possibly be which these measures would be intended to
+remedy.
+
+To these objections Her Majesty's Government replied that no reliance
+could be placed upon the recent protestations of Mehemet Ali; that his
+ambition is insatiable and would only be increased by success; and
+that to provide him with the opportunity of invading, or to leave
+within his reach the objects of his desire would be to sow the seeds
+of inevitable collisions; that Syria is no further from Constantinople
+than a large number of well-administered provinces are from their
+capitals in other States and can be as well governed from
+Constantinople as from Alexandria; that it is impossible for the
+resources of this province to be of any use to the Sultan in the hands
+of a governor who might turn them against his master at any moment and
+that they would be more useful if they were in the hands or at the
+disposal of the Sultan himself; that, as Ibrahim had an army at his
+orders, he had also the means, upon the decease of Mehemet Ali, of
+securing his own succession to any power of which the latter might be
+possessed at his death; that it was not fit that the Great Powers
+should advise the Sultan to conclude a public arrangement with Mehemet
+Ali, with the secret intention of hereafter breaking the arrangement
+upon the first occasion that might seem opportune.
+
+None the less the French Government maintained its opinion and refused
+to take part in an arrangement which included the use of coercive
+measures.
+
+But the French Memorandum laid down that in the course of recent
+circumstances no positive proposal has been made to France upon which
+she was called to explain her attitude and that consequently the
+resolution which England communicated to her in the Memorandum of July
+17, doubtless in the name of the four Powers, must not be considered
+as actuated by refusals which France has not made. This passage
+obliges me briefly to remind you of the general course of
+negotiations.
+
+The original opinion conceived by Her Majesty's Government, of which
+the five Powers were informed, including France, in 1839, was that the
+arrangement between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali which might secure a
+permanent state of peace in the Levant, would be of a nature to
+confine the power delegated to Mehemet Ali to Egypt alone and would
+re-establish the direct authority of the Sultan throughout Syria, both
+in Candia and in all the towns of the Holy Land; thus interposing the
+desert between the direct power of the Sultan and the province of
+which the administration would be left to the Pasha. And Her Majesty's
+Government proposed that by way of compensation for the evacuation of
+Syria, Mehemet Ali should receive an assurance that his male
+descendants should succeed him as governors in Egypt, under the
+sovereignty of the Sultan.
+
+To this proposal the French Government raised objections saying that
+such an arrangement would doubtless be the best if there were any
+means of executing it, but that Mehemet Ali would offer resistance and
+that any measures of violence which the allies might employ to reduce
+him, would produce effects which might be more dangerous to the peace
+of Europe and to the independence of the Porte, than the actual state
+of affairs between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali could possibly be; that
+although the French Government thus refused to agree to England's
+plan, during the long space of time which had subsequently elapsed, it
+had not proposed any plan of its own. Further, in September 1839,
+Comte S�bastiani, the French Ambassador at the Court of London,
+proposed to draw a line from the east to the west of the sea, nearly
+from Beyrout to the desert near Damascus and to declare that all the
+land to the south of this line should be administered by Mehemet Ali
+and that all to the north should be under the immediate authority of
+the Sultan. The French Ambassador then gave Her Majesty's Government
+to understand that if such an arrangement were admitted by the five
+Powers, France would unite with the four Powers, in case of need, for
+the use of coercive measures, with the object of forcing Mehemet Ali
+to submission.
+
+I pointed out to Comte S�bastiani that such an arrangement was open,
+though in a less degree, to all the objections applicable to the
+present relative position of the two parties and that consequently Her
+Majesty's Government could not accede to it. I observed that it seemed
+inconsistent on the part of France to express her willingness to force
+Mehemet Ali to agree to an arrangement which would obviously be
+incomplete and inadequate to secure the proposed object, while
+objecting to coercive measures when they were proposed for the purpose
+of forcing consent to the arrangement desired by Her Majesty, the
+execution of which, as France admitted, would entirely fulfil the
+desired object.
+
+To these arguments Comte S�bastiani replied that the objections
+advanced by the French Government to the employment of coercive
+measures against Mehemet Ali, were founded upon considerations of
+domestic government, and that these objections would be removed if
+the French Government was enabled to prove to the nation and to the
+Chambers that it had obtained the best possible conditions for Mehemet
+All and that he had refused to accept them.
+
+As this insinuation was not admitted by Her Majesty's Government, the
+French Government communicated officially on September 27, 1839, its
+own plan, which was that Mehemet Ali should become a hereditary
+governor of Egypt and of all Syria, and governor for life of Candia,
+surrendering nothing but the district of Adana and Arabia. The French
+Government did not say a word as to its knowledge of Mehemet Ali's
+inclination to adhere to this arrangement, nor did it declare that if
+he refused to agree, France would take coercive measures to compel
+him.
+
+Obviously Her Majesty's Government could not consent to this plan,
+which was open to more objections than the present state of things,
+the more so as the gift to Mehemet Ali of the legal and hereditary
+title to a third of the Ottoman Empire, which he now occupies only by
+force, would have been to begin the positive dismemberment of the
+Empire.
+
+Her Majesty's Government, therefore, being desirous to show its
+readiness to come to an agreement with France upon these questions,
+stated that it would yield its well-founded objection to any extension
+of Mehemet Ali's power beyond Egypt and would join the French
+Government in recommending the Sultan to grant to Mehemet Ali, apart
+from the pashalik of Egypt, the administration of the lower part of
+Syria, to be bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cape Carmel to
+the southern extremity of the Lake of Tiberias, and by a line from
+this point to the Gulf of Akaba, provided that France would join the
+four Powers in coercive measures if Mehemet Ali refused this offer.
+This proposal, however, was not accepted by the French Government,
+which now declared its inability to join in coercive measures or to be
+a party to an arrangement to which Mehemet Ali would not consent.
+
+While these discussions were proceeding with France, separate
+negotiations were in progress between England and Russia, of which
+full details and information have been sent to the French Government.
+Negotiations with France were suspended for a time at the outset of
+this year, firstly because a change of Ministry was expected, and
+secondly because a change of Ministry took place.
+
+In the month of May, however, Baron von Neumann and myself resolved,
+upon the advice of our respective governments, to make a last effort
+with the object of inducing France to begin a treaty which was to be
+concluded with the other four Powers, and we submitted to the French
+Government, through M. Guizot, another proposal for an arrangement
+between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali. One objection put forward by the
+French Government to the last proposals of England was that although
+it was proposed to give Mehemet Ali the strong position extending from
+Mount Carmel to Mount Tabor, he would be deprived of the fortress of
+Acre.
+
+To overcome this objection Baron von Neumann and myself proposed that
+the northern frontiers of the part of Syria to be administered by the
+Pasha should extend from Cape Nakhora to the furthest point of the
+Lake of Tiberias, thus including within the boundary the fortress of
+Acre; and that the eastern frontier should extend along the western
+coast of the Lake of Tiberias and thence to the Gulf of Akaba. We
+declared that the government of this part of Syria could be granted to
+Mehemet Ali for life only, and that neither England nor Austria would
+consent to grant Mehemet Ali hereditary rights over any part of Syria.
+I further declared to M. Guizot that I could go no further in the way
+of concessions in the hope of securing the co-operation of France, and
+that this was our last proposal. Baron von Neumann and myself
+communicated these facts separately to M. Guizot: Baron von Neumann
+first, and myself the next day. M. Guizot told me he would inform his
+Government of this proposal and of the facts which I had laid before
+him, and that he would let me know the answer as soon as he had
+received it. A short time afterwards the plenipotentiaries of Austria,
+Prussia, and Russia informed me that they had every reason to believe
+that the French Government, instead of deciding upon the proposal for
+themselves, had sent it to Alexandria to learn the decision of Mehemet
+Ali; that the four Powers who had undertaken the business were thus
+confronted, not with France, but with Mehemet Ali; that, apart from
+the inevitable delay, this was an action which their respective courts
+had never intended to take and one to which they would never consent;
+and that the French Government had thus placed the plenipotentiaries
+in a very embarrassing position. I agreed with them that their
+objections were justified with regard to the conduct which they
+attributed to the French Government, but that M. Guizot had said not a
+word to me of what would be done. Mehemet Ali had been informed that
+the French Government at that moment was fully occupied with
+parliamentary questions and could naturally ask for time before
+sending an answer to our proposals, and that in any case delay could
+do no great harm. About June 27, M. Guizot came to me and read me a
+letter addressed to him by M. Thiers, containing the answer of the
+French Government to our proposal. This answer was a formal refusal.
+M. Thiers said that _the French Government positively knew that
+Mehemet Ali would not consent to a division of Syria unless he were
+forced to do so; that France could not co-operate in coercive measures
+against Mehemet Ali under these conditions, and that therefore she
+could not become a party to the proposed arrangement_.
+
+As France had thus refused to yield to England's ultimatum, the
+plenipotentiaries were bound to consider what steps should be adopted
+by their Governments. The position of the five Powers was this: the
+five had declared their conviction that in the interests of the
+balance of power and of the peace of Europe it was essential to
+preserve the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire under
+the reigning dynasty; all five had declared that they would use all
+their influence to maintain this integrity and this independence; but
+France, on the one hand, insisted that the best means to secure this
+result was to abandon the Sultan to the mercies of Mehemet Ali and to
+advise him to submit to the conditions which Mehemet might impose upon
+him in order to preserve peace _sine qua non_; while on the other side
+the four Powers regarded any further military occupation of the
+Sultan's provinces by Mehemet Ali as likely to destroy the integrity
+of the Turkish Empire and to be fatal to its independence; they
+therefore thought that it was advisable to confine Mehemet Ali within
+narrower limits.
+
+After about two months of deliberations, France not only refused to
+consent to the plan proposed by the four Powers as an ultimatum upon
+their part, but further declared that she would not become a party to
+any arrangement to which Mehemet Ali did not voluntarily consent
+without the use of force. It only remained then for the four Great
+Powers to adopt as an alternative the principle laid down by France,
+which consisted in the complete submission of the Sultan to the
+demands of Mehemet Ali; or to act upon their principles and force
+Mehemet Ali to accept an arrangement compatible in form with the
+rights of the Sultan, and compatible in content with the integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire. If the former alternative were adopted, the
+co-operation of France would be secured; in the latter alternative the
+hope of that co-operation must be abandoned.
+
+The keen desire of the four Powers to secure the co-operation of
+France has been shown by the fact that they have continued their
+efforts for several months in the course of negotiations. They are
+well aware of the value of French support, not only for the particular
+object which they have in view, but also with reference to the general
+and permanent interests of Europe. But what they failed to secure, and
+what they esteemed, was the co-operation of France in the maintenance
+of peace to secure the eventual safety of Europe and the practical
+execution of the principles to which the five Powers had declared
+their agreement. They desired the co-operation of France, not only for
+themselves and for the advantage and opportunity of the moment, but
+also for the good which it might have conferred, and for the future
+consequences which might have resulted from it. They wished to
+co-operate with France to do good, but they were not prepared to
+co-operate with her in doing evil.
+
+Thinking, therefore, that the policy advised by France was unjust, and
+in no way judicious with regard to the Sultan; that it might become
+the cause of misfortunes in Europe; that it was inconsistent with the
+public engagement undertaken by the five Powers, and that it was
+incompatible with the principles which they had wisely emphasised, the
+four Powers felt that they could not make the sacrifice demanded of
+them, and buy the help of France at so high a price--if, indeed, that
+could be called co-operation which merely consisted in allowing events
+to follow their natural course. As the four Powers were thus unable to
+adopt the views of France, they determined to accomplish their
+mission.
+
+This determination, however, was not unexpected and the probable
+eventualities had not been hidden from France. On the contrary, upon
+several occasions during the course of negotiations, and no later than
+October 1 last, I had pointed out to the French Ambassador that our
+desire to remain united with France must have a limit, that we were
+anxious to go forward with France but not disposed to come to a
+standstill with her, and that if she could not contrive to act in
+harmony with the four Powers, she must not be astonished if she saw
+them come to an understanding between themselves and acting apart from
+France.
+
+Comte Sabastiani told me that he foresaw that we should thus act, and
+that he could predict the result; that we were bound to try and
+conclude our arrangements without the help of France, and that we
+should find that our means were inadequate; that France would be a
+passive spectator of events; that after a year or eighteen months of
+useless efforts we should recognise that we had been mistaken, and
+that we should then apply to France; that this Power would then
+co-operate to settle these matters upon a friendly basis with as much
+friendliness after our failure as she would have shown before our
+attempt, and that she would then probably persuade us to agree to
+conditions to which we refused our consent at the moment.
+
+Similar indications were given to M. Guizot with regard to the line
+which would probably be taken by the four Powers if they were
+unsuccessful in coming to an arrangement with France. The French
+Government has therefore refused the ultimatum of the four Powers, and
+by the act of refusal has enounced afresh a principle of action which
+it knew could not be adopted by the four Powers: a principle which
+consisted in the idea that no settlement of the difficulties between
+the Sultan and his subject could take place except under conditions
+which the subject could accept voluntarily, or, in other terms, could
+dictate; hence, the French Government must have been prepared to see
+the four Powers determined to act apart from France; and when the four
+Powers had come to this determination, they could not be represented
+as breaking with France, or as excluding France from the arrangement
+of a war to be carried on by Europe. On the contrary, it was France
+who broke with the four Powers, for it was France who laid down for
+herself a principle of action which made co-operation with the other
+Powers impossible.
+
+At this point, without attempting further controversial observations
+with reference to the past, I feel obliged to point out that the
+voluntary retirement on the part of France was not entirely due to the
+course of negotiations at London, but that, unless Her Majesty's
+Government has been strangely misled, it was decided even more
+definitely in the course of negotiations at Constantinople. The five
+Powers declared to the Sultan by a Collective Note, which was handed
+to the Porte on July 27, 1839, by their representatives at
+Constantinople, that their unanimity was complete, and these
+representatives requested the Porte to refrain from any direct
+negotiations with Mehemet Ali, and to make no arrangement with the
+Pasha without the concurrence of the five Powers. However, Her
+Majesty's Government has good reason to believe that during the last
+few months the French representative at Constantinople has decisively
+isolated France from the other four Powers, and has energetically and
+repeatedly pressed the Porte to negotiate directly with Mehemet Ali,
+and to conclude an arrangement with the Pasha, not only without the
+concurrence of the four great Powers, but under the mediation of
+France alone, and in accordance with the special views of the French
+Government.
+
+As regards the line of conduct followed by Great Britain, the French
+Government must recognise that the views and opinions of Her Majesty's
+Government have never varied, from the outset of these negotiations,
+except in so far as Her Majesty's Government has offered to modify its
+views with the object of securing the co-operation of France. These
+views have been from time to time frankly expressed to the French
+Government, and have been continually supported in the most urgent
+manner by arguments which seemed conclusive to Her Majesty's
+Government. From the very outset of the negotiations, the declarations
+of principle made by the French Government induced Her Majesty's
+Government to believe that the two Governments had only to agree upon
+the means of carrying out their common principles. If the intentions
+of the French Government concerning these means differed from the
+views of England even at the outset of the negotiations, France has
+certainly not the right to refer to the difference between France and
+England as unexpected, seeing that the French Government recognised
+its existence a long time previously. If the intentions of the French
+Government with regard to the measures to be taken have undergone a
+change since the opening of negotiations, France certainly has not
+the right to impute to Great Britain a change of political intention
+which proceeds from France, and not from England.
+
+But in any case, when four out of five Powers have agreed upon a
+definite line of conduct, and when the fifth has resolved to pursue an
+entirely different policy, it would be unreasonable to require the
+four to abandon, in deference to the fifth, opinions to which they are
+daily more resolved to adhere and which refer to a question of vital
+importance for the chief and future interests of Europe.
+
+But as France continues to maintain the general principles which she
+laid down at the outset and continues to consider the maintenance of
+the integrity and independence of the Turkish Empire as necessary to
+preserve the balance of power; as again France has never refused to
+admit that the arrangement which the four Powers wished to introduce
+between the Sultan and the Pasha would be the best solution if it
+could be secured, and as again the objections of France referred not
+to the object proposed but to the means by which it is to be gained,
+her opinion being that the end is good, but that the means are
+inadequate and dangerous; Her Majesty's Government is confident that
+the isolation of France, which no one regrets more than Her Majesty's
+Government, will not be of long duration.
+
+When the four Powers, in concert with the Sultan, have succeeded in
+introducing an arrangement of this nature between the Porte and his
+subjects, there will then be no further point of disagreement between
+France and her allies, nor will there be any obstacle to prevent
+France from undertaking with the other Powers such engagements for the
+future as may seem necessary to secure the good results of an
+intervention by the four Powers in favour of the Sultan, and to
+preserve the Ottoman Empire from any recurrence of the dangers to
+which it is exposed.
+
+Her Majesty's Government impatiently awaits the moment when France
+will be able to resume her position in the concert of the Powers and
+trusts that that moment will be accelerated in the interests of the
+full development of the moral influence of France. Although the French
+Government, for reasons of its own, has refused to participate in the
+coercive measures to be employed against Mehemet Ali, this Government
+certainly cannot object to the employment of such measures with the
+object of inducing the Pasha to submit to the arrangements which are
+to be placed before him, and it is obvious that more than one argument
+might be adduced and that more than one prudential consideration might
+be urged upon the Pasha with more efficacy by France as a neutral
+Power and a non-participant in this affair, than by the four Powers
+which are actively engaged in the prosecution of coercive measures.
+
+In any case Her Majesty's Government is confident that Europe will
+recognise the justice of the proposal which has been put forward by
+the four Powers, for their purpose is just and disinterested. They are
+not seeking to gather any advantage for themselves or to establish any
+exclusive sphere of influence, or to acquire any territory, and the
+object which they have in view should be as profitable to France as to
+themselves, because France, like themselves, is interested in the
+maintenance of the balance of power and in the preservation of the
+general peace.
+
+You will send officially to M. Thiers a copy of this despatch.
+
+    I am, &c.,
+
+    (Signed)      PALMERSTON.
+
+(From the _Journal des D�bats_ of October 2.)
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+_Manifesto to the Spanish Nation._
+
+
+SPANIARDS,
+
+As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness for me,
+my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in prayer that the God of
+mercy would shed His grace and His blessing upon us.
+
+When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul and the first
+thought of my heart was to raise my voice in friendship, the voice
+with which I have ever spoken to you with a sense of unspeakable
+tenderness, both in good and bad fortune.
+
+Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only consolation
+in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God and to you, to my
+father and to my children.
+
+Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and barren
+recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent of the
+realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions; on the contrary, I
+have done everything to calm them and would gladly see them at rest.
+The language of self-restraint alone is consonant with my affection,
+my dignity, and my glory.
+
+When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish hearts, rumour
+had informed me of your great exploits and your high qualities. I knew
+that in every age you had leaped forward to the combat with the
+noblest and most generous ardour to defend the throne of your
+Sovereigns; that you had defended it at the price of your blood, and
+that in days of glorious memory you had deserved well of your country
+and of Europe. I then swore to devote myself to the happiness of a
+nation which had shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings.
+The Almighty heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that
+you were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have kept
+it.
+
+When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the reins of State
+from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands, my gaze fell
+alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle, and the Spanish
+nation, thus uniting the three objects of my love in order to
+recommend them to the protection of heaven in one prayer. My painful
+experiences as mother and wife while my husband's life and my
+daughter's throne were endangered could not distract me from my duties
+as Queen: at my voice universities were opened; at my voice
+long-standing abuses disappeared and useful reforms, wisely
+considered, were brought forward; at my voice those who had sought in
+vain a home as exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to
+their hearths and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts
+of justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the grief
+and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned; for myself I
+reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all joy.
+
+At a later date, when God had called my august husband to Himself, who
+left the government of the whole realm in my hands, I strove to guide
+the State as a merciful Queen-Regent (_justiciera_). During the short
+period which elapsed since my elevation to power until the convocation
+of the first Cortes, my power was unique, but it was not despotic, or
+absolute, or arbitrary, for it was limited by my will. The most
+dignified people in the realm and the Council of Government, which I
+was bound to consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all
+matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion
+demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the sovereign
+power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously convoked
+the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores of the realm.
+
+I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If others
+have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for their
+actions before God, who holds laws sacred.
+
+The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the oath to
+it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and greatest of
+sacrifices--I laid down the sceptre and I was forced to abandon my
+daughters.
+
+In referring to the events which have brought these cruel tribulations
+upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity demands, with
+self-restraint and in words well weighed.
+
+I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by the
+Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously demanded
+by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which was only concluded
+by the renunciation which I signed at Valencia. During this deplorable
+period, the municipality of Madrid revolted against my authority, an
+example followed by other important towns. The rebels insisted that I
+should condemn the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me;
+that I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should
+annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I had
+sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that I should
+endanger the unity of the Regency.
+
+I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire loss
+of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without recognising
+the right of force, a right recognised neither by divine nor human
+laws, and the existence of which is incompatible with the
+Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions; I could
+not accept the third condition without infringing the Constitution,
+which regards as law any measure voted by the Cortes and sanctioned by
+the supreme head of the State, and which places a law once sanctioned
+beyond the sphere of the royal authority; I could not accept the
+fourth condition without accepting my own disgrace, passing
+condemnation upon myself and undermining the power which the King had
+left me and which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed,
+and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I had sworn
+never to surrender to the hands of factious men.
+
+My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the face of
+my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the monarchy, has
+brought down upon the defenceless woman, whose voice now speaks to
+you, a series of griefs and sufferings which no human language could
+express. You will not have forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my
+misfortunes from city to city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for
+one of those decrees of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted
+injustice and ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the
+small number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me, while
+the large number of those who loved me had so far lost courage as to
+offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony of their
+affection. There were some who offered me their swords, but I did not
+accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in isolation to the certain
+prospect of reading one day a new list of martyrs who had fallen
+victims to their loyalty. I might have stirred up a civil war, but
+civil war could not be aroused by myself, who have just given you the
+peace that my heart desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the
+past; my mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told
+myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure to
+death, but that she must not stir up war between them.
+
+Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my sceptre
+become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of thorns. At
+length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre and my crown to
+breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim but with a calm brow, a
+clear conscience, and a soul without remorse.
+
+Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this account of it
+that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so doing I have
+performed the last of my duties. She who was your Queen asks nothing
+more of you than that you will love her daughter and honour her
+memory.
+
+Marseilles, November 8, 1840.
+
+    (Signed)      MARIA CHRISTINA.
+
+
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
+
+[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted in more
+detail in the Biographical Index of vol. I.]
+
+
+A
+
+  ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a
+    desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen
+    years. He was eventually captured in 1847 by General
+    Lamorici�re, sent to France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at
+    Amboise. Napoleon III. set him at liberty, and he afterwards
+    remained loyal to France. He died in Syria, where he had
+    withdrawn.
+
+  ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de
+    Courlande, married in 1801 Fran�ois Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc
+    d'Acerenza. She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de
+    Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
+
+  ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and
+    married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was
+    Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.
+
+  AD�LA�DE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over
+    whom she exerted a great influence.
+
+  ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of Germany
+    in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion of
+    Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him, and he
+    was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at the
+    battle of G�llheim.
+
+  AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840.
+    On June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the
+    Faubourg Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while
+    beseeching the insurgents to surrender. He died two days later
+    in consequence of this wound.
+
+  AGN�S SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine.
+    Agn�s Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his
+    favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comt� of
+    Penthi�vre, the manors of Roquessi�re, Issoudun, and
+    Vernon-sur-Seine, and finally the seat of Beaut� in the Bois de
+    Vincennes, whence she took the name of Dame de Beaut�.
+
+  ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and
+    diplomatist.
+
+  ALBUF�RA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de
+    St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuf�ra,
+    who died in 1826.
+
+  ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.
+
+  ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He
+    secretly married the Countess of Albany.
+
+  ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King
+    Louis-Philippe on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed
+    on July 11 following.
+
+  ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from
+    1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under
+    King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and
+    Education.
+
+  ALTON-SH�E DE LIGNI�RES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874). Peer of
+    France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional
+    Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence of the
+    ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the
+    advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his
+    political connections.
+
+  ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer,
+    known for his wit.
+
+  ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Fr�d�ric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he
+    became Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor
+    at the Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III.
+    requested him to undertake the education of the Prince Royal,
+    afterwards Frederick William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon
+    was influential there until his death. He married three times:
+    in 1792, Marie Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824,
+    Louise Moli�re, who died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille
+    d'Harley and de Verquignieulle, of an old Belgian family.
+
+  ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the
+    famous Dr. Andral.
+
+  ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the
+    Spanish Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of
+    Frias and became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his
+    wife's family.
+
+  ANGOUL�ME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin,
+    after his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in
+    1824. In 1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Th�r�se
+    Charlotte, only daughter of King Louis XVI. He was
+    Commander-in-Chief of the French Army sent to Spain in 1823,
+    captured the fort of Trocadero, and showed his moderation by the
+    ordinance of Andujar. He died in exile at Goritz, and left no
+    children.
+
+  ANGOUL�ME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Th�r�se Charlotte of
+    France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie
+    Antoinette. At her birth she received the title of Madame
+    Royale. She shared the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the
+    Directory consented to exchange her for the commissaries sent
+    back by Austria. She married her cousin, the Duc d'Angoul�me,
+    and returned to Paris with him in 1815. Exiled once more in
+    1830, she never returned to France, and died at Frohsdorf.
+
+  ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during
+    the minority of Louis XIV.
+
+  ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of
+    Fran�ois II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles
+    VIII. and Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of
+    Brittany, to which she was heiress.
+
+  APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was
+    first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then
+    Ambassador at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at
+    London and then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808
+    he married Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.
+
+  ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier,
+    he became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France.
+    From 1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and
+    retained the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his
+    death.
+
+  ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he
+    retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement
+    here he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote
+    memoirs, &c. His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs, and his daughter the Mother Superior Ang�lique
+    de Saint Jean, Abbess of Port Royal.
+
+  ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first
+    studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of
+    the Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port
+    Royal. He composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of
+    Port Royal, and with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of
+    Arnauld d'Andilly.
+
+  ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Ang�lique de Sainte Madeleine
+    (1591-1661). Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She
+    was Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen.
+    She introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.
+
+  ARNAULD, Mother Superior Ang�lique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She
+    was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal,
+    as was her aunt, the Mother Superior Ang�lique de Sainte
+    Madeleine. She has a large place in the records of Port Royal
+    worthies; she also wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &c.
+
+  ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent
+    to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short
+    time at Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he
+    retired from politics.
+
+  ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister
+    of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de
+    Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse
+    Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.
+
+  ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche.
+    Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la
+    Vauguyon.
+
+  ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of
+    Engineers in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns
+    of the Empire, and under the Restoration became _aide-de-camp_
+    to the Duc d'Orl�ans. Under the July monarchy he filled various
+    diplomatic posts, and became Peer of France in 1840. He retired
+    into private life after 1848.
+
+  AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In
+    1823 he married Mlle. Rouill� du Boissy du Coudray, and died
+    insane in 1842.
+
+  AUBUSSON, Mlle. No�mi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of
+    the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince
+    Gontran of Bauffremont.
+
+  AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge.
+    She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse Cassel.
+
+  AUMALE, Henri d'Orl�ans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King
+    Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Am�lie. He distinguished
+    himself by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left
+    France in 1848 and returned after 1871. He again became an
+    exile, and did not return until 1889. His talents as historian
+    procured his entry to the French Academy. He bequeathed to the
+    Institute of France his beautiful estate of Chantilly.
+
+  AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many
+    German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.
+
+
+B
+
+  BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother
+    Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus
+    Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.
+
+  BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude
+    de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She
+    married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden,
+    who died in 1818.
+
+  BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke
+    Charles Louis of Baden and of St�phanie de Beauharnais. She
+    married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in
+    1863.
+
+  BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in
+    1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in
+    1812. In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John
+    Hobart Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince
+    Metternich.
+
+  BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de
+    Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became Lady
+    of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de Provence,
+    afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship. The
+    Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and mind.
+
+  BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for
+    some time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing
+    establishment which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris,
+    where he became intimate with Madame de Sta�l, Chateaubriand,
+    Joubert, etc. He became a member of the French Academy in 1844.
+
+  BALZAC, Honor� de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and
+    remarkable contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his
+    profound analysis of human passion.
+
+  BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively
+    auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic
+    missions, Prefect of the Vend�e and of the Loire-Inf�rieure,
+    then Deputy, Peer of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
+    As writer and historian he was most successful and his History
+    of the Dukes of Burgundy secured him a seat in the French
+    Academy.
+
+  BARANTE, the Baronne de. _N�e_ d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she
+    was renowned for her beauty.
+
+  BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a
+    brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy
+    of Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the
+    throne-room of the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became
+    director of the Academy of D�sseldorf in succession to Schadow
+    whose daughter he had married.
+
+  BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum
+    of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
+
+  BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
+
+  BARTHE, F�lix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.
+
+  BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the
+    Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X.
+    Under Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was
+    compromised and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak
+    upon the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to
+    London. Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the
+    _National_ after the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a
+    Deputy, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under
+    the Empire he held aloof from politics.
+
+  BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the
+    chief members of the Tory Party.
+
+  BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). _N�e_ Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.
+
+  BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). _Aide-de-camp_ to the
+    Duc d'Orl�ans.
+
+  BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the Duc
+    de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de
+    Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of
+    the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Th�odore de
+    Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de
+    Valen�ay.
+
+  BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married, in
+    1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.
+
+  BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made
+    a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in
+    1817. The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He
+    wrote a Life of F�nelon and a Life of Bossuet.
+
+  BAUTAIN, the Abb� (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where
+    he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of
+    Philosophy at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders
+    in 1828. In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him
+    Vicar-General. The Abb� Bautain pursued almost every branch of
+    human knowledge.
+
+  BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of
+    Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden;
+    she married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in
+    1825.
+
+  BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of
+    Bavaria in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King
+    Louis abdicated in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of
+    Germany.
+
+  BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick
+    of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.
+
+  BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King
+    Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess
+    Marie of Prussia.
+
+  BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first
+    wife, in 1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as
+    his second wife Mlle. Ad�le de Gontaut-Biron.
+
+  BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    Assassinated at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry
+    II., King of England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a
+    martyr.
+
+  BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros,
+    with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in
+    1825 he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King
+    of Prussia, Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.
+
+  BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).
+
+  BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orl�ans (1812-1850).
+    Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in
+    1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the
+    Austrians drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831,
+    where she attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and
+    her foreign ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under
+    an obvious pseudonym, a work in four volumes, entitled _An Essay
+    on the Formation of Catholic Dogma_, which aroused much
+    discussion. When Piedmont declared war upon Austria in 1848 the
+    Princess hastened to Milan, fitted out and paid a battalion.
+    After the peace she was exiled, and returned to Paris, where she
+    gained a living for the most part with her pen, as her property
+    had been confiscated by the Austrian Government. It was not
+    restored to her until 1859, when she returned to Italy and
+    plunged eagerly into politics.
+
+  BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff
+    of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime
+    Minister at Stuttgart, where he died.
+
+  BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.
+
+  BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of
+    War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor
+    Napoleon I. and under the first Restoration.
+
+  BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.
+
+  BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.
+
+  BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, _n�e_ Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of M.
+    Merlin.
+
+  BERTIN L'A�N�, Louis Fran�ois (1766-1841). French publicist.
+    Founded the _Journal des D�bats_ with his brother, Bertin de
+    Veaux.
+
+  BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the
+    _Journal des D�bats_. She married M. Bertin the elder.
+
+  BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon
+    I., whose _aide-de-camp_ he was, and whom he followed to Elba
+    and St. Helena.
+
+  BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada
+    was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado.
+    She was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the
+    Palace. Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the
+    eldest sister of the Empress Eugenie.
+
+  BILZ, Fr�ulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress
+    to Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then
+    Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). _N�e_ von Gerschau. She married, in
+    1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.
+
+  BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun,
+    sister of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a
+    widower at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the
+    Comte Etienne de Biron.
+
+  BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married, in
+    1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.
+
+  BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the
+    Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny
+    married General von Boyen.
+
+  BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte,
+    daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish
+    Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She
+    married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish
+    Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.
+
+  BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in
+    Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and
+    Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic
+    Confederation in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe
+    in 1835. In 1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle.
+    Brentano.
+
+  BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative
+    of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration.
+    He became an _�migr�_ in 1791, and returned to France when the
+    Empire was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and
+    became Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the
+    French Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to
+    support the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the
+    return of religious ideas to France.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Madame L�titia (1750-1836). L�titia Ramolino, of an
+    Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles
+    Bonaparte, by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was
+    her second son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she
+    retired to Rome, where she lived in seclusion.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I.,
+    Joseph Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of
+    a merchant, sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary.
+    He shared in the _coup d'�tat_ of the 18th Brumaire, and
+    several times governed France in the absence of Napoleon. In
+    1806 he was appointed King of Naples and transferred to the
+    throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost in 1813; after the
+    downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the United States,
+    and then to Florence, where he died.
+
+  BONAPARTE, J�r�me* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.
+
+  BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King
+    of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an
+    adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at
+    Boulogne, he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to
+    restore the Empire for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual
+    confinement, he was imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled
+    to Belgium, and returned to France after the revolution of 1848.
+    He was elected President of the Republic on November 16 of the
+    same year. Four years later the Empire was proclaimed, and
+    Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the name of Napoleon III.
+
+  BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and
+    grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of
+    Comte de Chambord.
+
+  BOSSUET, Jacques B�nigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he
+    was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in
+    1652. He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux.
+    In 1670 he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and
+    composed for that prince several educational works (Discourses
+    upon Universal History, &c.) and showed himself a zealous
+    defender of French liberty.
+
+  BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the
+    Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force
+    during the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army
+    of Italy. In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was
+    also attached to the Court under the Restoration. He became
+    member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.
+
+  BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice,
+    was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon
+    I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made
+    peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.
+
+  BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married
+    Mlle. Adrienne de Vandoeuvre.
+
+  BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French
+    diplomatist.
+
+  BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
+
+  BRETZENHEIM VON REG�CZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline,
+    daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince
+    Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.
+
+  BR�Z�, Marquis de Dreux--(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the
+    last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult
+    at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he
+    retired and became peer of France after his father's death in
+    1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders
+    of the Legitimist party against the government of
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.
+
+  BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. _N�e_ Anna Pieri, of a noble family of
+    Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a
+    long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of
+    Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna,
+    whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.
+
+  BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as
+    auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805.
+    In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of
+    1848 he retired to private life.
+
+  BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.
+
+  BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). _N�e_ Albertine de Sta�l.
+
+  BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte
+    d'Haussonville.
+
+  BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of
+    letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very
+    successful.
+
+  BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.
+
+  B�LOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.
+
+  B�LOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and
+    wife of Baron Heinrich von B�low, with whom she resided in
+    London from 1830 to 1834.
+
+  BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached
+    to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly
+    resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister
+    Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the
+    daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the
+    United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.
+
+  BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at
+    Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then
+    Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in
+    1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became
+    Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of
+    Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was
+    appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.
+
+  BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married
+    in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, _n�e_ Baroness of Herding,
+    she inherited an enormous fortune.
+
+  BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of
+    Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the
+    Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth,
+    six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She
+    had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.
+
+  BUSSI�RE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, _Charg�
+    d'affaires_ at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe
+    raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private
+    life.
+
+  BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic
+    poet.
+
+
+C
+
+  CALATRAVA, Don Jos� Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and
+    defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he
+    was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was
+    re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was
+    obliged to take ship for England during the period of the
+    French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at
+    Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the
+    National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the
+    oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to
+    his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made
+    a Senator.
+
+  CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French
+    Education.
+
+  CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.
+
+  CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King
+    Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in
+    intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a
+    morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom
+    he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family
+    of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an
+    appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her
+    children during their life.
+
+  CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed
+    several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by
+    Pope Pius VII. as legate _a latere_ to the French Government,
+    and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of
+    1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town
+    crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.
+
+  CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden.
+    Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de
+    Janeiro and at Madrid.
+
+  CARAMAN, Marquise de. C�sarine Gallard de B�arn married the
+    Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.
+
+  CARIGNAN, Prince Eug�ne de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of
+    Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia,
+    Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was
+    an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom
+    during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he
+    had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of
+    Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of
+    tie with the house of Savoy.
+
+  CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de
+    Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with
+    Mlle. de la Vauguyon.
+
+  CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of
+    Spain.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general
+    in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first
+    wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters,
+    and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom
+    he had no children.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the
+    Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married
+    in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of
+    Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and
+    became a widow in 1888.
+
+  CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest
+    daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.
+
+  CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the
+    Prussian army and Councillor at Gr�nberg, Silesia. He had
+    married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.
+
+  CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the
+    Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married
+    Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him
+    to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down
+    upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States,
+    Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Sch�nbrunn. She
+    was the mother of Queen Marie Am�lie.
+
+  CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy,
+    daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of
+    Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.
+
+  CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.
+
+  CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.
+
+  CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the
+    eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a
+    journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He
+    was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the
+    Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he
+    followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian.
+    At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his
+    life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.
+
+  CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cord�lia Greffulhe.
+    Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal
+    of France.
+
+  CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
+    Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and
+    Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844.
+    In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de P�rigord, grand-niece of the
+    Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino,
+    author of these memoirs.
+
+  C�SAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated
+    for his conquest of Gaul.
+
+  CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac
+    followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a
+    profound attachment for the House of Orl�ans. He had been
+    appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly
+    after of pleurisy.
+
+  CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of
+    State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of
+    Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of
+    registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and
+    Finance Minister in 1829.
+
+  CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son
+    of the Duc de P�rigord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de
+    Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.
+
+  CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the
+    mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840,
+    when she was well advanced in years.
+
+  CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care
+    for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him
+    at Heidelberg.
+
+  CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of
+    Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and
+    was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous
+    "Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire
+    and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince
+    of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the
+    Universities of Prague and Vienna.
+
+  CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.
+
+  CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of
+    Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of
+    England, by whom she had a very large number of children.
+
+  CHASTELLUX, Madame de, _n�e_ Z�phyrine de Damas. She married as
+    her first husband M. de Vog��.
+
+  CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.
+
+  CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of
+    the Comte Ren� de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of Fran�ois de
+    Roug�, Comte du Plessis Belli�re.
+
+  CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to
+    establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A
+    pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte
+    de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served
+    for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made
+    Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of
+    Alexander II.
+
+  CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry
+    general, who played an important part in the wars in which
+    Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at
+    the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866
+    against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had
+    entirely exonerated him.
+
+  CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.
+
+  CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.
+
+  CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the
+    Countess Louise Chotek.
+
+  CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in
+    1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of
+    division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much
+    reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when
+    he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not
+    return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and
+    a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was
+    appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of
+    Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.
+
+  CL�MENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Ronci�re le Noury. She
+    was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the
+    ch�teau of Beauvais near Valen�ay.
+
+  CL�MENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Cl�mentine d'Orl�ans,
+    daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus
+    of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.
+
+  CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the
+    Duc Aim� de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and
+    Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de
+    Crillon.
+
+  COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Do�a Maria da
+    Gloria, Queen of Portugal.
+
+  COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded
+    his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess
+    Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he
+    married Princess Antoinette of W�rtemberg.
+
+  COEUR, The Abb� (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who
+    were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous
+    banker of Charles VII., the Abb� Coeur was professor of
+    philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris
+    and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain
+    and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he
+    preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which
+    King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour.
+    In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He
+    delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.
+
+  COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valen�ay.
+
+  COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer
+    in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed
+    cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was
+    appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the
+    service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his
+    grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After
+    vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of
+    the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July
+    monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse
+    d'Orl�ans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.
+
+  COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and
+    daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de
+    Coigny in 1822.
+
+  COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the
+    circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.
+
+  COMBALOT, the Abb� Th�odore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was
+    ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of
+    Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines.
+    His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political
+    character.
+
+  COND�, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Cond�,
+    first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien.
+    He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen,
+    and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of
+    the Fronde, the Prince de Cond� was restored to his command at
+    the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable
+    service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comt�.
+
+  CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English
+    politician.
+
+  CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State,
+    deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of
+    Timon.
+
+  CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the
+    School of D�sseldorf. He studied for several years at
+    Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent
+    and his power of drawing remarkable.
+
+  COSS� BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the
+    administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and
+    entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter
+    of the July Monarchy.
+
+  COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). _N�e_ Comtesse de Medem, she
+    married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four
+    daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of
+    these memoirs.
+
+  COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.
+
+  COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.
+
+  CR�MIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A
+    member of the National Defence in 1870.
+
+  CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as
+    the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard
+    at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at
+    Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the
+    Conservatory at Naples.
+
+  CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French
+    anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he
+    had a large and select practice.
+
+  CUBI�RES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military
+    school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz
+    and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the
+    rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during
+    the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with
+    glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration
+    he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in
+    1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona.
+    He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839
+    and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and
+    accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession
+    of the salt-mines of Gouh�nans. He was then tried before the
+    Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten
+    thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of
+    Appeal of Rouen.
+
+  CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of
+    George III., King of England.
+
+  CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* _N�e_ Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
+
+  CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of
+    Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.
+
+  CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans. He
+    belonged to another branch of the family of the famous
+    naturalist who bears that name.
+
+  CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of
+    letters on the staff of the _Journal des D�bats_, and appointed
+    by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc
+    d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of
+    instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in
+    1866.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin
+    Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married
+    in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his
+    second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.
+
+  CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony
+    Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832
+    Prince Adam Czartoryski.
+
+
+D
+
+  DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and
+    Archchancellor of the same name.
+
+  DARM�S. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October
+    15, 1840.
+
+  DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the
+    hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.
+
+  DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.
+
+  DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He
+    entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him
+    into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then
+    Duc d'Orl�ans, extricated him from his troubles by making him
+    Librarian of the Palais Royal.
+
+  DEMERSON, the Abb� (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in
+    1819 and was the incumbent of Saint S�verin, then of Saint
+    Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to
+    Notre Dame de Paris.
+
+  DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San
+    Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King
+    Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de
+    Montfort.
+
+  DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged
+    some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an
+    incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his
+    agent.
+
+  DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his
+    father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of
+    Hesse Cassel.
+
+  DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as
+    his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he
+    was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of
+    Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a
+    son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.
+
+  DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of
+    Prince Christian, _n�e_ Princess of Schleswig-Holstein
+    Augustenburg.
+
+  DESJARDINS, the Abb� (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was
+    Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and
+    afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return
+    to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign
+    missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on
+    suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to
+    Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he
+    refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Ch�lons in
+    1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.
+
+  DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist
+    who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly
+    in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of
+    which he was director from 1840.
+
+  DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived
+    at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of
+    the castle of L�bichau.
+
+  DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte
+    Alexandre de P�rigord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his
+    father became Duc de Talleyrand.
+
+  DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). _N�e_ Fr�ulein von Steinach,
+    she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat
+    at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that
+    neighbourhood.
+
+  DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen
+    Marie Am�lie.
+
+  DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and
+    brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's
+    death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize
+    the throne.
+
+  DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the
+    Infanta Carlotta.
+
+  DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a
+    stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and
+    became Receiver-General for Finist�re, and four years later
+    Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank
+    of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of
+    Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.
+
+  DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.
+
+  DOSNE, Mlle. F�licie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious
+    woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and
+    brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903,
+    some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The
+    Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She
+    died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.
+
+  DOUDAN, Xim�n�s (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the
+    Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the
+    Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his
+    services as private secretary.
+
+  DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inf�rieure and member of the Royal
+    Council of Education and director of the normal school.
+
+  DUCH�TEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.
+
+  DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French
+    statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal
+    Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and
+    Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in
+    1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from
+    politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of
+    Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured
+    the passing of the law of Guarantees.
+
+  DUPANLOUP, F�lix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished
+    priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms.
+    After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and
+    Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took
+    an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of
+    education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orl�ans, was a
+    member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence
+    of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In
+    1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to
+    Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the
+    conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by
+    his grateful people.
+
+  DUPIN, Andr� Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.
+
+  DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached
+    to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor
+    voice.
+
+  D�RER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with
+    a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He
+    excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely
+    improved by him.
+
+  DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.
+
+  DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician.
+    One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July
+    monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He
+    was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned
+    and exiled after the _coup d'�tat_ of December 2, 1851, but was
+    able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active
+    politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in
+    France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in
+    place of the Duc de Broglie.
+
+
+E
+
+  EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of
+    Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William
+    IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived
+    in retirement.
+
+  ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of
+    Lord Grey.
+
+  ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness
+    of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion
+    of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.
+
+  ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her,
+    a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and
+    America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg.
+    She had acquired a large fortune.
+
+  EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy.
+    This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles
+    Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552,
+    received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the
+    battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered
+    his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559
+    by the treaty of Cateau Cambr�sis, and married Margaret of
+    France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor
+    Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at
+    Turin.
+
+  ENTRAIGUES, Am�d�e Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He
+    married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and
+    owner of the ch�teau of la Mousti�re, near Valen�ay.
+
+  EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt
+    concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and
+    sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the
+    diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent
+    of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and
+    reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help
+    of some friends did he escape poverty.
+
+  ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and
+    had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to
+    Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the
+    death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria
+    Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his
+    nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the
+    North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent
+    had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero,
+    but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847.
+    In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of
+    time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he
+    refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.
+
+  ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.
+
+  EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant
+    generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a
+    marshal under the July monarchy.
+
+
+F
+
+  FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.
+
+  FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.
+
+  F�NELON, Fran�ois de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop
+    of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the
+    doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by
+    Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.
+
+  FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of
+    Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in
+    favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.
+
+  FERRUS, Guillaume Marie Andr� (1784-1861). A French doctor. He
+    introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bic�tre, of
+    which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting
+    doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of
+    Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia
+    Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his
+    nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief
+    almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and
+    died there.
+
+  FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King
+    Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.
+
+  FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in
+    Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in
+    the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister
+    to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He
+    was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for
+    several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then
+    became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince
+    Edmond Clary.
+
+  FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825,
+    Mlle. de Marmier.
+
+  FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under
+    Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.
+
+  FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English
+    admiral, Lord Keith.
+
+  FLAHAUT, Cl�mentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and
+    Comtesse de Flahaut.
+
+  FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a
+    great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body
+    in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor
+    appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was
+    called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.
+
+  FOULD, B�n�dict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had
+    founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was
+    deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from
+    1843.
+
+  FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He
+    made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated
+    and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was
+    defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in
+    expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King
+    Robert.
+
+  FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was
+    appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though
+    constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a
+    strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works
+    from an early age.
+
+  FRAN�OIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles
+    V.
+
+  FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia
+    and founder of the Prussian military power.
+
+  FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son
+    of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess
+    Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled
+    for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until
+    1848.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg
+    (1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the
+    Prussian Army.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded
+    his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a
+    Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She
+    died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage
+    with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title
+    of Princess of Liegnitz.
+
+  FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended
+    the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in
+    1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.
+
+  FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man
+    of letters.
+
+  FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he
+    only survived three years.
+
+
+G
+
+  GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took
+    an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was
+    appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received
+    the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
+
+  GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844;
+    Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was
+    himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.
+
+  GARNIER-PAG�S (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the
+    Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the
+    Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the
+    insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.
+
+  GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). F�licit� Ducrest de Saint Aubin
+    married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt,
+    Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc
+    d'Orl�ans who soon selected her as the governess of his
+    children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to
+    France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent
+    of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the
+    customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement
+    after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of
+    which her books on education are the most remarkable.
+
+  G�RARD, Fran�ois Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter
+    who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and
+    Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed
+    remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.
+
+  G�RARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.
+
+  GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took
+    part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony.
+    He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in
+    1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.
+
+  GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian
+    Army. He resigned and married Fr�ulein Marianne von Schindel. In
+    1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern
+    and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.
+
+  GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General
+    Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a
+    famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was
+    a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he
+    married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he
+    was judicially separated in 1872.
+
+  GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was
+    mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative
+    Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of
+    the Legion of Honour.
+
+  GIROLET, the Abb�* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation
+    of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.
+
+  GIVR�, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at
+    an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and
+    Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and
+    became a contributor to the _Journal des D�bats_. In 1837 he was
+    appointed deputy and voted with the Orl�anist majority.
+
+  GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King
+    George III. of England.
+
+  G�CKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State
+    Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.
+
+  GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author
+    of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister
+    of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.
+
+  GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children
+    of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.
+
+  GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to
+    the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic
+    at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the
+    war and remained for six years in this difficult post.
+
+  GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic
+    School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the
+    portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers
+    Ministry.
+
+  GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801,
+    distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at
+    Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took
+    a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he
+    accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings
+    with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from
+    them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815,"
+    and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of
+    Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under
+    Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose
+    him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de
+    Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of
+    Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.
+
+  GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of
+    Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacr� Coeur, and Mother
+    Superior of the Paris house.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of
+    Devonshire.
+
+  GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter
+    of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in
+    1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the
+    Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary
+    fame.
+
+  GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was
+    one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for
+    his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.
+
+  GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.
+
+  GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). _N�e_ Ponsonby.
+
+  GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and
+    beauty.
+
+  GRIVEL, the Abb� Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a
+    preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to
+    deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French
+    Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and
+    was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.
+
+  GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His
+    father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then
+    entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he
+    acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of
+    the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received
+    the title of baron.
+
+  GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and
+    statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of
+    Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In
+    1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio
+    of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council
+    of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830,
+    but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by
+    the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and
+    perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to
+    liberty.
+
+  GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the
+    Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at
+    Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs
+    when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had
+    married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.
+
+  WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the
+    Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was
+    separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and
+    became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica
+    of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage
+    with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.
+
+  GUIZOT, Fran�ois Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman
+    and historian.
+
+
+H
+
+  HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. St�phanie
+    Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.
+
+  HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton,
+    a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the
+    aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became
+    President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer
+    and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory,
+    whose life he wrote and whose works he published.
+
+  HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of
+    the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand
+    Duchess, n�e St�phanie de Beauharnais.
+
+  HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of
+    Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the
+    death of his brother King William IV. of England.
+
+  HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King
+    of Hanover.
+
+  HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).
+
+  HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande,
+    who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of
+    Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with
+    Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.
+
+  HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French
+    politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy,
+    and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member
+    of the French Academy.
+
+  H�LIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life
+    in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an
+    official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
+
+  H�LIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.
+
+  HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in
+    1840.
+
+  HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the
+    Courts of Berlin.
+
+  HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the
+    Prussian service.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had
+    married a Princess of Baden.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of
+    Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William
+    III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.
+
+  HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis
+    II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary
+    Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor
+    Nicholas I., in 1855.
+
+  HOHENLOHE-�RINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of
+    cavalry in the service of W�rtemberg.
+
+  HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King
+    of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.
+
+  HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). _N�e_ Princess of Biron
+    Courlande.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800
+    he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse
+    de Talleyrand.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess
+    of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.
+
+  HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of
+    Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess
+    of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine
+    abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in
+    favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of
+    Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg,
+    by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic
+    marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he
+    had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.
+
+  HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the
+    famous Fox.
+
+  HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first
+    marriage.
+
+  HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M.
+    Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810
+    he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the
+    Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of
+    the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and
+    governor of the Bank of France.
+
+  HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799.
+    English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign
+    Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in
+    1834, and at Brussels in 1846.
+
+  H�BNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of
+    Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became
+    secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and
+    political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a
+    prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the
+    conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was
+    first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867
+    he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic
+    service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.
+
+  HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian
+    service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been
+    Austrian Minister at Paris.
+
+  HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that
+    of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where
+    she lived, she became the patroness of the Abb�s Bautain, Gratry
+    and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of
+    the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier.
+    Born of an old Alsatian family.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian
+    philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became
+    Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of
+    education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed
+    Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the
+    Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He
+    was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of
+    State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the
+    preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he
+    resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and
+    man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New
+    World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them
+    display. He was a brother of the foregoing.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of
+    Dachr�den. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von
+    Humboldt.
+
+  HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French
+    politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a
+    conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States,
+    and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire.
+    In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United
+    States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the
+    portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but
+    resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he
+    supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and
+    afterwards lived in retirement.
+
+
+I
+
+  IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet
+    Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation.
+    He invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was
+    marching upon Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by
+    the intervention of the European Powers. Some years afterwards,
+    when war broke out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over
+    the Turks at Nezib in 1839, but the treaty of London of July
+    15, 1840, and the bombardment of the Syrian ports by the
+    English fleet obliged him to abandon the conquest of Syria for
+    a second time. He then devoted his time to the domestic
+    administration of Egypt.
+
+  ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.
+
+  ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who
+    held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by
+    his revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of
+    the Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into
+    trouble and he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards
+    he accomplished several missions to the different courts of
+    Europe, and was even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.
+
+
+J
+
+  JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh
+    President of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from
+    France in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five
+    millions for the ships taken from the United States under the
+    Empire. After holding the Presidency twice in succession, he
+    retired into private life.
+
+  JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied
+    Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and
+    interpreter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of
+    Requests, and then Charg� d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819
+    he was Secretary and Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a
+    Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830,
+    and was made a Peer of France by Louis-Philippe.
+
+  JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte Fran�ois (1798-1874). A French politician
+    and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of
+    Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844,
+    when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into
+    private life.
+
+  JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). _N�e_ Mlle. Charlotte de
+    Bontemps.
+
+  JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the
+    most famous in London.
+
+  JOINVILLE, Fran�ois d'Orl�ans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of
+    King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the
+    remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married
+    Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of
+    Brazil.
+
+  JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A
+    nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822,
+    M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a
+    member of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of
+    Honour.
+
+
+K
+
+  KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince
+    Ludwig of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in
+    1823.
+
+  KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV.
+    of England and mother of Queen Victoria.
+
+  KR�DENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter
+    of the Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the
+    Baron of Kr�dener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had
+    two children. Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series
+    of adventures she became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia,
+    and then became a religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris
+    when the allies entered the town, and obtained great influence
+    over the Emperor Alexander I. Expelled from Germany and from
+    Switzerland she took refuge at her estates near Riga, and began
+    a connection with the Moravian Brothers. She started for the
+    Crimea in 1822 with the intention of founding an asylum for
+    criminals and sinners.
+
+  KR�DENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the
+    foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la
+    Tour et Taxis, _n�e_ Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen
+    Louise of Prussia and of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who
+    brought her up at his house and whose wife adopted her. In 1825
+    she married Herr von Kr�dener, and her second husband in 1850
+    was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp to the Emperor
+    Nicholas I. of Russia.
+
+  KR�GER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.
+
+  KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend of
+    Princess Charles of Prussia.
+
+
+L
+
+  LA BESNARDI�RE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who
+    lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.
+
+  LABORDE, Comte L�on de (1807-1869). Arch�ologist and traveller,
+    and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a
+    deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the
+    Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in
+    1868.
+
+  LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.
+
+  LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she
+    gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She
+    possessed the ch�teau of Marais near Paris, where she often gave
+    dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Mol�.
+
+  LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.
+
+  LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of
+    the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of
+    the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then
+    devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at
+    Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the
+    department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of
+    finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration
+    of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.
+
+  LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican
+    of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French
+    Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.
+
+  LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was
+    the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his
+    arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted
+    assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was
+    recognised by M. Ladvocat.
+
+  LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid
+    all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken
+    the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her
+    dispositions.
+
+  LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge,
+    who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corr�ze); he was an
+    incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He
+    married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning
+    him.
+
+  LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M.
+    Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was
+    condemned to perpetual imprisonment.
+
+  LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States
+    General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of
+    his time.
+
+  LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an
+    important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under
+    King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He
+    entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in
+    1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after
+    1848.
+
+  LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord
+    Melbourne and heir to his title.
+
+  LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine,
+    Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X.
+    He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI.
+    appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of
+    Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the
+    events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.
+
+  LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of
+    Lansdowne in 1819.
+
+  LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline
+    de P�rigord.
+
+  LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.
+
+  LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. _N�e_ Louise Suchet,
+    daughter of the Marshal d'Albuf�ra.
+
+  LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosth�ne de. Duc de Doudeauville
+    (1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the
+    Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had
+    paid much attention to literature.
+
+  LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of
+    the Duc de Sosth�ne de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and
+    granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.
+
+  LA ROV�RE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg.
+    A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with
+    the Marquis de la Rov�re and died soon after her marriage. Her
+    tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.
+
+  LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his
+    father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a
+    warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the
+    ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the
+    _coup d'�tat_ of December 2, 1852.
+
+  LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and
+    diplomatist.
+
+  LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de
+    Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the
+    mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of
+    Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.
+
+  LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette
+    de Biron Courlande.*
+
+  L�AUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Cl�mentine de Nicola�
+    daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola�, _n�e_
+    Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to
+    a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and
+    which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de L�autaud.
+
+  LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of
+    the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a
+    director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer
+    of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer
+    of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris
+    for many years.
+
+  LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed
+    the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He
+    had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.
+
+  LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman
+    who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he
+    became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become
+    Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness
+    Anne of Grosschlag.
+
+  LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor
+    of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the
+    Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse
+    Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.
+
+  LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short
+    time he was the husband of Do�a Maria, Queen of Portugal.
+
+  LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord
+    Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to
+    the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he
+    inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held
+    Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in
+    1886 with Mr. Gladstone.
+
+  LEZAY MARN�SIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of
+    France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.
+
+  LIAUTARD, the Abb� (1774-1842). He studied at the College of
+    Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the
+    decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant
+    pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he
+    entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest
+    in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become
+    the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of
+    Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.
+
+  LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the
+    Landgr�fin Josephine of F�rstenberg, and had married in 1792
+    Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.
+
+  LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian
+    diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.
+
+  LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for
+    twenty-two years Ambassador at London.
+
+  LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). _N�e_ Doroth�e de
+    Benkendorff.
+
+  LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach
+    contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick
+    William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of
+    Liegnitz.
+
+  LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent
+    by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.
+
+  LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German
+    astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and
+    became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically
+    to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an
+    astronomical museum at Dresden.
+
+  LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic
+    Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.
+
+  LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French
+    surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second
+    Restoration.
+
+  LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active
+    part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After
+    Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion
+    Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he
+    remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he
+    commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps
+    at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to
+    1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when
+    he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France
+    and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks
+    which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.
+
+  LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame
+    d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.
+
+  L�WENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856).
+    Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of
+    Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held
+    a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight
+    years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.
+
+  L�WENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fr�ulein von
+    Sch�nburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806,
+    Count Gustavus of D�ben, then the Swedish charg� d'Affaires at
+    Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the
+    Count of L�wenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a
+    Baroness of Gur.
+
+  L�WE-WEIMAR, the Baron Fran�ois Adolphe de (1801-1854). He
+    belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to
+    Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself
+    in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission
+    in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he
+    distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera
+    epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.
+
+  LOGERE, M. de. Attach� to the French legation at Berlin.
+
+  LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and
+    Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and
+    afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fr�ulein
+    Frederica of Lamprecht.
+
+  LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.
+
+  LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose
+    political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people
+    were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of
+    Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing
+    the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the
+    Court of Peers and executed.
+
+  LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of
+    King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the
+    Low Countries.
+
+  LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth
+    Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William
+    III.
+
+  LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King
+    of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria,
+    wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.
+
+  LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in
+    the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a
+    Countess Batthy�ny.
+
+  LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory
+    party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in
+    succession the highest political posts in his country. His
+    second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he
+    vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into
+    Parliament.
+
+
+M
+
+  MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish
+    family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and
+    the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and
+    did not return to the service until 1809, when his
+    distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the
+    Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was
+    appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of
+    Honour, a post which he held until 1831.
+
+  MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum.
+    Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin
+    of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession
+    of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight
+    of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in
+    1869, and retired into private life in 1870.
+
+  MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a
+    noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779
+    the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his
+    death she lived very quietly at Paris.
+
+  MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended
+    the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but
+    his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he
+    introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops
+    in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a
+    firman of 1839.
+
+  MAILL�, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles Fran�ois Armand de la
+    Tour-Landry, Duc de Maill�, was before the Revolution first
+    Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an _�migr�_ with
+    the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the
+    Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814,
+    and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made
+    him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July
+    monarchy,
+
+  MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King
+    Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.
+
+  MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French
+    diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.
+
+  MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Fran�oise Weygold,
+    was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison,
+    at that time Major.
+
+  MALESHERBES, Chr�tien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of
+    Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis
+    XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died
+    himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French
+    Academy.
+
+  MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the
+    Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister
+    Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of
+    Golz.
+
+  MANNAY, the Abb� Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice,
+    where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest
+    he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims.
+    When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and
+    Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Tr�ves. He
+    resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was
+    appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a
+    great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.
+
+  MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the
+    Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the
+    chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards
+    Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired
+    to the convent of the Sacr� Coeur, where she took the veil.
+
+  MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barb�* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and
+    politician, for a long time president of the financial court.
+
+  MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the
+    Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St
+    Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of
+    Julius C�sar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed
+    Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him
+    with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in
+    1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg.
+    In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring
+    back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made
+    Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method
+    became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at
+    Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his
+    presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended
+    a career which had brought him both honour and riches.
+
+  MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter
+    of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.
+
+  MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French
+    diplomatist.
+
+  MARIA II., OR DO�A MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of
+    Portugal.
+
+  MARIE AM�LIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King
+    of the French.
+
+  MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I.,
+    King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand
+    VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and
+    Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Mu�oz, officer in
+    the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had
+    been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to
+    Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to
+    Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter,
+    Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris,
+    and lived there until her death.
+
+  MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry
+    IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.
+
+  MARIE D'ORL�ANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King
+    Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of W�rtemberg.
+
+  MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with
+    Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she
+    secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After
+    the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom
+    she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de
+    Bombelles.
+
+  MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and
+    Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.
+
+  MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married,
+    about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill,
+    afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was
+    the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great
+    influence.
+
+  MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father
+    adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he
+    studied at the Lyc�e Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in
+    the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years
+    at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality,
+    entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St.
+    Petersburg.
+
+  MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Com�die Fran�aise.
+
+  MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847).
+    Magistrate and French politician.
+
+  MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Fran�ois* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters
+    and politician.
+
+  MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal
+    Macdonald.
+
+  MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of
+    Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.
+
+  MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the
+    daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist
+    in the Russian service.
+
+  MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe,
+    he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very
+    intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant
+    relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became
+    the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta,
+    Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand
+    Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in
+    1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess
+    was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She
+    married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orl�ans, by whom she had two
+    children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became
+    a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of
+    the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in
+    1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.
+
+  MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded
+    his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in
+    1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise
+    of Prussia.
+
+  MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of
+    the Duchess de Dino.
+
+  MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A
+    patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and
+    his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael
+    Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.
+
+  MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a
+    merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in
+    1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and
+    proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their
+    revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1,
+    1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his
+    lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the
+    Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France
+    declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this
+    victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the
+    Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He
+    introduced great reforms into his country.
+
+  MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician,
+    brother of Lady Palmerston.
+
+  M�RODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his
+    cousin Mlle. Th�r�se de M�rode.
+
+  METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and
+    statesman.
+
+  METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince
+    Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.
+
+  MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who
+    had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler
+    and a benefactor of Lavau.
+
+  MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter,
+    sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of
+    draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at
+    Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola
+    which is its chief glory.
+
+  MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and
+    man of letters.
+
+  MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of
+    Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of
+    England.
+
+  MOL�, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old
+    parliamentary family.
+
+  MOL�, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. _N�e_ Mlle. de la Briche.
+
+  MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars
+    of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second
+    Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as
+    Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the
+    Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of
+    France. Under the July government, he was governor of the
+    Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.
+
+  MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie
+    Am�lie.
+
+  MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist
+    and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal
+    Catholicism.
+
+  MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic
+    School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the
+    Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior
+    in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship.
+    As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of
+    Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the
+    palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He
+    entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848
+    sent him back to private life.
+
+  MONTBRETON, Madame de. Cl�mence Marie de Nicola�, daughter of the
+    Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola�, whose name appears in
+    the Lafarge trial.
+
+  MONTEBELLO, Napol�on Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the
+    famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a
+    Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He
+    supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.
+
+  MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant
+    visitor at the Castle of Valen�ay.
+
+  MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie,
+    daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de
+    Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was
+    aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She
+    was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans.
+
+  MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French
+    Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and
+    at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince
+    Paul of W�rtemberg by a morganatic marriage.
+
+  MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of
+    Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of
+    W�rtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff,
+    Prince de San Donato.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). _N�e_ Mlle. de
+    Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of
+    the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de
+    Valen�ay.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of
+    Duc on his father's death in 1846.
+
+  MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de
+    Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her
+    only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosth�ne de la
+    Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.
+
+  MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of
+    _la Grande Mademoiselle_; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston
+    d'Orl�ans.
+
+  MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and
+    sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.
+
+  MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died
+    from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.
+
+  MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Fran�oise Bertaut married in 1639
+    Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On
+    the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de
+    Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme.
+    de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.
+
+  MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the
+    Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar
+    and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title
+    of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown
+    Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made
+    him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers
+    and showed much talent in many discussions.
+
+  MU�OZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the
+    Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen
+    Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a
+    morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of
+    Ferdinand VII. Mu�oz showed no ambition and only consented to
+    become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the
+    Golden Fleece.
+
+  MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of
+    King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very
+    early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council,
+    aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord
+    Munster.
+
+  MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I.
+    She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess
+    of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815
+    and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she
+    died.
+
+
+N
+
+  NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went
+    through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the
+    retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro
+    of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England
+    he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834,
+    appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and
+    Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet
+    during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate
+    and failed before Cronstadt.
+
+  NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King
+    Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.
+
+  NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the
+    King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand
+    II. in 1832.
+
+  NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the
+    Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith,
+    by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count
+    Mascali.
+
+  NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (_See_ Syracuse, Count of.)
+
+  NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which
+    had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The
+    Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia
+    and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.
+
+  NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790,
+    and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In
+    1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the
+    Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in
+    the Chamber of Peers until his death.
+
+  NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and
+    Major-General in the army of W�rtemberg. He married as his
+    second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of W�rtemberg.
+
+  NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orl�ans, wife of
+    Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she
+    obtained the Principality of Neuch�tel. She has left graceful
+    and lively memoirs of her life.
+
+  NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King
+    Louis-Philippe.
+
+  NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards
+    Imperial Chancellor of Russia.
+
+  NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count
+    Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.
+
+  NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of
+    the Duke of Beaufort, in England.
+
+  NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de
+    la Moskowa. _N�e_ Agla� Louise de Lascans, she had married
+    Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under
+    Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into
+    connection with the Dauphine during their youth.
+
+  NICOLA�, the Marquise Scipion de, _n�e_ Lameth. She was the mother
+    of Madame de L�autaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were
+    implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the
+    Lafarge trial.
+
+  NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and
+    controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port
+    Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal
+    he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the
+    prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to
+    leave France in 1679 and could only return through the
+    intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.
+
+  NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had
+    conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who
+    was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he
+    succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the
+    Duc Jean de Noailles.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de
+    Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.
+
+  NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842
+    his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de
+    Noailles.
+
+  NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was
+    the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne
+    was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for
+    divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord
+    Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him.
+    Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a
+    certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and
+    newspaper articles.
+
+
+O
+
+  O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.
+
+  O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell,
+    whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.
+
+  OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he
+    was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he
+    became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828;
+    Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and
+    Foreign Minister in 1837.
+
+  OLLIVIER, l'Abb� Nicolas Th�odore. Born in 1798. Priest of
+    Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.
+
+  OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). _N�e_ the Countess of
+    Schlippenbach.
+
+  ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of
+    Holland in 1840.
+
+  ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the
+    Emperor Paul of Russia.
+
+  ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the
+    road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired
+    a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot
+    died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."
+
+  ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called
+    _Philippe Egalit�_. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.
+
+  ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
+    Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.
+
+  ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all
+    the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic
+    service in 1828.
+
+
+P
+
+  PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married
+    Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V.
+    and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of
+    Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of
+    pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by
+    the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement.
+    On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one
+    of the most remarkable that he composed.
+
+  PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of
+    Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.
+
+  PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had
+    married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a
+    Portuguese statesman.
+
+  PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time
+    Foreign Minister.
+
+  PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.
+
+  PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orl�ans
+    and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of
+    the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.
+
+  PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble
+    geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist
+    and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the
+    Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most
+    powerful writer in Port Royal.
+
+  PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France.
+    Appointed Chancellor in 1837.
+
+  PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy
+    and member of the Institute.
+
+  PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.
+
+  PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of
+    several Cabinets.
+
+  PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff,
+    married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in
+    1827.
+
+  PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince
+    Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her
+    possession of this title.
+
+  PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he
+    was executed.
+
+  P�RIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert Ren� de
+    Talleyrand-P�rigord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan,
+    who died in 1854.
+
+  P�RIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse
+    de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.
+
+  P�RIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valen�ay by
+    his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the
+    title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.
+
+  PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in
+    Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of
+    Frederick William III.
+
+  PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Ad�la�de, Countess of
+    Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.
+
+  PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to
+    the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts
+    under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King
+    Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.
+
+  PETETOT, the Abb� Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of
+    the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis
+    d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the
+    Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.
+
+  PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An _�migr�_ during the
+    Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the
+    Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice
+    under M. de Vill�le, he supported every retrograde measure. In
+    1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac
+    Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the
+    July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers
+    and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at
+    the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in
+    complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.
+
+  PIATOLI, the Abb� Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took
+    orders. Princess Lubomirska, _n�e_ Czartoryska, who was
+    travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince
+    Henry Lubomirski. The Abb� came with her to Poland in 1787, and
+    Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity,
+    secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus.
+    The Abb� Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic
+    party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after
+    taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second
+    partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the
+    household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through
+    the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post
+    in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful
+    imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the
+    principles of Voltaire.
+
+  PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barb� Chiaramonti, a Benedictine
+    monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the
+    bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He
+    reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon,
+    and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years
+    afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France,
+    he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the
+    French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he
+    was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau.
+    The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he
+    returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in
+    Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.
+
+  PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rar�court de la
+    Vall�e Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary
+    gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the
+    Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Fr�nilly in 1819.
+
+  PISCATORY, Th�obald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the
+    Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was
+    elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative
+    majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in
+    Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he
+    was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He
+    abandoned political life after the coup d'�tat of 1851.
+
+  PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie,
+    daughter of the Marquis of Barb� Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de
+    Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France
+    at an early age for Greece, where she died.
+
+  PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the
+    Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated
+    the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orl�ans.
+
+  POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X.
+    He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of
+    Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.
+
+  POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns,
+    daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the
+    Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de
+    Polignac.
+
+  POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de
+    Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644,
+    he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun
+    in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent
+    to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him
+    Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the
+    glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into
+    disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of
+    Louvois.
+
+  PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople
+    from 1822 to 1827.
+
+  PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French
+    diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary
+    Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States;
+    afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846
+    he entered the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and
+    privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840
+    and died at Naples.
+
+  POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a
+    diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as
+    Ambassador at Paris.
+
+  PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Th�obald de (1805-1847). He took
+    the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour
+    to the Duchess d'Orl�ans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of
+    Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in
+    1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal S�bastiani.
+    Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his
+    wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.
+
+  PREISSAC, Comte Fran�ois Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the
+    Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de
+    Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry
+    Regiment.
+
+  PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He
+    took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector
+    of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the
+    Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he
+    became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine,
+    Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of
+    Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of
+    the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de P�rigord,
+    afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de
+    Talleyrand.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince
+    Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of
+    Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke
+    of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne,
+    daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in
+    1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William
+    III.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King
+    Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he
+    assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick
+    William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King
+    in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the
+    House of Hohenzollern.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of
+    Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of
+    Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress
+    Augusta.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King
+    Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the
+    Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in
+    1827.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King
+    Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of
+    the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he
+    contracted a morganatic marriage with Fr�ulein von Rauch, who
+    was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the
+    King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of
+    Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she
+    had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian
+    court.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of
+    Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess
+    of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian
+    Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese
+    Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.
+
+  PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing.
+    In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King
+    in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.
+
+  P�CKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in
+    the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian
+    service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in
+    1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated
+    in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in
+    Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and
+    gardens.
+
+  P�CKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married
+    the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817
+    she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann P�ckler, from whom she
+    separated in 1826.
+
+  PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attach� to the Prussian Legation
+    at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess
+    Lottum.
+
+
+Q
+
+  QUATREM�RE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an
+    early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art,
+    and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy
+    at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the
+    Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in
+    1815; Professor of Arch�ology in 1818; and he was a member of
+    the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy
+    of Fine Arts.
+
+  QU�LEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de
+    Talleyrand P�rigord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in
+    1821.
+
+
+R
+
+  RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the
+    daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth
+    spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first
+    appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the
+    Th��tre Fran�ais, where she gave an admirable exposition of the
+    finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a
+    tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which
+    she soon died.
+
+  RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the
+    Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon
+    and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing
+    his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of
+    the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service
+    to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy
+    man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed
+    to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political
+    correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married
+    Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords
+    and a Privy Councillor.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince
+    Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great.
+    She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the
+    service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army
+    corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife,
+    whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who
+    died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He
+    was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess
+    Louise of Prussia.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of
+    Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa
+    Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.
+
+  RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). L�ontine, third daughter
+    of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw
+    Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.
+
+  RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French
+    service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served
+    the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus
+    Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of
+    France.
+
+  RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in
+    the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
+
+  RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he
+    bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish
+    artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier
+    Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a
+    great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.
+
+  RATISBONNE, the Abb� Marie Th�odore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish
+    banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law
+    when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was
+    known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation
+    of Notre Dame of Sion.
+
+  RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Th�odore Ratisbonne.
+    He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the
+    congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.
+
+  RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor.
+    He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811,
+    where he was greatly patronised by the Court.
+
+  RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.
+
+  RAVIGNAN, the Abb� de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his
+    career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left
+    the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the
+    Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and
+    his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of
+    Monseigneur de Qu�len, Archbishop of Paris.
+
+  RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who
+    received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.
+
+  RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.
+
+  R�CAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the
+    deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary
+    personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.
+
+  RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess
+    of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774,
+    the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost
+    her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great
+    deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the
+    literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several
+    works.
+
+  REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt
+    married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William
+    and Henry.
+
+  REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner,
+    a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain
+    at the Court of the Emperor William I.
+
+  REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a
+    Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern.
+    She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.
+
+  REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); _n�e_ Krusemacht, daughter and
+    sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the
+    Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief
+    lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.
+
+  REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at W�rtemberg,
+    he studied at the University of T�bingen and knew Goethe. He
+    entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was
+    Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799
+    replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign
+    Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been
+    made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of
+    Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and
+    Political Science.
+
+  REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the
+    Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and
+    was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.
+
+  R�MUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and
+    politician.
+
+  RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during
+    the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.
+
+  REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General
+    and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional
+    commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.
+
+  RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter
+    of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.
+
+  RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of
+    French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite
+    of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His
+    father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was
+    Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de
+    Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian
+    Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in
+    1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.
+
+  RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a
+    brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he
+    entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On
+    the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal,
+    godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first
+    saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed
+    dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria.
+    After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years
+    War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and
+    pleasures.
+
+  RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral.
+    Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.
+
+  RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer
+    and of the sister of the Abb� Louis, he left the military school
+    at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of
+    Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830,
+    he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and
+    though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat,
+    the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel.
+    The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was
+    relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until
+    1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.
+
+  RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny
+    and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.
+
+  RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower,
+    daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt,
+    Lord Rivers.
+
+  ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed
+    his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France
+    and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of
+    sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of
+    Prince de L�on, he was present at the battle of Wagram and
+    became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a
+    prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the
+    Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then
+    first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal
+    in 1824. After 1830 he retired.
+
+  ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de
+    Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose
+    third wife she was.
+
+  ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de
+    Richelieu.
+
+  ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de
+    Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in
+    1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he
+    became Naval Minister in the Mol� Ministry, and in 1839 entered
+    the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice
+    Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his
+    popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded
+    to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of
+    the learned astronomer William Rosse.
+
+  ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish
+    origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre
+    on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure
+    in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and
+    her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to
+    reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went
+    to America and died of cholera in Mexico.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the
+    second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches
+    of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme
+    Rothschild, settled at Paris.
+
+  ROUG�, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he
+    married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uz�s.
+
+  ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of
+    a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected.
+    With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the
+    eighteenth century.
+
+  ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at
+    Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.
+
+  ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie Ren� Savary.
+    Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards
+    commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was
+    ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc
+    d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the
+    battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he
+    succeeded Fouch� as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English
+    refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the
+    Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was
+    afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria,
+    terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine
+    strategical roads.
+
+  ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy
+    he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable
+    reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of
+    Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.
+
+  ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher
+    statesman and Member of the Academy.
+
+  RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.
+
+  RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the
+    scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the
+    scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a
+    German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow.
+    Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.
+
+  RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Th�odore de (1789-1860). He took part in the
+    wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General G�rard
+    in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal;
+    after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in
+    retirement.
+
+  RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and
+    Ambassador at Berlin.
+
+  RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several
+    Ministries and twice Prime Minister.
+
+  RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly
+    Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of W�rtemberg, second wife of
+    the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She
+    was left a widow in 1801.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne,
+    Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke
+    Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna
+    Feodorovna.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*
+
+  RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of
+    Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand
+    Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.
+
+  RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince
+    Paul of W�rtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe
+    Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia,
+    youngest son of the Emperor Paul.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son
+    of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander
+    II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.
+
+  RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the
+    Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the
+    Hereditary Prince of W�rtemberg, who succeeded his father in the
+    same year.
+
+
+S
+
+  SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of
+    Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In
+    1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and
+    (3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died
+    suddenly at Vienna and left no children.
+
+  SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica
+    and one of the fathers of the church.
+
+  SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to
+    King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.
+
+  SAINT CYRAN, the Abb� de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne
+    studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with
+    the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and
+    obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous
+    disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon,
+    etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept
+    him in prison for four years.
+
+  SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of
+    an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.
+
+  SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France,
+    diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.
+
+  SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. _N�e_ Louise Charlotte Victoire
+    de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M.
+    de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.
+
+  SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). _N�e_ Hortense de
+    Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of
+    Holland and mother of Napoleon III.
+
+  SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer
+    and member of the French Academy.
+
+  SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the
+    Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the
+    history of his time.
+
+  SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of
+    Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal
+    Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In
+    1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a
+    daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.
+
+  SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the
+    Emperor Francis I. of Austria.
+
+  SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and
+    politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.
+
+  SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer
+    and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.
+
+  SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore,
+    married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died
+    in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count
+    Walewski.
+
+  SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer
+    in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of
+    the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine,
+    when his old ducal family became extinct.
+
+  SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice
+    in 1836.
+
+  SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the
+    service of the Low Countries.
+
+  SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733).
+    Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John
+    Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick
+    Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.
+
+  SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the
+    throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and
+    promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An
+    enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in
+    consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.
+
+  SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.
+
+  SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his
+    brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married
+    Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and
+    was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and
+    his learning.
+
+  SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King
+    Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.
+
+  SCH�NBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of
+    the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of
+    Sch�nburg Waldenburg.
+
+  SCH�NLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich.
+    He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.
+
+  SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time
+    first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and
+    governor of the houses and property of this princess.
+
+  SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in
+    the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had
+    married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.
+
+  SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian
+    lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan,
+    the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage
+    was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the
+    property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an
+    apoplectic stroke and was buried there.
+
+  SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a
+    soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the
+    marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the
+    occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which
+    had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his
+    wife perished in the flames.
+
+  SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fr�ulein Dullack, married, in
+    1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840,
+    chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth
+    the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.
+
+  S�BASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at
+    Constantinople, Naples, and London.
+
+  S�BASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the
+    Duc de Gramont. She had become an _�migr�_ at the age of sixteen
+    with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow,
+    whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General
+    S�bastiani, whose second wife she was.
+
+  S�GUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). F�licit� d'Aguesseau, sole
+    heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count
+    Octave de S�gur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died
+    in 1818.
+
+  S�MONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the
+    Court of Peers.
+
+  SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre C�sar Charles Guillaume
+    de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the
+    Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for
+    the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed
+    Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.
+
+  S�VIGN�, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most
+    distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of
+    remarkable letters.
+
+  SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the
+    opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles
+    VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked
+    by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to
+    flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of
+    Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he
+    was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was
+    imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.
+
+  SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of
+    Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs.
+    Jordan.
+
+  SIEY�S, the Abb� (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and
+    politician during the Revolution.
+
+  SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was
+    commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy
+    Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent
+    reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the
+    School of Fine Arts in Paris.
+
+  SIM�ON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests
+    at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had
+    strong artistic tastes.
+
+  SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry
+    captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her
+    first marriage.
+
+  SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name,
+    Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.
+
+  SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian
+    of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was
+    the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.
+
+  SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of
+    the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.
+
+  STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain
+    to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and
+    took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married
+    Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples
+    at St. Petersburg.
+
+  STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). _N�e_ Caroline de
+    Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left
+    a widow she settled at Paris.
+
+  STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon,
+    married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of
+    the English Parliament.
+
+  STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous
+    in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire.
+    In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.
+
+  STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count
+    of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the
+    acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off
+    and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg
+    society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain
+    for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great
+    ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870,
+    after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.
+
+  STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of M�nchingen
+    had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was
+    Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
+
+  SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. _N�e_ Lady Carlisle.
+    She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.
+
+  SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). L�opold de Bourbon, son of
+    Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He
+    was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never
+    received any command.
+
+  SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). _See_ Carignan, Philiberte
+    de.
+
+
+T
+
+  TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return
+    from exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French
+    Ambassador at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State
+    and a member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into
+    retirement upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de
+    Rosi�re-Saraus, widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by
+    whom he had no children, so that the house of Tonnerre became
+    extinct with him.
+
+  TALLEYRAND-P�RIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre
+    Ang�lique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-P�rigord, was
+    Archbishop of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of
+    Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain
+    of France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had
+    abandoned the church into which he had been forced to enter, and
+    was one of the best politicians of his time.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). _N�e_ Catharine Werl�e,
+    of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802
+    with the Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor
+    Napoleon, a marriage which was immediately dissolved.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as _le bel Archambaud_.
+    He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was
+    executed in 1793 during the Revolution.
+
+  TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron
+    Augustin de Talleyrand and of Ad�laide de Montigny.
+
+  TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law;
+    some interesting publications gained him a great reputation
+    among scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial
+    Library upon its reorganisation.
+
+  TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian
+    diplomatist. Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he
+    remained until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord
+    Chamberlain to the Emperor Nicholas.
+
+  TAURY, the Abb� Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny;
+    he was selected in 1832 by the Abb� Tournet, founder of the
+    community of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as
+    Superior General of that community. In 1845 he was appointed
+    Vicar-General at Niort. He died of an apoplectic stroke when he
+    was descending from the pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.
+
+  TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George
+    III., George IV., and William IV. of England.
+
+  THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke
+    Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess
+    Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples,
+    who married her in 1837.
+
+  THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal,
+    liberal deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in
+    1848.
+
+  THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of
+    "Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of
+    Merovingian Times."
+
+  THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.
+
+  THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the
+    stockbroker.
+
+  THORWALDSEN, Barth�lemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.
+
+  TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber of
+    Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition.
+    On the _coup d'�tat_ of December 2, he joined the
+    representatives who signed the act of accusation against Louis
+    Bonaparte and was imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a
+    short time afterwards and returned to private life. He was the
+    author of "Democracy in America," and of the _Ancien R�gime_.
+
+  TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in
+    the Cortes and several times Minister.
+
+  TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa,
+    daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
+    sister of Queen Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince
+    Charles de la Tour et Taxis, Privy Councillor to the Emperor of
+    Austria and Postmaster-General, an office which had been in his
+    family since 1695.
+
+  TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess
+    Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at
+    Versailles.
+
+  TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of
+    Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in
+    1824. His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he
+    married the Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.
+
+
+V
+
+  VAL�E, Marshal Sylvain Charles (1773-1846). Fought in the
+    campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire with distinction,
+    and received the title of Comte from Napoleon. He supported the
+    Second Restoration, and Charles X. made him a peer of France.
+    In 1837 he gained his Marshal's baton at the capture of
+    Constantine and then became Governor-General of Algeria. In
+    1840 he resigned this command in favour of General Bugeaud.
+
+  VALEN�AY, Madame de. Wife of Jacques d'Etampes, Marquis de la
+    Fert�-Imbault, Marshal of France, who lived from 1590 to 1668.
+
+  VALEN�AY, the Duc de* (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-P�rigord,
+    Duc de Talleyrand and de Valen�ay, Duc de Sagan after the death
+    of his mother, eldest son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand and of
+    Princess Dorothea of Courlande.
+
+  VALEN�AY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). _N�e_ de Montmorency.
+
+  VALEN�AY, Yolande de (1833-1835). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse
+    de Valen�ay; she died of scarlatina when young.
+
+  VANDOEUVRE, Baron William de (1779-1870). Auditor to the Council
+    of State in 1806 and then deputy for the Aube; he became Peer of
+    France in 1837. He married Mlle. Dassy.
+
+  VATRY, the Baron de (1793-1871). Alph�e Bourdon Vapereau de Vatry,
+    aide-de-camp to Prince J�r�me Bonaparte. He left the army under
+    the Restoration, became a stockbroker and made a large fortune.
+    He was a deputy from 1835 to 1848.
+
+  VATRY, the Baronne de. Died in 1881. She was the daughter of M.
+    Hainguerlot, and married Baron Alph�e de Vatry who died in 1871.
+
+  VAUGUYON, Mlle. Pauline de la (1783-1829). Daughter of the Duc de
+    la Vauguyon; she married in 1810 the Baron of Villefranche of
+    the house of Carignan. She died of burns received in an accident
+    at her villa at Auteuil and left three children: (1) a daughter
+    who married Prince Massimo of Arsoli; (2) another daughter who
+    married the Count of Syracuse of the house of Naples; (3) a son
+    by name Eug�ne, who was recognised by the King of Sardinia as a
+    prince of the blood.
+
+  V�RAC, the Marquis de (1768-1858). Armand de V�rac served for some
+    time in the army of the Princes and then returned to France; he
+    was exiled by Napoleon to Belgium eight years later. Under the
+    Restoration he became a Peer of France and Governor of the
+    Ch�teau of Versailles.
+
+  VERNET, Horace (1789-1863). A famous French painter who followed
+    the Algerian campaign and painted several battle scenes
+    illustrating it.
+
+  VERQUIGNIEULLE, the Marquise de. Flore Marie de Proudhomme et
+    d'Harlay de Verquignieulle, married in 1836 M. Ancillon whose
+    third wife she was. On his death in 1837, she returned to live
+    in Belgium, her native country.
+
+  VERTOT, the Abb� de (1655-1735). R�ne Aubert de Vertot first
+    entered a religious vocation and became in succession a Capuchin
+    monk under the name of Father Zacharie, a Premonstratensian and
+    a member of the Order of Cluny. Then, being tired of the
+    cloister life, he joined the secular clergy and became priest of
+    Croissy-la-Garenne and of other places. He published a "History
+    of the Revolutions in Portugal," but his favourite work was a
+    "History of the Roman Republic."
+
+  VESTIER, Phidias (1796-1874). Architect and Inspector of the
+    historical monuments in the department of Indre-et-Loire. He was
+    made a Knight of the Legion of Honour after building the railway
+    station at Tours in 1849. He was the grandson of a painter,
+    several of whose works are in the Louvre. Largely supported by
+    the Duchesse de Talleyrand, he built numerous residences at
+    Paris and several country houses in the valley of the Loire.
+
+  VICENCE, the Duc de (1815-1896). Armand Alexandre Joseph Adrien de
+    Caulaincourt first entered upon a diplomatic career, which he
+    abandoned in 1837. Under the July monarchy he was a deputy,
+    under the Second Empire a Senator, and was made Commander of the
+    Legion of Honour in 1868.
+
+  VILLEFRANCHE, Comte Eug�ne de (1753-1785). This prince of the
+    house of Carignan served in the French Army and was given by
+    Louis XVI. the command of an Infantry Regiment which took the
+    name of _Savoie Carignan_. He incurred the royal disfavour on
+    account of his marriage with Mlle. Magon Laballue, left the army
+    and died at an early age, and in obscurity at Domart in
+    Picardie.
+
+  VILLEFRANCHE, Baron Joseph Marie de (1783-1825). Son of the
+    foregoing. He had a brilliant career in a cavalry regiment under
+    the Empire, which was continued under the Restoration, and in
+    1823 he followed the Duc d'Angoul�me into Spain. He died
+    suddenly in a carriage of an apoplectic stroke. He had married
+    the daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon.
+
+  VILLEGONTIER, Comte Louis de la (1776-1849). Prefect of the Allier
+    in 1816, then Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine and Peer of France in
+    1819; he took the oath to the Government of Louis-Philippe and
+    supported his policy until 1848, when he retired into private
+    life.
+
+  VILL�LE, Comte Guillaume Aubin de (1770-1840). Brought up in the
+    Seminary of Saint Sulpice, he became an _�migr�_ during the
+    Revolution and was ordained priest at D�sseldorf; when he
+    returned to France in 1802 he devoted himself to preaching.
+    Louis XVIII. appointed him Bishop of Soissons; in 1824 he became
+    Archbishop of Bourges and entered the Chamber of Peers at the
+    same time. After 1830 he remained adverse to the new Government,
+    and refused the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1839. When Don
+    Carlos was driven from Spain and interned at Bourges, the
+    Archbishop offered him his palace for his residence, and
+    received from this Prince the grand cordon of Charles III.
+
+  VILLEMAIN, Abel Fran�ois* (1790-1870). French professor, writer,
+    and politician.
+
+  VINCKE, Frau von (1766-1845). Fr�ulein von Vincke married her
+    relative, Herr von Vincke, and became lady-of-honour to Queen
+    Louise of Prussia, who was very fond of her. After the death of
+    this Princess she held a high position at court and in Berlin
+    society.
+
+  VIVIEN, Alexandre Fran�ois Auguste (1799-1854). In 1840 he was
+    Minister of Justice in the Thiers Ministry, and lent his name to
+    the decree suppressing the deputy judges for the Court of the
+    Seine.
+
+  VOLTAIRE, Arouet de* (1694-1778). A French philosopher who exerted
+    a vast influence upon the history and literature of the
+    eighteenth century.
+
+
+W
+
+  WAGRAM, Prince Napoleon Louis de (1810-1888). Son of the famous
+    Marshal Berthier. He was a Peer of France in 1836 and Senator
+    in 1848.
+
+  WALEWSKI, Comte Alexandre (1810-1868). French politician and
+    Minister under Napoleon III. He was the natural son of the
+    Emperor Napoleon I., and of the Countess Marie Walewska, whom
+    the Emperor had known at Warsaw in 1807.
+
+  WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier, born in Bohemia, and
+    one of the greatest generals during the Thirty Years War.
+
+  WALSH, Countess Agatha. Left a widow as early as 1806, she became
+    first lady at the court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden
+    and did not retire until 1839. Her son, Theophilus, was a
+    constant visitor at the Baden court.
+
+  WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). A Scotch novelist.
+
+  WASA, Princess (1811-1854). Louise Stephanie, daughter of the
+    Grand Duke Charles of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, _n�e_
+    Stephanie of Beauharnais.
+
+  WEIZEL, Mlle. de. A very intimate friend of the family of
+    Entraigues and of the Baron and Baronne Finot, who lived near
+    Valen�ay.
+
+  WELLINGTON, the Duke of* (1769-1852). A famous English General,
+    the opponent of Napoleon and several times a member of the
+    Cabinet.
+
+  WERTHER, Baron* (1772-1859). Prussian diplomatist, Ambassador at
+    Paris, and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin.
+
+  WERTHER, Baroness* (1778-1853). By birth the Countess Sophia
+    Sandizell.
+
+  WERTHER, Baron Charles (1809-1894). Son of the foregoing. In 1869
+    he took the place of the Count of Golz as Ambassador at Paris,
+    and through his instrumentality a breach in relations took
+    place, which led to the outbreak of the 1870 war. In 1874 he was
+    appointed Ambassador at Constantinople, and retired to Munich in
+    1877.
+
+  WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of
+    letters.
+
+  WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn- (1770-1851). Household
+    Minister to King Frederick William III. of Prussia, and one of
+    the most important personages at the Berlin court.
+
+  WOLFF, Herr von. Councillor to the Prussian Ministry of the
+    Interior for many years.
+
+  WOLFF, Frau von. Daughter of the Councillor of Justice. Herr
+    Hennenberg.
+
+  WOLOWSKI, Louis (1810-1876). Born at Warsaw, he was naturalised in
+    France after the Polish revolution of 1830, and devoted himself
+    to the study of law and economic problems, in which he became a
+    master.
+
+  WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan (1791-1854). Russian Minister at
+    Munich from 1824 to 1828, and at Turin till 1832. He then became
+    Councillor of the Empire at St. Petersburg and Chief Master of
+    Ceremonies at the Court. He was an enlightened patron of the
+    arts.
+
+  WURMB, Herr Friedrich Karl von (1766-1843). Staff Officer at
+    Berlin. He resigned to marry Fr�ulein von G�cking, and became
+    land agent to the Duchesse de Dino at Deutsch-Wartenberg.
+
+  WURMB, Frau von (1783-1862). Wilhelmina of G�cking, daughter of
+    the Councillor of State to the Finance Ministry.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Duke Alexander of (1804-1855). He entered the Austrian
+    Military Service, but after contracting a morganatic marriage in
+    1835 with a Countess Rheday he settled at Paris.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, the King of* (1781-1862). William I.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Princess Maria of* (1816-1863). Daughter of King
+    William I. and wife of General Neipperg.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of* (1818-1877). Sister of the
+    foregoing. She married William III., King of the Low Countries.
+    She was a very distinguished Princess, and an intimate friend of
+    the Emperor Napoleon III.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Prince Paul of (1785-1852). Brother of King William I.
+    He married, in 1825, Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, by
+    whom he had several children. He afterwards contracted a
+    morganatic marriage with an English woman and settled at Paris.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1808, and son of the
+    foregoing. He remained in the service of W�rtemberg.
+
+  W�RTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of. Born in 1813, and brother of the
+    foregoing. He entered the Prussian service.
+
+
+X
+
+  XIMENES DE CISNEROS, the Cardinal of (1436-1517). A famous
+    Spanish statesman and Archbishop of Toledo. He performed the
+    greatest services to Charles V., who showed himself most
+    ungrateful, and dismissed him after using his influence to
+    procure his nomination as King of Castile and of Aragon.
+
+
+Z
+
+  ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco* (1772-1850). Spanish diplomatist. He
+    belonged to one of the most ancient families of the reconquest.
+
+  ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Do�a de.* Died in 1848. By birth she was Do�a Maria
+    Antonia de Anduaga, of a family living in Guipuscoa, which
+    included several diplomatists among its members. She was Lady
+    Noble of the Order of Maria Louisa.
+
+  ZO�. A negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval and then
+    in the service of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, with whom
+    she ended her life.
+
+
+    Printed by BALLANTYNE & CO. LIMITED
+    Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 44646-8.txt or 44646-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/6/4/44646/
+
+Produced by H�l�ne de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/44646-8.zip b/old/44646-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72e0f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-8.zip
diff --git a/old/44646-h.zip b/old/44646-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..340ec06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-h.zip
diff --git a/old/44646-h/44646-h.htm b/old/44646-h/44646-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23122ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-h/44646-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,19656 @@
+  <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+         <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
+    <head>
+	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+		content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+	<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg's eBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino, by Doroth�e, Duchesse de Dino</title>
+      <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
+   <style type="text/css">
+
+  h1,h2  {text-align: center;
+            clear: both;}
+
+   h1   {margin-top: 2em; line-height: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;
+        page-break-after: always;}
+
+   h2   {margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em; line-height: 2em;}
+
+   h2.normal {margin-bottom: 1em;}
+
+   div.titlepage,
+   div.frontmatter
+    {
+   text-align: center;
+   page-break-before: always;
+   page-break-after: always;
+    }
+
+   div.titlepage p
+    {
+   text-align: center;
+   font-weight: bold;
+   line-height: 2em;
+    }
+
+   div.frontmatter p
+    {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 4em;
+    }
+
+    .titlepage p
+    {
+    text-align: center;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    line-height: 2em;
+    }
+
+    .topspace {margin-top: 4em;}
+
+    .end
+    {
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: small;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 4em;
+    }
+
+    hr.tb    {width: 15%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;}
+
+    div.header
+    {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;}
+
+    table     {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+    .tdl      {text-align: left; vertical-align: top;
+               padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;}
+    .tdr      {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;}
+
+    th {padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 1em;}
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                right: 5%;
+                font-size: 0.6em;
+                font-variant: normal;
+                font-style: normal;
+                text-align: right;
+                background-color: #FFFACD;
+                padding: 0.3em;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+   .pagenumh { display: none; }
+
+/* footnotes */
+    .footnotes        {border: 1px dashed; padding-bottom: 2em; background-color: #F0FFFF;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label,
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: 25%; text-decoration: none; font-size: x-small;
+                      font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;}
+
+    .blockquote       {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .tnote     {margin: auto;
+               margin-top: 2em;
+               border: 1px solid;
+               padding: 1em;
+               background-color: #F0FFFF;
+               width: 25em;}
+
+     sup      {font-size: 0.7em; font-variant: normal;}
+
+     ul {list-style-type: none;}
+     li {margin-top: 0.5em; margin-left: 3em; text-indent: -2em;}
+     .alphabet {text-align: center; margin-top: 2em;}
+
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 90%;}
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .date     {margin-top: 2em;}
+    .signature {text-align: right; clear: both; margin-left: 25%; width: 75%;}
+
+    .i2       {margin-left: 2em;}
+
+    .xs    {font-size: x-small;}
+    .small {font-size: small;}
+    .medium {font-size: medium;}
+    .large  {font-size: large;}
+    .xlarge {font-size: x-large;}
+
+    .right    { text-align: right; clear: both; margin-left: 25%; width: 75%;}
+
+@media screen
+{
+   body
+    {
+        width: 90%;
+        max-width: 45em;
+        margin: auto;
+    }
+
+    p
+    {
+        margin-top: .75em;
+        margin-bottom: .75em;
+        text-align: justify;
+    }
+}
+
+@media print, handheld
+{
+    p
+    {
+    margin-top: .75em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .75em;
+      }
+
+    .smcap
+    {
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    font-size: 90%;
+    }
+
+    hr.tb
+    {
+    width: 15%;
+    margin-left: 42.5%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+     }
+
+}
+
+@media handheld
+{
+    body
+    {
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+        width: 90%;
+    }
+
+    .tnote
+    {
+    width: auto;
+    }
+}
+
+      </style>
+   </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3, 1836-1840
+       Second Series
+
+Author: Duchesse De Dino
+
+Editor: The Princesse Radziwill
+
+Release Date: January 12, 2014 [EBook #44646]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by H�l�ne de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<div class="tnote">
+<p>Transcriber's note:<br />
+Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
+been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_I">I</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>
+<span class="large">MEMOIRS OF THE</span><br />
+DUCHESSE DE DINO</h1>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_II">II</a></span>
+<span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_III">III</a></span>
+<span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_IV">VI</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/frontis.jpg" width="400" height="458" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_V">V</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="topspace titlepage">
+<p><span class="large">MEMOIRS OF THE</span><br />
+<span class="xlarge">DUCHESSE DE DINO</span><br />
+<span class="small">(<em>Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan</em>)</span><br />
+<span class="medium">1836-1840</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="small"><em>Edited, with Notes and Biographical Index, by</em></span><br />
+<span class="large">THE PRINCESSE RADZIWILL</span><br />
+<span class="small">(<em>N�E CASTELLANE</em>)</span></p>
+
+<p class="topspace">WITH FRONTISPIECE</p>
+
+<p>SECOND SERIES</p>
+
+<p><span class="small">NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS</span><br />
+LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN<br />
+<span class="xs">1910</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_VI">VI</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="topspace frontmatter">
+<p><em>Printed in England</em><br />
+<span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_VII">VII</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+<table id="toc" summary="contents">
+<tr>
+<th>CHAPTER I</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Paris, January 2, 1836&mdash;Dispute with America&mdash;Country Life&mdash;Politics
+in Paris&mdash;Ministerial Crisis&mdash;The New Ministry&mdash;The
+"Imitation"&mdash;Spring&mdash;Lacordaire&mdash;M. Thiers&mdash;Prince
+Royal's Tour&mdash;The Abb� Girolet&mdash;The Princes at
+Berlin&mdash;Spanish Affairs&mdash;Mme. de Lieven&mdash;The Tour of
+the Princes&mdash;M. de Talleyrand&mdash;Address to the King&mdash;Alibaud&mdash;Cardinal
+de Retz&mdash;Duc d'Orl�ans Marriage&mdash;Letter
+from Vienna&mdash;Duchess Stephanie&mdash;Moral Reflections&mdash;Revolution
+at Lisbon&mdash;The Queen of Spain&mdash;The
+Political Prisoners&mdash;Outbreak at Strasburg&mdash;Death
+of Charles X.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>CHAPTER II</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Paris, April 17, 1837&mdash;A Dinner-Party&mdash;The Princess Helena&mdash;The
+Ministry&mdash;The Review&mdash;London Gossip&mdash;The Abb�
+Dupanloup&mdash;Marriage Preparations&mdash;Fontainebleau&mdash;The
+King in Paris&mdash;English Politics&mdash;Duchesse d'Orl�ans&mdash;Appointments&mdash;At
+Valen�ay&mdash;Queen Victoria&mdash;The
+Pantheon&mdash;M. de Salvandy&mdash;Private Theatricals&mdash;At
+Rochecotte&mdash;Champchevrier&mdash;Retrospect.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>CHAPTER III</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rochecotte, January 1, 1838&mdash;Life at Paris&mdash;At Saint-Roch&mdash;Villemain&mdash;Bonn�table&mdash;Princess
+of Denmark&mdash;Marriage
+Proposals.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a>
+<span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_VIII">VIII</a></span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<th>CHAPTER IV</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Amiens, May 16, 1840&mdash;Travel in Belgium&mdash;Aix-la-Chapelle&mdash;The
+Art of Travel&mdash;Berlin&mdash;Life in Berlin&mdash;Princess Albert&mdash;The
+King's Illness&mdash;Tegel&mdash;Death of the King&mdash;The
+King's Will&mdash;The Funeral&mdash;Silesia&mdash;G�nthersdorf&mdash;Wartenberg&mdash;News
+from Paris&mdash;Countess Dohna&mdash;Start
+for Berlin&mdash;At Berlin&mdash;Court of Condolence&mdash;Dresden&mdash;The
+Castle&mdash;Carlsbad&mdash;L�bichau&mdash;Nuremberg&mdash;Baden&mdash;Egyptian
+Question&mdash;Umkirch&mdash;France and England&mdash;Foreign
+Politics&mdash;Mgr. Affre&mdash;Peace or War?&mdash;The
+Lafarge Case&mdash;Events in Prussia&mdash;Madame Lafarge&mdash;French
+Politics&mdash;Prospects of Peace&mdash;Queen Christina&mdash;The
+New Ministry&mdash;The King's Speech&mdash;Thiers and
+Guizot&mdash;News from Berlin&mdash;Napoleon's Funeral&mdash;Russian
+feeling.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>APPENDIX I</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>APPENDIX II</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>APPENDIX III</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>APPENDIX IV</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>APPENDIX V</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2><span class="large">MEMOIRS OF THE</span><br />
+DUCHESSE DE DINO<br />
+<span class="medium">CHAPTER I</span><br />
+<span class="medium">1836</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 2, 1836.&mdash;</em>M. de Talleyrand is working hard
+to advance the claims of M. Mol� to a seat in the French
+Academy. He is supported alike by M. Royer-Collard and by
+the Ministers; hence M. de Villemain found occasion to say,
+yesterday evening, that all the most <em>diverse</em> and <em>inverse</em>
+influences were in combination to <em>transport</em> or to <em>export</em>
+M. Mol� to the Academy, and that he himself was strongly
+in favour of <em>importation</em>, as a seat in the Academy was no
+obstacle to other posts. This play on words was no less
+pointed than malicious.</p>
+
+<p>There was much talk of the various speeches delivered
+before the King on New Year's Day, and in particular of
+M. Pasquier's speech, which was remarkable for the boldness
+he displayed in his use of the word "subject," which M. de
+Villemain called a <em>progressive</em> term.</p>
+
+<p>The King was delighted with Count Apponyi's speech, and
+the Diplomatic Service were equally pleased with the King's
+reply. In any case, Fieschi and Mascara<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[1]</a> were so much treasure-trove
+to all the speech-makers; emotion and sympathy
+in every degree were noticeable, and M. Dupin was moved
+even to sobs!</p>
+
+<p>Concerning M. Pasquier, a notice was inserted by some
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">2</a></span>
+jester in a low-class newspaper to the effect that his recent
+illness was caused by his recognition of Fieschi as his natural
+son! The old Comtesse de la Briche, who is falling into her
+dotage, went off in all seriousness to relate this piece of folly
+with sighs of profound emotion in the <em>salon</em> of Madame de
+Chastellux, the Carlist headquarters. Such want of tact is
+almost inconceivable, and great merriment was aroused!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 4, 1836.</em>&mdash;The illness of Madame de Flahaut's
+second daughter has become critical, and provided me yesterday
+with an illustration of that truest of parables, the beam
+and the mote, when Madame de Lieven said to me, in reference
+to Madame de Flahaut: "Can you conceive that she
+talks politics to me at a time like this and orders her carriage
+to visit Madame Ad�la�de? She will even leave her daughter's
+room to discuss public affairs with her visitors, and asks me
+to dinner to-morrow to distract her thoughts, as she says, and
+not to be left alone in her anxiety!" Apparently people cannot
+see themselves as others see them, and such incidents give
+one startling cause for introspection.</p>
+
+<p>The much-discussed communication from President Jackson,<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[2]</a>
+which has been expected with great impatience, has reached
+the Duc de Broglie, by way of England. He went to the
+King five hours later, to inform him that the communication
+had arrived; when the King asked to see it the Duc de
+Broglie told him that it was of no importance and that he
+had already sent it to the newspapers! He made the same
+observation to his colleague, M. de Thiers, who told every one
+he met during the evening, on the faith of this information,
+that the message was of no political significance. The next
+day the King and M. Thiers were able to read the message in
+the papers, and found that it was very cleverly conceived, very
+insolent to M. de Broglie personally, and exactly calculated to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">3</a></span>
+terminate the existing dispute. Council after council was
+then held, and lively discussions took place; at length the
+royal will has triumphed, with the support of M. Thiers, and
+the communication will be declared satisfactory. The intervention
+of England is to be declined, and a statement will be
+made that France is prepared to pay the sum of twenty-five
+millions as due under the terms specified. M. de Broglie eventually
+yielded, though his surrender was delayed by the wound
+to his self-esteem. At first he refused to submit for approval
+his note thanking England for her offer of intervention, but
+it was eventually shown to the King yesterday. It was criticised
+as being too long, too diffuse, and too metaphysical.
+There was a vigorous discussion in the council, but the King
+concluded the matter by giving his hand to the Duc de Broglie
+with a kind word. At the same time a considerable amount
+of ill-temper remains on both sides. However, a war with the
+United States would be very disadvantageous to French commerce;
+so this conclusion will probably have a good effect
+upon public opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning I had a call
+from M. Royer-Collard. He had just left M. de Berryer in a
+state of considerable vexation and disgust; their conversation
+had dealt with Prague. M. de Berryer said that at Prague
+M. Royer was in many men's minds and was well spoken of;
+that Charles X. had several times repeated his fear that he
+had not sufficiently considered several things which M. Royer
+had told him in a long conversation at the time of the much-discussed
+address<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[3]</a> of 1830. The curious point is that when the
+old king attempted to recall these important points, of which
+he had but a vague recollection, he found himself unable to
+remember them. The incident is very characteristic of the
+man's good intentions and incompetency.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 16, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. Humann, Financial Minister,
+delivered a tirade yesterday in the Chamber of Deputies,
+in which he very imprudently raised the question of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+reduction of the State bonds, without previously consulting his
+colleagues. It was thought that a dissolution of the Ministry
+would be the consequence, but the difficulty has been settled,
+and matters remain as they were, for the moment.</p>
+
+<p>The King has personally seen Count Pahlen and soothed
+his feelings, and it is hoped that the speech of the Duc de
+Broglie in the Chamber of Deputies will not lead to any
+outburst.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[4]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Chamber of Deputies
+remains disturbed and restive. Apathetic as the session was
+at its opening, it provides vexation enough to those responsible
+for the government. The prevailing ill-temper is especially
+manifested against the Duc de Broglie, the tone of whose
+speeches displeases the Deputies. His observation in the
+Chamber the other day, "is that clear?" is regarded as almost
+unpardonable.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[5]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we were dining with
+Marshal Maison. It was a remarkable dinner for many
+reasons, but especially for the stories told by the Marshal's
+wife, one of which amused me for a long time afterwards.
+They were speaking of crowded balls and saying how difficult
+it was to discover the exact number of guests actually present;
+thereupon the Marshal's wife observed in her high, shrill
+voice: "I have an admirable method which has always worked
+successfully in all the balls I have given; I put my chambermaid
+behind the door with a bag of beans at her side, and
+I say: 'Mariette, when any one comes in, you will take a bean
+out of the big bag and put it in your handbag.' Thus the
+numbers are exactly known, and that is the best way of doing
+it." So strong an inclination to wild laughter overcame me
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+that I nearly choked, and Mmes. de Lieven, von Werther,
+and von L�wenhielm, who were present, were in the same
+predicament.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 1, 1836.</em>&mdash;If I were at my dear Rochecotte,
+as I was last year, I should think that spring was beginning
+on February 1, whereas here one can say nothing of the kind.
+My old dislike of Paris has been growing upon me for some
+time. Not that people are in any way disagreeable&mdash;indeed,
+the contrary is the case; but life at Paris is too exhausting,
+the atmosphere is too keen, attractions are too numerous and
+widely spread, while at the same time they are not sufficiently
+strong. There is no leisure, constant worry, and a continual
+sense of want.</p>
+
+<p>At London I lived amid a society at once high and simple-minded;
+social success and leisure were possible at the same
+time. M. de Talleyrand there enjoyed good health and was
+occupied with important business. The excitement which I
+then experienced had its compensations; I had time for my
+own occupations, for reading, working, writing, and thinking,
+nor was I pestered by every idle person. If calling is a tax
+upon one's time, calls can be paid at London with an empty
+carriage and with cards; in short, life was then a pleasure.
+Hence my deep and melancholy regret for those years which
+will never return; hence my longing for the calm and sweetness
+of Rochecotte, with its wide horizon and its pure sky,
+for my clean house, my kind and simple neighbours, my workpeople,
+my flowers, my big dog, my little cow and goat, the
+good Abb�, the modest Vestier, the little wood where we used
+to gather fir-cones&mdash;the place, in short, where I am at my best,
+because I have time for valuable introspection, for enlightenment
+of thought, for the practice of good and the avoidance
+of evil, time to unite myself in simplicity of heart and mind
+with the beauty, the strength, and the graciousness of nature,
+which there gives me shelter, refreshment, and repose. But
+a truce to these self-complainings, which are useless and
+ungrateful.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I saw Dr. Ferrus, on his return from Ham.
+His account of what he found there is as follows: Both the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+orders and the attitude of the doctors were extremely kind,
+but it was necessary to find some excuse for action, and the
+two ex-Ministers who were really ill, MM. de Chantelauze
+and de Peyronnet, insolently refused to permit a visit from
+the doctors; while the others, MM. de Polignac and Guernon
+de Ranville, though very compliant, submissive, and anxious
+to take advantage of the kindly attitude of the Government,
+were unfortunately unable to plead any malady. Hence it
+was necessary to postpone the desired attempt to improve
+their condition.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[6]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 6, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning I went to
+the session of the Chamber of Deputies, with the Countess
+Bretzenheim, who had invited me to accompany her; there I
+heard for the first time a speech by M. Thiers; he spoke
+admirably, in opposition to the much-discussed proposal for
+the conversion of the stock, so imprudently put forward by
+M. Humann. While M. Thiers was speaking I thought I
+noticed him spitting blood several times; I wrote to ask him
+how he was, and the following is an extract from his reply:
+"I am exhausted; I did not spit blood, but in those few
+moments I shortened my life by several days; I have never
+encountered so strong an opposition of opinion, and an iron
+will is required to overcome an obstinacy so plain as that
+displayed by the Chamber. I am very sorry that you should
+have heard me speak, as the figures must have wearied you,
+and have given you a poor idea of our public oratory. We
+should be heard and judged only upon days of excitement,
+and not when we are discussing accounts. In any case, I am
+doubtful of the consequences, and were it not for the King
+I should be inclined to wish that the Ministry would resign.
+The struggle against such imprudence and foolishness is an
+unbearable task."</p>
+
+<p>This letter prepared me to some extent for the events of
+the evening. However, M. Royer-Collard, who came to me in
+the course of the morning, believed that the Ministry would
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+emerge triumphant, for the reason that the Chamber would
+find difficulty in using an advantage, if they gained one. He
+was overcome with admiration for the speech of M. Thiers,
+and had told him as much in the Chamber. On this occasion
+they spoke to one another again, for the first time since the
+discussion of the September laws.</p>
+
+<p>My son, M. de Valen�ay, came directly from the session of
+the Chamber of Deputies to dinner with us. He told us of
+the stupefaction produced in the Chamber by the strange
+conclusions of Humann, and the excitement of the Ministers
+because the project for converting the Government stock had
+been postponed by a majority of two votes only.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Journal de Paris</cite> announced the resignation of the
+Ministry at a later hour, and General Alava, who had just
+seen the Duc de Broglie, told us at eleven o'clock in the
+evening that the King had accepted their resignations, and
+had sent for MM. Humann and Mol�.</p>
+
+<p>At that moment I received the following note from M.
+Thiers: "We have resigned in full freedom and seriousness.
+The King knew beforehand, and agreed with every one, and
+myself in particular, that this result was the inevitable
+consequence of our intention to oppose the scheme for conversion.
+Our honour would be compromised if we did not
+persist in our action and force a new Ministry to take office.
+It matters not if that Ministry be weak and helpless; the
+burden of proving the fact will rest upon the Third Party.
+No other action is possible, either for the King or for ourselves,
+and would in any case be a deception in the style of
+Charles X."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 7, 1836.</em>&mdash;There is no news of the Ministry
+except the fact of resignation, which is definite. It is thought
+that M. de Broglie will never take office again, as the
+animosity of the Chamber is chiefly directed against himself.</p>
+
+<p>M. Thiers made no attempt to oppose resignation; he was
+actuated rather by the desire to secure an honourable withdrawal
+and to dissociate himself from colleagues whom he
+did not like than by any special devotion to the point at
+issue, though his defence was marked with great skill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+The King summoned M. Humann, who <em>refused</em>, M. Mol�,
+who <em>declined</em>, M. Dupin, who <em>spoke at random</em>&mdash;shades of
+meaning which are worthy of note. In short, nothing has
+been done, nor can any action be regarded as probable. The
+friends of M. Mol� say that he will no longer be sent from
+pillar to post or put up with requests, refusals, and vexations
+such as he experienced in November, and that if people will
+not submit to his views he will decline to interfere.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 8, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a call from
+M. Royer-Collard. He explains the attitude of the Chamber
+towards the last Ministry as follows: The Ministry had lasted
+for three years and was worn out, especially the doctrinaire
+members of it, while the Cabinet had wearied the Chamber
+by too constantly pressing for decisions and making personal
+matters Cabinet questions; moreover, the Chamber had gone
+beyond its powers in the announcement issued at the time
+when the laws concerning intimidation were passed;<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[7]</a> it
+had been by no means popular in the provinces, while the
+disdainful folly of M. de Broglie had filled the cup to overflowing.
+Finally, as the country was prosperous and peaceful
+both at home and abroad, the Chamber had thought the
+moment opportune to enounce its rights and to show the
+Ministry that it was not indispensable; while a popular
+question in the provinces had provided it with an opportunity
+for displaying its power, in which determination it was
+supported by its political ignorance, which will not allow it
+to foresee the extent of the crisis. M. Royer-Collard added
+that the only two Ministers who could have preserved their
+reputation in the Chamber were MM. Thiers and Duch�tel,
+but that here again some small period of exile would be
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday we dined with M. Thiers in fulfillment of a long-standing
+invitation. He was highly delighted and fluttering
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+whenever he pleased. He proposes to travel, and to visit
+Vienna, Berlin, Rome, and Naples; he will start in April.
+M. de Broglie, who was also at dinner, appeared sad and
+downcast, and I was astonished that he made no attempt to
+hide his feelings; it was not the devil, but the doctrine, that
+he was burying.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I paid a visit to Madame de Lieven and
+made the acquaintance of M. Berryer. M. Royer-Collard,
+who sees him constantly, told me in the morning that M.
+Berryer was very anxious to make my acquaintance. We
+were on our best behaviour. He talks simply and kindly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 9, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we dined with the
+Sardinian Ambassador.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[8]</a> I was told that nothing had been
+yet decided concerning the Ministry, and M. Mol�, who was
+sitting near me, confirmed this statement. He has declined
+to join the Third Party, in spite of the universal desire that
+he should do so. I believe that, for want of a better leader,
+M. Dupin will eventually profit for the time being by this
+state of affairs; as, however, the little group which he leads
+is very weak, he will be obliged to base his power upon the
+Left, and this will cost him dear. His position will be
+analogous to that of the English Whig Ministry confronted
+by O'Connell. I hope that this state of affairs will be of no
+long duration, though a short time is quite enough in which
+to take many retrograde steps. At the Ch�teau sadness
+prevails, uneasiness in the diplomatic world and anxiety in
+public opinion.</p>
+
+<p>The young and beautiful Queen of Naples died on
+January 31, a few days after the birth of her child. The
+news arrived yesterday.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[9]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;The judges in Fieschi's case,
+and the audience, take a remarkable interest in this man.
+He is an unprecedented character; he has a fine intellect
+and a real genius for strategy, while the terrors of his
+situation never obscure his memory, his self-possession, or
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+his penetration; he is a man of strong passions, especially
+where women are concerned. His affection for Nina Lassave
+is remarkable; he constantly writes to her, and when he
+learned that she had been unfaithful to him he reproached
+her for not waiting a few days and sparing him this last
+bitterness, as his execution would have set her free; all this
+was written in the most touching style. Another point is
+that when M. Ladvocat sent money to Fieschi, that he might
+provide himself with some small dainties in prison, instead
+of spending the money, he sent it to this woman Nina.
+She wrote to thank him more or less in the following terms:
+"I thank you for thus depriving yourself for my sake; with
+what you have sent me I have bought a few decent things to
+do you credit before your judges, but as you will soon be
+unable to send me anything more, I am economising, and am
+now mistress of forty francs."</p>
+
+<p>This remark concerning economy is disgusting. Moreover,
+she wrote to Fieschi to assure him that she had remained
+faithful to him, which is untrue. Everybody seems to have
+been far more interested by these amorous details than by
+the actual crime. What a strange time it is! Fieschi's
+correspondence, in passing through the hands of M. Decazes,
+became the amusement of the House of Peers; but the truly
+astonishing fact is the notoriety which the whole story has
+given to Mlle. Nina, who was formerly resident in the Salp�tri�re.
+It is asserted that monetary proposals have been
+made to her by men of high position; there is no doubt that
+one hears the strangest descriptions of her beauties and her
+imperfections, and it is a positive fact that she has only one
+eye.</p>
+
+<p>If Fieschi is a lover, he is no less attracted by religion.
+When the almoner of the Chamber of Peers asked those under
+trial if they wished to hear Mass, Fieschi alone replied yes,
+and said that he was anxious to hear it as he was neither a
+heathen nor an atheist; that if he was not a theological
+expert he had nevertheless read Plutarch and Cicero and
+firmly believed in the immortality of the soul; as the
+soul was not divisible it could not be material, and that, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+short, he believed in the spiritual nature of man. He asked
+the almoner to come and see him again and not to leave him
+after his sentence had been pronounced. In view of such
+inconsistencies, how is it possible to pass any absolute
+judgment on men?</p>
+
+<p>I believe the following to be an accurate bulletin of the
+Ministerial crisis: Yesterday morning the King sent for
+Dupin, Sauzet, and Passy, and commissioned them to form a
+Ministry upon two conditions only: firstly, they were not to
+give a post to any one who had voted against the repressive
+laws; secondly, the Minister for Foreign Affairs must be a
+man who would reassure European opinion and be agreeable
+to himself. The three men replied that they understood
+the King's wishes, but that they could not bind themselves
+until they had consulted their friends; they then withdrew.
+At the Chamber they sent round a list, which was drawn up
+nearly as follows: Dupin to be Minister of Justice and
+President, Passy to be Minister of Finance, Flahaut of
+Foreign Affairs, Molitor of War, Montalivet of the Interior.
+I have since learned that Montalivet refused the post in spite
+of the King's wishes, and that the King refused to accept
+the nomination of Flahaut. The King wished to appoint
+Rumigny or Baudrand to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
+and would have declared for the latter, if there had not been
+a wish to retain him as a companion to the Prince Royal on
+his travels. The Prince is very pleased at the fall of the
+last Ministry: I believe he is wrong; the Flahaut party are
+delighted. The Ministerial party hope to secure the election
+of M. Guizot as President of the Chamber of Deputies; the
+Opposition will support M. Martin du Nord.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I accompanied M. de Talleyrand to a
+dinner given by M. de Montalivet. Counts Pahlen and
+Apponyi were pale with fear inspired by the sight of M. de
+Flahaut's name on a list of Ministers. Marshal Maison was
+regretting the loss of his ambassadorship at St. Petersburg
+with cries of rage which were not in the best of taste.</p>
+
+<p>We then went to the last Ministerial reception given by
+the Duc de Broglie. M. de Broglie believes himself to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+fully in touch with the requirements of the time; he has no
+suspicion of the actual truth, that he is the sole cause and
+object of the squabbling which is going on, that he is the
+man rejected by the Chamber, and that if he were to say to
+his colleagues, "I see that I am myself the real stumbling-block;
+I will withdraw, but I beg you to remain," M. Mol�
+would take his place and everything would be settled to the
+general satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;Madame de Rumford died
+yesterday morning after breakfast; she had had some friends
+to dinner the evening before. She had been much changed
+for some time, but has always refused to acknowledge herself
+an invalid, and remained as discourteous to death as she was
+to those about her. The loss of her <em>salon</em> will be felt; it
+was a meeting-place, and there are very few that are habitually
+regarded as such. Every one found something there to
+remind him of this or that period of his life. This loss has
+saddened me; it is not well to have reached the age of eighty-four.
+But M. de Rigny was fifty, Cl�mentine de Flahaut
+sixteen, Yolande de Valen�ay two! Life is threatened at
+every step of the ladder, and one must always be ready.</p>
+
+<p>That old cat S�monville, whose claws are always ready,
+reached the Luxembourg yesterday with the announcement
+that the Ministry was at length settled. He was surrounded
+with questioners, and gave the list as follows: "President of
+the Council, Madame Ad�laide; Justice and Public Worship,
+the Duchesse de Broglie; Foreign Affairs, the Duchesse de
+Dino;<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[10]</a> Interior, the Comtesse de Boigne; War, the Comtesse
+de Flahaut; Marine, the Duchesse de Massa; Finance, the
+Duchesse de Montmorency; Commerce, the Marquise de
+Caraman!" I sent this piece of wit to Madame de Lieven,
+in reply to a note asking for certain information; she replied
+that the King's condition at least was fulfilled, and that
+the Minister of Foreign Affairs was not likely to disturb
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p>This is poor stuff, but poorer still is the fact that it is
+impossible to form a Ministry, in seriousness or otherwise.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+Yesterday I was at the Tuileries. The Ministers who had
+resigned were all grouped about the King, but, I think, with
+no particular object. It is deplorable!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 12, 1836.</em>&mdash;Of Ministerial news there is
+none; all that I have learned yesterday is as follows: Dupin,
+Passy, and Sauzet spent three hours with the King, and told
+him that they could not undertake the formation of a
+Ministry, as various intrigues had made the attempt impossible;
+they were, however, ready themselves to enter the
+Ministry, if their services were agreeable to the King. They
+then withdrew, and the King sent for M. Mol� in the course
+of the evening, but I cannot say what passed at this
+interview.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have the following information
+as regards the events of yesterday concerning the Ministerial
+crisis. M. Mol� declares that he will not take office
+without M. Thiers, who will not come in without M. Guizot;
+he, again, will not act without M. de Broglie, unless the latter
+recognises that he is himself the only real obstacle, insists that
+his colleagues should take office without him, and writes them
+a letter to that effect, dated from Broglie. M. de Salvandy
+attempted to enlighten him upon this point, but met with a
+very poor reception. A lively scene is said to have taken
+place between MM. de Broglie and Guizot; certainly M. de
+Broglie is obviously agitated, and so ill-tempered as to rouse
+the pity of his friends and the contempt of other men. Some
+people think that the King will summon de Broglie and
+request him with greater authority than Salvandy used to
+put an end to this deplorable state of affairs, which is only
+continued on his account.</p>
+
+<p>Dupin's chance has entirely disappeared. During the two
+days when it was thought that he would be Minister, Thiers
+and Guizot both entered the competition for the Presidency,
+and so gained an opportunity of counting the votes in their
+favour. M. Guizot received eight, M. Martin du Nord
+fifteen; the remainder of the Ministerial party would have
+voted for M. Thiers and secured for him the refusal of the
+position.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+<em>Paris, February 16, 1836.</em>&mdash;Fieschi and his accomplices
+have been condemned to death; M. de Mareuil came yesterday
+to tell us of the sentence, at eleven o'clock in the
+evening.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>It seems that many of the peers gave long explanations to
+justify their manner of voting. A small fraction of the
+Chamber considered that the circumstantial evidence against
+P�pin and Morey was inadequate to justify the extreme penalty,
+and preferred to inflict penal servitude for life. Fieschi was
+condemned to death unanimously, and M. Barthe asked that
+the punishments reserved for parricides should be added to
+the death penalty.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers announce the death of Madame Bonaparte;
+her great-granddaughter&mdash;that is, the daughter of Joseph,
+who married the son of Lucien&mdash;was the only member of her
+numerous family at her side. Cardinal Fesch has been very
+attentive to her, and she leaves him her pictures; it is also
+thought that the division of her inheritance will cause fresh
+dissensions among her children, who are by no means at
+harmony with one another, for it seems that during her
+lifetime she gave considerable sums to Lucien, J�r�me,
+and to Madame Murat, which sums they are not willing to
+repay.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 17, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday the King assembled
+his former Ministers and announced that in the first place he
+would not accept their resignations until another Cabinet
+was formed. Furthermore, he said that it was only by an
+accident that a majority in the Chamber had been against
+them; their system was that of the Chamber, although
+certain individuals in the Cabinet might not be agreeable
+to the Chamber, and he would therefore be delighted to see
+them all remain in office; if, however, they thought that any
+of their members were likely to keep the Chamber in a state
+of exasperation, he asked them to consider the matter among
+themselves and then to let him know upon what he could
+rely. M. de Broglie said that the King should make trial of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+the Third Party, to which the King replied: "It may please
+you, sir, to restate the weakness of that Third Party, but it
+does not please me to make so disastrous an attempt; I have
+had enough of three days' ministries; the majority is not to
+be found either in the Third Party or in the Left, but with
+you, gentlemen, or, if not with all of you, at any rate with
+some. Your arrangements and mutual engagements ought
+to give way before the gravity of the situation: so much I
+expect from your honesty and your desire for the general
+welfare; for my own part, gentlemen, I shall fold my arms
+and bide my time at Saint-Cloud." MM. de Broglie and
+Guizot replied that no member of the Cabinet was exactly
+bound, but that there were certain conventions which they
+must respect in each member's case. This was a very inopportune
+reply at such a moment, especially from the first
+speaker, who could have cut the Gordian knot at one word
+and have simplified the position. No one knows what the
+result will be, unless matters should turn out as M. Royer-Collard
+predicted to M. Thiers last Friday: "You are
+impossible to-day, but in a week you will be necessary,
+indispensable, and absolute."</p>
+
+<p>M. de Talleyrand and myself visited the Queen yesterday.
+The fact that the Court was in mourning for the Queen of
+Naples, together with the trial of Fieschi and the Ministerial
+crisis, made it impossible for the Ch�teau to take part in the
+pleasures of the carnival, and a very serious spirit prevailed.
+The King's attention was occupied by thoughts of the punishment
+which awaited the prisoners condemned the previous
+evening, and he had not ventured to go out, because he knew
+that Madame P�pin and her children were lying in wait for
+him. The Ch�teau was mournful indeed, and formed a
+painful contrast with the joyful tumult in the streets.
+M. Pasquier came to tell the King that P�pin had asked
+to see him that morning, so that the execution must be
+postponed until the next day.</p>
+
+<p>Before going home I spent half an hour with Madame de
+Lieven. No one was there except Lady Charlotte Grenville
+and M. Berryer, who said that when one knew nothing one
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+was able to say anything one liked, and that he had no
+hesitation in asserting that Thiers' was the only possible
+combination, and alone likely to be agreeable to the
+Chamber.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 19, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning I had a
+call from M. Thiers, who had definitely accepted the task of
+forming a Cabinet and acting as President. He proposed to
+spend the rest of the day in making up his list. He has too
+much common sense to underrate the difficulty of his new
+position, and too much courage or blindness to be dismayed
+by it. M. Mol� failed to secure election to the Academy;
+it has been a disastrous week for him.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 20, 1836.</em>&mdash;The following are the actual
+words written by the King beneath the signature which he
+was obliged to append to the death-warrants of Fieschi,
+P�pin, Morey, &amp;c.: "It is only a profound sense of duty
+which induces me to give an approval which is one of the
+most painful acts of my life; however, considering the frankness
+which Fieschi showed in his confession and his conduct
+during the trial, I intend that the subordinate parts of his
+punishment shall be remitted, and I deeply regret that my
+conscience will not allow me to do more."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 21, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. Thiers is finding difficulties
+in the way of his attempt to combine a Ministry; every one
+is willing to work with him or under him, but not in company
+with others. At the same time it is important that the
+Cabinet should be both strong and reputable. There are
+difficulties everywhere, even for superior mortals.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 22, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is in a very
+bad temper: the newspapers and public opinion all regard
+him as responsible for the new Ministry: the names have at
+length appeared in this morning's <cite>Moniteur</cite>.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[12]</a> He, however,
+has had nothing to do with it, and as the sudden rise of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+M. Thiers has not met with universal approval, the English
+being particularly incensed, M. de Talleyrand is aroused to
+great irritation by all that he hears upon the subject, and
+vents his anger upon Paris, his age, and his position, and
+keenly regrets that he ever left London.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 23, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday, on returning home
+at the end of the morning, I found M. Berryer at my door;
+he had just left the Chamber of Deputies, where Thiers had
+been speaking. Berryer has a high opinion of the talent,
+the intellectual power, and the capacity of Thiers. Berryer
+is himself the most unprejudiced, impartial, and simple of
+characters; there is nothing artificial, affected, or extreme
+about him; it is difficult to think of him as a party man.
+In my opinion, no one was ever less a party man, and perhaps
+he would be glad if he could avoid the necessity of taking
+sides entirely. The ease, the lightness, the gentleness, and
+the simplicity of his conversation are the more creditable to
+him by contrast with his profession and his position. The
+justice of his judgment and the kindness which is most constantly
+characteristic of it compel confidence in his opinions
+and his statements.</p>
+
+<p>Thiers' speech was received with marked coldness by the
+Chamber. The fact is fortunate for him, in my opinion.
+There is some danger that the intoxication of success might
+lead to his fall, and anything which will keep him from
+disaster can only be useful and for his good.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. Mol� dined here yesterday.
+His bearing shows some traces of coldness and disappointment.
+He was unwilling to act in concert with M. Dupin in the
+matter of the Ministry; consequently the latter, who commanded
+several votes in the French Academy, withdrew them,
+and so brought about the rejection of M. Mol�; he then
+observed: "M. Mol� would not be my colleague, and I do
+not care for him as my fellow Academician."</p>
+
+<p>Paris is likely to become increasingly difficult as a place
+of residence. Apart from the two great dynastic divisions
+which separate society, we shall now have to deal with all the
+factions caused by disappointed ambition, the Mol�, Broglie,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+Guizot, and Dupin factions, and finally the Thiers faction.
+These will all be as bitterly hostile to one another as the
+Legitimists are to the Moderate Party. All these factions will
+never find any such common point of amalgamation as the
+Ch�teau might and should become; on the contrary, some
+object to the King, others to our house. Detestation and
+malignancy are mutual, but no one is willing to examine himself
+or to recognise that there are faults on all sides, and that
+the real causes of blame are to be found in himself. How
+strange is the blindness and how great the ill-faith of men,
+especially of those who are involved in public affairs and
+interests!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 4, 1836.</em>&mdash; Yesterday, at the house of M. de
+Talleyrand, M. Mignet related that Marchand, a former <em>valet
+de chambre</em> under the Emperor, proposed to publish a commentary
+upon the "Commentaries" of C�sar, which Napoleon
+had dictated to him in the last weeks of his life in St.
+Helena. Marchand often spoke to M. Mignet of Napoleon's
+last moments, of the loneliness and emptiness of his life; in
+illustration, he said that one evening when the Emperor, who
+was then very ill, was in bed, he pointed to the foot of the
+bed and said to him: "Marchand, sit down there and tell me
+something." Marchand said to him: "Dear me, sire, what can
+I tell you who have done and seen so much?" "Tell me
+about your youth; that will be simple and true, and will
+interest me," replied the Emperor. There is something very
+pathetic about this little dialogue. What teaching might
+not Bossuet have drawn from these few words&mdash;Bossuet, who
+did not disdain to introduce the somewhat trivial anecdote
+of the fowl into the funeral oration upon the Palatine!
+Surely the greatest homage to Bossuet is the fact that every
+great misfortune, every triumph or failure, makes us turn
+towards the Eagle of Meaux, who alone could extol, lament,
+and immortalise them worthily.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 5, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning MM. Berryer
+and Thiers met at my house. I think it would have been
+impossible to have been present at a conversation more
+animated, sparkling, witty, surprising, kind, sincere, free, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+true, or more devoid of all party spirit, than that which then
+arose between these two men, so different and so highly gifted.
+I also thought that it would never finish; they did not go
+until after six o'clock.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 7, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. Royer-Collard introduced me
+yesterday to M. de Tocqueville, the author of "Democracy in
+America." He seemed to me to be a nice little man, simple
+and modest, with an intellectual expression. We talked a
+great deal about England, and our views upon the destiny
+of the country were quite in harmony.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 9, 1836.</em>&mdash;I had several times glanced at the
+"Imitation of Jesus Christ." Whether it was that my knowledge
+of others and myself was only superficial or that my
+mind was ill-prepared and too wandering, I had seen no great
+difference between this famous work and the "Journ�e du
+Chr�tien" and the "Petit Paroissien." I had often been surprised
+at the great reputation which this book enjoyed, but had
+never found any pleasure in reading it. Chance led me to open
+it the other day with Pauline; the first lines caught my attention,
+and I have since been reading it with ever increasing
+admiration. What intellectual power beneath the highest
+simplicity of form! What profound knowledge of the deepest
+recesses of the human heart! What beauty and enlightenment!
+And yet it is the work of an unknown monk. Nothing
+humiliates me more than a failure of self-knowledge or shows
+me more clearly in what darkness I was sunk.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went with the
+Duchesse de Montmorency to a ball, given by Madame
+Salomon de Rothschild, the mother. The house is the
+most magnificent that can be conceived, and is therefore
+known as the Temple of Solomon. It is infinitely superior
+to her daughter-in-law's house, because the proportions are
+higher and greater. The luxury of it is indescribable, but in
+good taste&mdash;pure Renaissance, without any mixture of other
+styles; the gallery in particular is worthy of Chenonceaux,
+and one might have thought one's self at an entertainment
+given by the Valois. In the chief room the armchairs are
+made of gilt bronze instead of gilt wood, and cost a thousand
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+francs apiece. The dining-hall is like the nave of a cathedral.
+All was well arranged and admirably lighted; there was no
+crushing, and every courtesy.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to Saint-Thomas
+d'Aquin, to hear the Abb� de Ravignan, formerly the King's
+<em>procureur</em>; he is a friend of Berryer, who praises him greatly,
+and a brother-in-law of General Exelmans; I had known
+him in the Pyrenees, where I had been struck by the beautiful
+expression of his face. He is a good preacher, with an excellent
+delivery, while his style is pure and refined, but rather
+logical and argumentative than warm or sympathetic. He
+therefore lays more stress upon evangelical dogma than upon
+morality, and seemed to me to be a man of talent rather than
+a great preacher.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 18, 1836.</em>&mdash;With regard to my reflections
+upon Bossuet,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[13]</a> you praise my attitude somewhat unduly.
+I have, indeed, a love of truth, and the world, with the
+dreadful misery which it contains, fills me with disgust; I
+have learned to fear the contagion of the world, under which
+I have suffered too long; I examine myself seriously, and am
+horrified to find myself immersed in the sorrow and grief
+which are the lot of worldly people and are the destruction of
+peace of mind, charity, and purity. I make some attempt to
+burst my bonds and rise to a purer region; but none the
+less my efforts are usually impotent, and my struggles vain
+and futile. As a rule I cannot tell whether the moral weariness
+which overwhelms me is due to the sad sight of the
+deplorable agitations amid which I live, or to the no less
+deplorable agitation of my inward life. When we have spent
+years amid the struggles of life and desire to change our
+path, however remote may be the road which leads us
+forward, we find ourselves a burden to ourselves; we can
+neither go forward with our load nor throw it off straightway;
+we stumble and retrace our steps; we prove ourselves
+but feeble travellers, and our goal recedes as our desire to
+reach it increases. Such is my case....</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, towards the end of the morning, M. de
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+Tocqueville came to pay his call; I like him. The Duc de
+Noailles also called; he is not so attractive, though by no
+means disagreeable. Another caller was Berryer, who might
+be most agreeable if his mind and bearing did not betray
+traces of low life, which have struck my notice. However,
+the conversation never flagged, as the first visitor has sound
+views, the second good judgment, and the third that mental
+alacrity which enables him to apprehend a point at once.
+The conversation of these distinguished men was concerned
+only with facts, and not with people: names were not mentioned;
+there was no gossip, no bitterness or extravagance.
+The talk was as it should always be, especially at a lady's
+house.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 20, 1836.</em>&mdash;How deep a melancholy may be
+inspired by the first fine spring day, when it fails to harmonise
+with one's own frame of mind! For forty-eight
+hours the weather has been mild and lovely, the atmosphere
+filled with sweetness and light and breathing joy and happiness;
+new life, new warmth and pleasure are springing into
+being, and I feel suffocated in this town. The public promenades
+cannot take the place of the country, and nothing can
+bring back the sweet springtime of last year, with its flowers,
+its wide horizon, and its freshness, in which it was so easy to
+take breath. I would worship any one who could give me
+back these things! And instead I drive with Madame de
+Lieven through the Bois de Boulogne in a closed carriage!
+Such was my occupation yesterday, while M. de Talleyrand
+was at the Academy of Moral and Political Science, voting for
+M. de Tocqueville, who failed to secure election.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Princess Belgiojoso is rather
+striking than beautiful: she is extremely pale, her eyes are
+too far apart, her head too square, her mouth large and her
+teeth discoloured; but she has a good nose, and her figure
+would be pretty if it were somewhat fuller; her hair is jet
+black, and she wears striking dresses; she has intellect, but
+wants balance, and is full of artistic whims and inconsistencies;
+her manner is intentionally and skilfully natural,
+sufficiently to hide her affectation, while her affectation seems
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+to counterbalance a certain innate vulgarity, which her
+flatterers style an untamed nature. Such is my impression
+of this personage, with whom I have but the slightest
+acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>M. Royer-Collard found me reading the "Imitation" the
+other day, and brought me yesterday a pretty little copy which
+he has had from his youth, and has almost invariably carried
+about with him. I have been deeply touched by this gift,
+and regard it as a most precious possession. My only objection
+to this little book is the fact that it is in Latin: I never
+knew Latin well, and I find that I have now forgotten it. I
+think I shall have to take it up again.</p>
+
+<p>M. Royer asked me to give him in exchange some book
+which I had constantly read. I gave him a copy of Bossuet's
+"Funeral Orations," deeply scored with my marks; the
+ribbon-mark is torn away, but a hairpin happened to be
+marking one of the passages in the oration on the Princess
+Palatine, which had a special meaning for myself. M. Royer
+accepted the little volume most gratefully.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening I went to the Italian Opera, and Berryer
+paid a visit to my box. His mind was full of the morning
+session in the Chamber of Deputies and of M. Guizot's
+<em>formidable</em> speech. M. Thiers proposes to reply this morning,
+as, indeed, he must, unless he wishes to see M. Guizot become
+paramount in the Chamber; in short, we are to see the real
+adversaries engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle. This is an
+event, and is so regarded. Berryer described the whole
+affair marvellously well, without bitterness against any one,
+and without a word more than was necessary to make
+the situation clear. In ten minutes he had told me everything.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 27, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning I had the
+honour of seeing the King with Madame Ad�la�de; his conversation
+was charming. He was kind enough to tell me
+stories of his marriage, of the Court of Palermo and the
+famous Queen Caroline. I also heard that Prince Charles
+of Naples and Miss Penelope arrived here within the last
+two days in a state of complete destitution. This was an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+embarrassing event, and in a sense discreditable, especially
+to the Queen.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have reason to believe that Thiers did not reply forthwith
+to Guizot's great speech the other day for reasons of prudence,
+and in obedience to the orders of his superiors; but he will
+lose nothing by waiting, and we shall see a striking explosion
+upon the next opportunity. I think the authorities were
+unwilling to regard the question as a duel between two
+individuals, and have preferred to let the effect of the first
+speech wear off before offering a reply. In any case, an
+enormous majority responded to the effort that was made.
+The only vexatious point is the number of concessions offered
+by M. Sauzet in his speech, and on this subject I have noticed
+some strong discontent.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Tocqueville's name was proposed, without his knowledge,
+to the Academy of Political and Moral Science by
+M. Cousin; M. Tocqueville has told me that he did not
+wish to seek election again. As the grandson of M. de
+Malesherbes, he has no desire to join an Academy of mere
+figureheads, of which, for the most part, this institution is
+composed.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 29, 1836.</em>&mdash;It is certain that all idea of intervention
+in Spain has been abandoned by every grade within
+the Governmental hierarchy; some had never entertained the
+project, and others have dropped it. I think there is no
+reason to fear any imprudence whatever in this direction.</p>
+
+<p>Rumour is entirely occupied with a conversation between
+the King and Guizot, in which the former is said to have
+expressed his extreme displeasure with the dates which were
+given as marking the good system of administration. The
+King said that the system was not the work of any individual,
+but was his own, and that the only date he would recognise
+was his own date, August 9. He added that it was bad
+policy to attack the only Cabinet which could command a
+majority at that moment. Guizot replied that if the King
+cared to test the matter he would see that the majority was
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+to be found elsewhere. "Not so," returned the King; "it is
+you, sir, who are deluded, and you fail to see that the course
+you are pursuing rather divides you from the points at issue
+than brings you nearer to them. If you continue, you
+will perhaps force me to take a measure which I detest, and
+which will assuredly be more displeasing to yourself; that
+measure is a dissolution of the Chamber, please remember."
+I believe this conversation to be literally exact, and I think
+it will induce people to consider their words and deeds more
+carefully, the more so as the doctrinaires, who know perfectly
+well that they have no chance of re-election, will shrink from
+a dissolution.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Chateaubriand has sold his works, unedited or as
+yet unwritten, for a hundred and fifty thousand francs cash,
+in addition to a yearly income of twelve thousand francs
+payable to his wife upon his death. He is said to be completely
+upset by the payment of his debts, and his future
+existence which is thus defined and circumscribed seems to
+him a heavy burden. Everything he writes, even apart from
+his memoirs, will belong to his publishers in return for a
+scale of payment now laid down. The manuscripts of his
+memoirs have been solemnly sealed up in his presence in an
+iron box, which has been deposited with a solicitor. He says
+that his thoughts have suffered imprisonment for debt in
+place of himself.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 30, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have certainly heard more music
+this year than last; as I am deprived of all my favourite
+amusements, I have devoted myself wholeheartedly, without
+reserve, to music, and have sought opportunities for hearing
+it. As the advance of years or circumstances diminish my
+tastes, the pleasures which are left to me are intensified by
+the disappearance of others; affection takes the place of
+coquetry and music of dancing; reading and meditation
+replace idle conversations, with their malignity or indiscretions;
+I drive instead of calling, and prefer rest to
+excitement.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;I took Pauline yesterday evening to
+a charity lottery at the house of the Duchesse de Montmorency,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+where there was a crowd. All the Faubourg Saint-Germain
+were there, including even the Duchesse de Gontaut, formerly
+governess to the Duc de Bordeaux; she condescended so far
+as to bow to me very politely. Pauline was interested by
+everything, as girls of fifteen usually are. She was very
+pretty; her hair was simply done, but dressed by the great
+Edouard; she wore a sky-blue dress, and looked fresh as a
+rose, with her calm and dainty bearing and her happy little
+face; in short, she met with general approval, consequently I
+felt well disposed to every one; the slights formerly inflicted
+upon me by this or that person were forgotten when a pleasant
+word or a kind look was addressed to Pauline. It is certainly
+better not to live in hostility with society, and if one is so
+wrong-headed or unfortunate it is very pleasant to make
+one's daughter a means of reconciliation.</p>
+
+<p>I have letters from England telling me that the Duchess
+of Gloucester has become the happiest person in the world;
+Lady Georgiana Bathurst is her lady of honour; she is at
+home every evening, and her house is the meeting-place of
+the high Tories; all the news is to be heard there, and gossip
+goes on, with which the Duchess delights the King every
+morning. The King of England sees his Ministers only on
+business, and has no social intercourse with them. Lord
+Melbourne does not care or complain, and goes his own way
+without worrying the King, which seems to me to be a sound
+plan.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning, thanks to a special ticket, for which I
+sent to ask the Archbishop, I was able to hear the last of the
+series of lectures given at Notre-Dame by the Abb� Lacordaire.
+He is starting for Rome to-day, and will be absent for two
+years. There were at least five thousand persons in the church,
+nearly all schoolboys and girls. Among the men who came
+in with the Archbishop and were favoured with seats on the
+Banc de l'&OElig;uvre I recognised the Marquis de V�rac, the Duc
+de Noailles, and M. de Tocqueville. I was placed just behind
+this bench, with some fifty ladies, none of whom I knew; I
+was opposite to the pulpit and did not lose a single word.
+Imagination, vigour, and a style far removed from that of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+seminary are the distinctive qualities of the Abb� Lacordaire;
+he is a young man with a good delivery. His use of metaphor,
+however, seemed to me to be slightly confused and somewhat
+too daring, while his doctrine allowed no room for
+the beautiful and humble theory of grace. I think that
+St. Augustine, the great apostle of grace, would have found
+matter for criticism in his words. On the whole, I was
+interested and struck with the attentive attitude of his
+audience. The Archbishop concluded the lecture with some
+suitable words of thanks and farewell to the young preacher,
+and with a blessing at once appropriate, simple, and gentle
+upon the congregation, which was received with surprising
+respect by his young hearers. It must be said that when the
+Archbishop avoids politics and the commonplaces of the
+seminary he can produce, as he did yesterday, a noble and
+touching effect, with his fine face and gestures and his
+appealing tone, in his splendid cathedral and from his exalted
+position, whence he looked down upon these many young
+faces. M. de Tocqueville, who called upon me towards the
+end of the morning, was even then moved by the scene.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;MM. Hyde de Neuville, de Jumilhac,
+de Coss�, Jacques de Fitz-James, and de Montbreton have
+all started for Prague, to ask Charles X. to give up the Duc
+de Bordeaux. In the event of a refusal they have resolved to
+carry him off, and flatter themselves that they will have the
+co-operation of the young Prince in the attempt. They wish
+to find a home for him in Switzerland, where he is to be
+educated, and so brought nearer to France in every sense of
+the term. This project, which is in itself somewhat visionary,
+is reduced to absurdity by the boasting and gossip with which
+it has been announced. Another plan, of which the police
+have been informed, is to carry off one of the young princes
+of royal blood and to keep him as a hostage. The Minister
+of the Interior has been somewhat disturbed by this proposal.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 21, 1836.</em>&mdash;A courier arrived yesterday from
+Vienna bringing a reply conceived in the most gracious terms
+to the insinuations which have been made concerning the
+Duc d'Orl�ans and his proposed journey in Austria. All that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+was avoided under the Duc de Broglie has been welcomed
+under M. Thiers, to whom personally the reply referred in
+very kind terms. Something of the same kind is now
+expected from Berlin. The departure of the Prince and of
+his brother, the Duc de Nemours, is fixed for May 4, but
+the fact will not be announced for another five days, when
+they will have returned from Chantilly. The return journey
+is to be made by Turin. The Sardinian Court, which feels the
+want of some support, is inclined, after much hesitation, to
+look to France. My son, Valen�ay, will accompany the
+Princes; he will be the only unattached member of their
+suite with them. It was proposed to give him a title and
+an official position, but I objected, as my son is sure to be well
+received anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday at dinner at the house of M. de Talleyrand a
+quarrel arose between M. Thiers and M. Bertin de Veaux,
+the result of which, I think, has been the opposite of what
+was expected: instead of pacific explanations a duel became
+the consequence. I was on tenterhooks, and eventually
+checked the dissension almost brutally. Every one, I think,
+approved my action, which I would have taken earlier if I
+had not thought that M. de Talleyrand was the proper
+person to intervene; he, however, did not even exert himself
+to change the conversation. Bertin de Veaux was constantly
+aggressive, while Thiers for a long time was perfectly calm,
+until he grew excited and angry, and at length they hurled
+political defiance at one another.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 23, 1836.</em>&mdash;Mrs. Norton has written a letter
+to Mr. Ellice, which is a kind of manifesto, and has sent it to
+me with orders to communicate it to her foreign compatriots.
+I have read the letter, and, if her words are to be believed,
+she emerges from this foul story as pure as Desdemona.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[15]</a>
+I hope indeed that it is so. The whole business seems to me
+very vulgar and in very bad taste.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+The Duchesse de Coigny, who has always come to England
+for her confinements, in order to ensure the birth of girls,
+was to start this morning to London for the same reason,
+but owing to mistaken calculations she was yesterday confined
+of a fine boy, which is a bitter disappointment.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 26, 1836.</em>&mdash;Visitors returning from Chantilly
+were most enthusiastic yesterday about the beauty of the
+spot, the extensive society to be found there, the excitement
+of the races, the brilliancy of the hunt, and, in the case of
+those who were at the Ch�teau, the graciousness of the Prince
+Royal. The English say that apart from the races themselves,
+which, however, are by no means bad, these three
+days at Chantilly are much superior to Ascot, Epsom, and
+any meeting of the kind in England.</p>
+
+<p>Hunting was carried on with the pack of the Prince of
+Wagram, and some four hundred young men rode out; but
+only thirty were in at the death of the stag.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince Royal is to start on the 3rd or 4th, and will
+go straight to Metz to visit the School of Artillery; he will
+not stop at any of the small Courts, which he proposes carefully
+to avoid by taking all kinds of unusual routes under the
+pretext that they are more direct.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I dined with Madame de la Redorte, and met
+several people, including General Alava, who told us the
+story of the duel between Mendizabal and Isturitz, in which
+neither combatant received a scratch.</p>
+
+<p>He seemed to expect a Ministerial crisis at Madrid which
+might affect his position as ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>Alava is so inclined to exaggerate that when he was at
+the house of M. Dupin at a reception of Deputies the host
+asked him, touching M. Berryer on the shoulder, whether he
+knew this Deputy. Alava straightway exclaimed: "Certainly
+I know M. Berryer, and <em>I share all his opinions</em>."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 27, 1836.</em>&mdash;The route of the Prince Royal
+passes through Verdun, Metz, Tr�ves, D�sseldorf, Hildesheim,
+Magdeburg, Potsdam, and Berlin. All the Ministers of
+Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria have brought pressing invitations
+from their Sovereigns asking the Prince to make a stay
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+with them. These have been declined under the pretext of
+want of time, but in reality owing to some ill-feeling caused
+by the continued affronts and insults from Munich; if the
+Prince refused one invitation he obviously could not accept
+others without a declaration of hostility. He is sorry, however,
+to hurry by Dresden, whence there has never been any
+cause of complaint. From Berlin he will proceed to Vienna,
+by way of Breslau and Br�nn.</p>
+
+<p>For some days I have been reading a few volumes of the
+"Essais de Morale" by Nicole; our curiosity concerning this
+work was aroused by Madame de S�vign�. They are doubtless
+excellent, but I think one must be somewhat more
+advanced than I am to admire them keenly. There is a
+certain dry austerity apparent which somewhat repels me.
+To these many philosophical arguments I prefer the touching
+phrase of St. Augustine: "If you are afraid of God, throw
+yourself into the arms of God." Eventually, perhaps, I
+shall learn to appreciate Nicole, as one's mental tastes change
+with one's age and circumstances.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;Pozzo has received the order of
+St. Andrew in diamonds, and at the same time unlimited
+leave of absence to travel in Italy. I imagine that he will
+soon pass this way.</p>
+
+<p>The journey of the Prince Royal has been arranged to
+begin a day earlier, and he is to start on the 2nd. Berlin
+will not be reached for ten days, as he is to put up every
+night, while each day's journey will not be too long, as they
+wish him to arrive fresh and alert and ready to undergo
+military fatigues, the man&oelig;uvres, festivities, and other duties.
+This seems to me very sensible. The Prince Royal has
+received a formal invitation to the man&oelig;uvres at Berlin.
+Hence his reception cannot be anything but excellent. The
+invitation has certainly been sought, but it is undoubtedly
+an invitation, and accusations of importunity or rashness
+are therefore out of place. The Duc and the Duchesse
+d'Angoul�me will naturally have left Vienna when the two
+Princes arrive there.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I accompanied the Comtesse de Castellane to a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+reading given by M. de R�musat upon historical incidents in
+the style of the "Barricades"; "The Night of St. Bartholomew"
+was his subject. It was clearly and brightly
+treated, and the author assures us that much historical
+research has been devoted to it, but it was so long that the
+second part had to be postponed until Tuesday. To sit
+through a reading is an exhausting business.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 1, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday was Pauline's ball&mdash;a
+pretty scene and entirely successful. There was no crowd,
+plenty of light, young and pretty people in full gaiety, and
+polite young men acting as partners to the ladies, all in
+excellent style and taste, and the company most carefully
+selected. It was not exactly exclusive, but the Faubourg Saint-Germain
+were in preponderant numbers. My cousin, Madame
+de Chastellux, for instance, went to the trouble of coming.
+In short, I was well pleased with our little success and with
+the delight of Pauline.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday news arrived from Berlin
+of the preparations made to receive the young Princes. The
+King said that they should have the kind of reception given
+to his son-in-law, the Emperor. They are to stay at the old
+palace. An hour after their arrival all the princes will come
+to pay their first calls; in short, everything is to go off as
+well as possible. The Carlist faction is overwhelmed, and the
+aggressive members of it are quite ill in consequence; the
+moderate members are casting tender glances at the Ch�teau
+des Tuileries, and yesterday M. de Chabrol, formerly Naval
+Minister, and M. Mounier went to the Ch�teau. M. de Noailles
+would be ready to do the same were it not for his wife, whose
+feelings he has to consider&mdash;and reasonably, for she, though a
+most worthy person, is very extravagant in her political ideas.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 4, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to hear the conclusion
+of M. de R�musat's "Night of St. Bartholomew."<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[16]</a>
+It is clever and talented, but I repeat that this style of performance
+is a mistake, and a good historical narrative would
+be much more interesting to me.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+I have seen M. Royer-Collard, and also M. Thiers. The
+former said that the doctrinaires were decisively defeated in
+the Dupin dispute, as the Chamber had pronounced against
+them. The second is very pleased with his reports from the
+Russian Ambassador and from the Court of St. Petersburg,
+which are beginning to become flattering. I believe he is on
+the way to another reconciliation which he thinks of more
+importance, with Bertin de Veaux, but this is still a profound
+secret.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 6, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have been deeply affected by the
+death of the good Abb� Girolet. He followed the fine
+precept of Bossuet, and the only precaution which he took
+against the attacks of death was the innocence of his life,
+for all his interests were so neglected that he has left me a
+fine complication to unravel, which demands my immediate
+presence at Rochecotte. I shall start the day after to-morrow,
+and they are only waiting for me to take the seals off his
+property. A will in which he has left me everything has been
+found, but where or what may this everything be? This is
+as yet unknown, and there is some fear that there may be
+more debts than property, which fact would prevent me from
+beginning the charitable foundations which I promised to
+take in hand after his death. I shall find a very obvious void
+at Rochecotte, and shall miss that gentle look which clung so
+affectionately to me. And then how sad are the details of his
+death!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, May 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;No interesting news can be
+expected from me in this retired corner of the world, where I
+can boast only of peace and silence and of solitude&mdash;three
+excellent things which I appreciate the more as I have left,
+in the words of the "Imitation," "the tumultuous commerce
+of men, which arouses vanity even in the simple-minded, and
+eventually enslaves the soul."</p>
+
+<p>I spent the evening with M. Vestier, my good architect,
+over plans and arrangements for the vault of the Abb� and
+for my own. This will be arranged quite simply in the
+parish cemetery on the hillside before that beautiful view, in
+the pure air, looking out upon the rising sun. The vaults are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+to be very simply surrounded by shrubs and an iron railing;
+there will be nothing more than names and dates. Thus his
+last resting-place will be as simple as was his mind, and I
+trust that mine will be equally so. The wishes of men are so
+rarely performed after their deaths that during our lifetime
+we should act as far as we can. I had considerable difficulty
+in inducing Vestier to undertake this simple work. He says
+it is horrible to be giving orders for the digging of my grave,
+and at length the poor fellow began to weep, but he yielded
+at last, for he is very obedient to me.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[17]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, May 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I received a long
+letter from my son, Valen�ay, from Coblenz. Full honour
+has been done to the Princes; M. the Duc d'Orl�ans
+has invariably invited to dinner the authorities commissioned
+to welcome him. He speaks German with a fluency
+which is much appreciated. In every town regimental
+bands are constantly playing under the windows of the
+Princes, and, in short, all due attention is shown to
+them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, May 18, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have been here since the day
+before yesterday, and am expecting M. de Talleyrand and
+Pauline to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>I have been reading a narrative written by one of the chief
+nuns of Port Royal, about the reform of their establishment,
+which was carried out by the Mother Marie Ang�lique de
+Sainte-Madeleine Arnauld, and about their persecution, in
+the time of their celebrated abbess, the Mother Ang�lique
+de Saint-Jean Arnauld, a niece of the foregoing and a
+daughter of M. d'Andilly. They were great minds and
+strong souls, and how remarkable are the details of the story!
+What a race were these Arnaulds, and M. Nicole and the
+Abb� de Saint-Cyran! All these names are to be found in
+the writings of Madame de S�vign�. Her friend, M. de
+Pomponne, was Arnauld, the son of M. d'Andilly. This was
+a peculiar family, even in its own time, and it was said that
+Pascal was quite a nonentity compared with Antoine Arnauld.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+They must have been giants indeed; and if giants at their
+time, what would they seem now?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, May 22, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter from
+my son, Valen�ay, from Berlin. He is delighted, and with
+reason, for apart from the generally satisfactory character of
+the journey, he is treated with especial kindness, which is
+particularly touching to me as it is due to consideration for
+myself. The Prince Royal told him that he had always
+regarded me as his sister, that he would treat him as a
+nephew, and that my letter was delightful. He objected,
+however, that there was not enough of the nursery about him.
+The Duchess of Cumberland and my godmother, Princess
+Louise,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[18]</a> have been quite motherly, and the Queen of the Low
+Countries has also been very kind, together with M. Ancillon,
+Herr von Humboldt, and the Countess of Redern. M. de
+Valen�ay assures me that the Crown Prince of Prussia was
+neither cold nor repellent in his reception of the Duc d'Orl�ans,
+but, on the contrary, kind and cordial; the Crown Princess
+and Princess William the younger were equally charming;
+every one else behaved very properly, as also did the sight-seers
+along the routes, and our Princes showed perfect
+prudence. There was some trouble in inducing the young
+French officers to take off their Belgian decorations; the
+Duc d'Orl�ans was anxious that they should not wear
+them at all at Berlin, but they showed some reluctance,
+and eventually it was agreed that they should remove them
+when meeting the Queen of the Low Countries.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[19]</a> A courier
+came to Berlin with an urgent letter from the King of Saxony
+inviting the Princes to pass through Dresden. I do not
+know whether that will induce them to change their route.
+The two Princes attended service in a Catholic church in
+Berlin on Sunday, and their action produced an excellent
+effect.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, May 23, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday, the Day of Pentecost,
+was spent as follows, and will give an idea of our usual
+mode of life in this place: First of all came high mass at the
+parish church, which lasted for two full hours, thanks to a
+sermon from the vicar, who took the more pains as he saw
+me in the Castle pew. The heat was extreme, and the smell
+unpleasant, while the crowd was almost as great as at Saint-Roch.
+The result for me was a severe headache, which
+passed off to some extent during a long drive which I took
+with M. de Talleyrand, to the ponds in the Forest of G�tines.
+Several people from the town dined with us. I walked for a
+little after dinner, while Pauline went for a drive with her
+uncle; I wrote until nine o'clock, when the post goes, and
+when M. de Talleyrand came in. The day was concluded
+with newspapers, tea, and piquet.</p>
+
+<p>These days are very pleasant when I am not alarmed about
+M. de Talleyrand's health, and I thank God for them as I go
+to bed. I no longer consider the amount of amusement or
+interest or pleasure to be gained; one day perhaps that will
+return; now that M. de Talleyrand and my children are
+well and my mind is free from anxiety, and my temper
+sufficiently kind to make life pleasant for those around me, I
+ask for nothing more. When we are able to perform a complete
+renunciation of self, we find our burden lightened, and
+the low and heavy flight of selfishness is replaced by the rapid
+sweep of outstretched wings, which is a pleasure in itself.
+My courage and my self-possession only disappear when I see
+sickness threatening or striking down my family, for I have
+only reached the threshold of that stage of resignation in
+which one sacrifices one's self to the things of heaven. I
+doubt if I shall ever pass within it. But enough of this, or I
+shall be thought as religious as a lady of the Faubourg Saint-Germain.
+I am very far from that point, which I shall never
+entirely reach, for my independence will never allow me to
+follow the beaten track or confine myself to particular practices,
+attitudes, and observances; at the same time, given my
+natural taste for good books, the natural seriousness of my
+mind, my wide experience, and the sincerity of my judgments
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+upon myself, it will be hard if I do not learn to draw
+consolation at least from the one perennial source.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnavalet residence is for sale at a price of a hundred
+and forty thousand francs. If I dared, I would buy it, and I
+am, indeed, extremely tempted.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, May 26, 1836.</em>&mdash;The correspondence between
+M. de Talleyrand and Madame Ad�la�de continues animated
+and very affectionate, and gives me some work.</p>
+
+<p>The following news reached us from Paris by letters of
+yesterday's date: Alava is overthrown, and Miraflores proclaims
+himself the successor; Alava says that the affairs of
+his country reduce him to despair. As a matter of fact the
+newspapers mention some strange affairs in the Assembly of
+the Procuradores, and great is the confusion caused by the
+whole business of the change of Ministry. Some people
+who declare themselves well informed, assert that Isturitz, to
+relieve himself of embarrassment, would be inclined to come
+to an understanding with Don Carlos and to arrange a
+marriage between Queen Isabella and her cousin.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Jersey has given orders for copies of her correspondence
+with Lady Pembroke to be sent to her. It seems that
+this correspondence is beyond all that could be imagined in
+maid-servant style. She also wishes M. de Talleyrand to
+read all these details.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from Princess Louise of Prussia, my godmother,
+which speaks in very high terms of the young
+French Princes. Princess Louise is a clever woman, naturally
+inclined to sarcasm and severity, and her appreciation is
+therefore the more valuable. M. de Valen�ay writes to me
+that he has been greatly struck by the beauty of the
+Princesses, by their jewels and the elegance of their dress.
+Herr von Humboldt took the Princes and their suite to see
+the museums and the artists' studios. The Crown Prince of
+Prussia has a taste for art, and has greatly stimulated these
+matters in Berlin. The Duc d'Orl�ans has given great
+pleasure by ordering a statue from Rauch, the chief sculptor
+in Prussia, and the King's favourite. The shyness of the
+Queen of the Low Countries is even greater than that of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+Duc de Nemours. This mutual defect seems to have brought
+them together, for I am told that the Queen has conceived a
+friendship for the young Prince and that long conversations
+have taken place between them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, May 29, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I read the new play
+of M. Casimir Delavigne, <cite>Une Famille au Temps de Luther</cite>.
+The work contains some fine lines, but is quite unsuited for
+the stage, and nothing is colder than its theological discussions,
+even when they conclude with crime; moreover,
+these forms of fanaticism are somewhat wearisome, discordant
+as they are with the spirit of our time. Finally, the
+dreadful massacre of St. Bartholomew has become even
+tiresome, and the best proof of the fact that both it and the
+atrocities of the Atrides have lost their power to thrill, is
+their recitation with songs and dances.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Ad�la�de informs M. de Talleyrand that the Crown
+Princess of Prussia has written to her mother, the Queen-Dowager
+of Bavaria, saying that she was <em>forced to agree</em> to
+the proposal to show honour to the French Princes, and that
+a very good friend of Louis-Philippe had advised them to
+show themselves in public.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Naples has now left home, some say to marry
+a princess of Modena, and others to pay court to the
+daughter of the Archduke Charles, and others, again, to have
+a look at the young princesses of Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The King is having a full-length portrait of Fran�ois I.
+painted for Valen�ay, and another of the Grande Mademoiselle;
+the former built the Castle, and the latter visited it and
+praised it in her memoirs. The King is also sending M. de
+Talleyrand the chair in which Louis XVIII. was wheeled
+about, and he has informed us through Madame that if he
+should go to Bordeaux, as is possible, he would pass this
+way.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, May 31, 1836.</em>&mdash;It seems that neither intellect
+nor years can shelter people from foolishness, and a great act
+of folly has been committed by M. Ancillon in his marriage
+with Mlle. de Verquignieulle, if what we hear from Berlin is
+true. M. de Valen�ay also informs me that the entertainment
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+given by M. Bresson,<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[20]</a> at which the King of Prussia was
+present, was a very brilliant affair; all the servants were in
+full livery, blue, gold, and red, and Bresson said to him:
+"These are my colours," an amusing remark, and one worthy of
+the present time. "We shall see," as M. de Talleyrand says.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 1, 1836.</em>&mdash;The young French gentlemen
+who went to Prague have returned after a very short stay.
+They were especially struck by the atmosphere of boredom
+which is the environment of life in that town. They said
+the Duc de Bordeaux had a very pleasant face, but his figure
+was not attractive and his mind but little developed, like
+that of a child brought up in the midst of old men.</p>
+
+<p>At a dinner given on May 22 to the two French Princes
+by the Crown Prince of Prussia, Princess Albert,<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[21]</a> to the
+great rage of Bresson, the great disgust of the King, and the
+general horror of the company, appeared with an enormous
+garland of lilies in her hair; up to that point her behaviour
+had been quite proper.</p>
+
+<p>The presents distributed by the Duc d'Orl�ans at Berlin
+were most expensive, and in money and diamonds amounted
+to more than a hundred thousand francs. It is rather too
+much than not enough. Prince Wittgenstein received a
+box containing not only the portrait of the Prince Royal,
+but also that of the King and Queen&mdash;a very marked
+attention. M. Ancillon, plastered with the great Cross of the
+Legion of Honour, swelled himself out and strutted about,
+and appeared ready to trample upon any one and every one.
+His behaviour is explained by his middle-class origin and
+his Calvinistic views.</p>
+
+<p>The parting was affectionate, some professing to love the
+Princes as their sons and others as their brothers; in short, no
+success was ever more complete. The ladies were all struck
+with the handsome appearance of the Duc d'Orl�ans. My
+authorities for these statements are reliable, as I quote not
+merely M. de Valen�ay, but other letters which came in
+yesterday, written moreover by natives of Berlin. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+accident which nearly befell the Duc d'Orl�ans at the
+man&oelig;uvres was caused by his politeness to the Princesses;
+he was reining in his horse near them, when he was nearly
+thrown, but the skill with which he recovered himself gained
+him many compliments; and on this question the Duchess of
+Cumberland writes as follows: "Imagine what would have
+become of us if any misfortune had happened to him; I
+should be ready to leave my sick body upon my bed and be
+changed into a guardian angel to hover over them during
+their stay at Berlin, and thus to answer the confidence of
+your Queen, who begged me in a charming letter to treat her
+sons as my own."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the day when our Princes were at home to the
+Diplomatic Body M. de Ribeaupierre, the Russian Minister,
+sent his excuses, alleging a swollen face. Contrary to the
+old etiquette of Berlin, the whole of the Diplomatic Body was
+invited to a ball at the house of Prince William, the King's
+brother. Of this entertainment I am informed: "The ball
+given to the French mission by order of the King, Louis-Philippe,
+was a great success; the French Princes were so
+tactful as to do the honours themselves, and received the
+King and the Princesses at the foot of the staircase."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Princess de Lieven arrived
+here yesterday in a feeble state of health. We took her in
+and looked after her as well as we could, but towards the
+evening I began to feel that she had some presentiments of a
+tiresome stay, and that if the journey hither lay before her
+at this moment she would hesitate to undertake it. This
+I can understand. Here she will have no news and will
+not be able to see the shadow-show of life, which are both
+necessities to her. The novelty of the outer world, recollections
+and historical traditions, natural beauties, the domestic
+life of a household, reading, thought, and work are by no
+means to her taste, and in other respects Valen�ay has never
+been more poverty-stricken than at this moment.</p>
+
+<p>The verses which M. de Peyronnet has sent to me are not
+very excellent, but that point is of no account in comparison
+with the actual circumstance and the whole question. During
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+the winter I worked pretty hard for these poor people, and
+obtained some definite alleviation for M. Peyronnet, who
+was the worst of all in health, and this he found very agreeable;
+I hope that I may be able to do more for him as soon
+as the session is over. It was this charitable work which
+inspired the verses in question.<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>My sister writes to me from Vienna saying that great
+preparations are made to receive the French Princes, and in
+particular Paul Esterhazy is working for that purpose; there
+will be an entertainment at his house at Eisenstadt. Unfortunately
+many people are in the country and many in
+mourning.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 4, 1836.</em>&mdash;We have had two days of
+bad weather, but yesterday morning a better prospect
+fortunately allowed us to take Madame de Lieven for
+a drive in the forest and past the warren, the quarries,
+&amp;c. In the evening, however, M. de Talleyrand had an
+attack of palpitation, which was but slight, though it is
+evident that the enemy is still there. Madame de Lieven
+yawned to desperation. The poor woman is bored, which
+fact I can very well understand and pardon. The truth is
+that, with her frame of mind and habits, she is not likely to
+endure our solitude or the dull and quiet atmosphere of the
+household which is due to the mental and physical state of
+M. de Talleyrand. Moreover, the Princess is not an easy guest
+from a material point of view; she has twice changed her
+room, and now wants to go back to the first room she
+occupied, in which is the bed of Madame de Sta�l. Lady
+Holland could not have given us more trouble, and Pauline
+says that the Princess is "rather whimsical."</p>
+
+<p>A caricature has appeared in London of Lord Melbourne
+and Mrs. Norton on the very day of the eclipse; it represents
+the sun and Mrs. Norton as the moon passing over it, while
+beneath is the word "Eclipse." The reference is to the
+scandalous law-suit which Mr. Norton is bringing against
+his wife, and in which Lord Melbourne is unpleasantly
+compromised.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, June 5, 1836.</em>&mdash;The poor Princess de Lieven is
+greatly bored, and expresses herself on the subject with
+strange openness. Yesterday she asked me, as if she were
+talking to herself, why we had invited her at a time when
+we had no one staying in the house. I began to laugh, and
+replied very gently: "But, dear Princess, you yourself were so
+kind as to ask to come. We would have invited the whole
+world, but the session is not yet finished, so that diplomatists,
+peers, and Deputies cannot leave Paris." "That is true," she
+replied, and later on, when she saw that M. de Sercey had
+just arrived at Paris, she was full of regret that she could
+not be there to ask him questions; she also thought her
+<em>salon</em> would have been very interesting that evening during
+the discussion of the foreign service vote. I like straightforward
+persons, because with them at any rate one knows
+exactly where one is.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Princess de Lieven received
+letters yesterday from her husband, telling her that she has
+been represented in a very bad light to the Emperor
+Nicholas. Conversations and whole speeches have been sent
+to St. Petersburg as though they emanated from the Princess,
+which are certainly fictitious, for she is very zealous in her
+master's service; but those who talk a great deal and see
+many people are always compromised sooner or later. The
+Princess is greatly agitated in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince d'Orange is quite obviously showing signs of
+madness, which take the form of such sordid economy that
+his wife and children have not even enough to eat; he keeps
+the key of the pantry himself, and the Princess has to send
+out her chambermaid to buy cutlets. The eldest son is said
+to be a young scamp. He is now at London with his
+younger brother, where they are known as the "unripe
+Oranges." The Dutch are said to be much perturbed about
+the future of their country, and are praying that the life of
+the present King may be prolonged.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a long letter
+from the Crown Prince of Prussia, with a kind sentence
+concerning the French Princes and their father, the King,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+though with a qualification against revolutions which shows
+his true opinion. It is a curious letter. I have had another
+from M. Ancillon in most laudatory terms, with no qualification,
+concerning the travellers, the union, the peace,
+and M. de Talleyrand; also a curious letter. Finally I
+have two very long letters from M. de Valen�ay written
+from Vienna; he had stopped at G�nthersdorf, of which he
+gives full details.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[23]</a> At Vienna he had seen the Count of
+Clam at the house of his aunt of Sagan, from whom he had
+learnt that the first interview had given great satisfaction and
+that our Princes had said everything that was proper. The
+Archduchess Sophie spoke very kindly of her remembrance
+of me and treated my son very well. He thinks that the
+Austrian princesses lack that grace and distinction which is
+so striking in the princesses of the Prussian royal family.
+Princess Metternich was at the first evening reception given
+by M. and Madame de Sainte-Aulaire; she behaved most
+discreetly, and stayed very late; the Duc d'Orange only
+talked to her for five minutes, and then upon the subject
+of homeopathy! She deserved a small lesson.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>The great diplomatic reception of the nobility and the
+garrison seems to have been superb. M. de Valen�ay was
+especially delighted by the races at Baden, where he was
+entertained by the Archduke Charles, who spoke to him very
+warmly of M. de Talleyrand. The Archduke received all
+the Frenchmen most cordially. They dined with the Archduchess
+Theresa, who is described by M. de Valen�ay as of an
+agreeable appearance, with pretty manners, and an attractive
+face. She is very dark and small. The Duc d'Orl�ans was
+seated near her at dinner, and their conversation was vivacious.
+Prince Metternich was also there. He has been reconciled,
+at any rate outwardly, with the Archduke.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[25]</a> The latter has
+retired to the pretty town of Baden, where he grows flowers; he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+told M. de Valen�ay that, like all old soldiers, he loved his
+garden. The Duc d'Orl�ans was to dine there again by himself
+two days later. The Archduke adores his daughter, and
+will leave her free to choose her own husband; she has
+refused the Crown Prince of Bavaria, and is to inspect the
+Kings of Naples and Greece. The Russian alliance alone
+causes her father some fears.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Valen�ay was also delighted with the entertainment
+at Laxemburg, and the water-parties, with music everywhere,
+which reminded him of Virginia Water. All the society
+of Vienna was there informally, and the scene was correspondingly
+animated.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite clear that all this causes ill-feeling at Prague.
+The Dauphine was speaking to some one who asked her, when
+she was about to start for Vienna, at what time they would
+have the honour of seeing her again; she replied that any one
+who wanted to see her henceforward would have to come and
+fetch her. A Vienna lady, a strong political opponent of
+France, said before M. de Valen�ay, in speaking of our
+Prince Royal, that he was so kind and gracious it was to be
+hoped that he was not something else!</p>
+
+<p>The travellers are to start on the 11th and make their
+way to Milan through Verona, devoting ten days to the
+journey.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Capua and Miss Penelope are at Paris. The
+former has seen the Queen; he will go to Rome, and there
+open negotiations for a reconciliation with Naples.</p>
+
+<p>All the Coburg family and the Belgian King and Queen
+are coming to Neuilly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 17, 1836.</em>&mdash;It seems that every day must be
+marked by some tribulation. Yesterday evening we had a
+terrible fright, the consequences of which might have been
+most serious; they seem to have been but slight, though the
+doctor says that we cannot be certain for nine days that no
+internal shock has been sustained. M. de Talleyrand's mania
+for staying out late brought him back yesterday in his little
+carriage when it was pitch-dark; moreover, he childishly
+amused himself by steering a zigzag course, so that he twisted
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+the front wheel. This checked his progress, and he could
+not perceive the cause in the darkness, so he told the servant
+to push harder, which he did. The result was a violent jolt,
+which shot him out of the carriage and threw him head first
+with his face on the ground upon the gravel of the Orange
+Court at the entry of the <em>donjon</em>. His face was badly bruised,
+but fortunately his nose bled freely; he did not lose consciousness,
+and wished to sit in the drawing-room and play
+piquet. At midnight he put his feet in hot mustard and
+water, and is now asleep. But what a terrible nervous shock
+at his age and with his weight, and when he is suffering from
+a malady which demands that he should be spared every
+emotion and disturbance!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 18, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand's face has
+suffered considerably, but otherwise he seems to have escaped
+miraculously from this remarkable fall.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 21, 1836.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[26]</a></em>&mdash;Do you remember that it was
+you who refused any form of conversation upon the subject
+of religion? Only upon one occasion at Rochecotte did you
+give me any outline of your ideas upon this subject; at that
+time you were more advanced than myself in respect of certain
+beliefs. My experiences since that date have brought me more
+rapidly along the road, but my starting-point has been my
+recollection of that conversation, in which I saw that you
+admitted certain fundamental principles of which I was not
+sure. In any case, my speculations have not advanced beyond
+that point, and only in points of practice do I attempt to
+guide my movements by this compass; I have never busied
+myself with dogmas or mysteries, and if I prefer the Roman
+Catholic religion I do so because I think it most useful to
+society in general and to States; individual religion is a
+different matter, and I think any religion based upon the
+Gospel is equally good and divine. Since I have seen all
+supports falling away around me, I have felt my own weakness
+and the necessity of some support and guide; I have
+sought and found; I have knocked and it has been opened to
+me; I have asked and it has been given to me; and yet
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+all very incompletely hitherto, for when one thus walks alone
+and ill prepared it is impossible to avoid wrong paths, or
+to avoid slipping in the ruts with continual stumbles. Nor
+would it have been wise to arouse myself to excessive zeal
+and fervour, which would have prepared a reaction, perhaps
+fatal; I therefore advance step by step, and when I consider
+my progress am humiliated to see how little I have risen; a
+little more kindness, patience, and self-command is all that I
+have acquired. I have the same delight in the things that
+please me, the same repugnance for those that weary me, my
+dislikes are not extinct and enmity remains keen, my mental
+anxiety is often wearing, my energies are inconsistent, my
+speech often too hasty and its expression inconsiderate.
+I have, too, a thousand modes of self-flattery; I am
+wounded by blame, and too pleased by approbation, which
+I sometimes seek and would be ready to arouse at necessity;
+in fact, there is no task so long and difficult and none that
+demands more exertion and perseverance than to satisfy one's
+conscience.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from the practical methods which I have felt must
+be followed as a thread to guide me through the labyrinth, I
+have also been helped by a great sense of gratitude. One
+day in England I was suddenly struck by the thought of the
+innumerable favours which had been granted to me, though I
+had made so ill a use of my powers and my advantages. I
+admire the patience of God and the long-suffering of Providence
+towards me; to have found what I have found seems to me
+so real a blessing and so ill-deserved that it has filled me with
+gratitude. This sense has continually increased, and partially
+supports me in accomplishing the sacrifices which I am
+making. The deep instruction to be daily derived from the
+old age of M. de Talleyrand; the death of Marie Suchet;<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[27]</a>
+her mother's grief; the successive deaths of so many of my
+acquaintances of different ages, sexes, and positions; of the
+granddaughter whose eyes I have closed,<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[28]</a> and who brought
+death so near to me; the close reading of good books; the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+lofty conversation of M. de Royer-Collard, who is ready to
+throw aside philosophic doubts and is slowly succeeding&mdash;all
+these influences have made me consider a thousand matters
+hitherto unnoticed, and have directed me towards a lofty and
+a certain goal. Such is the story of this side of my life. My
+attitude, however, is not that of outward profession, and I
+can say that I am more advanced in reality than in form; in
+the latter respect, I doubt if I shall ever change.</p>
+
+<p>What a long answer this is to one small page of your letter!
+If it seems to you too long, say so, and we will reserve all
+these revelations for evenings at Rochecotte.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc d'Orl�ans gives a glowing account of a conversation
+with Prince Metternich, by which he was delighted.</p>
+
+<p>The Princesse de Lieven has just gone away, to the general
+relief. I think that the Princess and her proud niece<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[29]</a> came
+to feel that they had been somewhat ridiculous here, as they
+went to some trouble on their last day to utter innumerable
+thanks and excuses for the inconvenience they had
+caused, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;How stupid ill-nature is!
+Madame de Lieven has been unkind enough to write to Paris
+groaning and lamenting over the profound boredom which
+she felt here, and her correspondents have been laughing at us
+or using her words against us; the fact is widely known and
+commented upon. Our friends told us of it with great indignation.
+This small ingratitude on the part of Madame de Lieven,
+which apparently arises on this occasion from want of social
+experience, is real stupidity; in any case, I am not surprised;
+I would have made a bet that it was so; her weariness was too
+profound to be concealed, and I clearly saw that the need of
+revenge was felt in her correspondence. I do not reproach
+her for being bored, for saying so, or even for writing the fact,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+but for prolonging her stay here under the pretext of illness.
+She was afraid of travelling alone, afraid to be isolated at
+Baden, and dared not stay longer at Paris, and so she stayed
+here, to die of inanition and to rouse our ill-feeling. This
+did not prevent her from weeping like a penitent when she
+went away; her tears were sincere, for she shed them, not for
+us, but for herself, her wandering and lonely life. On that
+point I am not deceived.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I had a letter from M. de Valen�ay from Leoben.
+They were very pleased with Vienna in every respect. However,
+the Prussian royal family showed to better advantage
+than the Imperial royal family. The Prussian princesses
+were thought more striking for their youth, their beauty and
+good style, and notwithstanding the garland of lilies, which
+seems to have been the result of a teasing or coquettish
+conversation, our Prince Royal and Princess Albert began an
+obvious flirtation. The Empress of Austria and the Duchess
+of Lucca, her sister, are very beautiful, but in a cold, austere,
+and imposing style. Our Princes distributed the same
+presents at Vienna as at Berlin, but instead of the Grand
+Cross of the Legion of Honour which was given to Ancillon,
+Prince Metternich, who has long possessed all the French
+orders, was given a magnificent service of S�vres china.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 25, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Barante<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[30]</a> writes from St.
+Petersburg saying that there is great feeling against Madame
+de Lieven, on account of her long stay in France. Some
+ill-temper has also been aroused by the successful journey of
+our Princes, but nothing of the kind has been shown to our
+ambassador, who is treated personally with great politeness.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Mrs. Norton was most angry, in the course
+of the strange trial&mdash;of which <em>Galignani</em> gives a far too
+detailed account&mdash;because the servants who were called to
+give evidence said that she rouged and dyed her eyebrows.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 27, 1836.</em>&mdash;Another attempt upon the
+King's life.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[31]</a> What a dreadful mania it is, and will it be
+always futile? Such is the sad question which one cannot
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+help asking. We know nothing yet beyond the news telegraphed
+to the centres of the neighbouring departments,
+whence the prefects have sent messengers for our information.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;Our Princes have been told by
+letter not to hasten their return on account of the attempt
+upon the King's life. They should reach Turin to-day, and
+are expected at Paris on the 8th. It seems that Lord
+Ponsonby<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[32]</a> has gone mad. He insists upon the dismissal of
+Reis Effendi<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[33]</a> and the chief of the Guard. He has written
+two notes to the Ottoman Porte in which he even threatens
+the Ottoman Empire with disruption if satisfaction is refused.
+Admiral Roussin himself writes that Lord Ponsonby is mad.
+All the Ministers, including the Russian Minister, are working
+to prevent a rupture; the Court of Vienna is explaining
+the matter to the English Government in London, and it is
+hoped that Lord Ponsonby will be recalled.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 29, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter from
+our travellers, dated from Roveredo, where they were detained
+by the indisposition of the Duc de Nemours. It was
+a somewhat serious attack, of which they made light in their
+letters to his parents, but which greatly frightened the Duc
+d'Orl�ans. He was also greatly vexed by the hurried departure
+of General Baudrand. It seems that this departure
+was provoked not so much by the necessity of a rapid
+journey to the waters as by some ill-temper at the fact that
+the Prince Royal did not show sufficient confidence in him.</p>
+
+<p>The Princes were about to make their way to Florence, as
+the Grand Duke of Tuscany had been especially pertinacious
+in asking for a visit, but the illness of the Duc de Nemours
+stopped their journey. They have met the Archduchess
+Marie Louise,<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[34]</a> cousin-german of our Prince Royal. She
+asked M. de Valen�ay for news of us, as she is his godmother.
+He thought she was not so aged as she has been described.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+They have also seen the Princess of Salerno and the King of
+Naples. The latter is described as having a fine head, but a
+coarse and clumsy figure. He is in despair at the death of
+his wife, with whom he lived on very bad terms until she was
+with child, in giving birth to whom she died. He is said to
+be very whimsical.</p>
+
+<p>The Archbishop of Paris was at Neuilly at eleven o'clock
+on the day when the King's life was attempted. It is unfortunate
+that he can never appear before the King except
+immediately after an attempt at assassination, and I therefore
+think that his visits are not very popular, as they are made
+under conditions with which one would readily dispense. He
+refused to admit the body of Siey�s to the church, and it was
+taken straight to the cemetery.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[35]</a></p>
+
+<p>My deepest grief concerning the attempted assassination
+of the 25th is that I fear the pistol-shot has killed our
+Princess Royal. Many say that Alibaud is another Louvel,
+an isolated fanatic, a natural product of newspaper extravagances
+and bad teaching. The King wishes to pardon the
+assassin, but it is thought that the Cabinet will not suffer
+him to do so. General Fagel<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[36]</a> has been at Neuilly, notwithstanding
+the presence of the Belgian King and Queen; the
+King treated him very kindly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 5, 1836.</em>&mdash;My chambermaid's serious illness
+forces me to wait upon myself. I have felt a little awkward,
+but shall get used to it. It is not always pleasant, but it is
+useful, and I do not complain. I have, indeed, my moments of
+discouragement, but then I chide myself and it passes away.
+At times great nervous fatigue results from want of practice,
+but this will disappear, for we are not upon earth to amuse
+ourselves, or to rest, or to be well and happy and comfortable;
+that is our chief illusion; we mistake our object, and are
+then angry that we do not attain it; if we tell ourselves
+that the object of life is work, struggle, and sacrifice we avoid
+misunderstandings and escape the most painful of fates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+The examination of Alibaud will not be printed; so much
+the better, as all this is bad food for public curiosity.
+Yesterday I had a letter from the Duc de Noailles, who is
+one of the judges; he told me that the crime was obviously
+prompted by want. As the man had not a halfpenny he
+wished to kill himself, but he thought his death should be
+made interesting and useful. Such is the influence of bad
+teaching derived from the republican age and society in
+which he has lived. He is not a gloomy fanatic like Louvel,
+nor a modern Erostratus like Fieschi, but is merely a beggar
+of considerable self-possession and badly brought up.</p>
+
+<p>All the newspapers, Carlist, Radical, and Moderate, are
+greatly vexed by the mandate of the Archbishop of Paris.
+To appear at Neuilly is too much for some; unwillingness
+to use the term "the King" in the mandate is a platitude
+which does not deceive others and irritates many; the Jesuitical
+and equivocal phrase at the end is thought very pitiable.
+In short, the outcry is general and deserved. I am sorry, for
+at bottom he is a man not without good qualities, but with
+a deplorable want of tact.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from M. de Valen�ay written from Milan;
+the horseraces in the arena, where twenty-five thousand
+people collected, and the illumination of the theatre of La
+Scala were admirable.</p>
+
+<p>The Mayor of Valen�ay came to consult M. de Talleyrand
+about an address to be presented to the King concerning
+the last attempt upon his life, and begged M. de Talleyrand
+to draw it up. He commissioned me with the task. Here
+it is, as it has been passed and as it was sent to Paris
+yesterday. To fall from diplomatic to municipal language
+is a great proof of decadence. That at any rate is what
+little Fontanes of Berry has produced, and of all the addresses
+drawn up on this occasion it is undoubtedly the most
+monarchical both in form and substance.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="smcap">"Sire,</p>
+
+<p>"With the confidence of children, the respect of subjects,
+and the gratitude of the friends of true liberty, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+inhabitants of Valen�ay venture to place at the foot of the
+Throne the expression of their delight at the miraculous
+preservation of the sacred person of the King and their
+wishes for the permanent happiness of the Royal Family.
+Insignificant and remote as is the quarter of your realm
+whence these loving hearts yearn towards your Majesty, your
+goodness is our guarantee that our token of respect will be
+indulgently received. Our town, moreover, is not without
+its claims upon the interest of the King, and the claim which
+we are most pleased to assert is the honour which we have
+had in receiving His Royal Highness Monseigneur the
+Duc d'Orl�ans, and the recollection of the kindness which
+he has shown amongst us," &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then follow the signatures of the Municipal Council,
+including that of M. de Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;My son, Valen�ay, arrived
+yesterday; he told us nothing new about his travels, and
+only confirmed his previous letters. We have also the Prince
+de Laval, by whom M. de Talleyrand is wearied to death, and
+with good reason. At Paris the Prince is tolerable, and sometimes
+even amusing, but in the country his want of judgment
+and his snobbishness, which induces him to say, for instance,
+that the orange-tree, pruned, clipped short, and planted in a
+box, is the aristocracy of nature, his continual practice of
+asking questions, of stammering and spitting before one's face,
+and always looking on the insignificant side of things, are
+most wearing; and he does not say a word of his departure.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc d'Orl�ans writes to say that only for reasons
+of state would he be sorry not to marry the daughter of the
+Archduke Charles, for her attractions for him are entirely
+moral; in person he thinks her, if not ugly, yet insignificant,
+and he is not attracted. In any case, the father and daughter
+readily assent to the proposal of marriage; the Emperor
+of Austria says nothing; but his brother the Archduke
+Francis Charles and his sister-in-law the Archduchess
+Sophie say "No."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening we had a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+visit from the Duc Decazes<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[37]</a> and the Comte de la Villegontier,
+who stopped for tea on their way to their foundry at
+Aveyron. M. Decazes was sad and sorrowful concerning
+the King's dangers and the open sores in society, as revealed
+by the trial of Alibaud. He also complains, and with reason,
+of the organisation, or rather the non-organisation, of the
+police. He says that the King alone has preserved his calm
+and presence of mind, but that around him all are sad,
+anxious, and agitated, and that the Queen and Madame are
+very unhappy. Marshal Lobau has persuaded the King that
+the National Guard would take it ill if his Majesty did not
+review them on the 28th of this month. He will therefore
+pass under the Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile, where the National
+Guard will march before him. But this is too much. The
+July festivals will be confined to the opening of the Arc de
+Triomphe, and the Obelisk from Luxor will be unveiled. No
+further commemoration would be required, in my opinion.</p>
+
+<p>Alibaud yielded to the exhortations of the Abb� Grivel.
+He confessed, and therefore has repented. On the scaffold he
+kissed the crucifix before the people, but when one of the
+servants took away his black veil he flew into a rage and turned
+suddenly round to the multitude, red in the face, crying, "I
+die for my country and for liberty," and then he submitted.</p>
+
+<p>M. Decazes also told us that every day brought him
+anonymous letters, denunciations, and revelations, and that
+it was impossible to get a moment's peace. He left me in
+profound sadness.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 16, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Prince de Laval, who is still
+here, admiring everything and evidently well pleased in spite
+of our political differences, has a certain form of wit which
+consists in saying smart and clever remarks now and then, but
+these are wanting in taste and balance. His class snobbishness
+recalls that of M. Saint-Simon, his caste prejudice is
+carried to a ridiculous point, his curiosity and gossip are
+unexampled, and his selfishness and absorption in his own
+importance and amusement are inconceivable; he advances
+every claim on his own behalf, and is therefore unbearable
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+when taken seriously. Taken the other way, there is something
+to be got out of him, the more so as, though he is a
+tease, he is not ill-tempered, and the very extravagance of his
+poses forces him to live up to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Noailles, whom we also expect here to-day, is
+very different; he is reasonable, self-possessed, cold, polite,
+and reserved, asking no questions, never chattering nor
+wearying anybody; but though he is unpretentious his claims
+to consideration are none the less real, and he is absorbed,
+first of all by his position as a great lord, and then as a
+politician. His position as a man of fashion and fortune,
+of which Adrien de Laval boasts his past possession, as they
+are now gone, has no attraction for him. I might even say
+that if M. de Laval is a quondam young man, the Duc de
+Noailles is an old man before his time. He is only thirty-four
+or thirty-five, but his face, his manners, and his life in
+general make him appear fifty.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, July 27, 1836.</em>&mdash;I think more and more of the Duc
+de Noailles. He is a man of good judgment, sound taste,
+with a sense of honour and excellent manners. He is also
+dignified and possessed of common sense, while his goodwill is
+valuable, and his high position may be useful in the world in
+which he is a figure. But my high opinion of his good
+qualities and the value which I set upon his goodwill and
+friendship do not prevent me from seeing his pretentiousness.
+His chief ambition is political, and is not, perhaps, sufficiently
+supported by the ease of temperament which is quite indispensable
+at the present time. The whole family has
+remained what it was two hundred years ago. The Noailles
+are rather illustrious than ancient, rather courtiers than servants,
+but servants rather than favourites, intriguers rather
+than ambitious, society people rather than lords, snobs rather
+than aristocrats, and above all and before all, Noailles. I
+know the whole of the family existing at the present time;
+the best and most capable of them is undoubtedly the Duc,
+whom I judge perhaps somewhat severely, but for whom I
+have always a real esteem.</p>
+
+<p>I left Valen�ay the day before yesterday at six o'clock in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+the morning; my dear Pauline was very sad at being left
+behind; I slept at Jeurs with the Mollien family, reaching
+their house at eight o'clock in the evening, and arrived here
+in pretty good time. I found M. de Talleyrand in fairly good
+health, but much disturbed by the state of affairs. The King
+will not be present at to-morrow's review, and has given it up
+because of a discovery that fifty-six young people have sworn
+to kill him. As it was impossible to arrest these fifty-six, it
+has been thought more advisable to abandon the review. In
+what times we live!</p>
+
+<p>The death of Carrel<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[38]</a> has also thrown a gloom over us. He
+made many mistakes, but his mind was distinguished and his
+talent remarkable. Even M. de Chateaubriand, the author of
+the "G�nie du Christianisme," wept as he walked in the funeral
+procession of the man who refused to see a priest and forbade
+the holding of any Church ceremony at his funeral. The
+desire to produce an effect usually ends in some loss of taste
+and propriety in the most essential details.</p>
+
+<p>Affairs in Spain are going very badly. The supporters of
+intervention are growing active, and many of them are
+influential and leading spirits, but the supreme will is in
+active opposition to them.</p>
+
+<p>During my journey yesterday I was in very good company,
+with Cardinal de Retz, whose memoirs I have taken up again;
+I had not read them for many years, and then at an age when
+one is more attracted by the facts and the anecdotes than by
+the style or reflections. The style is lively, original, strong,
+and graceful, while the reflections are thoughtful, judicious,
+elevating, striking, and abundant. What a delightful book,
+and what insight, and often more than insight, in judgment, if
+not in action! He was a political La Bruy�re.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, July 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday the Duc d'Orl�ans came
+to see me. He is in very bad health and somewhat melancholy;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+he too is obliged to take an infinite number of precautions
+which sadden his life. The King had resolved to go to the
+review, but was at the same time so convinced that he would
+be killed that he made his will, and gave full orders and
+directions to his son concerning his accession to the throne.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the morning I also had a call from M. Thiers,
+who was very pleased with the news he had just received from
+Africa, with the political situation at home and abroad, and,
+in short, with everything, apart from the great and continual
+dangers which threaten the King's life. There were to have
+been several attempts upon the King's life on the day of the
+review; these attempts were to be organised separately and
+without connection. One was to be delivered by a group of
+men disguised as National Guards, who were to fire a volley
+of twenty shots at the King as he passed, one of which would
+certainly have found its mark. Two of the young men who
+have been arrested&mdash;and the arrests amount to more than a
+hundred&mdash;have already made important confessions. Yesterday
+morning a man was arrested in whose house was found
+a machine like Fieschi's, but more perfect and smaller in
+compass, with more accuracy and certainty in its working.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, July 29, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening I was with the
+Queen. She seemed quite natural in manner, though she said
+very bitterly: "We can testify to ourselves that we are
+entirely upright, and yet we are forced to live amid terrors
+and with the precautions of tyrants." Madame Ad�la�de
+urges her not to sadden the King's temper. He was with his
+Ministers, and did not come in till later. His manner was
+quite ordinary, but his features bear the mark of gloomy
+thoughts; the greatest vexation he ever experienced in his
+life was his inability to go to the review. Moreover, he
+thinks that his days are numbered, for the day before yesterday,
+when taking leave of the Queen of the Belgians, who was
+returning to Brussels, he told her that he would not see her
+again. The young queen was in ill-health, and nothing was
+more heartrending than their farewells. Poor people!</p>
+
+<p>A remarkable fact which is vouched for by all the officers
+of the legions of the National Guard is that during the last
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+fortnight a number of unknown or notorious people, such as
+Bastide, and others, have put down their names on the rotas
+of the National Guard and take sentry duty; this was in
+order that they might find a place in the ranks which were
+to march before the King upon the day of the review.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing sadder can be conceived than the Tuileries. I
+stayed there two hours with an inexpressible sinking of heart,
+a melancholy and an inclination to weep which I could hardly
+restrain, especially when I saw the King. I shall start early
+to-morrow morning for Valen�ay.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Chartres, July 31, 1836.</em>&mdash;I left Paris yesterday, but much
+later than I intended, as the Duc d'Orl�ans sent word that
+he wished to speak with me again. I cannot say how much
+I have been touched by his perfect kindness to me. He came
+to see me every day, and showed that he counted me as his best
+friend&mdash;and he is certainly not mistaken. He has made remarkable
+progress in every respect, and if heaven preserves
+him to us I am sure that his reign will be brilliant. I hope
+that a good marriage will clear our political horizon, which is
+very dark.</p>
+
+<p>What is his marriage to be? That question will be decided
+next week, for I think that he certainly will marry; circumstances
+make it entirely necessary to consolidate and strengthen
+that which crime threatens and attacks daily, and a continuation
+of the line becomes even more important than the
+greatness of the alliance. The latter, however, is not to be
+despised. Search is made, but if no success results the only
+object will be to find a wife who can bear fine children,
+without any idea of a morganatic marriage, which is not
+required for many sound reasons, any more than a marriage
+with any member of the Bonaparte family. Religion is a
+matter of no consequence. It is absolutely necessary to
+deliver Paris from the mournful condition into which it has
+fallen. I know the French, and if they are shown a young
+and engaging bride they will be delighted, while the foreign
+political world will perhaps be more considerate to us when
+it has no further matrimonial snare to spread before us.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I stayed a few minutes at Versailles with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+Madame de Balbi, and a few minutes more at Maintenon,
+with the Duchesse de Noailles. I am now starting for
+Ch�teaudun, and shall go on from thence to Montigny, where
+I have promised to visit the Prince de Laval.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Montigny, August 1, 1836.</em>&mdash;I left Chartres after hearing
+mass in the cathedral, which, as far as I could see, has not
+suffered from the fire.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[39]</a> The wood- and lead-work have gone,
+but as the vaulting within, which was made of stone, has not
+suffered, nothing is to be seen from within the church. The
+work of repair is now in progress.</p>
+
+<p>I stopped at Ch�teaudun in order to go over the whole
+of the old castle, including the kitchens and the dungeons.
+Though greatly ruined, some beauties yet remain, and the
+view is splendid. The Prince de Laval came to meet me, and
+brought me here in his carriage. He is making a charming
+spot here, arranged with good taste, care, and magnificence.
+The situation is beautiful, and the Gothic part of the castle
+has been well preserved and carefully restored. The castle
+would give a very good idea of the owner to anybody who
+did not know him. I must admit my astonishment at the
+fact that the spot could have been arranged as it was by
+Adrien de Laval; the truth is that he has an excellent
+architect; and then the Baron de Montmorency has arranged
+the court, and has had several consultations with me concerning
+the arrangement of the rooms, for this is not my
+first visit. In short, it is charming, and though things are
+much better at Rochecotte, there are some here which outrival
+ours. In respect of size and proportion the two places
+can be well compared.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have now returned to my
+lair, and am delighted to be far from the uproar of Paris, but
+I should like time for a good rest, whereas M. de Talleyrand
+has also just come with people who are to surround us from
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+to-day. If I could choose a coat of arms which really meant
+something I should prefer a stag at bay with the dogs around
+him.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to be more hospitable than M. de Laval
+has been, and I am slightly ashamed of the small ingratitude
+of which I may be guilty in relating one of the most
+ridiculous affairs which I know. Adrien possesses the order
+of the Holy Ghost, which is no longer worn; he had several
+medallions, and will any one guess what he has done with
+them? He has had them sewn on the middle of one of the
+velvet counterpanes which cover the chief beds in the castle.
+I was never more surprised than to wake up in the morning and
+find a large inscription of the Holy Ghost across my figure.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 6, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, dated July 22, from Vienna, which begins as
+follows: "I am now writing to you, as this letter will be
+taken by a courier who will start in two days and tell the
+Ministry I really do not know what. The attempted assassination
+by Alibaud has evoked unexpected manifestations of
+interest for the King here, and wishes no less sincere for his
+accomplishment of the great work with which Providence has
+entrusted him; but we need not be surprised that this
+incident has also increased the terror which is felt or which
+people seek to rouse concerning the condition of Paris.
+'Everything comes to him who waits.' On this condition I
+would have answered for his success, but it is one of the cases
+where people will not wait, and possibly with reason." This
+letter from M. de Sainte-Aulaire must have come by the
+courier who brought the important answer concerning the
+proposed marriage between the Duc d'Orl�ans and the Archduchess
+Theresa; hence this answer must have arrived at
+Paris, and I am the more inclined to think that it has been
+received, as Madame Ad�la�de informs M. de Talleyrand that
+her nephew will write to him personally upon his own affairs.
+It is from no curiosity, but with a keen desire to see the fate
+of the young Prince happily settled, that I impatiently await
+his letters. I should also like to see the King of Naples
+make one of our princesses his queen.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, August 7, 1836.</em>&mdash;By way of continuing the
+quotation which I gave yesterday from M. de Sainte-Aulaire's
+letter, I will say that the reply has been received and that it
+has been unfavourable. I am sorry, for our sakes, but if it
+is a setback to our Prince Royal I regard it as possibly a
+political error on the part of those who have declined. Their
+repentance may yet be speedy, for the incident may change
+the appearance of the world and bring once more into
+opposition the two forces which were inclined to amalgamate.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 9, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday at lunch-time we
+saw our cousins arrive, the Prince de Chalais and his brother.<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[40]</a>
+The former, in my opinion, has the most charming face that
+I know, a fine figure and noble manners. I talked a great
+deal with him, as he did not leave until after dinner. He
+has sound sense, simplicity of mind, uprightness of heart,
+curiosity upon useful matters, and a sensible and reasonable
+interest in everything that can strengthen the fine position of
+a great landowner.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed that the decree which is to liberate the
+prisoners of Ham has been signed. I am truly pleased to
+hear it, as I have worked hard to secure it. They are not
+given full liberty, but a change of residence with some
+relaxations preparatory to full freedom, which will allow
+them to recover their shattered health more readily and
+under better conditions.</p>
+
+<p>Every one is well pleased at Neuilly with the King of
+Naples. Our King has been much worried by people who
+would like him to intervene beyond the Pyrenees, against his
+wish, but hitherto he resists vigorously. This mental anxiety,
+together with the precautions which people wish to impose
+upon him to secure his safety, is poisoning his life.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is informed
+that the Spanish problems, which are growing more and more
+acute, are causing bitterness at Paris, where nothing of the
+kind should exist&mdash;namely, between the King and his Minister
+of Foreign Affairs,<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[41]</a> who is supported by the Prince Royal,
+as these two men are anxious for intervention. We may
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+wonder who will emerge victorious from this domestic
+struggle.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 22, 1836.</em>&mdash;I can well understand the
+reflections made concerning the Grand Duchess Stephanie of
+Baden; her want of tact is due to her early education. She
+was brought up in a pretentious boarding-school,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[42]</a> where she
+learnt much except that exquisite sense of propriety which
+may be transmitted hereditarily or implanted in youth but
+can never be taught. For instance, she asked M. Berryer to
+a ball at her house, though he had not been introduced and
+had not asked for an introduction. Then she talks too much,
+as a rule, and attempts to bring herself into notice by conversational
+brilliancies which are not always properly calculated
+or adapted to her position. Princesses are not obliged
+to be kind; they must, however, be obliging and dignified;
+but to understand the limits of propriety and not to go
+beyond them they must have acquired certain habits from
+infancy; here the Grand Duchess Stephanie was wanting, and
+Madame Campan has not been able to amend the defect. I
+believe her to be at bottom an excellent person. Her life
+shows devotion and courage in the misfortunes through which
+she has passed with great credit. I think that Madame de
+Lieven, who criticises her so severely, would not emerge so
+unscathed from the crises caused by her difficult position with
+respect to her husband. The Grand Duchess had a nice
+manner and a pretty, alert, and graceful bearing; she needed
+youth, and as she lost youth her defects became more obvious.
+This, unfortunately, is every one's case, and for that reason
+it is wrong to say that people are too old to amend; on the
+contrary, when charm passes away it is most essential to
+replace it by capacity; charm of youth calls forth indulgence
+and provides excuses which disappear with those charms and
+graces, and are replaced by a severity of judgment which can
+only be opposed by more self-control, more self-renunciation,
+and more self-respect.</p>
+
+<p>We are officially informed that the refusal from Vienna
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+was expressed in polite terms, but no reason was given. The
+possibilities of Princess Sophia of W�rtemburg have not been
+considered, in spite of what people say. Our Prince Royal
+has started for the country, somewhat thin and changed, but
+entirely convalescent.</p>
+
+<p>From Madrid we hear that Isturitz has resigned. Calatrava
+takes his place as President of the Council. Everything is
+going very badly.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Naples starts for Toulon on the 24th, and
+goes, as he came, unmarried.</p>
+
+<p>The ex-Ministers are still prisoners at Ham, in consequence
+of difficulties which have arisen among the Ministers in power.
+The Minister of the Interior wishes to keep the prisoners
+under his supervision, and the President of the Council wishes
+them to remain in the fortresses, under the milder regulations,
+but in military strongholds; but so long as they are there, the
+Minister of War claims supervision over them. It is quite
+time that this treatment came to an end, for the unhappy
+people are ill.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Murat has obtained permission to spend a month
+at Paris. She will arrive in a week, and is said to be taking
+no part in her brother's intrigues.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de Lieven, who
+announces her return to Paris as a positive fact. I am afraid
+she may be making a great mistake. Yesterday I had a
+letter from St. Petersburg in which she is said to be in very
+bad odour at Court. On the other hand, M. de L�we-Weimar
+is very well treated at Court, and poses as an
+aristocrat. Horace Vernet is also spoiled and petted in a
+most inconceivable manner. Why, in view of that, should
+Madame de Lieven be thus harassed? Can it be that she
+is suspected of being something of an intriguer? The English
+are certainly right to include the capacity of keeping quiet
+among a person's best qualities.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have a comical and unexpected
+piece of news to the effect that M. Berryer has been
+playing in a vaudeville at Baden with Madame de Rossi.
+This must be a strange occupation for a politician, but it is
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">61</a></span>
+better for him than bad company in Switzerland. Yesterday
+the newspapers announced the death of M. de Rayneval<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[43]</a> at
+Madrid. This will increase the difficulty of a question which
+is complicated enough already.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 27, 1836.</em>&mdash;We have no details from
+Paris, but obviously some Cabinet crisis is in preparation.
+Meanwhile M. Thiers seems to have been anxious to involve
+the King in the Spanish difficulty against his wish, and to
+have acted for that purpose without consulting his colleagues.
+The result has been a considerable amount of ill-feeling
+which is difficult to quell, and should lead in a few days
+either to the submission of Thiers to the King or to the
+formation of a new Ministry, which, however, would contain
+some members of the present Cabinet, and in particular, I
+think, M. de Montalivet. All this is a matter of speculation,
+for we know nothing definite.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;A letter from Madame
+Ad�la�de yesterday informed M. de Talleyrand as follows:
+"The Ministry is dissolved, to my profound regret. I am
+especially sorry for Thiers, but he was obstinate upon the
+question of intervention in Spain, and this has spoiled everything.
+The King wished to disband the new body that was
+formed at Bayonne, and demanded a formal undertaking that
+there should be no question of intervention hereafter; Thiers
+refused, and resigned. Any Ministerial crisis at this moment
+is very vexatious, for we have so small a circle from which we
+can choose. The King has sent for M. Mol�, but he was in
+the country. He will require time to come, and no doubt he
+will ask for Guizot. It is all very distressing, and we know
+by experience how long and difficult is the task of forming a
+new Cabinet. Pity me, for I am heartbroken!" Such was
+the position of affairs the day before yesterday in the
+immediate neighbourhood of the crisis. I am very sorry it
+should have occurred, in the first place because I have a real
+interest in Thiers, and because I regret that his revolutionary
+instincts should have overcome his devotion, his gratitude,
+and the recognition which he owed to the great wisdom, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+prudence, and the long experience of the King. Moreover,
+constant changes of Ministry are Governmental misfortunes
+and shake public opinion too frequently; besides, Thiers'
+dexterity, alertness, and promptitude, apart from his energy
+and his intellect, are useful to the State. What use will he
+make of these powers when he has full liberty of action?
+Madame Ad�la�de, as the extract from her letter shows, has
+no great love for the Doctrinaires, but it is inconceivable
+that M. de Broglie should be recalled, with whom M. Guizot
+considers that he has settled accounts for ever. Apart from
+these disadvantages, I think it is obviously beneficial for the
+King to have given a fresh proof that on questions of real
+importance he cannot be shaken and will not be driven into
+action against his wish. Thus in February he resisted the
+arrogance of the Doctrinaires, and has now overthrown the
+infatuation of Thiers. This seems to be a fair warning for
+the future Ministry, whatever its political colouring, and an
+excellent guarantee to all right-thinking men in Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 29, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand ought to
+regard the accidents that happen to him without disastrous
+results as a guarantee that his life is certainly assured, and
+in my place I think that this warning would rather turn my
+thoughts upon what they portend and induce me to thank
+God for the respite granted to lighten our burden of responsibility.
+Sometimes he reflects upon death, but not often.
+Yesterday evening there was a violent storm which threatened
+the Castle. After a loud clap of thunder he asked me what I
+had been thinking of at that moment, and I immediately
+replied: "If a priest had been in the room I should have
+confessed myself, for I am afraid of sudden death. To die
+unprepared and to carry with me my heavy burden of sin is a
+terrifying prospect, and however careful one may be to live
+well we cannot do without reconciliation and pardon."
+M. Cogny, our doctor, who was there, and who is terribly
+afraid of thunderstorms, added somewhat foolishly that
+he was performing an act of contrition at every flash.
+M. de Talleyrand said nothing at all, and we went on
+playing piquet. I take every opportunity of strengthening
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">63</a></span>
+my belief, and thus attempting to arouse his, but never
+until I have an opening. In such a matter a light touch is
+indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I had a long, interesting letter from the Duc
+d'Orl�ans, and a letter which I think the more satisfactory as
+he has returned to more reasonable opinions upon the Spanish
+question. His opinion of the Ministerial crisis corresponds
+entirely with my own. I have also a letter from M. Guizot
+written from Broglie on August 24. When writing he had
+no news of the resignation of Thiers, which took place on the
+25th. He informs me that he has just bought a small estate
+near Lisieux and is going to turn farmer.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[44]</a> I presume that I
+shall next hear that he has left the plough to resume the pen
+and speechifying.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 1, 1836.</em>&mdash;I am strongly inclined to
+accede entirely to the opinion concerning the Emperor
+Nicholas which states that the only royal quality in his
+possession is personal courage. His chief deficiency seems to
+me to be that of intelligence, not only in conversation and
+judgment, but in general.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Montessuy, who accompanied M. de Barante to an
+entertainment at Peterhof and passed the night there, writes
+that he saw the Empress at a distance in the gardens and
+respectfully withdrew, but that in the evening she reproached
+him for so doing, saying that she had come down in order to
+speak to him and that it was wrong of him to avoid her.
+All this story seems to me to be very unlikely.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Ad�la�de writes to M. de Talleyrand on August 30
+that nothing has yet been done with regard to the Ministry.
+M. Mol� has opened communications with MM. Guizot and
+Duch�tel, both of whom have arrived at Paris, but unanimity
+between them is rendered difficult by their respective sense of
+dignity. The King and Madame seem greatly to regret their
+forced separation from the retiring Ministers and the necessity
+of calling in others.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 3, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I learned a piece
+of news which is causing me much anxiety and is likely to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">64</a></span>
+involve me in embarrassment: the death of my man of
+business in Germany, Herr Hennenberg, who died at Berlin
+on August 23. I am thus obliged to replace a most upright
+and capable man, a strong and respected character who had
+full knowledge for twenty-five years not only of my business,
+but of all my intimacies, past and present, who has thrown
+himself heartily into every interest of my life and performed
+immense services, and, in spite of the many pecuniary shocks
+which I have experienced, has restored my fortunes and
+brought them to visible prosperity, often to my own astonishment.
+He was, in short, a man to whom I had entirely
+handed over the control of my affairs, as, indeed, was necessary,
+in view of the long distance which separates me from the
+centre of my interests. Such a man cannot be replaced by
+correspondence or blindly, nor can I remain in uncertainty
+and unsettlement for any length of time without suffering
+incalculable loss. Hence a journey to Germany seems an
+absolute necessity; but, on the other hand, how can I leave
+M. de Talleyrand alone in view of the present state of his
+health? It is not to be thought of, and I pray that Providence
+may deliver me from this inextricable complication.</p>
+
+<p>Letters from Paris say that attempts to form a Ministry
+are so many successive failures, that the King is growing
+tired of it, and that Thiers is beginning to say that Spain is
+past all remedy. Perhaps they will end in patching the
+matter up, but the shock that each party has received will
+weaken their harmony, apart from the paralysing sense of
+mistrust and rancour which will remain. It is all very sad.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 4, 1836.</em>&mdash;We have letters daily from
+Paris, but no word regarding any solution of the difficulty.
+Yesterday I thought the breach might be healed; I am less
+inclined to think so to-day. It is even possible that the
+journey to Fontainebleau may take place before the reconstruction
+of the Cabinet. M. Thiers would like to start
+for Italy, to which the King has replied that his resignation
+will be accepted only when he has nominated a successor.
+Mol� and Guizot are possibilities which seem to be exhausted
+without result.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, September 7, 1836.</em>&mdash;We are told that the
+<cite>Moniteur</cite> of to-day will contain the names of a Guizot-Mol�
+Ministry, recruited entirely from among the Doctrinaires
+under the influence and by the efforts of M. Guizot. I had a
+letter from M. Thiers yesterday, and am sorry to see some ill-temper
+displayed against all who do not share his ideas about
+that wretched Spanish question. In particular he thinks that
+the signatories to the Quadruple Alliance should have agreed
+with him. This remark is addressed to M. de Talleyrand,
+who proposes to reply that a fresh reading of the treaty
+will show that it was drawn up in such a way that France
+is not under obligation in any direction. M. Guizot persisted
+in objecting to the retention of M. de Montalivet as
+Minister of the Interior, and as the latter thought it inconsistent
+with his dignity to leave this post for another, as
+Guizot had proposed, he has resigned, to the King's great
+regret, and will go to Berry, where he has property. Sauzet
+and d'Argout are said to be going to Italy, once the refuge
+of dethroned Sovereigns and now the inevitable touringground
+of ex-Ministers.</p>
+
+<p>The following fact is certain: On the 4th of this month
+information was received that the <em>Soci�t� des Familles</em>, the
+most numerous and best organised of secret societies at this
+time, proposed to make some attempt to raise a public disturbance.
+Their intention was perfectly clear; the fear of
+discovery doubtless prevented them from putting it into effect.
+They proposed to advance upon the prison where the political
+prisoners are confined, to set them at liberty, to seize the
+Prefecture of Police, and thence to march upon Neuilly.
+The Ministers assert that their intentions were quite serious.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 9, 1836.</em>&mdash;The newspapers are already
+declaring a terrible war upon the new Ministry, which will
+be settled before the Chambers.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[45]</a> The Opposition journals
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+predict a breach in the Cabinet, which seems a not unlikely
+possibility. Then perhaps we shall see M. Thiers return to
+the head of affairs, but with a certain opposition to confront
+him, after making war upon a system which he had long
+supported and entering into obligations with men inclining
+to the Left, in which case he would be likely to draw the
+Government into dangerous paths. I do not really know,
+but in general things seem to me to be growing dark. In
+any case it is fair to recognise that the new Ministerial
+combination can display to the country and abroad honourable
+names, distinguished talent, and recognised capacity. Let
+us hope, then, that it may rest upon a solid basis. Eight or
+ten days before the last crisis M. Mol�, after a considerable
+silence, wrote a very sprightly letter to M. Royer-Collard
+and to myself.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday M. de Talleyrand
+received a nice deferential little note from M. Mol� upon his
+accession to the Ministry. The burden of the letter was as
+follows: As the new Cabinet had been formed upon a
+question and with ideas which M. de Talleyrand had wisely
+made his own, the new Ministers might congratulate themselves
+upon his approval, and for himself he trusted that it
+might be so, as he relied upon M. de Talleyrand's counsel and
+opinion. M. de Talleyrand immediately replied. It is not
+my business to praise the answer, but I think it should please
+M. Mol�, though he will find no criticism in it of the man
+whose place he takes. M. de Talleyrand may regret the
+blindness of M. Thiers upon the Spanish question, but it is
+not for him to blame M. Thiers in definite terms, as he has
+long shown and felt goodwill for him.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;I shall not quote Madame
+de Lieven as testifying to the accuracy of the story told by
+M. de Montessuy,<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[46]</a> but I admit that I cannot understand
+so strange an incident. If one of our princesses or our
+Sovereign had so acted, a revolutionary interpretation would
+immediately have been put upon it at St. Petersburg, and if
+the Emperor Nicholas admits Horace Vernet, and especially
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+M. de L�we-Weimar, to his favour, his intimacy, and his
+confidence, I do not see why the King should be reproached
+for dining at the Tuileries with his National Guards. The
+truth is, Louis-Philippe cannot use the knout or Siberia,
+which are two stern precautions against familiarity, though
+it is fortunate for each of us that these weapons are not in
+his hands; in Russia, neither age nor sex nor rank nor merit
+is any protection.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from M. Guizot couched in most sprightly
+terms, telling me of his entrance to the Council. The friendship
+of the King for M. de Talleyrand and the confidence
+with which he honours him forbid any Minister to be on
+bad terms with him; our intentions are identical, so that
+between ourselves and these gentlemen all should go well.</p>
+
+<p>I have a long letter from the Comte Alexis de Saint-Priest
+from Lisbon. He writes from time to time, though I
+only send short dry notes by way of answer; but he seems
+determined to regard them as proofs of friendship. It is
+merely a case of calculating self-interest. He knows that
+the Duc d'Orl�ans shows me some kindness, and he believes
+himself called upon to play a part when this Prince comes to
+the throne, and therefore desires in any case to be one of my
+friends; any one reading the opening sentences of his letter
+would think that I was a great deal to him and he to me. I
+am somewhat vexed in consequence.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 13, 1836.</em>&mdash;How is it that people are
+so often found ready to report ill-tempered speeches to the
+persons affected by them? It is a strange and too common
+frame of mind. To myself it is so hateful that while I
+believe myself incapable of it, I always receive very coldly
+those who bring me confidential remarks of this nature. I
+think that the first condition upon which one can live in
+peace is to speak evil of things only when they are bad and
+as little as possible of people, and the second condition is to
+disregard evil spoken about ourselves unless it be spoken to
+warn one of some trap or actual danger, but it is very rarely
+that such information is actuated by this good and laudable
+intention. These moral reflections are evoked by the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+slanders which Lord Rosse is said to have uttered about
+Madame de Lieven and the information brought to her concerning
+them. In any case I see that social habit, knowledge
+of the world, the necessities of conversation, and, in
+short, the thousand and one considerations which make
+hypocrisy a virtue, or at any rate a social quality, allow these
+two people to meet on good terms, and if that be so, my
+theories are of little or no importance.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 16, 1836.</em>&mdash;The following is an extract
+from a letter received by M. de Talleyrand yesterday; it was
+not sent by Madame Ad�la�de, but the writer is generally
+very well informed. "M. Mol� is ill. He has not yet been
+able to pay any calls, nor to receive any ambassador, nor has
+any council yet been held by the King. It is said that his
+health will not allow him to remain long in office, and that he
+will never establish himself there with any certainty. If he
+should resign, it is thought that the Ministry would not be
+entirely dislocated, and that Montalivet would probably take
+his place. There is also a rumour that the Ministry is ready
+to confront the Chambers fearlessly, and expects to secure a
+majority, that it is ready to be contented with a small
+majority in the hope of seeing it grow, and that it does not
+intend to make every point a Cabinet question. Marshal
+Soult is not to be Minister of War. He was anxious to be
+President of the Council, but this was refused, and the post
+will probably be given to Molitor, S�bastiani, or Bernard.
+The Ministry is entirely dominated by the King's policy upon
+the Spanish question. The body which was gathering on the
+Pyrenees frontier will be disbanded and the Foreign Legion
+abandoned. In any case that legion is at the service of
+Spain, and we have no right to use it for our own purposes.
+Strictest adherence will be maintained to the limits laid down
+by the treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. At the same time
+an ambassador at Madrid will be appointed, though the death
+of Rayneval might have enabled us to dispense with this;
+but the appointment will be made from respect to England.
+A rumour has gone abroad, but it is a great secret, and the
+appointment is not yet settled, that this ambassador will be
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">69</a></span>
+the Duc de Coigny. The King is a little doubtful of the
+attitude which Thiers will adopt. He is also much displeased
+with him, and has expressed his displeasure several
+times. At one time Thiers took some steps to return to the
+Ministry, and the matter was discussed. He then submitted
+himself wholly to the King's opinion and will upon the
+Spanish question, but the style of the King's expression
+showed that he was very far from reposing confidence in
+Thiers, and that he would only take him back perforce and
+in a difficult and unavoidable position. The true cause of
+Thiers' resignation is not so much difference of opinion
+between the King and himself as the deceitful course by
+which he wished to draw the King into intervention against
+his will. Since he has gone several facts have been discovered
+of which no one had any suspicion. Thiers went
+away announcing that he would only return for the following
+session if he saw his policy attacked. He is said to be really
+very despondent about his fall, and has the more reason for
+despondency as he is sole author of it. The mode of his
+resignation has greatly diminished the reputation which he
+first achieved, and the public opinion is not in his favour."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 21, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we heard that
+the Constitution of 1820 had been proclaimed at Lisbon. It
+is asserted that this event was prepared at London, and the
+fact remains that Admiral Gage, who was in harbour with
+three ships of the line, remained a passive spectator. The
+queens of the South are not destined to enjoy unbroken
+slumber, for at Lisbon, as at Madrid, the Queen was forced to
+sign the new Constitution at two o'clock in the morning. The
+army took the side of the people and of the National Guard.
+The poor little Prince of Coburg has made a sad marriage
+indeed. If he remains in private life with so heavy a burden
+as Do�a Maria he will collapse. It is impossible to avoid
+some feeling of dismay at these military reactions, and we
+are deeply anxious to see our Cabinet completed by a <em>real</em>
+Minister of War. General Bernard was the last chance, and
+would be the best choice, as Marshal Soult persistently
+refuses.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, September 23, 1836.</em>&mdash;Our festival of St.
+Maurice<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[47]</a> was held yesterday, and was most brilliant.
+Numbers of neighbours came, and our cousins came over
+from Saint-Aignan. The gamekeepers with their early
+trumpet-blasts, fine weather, a long drive, the banquet in
+the Castle, and dinner to the little school-girls, the three
+courts lighted up, and a most pretty entertainment, cheerfully
+and delightfully played, completed our festivity.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 25, 1836.</em>&mdash;It is certain that Charles X.,
+to please the Duc de Bordeaux, has requested Don Carlos to
+receive his grandson into his army, and Don Carlos has very
+wisely refused. The truth is that this would have been the
+only thing that could have induced France to intervene.</p>
+
+<p>A letter from Strasburg gives me many details concerning
+the Abb� Bautain and MM. Ratisbonne and de Bonnechose
+which interest me greatly, for it was these men who carried
+on the correspondence concerning the philosophy of religion
+which I read last winter. This book is preceded by their
+biographies and the story of their conversion, so that my
+knowledge of their case is complete. M. Royer-Collard, to
+whom I have spoken several times concerning the Abb�
+Bautain, told me that when he was high master of the
+university he knew the Abb�, then quite a young man;
+that he had a distinguished mind and a lively imagination,
+but that his mother was at Charenton and that there seemed
+some likelihood of his following her, though at the same
+time he thought a great deal of him for many reasons. I
+trust that the death of Mlle. Humann will not relax
+the precious bond which unites all these young people,
+with their goodness and sincerity. The manner of Mlle.
+Humann's death was like that of Queen Anne of Austria,
+a description of which I have just read in the <cite>M�moires</cite> of
+Madame de Motteville; this queen also died of cancer. I know
+few incidents so touching and edifying, so curious and well
+described, as the death of this princess. I have finished these
+memoirs; a book which counterbalances, from the political
+standpoint, the memoirs of Cardinal de Retz. By way of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+restoring my equilibrium, I am reading the <cite>M�moires</cite> of
+the Grande Mademoiselle. I read them before my marriage,
+at a time when I did not know France, and therefore knew
+even less the district which I now inhabit, and in which this
+princess lived for a long time; consequently her book has an
+entirely new attraction for me and interests me deeply.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;A few days ago a Spanish
+courier arrived at Paris from Madrid. He had been stopped
+by the Carlists, who had taken all his despatches except
+those directly addressed to King Louis-Philippe. In these
+despatches Queen Christina announces that she proposes
+to leave Madrid, leaving the two Princesses behind. The
+next day a telegram came in stating that the Queen is
+to leave Madrid, with all the Ministry, for Badajoz. This
+town was chosen as being nearest to Portugal, and because
+the Queen would be unable to travel in the direction of Cadiz
+or the Pyrenees or to any seaport. Unfortunate creature!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;M. de Valen�ay, who is at the
+camp of Compi�gne with the Duc d'Orl�ans, writes that
+everything is going off well and that the King's visit has had
+an excellent effect. The Ministers, who all accompanied the
+King to Compi�gne, followed him on horseback to the great
+review, but M. Mol� felt uncomfortable after a few minutes
+and got into the Queen's carriage. The camp is said to be
+very fine; the King was excellently received, and the young
+Princes make a good appearance. I am the more pleased to
+hear this as it is the first time that the King has left his
+confinement since the case of Alibaud. His presence in
+camp must have been thought very necessary, as the Duc
+d'Orl�ans answered for the King's safety with his own life,
+begging him to go and show himself to the troops; and only
+then did the Council, which had at first opposed the plan,
+consent to the King's journey.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 5, 1836.</em>&mdash;I must copy the following
+passage about the castle of Valen�ay, which I found in the
+<cite>M�moires</cite> of the Grand Mademoiselle, vol. ii. p. 411, in
+the year 1653: "I continued my journey to Valen�ay, and
+arrived there by torchlight. I thought I was entering an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+enchanted house. The rooms are the most handsome, delightful,
+and magnificent, in the world; the staircase is very
+fine, and is reached by an arcaded gallery that is superb. It
+was beautifully lighted up; there were plenty of people, including
+Madame de Valen�ay, and some local ladies with handsome
+daughters, and the general effect was most perfect. The
+room corresponded with the beauty of the staircase, both in
+decorations and furniture. It rained the whole day that I
+was there, and I think the weather must have done it on
+purpose, as the covered walks had only just been begun.
+From there I went to Selles; it is a fine house."</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from Alexander von Humboldt about the
+death of my man of business, Herr Hennenberg. He offers
+his services in a most obliging and careful letter, marked by
+the utmost flattery and wittiness, a curious document which
+I shall keep among my precious autographs. The death of
+this man has aroused the interest of all my friends. Were it
+not for the anxiety which would pursue me if I were to leave
+M. de Talleyrand and my daughter, a journey to Prussia
+would suit me entirely.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 18, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter from
+the Prince de Laval, written from Maintenon, where he was
+staying with M. de Chateaubriand and Madame R�camier.
+He told me that a messenger from the Princesse de Polignac
+had just arrived begging the Duc de Noailles to go to Paris
+to try and remove the fresh obstacle which prevented the
+accomplishment of the promise to improve the condition of
+the prisoners. The Prince de Laval adds that the Duc de
+Noailles was about to start, and that he would return to
+Montigny, whence he would come and pay us a short visit
+and tell us of the new complications which have arisen
+concerning the poor prisoners of Ham.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 20, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we had a pleasant
+visit from M. Royer-Collard, who came over from Ch�teauvieux
+in spite of the deplorable state of the roads. He was very
+indignant that any one should be bargaining with the prisoners
+of Ham about their liberty. He left me a letter which he
+had received from M. de Tocqueville, who had returned from
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">73</a></span>
+a journey in Switzerland. In it I found the following
+passage: "I have closely examined Switzerland for two
+months. It is very possible that the present severity of the
+French Government towards it may force this disunited
+people to submit, but it is certain in any case that we have
+made implacable enemies there. We have accomplished a
+miracle by uniting in common feeling against ourselves
+parties hitherto irreconcilable. This miracle has been performed
+by the violent measure of M. Thiers, and perhaps even
+more by the pride and haughtiness of our ambassador, M. de
+Montebello, and his mania for interfering in the domestic
+affairs of the country upon every possible occasion."</p>
+
+<p>I have recently been thinking a great deal of what has
+been done or left undone for the prisoners at Ham. All the
+newspapers with the exception of the <cite>D�bats</cite> unanimously
+blame the last measures, the favours offered as a bargain and
+the degrading conditions imposed upon these prisoners, who
+are a class by themselves and unexampled in history. These
+unfortunate men, moreover, are not asking for liberty, but
+are only requesting some alleviation on the score of their
+health. It seems that our present Ministers do not share
+the opinion of Cardinal de Retz, who said: "Everything
+that seems dangerous and really is not, is almost always a
+wise measure." Some one else makes another observation
+which seems very applicable to recent events: "There is
+nothing finer than to do favours to those who are against us,
+and nothing weaker, in my opinion, than to receive favours
+from them. Christianity, which enjoins the first action upon
+us, would certainly have enjoined the second if it were good."
+Here we have a clever saying in the style of that fine period
+when everybody, even the least perfect, had some grandeur
+about him. I do not know whether vice is now any less, but
+as for grandeur I can find none.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 23, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have decided to write a
+short note concerning the castle of Valen�ay, describing its
+foundation and history, &amp;c., which I shall dedicate to my
+grandson, Boson, in the following words:<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[48]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p><span class="smcap">"To my Grandson!</span></p>
+
+<p>"All are agreed that it is disgraceful to know nothing of
+the history of one's own country, and that undue modesty or
+undue presumption are possible dangers if one is ignorant
+of one's family history, but few are aware how greatly the
+pleasure of inhabiting a beautiful spot is increased by some
+knowledge of its traditions. Of these three kinds of ignorance
+the last is undoubtedly of least importance, but it is also the
+most common; schoolmasters may create the first, parents
+the second, but only individual taste can lead us to inquire
+into dates and facts connected with places which are not
+generally recognised as famous. This inquiry may seem
+trivial if it is not justified by any interesting recollections of
+the past, but in such a case as that of Valen�ay, where the
+house is well known for its connection with celebrities, it is
+the less excusable to disregard or to confuse its history, as
+we are specially called, if not to perpetuate these famous
+events, at least to respect them.</p>
+
+<p>"It has been a pleasure to make this piece of history easier
+for your study. May it encourage you to remain as noble
+in heart and thought as are the glories and the traditions
+of the ancient place of which I propose to tell you the
+story."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 24, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a very kind
+letter from the Duc d'Orl�ans, telling me of the departure of
+his brother the Duc de Nemours for Constantine. He envies
+him his dangerous enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>M. the Prince de Joinville was at Jerusalem.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;All our letters from Paris
+say that no ceremony has been more imposing than the
+erection of the Obelisk of Luxor.<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[49]</a> The royal family was
+welcomed with delight. It was their first public appearance
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+in Paris since Fieschi's attempt, and the people showed their
+pleasure. The Cabinet hesitated, as in the case of Compi�gne,
+but the royal will carried the day, and with successful results.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 30, 1836.</em>&mdash;To-morrow I propose to start
+from here at eight o'clock in the morning; I shall lunch at
+Beauregard,<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[50]</a> dine at Tours and sleep at my own house at
+Rochecotte, where M. de Talleyrand and my daughter will
+join me on November 2.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;I have not had a moment's
+rest since my arrival here, as I had to put everything in
+order before the appearance of the guests whom I am expecting,
+and to examine the changes that have been caused
+during my absence by the construction of the artesian
+well; these changes have greatly improved the immediate
+neighbourhood of the Castle, though much remains to be
+done.</p>
+
+<p>I am inclined to think that M. Thiers has uttered some
+very ill-advised remarks concerning all of us. Ill-temper and
+despondency usually find unmeasured expression in the case
+of persons whose early education has been deficient. It was
+the Spanish question which drove M. Thiers from the
+Ministry, and on this point he was absolutely opposed to
+M. de Talleyrand; hence the result. I have no ill-feeling
+against him; it was bound to be so. Moreover, there are
+very few people of whom I am sufficiently fond to hate them
+profoundly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 4, 1836.</em>&mdash;What is the meaning of all
+this Strasburg disturbance?<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[51]</a> I am inclined to think there
+is something serious in this mad Bonaparte enterprise, from
+the fact that a similar movement took place the same day at
+Vend�me. Six sergeants began the affair, which was immediately
+crushed, though one man was killed. I do not know
+whether the newspapers have anything to say of it, but it is
+quite certain, as the two prefects of Tours and Blois related
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+it to M. de Talleyrand, who told me the news when he
+arrived. The Grand Duchess Stephanie will be uneasy concerning
+the expedition of her cousin, Louis Bonaparte.<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[52]</a> I
+am sorry for the Duchesse de Saint-Leu, although I think she
+had some knowledge of the affair and is more inclined to
+intrigue than to act a part; but she is a mother, and has
+already lost her eldest son, and she must feel terrible anxiety;
+it is a just though bitter punishment for her miserable
+intrigues.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 7, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter
+from Madame de Lieven, who tells me that the Emperor
+Nicholas is indisposed. When a Russian admits that the
+Emperor is indisposed he must indeed be ill. His death
+would be an event of very different importance from the outbreak
+at Strasburg. I do not think the French would have
+any great reason to regret him.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 10, 1836.</em>&mdash;Madame Ad�la�de informs
+M. de Talleyrand that the King has resolved not to bring the
+young Bonaparte to trial; he will simply insist upon his
+immediate departure for America and exact a formal promise
+that he will never return to France. Madame de Saint-Leu
+has written to the King to beg for her son's life. She
+is known to be hidden at Paris, where the authorities are
+unwilling to leave her; nor will they allow her to live in
+Switzerland. Apparently she will go to the United States
+with her son. What foolishness it is which can lead to such
+a result!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 11, 1836.</em>&mdash;Madame de Lieven was
+saying recently before Pozzo that she would perhaps spend
+the next winter at Rome. "What on earth would you find
+to do in Italy?" cried Pozzo. "You could ask no one to tell
+you the news except the Apollo Belvedere, and if he refused
+you would say, 'Wretch, away with you!'" This sally of
+Pozzo's made every one laugh, including the Princess; she is,
+in fact, quite frivolous.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 20, 1836.</em>&mdash;Yesterday's letters told of
+a reversal in the affairs of Portugal. The counter-revolution
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">77</a></span>
+seems to have failed at the moment when success was thought
+certain, and the mishap was due to a want of understanding
+between the little Van de Weyer and Lord Howard de
+Walden. The disaster is complete.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Ad�la�de tells M. de Talleyrand that the Court
+will certainly not go into mourning for the death of Charles X.,
+as no notification of the event has been received.<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[53]</a> She quotes
+several examples in which mourning was not worn for this
+reason, though near relatives were concerned, including the
+case of the late Queen of Naples; she was aunt and mother-in-law
+to the Emperor of Austria, and died in the Imperial
+castle near Vienna, but the Austrian Court did not go into
+mourning because the King of Naples, who was then in
+Sicily, did not send a notification of his wife's death. Such
+precedents are invincible.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 21, 1836.</em>&mdash;The death of Charles X.
+has divided society in Paris upon every point. Every one
+wears mourning according to his own fancy, from colours to
+deep black by infinite gradations, and with fresh bitterness
+about every yard of crape that seems to be wanting. Some
+refer to him as the Comte de Marnes and Henry V., others as
+Louis XIX. In short, the place is a perfect Babel, and they
+are not even agreed upon the disease of which Charles X. died.
+Yesterday's letters speak of nothing else, except the affairs of
+Portugal. We are informed that the clumsy attempt might
+easily shake the position of Lord Palmerston.<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[54]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 22, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Prince de Laval writes
+that M. de Ranville is staying with him at Montigny, while
+M. de Polignac<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[55]</a> is on the road for Munich and Goritz. I do
+not know at all how this business has been arranged, nor do I
+know the meaning of this meeting of Paris clergy summoned to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">78</a></span>
+the house of M. Guizot, the Minister of Public Worship. They
+say that the Archbishop is preparing a manifesto in consequence,
+but I have not yet received the answer to the riddle.</p>
+
+<p>Only the Abb� de Vertot could tell the full story of the
+revolutions in Portugal. Lord Palmerston would not be
+the hero of it, nor Lord Howard de Walden either. What
+can one think of the base methods employed by such
+diplomacy?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 28, 1836.</em>&mdash;Differences of opinion
+concerning the question of mourning for Charles X. have
+found their way into the royal family; the Queen, who had
+voluntarily assumed mourning the first day, was vexed
+because the Ministry forced her to abandon it. The Cabinet
+is afraid of newspaper controversy, but has gained nothing, as
+all the newspapers are in rivalry according to their political
+colouring. I am much puzzled to know what shade of white,
+grey, or black I shall adopt when I reach Paris; generally
+speaking, the ladies of the neutral party who are also
+of society wear black in company and white at Court.
+The position of our diplomatists abroad will be very
+embarrassing.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Balzac, who is a native of Touraine, has come into
+the country to buy a small estate, and induced one of my
+neighbours to bring him here. Unfortunately it was dreadful
+weather and I was forced to invite him to dinner.</p>
+
+<p>I was polite, but very reserved. I am greatly afraid of
+these publicists, men of letters, and writers of articles. I
+never spoke a word without deep consideration, and was
+delighted when he went. Moreover, he did not attract me;
+his face and bearing are vulgar, and I imagine his ideas are
+equally so. Undoubtedly he is a clever man, but his conversation
+is neither easy nor light, but, on the contrary, very
+dull. He watched and examined all of us most minutely,
+especially M. de Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p>I could very well have done without this visit, and should
+have avoided it if I had been able. He aims at the extraordinary,
+and relates a thousand incidents about himself,
+of which I believe none.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">79</a></span>
+The Prince de Laval informed me that M. de Polignac has
+not yet been able to profit by the freedom which was granted
+him, as he was too ill to move at the moment arranged for his
+departure.<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[56]</a> He asks to be transported to the nearest frontier,
+Mons or Calais, to avoid any route of which he could not
+endure the fatigue.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 2, 1836.</em>&mdash;The Archbishop's letter
+concerning the convocation of the clergy is a bad one,
+because of its fault-finding, which is an unsuitable characteristic
+in an ecclesiastic whose finest quality is evangelical
+simplicity; but we must also admit that he must have
+been shocked by the attempt to influence the clergy
+directly, and that the prohibition of prayers instituted by
+the Church is somewhat too revolutionary, and I wish we
+could reform revolutionary ways more definitely. We cling
+to them out of fear, and this timidity, which is too obvious,
+brings us into isolation abroad and encourages enemies at
+home.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc d'Angoul�me will certainly style himself
+Louis XIX. and his wife the Queen; she wished it to be so.
+However, immediately after the death of Charles X. they
+sent all the insignia of royalty into the room of the Duc de
+Bordeaux, declaring that even if events were favourable
+they never wished to reign in France. In any case the
+notifications were issued under the incognito title of
+Comte de Marnes. The young Prince is called Monseigneur
+at Goritz. He and his sister are staying with his uncle and
+aunt.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Polignac wrote to M. Mol� after the death of
+Charles X., saying positively that he would be grateful to the
+King of the French for permission to leave Ham, and thus
+obtained his permit. M. Peyronnet wrote in charcoal on
+his prison wall, "I ask mercy only from God," which I think
+he had hardly the right to say, since he left his prison in very
+lively spirits. He would not see M. de Polignac again, even
+at the last moment.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 15, 1836.</em>&mdash;I shall certainly leave here
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+to-morrow evening, and shall be at Paris in the afternoon of
+the day following.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>[The two correspondents whose letters furnish material
+for these memoirs spent a few months together at Paris,
+so that the memoirs were interrupted, and recommenced
+in 1837.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="medium">CHAPTER II<br />
+1837</h2>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 17, 1837.</em>&mdash;The new Ministry, which entered
+upon office the day before yesterday, and is destined to
+immortalise the date of April 15, as different Governments
+are designated by such dates, will have a stern conflict to
+wage, and I hope, for the sake of its leader, M. Mol�, that it
+will emerge with honour from the struggle. The <cite>Journal de
+Paris</cite> offers a frank Doctrinaire opposition; the <cite>Journal des
+D�bats</cite> pronounces a funeral oration over the last Ministry
+and offers peace and support to the new one. All this promises
+neither reality, sincerity, fidelity, nor stability, and I
+hardly know to whom or to what it is reasonable to trust in
+the sphere of political relations. M. Royer-Collard came
+to see me this morning before going to the Chamber of
+Deputies; he did not seem to think that the new Ministry
+would survive one session.<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>M. Thiers came to dine with us, among other guests, and
+talked largely, as usual. He came from the Chamber, where
+they had in vain awaited the official proclamation of the new
+Ministry which had been announced. The King was to take
+the Electress,<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[58]</a> who is at Paris at this moment incognito as
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+the Comtesse d'Arco, to visit Versailles, but as the council
+lasted from ten in the morning till five in the afternoon
+the King was unable to go out or the Ministers to
+appear before the Chamber. The incident produced a bad
+effect upon the Electress, who is said to be irritable and
+scornful.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 19, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame de Castellane, who came
+to see me this morning, was very painfully affected by last
+night's session in the Chamber, and told me that the extreme
+length of yesterday's council was due to a keen discussion
+concerning the complete repeal of the law of appanage and the
+advisability of leaving blank the appanage of the Duc d'Orl�ans
+in the law which was to be presented to the Chamber on the
+occasion of his marriage with Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin;
+the Duc d'Orl�ans, who was present at the council,
+was anxious that a blank space should be left, and eventually
+gained his point.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had Madame de Castellane left my house than
+Madame de Lieven came in; she came to ask me to dinner
+to-day. She told me a saying which is current concerning
+the new Ministry, and is borrowed from a new invention;
+they call it the deodorised Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of the morning I had a visit from M. de
+Tocqueville, who came to me from the Chamber, where he
+had witnessed the solemn entry of the Ministry. He said
+that the entry took place amid the most absolute silence;
+there was not a word or a gesture, as if the benches had
+been empty, and as if one had been in the middle of the ice
+upon Lake Ladoga, to quote a later remark by Madame de
+Lieven. The same silence prevailed during M. Mol�'s speech,
+and when the Ministry retired in a body to make their way
+to the Chamber of Peers there was a murmur of dissatisfaction
+which drove back MM. de Salvandy and de Rosamel, who
+had come to resume their places upon the Ministerial bench.
+In the ensuing debate Marshal Clauzel seems to have cut a
+poor figure, but M. Jaubert was most incisive, and at his
+remarks upon the provisional state of affairs malicious
+laughter against the Cabinet burst out on all sides. On
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+the whole the impression was most discouraging for the
+new Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>After our dinner the Duc de Noailles came in his turn to
+give an account of the Ministerial entry into the Chamber of
+Peers. M. Mol� said a few short and confused words; M. de
+Br�z� said that he thought the speech too vague, and asked
+for some explanation of the reason for the dissolution of
+the last Cabinet. M. Mol� attempted to reply without
+committing himself, with the result, doubtless by mistake,
+that he used the word "categorical" to characterise the
+brevity of his words. Thereupon M. Villemain said maliciously
+that the speech of the President of the Council was anything
+rather than categorical, and that he would like to know what
+was going to happen concerning the law of non-revelation.
+M. de Montalivet then got up, and is said to have made an
+excellent speech. He would have left the Chamber with a
+thoroughly good impression, had not M. Sim�on, the promoter
+of the law of non-revelation, announced that his speech
+was ready. This will be a great embarrassment for the
+Ministry, as they would have preferred to allow this proposed
+law to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 22, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a visit from the
+Duc d'Orl�ans, who had just learnt the vote of the Chamber
+concerning his marriage dotation, and was satisfied both with
+the form and matter of it. He seems to me inclined to
+spend half of the million allotted to household expenses in
+charity to the workmen of Lyons, in bank-books bought for
+unfortunate people in the savings-banks of the country, in
+clothes for a large number of children in orphanages, and, in
+short, in good works. He is very pleased with his marriage,
+and in an excellent temper. The Princess Helena wishes to
+be escorted from Weimar by an envoy of France, and a
+suitable person is being sought for this mission. I should be
+glad to see the Baron de Montmorency obtain the honour. The
+Princess will see the King of Prussia at Potsdam. Her portrait
+has not yet arrived. There are still hopes that the marriage
+will take place before June 15. As the Princess is not to be
+married by procuration, and is not yet, consequently, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans, her household will not go to meet her
+at the frontier. There she will be met only by some
+member of the King's household, and perhaps by one of
+the Queen's ladies; in any case, she is coming accompanied
+by her step-mother, the Dowager Grand Duchess of
+Mecklenburg.</p>
+
+<p>Meunier will probably be pardoned on the occasion of
+the marriage.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[59]</a> The trial of Meunier presents no interest
+as regards the character of the individuals concerned,
+nor is their language in any way dramatic. The affair
+is much inferior to that of Fieschi, or even of Alibaud,
+and the only effect produced has been one of disgust,
+which is the best effect upon the public that could be
+produced.</p>
+
+<p>The ridiculous compliment of M. Dupin to the Prince
+Royal is well commented upon this morning in the <cite>Journal
+de Paris</cite>. The King would not allow his son to receive the
+congratulations of the Chambers except in his own presence,
+which induced M. S�monville to say that he would have
+thought he was abdicating if any other course had been
+followed.</p>
+
+<p>I dined at the house of M. and Madame Mollien with
+M. and Madame Bertin de Veaux, M. Guizot, and M. de
+Vand&oelig;uvre. There was much talk of the halting speech of
+M. Barthe, at the end of which he suddenly came to a standstill,
+of the extremely poor appearance of the Ministry, and
+of the almost inevitable possibility of a duel between MM.
+Thiers and Guizot in the course of a session which will bring
+up so many burning questions. The two champions will
+deliver their blows upon the backs of the Ministry, which
+will probably succumb under their assault. This remark is
+fairly general, and is not my property. Yesterday nothing
+more than skirmishing went on.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+<em>Paris, April 26, 1837.</em>&mdash;I hear of discussions in England
+upon the Spanish question. M. Thiers gave assurances the
+other day that the English Ministry was ready to leave Spain
+to its destiny. He deduced, with some fear for the reigning
+French dynasty, the conclusion that Don Carlos would be
+triumphant. It is true that this question is concerned with
+that of intervention, upon which he used to lay so much stress.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra has been greatly agitated by the
+duel of her son-in-law, M. de La Redorte, who fought the
+editor of the <cite>Corsaire</cite> on account of an insulting article
+which appeared two days ago in this wretched newspaper,
+apparently attacking both the person and the opinions of
+M. de La Redorte. The duel was fought with pistols, and
+the editor was wounded in the hand; it is thought that he
+will lose a finger. Social distinctions are destroyed by the
+excesses of the Press.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 27, 1837.</em>&mdash;This morning I saw Madame
+Ad�la�de, who told me that the King had just signed the
+commutation of Meunier's penalty. She also told me that
+the Princess of Mecklenburg and her step-mother would
+reach the French frontier on May 25; on May 28, St.
+Ferdinand's Day, there would be a birthday celebration for
+the Duc d'Orl�ans at Fontainebleau, and the marriage would
+take place on the 31st.</p>
+
+<p>Our guests at dinner were the Princesse de Lieven, the
+Duc de Noailles, Labouch�re, M. Thiers, and Matusiewicz, who
+has returned much aged from Naples, of which he gives a bad
+account, both for its climate and its social resources. Thus
+the guests were somewhat heterogeneous, which was due to
+M. de Talleyrand's absence of mind, but all went off very well
+and the conversation was lively, especially between M. Thiers
+and Madame de Lieven. She was positively coquettish
+towards him&mdash;I use the word advisedly, because no other
+would express the fact. M. Thiers gave an account of the
+Chamber, continually repeating in a special tone of voice
+which evoked involuntary laughter, "Poor Ministry!" At
+the same time he patronises the Ministry, though he would
+never consent, I think, to be patronised at that price. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+would suit him to keep the Ministry alive until the next
+session, but his success is doubtful, for, as he says himself, an
+invalid can be kept alive, but not a dead man. In yesterday's
+session the Ministry equivocated, as usual, and eventually
+decided against Marshal Soult, which caused much ill-temper
+on the Left because the Doctrinaires shouted on every side,
+"Settle it!" "Settle it!" They said that the scene was quite
+scandalous. After Madame de Lieven took her leave the
+gentlemen stayed on for some time, and talked of the changes
+which the schism had introduced into society, even into the
+neutral body of it. They discussed the influence of the <em>salons</em>
+and of the women who controlled them. M. Thiers classed
+them as follows: The <em>salon</em> of Madame de Lieven is the observatory
+of Europe; that of Madame de S�gur is purely Doctrinaire,
+with no concessions; that of Madame de La Redorte
+is entirely in the power of M. Thiers; with Madame de Flahaut
+the convenience of the Duc d'Orl�ans is the general desire, and
+with M. de Talleyrand the convenience of the King; the house
+of Madame de Broglie is for the 11th of October and for
+the concession, though the most bitter of concessions; the
+cabinet of Madame de Dino is alone guided by the most perfect
+independence of mind and judgment. My share is thus by no
+means the worst, though, to tell the truth, it was pronounced
+in my presence.</p>
+
+<p>The German newspapers announce the death of M. Ancillon,
+who had been ill for a long time, when the doctor ordered
+him a draught and a liniment; he explained the matter to
+Madame Ancillon, who was starting for a concert. When
+she came back she perceived that a mistake had been made,
+and a few hours afterwards the invalid was dead. The poor
+man was unfortunate in marriage. He began by marrying
+a wife who might have been his mother, then one who might
+have been his daughter, and finally this Belgian beauty, who
+was, I think, the worst of the three.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 29, 1837.</em>&mdash;This morning I saw M. Royer-Collard,
+who spoke of the session in the Chamber of Deputies
+on the previous evening, when a million had been voted for the
+Queen of the Belgians. The result, for which he also voted,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+was doubtless good, but the debate seems to have been very
+ominous for the Government, and M. de Cormenin by no
+means received a thrashing, but held the upper hand. The
+same impression was given to me by two others who were
+present at the session.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 30, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. Thiers came to see me this
+morning before the session of the Chamber. He confirmed
+the general report of the session which discussed the grant
+to the Queen of the Belgians; but the object of his visit was
+to complain of the Princesse de Lieven. He has suddenly
+seen what I had foreseen long ago, that she did not take him
+seriously, but brought him out and put him forward as an
+actor. He has too much common sense not to see the
+ridiculous side of this and not to feel it. He asked if I had
+noticed it and if others had seen it. I told him that no one
+had mentioned it to me, but that I thought a little more
+reserve in his language in a <em>salon</em> which he himself called the
+observatory of Europe would not be out of place. I advised
+him, however, to remain on good terms with the Princess,
+who is really fond of him, and whose wit and easy conversation
+please him also. I think he found an opportunity the
+other day of letting drop a few words to her that frightened
+her considerably. There is no harm in that, as she is a
+person with whom one must remain upon good terms and yet
+keep in check.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 1, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Broglie is going to meet
+the Princess of Mecklenburg at Fulda, on this side of Weimar,
+not to marry her, but to offer his compliments and his escort.
+The wife of Marshal Lobau will be the Princess's lady-of-honour.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I had a letter from the Archbishop of Paris,
+who sends me a copy of the answer from Rome, which he
+had just received, concerning his last difficulties with reference
+to the archiepiscopal estate. Rome entirely approves
+his conduct, and leaves him free to conduct any transaction
+which may satisfy his general interests. This last phrase
+is distinctly vague. I shall probably go to-morrow afternoon
+to thank the Archbishop and to learn some further
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+details. He adds in his letter that he is certain that the
+Government have received an answer similar to that which
+he communicates to me.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;I am assured that the Prussian
+Minister here, Baron von Werther, will take the place of
+M. Ancillon at Berlin. He is offering some objection to the
+proposal, but it is thought that he will accept.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Mornay has been nicknamed the Sosthenes
+of the July revolution&mdash;amusing, but very true.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen M. Royer-Collard, who thought that the law
+concerning secret funds would pass, but would be a mortal
+blow to the Cabinet.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening I went to the Court reception held on
+the 1st of May.<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[60]</a> There was an enormous crowd, including
+every type of beauty and ugliness, of well and badly dressed
+people. The Duc d'Orl�ans did not appear, as he is suffering
+from a severe sore throat and inflammation of the eyes. He
+is wise to take care of himself, as he has only three weeks for
+that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>I was told at the Ch�teau that in a morning session of
+the Chamber M. Jaubert had positively flayed the Ministry,
+and that to-day's session might easily end in their overthrow.
+I hardly think so, as no one is anxious to seize their
+inheritance.</p>
+
+<p>Rumours are also current of an important victory said to
+be won by Don Carlos.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently I did not mention what Matusiewicz told me
+about the new Queen of Naples, concerning whom I asked
+him many questions. She is the Archduchess Theresa of
+whom so much was heard last year. He says that she is
+agreeable, witty, kind, and nice, with no haughtiness or fine
+manners, and nothing of the princess about her. The King
+is said to be deeply in love with her.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 4, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to the Sacred
+Heart to see the Archbishop. I found him delighted with
+the answer from Rome, and not anxious to make any public
+parade of it. Whatever formalities the other side might
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+raise, he was anxious to use the liberty given him from
+Rome to handle the whole question in a pacific spirit; in
+short, he was calmer and gentler than I had seen him for a
+long time.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 5, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. Mol�, who dined here yesterday,
+said that his colleague, M. Martin du Nord, would make
+a kind of apology to-day to the Chamber for his outburst of
+the day before yesterday. M. Thiers has harangued his
+forces and calmed their feelings.</p>
+
+<p>The ratification of the marriage contract of the Duc
+d'Orl�ans has come to hand from Mecklenburg; the illness
+of Herr von Plessen, the Mecklenburg Minister, had
+prevented him from travelling to the spot where the ratifications
+are to be exchanged, and some delay was feared,
+which would have been the more prolonged as the Minister
+has since died. M. Bresson therefore sent a bearer to him
+with the Act; he was almost at his last gasp when he signed
+it, and died three hours afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Herr von Lutteroth says that the portrait of the Prince
+Royal which he was commissioned to take to the Princess
+Helena produced an excellent impression. Two attacks of
+influenza made it impossible to finish the portrait of the
+Princess; in her place I would not send anything. Herr von
+Lutteroth is full of the delightful qualities of the Princess,
+although he admits that her nose is by no means distinguished
+and her teeth rather bad. Otherwise she is admirable,
+especially her figure, which is charming. When he dined
+with her her gloves were too large and she wore black shoes
+which obviously were not made at Paris. The vexatious
+point is that the Duc d'Orl�ans has an obstinate cold on his
+chest; he coughs a great deal and his voice is very weak, but
+he is taking care of himself, and wisely.</p>
+
+<p>Mecklenburg princesses have no dowry, but when they
+marry the States vote them two or three hundred thousand
+francs as a voluntary gift. The Duc d'Orl�ans has refused
+this vote, to the great delight, it is said, of the people of
+Mecklenburg. The Duc de Broglie will be accompanied
+upon his mission by the Comte Foy, son of the famous
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+General, the Comte d'Haussonville, MM. L�on de Laborde,
+Philippe de Chabot, and Doudain, the last-named with the
+title of First Secretary to the embassy.<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[61]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 6, 1837.</em>&mdash;After a visit from M. Royer-Collard,
+and as though by way of contrast, I went yesterday
+morning and waited for a long time at Madame Bautrand's,
+the famous costumier. I wanted to choose a few things for
+the entertainments at Fontainebleau, and spent an interesting
+time over it. In the first place there were the most delightful
+articles, then there was a crowd of people waiting for
+some mark of favour, and messages were coming from the
+Ch�teau hastily summoning the great personage. One really
+might have thought one's self in the rooms of a party leader.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening I had a note from Madame de
+Castellane written after the session of the Chamber, giving
+the following account of it: M. Martin du Nord offered
+a reasonable explanation; M. Augustin Giraud vigorously
+attacked M. Mol�, who returned an admirable reply; M.
+Vatry challenged the great champions to enter the arena by
+proposing an amendment; M. de Lamartine, in a wearisome
+speech entirely off the point, aroused M. Odilon Barrot, who
+then delivered one of his finest speeches; M. Guizot in his
+turn made an excellent reply.</p>
+
+<p>I was awakened just now to receive a note from M. Mol�,
+telling me that M. Thiers, shaken and almost converted by
+yesterday's session, is anxious to overthrow the Ministry and
+so force M. Guizot to come forward with his friends, with the
+object of overthrowing him in turn; he adds that M. Dupin
+reminded M. Thiers of his obligations, telling him that such
+action would be dishonourable. M. Thiers seemed to waver
+once more, and announced that he would summon his friends
+again. M. Mol� sends me this news, asking me to discuss it
+with M. Thiers from Dupin's point of view. He has applied
+to the wrong person, for the burnt child fears the fire, and I
+have too keen a recollection of last year's scene to put my
+hand into a wasp's nest of that kind. I prefer not to meddle
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+with what does not concern me, but in any case to-day's work
+will decide the case of the Ministry.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 7, 1837.</em>&mdash;I did not go out yesterday morning,
+and left my door open, so certain visitors came in: M. Jules
+d'Entraigues, the Duc de Noailles, and the little Princess
+Sch�nberg. All were full of the session of the previous
+evening and of M. Guizot's magnificent speech. He really
+performed admirably, and aroused the deepest parliamentary
+emotion in the Chamber.</p>
+
+<p>About five o'clock M. de Tocqueville arrived. He came
+from the session and had just heard Thiers, who had
+replied to Guizot. It seems that no one ever showed
+greater power; it is he who saved the Ministry and secured
+the passing of the law.<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[62]</a> He added that Thiers spoke quietly
+and coldly, seeming to avoid any oratorical effects, and not
+attempting to outdo his rival in dramatic display, but anxious
+only to deliver a blow, and he is said to have succeeded.</p>
+
+<p>At dinner our guests were the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, M. and
+Madame de La Redorte, MM. Thiers and Mignet. M. Thiers
+was well pleased with his day's work, and gave a warm
+tribute to Guizot, roundly asserting that he would never have
+been so foolish as to try and eclipse him, seeing that that
+was impossible; he had attempted only to make his position
+impossible, and that he had done. He then gave us his
+speech, which seemed to me to be strikingly clear, sensible,
+and practical. He told me that M. Royer-Collard had
+almost fallen upon his neck, saying, "You have killed them!"</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I went to Madame Mol�'s, to a dinner
+given in return for that which I recently gave when the
+Electress was present. The only subject of conversation
+was the session in the Chamber. The Ministry were as
+pleased as if they had been successful, though there is
+no possibility that they will triumph. As I came back I
+called upon Madame de Lieven. She had heard Guizot on
+the previous evening, but not Thiers in the morning. Thus
+she had remained entirely under Guizot's influence, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">92</a></span>
+was the more appropriate as he came in himself delighted
+with the concert of praise by which he has been received;
+but in reality he felt the blow had been struck. I, who
+know him well, thought his feelings quite obvious.</p>
+
+<p>As I write I am quite deafened by the noise of the drum
+which is continually beaten for the great review of the
+National Guard which the King is to hold to-day. Heaven
+grant that all goes off well. I am most anxious.</p>
+
+<p>I know that Herr von Werther and Apponyi are but
+moderately satisfied with the political doctrines expressed by
+M. Guizot in his speech of the day before yesterday; they
+were expecting a less limited and less middle-class system.
+There they were wrong, for M. Guizot's social ideas are
+alone appropriate to the age and to the country as it is
+now constituted.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 8, 1837.</em>&mdash;I should be delighted if the last
+piece of news I have heard were true, that the Grand
+Duchess Stephanie is to marry her daughter to the Duke of
+Leuchtenberg; there would then be no possibility of her
+marrying one of our princes, and I should be equally pleased
+because I am not anxious to see among them a nephew of
+the Prefect of Blois.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>The day before yesterday, in the evening, I met the Marquis
+of Conyngham at the house of Madame de Lieven. He related
+that the Duchess of Kent, who is always doing tactless things,
+recently invited Lord Grey to dinner together with Lady Jersey.
+Their respective rank required that Lord Grey should take
+Lady Jersey into dinner; Sir John Conroy requested Lord
+Grey to do so, but he absolutely refused, and Lady Jersey
+was taken in by some one of lower rank. Both were keenly
+irritated in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>It seems certain that the Duchesse de Saint-Leu is dying.
+The physician Lisfranc, who has returned from Arenenberg,
+says so. The poor woman has mismanaged her life and her
+position, and she is expiating her fault most cruelly. It is
+dreadful to survive her eldest son and to die far away from her
+second son, entirely cut off from her family; this misfortune
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">93</a></span>
+disarms the severe criticism which one might be tempted to
+utter concerning her.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday was held the great review, and all my rooms were
+filled from eleven o'clock in the morning. From our windows
+we had a perfect view of the march past, which followed the
+Rue de Rivoli, and then passed in front of the Obelisk,
+where were the King, the Queen, the Princes, and a very
+numerous following. Sixty thousand National Guards and
+twenty thousand line troops marched past. Previously the
+King had gone round the ranks within the Cour du Carrousel
+and on the Esplanade des Invalides. The National Guard
+shouted "Vive le Roi!" most vigorously, and the line troops
+still more so. The wind was cold and sharp, but the sun was
+bright. The King returned to the Ch�teau across the garden
+of the Tuileries. Thus the King's state of siege has come to
+an end, and a good thing too. We must hope upon the one
+hand that it will not often be thought necessary to renew
+this form of proceeding, and that on the other hand some
+relaxation may be possible of those excessive precautions
+which spoilt the effect of the show, and which were carried to
+such an extent yesterday that I have never seen anything
+sadder or more painful; the embankments, the Rue de Rivoli,
+the square, and the Tuileries were forbidden to every one
+except men in uniform, and men, women, children, little dogs,
+and every living being were driven away; it was a complete
+desert, and every one was blockaded in his house. My son
+Valen�ay, to get from his house in the Rue de Universit� to
+mine, was obliged to go by the Pont d'Auteuil! This state
+of things was maintained until the King returned to his
+rooms. All the police were on duty, and the posts of the
+National Guard were doubled upon every side by a row of
+police and municipal guards surrounding the royal group.
+The town looked as though deserted or plague-stricken, with
+a conquering army marching through without finding a
+stopping-place or inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>After our dinner I went to inquire for the Queen and to
+say farewell to Madame Ad�la�de, who is starting for Brussels
+this morning. There had been a great military dinner of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+two hundred and sixty people in the Hall of the Marshals;
+all were in full dress, pleased and animated.</p>
+
+<p>I concluded the evening with Madame de Castellane, where
+I found M. Mol�, who was very pleased with the result of the
+review.</p>
+
+<p>In my wanderings I discovered that the last speech of
+M. Thiers was gaining an increasing hold on men's minds.
+It is thought that, without abandoning his general theories,
+he was pointing to a practical solution which would satisfy
+all positive spirits; people are much obliged by the fact that
+in this speech he had twice separated from the Left without
+hurting their feelings; in short, his clever words have dissipated
+some of the fears which he inspired and removed some
+of the obstacles which stood between himself and the power.
+This impression I have received from many different sides,
+and except the Doctrinaires and the extremists on the Left
+every one is feeling it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 9, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a long visit from
+M. Royer-Collard, whose admiration for the speech of M.
+Thiers is at its height. He praises the occasion, the propriety
+of it, and above all the truth, not only its personal
+truth&mdash;that is to say, its individual sincerity&mdash;but its truth
+with reference to the actual state of opinion, which the
+speaker alone has correctly appreciated. He said it was one
+of those speeches over which one could never think too long,
+which grips the reader more and more, and the effect of
+which will steadily increase. He admits that the session
+when MM. Odilon Barrot and Guizot spoke was more
+interesting to watch, and that the two actors played their
+parts very well, but that they were merely acting; that they
+showed themselves good orators, but not statesmen; that
+both relied upon extremist opinions which were worn out;
+that M. Guizot in particular was no longer a man of his
+age, but an <em>�migr�</em>; and that this point had been admirably
+brought out by Thiers. M. Royer-Collard thinks the speech
+of Guizot imprudent and irritating, in which respect he says
+that Guizot followed his arrogant disposition. In short, he
+says many things; he says them in my sitting-room, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+repeats them in the Chamber, at the Academy, to each and
+all, and makes it his business to do so. This is very useful to
+M. Thiers, in whose speech there is something too fine and
+subtle to be understood without a commentary.</p>
+
+<p>I did not go out after M. Royer's call, but stayed at home
+to read the life of Raphael by M. Quatrem�re; the book is
+lacking in warmth and vivacity, but it is well written. It is
+most restful at the present time to return to the exquisite
+art of an age when men of genius were complete, because
+they possessed every shade of genius, if one may use the
+phrase. Books of this kind give me an inexpressible longing
+for Italy.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I looked in at the Austrian Embassy, where
+Madame de Lieven told me a large amount of gossip from
+London. One of her stories was as follows: At the last
+Lev�e the King thanked the Turkish Ambassador aloud and
+through an interpreter for postponing a dinner which he was
+giving, on account of the death of Lady Delisle, his natural
+daughter, and thus showing him a respect which his own
+family had refused; this remark was aimed at the Duchess
+of Kent. At the last Drawing-room the Queen could not be
+present, as she was ill, and it was held by Princess Augusta;
+the Duchess of Kent arrived with her daughter; the King
+heartily embraced the latter without noticing her mother,
+and seeing Sir John Conroy in the throne-room he ordered
+the Chamberlain to send him out. Finally, when the Prince
+of Linange came to his mother's house, the Duchess of Kent,
+with his wife, who is not his equal in birth, the King sent
+Lord Conyngham to the Duchess to say that he would receive
+his daughter-in-law, but could not permit her to enter his
+private apartments; the Duchess declined to receive Lord
+Conyngham, and sent a message to say that if he came to
+pay a private call she would see him with pleasure, but that
+she would not receive him as the King's messenger, and that
+he need only write down what he had to say. Lord Conyngham
+then sent her a letter, to which she replied by an epistle
+of twelve pages, enumerating all her supposed grievances
+against the King, and concluding with the statement that if
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+her daughter-in-law were not received as a princess she would
+never set foot in the King's house again. She had several
+copies made of the letter, and sent them to all the members
+of the Cabinet. Lord Conyngham, who told all this to
+Madame de Lieven, in spite of his Whig principles, went on
+to say that the position of the English Ministry was unpleasant,
+as their relations with the King were disturbed and
+they were unpopular in the country, and that the difficulties
+concerning the Bank and the progress of affairs in Spain
+were very unpleasant incidents for the Cabinet.</p>
+
+<p>It is settled that the Duc de Coigny is to be knight-of-honour
+to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans. He is naturally impolite,
+his habits are uncivilised, and he has only one hand,
+so that he will not be able to offer his hand to the Princess.
+An equally certain appointment is that of the Comtesse
+Anatole de Montesquiou as first lady to accompany the
+Princess, and to take the place of the lady-of-honour, whose
+delicate health will often prevent her from performing her
+duties.<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[64]</a> This is an excellent choice. Madame de Montesquiou
+is forty-six years of age, her reputation is unblemished,
+she has been pretty and is still pleasant to look upon, her
+manners are quiet and simple and are the exact expression of
+her life and character. No better choice and no person better
+suited for the position could be found.</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers say that a subscription is being raised
+in the Chamber of Deputies to print fifty thousand copies
+of M. Guizot's speech. M. Martin du Nord, one of the
+members of the present Cabinet, has given a subscription,
+and thus confirmed the generally accepted opinion that he is
+secretly a Doctrinaire and a traitor to the Cabinet. Thereupon
+M. Mol� went to the King to ask for the removal of
+M. Martin du Nord or to offer his own resignation. I have
+not yet heard the conclusion of this fresh complication.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 10, 1837.</em>&mdash;At the time of writing yesterday I
+had not read the <cite>Moniteur</cite>, which announced the amnesty.<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[65]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">97</a></span>
+I knew that M. Mol� had long been anxious to see this
+measure passed, but I think that the speech of M. Thiers
+encouraged him in his design and accelerated the execution
+of it. I have heard people talking of nothing else all day.
+Men's minds are entirely occupied with it, and their attention
+is thus diverted from the peerage given to M. Bresson, which
+again is to be explained by this marriage. What a fortunate
+man he is! Undoubtedly he is capable, but circumstances
+have helped him with a speed and consistency rarely found
+in human destiny. To return to the great event of the
+amnesty, I will say that high society strongly approves of it,
+the more so as it has arrived unexpectedly and not been
+extorted by party importunity; so it is an act of mercy, and
+not of weakness. The sharp-sighted regard it as another
+act of hostility to the Doctrinaires rather than an act of
+kindness to the political prisoners&mdash;as much as to say that
+the measure could not be passed while the Doctrinaires were
+in office, but now that we have separated from them we
+hasten to grant it. This will isolate them yet more in the
+country. I repeat there are people who regard this measure
+as a consequence of M. Thiers' speech, and even as directly
+due to his influence. The Doctrinaires are most infuriated,
+and those peers who are friendly to them announce that all
+the contumacious persons will come up for judgment, and
+that the peers will then go off to their country seats instead
+of taking their places. The following story had a wide circulation
+yesterday: M. Jaubert, in speaking of the amnesty to
+M. Dupin, said to him: "It is a little hard that after leaving
+to us all the odium of the severe measures which we have
+courageously defended during the crisis and danger we should
+now be deprived of the credit of showing mercy." M. Dupin
+replied: "It is very sad, but you have one consolation, namely,
+that Persil will order the medal to be struck." (M. Persil
+is a Doctrinaire and Comptroller of the Mint.) The saying
+is a smart one. Those who approve the amnesty also urge,
+and with some reason, that it will obliterate the ill-effect
+produced by the excessive precautions on the day of the
+review.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">98</a></span>
+Yesterday I was at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where
+Sigalon, who has just arrived from Rome, had placed the
+magnificent copy of the <cite>Last Judgment</cite> of Michael Angelo,
+that masterpiece which is fading, like all the frescoes in the
+Vatican. The copy is the same size as the original, and forms
+the background of a hall, to which has been given the
+form and dimensions of the Sistine Chapel. It is the most
+beautiful and surprising thing that can be imagined. I was
+quite overwhelmed. Variety, richness, and boldness of composition
+are so combined that one rests stupefied before the
+power of such genius. In the same room have been placed
+casts of different statues by Michael Angelo which also have
+arrived from Italy, and complete one's admiration for this
+great man. The statue of Lorenzo de' Medici and the statue
+of Day and Night are admirable. We then saw the charming
+gateway to the castle of Anet and the beautiful door of the
+castle of Gaillon, both masterpieces of the Renaissance; then
+came the interior courtyard, adorned with fountains and
+fragments of ancient work, which was very fine. The building
+in itself is in excellent style; it contains fine models of
+all classes and ages of art, which will be added to. They
+form a collection as curious as it is interesting, and add a
+new attraction to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Thence we went on to the new Church of Our Lady of
+Loretto. It seemed to me extremely heavy and full of
+motley ornaments, and had it not been for some fine pictures
+I should have found little agreeable to look at. It is said
+to be in the style of the Italian churches, which I do not
+know; but to judge from this specimen I would rather say
+my prayers under the lofty, bold, and austere vaults, the
+hewn stone and Gothic arches of Notre-Dame and of Saint-Etienne
+du Mont, than amid the glaring colours of this
+Southern imitation. We finished our wanderings by a visit
+to the Church of the Madeleine. The interior at present is
+in exact correspondence with the outside, and it seems that
+Calchas is about to sacrifice Iphigenia upon it, to such an
+extent have mythological subjects apparently pervaded this
+fine building. They are already beginning to gild the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+arches and the capitals of the columns, pretending that the
+white stone, though it is much enriched by different kinds of
+marbling, is too cold to the eye. Thus they are preparing a
+disagreeable contrast between the outside and the inside. I
+cannot understand the vagaries of Christian worship.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening at Madame de Lieven's house I saw Berryer,
+who does not yield to M. Royer in his admiration for
+M. Thiers' speech. I heard that M. Martin du Nord had
+given way upon the question of his subscription for printing
+Guizot's speech, as upon other points. For one who calls
+himself a member of the Opposition, he does not seem to
+oppose very strenuously.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a call from the
+excellent Abb� Dupanloup. We were mutually anxious to
+meet, in the interests of Pauline, before the general departure
+for the country. As usual, I was touched and pleased by his
+kind and spiritual conversation. We talked of our hope
+that the amnesty will inspire the Government with courage
+to reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois, the
+closing of which is the greatest scandal of the July revolution;
+seeing that acts of mercy extend from Ham to the
+Republic and to la Vend�e, continued vindictiveness towards
+the church and to leave the Cross broken would seem to
+me most inconsistent. The church should be reopened
+without considering any difficulties that the Archbishop may
+raise. He should thus be forced to appoint a reliable priest,
+and then to go and express his thanks to the Tuileries, but
+he should set to work at once while the effect of the amnesty
+remains all-powerful; at such a moment there is no fear of
+any movement in the district, and this action would only be
+the strongest answer to the Doctrinaires, whose tactics are to
+represent the amnesty as the price of the compact made with
+the Left. To reopen the Church of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois
+would restore the balance. I think it would be a politic
+move as well as a religious restoration; if we delay too long
+the religious newspapers and people will begin to cry out,
+with reason, against the injustice of it, and any later action
+will seem like a concession to their complaints; then the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">100</a></span>
+Opposition will pounce upon it and foment irritation with the
+measure. Everything, therefore, should be quite spontaneous,
+the religious restoration no less than the royal mercy. I
+think they will take the matter in hand; it should have been
+done already, in my opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 14, 1837.</em>&mdash;The <cite>Moniteur</cite> of yesterday, heaven
+be praised, contains an ordinance by which the Church of
+Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois is to be restored for worship. I
+am delighted. The Baron de Montmorency, who came to
+see me in the morning, had dined yesterday at the Ch�teau,
+where the Queen wept with joy at the news.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I went to pay a farewell visit at the H�tel
+de Broglie, where the amnesty was very unfavourably received,
+as Madame de Broglie is very anxious to fortify Princess
+Helena in her Protestantism.</p>
+
+<p>I then went on to the Duchesse de Montmorency, where I
+heard very bad news of the Prince de Laval. He had caught
+a slight cold and had taken no care of himself, but had gone
+to the races at Chantilly in very bitter weather. His malady
+grew worse, and now causes great anxiety. I should be
+grieved indeed if any misfortune happened to him, for in
+spite of his absurdities and foolishness he has a good heart
+and is a good friend.</p>
+
+<p>I finished the evening with Madame de Castellane. M.
+Mol� came in and told us that the Archbishop, accompanied
+by two of his Vicars-General, had called upon him that
+evening and upon the Keeper of the Seals after a visit to the
+King. It seems that his appearance in the Ministerial <em>salons</em>
+made a great sensation. Before his visit the Archbishop had
+quietly had the church blessed. Mass was said there this
+morning. A week will be spent in necessary repairs, and next
+Sunday the new vicar will be installed. As M. Dupanloup
+has refused this post, the choice has fallen upon M. Demerson,
+the priest of Saint-S�verin, undoubtedly the most distinguished
+ecclesiastic in the diocese. He is the confessor of Madame
+Andral, and the friend of her father. M. Royer-Collard
+has often spoken to me of him and thinks a great deal of
+him.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">101</a></span>
+<em>Paris, May 15, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening I was at the
+Tuileries. I found the King delighted with a visit that he
+had paid in the morning to the Botanical Gardens to see the
+new hothouses they have been setting up. He was well
+applauded as he went by; in short, he seems to have grown
+young again. Everybody about him is well pleased. He
+went there without an escort, and spent two hours walking
+with the Minister of the Interior and of Education, with the
+Prefect of Police and one <em>aide-de-camp</em>. The crowd kept on
+increasing, and these gentlemen, who saw all the horrible faces
+from the Rue Mouffetard and that quarter thronging round
+the King, were dying with fear, but the King was delighted,
+and it was impossible to induce him to go indoors. He was
+most heartily cheered by all the crowd. I think, however,
+that it would not be advisable for him often to make such
+trials of his popularity.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 16, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Prince de Laval is not getting
+on well. He has been bled a second time, and the doctors
+say that his condition is serious.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that M. Dupanloup is ambitious; I do not
+know him well enough to be positive. He is gentle, discreet,
+moderate, with a knowledge of the world, a fine command of
+language and conversational tact, and, in short, possesses every
+quality which the spiritual director of a society personage
+should have. All his penitents and all their mothers think a
+great deal of him. But this does not exclude ambition. I know
+that he lays great stress upon keeping apart from politics,
+but when confronted with the Archbishop he committed
+the venial sin of urging him to go to the Tuileries
+and of going with him to the incumbent of Saint-Roch,
+whose curate and friend he is. But the robe of ambition
+is like the chameleon's skin, the colours of which change
+according to the observer's position. I can therefore
+answer for nothing except that he has refused two important
+livings at Paris. I know that the Archbishop
+secretly destines him for the Madeleine when that living
+becomes vacant, and, in fact, it is a society parish which will
+suit him best.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">102</a></span>
+<em>Paris, May 18, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday morning I was with
+Madame Ad�la�de, where I saw the King. Every one at the
+Ch�teau is busy with preparations for the marriage and for
+the journey from Fontainebleau, which is to be a splendid
+affair. I am delighted, and should be still more so if I had
+not heard that not only the mothers but also the daughters
+are expected. I have done my best to have my daughter
+excused, to avoid the infinite vexations which I foresee, but
+M. de Talleyrand came in to Madame in the middle of our
+discussion, and instead of supporting my views he opposed me.
+It is very annoying.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 19, 1837.</em>&mdash;The death of the poor young Count
+Putbus is a very sad event for his family and for the
+unfortunate Countess Buol. I am very sorry for her, and
+her husband seems to me to be wanting in feeling and tact.
+In his position with reference to his wife, he may separate
+from her with as much uproar as he pleases, but if he will
+not do so from pecuniary considerations he should behave
+himself quietly or at least humanely. In any case I assert
+that for her it is better to lament her lover as dead than
+faithless, and that, unhappy as she is, she would be still more
+so if Count Putbus had abandoned her. A woman's danger
+when she finds her lover faithless is that she may be roused
+to vengeance and may lose those illusions which shelter her,
+not only against faults, but against hardness of heart and
+frivolity, properly so called. Death leaves us all our illusions,
+and even encourages them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 21, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand, M. and Madame
+de Valen�ay, Pauline, and myself are invited to stay at
+Fontainebleau throughout the festivities&mdash;that is to say, we
+are to come on May 29 and to stay till June 3, inclusive.
+This is a favour, as nearly everybody else has been invited
+at successive intervals of twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>One of my German friends, a canoness, and a clever and
+intelligent person,<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[66]</a> writes to me as follows concerning the
+Princess Helena of Mecklenburg: "The most amiable, the best
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+educated, the kindest of the German princesses is to adorn the
+throne of France. I am sure that she will please you greatly.
+She is as cheerful as a child of fifteen, with as much sense as
+a person of thirty. She combines the charm of every age."</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Praslin and the Duke of Treviso are the
+two knights-of-honour in subordination to the uncivilised
+Duc de Coigny, who will lead them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 22, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Duc d'Orl�ans will first go
+to Verdun, to see without being seen, and then to Melun to
+be seen. Henry IV. in disguise went to the frontier to see
+Marie de Medici at supper, and Louis XIV. did the same at
+Fontarabia.</p>
+
+<p>Among the persons invited to Fontainebleau there is one
+who certainly could not have been forgotten, in my opinion,
+and this is the great Mlle. Palmyre, the famous dressmaker.
+The fact is that she has been working upon a pattern sent
+from Mecklenburg, but I am by no means certain that this
+pattern is a good one or well made. Thus the eighty dresses
+of the trousseau may fit badly, and it is just as well to
+have some one there to make readjustments when necessary.
+Merchants, workmen, omnibuses, and post-chaises are all in
+confusion; the expenditure, the orders, and the activity are
+inconceivable. It is impossible to get anything, and tradesmen
+certainly have not the right to complain, for every one
+is on the move. A crowd of foreigners have also arrived
+at Paris, most of them English.</p>
+
+<p>The Werther family have resolved to leave immediately
+after the marriage of the Prince Royal, without waiting for
+the festivities, for Herr von Werther has agreed to take
+M. Ancillon's place. They are very good people, who will
+be regretted at Paris, and who are also very sorry to leave.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 25, 1837.</em>&mdash;For the 29th and 30th, the days
+of arrival and marriage, the Marshals have been invited to
+Fontainebleau, with the officials of the two Chambers, the
+Ministries of October 11, February 22, September 6, and all
+the present Cabinet. I have always said that Fontainebleau
+was a chronological castle. It was resolved not to go further
+back than October 11, to avoid the necessity of inviting
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+M. Laffitte. All the chief presidents of the courts have also
+been invited, and of the Diplomatic Body Herr and Frau von
+Werther,<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[67]</a> M. and Madame Lehon.<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[68]</a> The rest are invited
+for the other days, two at a time.</p>
+
+<p>I must mention an incident concerning Madame Mol�,
+who vegetates rather than lives. The other evening at the
+Duchesse de Montmorency's people were saying how sorry
+the Werthers were. She asked why. "At leaving Paris, of
+course." She replied: "But to go to Fontainebleau is not
+very sad nor very tiring." "But, madame, Herr von Werther
+is going to Berlin to take the place of M. Ancillon."
+"Oh, then M. Ancillon is coming here?" I do not think
+that after such an experience any one will accuse M. Mol� of
+betraying diplomatic secrets to his wife.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen of England has written a charming letter to the
+French Queen concerning the marriage of the Prince Royal,
+and, in view of her close relationship with Princess Helena,
+has sent her a magnificent Indian shawl, one of the most
+beautiful that has ever come out of the wealthy storehouses
+of the Company. It is said to be a marvel. I shall see it at
+Fontainebleau, where the wedding presents will be displayed.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, May 26, 1837.</em>&mdash;The King of England held the last
+Drawing-room seated; since then he has felt worse, and
+people are anxious about him. It is said that he wished
+to live long enough to thwart the desires of the Duchess of
+Kent, by not leaving her to act as Regent for a single day,
+and the Princess Victoria attained her majority two days ago.</p>
+
+<p>They say that anarchy is at its height at Madrid, and also
+that Don Carlos is at his wits' end.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Broglie and the gentlemen of his suite are
+writing enthusiastic letters about the Princess Helena. All
+say that she has a very pleasant appearance; all seem to be
+in love with her, and cannot speak enough of her delightful
+manners, while she is said to be excellently dressed. The
+trousseau, which has been ordered here, is said to be very
+magnificent.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+<em>Fontainebleau, May 30, 1837.</em>&mdash;Writing here is a feat of
+some ingenuity. The weather was too fine yesterday, and a
+great storm followed; it burst in the morning, and cleared ten
+minutes before the arrival of the Princess, who was received
+in bright sunlight and with much emotion. Her arrival
+was a fine spectacle; a family scene amid the most royal
+splendour. The Princess showed much emotion, no embarrassment,
+nobility and grace, and was equal to the occasion.
+I do not know if she is pretty; she is so gracious
+that people have not considered that point. She reminds
+one a little of Madame de Marescalchi, but is of a much
+more German type, while the lower part of her face recedes
+a trifle. She has beautiful hair, a good complexion&mdash;in short,
+she looks very well, and the Prince Royal is well pleased.</p>
+
+<p>Pauline never left my side even at dinner, to which I was
+taken in by the Baron von Werther. He was placed between
+the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg and myself. M. de
+Talleyrand was far from well yesterday, yet by force of will
+he kept a smiling countenance. I was very anxious about
+him the whole time.</p>
+
+<p>Until to-morrow we shall number two hundred and eighty
+at table. Yesterday the day began for me at half-past five
+in the morning at Paris, and finished here at one o'clock at
+night. At ten o'clock I must be fully dressed for the Queen's
+mass.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Fontainebleau, May 31, 1837.</em>&mdash;The two most exhausting
+days have passed, for which I thank heaven, as I have been
+trembling the whole time for M. de Talleyrand, who has been
+so incredibly rash as to undergo these severe trials. However,
+he has seen everything, and has come through with little
+more than fatigue.</p>
+
+<p>Those who wish to be correct follow the Queen to her
+private mass in the morning. Pauline has just taken me
+into a charming little chapel, in memory of Louis VII., the
+Young.</p>
+
+<p>The two German princesses were not visible yesterday for
+the whole morning. The time before dinner was filled up by
+walks, for those who were tempted, of whom I was not one,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">106</a></span>
+and the inspection of the wedding presents for the rest, of
+whom I was one. The presents and the dresses are most fine
+and magnificent, especially the case by Buhl which contained
+the shawls, which was one of the finest things I have seen.
+The whole was exhibited in the rooms of the Queen Mother.
+The diamonds are beautiful, and the jewels numerous, in
+different styles, but there are no pearls. The Duc d'Orl�ans
+does not like them, and the Princess can also wear the Crown
+pearls.</p>
+
+<p>The royal family dined in private. Madame de Dolomieu
+and General Athalin presided at the table of two hundred
+and eighty guests in the Diana Gallery. Pauline was again
+near me at dinner, and M. Thiers on the other side.</p>
+
+<p>At half-past eight the civil marriage took place in the
+room of Henry II., a superb spectacle in the most beautiful
+surroundings imaginable, and magnificently lighted. The
+Chancellor, M. Pasquier, who was recently appointed to this
+post, was in his ermine robes at a great red and gold table,
+around which stood all who were witnessing the ceremony,
+with the bridal pair in front of him. We made our way
+there in procession. Then we went on to the great chapel,
+ornamented with the shields of France and Navarre. The
+exhortation given by the Bishop of Meaux<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[69]</a> was both short
+and well weighed. Unfortunately, in the case of mixed
+marriages many ceremonies have to be omitted which
+would add to the picturesqueness of the scene. The priest
+of Fontainebleau, who is the famous Abb� Lieutard, and
+hitherto one of the chief opponents of the present Government,
+assisted the Bishop, and even claimed to do so as a
+right. The hall, which was arranged as a Protestant church,
+could hardly hold us, and the crowd was suffocating; the
+exhortation of the pastor, M. Cuvier, was very long and
+very dull, going back to the creation of the world, with continual
+references to procreation. It was puritanism itself.
+Before the blessing he asked the bride permission to perform
+a duty with which he had been entrusted by the Biblical
+Society, and offered her a Bible, in which he urged her to read
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+constantly. I thought the act quite out of place at such a
+moment, and very disrespectful to the Queen, who is making
+a great sacrifice from the religious point of view.</p>
+
+<p>The Princess was perfectly calm the whole time; I noticed
+no nervousness, and less emotion than at the time of her
+arrival. She was perfectly well dressed. Unfortunately she
+has no colour, and thus wants a certain lustre, but in spite of
+her thinness she is graceful and charmingly simple. Her feet
+are long and well made and her hands are white and delicate;
+in short, she is a person of much attraction.</p>
+
+<p>After all these ceremonies we separated. I went to look
+after M. de Talleyrand, about whom I was anxious, and
+whom I found very well. M. Mol� came in, in a bad temper.
+It is indeed strange that throughout this affair he has
+obtained no favours of any kind.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Fontainebleau, June 1, 1837.</em>&mdash;There is no political news
+to be learnt here. The Princes are absorbed in themselves;
+M. de Salvandy, the only Minister on duty near the King, is
+in the same state. Curiosity is turned away from politics,
+and there is enough here to arouse it and satisfy it.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday was spent as follows: After lunch came a very
+long drive in the forest; twenty-six carriages, each with four
+horses, the great royal coach with eight horses, and then
+eighty riding horses, all conducted by the richly liveried
+servants of Orl�ans, were assembled in the great courtyard of
+the Cheval Blanc, and provided a general opportunity for
+excursions. We hastened to follow the King and to traverse
+the most beautiful parts of the forest. Many sightseers who
+were seen galloping most imprudently among the rocks joined
+the royal procession, and gave the wood an animated and
+charming aspect.</p>
+
+<p>I forgot to say that lunch had been preceded by a mass
+said by the Bishop of Meaux in the great chapel. Every one
+was there, including the royal family and the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans. I should have been glad yesterday, when there
+was no mixed marriage to consider and when only the King's
+mass was being said, if the service had been finely rendered
+with appropriate music. Instead of that there was nothing
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">108</a></span>
+of the kind; there were no clergy and not a sound of music;
+even the bell for the moment of elevation was forgotten.
+Methodists display much more trickery in their pretentious
+simplicity and their affected and solemn speech; but at mass,
+where the words cannot be heard, outward show is necessary,
+with incense, music, flowers, gold, and bells, and all that can
+stir the soul by uplifting it to God without the necessity of
+hearing the words pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>Many people have gone and others have come, including
+the Turkish Ambassador,<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[70]</a> who sat by Pauline at dinner.
+The theatre hall has not been restored, and looks faded;
+the orchestra, which was not from Paris, was abominable;
+Mlle. Mars has grown old, and no longer played her parts
+properly; the other actors were very poor, and the choice of
+plays was not happy. These were <cite>False Confidences</cite> and <cite>The
+Unexpected Wager</cite>. The Princess Royal was in the great
+box at the back of the hall, between the King and Queen.
+She listened attentively, but her face does not express her
+feelings, and does not change. She is always gentle and calm
+to the point of immobility, and makes no gestures, which is a
+mark of distinction. Perfect repose gives a sense of dignity,
+and when she walks or bows she does it with perfect grace.</p>
+
+<p>M. Humann, when he went away yesterday, was run away
+with by the post-horses down the hill of Chailly. He jumped
+out of the carriage, bruised his face, and put his shoulder out.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Fontainebleau, June 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday was not so full
+as the preceding days, as after mass, lunch, and the gathering
+after lunch, we were left with a few hours' freedom. I
+spent them with M. de Talleyrand or in the town. M. de
+Talleyrand went to see Madame Ad�la�de, to whom he wished
+to give a piece of news which reached us from the Bauffremont
+family, who were interested by it, and which, to speak
+truly, has produced a sad effect here. It is the announcement
+of the marriage of the Count of Syracuse, brother to
+the King of Naples, with Philiberte de Carignan. This
+young person is the granddaughter of the Comte de Villefranche,
+the prince of the house of Carignan who married, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+a fit of folly, the daughter of a boat-builder at St. Malo,
+Mlle. Magon Laballue. The Sardinian Court only consented
+to recognise the marriage on condition that the children of
+it should enter religious orders; the revolution destroyed
+this obligation, and the son entered the army and married
+Mlle. de La Vauguyon, sister of the Dowager-Duchess
+of Bauffremont, who was burnt to death in 1820. It was
+only after her death and the accession of the present King
+of Sardinia that the last two children were recognised
+as princes of the blood and treated as such. The eldest
+daughter was married before this concession to a private
+individual of high family, the Prince of Arsoli, a Roman
+family. Philiberte, the daughter and granddaughter of
+marriages contested or doubtful, thus becomes Princess of
+Naples. The marriage, by licence, must have taken place
+the day before yesterday with much haste and precipitation.
+The displeasure it will cause here is obvious. The King of
+Naples is at the bottom of it.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday after dinner we went to hear Duprez in part of
+the opera <cite>William Tell</cite>, and the Esslers danced in a pretty
+ballet. I was surprised that the Princess Royal never lost her
+calm, even at the most exciting points of Duprez' acting. I
+never saw a movement of her head, a gesture, or any greater
+animation in her face. The same was true during the ballet,
+which I can better understand.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Fontainebleau, June 3, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand started
+this morning with Pauline. They wish to keep me here until
+to-morrow. No one could have been surrounded with greater
+regard and attention than has been shown to M. de Talleyrand;
+he was quite overcome as he went away. The King and
+Madame Ad�la�de have insisted that he shall return to Paris
+for next winter, but I do not think that he will give up his
+project of going to Nice.</p>
+
+<p>Pauline's stay here has done her no harm. She has always
+behaved perfectly and pleased me much. She was delighted
+to be in the same room with me. Her dress was in excellent
+taste, and she has gone away very pleased to have been here, but
+also glad to go and in no way dissipated in heart or mind.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+Nearly every one has gone, and only those on regular duty
+and intimate friends remain. I am starting to-morrow at the
+same time as the Queen and the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who
+came here yesterday. The country drive was very pretty,
+animated and popular. We then went into the prettiest part
+of the forest, called the Calvaire, whence there is an admirable
+view. From the depths of the ravines over which we hung
+singers who had been stationed there raised their song. It
+was delightful, and the weather, wonderful to relate, lent such
+a charm to the drive that it was prolonged. We eventually
+returned past the large vine arbour and the canal.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner we had a tiresome comic opera, <cite>The Flash</cite>,
+followed by <cite>The Caliph of Bagdad</cite>, for which the King had
+asked as an old favourite. It was very late before this was
+over, and as I stayed up with M. de Talleyrand my sleep was
+cut short, the more so as his early departure obliged me to
+be ready in good time. The King and Madame came to
+say good-bye to him in his room. After lunch the King
+amused himself by showing the Ch�teau to three or four
+guests. I was delighted both with the Ch�teau and with our
+guide.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 5, 1837.</em>&mdash;I came back yesterday from Fontainebleau.
+Mass was said at six o'clock in the morning, and
+then the departure took place. I was included in the royal
+company, and thus arrived in excellent time, not leaving
+them until they turned off for Saint-Cloud. The last day at
+Fontainebleau, the day before yesterday, was occupied much
+to my taste, by a historical excursion, and in the evening we
+had a theatrical performance by actors from the Gymnasium.
+The whole stay at Fontainebleau was very pleasant, as I
+received much attention and kindness.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as I arrived yesterday I went to the Champs
+Elys�es to Madame de Flahaut's house; she had urgently
+begged me to come and see the royal entry, for which the
+weather was magnificent. There was a vast crowd and a
+most brilliant procession, the Princess bowing with perfect
+grace. The view from the Place Louis XV. and the Champs
+Elys�es was magnificent. All went off very well, but there
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+was not enough cheering and more curiosity than enthusiasm.
+People opened their eyes but not their mouths. The main
+point is that there were no pistol-shots, and that the King
+was able to show himself to the crowd without any <em>apparent</em>
+precautions.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 6, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I saw M. Royer-Collard,
+who was somewhat displeased with the marriage of the Prince
+Royal, as a man of the Faubourg Saint-Germain might well
+be. I was vexed with him, and we had a small quarrel. He
+is partial in his views, and his conversation is intolerant to an
+extraordinary degree.</p>
+
+<p>The day before yesterday in the garden of the Tuileries
+there were more than sixty thousand people present from
+eleven o'clock in the morning to eleven at night, and such
+real enthusiasm that the King was obliged to leave his state
+dinner in the Hall of the Marshals and come out upon the
+balcony with his family, whence he uttered a few words of
+thanks, which were received with infinite delight. From the
+moment of entering the garden until the march past of
+the troops the royal family remained in the Pavillon de
+l'Horloge, whence there was a magnificent view. The setting
+sun gilded the top of the Obelisk and the Arc de Triomphe,
+and was reflected upon the arms and cuirasses of the troops;
+the benches of the National Guard were adorned with flowers.
+I am assured that it was a real transformation scene.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be much inclination towards a dissolution
+of the Chamber, at any rate on the part of M. Mol�.
+M. Royer-Collard is vigorously urging him in that direction.</p>
+
+<p>The Turkish Ambassador here can speak a few words of
+French. This discovery is due to myself, for every one took
+his professed ignorance so literally as not to speak a word to
+him. He looked so dull that I felt sorry for him, and made
+a venture. He replied in a few words, and the result is that
+I have been allowed to see the portrait of Sultan Mahmoud,
+who seems to be very handsome.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 7, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I called upon the Queen
+to thank her for Fontainebleau. The Duchesse d'Orl�ans was
+with her mother-in-law, gracious, pretty, and amiable. She
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">112</a></span>
+is a real treasure, and is generally popular. She delighted
+the Council of State, the peers, and the Deputies by adding a
+kind phrase to the answer which her husband returned to the
+different speeches. She has spoken individually to each peer,
+and never in commonplaces. They are all delighted.</p>
+
+<p>My awakening this morning was a sad one, as news was
+brought to me of the death of Adrien de Laval. He was a
+sincere friend, and they are scarce. I am very sorry, both for
+him and for his aunt the good Vicomtesse de Laval, who is
+hardly able to bear such a shock; and if she also should be
+carried off it would be a heavy blow to M. de Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 8, 1837.</em>&mdash;The popularity of the Princess Royal
+increases steadily. She has even been talking to General
+Neigre, of the Antwerp Artillery. The Duc d'Orl�ans is
+extremely proud and happy at the respect shown to her. It
+is certain that the personal influence of his wife increases his
+own importance, and I already see that the Pavillon Marsan
+will rise superior to the Pavillon de Flore.<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[71]</a> I am not sure
+that some small jealousy has not already arisen.</p>
+
+<p>The following story is related as a fact: The Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans saw her husband turn his opera-glasses for a long
+time in the direction of Madame Lehon. She then turned to
+him and took away the opera-glasses, saying, half jestingly
+and half seriously: "That is no compliment to me, and is not
+polite to the person at whom you look." He is said to have
+offered no objection to her action, and if this is true it is
+noteworthy.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Flahaut is furious because he has not received the
+Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour. He had proposed to
+resign his post as First Equerry, but has changed his mind.
+It is said that the Duc de Coigny refuses him any authority
+except over the stable.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;I cannot give many details concerning
+yesterday's festivity at Versailles. I started about
+one o'clock in full dress, with the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">113</a></span>
+we came back together at four o'clock in the morning. The
+weather was beautiful, the spot admirable, the gardens in regal
+state, the inside of the house splendid, and the sight magnificent.
+It lasted for five hours. My eyes are smarting with the
+glare of the lights. Fifteen hundred people were invited, and
+yet some are displeased; I admit that I should have drawn
+up the lists in another way.</p>
+
+<p>I had the honour of dining at the King's table, for whom
+it was a great day. At the last set piece there was a
+tremendous shout of "Long live the King!" and it was well
+deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Count Rantzau, who is escorting the Dowager Grand
+Duchess of Mecklenburg, was deeply touched to see in an
+honourable position the portrait of Marshal Rantzau, who
+served under Louis XIV., and whose descendant he is. He sat
+by me at dinner, and I drew a great deal out of him concerning
+the Princesses, whom I esteem more highly every day.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, June 12, 1837.</em>&mdash;I am starting to-morrow to rejoin
+M. de Talleyrand at Valen�ay.</p>
+
+<p>The King of England is most seriously ill, and is only kept
+alive with cura�ao and raw meat. He knows that he is dying,
+and is calling his family round him: the FitzClarences, and
+even Lord Munster. Mr. Caradoc is said to be taking Sir
+John Conroy's place with the Duchess of Kent. He sends for
+presents for her, the cost of which is paid by the Princess
+Bagration. It is said that if the King dies the Duchess of
+Kent will summon Lord Moira to the post of Prime Minister,
+who is a great Radical; others say that King Leopold is
+advising his niece to take Lord Palmerston, but the little
+Princess is inclined to Lord Grey.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 14, 1837.</em>&mdash;I have just arrived, after a
+tiring journey in dreadful heat and two thunderstorms.
+M. de Talleyrand is very well, as also is Pauline.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 17, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame Ad�la�de has sent
+M. de Talleyrand details of the accidents which took place
+upon the day of the fireworks; twenty-three persons were
+suffocated in the crowd and thirty-nine are injured. This
+has naturally caused much grief. The Duchesse d'Orl�ans
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">114</a></span>
+was anxious not to go to the entertainment at the H�tel de
+Ville and to cancel the balls; but it was pointed out to her
+that many people would be disappointed and much expense
+needlessly incurred. Festivities have therefore been postponed
+until after the funeral of the victims.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that the fireworks, the illuminations, and especially
+the sham fight, were remarkably beautiful. Popular festivities
+are hardly ever held without accidents, and I am always afraid
+of them. The victims all belong to the working class, which
+makes their case still sadder, and some of them leave their
+families in poverty.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 18, 1837.</em>&mdash;Pauline has made a conquest of
+the Archbishop of Bourges, Mgr. de Vill�le, who called here
+before my arrival. She is said to have done the honours of
+the Castle remarkably well, with unusual self-possession, grace,
+and propriety. I am not sorry that she was obliged to try.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable restorations are being made in our great
+castle. The northern part of the moat has been cleaned out,
+and the wretched little gardens which blocked the approach
+to it have been cleared away; there is now a walk all the
+way round. The belfry upon the town church looks very
+well, and in general the place seems improved.</p>
+
+<p>Hostile newspapers try to draw comparisons between the
+accidents at the fireworks and the sad scenes upon the marriage
+of Louis XVI., and the catastrophe at the Schwarzenberg
+ball at the time of the Emperor Napoleon's marriage.
+They draw omens from these coincidences. But what more
+disastrous coincidence could there be for the elder branch of
+the Bourbons than the assassination of the Duc de Berry and
+the revolution of 1830? Yet no misfortune happened at the
+marriage of this Prince. It is not in consequence of such
+special incidents that kings lose their thrones.</p>
+
+<p>The Municipal Council at Paris has voted a hundred and
+fifty thousand francs for the further expenses of the festivity.
+Everything is on so large a scale that the hire of glasses and
+water-bottles costs four thousand francs. Ices and refreshments
+to the amount of twenty thousand francs were distributed on
+the day when the festival was postponed to the workmen and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">115</a></span>
+to the hospitals. The patients will have a feast, and smart
+sayings are in circulation concerning the indigestion they
+are likely to get.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 19, 1837.</em>&mdash;A German newspaper has a story
+of a vision which the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is said to have
+seen, and speaks of her idea of playing the part of a second
+Joan of Arc. All this is doubtless ridiculous; at the same
+time there is some mysticism in her desire to come to France,
+for M. Bresson, the most prosaic of men, has several times
+told me this: "She thinks she has a vocation, and has seen
+a special call of Providence in this marriage proposal; her
+mother-in-law, who is inclined to the Pietist sect, was swayed
+by the same idea."</p>
+
+<p>The following has also been told me by Count Rantzau:
+Upon the day when he learnt of Meunier's attempted
+assassination of the King, negotiations for the marriage had
+been already opened. He was unable to hide from the
+Princess his fear of the fate towards which she was inclined.
+She then replied: "Stop, sir; the news that you give me, far
+from shaking my will, only confirms it. Providence has
+perhaps destined me to receive a shot intended for the
+King, and thus to save his life. I shall not shrink from
+my mission."</p>
+
+<p>There is thus a strong strain of fanaticism in her, which
+in no way spoils her extreme simplicity of manner or the
+remarkable calm of her bearing. This is so unusual a combination
+that I have been more struck by it than by any of
+her other good qualities.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 22, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame Ad�la�de has written
+a long letter to M. de Talleyrand, with full details of the
+entertainment at the Town Hall, which seems to have been
+the most beautiful thing of this kind, and far more magnificent
+than anything else that has yet been done. The
+King was admirably received as he passed through the streets
+and at the Town Hall. There were five thousand persons at
+this entertainment. Princess Helena thought the diorama of
+Ludwiglust<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[72]</a> perfectly like the original.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, June 25, 1837.</em>&mdash;So the old King of England is
+dead. I was interested to read the manner in which the
+young Queen was proclaimed at London, in her own presence
+from the balcony of St. James's Palace. This beautiful and
+touching scene is marked by a very pleasing restraint.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 28, 1837.</em>&mdash;A widely circulated rumour at
+Paris asserts that Mr. Caradoc intends to secure a divorce
+from Princess Bagration&mdash;an easy process; that he will be
+made a peer and will become the husband of the young
+Queen. He asserts his descent from the Kings of Ireland.
+All this I believe to be nonsense, but meanwhile the young
+Queen is so charmed with him that she will do and say
+nothing without his consent.</p>
+
+<p>Here is another story: Charles X. had given the Duc de
+Maill� a picture for the church of Lormois; the family has
+just sold it to a dealer for fifty-three thousand francs; the
+result has been a dispute with the Civil List officials, who
+assert that Charles X. had no right to present the picture.
+Pamphlets have been printed setting forth the case on either
+side. If the dealer is obliged to restore the picture he will
+force the Maill� family to return the fifty-three thousand
+francs. Apart from this picture, the family found that the
+inheritance of the Duc de Maill� consisted solely of debts.
+It is certain that if the picture came from one of the
+museums or one of the royal castles Charles X. had no right
+to give it away. It is all very unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, June 29, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de S�monville was introduced
+in the evening by the Queen herself to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans
+at the Round Table. He told the Princess that only the
+kindness of the Queen could have induced him to show her so
+old a face. "You mean so old a reputation," replied the
+Princess. The old cat sheathed his claws and was pleased.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 1, 1837.</em>&mdash;I hear from Paris that the situation
+of public affairs is regarded as satisfactory at the moment,
+although the Ministerial elections have generally shown
+opposition. At Strasburg, Grenoble, and Montpellier they
+were absolutely Republican. Many people assert that the
+Ministry should dissolve the Chamber, as it is worn out. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">117</a></span>
+urge that the marriage of the Prince Royal and the amnesty
+make the present moment favourable, that later on circumstances
+will not, perhaps, be so advantageous, but that the
+King refuses to consider the idea. M. Royer-Collard writes
+to me on the same subject: "I think that M. Mol� is inclined
+to dissolution, and the King, though he will not yet accept
+it, will be led to it by force of circumstances. The Chamber
+is exhausted and can carry on no longer." As a postscript he
+adds: "I have had a long interview with M. Mol�, and I am
+to see him again; he has decided to propose, and therefore to
+carry out, the plan of dissolution. I did not urge him, but I
+am of his opinion. The Chamber can no longer go on, and
+a dissolution need only be desired and accepted to become
+necessary."</p>
+
+<p>Finally Madame de Lieven writes to me as follows
+immediately before starting for England: "M. de Flahaut
+was anxious to secure the complimentary mission to London.
+He has been obliged to give way to General Baudrand,
+which has increased the bad temper both of the husband and
+the wife. S�bastiani is so ill that he is useless at London;
+I really do not know who keeps your Court informed.
+Madame de Flahaut is working as hard as she can to secure
+the recall of Granville from Paris and the appointment of
+Lord Durham to his post, with the double idea of removing
+a competitor from Palmerston's path and having an
+ambassador at Paris inclined to intrigue. Granville's chief
+merit was that he had no such tendency. In my opinion
+Durham will have to have his way, as he will no longer
+stay at St. Petersburg and wants something better. Your
+Deputies are said to be dispersing in uneasiness and discontent.
+M. Mol� says that he wants a dissolution, but that the
+King does not.</p>
+
+<p>"M. Mol�'s last reception was well attended. A hundred
+and fifty deputies came to M. Guizot's party. M. Thiers
+has written from Lucca that his wife suffered severely from
+sea-sickness."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 6, 1837.</em>&mdash;The following is an extract from
+a letter from Madame de Lieven dated from Boulogne: "I
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+have seen M. Mol� and M. Guizot at the last moment; the
+former had received a letter from Barante. My Sovereign's
+ill-temper is in no way improved, and is even worse than
+before. It is a hopeless case, as he is going mad. M. Mol�
+is certainly jealous of Guizot. I have some very amusing
+things to tell you on that subject, which have all happened
+since your departure. There are some strange characters in
+the world, and as I naturally have a sense of humour, I
+laugh."</p>
+
+<p>I should like to know the details of this rivalry, which
+seems to me so improbable, from the nature of its object, that
+I am inclined to think the Princess has been led astray by
+feminine vanity. She confuses jealousy with the susceptibility
+native to character.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from Baron de Montmorency, the executor
+of the Prince de Laval, telling me that the latter, in a
+pencilled note, written the evening before his death, has left
+me a souvenir which he is sending me. I am deeply touched
+by it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, July 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;I arrived here yesterday, and
+am obliged to go out on business. The valley of the Loire is
+superb. The spring is late this year, and the foliage is therefore
+unusually green for this season. My plants have all
+grown very well, the climbers especially, and the flowers are
+abundant; everything seems in excellent order.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, July 12, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went round my
+house; small improvements are slowly being carried out.</p>
+
+<p>I was much struck by the effect of the Sistine Madonna in
+the drawing-room, which has taken the place of the Corinne,
+which has gone to the drawing-room of the Abb�'s house.
+The change is almost symbolical, and shows the difference
+between the spirit of my past and that which now dominates
+me, or, to speak more accurately, is gaining ground; progress
+is by no means rapid.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, July 13, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday it only rained for
+half the day, and I was able to go round my little empire,
+which I found in very good condition. I shall be sorry
+presently to tear myself away from it. I propose to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">119</a></span>
+dine and sleep at Tours, and shall be back at Valen�ay
+to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>I was able yesterday to visit my hydraulic rams.<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[73]</a> Nothing
+takes up less room or produces a better result. Many workmen
+come to see them, and several landowners wish to
+imitate them; it is really an admirable invention. I have
+now water for the kitchen, the stables, and everywhere, and
+next year I shall present myself with a fire-engine.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 15, 1837.</em>&mdash;I left Tours yesterday morning.
+Before starting I saw the sad sight of a man killed by lightning.
+His companion only had his legs broken, and was
+being taken to the hospital for a double amputation.</p>
+
+<p>I had lunch at Loches, where I visited everything: the
+tomb of Agn�s Sorel, the oratory of Anne of Brittany,
+and a curious church, the prison of Ludovico Sforza. I
+admired the magnificent panorama from the top of the
+towers. We then stopped at Montr�sor, to inspect one of
+the prettiest Renaissance churches I have seen. It is built
+by the side of an old castle, which was begun by the famous
+Foulques Nera, the greatest builder before Louis-Philippe.</p>
+
+<p>At the ironworks of Lu�ay<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[74]</a> I found horses from the house,
+which brought me here very quickly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 18, 1837.</em>&mdash;With regard to the trial of
+General de Rigny, I can say that the General was deeply
+hurt, and reasonably so, because the Government wished to
+punish him after his brilliant acquittal before the Council of
+War; he declared to the Minister of War that if they chose
+that moment to deprive him of the command of Lille, he
+would accuse Marshal Clausel before the civil courts, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+without in any way sparing him, as he had felt obliged to do
+at Marseilles. The Minister of War told him that he had
+wished to give him the command, but that the King objected.
+M. Mol� and the whole Council said the same, and Baron
+Louis, uncle of General de Rigny, thought it well to go to
+Neuilly and demand an explanation from the King. The
+King said that the General had been proved guilty of insubordination,
+to which the poor old uncle replied: "But
+your Majesty is surely ready to recognise the judgment that
+has been passed; the Council of War admitted that the
+remarks attributed to my nephew were libellous; all that we
+can now do is to prosecute the Marshal." The King then
+replied: "Ah, I did not know that. I will look into the
+details of the trial, and then we shall see."<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>The fact is that at the Ch�teau anybody called Rigny is
+in bad odour, for the opposite reason from that which has
+made the fortune of M. Bresson. It is not enough to be a
+devoted servant of the Government; one must also be, and
+always have been, an Orl�anist.</p>
+
+<p>I have received Madame de Lieven's first letter from
+London. She seems delighted with the magnificence of her
+hosts' style of living, the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland,
+and also by the attentions of her friends. She says that the
+young Queen is a marvel of dignity and industry, and is not
+to be led, even by her mother. She manages her whole Court
+herself, and as the Duchess of Sutherland is Mistress of the
+Robes the Princess sees the notes that the Queen writes on
+the occasion of the Court functions, which are models of good
+arrangement and propriety. The Duchess of Sutherland is
+in charge of all arrangements, and is even above the Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+Chamberlain. Apparently she can become a second Duchess
+of Marlborough if she likes. When the Queen receives
+addresses on her throne the Duchess of Sutherland stands
+at her right hand, while the Duchess of Kent, the Queen's
+mother, is seated below the steps. The Queen wishes to
+review the troops on horseback, and what she wishes she
+does. Lord Melbourne is all-powerful and the Whigs are
+triumphant; the elections will be keenly fought; it is the
+Tories' last chance. Lord Durham has resumed his power
+over the Radicals, who flatter him, and the Queen does not
+share her mother's liking for him.</p>
+
+<p>The English crown has no diamonds. The very beautiful
+diamonds of the Queen-Dowager are her own property, and
+came to her from her mother-in-law, the old Queen Charlotte,
+who bequeathed them to the crown of Hanover. As this
+crown is now separated from the English crown, the Duke of
+Cumberland, as King of Hanover, reclaims the diamonds.
+Thus Queen Victoria has none, and although she is in no
+hurry to send back these jewels she will not wear them.</p>
+
+<p>Count Orloff has been sent to London to compliment the
+Queen. Madame de Lieven hopes to learn from him how far
+she can defy the Emperor, her master.</p>
+
+<p>M. Thiers wrote to her from Florence that he was not
+satisfied with the treaty concluded with Abd-el-Kader.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, July 26, 1837.</em>&mdash;Letters received this morning
+seem to show that the resolution to dissolve the Chamber
+has been retracted, or has given rise at any rate to hesitation.
+The audacious declaration of the King of Hanover, the
+success of Don Carlos, and the fear of seeing the English
+elections turn in a Radical direction is said to give rise to
+apprehension here of definite mandates and republican
+tendencies in the coming general elections.</p>
+
+<p>The Court is at the town of Eu, and from thence will go on
+to Saint-Cloud. The Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg
+accompanies its movements. She is liked and respected, and,
+feeling that her position will not be agreeable in Germany,
+she is in no hurry to return, and is somewhat afraid of the
+solitude that there awaits her.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">122</a></span>
+Yesterday I had a letter from M. Royer-Collard, who is in
+Paris, from which the following is an extract: "Dissolution
+resounds throughout all correspondence, even in that from
+the Minister of the Interior. Conditions, however, are laid
+down: if Don Carlos does not reach Madrid, if the King of
+Hanover is not overthrown, if the English elections give no
+cause for terror; these reservations are due to the character
+and policy of the King, who does not care to run risks, and
+who spares the Doctrinaires by leaving them some hope.
+The decision is to come from M. Mol�, who would leave
+them nothing. In neither case is there any consideration as
+to whether the step in itself is good or bad: 'It will all
+pass over.' For my part, if I am allowed to express an
+opinion, it is precisely those cases which are considered
+capable of postponement that I would never postpone. I
+do not know what the new Chamber will be like, nor do
+I expect miracles from it, but I regard the old Chamber
+as inadequate and entirely incompetent, if any important
+resolution is required."</p>
+
+<p>I have also a letter from M. Thiers from Florence. He
+seems to be sad and uneasy about his wife's health; he
+speaks of her with warm and tender anxiety, and says that this
+is his only trouble and that he defies politics to disturb his
+equanimity henceforward. He adds: "I have returned to
+literature and philosophy; like the classical Bossuet, I enjoy
+the spectacle of human affairs in monuments and books&mdash;that
+is to say, in the memorials of men of former times. I claim
+the power of discovering the truth from a mere hint, and as
+this is the method of historical investigation I believe I have
+a good knowledge and understanding of the past. This
+presumption of mine, which harms nobody, neither M.
+Guizot nor King Louis-Philippe, nor Prince Metternich,
+would enable me to live very happily and busily if I were
+spared family cares. I shall therefore do all that I possibly
+can to remain as I am; I wish to improve, to increase my
+intellectual and moral powers, and this can be done better
+in retirement than anywhere else, as one then has time for
+reflection and study, undisturbed by selfish considerations.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">123</a></span>
+If some fine position should appear some day when I have
+made myself what I can become, well and good; but to
+spend one's life bandied about between the King and his
+demands for an appanage and the Chamber with its refusals,
+to be constantly harassed by the Tuileries and the Palais
+Bourbon, by people who are never grateful and make you the
+butt of their grievances without the only recompense for the
+troubles of position, the power to do good&mdash;all this is simply
+not worth while. I say this with full meaning, and as I am
+happy enough to see that my feelings are shared by those
+about me, I shall maintain my point of view; so that this
+winter you will see me in entire freedom."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 1, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Vand&oelig;uvre came to
+pay us a visit yesterday. He told us an amusing story of
+Madame de Boigne, who had been invited to dinner with
+M. and Madame de Salvandy. When she arrived she found
+only the lady of the house, who apologised for her husband
+and said that he could not appear at dinner because he was
+ill. They sat down without him, but when they went back
+to the drawing-room they found the young Minister, as he
+calls himself, carelessly reposing in a long chair, in Turkish
+slippers and a fine flowered dressing-gown, with a smoking
+cap embroidered by ladies' hands cocked over one ear. The
+sharp and prudish face of Madame de Boigne at that moment
+is said to have been indescribable.</p>
+
+<p>The daughter of the Duchesse de Plaisance has died of
+typhoid fever at Beyrout, in Syria; her father told me the
+news. The fate of the unhappy mother, of whom at present
+I know nothing, causes me grief and anxiety. She was a
+good friend to me at a time when I had but few friends, and
+I cannot forget it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 4, 1837.</em>&mdash;I have read the article upon
+Madame de Kr�dener in the <cite>Revue des deux Mondes</cite>. She
+was a Courlandaise, and I have seen her at my mother's
+house, with whom she struck up a small friendship. My
+mother also thought, and rightly, that it was her duty to
+take some notice of all her compatriots. Madame de Kr�dener
+was an adventuress by nature, and if she had not been well
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">124</a></span>
+born she would have been recognised as such long before
+her final absurdities. From 1814 until her death she lived
+surrounded by a gang of scoundrels, who followed her about
+Europe and presented an unpleasant sight which was anything
+rather than evangelical. They were a strange company
+of apostles.</p>
+
+<p>People who are easily excited, animated and changeable,
+ready for anything, attracted in the most opposite directions,
+are often regarded as hypocrites, simply because they are
+changeable, and one is always tempted to doubt their sincerity.
+Such is the case of M. Thiers. I am sure he is very happy
+as he writes in his villa at Careggi,<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[76]</a> amid recollections of the
+Medici, and that he is also entirely disgusted with Paris.
+Ardent and impetuous natures, equally ready for any enterprise,
+are unfortunately often misjudged by characters more happily
+balanced. I know something of this from my own experience.
+We shall undoubtedly see M. Thiers once more in the arena
+of politics and ambition, but to-day he sincerely believes that
+he has left it for ever. The advantage of such natures as
+his, and perhaps as mine, consists in the fact that they are
+never wholly cast down and are so supple and elastic that
+they accommodate themselves to the most different situations;
+but it must be admitted that corresponding inconveniences are
+involved. Their judgment of things and of people is often
+too rapid, and their execution is often too quick and too
+complete; by springing from rock to rock they are always in
+danger, and sometimes fall; they then descend to an abyss,
+which is regarded as their proper position by those who have
+been able to maintain themselves steadily at one height,
+are by no means sorry to see their overthrow and are disinclined
+to offer any help. How many times have I seen and
+experienced this! The worst part of it is not the accusations
+of folly, but of hypocrisy. There is, however, for these natures
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">125</a></span>
+one infallible resource, when they have the strength to fall
+back upon it: they can force themselves to recover their
+equilibrium and follow the golden mean. It is a long task,
+which will continue necessarily throughout their lives, but
+that is the advantage of it, as the end of it can never be
+determined.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Noailles writes to us that his uncle has died
+within a few hours, with every symptom of cholera. I do
+not know whether I am wrong, but for me everything is
+shrouded in a veil of darkness, and I instinctively fear some
+catastrophe. If only it does not fall upon M. de Talleyrand
+or upon my children! For myself I trust in the will of God
+and prepare myself as well as I can. But how many arrears
+remain to be paid, and how terror-stricken I should be were
+it not for my full confidence in the Divine mercy!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 5, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Montrond writes from
+Paris to M. de Talleyrand that the following story was told
+of the young Queen Victoria at the house of the Flahauts:
+The Duchess of Sutherland had kept the Queen waiting;
+when she arrived the Queen went up to her and said: "My
+dear Duchess, pray do not let this happen again, for neither
+you nor I ought to keep any one waiting." Was not that
+very well said?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 8, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter from
+Madame de Lieven, which was begun in England and finished
+in France in the course of her journey to Paris. She has seen
+Orloff in London, and thinks that through him she has settled
+her business so well that she can venture to return to Paris.
+She tells me some curious things of the young Queen.
+"Every one has been taken in by her; she has secretly prepared
+herself for a long time for her destined position. At
+the present moment she gives her whole heart to Lord
+Melbourne. Her mother wished her to enter into obligations
+with the Radicals, and also with Conroy personally. It seems
+that Conroy, who dominates the mother, had behaved very
+rudely to her daughter, and even threatened her with confinement
+three days before her accession if she did not promise
+him a peerage and the post held by Sir Herbert Taylor. She
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">126</a></span>
+gave him a pension of three thousand pounds and forbade him
+the palace. The mother only comes to see her daughter when
+she is sent for. The Duchess of Kent complains bitterly, and
+is obviously overcome by vexation; and Caradoc, who had
+miscalculated his possibilities in that quarter, has shared in
+this disgrace and has left England. The young Queen is full
+of affection and respect for her uncle, King Leopold, who did
+not like Conroy; he used to take the girl's part against her
+mother. Melbourne is all-powerful, and adores his young
+Sovereign. Her self-possession is incredible. People are
+quite afraid of her; she keeps every one in order, and I
+assure you that everything looks very different as compared
+with the old King's time. The Queen wears every day the
+Order of the Garter as a medal upon her shoulder, and the
+motto upon her arm. She has never grown tall, and therefore
+wears a dress with a train even in the morning; she
+has a distinguished appearance; her face is charming and her
+shoulders superb. She issues her orders as a queen; her will
+must be obeyed at once and without contradiction. All the
+courtiers seem overwhelmed."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 15, 1837.</em>&mdash;I knew Madame de Lieven's
+taste for planting herself at Paris, but I did not think it
+went so far as to induce her to monopolise the Russian
+Embassy, and from every point of view this is a false move;
+with whatever kindness she may meet in her present position,
+which is regarded as neutral and without influence, an official
+position would bring her into inextricable difficulties.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 17, 1837.</em>&mdash;The following is an extract
+from a letter from Madame de Lieven received yesterday: "For
+the moment Conservatism is very fashionable in England.
+The new House of Commons will be much better composed
+than the last; I hope and I believe that this will produce an
+agreement with the moderate Tories; they are prepared for it.
+I can answer for Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington,
+who are ready to give their help and support for the moment
+without any return. If Lord Melbourne accepts he will lose
+the support of the Radical Party, and will find himself obliged
+in a short time to bring Tories into the Cabinet; but that is
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">127</a></span>
+the best bargain open to him, and Lord Melbourne is more
+inclined to it than his colleagues. We shall see if he is bold
+enough to take the step; when I left him he seemed ready
+for it. The Queen will not be married or think of marrying
+for a year or two at least. You may rely upon the accuracy
+of this statement. The Duchess of Kent is a complete
+nonentity, and even put somewhat on one side by her
+daughter. Conroy dare not appear before the Queen. The
+Queen is astounding! Most astounding! With so much
+power at eighteen, what will she be like at forty?</p>
+
+<p>"The Clanricardes have quarrelled with the Ministry. She
+is happy, because she can now be as Tory as she pleases.</p>
+
+<p>"Diplomacy is in a poor way at London, since you and I
+are no longer there. The members look shabby indeed; they
+seem mere nobodies, receive no respect, have no position,
+know no news, ask everybody for news, and come and whisper
+a Court affair a fortnight after it is forgotten. I blush for
+my late profession.</p>
+
+<p>"Esterhazy has gone to Brussels. This is producing an
+effect at London, as it is the first act of recognition to the
+Belgian royalty; but from that source Queen Victoria's policy
+is inspired."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 20, 1837.</em>&mdash;We hear from Paris that the
+Duc d'Orl�ans has a cold and is growing thin. There is some
+fear of his lungs, and it is said that he takes too much
+exercise. It is thought the exertion of the camp at
+Compi�gne may be too much for him. His wife is literally
+adored by the royal family, and by all who come near her.</p>
+
+<p>I have a charming letter from the Duchess of Gloucester.
+These old princesses seem to have been deeply saddened by
+the death of the late King.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 25, 1837.</em>&mdash;The King and Queen of the
+Belgians will be at London on the 26th of this month&mdash;that
+is, to-morrow. It is supposed that the King will have
+full influence over his niece, but that he will not restore
+relations between the Duchess of Kent and the Queen, or go
+out of his way to spare the former, as he finds their disunion
+in accordance with his ideas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+The Princess de Lieven is very angry with her husband,
+who will not appear at Havre, where she has arranged to
+meet him. She is doing her utmost at St. Petersburg to gain
+some means of reviving her husband's spirits, of which, to
+use her own expression, very little remain. She repeats that
+she cannot leave Paris without risking her life. I think that
+she has no great desire to meet the poor Prince again. She
+tells me that M. Guizot is at Paris, that he comes to see her
+every day, and that he drives M. Mol� away as soon as he
+comes in. M. Mol� is invited to the camp at Compi�gne from
+the 1st to the 4th of September, and M. Guizot from the 5th
+to the 8th. The whole of France will be invited in turn.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, August 29, 1837.</em>&mdash;I had a troublesome day
+yesterday. Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde came to us, bringing
+her daughters and M. Cuvillier Fleury, tutor to the Duc
+d'Aumale and a contributor to the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite>. I
+had to put myself out and show them everything, and was
+very glad when they started back for Beauregard at nine
+o'clock in the evening. M. Fleury has left his pupil for the
+moment to travel for six weeks, and is contributing articles
+to the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> about the castles that he visits.
+There is nothing so disagreeable as this kind of thing, and
+he has received a strong hint here that we do not care to see
+ourselves in print.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde says that the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans is certainly with child. She also says that Princesse
+Marie is to marry Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg next
+October, and will live in France.</p>
+
+<p>M. Mignet, who has been here for two days, tells us no
+news. He confines himself to long historical dissertations,
+which are sometimes interesting, but generally somewhat
+pedantic.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Jaucourt writes that Baron Louis is dying of a
+stroke of apoplexy. This has been largely brought on by
+fretting over the business of his nephew de Rigny.<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[77]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;I have a letter from the Duc
+de Noailles, who gives me some small news. I never saw any
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">129</a></span>
+one of importance stay at home less than he does. At Paris
+he pays a daily round of calls, morning and evening, which
+take up the whole of his time, and he never refuses an
+invitation to dinner. In the summer he goes the round of
+the country houses and the watering-places, and is continually
+making excursions to Paris, as his residence is close at hand.
+Barren characters, when they are naturally intelligent, feel a
+greater need of change than others; in any case, the consequence
+is that he always knows the news. At Paris he keeps
+it to himself, and asks more questions than he answers; but
+when he writes he tells all that he knows, so that his letters
+are always pleasant.</p>
+
+<p>I have also a letter from M. Thiers, from Cauterets. He
+is izard-hunting with the Basques, of which sport he is very
+fond, although the Pyrenees seem to him but poor scenery
+after the Lake of Como. He is less anxious about his wife's
+health, and talks of coming here for the end of the month,
+but with all his impedimenta, as he cannot leave the ladies
+whom he is escorting. I am not altogether pleased, but
+how can I refuse?</p>
+
+<p>It seems that the expedition to Constantine is actually to
+take place, and that the Prince Royal will lead it. This
+campaign seems to me a very foolish one for the Prince Royal.</p>
+
+<p>I have just read the so-called memoirs of the Chevalier
+d'Eon, which are tiresome, improbable, and absurd; the idea
+in particular that he could have had a love-affair with the
+old Queen of England, the ugliest, the most prudish and
+austere woman of her time, is too ridiculous an invention.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 6, 1837.</em>&mdash;The newspapers now say
+that it is the Duc de Nemours, and not the Prince Royal, who
+will command the expedition to Constantine. This seems to
+me a better arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>The Princesse de Lieven writes as follows: "There is
+talk of a double marriage: the Princesse Marie with Duke
+Alexander of W�rtemberg and Princesse Cl�mentine with
+the eldest son of the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
+Here, however, a difficulty appears. The children of the
+marriage should be Lutherans, which the Queen does not
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">130</a></span>
+wish; and in the case of the first marriage there is also the
+possible difficulty that the King of W�rtemberg might not
+give his consent. It is said that the negotiations, though
+not broken off, are not far advanced. I have a letter from
+my brother which shows me that Orloff has kept his word.
+He says that Paris is the only place to suit me, and that no
+one protests against it. Now I have only my husband to
+think of, and how can he be likely to offer objections as the
+Court has raised none? This difficulty is bound to disappear,
+but not for a month or six weeks, for my husband will
+require advices from the Emperor, and the whole troublesome
+affair will have to go round Europe, from Paris to Odessa
+and from Odessa to Ischl and from Ischl to Paris. Just think
+of that!" So much from this great and aged spoilt child.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 8, 1837.</em>&mdash;The news given us by
+Madame de Sainte-Aldegonde was premature. Madame
+Ad�la�de writes to M. de Talleyrand that the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans is not with child, that the King will not go to
+Amboise this year, and that the marriage of the Princesse
+Marie with Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg is possible, but
+not absolutely settled, though negotiations are going on.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 9, 1837.</em>&mdash;I have come back from an
+excursion to Ch�teauvieux and Saint-Aignan which occupied
+the whole of yesterday and to-day. I was marvellously well
+and in high spirits with M. Royer-Collard, but to-day I feel
+broken down and miserable. There is no sense in it; I do
+not know what does me good or what makes me feel ill; I
+suffer from what I think should do me good and recover
+from that which should lay me low. I am a very strange
+little creature. The doctor tells me every day that it is the
+result of my nervous, fantastic, and capricious disposition.
+What is certain is that I have fits of cheerfulness, of gaiety,
+and of sadness; that I look after myself, or my nerves look
+after me, very badly; and that I am exceedingly tired of
+myself, and to some extent of other people.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;What is to be said of the
+mandate of the Archbishop of Paris, and of the article in
+the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> which follows it? The desecration of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+Sainte-Genevi�ve is obvious, and the scandal of the pediment
+has been felt by all right-thinking people.<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[78]</a> In the face of
+such an enormity it was difficult for the plaintive voice of the
+chief pastor not to utter a cry of pain, and the absence of
+any protest would have been blameworthy, in my opinion. But
+his cry has been uttered with violence and bitterness, and with
+none of the apostolic respect for the feelings of others which
+it is always wise to keep in view. In M. de Qu�len we shall
+always have an excellent priest with the courage and devotion
+of his convictions, but he will never learn tact, and will constantly
+injure his position by his words and his actions. I am
+sorry for him, as I am interested in him, and also for the
+cause of religion, which is even more wounded by these unhappy
+events and Governmental scandals. The want of
+thought which permitted this pediment, the obvious hesitation
+of the Ministry to know whether it would be disclosed
+or not, the weakness which showed it to the eyes of the
+public, and the tone of indifference with which newspapers
+speak of it, are so many disavowals of the system of order
+and energy which they have claimed as theirs. Next to the
+pillage of the archbishopric, the destruction of the crosses,
+and the rejection of the fleur-de-lys, nothing seems to me
+more hopelessly revolutionary than this hideous pediment.
+It frightens right-thinking people far more than usurpation.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 12, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Carlist party are very
+wrong to accuse the Duc de Noailles of inclination to support
+the present Government; he is very far from anything of the
+kind. I have seen that he was somewhat tempted to that
+course for two or three months during the journey of the
+two Princes in Germany and when the marriage of the Archduchess
+Theresa was discussed. Since Alibaud's pistol-shot
+and the refusal of Austria he has given up the idea, and I
+think he is more determined than ever to follow his present
+line of conduct, although his impartiality in thought and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+language will always prevent him from joining the hot-headed
+members of his party.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Lieven writes as follows: "I have a letter
+from my husband proposing the right bank of the Rhine and
+asserting that he cannot possibly cross it. We shall see. I
+hope and believe that he will change his mind. M. Mol�
+and M. Guizot meet at my house, and are beginning to talk.
+The consent of the King of W�rtemberg to his cousin's
+marriage has come to hand. M. Guizot has returned from
+Compi�gne delighted with the wit and intelligence of the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans. Madame de Flahaut is kept very much
+aloof from the Princess, and is vexed in consequence. She
+had her four days at the Ch�teau, like the other guests, and
+then returned to her rooms in the town of Compi�gne.
+Lady Jersey writes that she will come and spend the winter
+at Paris to see the Prince de Talleyrand. My husband has
+seen their Hanoverian Majesties at Carlsbad."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 18, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a very
+kind letter from M. Mol�. He tells me that he has been
+obliged to postpone the diplomatic affair. He wishes to
+create some peers, but is somewhat hampered by the stupid
+social classification. He speaks bitterly of the great attention
+paid by M. Guizot to Madame de Lieven, and readily
+accepted by the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Alava, who has been here since yesterday, told me that the
+hunchbacked daughter of the Duc de Frias has married the
+Prince of Anglona. Mlle. Auguste de Rigny is certainly the
+only heiress of the Baron Louis, who leaves seventy thousand
+francs income. She has already an income of eighteen
+thousand of her own. The will is quite simple, and so
+definite that it cannot be attacked.<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[79]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 19, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Salvandy, whom
+M. de Talleyrand had invited here, appeared yesterday at
+dinner-time. He is going back this evening, having sandwiched
+this excursion between two meetings of the Council.
+I have exhausted myself in graciousness of manner and in
+making conversation, which is not an easy matter with a man
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+who is undoubtedly intellectual, but emphatically so, and
+constantly anxious to produce an effect. In any case, he
+has been very attentive to me. He told me that the
+Duke Alexander of W�rtemberg had an income of only
+fifty thousand francs, and that the King of W�rtemberg
+showed much politeness and readiness throughout the affair,
+though the alliance is a poor one for our young Princess; we
+gain nothing more than a husband for her. It is not true
+that she will stay in France; in the summer she will live in
+her husband's castle, fifteen leagues from Coburg, and in the
+winter in a little palace at Gotha. When they visit Paris
+they will be put up at the Elys�e. They are going to Germany
+immediately after the marriage, which will take place in the
+first fortnight of October.</p>
+
+<p>The French elections will take place on November 15, and
+the Chamber will meet on December 5.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Salvandy also talked much of the Duchess d'Orleans,
+whom he believes, and I think rightly, to be an eminently
+clever person, and, as she has to govern some day thirty-two
+million souls, is working daily to win their hearts one by
+one.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 20, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Salvandy left us
+yesterday after dinner. During our morning talk he quoted
+an instance showing the growing influence of the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans over her husband. Before his marriage he troubled
+so little about mass that last May, a few weeks before his
+wedding, he went to the races at Chantilly on the Day of
+Pentecost, and never even thought of attending mass.
+Recently at Saint-Quentin he went there <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">in fiocchi</i>, telling the
+National Guard that they might follow him or not as they
+pleased. The Guard went in a body. Saint-Quentin, however,
+like all manufacturing towns, is by no means religious.</p>
+
+<p>The Pope is deeply vexed about the business of Sainte-Genevi�ve,
+and is going to offer a severe remonstrance through
+Mgr. Garibaldi. The King, who has been much distressed
+by the scandal, is embarrassed in his relations with Rome
+because he yielded to M. de Montalivet, who is unfortunately
+surrounded by the wretched troop of hostile
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+newspapers, to which he pays homage and deference.
+M. Mol�, who is opposed to the pediment, has also
+yielded. M. de Salvandy is also fulminating, and I imagine
+when he has uttered one sonorous phrase he will think his
+duty done.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 22, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Salvandy has
+written, upon his arrival in Paris during the session of the
+Council, telling M. de Talleyrand that he had found everybody
+much excited at the news from Spain; all are expecting
+to hear of the arrival of Don Carlos at Madrid. It is possible
+that this news will somewhat disturb arrangements for
+the dissolution and the elections.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 28, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame Ad�la�de writes
+that the marriage of her niece to Duke Alexander of
+W�rtemberg will take place at Trianon on October 12.
+Madame de Castellane tells me that the Lieven-Guizot
+flirtation is unparalleled. He is making her read Dante
+and Tasso, and never leaves her house. Since he has been
+in the country he writes letters to her of ten pages. During
+his absence the Princess went to his house, gained admission
+to his rooms, and examined everything carefully. She has
+written curious but sensible articles on the subject. An
+article has appeared concerning the whole affair in <cite>Le Temps</cite>.
+This has made her furious, and she has had a very lively
+interview with M. Mol�, because <cite>Le Temps</cite> is said to be
+considerably under Ministerial influence; hence relations
+between the Prime Minister and herself are somewhat
+strained. It is all very ridiculous, and I am glad to be
+away from Paris and all this gossip.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, a retired life is delightful. In society one
+squanders too much energy; instead of laying up a proper
+store of provisions for the great journey, we scatter them
+broadcast, and find ourselves lacking when we have to start.
+Terrible is our want and disgraceful our indigence! I am
+sometimes really terrified at my wretched condition.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I had a sad piece of news&mdash;the death of the
+young Princess of Arsoli, daughter of the late Madame
+de Carignan. She was carried off by cholera in the same
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">135</a></span>
+week as her mother-in-law, Princess Massimo. I had seen
+her born.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 29, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Baron de Montmorency,
+who arrived here yesterday, thinks that there is some hitch
+in the W�rtemberg marriage. The King of W�rtemberg
+seems to have suddenly refused his consent, except on
+condition that all the children should be Protestants, while
+our Queen wishes them all to be Catholics. If the Duke
+Alexander yields to the Queen there will be a marriage
+the more without the head of the family, which never
+looks well. If France gives way to the King of W�rtemberg
+the Princess will have to go to be married at the frontier, as
+was Mlle. de Broglie, for the French Catholic clergy will
+only allow mixed marriages on condition that all the
+children are brought up as Catholics. It is really inconceivable
+that so important a question was not decided
+before the announcement of the marriage. It will lead to
+any number of vexatious ideas, and show with what difficulty
+business can be conducted at our Court.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Von H�gel, the Austrian Charg� d'Affaires
+at Paris, is going mad.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 1, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday our theatricals took
+place, for which we had been rehearsing for a fortnight; I
+played my part in spite of a headache. People kindly said
+that I entirely concealed my suffering on the stage, but as
+soon as it was over I was obliged to go to bed at once. The
+performance was quite successful, and Pauline played two
+totally different parts so admirably that I begin to wonder
+whether I ought to allow her to continue this amusement.
+Our scene from the <cite>Femmes savantes</cite> went very well, and
+M. de la Besnardi�re, who is an old theatre-goer, asserts that
+he never saw it so well played. I really think that it went with
+a certainty, a unity, and a correctness that were quite remarkable.
+M. de Talleyrand was delighted. There was supper
+and dancing after the performance, but I was not there.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;All the neighbours about us
+went away yesterday after mass, but in the course of the day
+a certain Mr. Hamilton arrived, who is an American, and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">136</a></span>
+son of Colonel Hamilton, who was well known during the
+War of Independence in the United States; M. de Talleyrand
+often speaks of him, and was very intimate with him in
+America. The son did not wish to leave the Old World, where
+he has been making a tour, without seeing his father's friend.
+He brought his own son with him, a young man of twenty-one.
+Neither of them speak French, so I exhausted myself in
+making English conversation. They are starting again this
+morning. In his own country Mr. Hamilton belongs to the
+Opposition party. He is a sensible man, but with that tinge
+of Americanism which is always somewhat disagreeable in the
+best of them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 7, 1837.</em>&mdash;I hear from Paris that the
+difficulties with W�rtemberg have been smoothed over.
+The marriage is to take place on the 14th, and everything
+is going on to the general satisfaction. Our Princess has
+been invited to Stuttgart. The Duc d'Orl�ans is said to
+be the only member of the family dissatisfied with this union,
+and we are told that he treated his future brother-in-law more
+than coldly at Compi�gne.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 9, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Duc Decazes arrived here
+unexpectedly at dinner-time yesterday. He was on his way
+from Livorno, full of the Bordeaux affair, which he seems
+inclined to visit upon the Prefect, M. de Pressac. After
+dinner he continued his journey to Paris, where he is
+summoned by the marriage of the Princesse Marie. He had
+left M. Thiers and all his family at Tours. We are expecting
+them to-day.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 10, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. and Madame Thiers,
+Madame Dosne and her young daughter arrived yesterday
+an hour before dinner-time. They came by Montrichard, and
+so they were all shaken and weary. Madame Thiers does not
+show any sign of exhaustion in her face; she is perhaps a
+little thin, but nothing else; I think it is largely a matter
+of nerves, and that if she were in good spirits her indisposition
+would quickly disappear. In any case, for a person of
+her kind, I think her quite anxious to please, but, like her
+mother, she has a vulgar intonation and trivial expressions
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">137</a></span>
+to which I cannot get accustomed. It was a dull and heavy
+evening, in spite of the enthusiasm of M. Thiers for Italy.
+He seems to be greatly struck by the beauty of Valen�ay, and
+I think they are all very glad to be here. Fortunately the
+weather is fine; I have never prayed for sunshine so earnestly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame Thiers was very
+tired yesterday; she went upstairs after lunch and did not
+reappear until dinner-time. She would not go for a drive,
+and her mother kept her company. We took the husband
+out with us, and he was in excellent spirits, with no bitterness
+or hostility. He wishes to go from here to Lille without
+crossing Paris, where he only wishes to arrive just in time for
+the Chambers; he was also very sarcastic about the repeated
+proposals that have been made to him for the greatest
+embassies.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 12, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand yesterday
+took M. Thiers to see M. Royer-Collard. They returned
+both well pleased with their walk, whence I infer that they
+left their host equally pleased. I have no great trouble with
+the ladies. The young wife appears for meals, lolls in a
+drawing-room armchair for half an hour after lunch and for
+an hour after dinner, then goes up to her room; she will not
+drive, and only wishes to be left alone. Her mother is with
+her a great deal, and her husband most attentive. The young
+wife governs them all, but like a spoilt and capricious child,
+and I think that the poor husband finds the path of marriage
+a somewhat thorny one.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 13, 1837.</em>&mdash;The Duchesse de Saint-Leu
+is dead. What will become of her son? Will he be left
+upon our frontier?</p>
+
+<p>Madame Murat continues to remain at Paris. General
+Macdonald,<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[80]</a> who was thought to be her husband, and who
+was greatly devoted to her in any case, has died at Florence.
+To the universal surprise, this event has not so far saddened
+her as to prevent her from going to the theatre, nor does she
+show any of the grief that might have been expected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">138</a></span>
+Here people talk of nothing but the approaching elections;
+they seem to be still very uncertain and to defy all calculations.
+I have always noticed this to be the case at every
+dissolution of the Chamber. The instructions of the
+Ministry are very capricious; on the whole the Doctrinaires
+and progressive parties are to be proscribed, but with so many
+exceptions here and there that unusual points of contact are
+created. M. Thiers is quite calm, in excellent political
+spirits; he talks a great deal of his forty years and of the
+frost of age; however, I would not trust to that, and if he
+were provoked he would be quite capable of entering the
+fray most vigorously. He has quite abandoned his ideas of
+Spanish intervention, not as regards the past, but for the
+present moment. I have never seen him so wise and self-controlled&mdash;a
+condition only to be attained by those whose
+inclinations are definite, and who have enough self-satisfaction
+not to be ambitious for power. His wife unbends a little;
+she danced yesterday evening in excellent spirits.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 15, 1837.</em>&mdash;The whole of the Thiers
+family went away yesterday. Although the mother has been
+anxious to please, the young wife amiable in her manner,
+and her husband witty, animated, and tractable, as usual, I
+am not sorry to see them go.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 22, 1837.</em>&mdash;We are to have a second
+theatrical performance. I rehearsed my part yesterday with
+M. de Valen�ay while the rest of the company were out
+driving.</p>
+
+<p>I have a very carefully written letter from Madame Dosne,
+from which the following is an interesting passage: "Since
+our arrival the house has been stormed by friends, inquirers,
+and interested people, who wish to learn the attitude of
+M. Thiers. He has seen M. Mol� and M. de Montalivet,
+who are struggling for his friendship, and has been effusively
+received by the royal family. You know better than
+any one, madame, to whom he owes that. In short, his move
+to Paris has been quite politic and successful. He is ready
+to defend the Ministry as long as it lasts and to help it
+as long as he can, if they will support his view with regard
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+to the elections. To-morrow we shall start for Lille, where
+we shall stay as long as my daughter wishes."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 26, 1837.</em>&mdash;Madame de Lieven writes to
+say that her husband has sent his son Alexander to her to
+carry her off dead or alive, but she has refused to stir, and
+that the son has gone back again provided with all possible
+certificates from the doctors of the Embassy stating the
+impossibility of moving her. She is loud in the praises of
+Comte Pahlen and of my cousin Paul Medem. It seems that
+the Autocrat told M. de Lieven that he would crush the
+Princess if she persisted in remaining in France. I think she
+has some private means which no one can touch, and which
+help her to hold out. Before long it will become a regular
+drama.</p>
+
+<p>I have a long letter from the Duc d'Orl�ans, in which
+he tells me that his sister, the Duchess of W�rtemberg,
+did not go immediately to Stuttgart on leaving Paris,
+but went first to Coburg, and will not go to W�rtemberg
+till later. The Duc d'Orl�ans gives me excellent
+accounts of his wife, and seems to regard her as a perfect
+friend, which is the best certificate a woman can have from
+her husband, and a guarantee of the most desirable future
+for her.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, November 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;I shall start presently to
+dine and sleep at Beauregard. To-morrow I shall pass
+through Tours, and reach my house at Rochecotte in time
+for dinner.</p>
+
+<p>I have a kind letter from M. Guizot, who tells me
+that the new Chamber will be like the last, and that if
+there is a difference it will be to the advantage of his
+own views.</p>
+
+<p>M. Thiers writes from Lille saying that the general
+electioneering cry is "Down with the Doctrinaires!" and
+that he is asked by five different departments to become
+a candidate, but that he will remain faithful to Aix. Finally,
+M. Royer-Collard writes from Paris saying that M. Mol�
+has been tricked in the elections; that it does not, however,
+follow that the elections will go in favour of the Doctrinaires,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">140</a></span>
+but that they will not lack Ministerial support. Of these
+three versions which is the most credible? I am inclined to
+accept the last.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 4, 1837.</em>&mdash;Since yesterday I have
+been in my own home. As I passed through Tours in the
+morning I found the poor Prefect grappling with the
+electoral fever.</p>
+
+<p>The confusion of the instructions is incredible, continually
+modified or contradicted as they are by intrigues at Paris,
+alternating between the influence of Guizot or Thiers; consequently
+I think the result will be very far removed from
+that which was proposed at the dissolution of the Chamber.
+Fortunately the country is calm, for the dissolution was
+decided upon, not for patriotic reasons, but simply for personal
+interest, and miscalculation upon that ground is a matter
+of indifference. At the same time it is foolish uselessly
+to stir up an infinity of local passions which, though they do
+not rise to the danger and violence of political strife, none
+the less injure public spirit by dividing the country more and
+more into parties.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 5, 1837.</em>&mdash;The comedies which we
+acted at Valen�ay brought some life into the great castle,
+of which there has been a prodigious lack during June, July,
+and August. I admit, to my shame, that for the first time
+in my life since I rested from the fatigues of Fontainebleau
+and Versailles I have been very bored. The illness which we
+have all suffered one after another brought anxiety in place of
+boredom, and I am glad of some small diversion to bring me
+out of the groove.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;A letter from Madame
+Ad�la�de reached me yesterday. She seems fairly pleased
+with the elections, and would be more so were it not for the
+infamous alliance between the Legitimists and Republicans,
+which has brought success to the latter party in several
+places. I use her own expressions. She also says that
+Princesse Marie is delighted with her husband and her
+journey, with Germany and with the reception which has
+so far been given.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141">141</a></span>
+<em>Rochecotte, November 24, 1837.</em>&mdash;I am sorry for the Grand
+Duchess Stephanie on account of the wrongdoing or misfortune
+of her daughter, the Princess Wasa.<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[81]</a> I never liked
+her, and was struck by her bad appearance when I saw her at
+Paris in 1827 with her mother; moreover, her husband,
+whom I also know, is a very ordinary person, and by no
+means the man to guide a young wife.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchess of Massa speaks with delight in her letters of
+the hospitality and the distinction at the Court of Coburg,
+and of the happiness of the Princesse Marie. I also hear that
+the Duc d'Orl�ans constantly talks of his domestic happiness,
+in which he is entirely absorbed. He is to give an entertainment
+upon the return of his brother, the Duc de Nemours,
+the victor of Constantine.</p>
+
+<p>I am more and more delighted with the life of Bossuet
+by Cardinal Bausset. How fortunate it is that I put off
+reading this book at a time when the taste for reading had
+passed away, and is now revived by this excellent work! I
+have ordered a fine engraving of Bossuet which I wish to
+possess; it is absurd that he should not have his place here
+with my other friends of the great century, Madame de
+S�vign�, Madame de Maintenon, Cardinal de Retz, and
+Arnauld d'Andilly. Although I admire every personage of
+that great age, I have my preferences. I want a portrait
+of the Palatine to complete my collection.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 30, 1837.</em>&mdash;My sister, the Duchesse
+de Sagan, writes to say that she will come here shortly; I
+do not know whether she will carry out her plan this time&mdash;not
+that I am altogether regretful if she should fail, for
+I am never entirely at my ease with her. I was accustomed
+to be afraid of her in my youth, and am still somewhat
+overawed; but as the matter has been announced and
+arranged, it is better that she should come.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 2, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday in the <cite>Journal
+des D�bats</cite> I read the great memorandum of the Prussian
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">142</a></span>
+Government against the Archbishop of Cologne.<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[82]</a> We must
+suspend our judgment until we hear his defence; but the
+fact remains that so strong a measure as to arrest an archbishop
+and imprison him does not look well in the case of
+a Protestant Sovereign when dealing with a Catholic prelate
+in a Catholic country. It has too strong an appearance of
+persecution, even if it be justified at bottom. I am very
+curious to know the end of this affair; it seems to me of
+serious import.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Montrond tells M. de Talleyrand that the whole
+family of Thiers profess such a redoubled affection for us
+since their stay at Valen�ay that we shall be regarded as
+responsible for the acts and deeds of M. Thiers during the
+coming session. I have urged this upon M. de Talleyrand as
+an argument for staying here as long as possible, but with
+what success I do not know.</p>
+
+<p>M. Guizot is to be found at Madame de Lieven's house
+from morning to evening, to the general amusement.</p>
+
+<p>Madame Ad�la�de's letters begin to urge more strongly
+our return to Paris, which is exactly the reason why I should
+prefer to stay here.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 4, 1837.</em>&mdash;M. de Sainte-Aulaire
+informs me that the Grand Duchess Stephanie has solved
+her daughter Wasa's domestic difficulties. I fear she has
+only postponed the evil day.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 6, 1837.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I carried out an
+enterprise which I had long been anxious to perform. I went
+with my son Valen�ay to see the Comte d'H�liaud and
+Madame de Champchevrier. We started in fine frosty weather,
+lunched with M. d'H�liaud, and spent an hour at Champchevrier
+on our return with the nicest people in the world,
+in a fine old castle, with moats and avenues, and a well-wooded
+country of preserves; old tapestry, stag-horns, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">143</a></span>
+hunting-horns hung from the walls are the chief ornaments
+in this noble but not very elegant mansion. It is inhabited
+by a simple, upright, and respected family, who live comfortably
+but not luxuriously, hunting and farming throughout
+the year. At certain times forty or fifty of the surrounding
+families meet there for amusement. The whole establishment
+is well worthy of a description by Walter Scott,
+especially an old grandmother of eighty-two, upright, alert,
+imposing, and polite, in a surprisingly antique dress. We were
+very kindly received. By the time we reached home I was
+frozen, but very glad that I had paid my calls and fulfilled
+my neighbourly duties.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Noailles writes to say that he met M. Thiers
+one morning at Madame de Lieven's house, where he spoke
+like a little saint and a great philosopher.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 10, 1837.</em>&mdash;My sister and my son
+Alexandre at last arrived here yesterday, after a long and
+tiring journey. My sister has grown very stout, and looks
+much older; none the less she is astonishingly well preserved
+for the age of fifty-seven. She talks a great deal and very
+loudly. The Vienna strain in her is predominant.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 11, 1837.</em>&mdash;I took my sister for a long
+drive yesterday. She thinks this place very pretty, and, as
+other persons have already told me, assures me that nothing
+recalls to her so much <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">la bella Italia</i>. We had hardly returned
+from our long drive than I began it over again for
+M. de Salvandy, who dropped in unexpectedly at dinner,
+and after a short stay continued his journey to Nogent-le-Rotrou,
+where he is going to an electoral banquet. He
+told us that the Duc de Nemours had reached Havre with a
+broken arm, in consequence of an accident upon board of
+a wretched steamship. He travelled by Gibraltar, in order
+to avoid a great ball that the town of Marseilles had prepared
+for him, and over which great expense had been
+incurred. The King is very displeased by this prank.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 19, 1837.</em>&mdash;Last spring when I consulted
+Lisfranc and Cruveilhier they both told me that I was
+threatened by a tendency to feverishness. Since that time
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">144</a></span>
+my life has been arranged to avoid the danger, and with
+success; but since the arrival of my sister I have felt a great
+and steadily increasing nervous agitation, so much so that
+yesterday inflammation was pronounced, with violent fever.
+I am much distressed, and think I shall have to spend some
+days in bed or upon my sofa.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 20, 1837.</em>&mdash;The doctor says that I
+am better to-day. I never remember having felt so ill as the
+day before yesterday. I am still keeping my room, and feel
+very poorly, but the doctor repeats that there is no danger,
+and that with a few days' more care I shall be quite well.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 25, 1837.</em>&mdash;The pain in my right side
+is growing less, and I am not so weak. When I am stronger
+I shall speak of my thoughts during these days of danger
+through which I have passed. The mental life becomes the
+clearer when the outward eye is veiled and obscured.<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[83]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 26, 1837.</em>&mdash;I am better, and very
+grateful to Providence which has delivered me from so
+grievous a state; but I shall not recover from the shock for
+a long time. I was deeply touched to learn that yesterday
+during the service I was recommended to the prayers of the
+congregation. All my neighbours and the whole countryside
+have been most kind; my servants have watched and
+worked with infinite zeal, and the two doctors, MM. Cogny
+and Orie, have been very attentive.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 28, 1837.</em>&mdash;The weather is magnificent,
+and at midday I shall be wheeled on to the terrace for
+a moment.</p>
+
+<p>I have no news from Paris, and am greatly ignorant of the
+affairs of this world. It seemed to me during the two days
+that I was ill that I saw something of the things of the next
+world, and that it was not so difficult as might be thought to
+rise towards one's Creator; that there was even a certain
+sweetness in the idea that one was to rest at length from all
+the troubles of life. Providence can soften all the trials
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">145</a></span>
+which He sends to us, by giving us the strength to bear
+them, and one can never feel too thankful for all the Divine
+favours.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 31, 1837.</em>&mdash;This last day of a year,
+which upon the whole has not been entirely agreeable, induces
+me to throw a retrospective glance upon my life&mdash;an effort
+which produces a not very pleasant result. However, it
+would be wrong to complain; if misfortunes are not lacking
+for me, there are also blessings which it would be ungrateful
+not to recognise; and one may feel despondent and serious
+and yet have no right to feel or to call oneself unhappy.
+May God preserve for myself and for those whom I love,
+honour, health, and that peace of mind which keeps the soul
+from care, and my thanks will be heartfelt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">146</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="medium">CHAPTER III<br />
+1838</h2>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, January 1, 1838.</em>&mdash;In spite of my weakness I
+remained until midnight in the drawing-room, to embrace
+M. de Talleyrand, my children, and my sister as the new
+year came in. I am to go out in the carriage to-day, to
+come down to dinner, and, in short, to return to life by
+degrees.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, January 2, 1838.</em>&mdash;The whole countryside
+passed this way yesterday; people were still here in the
+evening. I am no worse this morning, but the contrary,
+and if this marvellous weather will last a few days longer
+I hope that I shall soon be quite myself again. M. de
+Talleyrand, unfortunately, already speaks of returning to
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, January 5, 1838.</em>&mdash;I have no good opinion of
+the year upon which we have entered, from a political point
+of view. My mind is despondent, my soul sad, my nerves
+are weak, my heart is full, and, to use the language of the
+chambermaid, I wouldn't give twopence for anything. We
+have been plunged in fog for the last few days, but none the
+less I have been to pay my farewell calls in the immediate
+neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, January 6, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand and
+Pauline have just started for Paris. No one is left in the
+house except my sister, my son Alexandre, and myself. I
+must make up my accounts and prepare for departure, as we
+are all three going the day after to-morrow. Notwithstanding
+the sad recollections of the illness which darkened my
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+last weeks here, I shall leave this pleasant little spot with
+regret.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 11, 1838.</em>&mdash;I arrived here yesterday at ten
+o'clock in the evening after a journey which nine degrees
+of frost and constant snow made extremely unpleasant.
+However, we had no accident, and the change of air, sudden
+as it has been, has rather strengthened me and given me a
+little appetite.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I dined at Versailles with Madame de Balbi,
+whom I thought had grown very old. My sister at the same
+time was eating fowl with Madame de Trogoff, whom she
+knew very well long ago.</p>
+
+<p>We found M. de Talleyrand in good health, but anxious
+about our journey. He told me that the Ministry was
+absorbed in work upon the Address, so that none of the
+members are visible for the moment.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 12, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I was very busy with
+my sister's dresses, my own, and those of Pauline. We have
+all three arrived in rags. Then I went to see Madame de
+Laval, who is greatly changed. In the evening I took my
+sister to hear <cite>The Puritans</cite>, in the same box at the <em>Th��tre
+Italien</em> as I had last year. Rubini has certainly lost
+something of his voice, and Madame Grisi has begun to
+shriek.</p>
+
+<p>I believe there is great agitation in the political world,
+but I ask no questions, do not even read a newspaper,
+and preserve my beloved state of ignorance, partly through
+idleness and partly as a precaution.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 13, 1838.</em>&mdash;My sister wished to go for once
+to the Chamber of Deputies, which is a new sight for her.
+The Russian Ambassador gave us his tickets, and we spent
+our morning yesterday at the Palais Bourbon. M. Mol�
+surpassed my expectations. He delighted my sister and
+charmed myself. There could be nothing more dignified,
+nothing clearer, better thought or better expressed than his
+speech. His success was quite complete. I saw Madame de
+Lieven at the Chamber; my sister and she will not look at
+one another; they detest one another, though they do not
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+know one another. This is inconvenient for me.<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[84]</a> M. Guizot
+came up into our seat, and I thought him greatly changed.</p>
+
+<p>I am quite overcome by so different a mode of life from
+that of the last six months.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 14, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a very long
+and very kind visit from the Prince Royal, who was quite
+calm and in a placid frame of mind.</p>
+
+<p>I then called upon the Princesse de Lieven, who gave me
+full details of her domestic situation, which excluded conversation
+upon any other topic and reduced me to the
+position of audience. She thinks she will certainly be able
+to stay here <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad vitam �ternam</i> without molestation. I hope
+she may. In the evening I went to the Tuileries, to pay my
+respects to the Queen.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 15, 1838.</em>&mdash;Great fires are becoming quite
+fashionable. The burning of the London Stock Exchange
+will form a counterpart to the destruction of the Winter
+Palace at St. Petersburg, with the difference that a hundred
+persons perished in Russia, while no loss of life took place in
+England. Paul Medem told me that the Winter Palace
+was three times as large as the Louvre, and that six
+thousand persons lived there; that the Imperial pharmacy
+was situated in the middle of the castle, and that an
+explosion resulting from a chemical experiment had caused
+the conflagration.</p>
+
+<p>I did not go out yesterday. M. de Sainte-Aulaire came to
+lunch with my sister and myself, after which I had a call
+from M. Royer-Collard, who is much better this year. I
+saw MM. Thiers and Guizot with M. de Talleyrand. We
+had a long and tiresome family dinner, after which my sister
+and myself found nothing better to do than to go to bed at
+half-past nine. I have not entirely recovered my strength.
+A conversation with Dr. Cruveilhier, only too similar to that
+which I had at Tours with Dr. Bretonneau, has done much
+to bring back my despondency and listlessness.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">149</a></span>
+<em>Paris, January 16, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday when I was writing
+I had heard nothing of the conflagration which destroyed the
+<em>Th��tre Italien</em> the preceding night. The under-manager
+and four firemen lost their lives. It is a great catastrophe,
+and disastrous for poor people like myself whose only pleasure
+was the Italian Opera. I feel it quite deeply.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday, and it
+was a great pleasure to see her again. She is very nice, and
+we talked over "dear, ever dear England," an inexhaustible
+subject for me.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I took Pauline to a ball given by the Duc
+d'Orl�ans; it was charming and delightfully arranged. We
+went away after supper at two o'clock in the morning, which
+was late for me. However, apart from a bad headache I
+need not complain of the way in which I got through
+my task. Unfortunately there are many others of the
+kind, and the prospect of their multiplicity frightens me.
+I saw nothing noticeable at the ball except the delicate
+appearance of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans, which unfortunately is
+not to be explained by any prospect of a child. I think our
+excellent Queen looks older, and the Duc de Nemours is
+terribly thin. He has grown a beard in the modern style,
+but so fair that it is frightful to behold.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 17, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I spent the morning
+with my sister in doing what I detest more than anything
+else&mdash;making a full round of indispensable calls. In the
+evening I took her to the Tuileries. The arrangements
+were most noble and magnificent. She was a little astonished
+at the forms of presentation here, and I was more than
+usually struck by them.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 23, 1838.</em>&mdash;I have caught a cold as a result
+of sitting in a draught which blew straight upon my back at
+a concert yesterday at the residence of the Duc d'Orl�ans;
+this was the only thing of which to complain at an evening's
+entertainment where there was no crowd and where the music
+was delightful, well chosen, and not too long.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Talleyrand is very well, except for his legs; their
+weakness does not matter so much, but they are becoming
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">150</a></span>
+painful, especially the toes of one foot, which are not always
+their natural colour. This is an ominous sign. I am very
+anxious, and so is he; in short, I am greatly depressed,
+and everything weighs heavily upon my mind.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 28, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is not ill, but
+his mania for dining out has not agreed with him. Yesterday
+at Lord Granville's, when giving his arm to the Princesse
+de Lieven, he trod upon the folds of her dress and nearly
+fell; he did not actually fall, but his knee gave way, his weak
+foot turned, and he twisted his big toe. I was deeply anxious
+when I saw him come back in this state. What a sad year
+it is! The fact is that since last April nothing has gone
+right, and if I did not regard all this as a trial and preparation
+for a better world, I should be quite disgusted with this
+one.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, January 30, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand's foot gives
+him pain, and the worst of it is the difficulty of finding out
+whether the pain is the result of the sprain or the general
+weakness of the foot; otherwise he is calm, with people
+always about him, and plays his game of whist every
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>I was with the Queen this evening, who had received the
+sad news that morning of the burning of the palace in Gotha
+in which her daughter, Princesse Marie, was living. Princesse
+Marie nearly lost her life, and has lost much valuable property,
+albums, portraits, books, her diaries, in fact everything.
+Her diamonds are melted out of the settings, which
+are mere lumps of metal; the large stones alone resisted the
+heat, and these must be repolished. And then many precious
+objects which money cannot replace have gone. This first
+cloud which overshadows her young happiness is especially
+cruel, because it raises distrust and destroys the sense of
+future security. It is a real grief to the Queen, the more so
+as the shock might have done the Princess some harm, as she
+is with child.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 1, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is anxious
+about the state of his leg and the consequent change necessitated
+in his mode of life. I wish his foot would get strong
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+enough to allow him to get into a carriage, but he cannot
+yet put enough weight upon it to mount. Want of fresh
+air and exercise, if this continues, may have serious consequences.
+Meanwhile he is not alone for a single moment
+from ten o'clock in the morning till after midnight.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Clanricarde came to lunch with me yesterday. In a
+few days she is returning to her dear England, of which
+I think daily with deep regret. I knew all that I was
+losing when I left it, and I have at any rate counted the
+cost.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 2, 1838.</em>&mdash;The state of M. de Talleyrand's
+leg is pretty much the same, though it was slightly less
+swollen yesterday. He is rather despondent, and, I think,
+too far-sighted not to realise all the possible ill-results. I
+cannot say how despondent I feel and what a weight is upon
+my mind.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 3, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday was M. de Talleyrand's
+birthday, and he is now eighty-four. Fortunately his
+leg has seemed much better during the last day or two.
+This fact was the best birthday present he could have, or
+I either.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 5, 1838.</em>&mdash;My sister collected some
+Austrians and Italians yesterday evening at her house, and
+engaged a band of Neapolitan musicians who are here. She
+got them to sing some of their national airs, which are very
+pretty. M. de Talleyrand was carried up to my sister's
+rooms, and played his game there. His leg improves in
+appearance, but the sprained foot is weak and painful. I
+do not know if he will ever be able to walk again. If he
+could only get into a carriage! His inability to get fresh air
+makes me anxious.</p>
+
+<p>He is sad and worried. Strange to say, he has expressed
+a wish to make the acquaintance of the Abb�
+Dupanloup, and has asked me to invite him to dinner on
+my birthday. I did so at once. The Abb� at first accepted
+and then refused. I suspect the Archbishop's hand in this.
+I shall see him to-morrow and get an explanation. When
+M. de Talleyrand heard that the Abb� had refused he said:
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">152</a></span>
+"He has less intelligence than I thought, for he ought to be
+anxious to come here for my sake and his own." These
+words have impressed me and increased my vexation with the
+Abb�'s refusal.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 7, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday, in spite of the keen
+cold, I went to the Archbishop, who was very gracious. He
+gave me, for St. Dorothea's Day, my birthday, which was
+yesterday, a splendid copy of the <cite>Imitation of Jesus Christ</cite>,
+and another for M. de Talleyrand; for my sister a portrait
+of Leo XII., the Pope who had received his renunciation,
+and for Pauline a handsome religious work. He was
+greatly surprised and vexed that the Abb� Dupanloup had
+refused to dine with us; in short, I came away quite
+satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>I was still more pleased at the way in which M. de Talleyrand
+accepted the Archbishop's present and listened to my
+account of our conversation. He would like the Archbishop
+to use his authority to induce the Abb� Dupanloup to come
+here. I cannot help ascribing his excellent frame of mind to
+my own feelings in my last illness, and to the words which I
+was then able to speak to him. I bless God for the sign that
+He has been pleased to send me by His hidden and always
+admirable means of working and if to complete this great
+task I should have to make a yet greater sacrifice I shall
+readily do so.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 9, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand went out
+yesterday for the first time for a drive, which did him good,
+or, more correctly, pleased him. The effects of his sprain
+are rapidly passing away, but the same is not true of the
+general condition of his foot, which is unsatisfactory. He
+was carried into the carriage and helped out again, which
+was not so difficult as I thought, but this obvious infirmity is
+painful to look at&mdash;more painful than I can say. Rumours
+are believed that the Duchesse d'Orl�ans is with child; however,
+I think we shall have to wait a little before the story
+can be confirmed.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 10, 1838.</em>&mdash;It is said that the quarrel
+between the Flahauts and General Baudrand will be settled,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">153</a></span>
+but I do not think permanently.<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[85]</a> Madame de Flahaut
+comes to see M. de Talleyrand in the evenings, and her
+husband every morning; they are kind and gracious, as
+threatened people are.</p>
+
+<p>M. Royer-Collard, whom I saw yesterday for a moment,
+was delighted to find that his speeches the other day had
+shattered the position which people wished the Deputies to
+resume. There was some friction between us on this occasion.
+There is too strong a strain of bitterness in his nature, which
+sometimes makes him quite mischievous, though he does not
+know it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 11, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand was able to
+visit Madame Ad�la�de yesterday, the chief event of his day,
+and therefore of mine. The event of to-day is the snow,
+which is falling heavily and incessantly, and brings us back
+to the middle of the winter.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb� Dupanloup came to see me yesterday, and paid
+a long call. I was quite satisfied with the result, and he will
+dine with us in a week.</p>
+
+<p>We also had some people to dinner; the whole of the
+Albuf�ra family, the Thiers, the Flahauts; and some people
+come in every evening.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 15, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is very busy
+with a small laudatory speech upon M. Reinhard which
+he proposes to deliver at the Academy of Moral and
+Political Science at the beginning of next month. He is
+taking trouble with it, and spent several hours over it
+yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>The Baudrand and Flahaut business is not yet concluded.
+Claims, hesitations, and equivocations have been forthcoming
+from either side, with the result that the two rivals have
+become ridiculously bitter, and, what is worse, the Prince
+Royal has been involved.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 23, 1838.</em>&mdash;We are still in the midst of
+cold and snow.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">154</a></span>
+The Duc de Nemours has had a sore throat, which
+threatened to become quinsy, but his indisposition has not
+postponed any of the Court festivities, and the day before
+yesterday he was present at the Queen's ball.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Talleyrand has a cold and his legs are weak. These
+are his two weak points. The former is only a transitory
+trouble; the other, though its remote consequences may be
+serious, is not threatening at present. Such is the true
+state of affairs.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, February 25, 1838.</em>&mdash;I was informed early this
+morning that M. de Talleyrand was suffering from a kind of
+suffocation. This was purely due to outward circumstances,
+for he had slipped down in his bed and was practically buried by
+his vast bedclothes, with the result that a kind of nightmare
+was the consequence. I have just left him sleeping peaceably
+in an armchair. What I do not like is the fact that for
+the last two days he has been more or less feverish, and that
+he will eat nothing or very little for fear of increasing the fever.
+He is very weak. The absence of Dr. Cruveilhier, who is at
+Limoges, is also a trouble, and though I feel no immediate
+anxiety, I am far from confident concerning the result of
+this invalid condition, which seems to point to a general
+break-up.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 3, 1838.</em>&mdash;In two hours M. de Talleyrand is
+going to the Academy in cold and most unpleasant rain; I
+also fear the effect of the excitement upon him. There will
+be a large audience, but no women, as this Academy will not
+admit them. I hope that to-day will go off well, but I wish
+it were to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 4, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand is very agitated
+and very weak this morning. He made a great effort, and
+whatever his success, I fear he will have to pay dearly for it.
+His success was beyond my expectation; the accounts of
+some fifty people who besieged my room after the session
+leave me no doubt upon that point. He had recovered his
+vocal powers, read excellently well, walked about, seemed
+younger and entirely himself, and two hours afterwards he
+was overthrown and incapable of making an effort. I do not
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+know what the newspapers will have to say of the speech,
+but if anything can disarm them I think it should be the
+fact that a man at such an age and with so full a past
+should display such energy in delivering in public farewells
+so noble and so full of justice and good teaching.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[86]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 5, 1838.</em>&mdash;The day has gone off better than
+I expected for M. de Talleyrand. The <cite>Journal G�n�ral de
+France</cite>, which is a Doctrinaire organ, contained the best,
+cleverest, and pleasantest article upon M. de Talleyrand's
+speech. Some ascribed it to M. Doudan, others to M.
+Villemain. The article in the <cite>D�bats</cite> was kind, but dull;
+that of the <cite>Journal de Paris</cite> good; of the <cite>Charte</cite> stupid and
+badly written; the <cite>Gazette de France</cite> fairly good; the <cite>Si�cle</cite>
+and the <cite>Presse</cite> insignificant; the <cite>National</cite> of no account.
+Against my custom, which has been not to open a single
+newspaper since my return from the country, I read them
+all yesterday, and shall do the same to-day; then I shall
+resume my state of ignorance.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 6, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand had a fainting
+fit yesterday before dinner. I think it was due to the
+excessively rigorous methods of his dieting and to the
+catarrh of his chest and stomach, which takes away his
+appetite. The blister which will be placed upon him will
+relieve him, I hope. Yesterday's newspapers were not
+equally satisfactory concerning his speech, but he was not
+disturbed on that account, for the intelligent and right-minded
+members of his audience have been really pleased.
+The house is constantly full of people coming to congratulate
+him. M. Royer-Collard said to me yesterday: "M. de
+Talleyrand has solemnly disavowed the unpleasant incidents
+of his life and publicly glorified the good and really useful
+parts of it."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 7, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand had no further
+attacks of faintness yesterday, but he does not look well, and
+I think him much changed. I hear that his brother, the
+Duc de Talleyrand, my father-in-law, is also in a very poor
+state of health; the Vicomtesse de Laval is feverish with a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+bad cold and she cannot sleep. This is all very sad, and
+these omens of death depress me greatly.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 8, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Talleyrand had a better
+day yesterday. We take great care of him: when I came
+back from a dinner given to my sister by the Stackelbergs,
+and from the Queen, to whom I went afterwards, I
+found him surrounded by fair ladies and in pretty good
+spirits.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning I took Pauline to ask offerings from the
+Archbishop. My sister wished to accompany us, so that I
+was unable to speak with M. de Qu�len.</p>
+
+<p>The Flahaut party have lost all touch with the Pavillon
+Marsan, except the good graces of the Prince Royal, which
+they seem to be monopolising. At the Pavillon de Flore
+there is a general satisfaction at their departure, notwithstanding
+many fine phrases. The Flahauts do not understand
+the truth, and throw the blame upon a Doctrinaire
+intrigue, to which the Duc de Coigny is said to have lent his
+help. They are soon starting for England, where I think
+they will make a pretty long stay.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 10, 1838.</em>&mdash;The Abb� Dupanloup came to
+see me yesterday. He then asked to see M. de Talleyrand,
+to thank him for the copy of his speech which he had sent
+him. Pauline took him there. He stayed alone for twenty
+minutes with M. de Talleyrand, who did not open the subject
+directly, but let some kind words fall, and when the
+Abb� came back to my room he seemed to feel some hope.
+In any case, he has shown great discretion and perfect tact,
+and I think he is entirely right. He was the first to suggest
+that he should take his leave, and was told that he would gladly
+be seen again. This is all excellent, provided we are given time.
+It is not so much a case of illness as of general depression and
+an obvious alteration in his features; but with such a mind one
+cannot be hasty. What a task it is, and how terrified I should
+be of it if I did not tell myself that the most unworthy instrument
+which God is pleased to choose can become more powerful
+than the greatest saint, if God's providence is not pleased to
+make use of him!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+<em>Paris, March 11, 1838.</em>&mdash;The English Ministry has
+triumphantly survived the crisis which was thought likely to
+become its overthrow. Will ours pass equally well through
+next week's crisis, the question of the secret service funds?
+Many batteries have been laid in position against it, and a
+silent agitation is proceeding on all sides. It is said that
+either extremity of the Chamber will direct a converging
+fire upon the Ministerial benches, I suppose with the object
+of afterwards shooting one another down upon the field of
+battle. It is all very distressing.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 14, 1838.</em>&mdash;I spent two hours yesterday with
+the Archbishop. I was better pleased with his sentiments
+than with his decisions. However, everything has been left
+for his meditation. He asked me to write and tell him what
+I thought, and I hope, with the grace of God, Who will cast
+light here and there, to reach some satisfactory conclusion,
+both for those who are to leave us and for those destined to
+continue their pilgrimage.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving the Archbishop I went to the Vicomtesse de
+Laval, who is weak and shaken in health, but alert in heart
+and mind.</p>
+
+<p>On my return I found M. de Talleyrand depressed and
+uneasy; he recovered his spirits after a talk with me. The
+last few days he has eaten a little better. In the evening he
+was not so weak, and I have just heard that he had a quiet
+night. I am swayed incessantly between hope and despair,
+but supported by the sense that I am useful, and perhaps
+even necessary. If my strength is to fail me, I trust that it
+may last to the end of my task, after which the sacrifice will
+have been made, as I made it during my illness at Rochecotte.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 15, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I accompanied my
+sister, who wished to go once more before her departure
+to the Chamber of Deputies. I felt greatly bored. M. Mol�
+spoke very well; M. Barthe was unbearably superficial;
+M. Guizot gave us the most wearisome of all his sermons;
+M. Passy was coarse without being clever; M. Odilon Barrot
+was very clever and witty, and left neither Thiers nor Berryer
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+anything to say, but his delivery is so oratorical and so badly
+sustained that it is hard work to listen to him. On the
+whole the honours of the session remained with M. Mol�; or,
+to speak more accurately, if the Ministry gained nothing its
+adversary lost a great deal, which amounts to the same thing
+at the present moment.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 16, 1838.</em>&mdash;I took Pauline yesterday to mass,
+to the sermon, and to the salutation, after which she made
+her collection. Two funerals interrupted the collection, preventing
+any one from coming out, and they were also delayed
+by a driving rain, so that we remained standing at the
+church door for an interminable time. However, the sermon
+of the Abb� de Ravignan,<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[87]</a> concerning indifference in religion
+and its various causes, pleased me greatly, and if it is not one
+of the best sermons I have read, it is at any rate one of the
+best that I have ever heard.</p>
+
+<p>M. Mol�, who was dining here, said that this morning in
+the Chamber, during the formation of the official bodies, the
+alliance between men who were enemies a few months ago
+was notorious.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 17, 1838.</em>&mdash;I spent a long time yesterday
+morning at the Seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet,
+of which the Abb� Dupanloup is the superior. The good
+Abb� pleased me greatly, and also expressed his satisfaction
+with the little document which I showed him.<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>In another month we shall have a new poem by M. de
+Lamartine, called <cite>L'Ange d�chu</cite>,<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[89]</a> then the <cite>M�langes litt�raires</cite>,
+by M. Villemain, and a work by M. de Chateaubriand on
+the Congress of Verona; in short, enough reading for the
+whole summer.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Talleyrand says that on May 1 he will go to his
+estate of Pont de Sains, in Flanders, stay there for the
+summer, travel to Nice by easy stages, starting on September 1,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+and return to Valen�ay in the month of May 1839. Such
+extensive projects are decidedly rash, and it is unreasonable
+for him to expose himself to the damp of Flanders after
+May 1. I tell him so and trust to Providence.</p>
+
+<p>The motto, or rather the conclusion of a letter, which I find
+in an old book seems to me very pretty: "Be with God."
+I have adopted it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 22, 1838.</em>&mdash;Princesse Marie, who has been
+here since the 19th, nearly had a miscarriage yesterday, as
+the result of too long a drive; while the Duchesse d'Orl�ans
+can only avoid one by remaining in her long chair.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Rumigny, our ambassador at Turin, has brought a
+foolish dispute upon himself&mdash;a personal quarrel with the
+King over a matter of etiquette. Complaints concerning him
+have come to hand. It is the most foolish business conceivable,
+as it is all about the black or white headdresses worn
+by the women. Sardinian etiquette allows the Queen alone
+to wear them. How absurd it all is!</p>
+
+<p>A coalition between MM. Thiers and Guizot seems likely,
+but there is such an outcry against this combination that
+either party is embarrassed, and it will probably come to
+nothing. M. Guizot in particular is experiencing the evil
+results of it, because his reputation is suffering greatly, and
+upon that, rather than upon his talent, he regarded his
+importance to be based. The fact is that notwithstanding
+all that has been said on either side in the speeches which
+closed last session and the discussions that have filled the
+interval there is something too abrupt in this alliance, which
+M. Royer-Collard calls an impious coalition.</p>
+
+<p>There is much talk of a journey to be made by the King
+to Nantes and Bordeaux for the month of June, which would
+bring us back to Berry and towards Touraine. Hitherto
+M. de Talleyrand contemplated only Pont de Sains, a
+calamitous idea.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 25, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I defied an equinoctial
+storm to go and see the Archbishop. By degrees we came
+to an agreement, in the terms of the letter, and I hope that
+we shall arrive at some useful result, but we require time and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">160</a></span>
+the help of outward circumstances which do not depend on
+us and must be asked from a greater Power than ourselves.
+In any case, if heaven can be importuned by the prayers
+of earth, the petitions sent up on this subject should be
+efficacious.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, March 28, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a most important
+conversation with M. de Talleyrand, and found him in a state
+of open-mindedness which seemed miraculous. I now hope to
+be able to push steadily forward, and though the goal is still
+far away I trust that no precipice will form an obstacle to
+my progress.</p>
+
+<p>Death comes upon people here in a terrifying way;
+M. Alexis de Roug� was carried off in twelve hours by a
+sudden stroke of apoplexy. His loss has thrown many
+people into great grief.</p>
+
+<p>I have called upon Madame Ad�la�de, where I heard all
+the nice things that the Duchess of W�rtemberg is saying
+about Germany. The Duchesse d'Orl�ans feels that her
+child has quickened, and I think that her condition will
+be publicly announced in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>They say that the young Queen of England gallops down
+the streets of London through all the omnibuses and cabs.
+Her old aunts think this is very shocking, and so it is.</p>
+
+<p>In the English Parliament there is a coalition no less
+astounding than that of MM. Thiers and Guizot; Lord
+Brougham and Lord Lyndhurst have joined hands.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 1, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went with my sister to
+the court of the Louvre to see the bronze statue which is to
+be sent off in a few days to Turin and is on exhibition for
+the moment. It is a statue of Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy
+after the battle of Saint-Quentin, pulling up his horse and
+putting his sword into its sheath. It is the work of
+Marochetti, a delightful thing, full of grace, nobility, and
+life. I was very pleased with it, and it seems to have met
+with the general approval.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 3, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I gave M. de Talleyrand
+the little document which I had drawn up for him. The
+incident passed over without a storm. I suppose that he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">161</a></span>
+will have read and digested it yesterday evening, and I shall
+see to-day whether the horizon is clouded.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 4, 1838.</em>&mdash;The little document was entirely
+successful.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I took my sister to Saint-Roch to hear the
+Abb� de Ravignan, who pleased her greatly. He has a fine
+face, a beautiful voice, an excellent delivery, faith, conviction,
+warmth, authority, a close and vigorous style of argument,
+couched in clear and noble language, with a precise choice
+of words. He is not prolix and never diffuse. He lacks
+unction and his teaching is therefore rather doctrinal than
+evangelical, so that his talent had full scope as he was
+preaching on the infallibility of the Church.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Pimodan, a great Legitimist, who was giving his arm
+to one of the lady collectors, insolently blocked the Queen's
+passage; the vicar, the Abb� Olivier, who was accompanying
+her to the door, and who is a little thick-set man, strong as
+a Turk, vigorously elbowed M. de Pimodan to move him out
+of the way; he flew into a rage, and rudely asked the <em>cur�</em>
+what he meant by shoving him. The Abb� calmly replied:
+"I meant, sir, to make room for the Queen"; upon which
+the gentleman muttered some very insolent remarks, which
+passed unnoticed.</p>
+
+<p>The Princesse de Bauffremont, who was to be one of the
+lady collectors, heard the evening before that Madame de
+Vatry was also to perform this duty. There were six of
+these ladies, chosen from different circles of Parisian society,
+in order to untie as many purse-strings as possible. The
+Princess then said that she would not be seen in company
+with the daughter of M. Hamguerlot, and withdrew. Was
+ever such false pride or want of charity?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, April 8, 1838.</em>&mdash;The general attention was occupied
+by the session in the Chamber of Peers yesterday. The speech
+of M. de Brigode which was delivered the evening before had
+made every one alert, and the active part taken by the Duc
+de Broglie in this discussion seems to be an event, and is
+connected with the hostile movement and the impious
+alliance in the Chamber of Deputies. The Ministry made
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">162</a></span>
+an excellent reply to the attacks of MM. de Broglie and
+Villemain. M. Pasquier, who is angry at an attempt to
+limit his powers, made a very bad President. The Ministry
+is anxious concerning Easter week.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The Duc de Talleyrand, younger brother of the Prince de
+Talleyrand, died on April 28, 1838. The Duc and Duchesse
+de Dino then inherited his title, which they afterwards bore.
+The following 17th of May the Prince de Talleyrand died in
+his turn, after four days' illness.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The following letter was written on May 10, 1838, but was
+placed at this point of the Memoirs by the author herself.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+<p class="center"><em>A letter addressed by the Duchesse de Talleyrand to the Abb�
+Dupanloup with reference to the latter's account of the
+last moments of the Prince de Talleyrand.</em></p>
+
+<p>"I have read with profound emotion, M. l'Abb�, as you
+may be sure, the valuable manuscript which I now beg to
+return to you.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Everything is related with a truth and simplicity which
+must, I think, touch the hearts of the most indifferent and
+convince the most sceptical. I have nothing to add to your
+account, which perfectly describes all the incidents of the
+sad event unfortunately accomplished before our eyes. But
+perhaps I alone am able to point out the course of mental
+development which for some years had certainly begun to
+modify M. de Talleyrand's feelings. It was a gradual process,
+and there is a certain interest in following its slow but
+sincere growth, as it eventually led him in so consoling a
+manner to his goal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">163</a></span>
+"I will therefore try to retrace my recollections of this
+matter, and I think I shall not go back too far if I begin
+with my daughter's first communion, which took place at
+London on March 31, 1834. On that day she came to ask
+for the blessing of M. de Talleyrand, whom she called her
+good uncle. He gave it her tenderly, and then said to me:
+'How touching is the piety of a young girl, and how unnatural
+is unbelief, especially in women.' However, a short
+time after our return to France M. de Talleyrand was
+alarmed by the strength of my daughter's feelings. He was
+afraid that she might be taught to mistrust him, or to form
+unfavourable opinions of him, and even asked me to find
+out from what point of view Pauline's confessor treated the
+subject. I put the question directly to my daughter, who
+replied with that candour which you yourself know, that as
+her uncle did not involve her in any sin she never spoke of
+him to her confessor, who only mentioned him in advising
+her to pray to God earnestly for him. M. de Talleyrand was
+touched by this answer, and said to me: 'Such conduct is
+that of an intelligent and deserving man.'</p>
+
+<p>"From that time he was anxious that Pauline should
+have more opportunities for attending church, and even go
+some distance from home to receive the benefit of your wise
+direction; he used to offer her the use of his carriage, and
+I have sometimes seen him go to personal inconvenience for
+the advantage of his 'little girl.'</p>
+
+<p>"Eventually he derived a certain self-esteem on account of
+Pauline's religious earnestness, and seemed to be flattered
+that she should have been so well brought up under his own
+eyes; he would often say, in speaking of Pauline, 'She is the
+angel of the house.' He took great pleasure, as all good
+minds do, in declaring the merits of others. No one could
+give praise more gracefully, with greater moderation, advantage,
+and propriety; any one who was mentioned or
+criticised by him received all the credit that could be his
+due. Upon occasions he would certainly utter words of
+blame, but only at rare intervals, and never with such direct
+force as when he praised. He was especially lenient towards
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">164</a></span>
+ecclesiastics, and if he disapproved of them it was only for
+political reasons, and never on account of their religious ministrations,
+while he always expressed himself with great moderation.
+He both respected and admired the ancient Church of
+France, of which he spoke as a great, a fine, and a magnificent
+institution. In his house I have seen cardinals, bishops, and
+simple village pastors; all were received with infinite respect,
+and became the objects of tactful attention. An inappropriate
+word was never uttered before them; M. de Talleyrand would
+never have allowed anything of the kind. I have seen the
+Bishop of Rennes (the Abb� Mannay) spend months at Valen�ay
+and the Bishop of Evreux (the Abb� Bourlier) stay at M. de
+Talleyrand's residence in Paris with the same purity and
+freedom of conduct and enjoying the same respect as in their
+dioceses. Towards his uncle, the late Cardinal of P�rigord,
+M. de Talleyrand was a tender, attentive, and deferential
+nephew. He was often to be seen at the Archbishop's house,
+where he was especially fond of a talk with the Abb�
+Desjardins, whom he liked for the gentleness and the wide
+range and tact of his conversation.</p>
+
+<p>"I have often been astonished at the unconstraint of my
+uncle's bearing in the society of ecclesiastics, which I can
+only explain by supposing that he was under a delusion,
+strange, but real and long-lasting, concerning his actual
+position with reference to the Church. He was quite
+aware that he had dealt the Church a blow, but he thought
+that the process of secularisation which he had unduly
+stimulated had been one of simplification rather than of
+destruction.<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[91]</a> As his position thus seemed to him pretty
+clearly defined, he regarded it as easy. This mistake lasted
+as long as his political life, and only after his retirement
+did he think of defining more exactly his relations with
+the Papacy. But before this time a vague instinct made
+him feel that if, in his opinion, he did not exactly owe
+any reparation, he owed at least some consolation to those
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">165</a></span>
+whom he had saddened. He therefore was ready to support
+the interests of the clergy upon every occasion, and never
+refused an alms either to a priest in distress or to a beggar,
+but tacitly recognised the claims of both upon him. His
+charity was great, and I gave him much pleasure by repeating
+to him a remark made by a most estimable person, which
+was as follows: 'You may set your mind at rest;
+M. de Talleyrand will come to a good end, for he is
+charitable.' I was able to remind him of this saying at
+the most solemn hour of his life, as you, M. l'Abb�, may
+remember, and remember, also, what consolation he derived
+from it. He was always deeply grateful to those in retirement
+from the world and in convents who prayed for him.
+He never forgot it, and used to say: 'I have some friends
+among the good souls.' His heart was touched because
+he was a good man, a very good man indeed; he felt this
+himself when he used to ask me: 'Am I not really better
+than I am thought to be?' Certainly he was better than
+he was thought; only his neighbours, his friends, and his
+servants could appreciate the extent of his simple kindness,
+his attention, his love, and his loyalty. You have seen our
+tears. The good-hearted alone are thus lamented.</p>
+
+<p>"After his return from England he was twice strongly
+impressed with salutary effect by the Christian death of
+the Duc de Dalberg and by the religious habits which
+characterised the latter part of the life of Dr. Bourdois,
+his contemporary, his friend, and his doctor. He was
+grateful to Dr. Bourdois for entrusting him to the clever
+hands of M. Cruveilhier; he had confidence in his skill,
+and felt himself honoured to be so well attended by so
+religious a man. The earnestness of his doctor seemed
+to be regarded by him as an additional guarantee.</p>
+
+<p>"Pope Pius VII. was always the object of his veneration;
+he devoted several pages of his memoirs to the struggle
+between this Pope and the Emperor Napoleon, and his
+view of the matter was entirely to the advantage of the
+Pope. He had a strong admiration for the policy of the
+Papacy as clever, quiet, gentle, and always uniform, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">166</a></span>
+qualities he regarded as of first-rate importance in the
+conduct of business.</p>
+
+<p>"Throughout the pontificate of Pius VII. my uncle
+thought himself in fairly good odour at Rome. In support
+of this conviction he often quoted to me a remark by the
+holy Father with reference to himself. The Pope was then
+at Fontainebleau, and was speaking to the Marquise
+de Brignole, a friend of M. de Talleyrand, and said, referring
+to my uncle: 'May God rest his soul; for my part, I have
+a great affection for him.'</p>
+
+<p>"M. de Talleyrand was well aware that I often had the
+honour of seeing the Archbishop of Paris, and he had
+guessed that our intercourse was actuated by one principal
+idea as far as M. de Qu�len was concerned&mdash;the desire to preserve
+his relations with my uncle. M. de Talleyrand was never
+worried by him; on the contrary; and though several letters
+addressed by the Archbishop of Paris to M. de Talleyrand at
+different times failed to achieve their object, he was none the
+less touched by the enduring interest he had inspired in a
+prelate whose character he honoured and whose sincere zeal
+and open-mindedness he appreciated. He also showed much
+interest in M. de Qu�len and his political position, which he
+would like to have been able to render easier. Upon several
+occasions I have seen him attempt to do him some service, by
+advice which he thought useful, or by speaking warmly in his
+favour at any other time. This he did not merely from love
+of truth, but also as a testimony to the memory of the late
+Cardinal P�rigord. He often said: 'I look upon M. de Qu�len
+as a legacy from my uncle, the Cardinal. He likes us and
+our name and everything connected with the Cardinal.'
+On New Year's Day he used to instruct me to leave his
+card at the Archbishop's house, saying, 'We should always
+treat him as a grandparent.' He never saw me start upon
+a visit to Saint-Michel or to the Sacr� C&oelig;ur<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[92]</a> without asking
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+me to give his respects to the Archbishop. When I came
+back he used to ask me for news of him and whether his
+own name had been mentioned, and what M. de Qu�len had
+said of him. He would listen attentively to my answers,
+smile, and say at length: 'Yes, yes, I know that he is
+very anxious to win my soul and to offer it to the Cardinal.'
+Up to his last year these remarks were never uttered very
+seriously, but with great kindliness.</p>
+
+<p>"On December 10, 1838, I received very early notice
+of the death of the Princesse de Talleyrand. I was obliged
+to announce the news to my uncle, and I was most reluctant
+to do so, for it was just at this time that he was attacked by
+violent palpitations which made us fear a sudden death.
+Excitement above all was to be avoided, and I was afraid
+that this news might cause him some agitation. But it
+was not so, and he immediately replied calmly in words
+which much surprised me: 'That greatly simplifies my
+position.' At the same moment from the pocket of his
+dressing-jacket he drew out some letters and told me to
+read them. The first was written by a religious lady at
+the Sacr� C&oelig;ur; M. de Talleyrand had known her well
+in past years, had done her some service, and always called
+her his old friend; she was Madame de Marb&oelig;uf. In
+this letter she spoke to him of God, and sent him a medal,
+which he always used to wear, and which to-day becomes
+yours.</p>
+
+<p>"The second letter was sent to him by a clergyman near
+Gap, who was entirely unknown to him, and who spoke
+of God with admirable and touching simplicity.</p>
+
+<p>"Finally, the third letter, inspired by the warmest faith,
+open-mindedness, reason, and sincere interest, boldly touched
+upon my uncle's religious position. He wrote a few lines
+to the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency to thank her
+for it, and constantly carried this letter about with him
+in a little pocket-book, where I found it after his death.
+He often spoke of it, and of the noble and unfortunate
+lady who had written it, and always with warmth and
+respect.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168">168</a></span>
+"He also knew that one of my cousins, Madame de Chabannes,
+a nun of the Grandes Carm�lites at Paris, constantly
+prayed for him; he was touched by the fact, and would say
+to me, when speaking of these pious people: 'The good souls
+will not despair of me.' I know nothing so gentle or so loving
+as this saying of his, which showed that he had no fear that
+God would abandon him.</p>
+
+<p>"In the case of any one who knew him as well as I did,
+attempts to urge him too rapidly along this path would have
+been tactless. It was, indeed, necessary to give these various
+impressions time to develop, and with him nothing was done
+quickly; his trust in time was infinite, and it was faithful to
+him unto death.</p>
+
+<p>"Whenever I spoke to my uncle of his marriage, as I often
+did, I was not afraid so show him my surprise at a mistake as
+inexplicable as it was fatal in the eyes of God. He then
+replied: 'The truth is that I cannot give you a satisfactory
+explanation of it; it was done at a time of general disturbance,
+when people attached no great importance to anything,
+to themselves, or to others; there was no society and no
+family, and every one acted with complete carelessness in the
+midst of wars and the fall of empires. You do not know
+how far astray men may wander in periods of great social
+upheaval.' The same idea may be found in his proposed
+declaration to the Pope, the original of which is in my hands,
+when he wrote: 'This revolution which has swept everything
+away and has continued for the last fifty years.'</p>
+
+<p>"Thus you may see that not only did he make no attempt
+to justify his marriage, but that he did not even try to
+explain it. His domestic life had been very unhappy under
+the Empire and the Restoration, and since that time I have
+always seen him embarrassed and ashamed of this strange bond
+which he no longer wished to bear, but the painful chain of
+which he could not entirely break; and when death broke it
+for him he realised his deliverance to the full.</p>
+
+<p>"Some time afterwards, in March 1836, one of his servants
+was attacked by an illness which was soon declared mortal.
+My daughter induced the man to see a priest and to receive
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169">169</a></span>
+the sacraments. M. de Talleyrand knew of it, and expressed
+his satisfaction. On this occasion he said to me: 'Any
+other procedure in our house would have been a scandal
+which would certainly have caused unpleasant talk; I am
+delighted that Pauline should have prevented it.' The same
+evening he related the incident to Madame de Laval, and
+enlarged with satisfaction upon the influence which Pauline
+exerted upon the whole house by her firm and modest
+earnestness.</p>
+
+<p>"In the spring of 1837 my uncle desired to leave Fontainebleau,
+whither he had come for the marriage of the
+Duc d'Orl�ans, before the Court had finished its stay. He
+told me to remain and to be present at the great festival
+which the King gave at Versailles a few days later. I rejoined
+him afterwards at Berry, where he had been anxious to go in
+time to meet the Archbishop of Bourges at Valen�ay, who
+was passing that way while making a tour of his diocese. I
+heard from Pauline that M. de Talleyrand had shown special
+attention to the prelate, even to the point of changing his
+personal customs. On Friday and Saturday he had declined
+to have meat upon his table, and all the meals were served
+as for a fast day.</p>
+
+<p>"During the summer of the same year, 1837, the superior
+of the Sisters of Saint-Andr�, who were established at
+Valen�ay by the care of M. de Talleyrand, came to inspect
+this community. He called at the Castle, where he was asked
+to dinner. As we left the table M. de Talleyrand said to
+me: 'I have an idea that the Abb� Taury is a member of
+the community of Saint-Sulpice; go and ask him.' I brought
+back a reply in the affirmative. 'I was sure of it,' he returned
+with satisfaction; 'there is a gentleness and reserve and a
+sense of propriety in the members of that community which
+is quite unmistakable.'</p>
+
+<p>"On Sundays and great festivals M. de Talleyrand was
+always present at mass when he was at Valen�ay; on his
+two patron saints' days, St. Charles and St. Maurice, he was
+also present, and would have felt hurt if the vicar had not
+come to say mass at the Ch�teau. His behaviour in chapel
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170">170</a></span>
+was entirely proper, and notwithstanding his infirmity he
+would always kneel down at the right moment. If there was
+no mass, if people came late or made a noise, he noticed it
+as being improper. During mass he read attentively either the
+<cite>Funeral Orations</cite> of Bossuet or his <cite>Discourse upon Universal
+History</cite>. One Sunday, however, in November 1837 he had
+forgotten his book, and took one of the two which Pauline
+had brought for herself. It was the <cite>Imitation of Jesus
+Christ</cite>. As he gave it back to her he turned to me and
+asked me to give him a copy of this admirable book. I
+offered him mine, which he afterwards took to mass in
+preference to any other.</p>
+
+<p>"He regarded it as important that the officiating priest
+should perform the service in full, and often quoted the
+Archbishop of Paris as the ecclesiastic whose conduct of the
+service was most to his taste and most dignified. One Sunday
+I ventured to tell him that during mass my thoughts had
+wandered in his direction. He wished to know them, and I
+ventured to tell him that I had been wondering what his
+thoughts could be when he remembered that he too had held
+the same distinction as the priest officiating before him.
+His reply seemed to me to be an obvious proof of the
+delusion under which he was concerning his true ecclesiastical
+position. He said: 'Why do you think it strange to
+see me at mass? I go there as you do, or any one else. You
+are constantly forgetting that I have resigned my orders,
+which fact makes my position very simple.' At that time
+he wished to show me the letters granting his resignation,
+but they were at Paris. After his death I found them, with
+all the papers relating to this business, and very curious they
+are. I examined them carefully; they showed me that his
+marriage alone had been the great obstacle to his reconciliation
+with the Church; his other offences had been pardoned
+and the ecclesiastical censure removed at Paris by Cardinal
+Caprara in the name of the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>"I referred just now to the attention with which M. de
+Talleyrand used to read Bossuet's <cite>Discourse on Universal
+History</cite>; this fact recalls to my mind an incident which seemed
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171">171</a></span>
+to me remarkable. One day at Valen�ay, I think in the
+year 1835, he asked me to come into his room. I found him
+there reading. 'Come,' he said, 'I wish to show you how
+mysteries should be spoken of; read aloud and read slowly.'
+I read the following: "In the year 4000 of the world's
+history, Jesus Christ the son of Abraham in time, the Son of
+God in eternity, was born of a virgin.' 'Learn the passage
+by heart,' he said to me, 'and see with what authority and
+what simplicity all mysteries may be concentrated in these
+few lines. Thus and thus only it is proper to speak of holy
+things. They are imposed upon us, but not explained to us.
+That fact alone secures their acceptance; in other forms
+they are worthless, for doubt begins when authority ends, and
+authority, tradition, and dominion are only revealed sufficiently
+in a Catholic church.' He always had something unpleasant to
+say about Protestantism; he had seen it at close quarters in
+America, and had preserved a disagreeable memory of it.</p>
+
+<p>"In the month of December 1837 I felt seriously ill. We
+were then at my house at Rochecotte, where, unfortunately,
+spiritual resources are few. However, as I felt in some danger
+I wished to send for the local clergyman. My uncle heard of
+it, and as I was getting well he showed some surprise. 'So
+you have reached that point,' he said to me; 'and how did
+you get there?' I told him as simply as I could, and he
+listened with much interest. In conclusion I added that,
+among many other serious considerations, I had not forgotten
+that of my social position, which I was the more bound to
+remember in view of its importance. He then interrupted
+me quickly and said: 'In truth there is nothing less
+aristocratic than unbelief.' Two days afterwards he re-opened
+a similar conversation of his own accord, made me
+go through the same details, then looked at me steadily
+and said: 'You believe, then?' 'Yes, sir,' I replied,
+'firmly.'</p>
+
+<p>"During our last stay together at Rochecotte he heard of
+the arrest of the Archbishop of Cologne; he seemed to regard
+it as an important event. 'This may give us back the line
+of the Rhine,' he said immediately. 'In any case, it is a grain
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172">172</a></span>
+of Catholicism sown in Europe; you will see it rise and grow
+vigorously.'</p>
+
+<p>"At that time I came across a passage dealing with the
+limits of the spiritual and temporal powers, which is to be
+found in the discourse delivered by F�nelon at the consecration
+of the Archbishop of Cologne. I showed this fine
+passage to my uncle, who was delighted with it, and said:
+'That should be copied and sent to the King of Prussia.'</p>
+
+<p>"When we returned to Paris in the month of January 1838
+M. de Talleyrand was soon deprived of the little exercise
+which he had been able hitherto to take. He sprained his
+foot at the English Embassy, where he was dining, on
+January 27. The winter was very cold, and the douching
+which was ordered for his sprained foot to restore its strength
+gave him a cold. The cold became bronchitis, and he could
+not sleep or eat. Every morning he used to complain of his
+harassing insomnia. 'When one cannot sleep,' he said,
+'one thinks terribly.' Once he added: 'During these long
+nights I recall many events of my life.' 'Can you give
+yourself reasons for them all?' I asked him. 'No,' he said;
+'in truth there are some I do not understand in the least;
+others that I can explain and excuse; and others, too, for which
+I blame myself the more severely as they were performed with
+extreme carelessness, though they have since been my chief
+cause of self-reproach. If I had acted according to any
+system or principle, then I should certainly understand them,
+but my actions were performed without consideration and
+with the carelessness of that age, as was almost everything
+done in our youth.' I told him that it was preferable, in
+my opinion, to have acted thus than as a result of false
+doctrine. He admitted that I was right.</p>
+
+<p>"It was at the end of one of these conversations that your
+letter arrived, M. l'Abb�, the letter that you quote in your
+interesting narrative. He handed it to me to read, and said
+somewhat abruptly: 'If I were to fall seriously ill, I should
+ask for a priest. Do you think the Abb� Dupanloup
+would come?' 'I have no doubt of it,' I replied; 'but he
+could only be of any use to you if you re-entered the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+communion from which you have unfortunately departed.'
+'Yes,' he replied, 'I owe something to Rome, I know well,
+and have thought of it for a long time.' 'For how long?'
+I asked him, surprised, I admit, at this unexpected beginning.
+'Since the last visit of the Archbishop of Bourges to Valen�ay,
+and afterwards when the Abb� Taury came there. I then
+wondered why the Archbishop, who at that time was more
+directly my spiritual pastor, did not open the subject. Why
+did the apostle of Saint-Sulpice never speak to me?'
+'Unfortunately,' I replied, 'they would not have dared.'
+'Yet,' he said, 'I would have welcomed anything of the
+kind.' Deeply moved by such satisfactory words, I took his
+hand, and, standing before him with tears in my eyes, I said:
+'Why wait for any one to open the question? Why not
+take for yourself spontaneously, freely, and nobly the step
+that is at once most honourable to yourself, most consoling
+to the Church and to all right-minded people? I am sure
+that you would find Rome well disposed, while the Archbishop
+of Paris is deeply attached to you; so make the trial.' He
+did not interrupt me, and I was able to go further into
+this delicate and even thorny question, though it was a
+question that I thoroughly understood, as it had been
+repeatedly explained to me by M. de Qu�len, who had
+been anxious to make me realise all its bearings. We
+were interrupted before I had been able to say all I wished,
+but on going to my room I wrote M. de Talleyrand a long
+letter under stress of my deep devotion. He read it with
+that trustfulness with which he was accustomed to rely upon
+my instinct when his reputation and his real interest was at
+stake. So my letter made an impression upon him, though
+he did not tell me so until later, when he gave me a paper
+for M. de Qu�len, of which I will speak afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>"In the month of March 1838 he read a eulogy upon
+M. Reinhard at the Academy of Moral and Political Science.
+His doctor feared the effect upon him of such an enterprise.
+Our attempts to dissuade him were in vain. 'This is my
+last appearance in public,' he said, 'and nothing shall keep
+me back.' He was anxious to use the opportunity for
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174">174</a></span>
+explaining his political doctrines and for showing that they
+were those of an honest man. He even hoped that he would
+be thus of some use to those who proposed to follow a
+diplomatic career. The evening before the meeting he went
+over his speech with me, and said: 'The religion of duty; that
+will please the Abb� Dupanloup.' When we reached the
+passage concerning theological study I interrupted him to
+say: 'Admit that that is intended much rather for yourself
+than for good M. Reinhard.' 'Why, certainly,' he replied,
+'there is no harm in letting the public see my point of
+departure.' 'I am delighted,' I said, 'to see you overshadowing
+the end of your life with the recollections and traditions
+of your early youth.' 'I was sure you would be pleased with
+it,' was his kindly reply.</p>
+
+<p>"M. de Talleyrand bore the strain of this fatiguing
+meeting, where he was successful in every way, remarkably
+well. From the point of view of literature and politics he
+was successful, and also as a nobleman and an honest man.
+When he returned home he at once sent the first proofs of
+his speech to M. de Qu�len and to you. He expected your
+approval, and was touched by it.</p>
+
+<p>"Then his health seemed to improve; he recovered his
+strength, made plans for travel, and talked of Nice for the
+following winter; he felt his powers reviving, and noticed it
+with pleasure. On April 28, however, when he heard of his
+brother's death, who was eight years younger than himself,
+he put his hands before his eyes and said: 'Another warning,
+my dear child. Do you know whether my brother recovered
+his memory before death?' 'Unfortunately not, sir,' I said.
+He then resumed with extreme sadness: 'How dreadful it is
+thus to fall from the most worldly life into dotage, and from
+dotage into death!'</p>
+
+<p>"This painful shock did not check the improvement in his
+health, and we were able to think that he had been restored
+to life. I am the more careful to observe that this was the
+moment, when all idea of an approaching death was far
+away, when he chose to undertake seriously the project of
+submission to the Pope. He drew up a form of declaration
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+without saying anything to me of it, a kind of pleasant
+surprise which he wished to keep for me. One day, when he
+saw me ready to go to Conflans to M. de Qu�len, he drew
+from the drawer of his desk, the desk at which I am now
+writing, a sheet of paper covered on both sides, with erasures
+at several points. 'Here,' he said, 'is something which will
+secure you a hearty reception where you are going. You
+shall tell me what the Archbishop thinks of it.' On my
+return I told him that M. de Qu�len deeply appreciated the
+paper, but wished the statements there expressed to be
+presented in a more canonical form, and intended to send
+him the ecclesiastical formula in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>"You know better than any one, sir, that thus the matter
+was actually carried out. M. de Talleyrand also spoke to me
+on the same day of his intention to write an explanatory
+letter to the Pope when sending him the declaration. He
+went into full details, and insisted upon his willingness to
+speak of Pauline in this letter. He ended by a saying which
+seems to me of considerable importance: 'What I am to do
+should be dated during the week of my speech to the
+Academy. I do not wish people to be able to say that I was
+in my dotage.' This idea was carried out upon his deathbed,
+and was performed as he wished.</p>
+
+<p>"But here I must stop. Attractive as the subject may be,
+your narrative contains full details. Moreover, during my
+uncle's illness I was nothing more than his nurse, and my
+actions were confined to summoning the consolations of your
+presence and to obeying my uncle by reading to him the two
+addresses to Rome before he signed them. I forced myself
+to read them slowly and seriously, because I neither would
+nor could diminish in any way the merit of his action; it was
+necessary that he should thoroughly understand what he
+was about to do. His faculties were too clear, heaven be
+praised, and his attention too concentrated, for any hurried
+or confused reading to have satisfied him. It was for me
+to justify his touching confidence which had induced him to
+wish this important reading to be performed by myself, and
+only the firmness and clearness of my pronunciation could
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+satisfy this condition. He was to be left to the last moment
+in full consciousness of his act and full freedom of his will.
+From this difficult task I have derived the complete indifference
+with which I have afterwards faced any doubts, attacks,
+or calumnies of which I have been the object.</p>
+
+<p>"I can say in the sight of God that there was no ignorance
+or weakness on the part of M. de Talleyrand; there was no
+delusion and no abuse of confidence on my part. His
+generous nature, the recollections of his early youth, his
+family traditions, the wide experience of a long career, the
+example of Pauline, some explanations which I was instructed
+to give him, the confidence with which you were able to inspire
+him, the revelation that comes to every man at the gate of the
+tomb, and above all the infinite mercy of a gracious Providence&mdash;such
+are the reasons which allow us to honour him as
+sincerely in his death as we loved him in his life.</p>
+
+<p>"Carried away by a subject which is near to my heart, I
+have overstepped the limits which I had at first laid down,
+but I have no fear that I have wearied you by recalling your
+attention to details which I know you will value, and which
+for me have the special advantage that they have established,
+M. l'Abb�, between us, a bond which nothing can weaken or
+break.</p>
+
+<p class="signature"><span class="smcap">"Duchesse de Talleyrand</span>,<br />
+<span class="smcap">"Princesse de Courlande."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Heidelberg, August 27, 1838.</em>&mdash;I have been here with my
+daughter since yesterday evening. My sister, the Duchesse
+de Sagan, arrived the previous evening. This morning, at
+six o'clock, faithful to my habits at Baden, I went out while
+my sister and daughter were still asleep, and while recalling
+memories of the place I found the bridge and stopped before
+the statue of the Elector Charles Theodore; I then crossed
+the river and walked upon the banks of the Neckar for three-quarters
+of an hour, with the town upon my left, dominated
+by the old castle. The pretty landscape, with the river valley,
+the position of the town, and even the style of the agriculture,
+reminded me of the hillsides of Amboise and my dear Loire,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177">177</a></span>
+and was pleasantly lighted by the broken rays of a sun
+struggling through light clouds.</p>
+
+<p>I now know who wrote the article upon M. de Talleyrand
+which appeared in the <cite>Gazette</cite> of Augsburg. My sister read
+it in manuscript. The writer was the Minister Schulenburg,
+a clever man, who had seen a great deal of M. de Talleyrand
+in past times. He is a friend of the Vicomtesse de Laval,
+and saw M. de Talleyrand at her house once more when
+he came to Paris eighteen months ago. He is anxious not
+to be known as the author of this article.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 6, 1838.</em>&mdash;I arrived here the day before
+yesterday, and found a letter which told me that as M. Mol�
+had refused to make an alliance with M. Guizot, the latter
+had formed a coalition with M. Thiers. M. Guizot will
+become President of the Chamber of Deputies and M. Thiers
+Prime Minister. All this is to be revealed and settled
+during the discussion upon the Address. I cannot guarantee
+this story. The King is at Eu, and I shall not see the
+Court until I return.</p>
+
+<p>I am just finishing the last work of Villemain.<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[93]</a> The first
+chapter of the second volume deals with Montesquieu; the
+second is a detailed analysis of the <cite>Esprit des Lois</cite>, which is
+much too deep for me. The following chapters summarise the
+bad philosophy of the eighteenth century, as it appears in
+the mouths of its prophets, its votaries, and its adversaries.
+The last part of the volume is devoted to Rousseau, by whose
+charms Villemain seems too obviously to have been overcome.
+I have no kindly feelings for Rousseau, for he was a hypocrite,
+and Voltaire's cynicism is perhaps less disgusting; at any rate,
+Voltaire was not guilty of so many positively bad actions
+as Rousseau, and mere talent in itself is no justification for
+either man.</p>
+
+<p>My children write from Valen�ay saying that the crowd at
+the funeral ceremony was enormous.<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[94]</a> Starting from Blois,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+the procession was joined by the people of all the neighbouring
+settlements on foot, in great sadness, while at night they
+came with torches. On the carriage which bore the coffin of
+M. de Talleyrand and that of my granddaughter, Yolande,
+were H�lie and P�an;<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[95]</a> in the carriage which followed was
+my son Alexandre. All the clergy of the district offered
+their services. My son Valen�ay also sends me the programme
+of the ceremony, which seems very well arranged;
+I especially approve of a large distribution of charity to
+the poor, who should never be forgotten, neither in joy nor
+sorrow.</p>
+
+<p>Before starting, the coffin of M. de Talleyrand was covered
+with black velvet, with silver nails, and bore an escutcheon
+with his arms, his name and distinctions; the coffin of
+Yolande was covered with white velvet. The arrival of the
+funeral procession in the Castle court at Valen�ay, at ten
+o'clock at night in the most beautiful moonlight, is said to
+have been extremely imposing; there was deep silence, broken
+only by the sound of the hearse as it slowly passed the draw-bridge.
+The bodies were placed for the night in the church,
+and watched by the clergy in prayer. The coffin of the Duc de
+Talleyrand, accompanied by the doctor who had attended
+him, arrived two hours later.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 7, 1838.</em>&mdash;The Princesse de Lieven, whom
+I saw yesterday, told me that she no longer receives any
+letters from her husband. She examined me closely as to
+any information I might have gained in Germany concerning
+her Emperor, whom I think she really hates as much as the
+inhabitants of Warsaw can hate him. If, however, she was
+once more within his grasp, or merely out of France, her
+patriotism would be equal to that of any old Muscovite.
+She told me that at Munich the Emperor Nicholas had
+displayed great exasperation with the Russian Minister at
+the enormous expense to which he had gone for the reception
+of the Empress, saying, "Do you wish, then, to increase our
+unpopularity?" She spoke a great deal of the father's carelessness
+with respect to his son's well-being. Apart from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+rapidity of their journey, and the scanty food which the
+father gave him in the course of it, he made the Grand Duke
+continually hold his legs outside the carriage, no matter
+what the weather might be, in order that they should not be
+in his father's way.</p>
+
+<p>I am assured that Queen Victoria, who showed herself so
+anxious to escape from the maternal yoke, is now trying to
+avoid the influence of her uncle, King Leopold.</p>
+
+<p>The Flahaut family have been saying the most horrible
+things at London about the Tuileries, and the Tuileries are
+aware of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>France has abandoned Belgium in the course of the
+negotiations in progress at London, and forces her to yield
+upon all questions of territory, but supports her pecuniary
+claim; between the figures of Leopold and King William
+there is a difference of 16,000,000. The Powers wish to
+compromise, but Leopold objects, and refuses to relax his
+grasp of Limburg until the crowns are paid.</p>
+
+<p>In Spain Queen Christina is trying to make money out of
+everything, and demands a price for every nomination that
+she makes. She thinks only of amassing money and spending
+it quietly out of Spain, for which she may speedily have an
+opportunity. Her sister, whose practical mind has already
+gained her a certain influence here, and who might be able
+to marry her prettiest daughter to the Duc de Nemours,
+is intriguing vigorously against her.</p>
+
+<p>M. Thiers spent three hours with Count Metternich near
+Como, and showed anything but sympathy for Spain during
+the conversation. However, people have not been taken in
+and prejudice remains unaltered.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Bonn�table, September 17, 1838.</em>&mdash;I reached this strange
+place an hour before dinner-time. The country is very
+pretty, but the castle stands at the end of a little town, and
+the only view is the high-road which runs along the moat.
+It is an old manor-house, with heavy turrets, thick walls, and
+the windows few and narrow. There is little in the way of
+furniture or decoration, but it is solid and clean, and the
+necessaries of life of every kind are at hand, from an almorne
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180">180</a></span>
+to a warming-pan. The mistress of the house, an active,
+bustling, good-tempered lady, is largely occupied in most
+charitable work, in which she shows great insight, and really
+leads the life of a Christian widow, on the principles laid
+down by St. Jerome. In short, one is inclined to think
+oneself in a country far away from France and in a century
+quite remote from the nineteenth. Evening prayers are said
+all together at nine o'clock in the chapel, and are read by the
+Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency herself. They moved
+me deeply, especially the prayer for the rest of the departed,
+repeated by one who has survived all her relatives, whether
+older, of her own age, or younger than herself. This prayer
+in the mouth of one who is thus alone, without forefathers
+or posterity, was strangely sad. The other isolated being,
+poor Zo�,<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[96]</a> who repeated the responses, completed the picture
+and the impression, which went to my heart. All the
+servants were present. No more edifying spectacle could be
+seen than that of this great and ancient house. The Duchesse
+is very highly connected, and came to her title through the
+Luynes, who had inherited it by marriage from the Duchesse
+de Nemours, one of whom had married the niece.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Bonn�table, September 18, 1838.</em>&mdash;If the weather were not
+so damp I should find much interest in this place, which is
+quite unique. Mass brings the household together every
+morning at ten o'clock; we do not lunch until eleven o'clock,
+and have then half an hour for walking in the moats, which
+are dry and have been turned into gardens by the care of the
+Duchesse; she also took us for a walk around her kitchen
+garden and the whole of her strange household. After lunch
+we worked round a table at an altar-cloth, while the prior
+read his newspapers aloud. At one o'clock we went to visit
+the fine hospital and the schools founded by the Duchesse;
+everything is perfectly arranged, and much better cared for
+than the castle. There are six beds for men and six for
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181">181</a></span>
+women, a kind of boarding-school for twelve girls, and classes
+for day scholars and the poor, together with a large dispensary.
+This is all in one place, with the necessary outbuildings.
+Eight sisters do the work of the establishment,
+which is really very fine. The Duchesse then made us get
+into an old carriage with worm-eaten lining, but drawn by
+four handsome horses, driven very cleverly four-in-hand by
+one of the coachmen of Charles X. With Madame de
+Montmorency everything is in contrast. She inherited her
+taste for horses from her mother, and indulges herself in that
+respect; she has no taste for carriages, and does not care if the
+one makes the other look shabby. Thus drawn over shocking
+roads, we reached a magnificent forest of full-grown timber,
+where the fine trees are only cut every hundred years. It is
+really beautiful. In the centre of this forest, where six roads
+meet, is a vast clearing; there the Duchesse has built a china
+factory, with all the necessary outbuildings, which is almost
+a village. She has spent a great deal of money on it, and
+admits herself that it is not a lucrative investment, but it
+gives occupation to sixty-eight people, is a reason for a
+pretty walk, and an additional interest for herself. I made
+a few purchases, and Pauline was interested in seeing the
+pottery moulded, fired, painted, and enamelled.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner one of the local clergy called while we spent
+our time in embroidery, as after lunch, and talked of matters
+of local interest. Then came prayers, good-night, and sleep.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Bonn�table, September 19, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday it rained all
+day. No one went out except the clergy, who were going to
+a retreat at Mans, and stopped here to pay their respects to
+the Duchesse. The sisters also came in for their orders.
+The Duchesse is in very good spirits. She has the gift of
+narrative, and kept the conversation going very well throughout
+a long day, without the smallest appearance of ill-nature.
+When I went down to my room she lent me a manuscript
+book of her thoughts. She writes wonderfully, and her
+writing displays a wealth and variety of astonishing description.
+The outpourings of her heart since her husband's
+death are especially touching, and display a tenderness of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+feeling which would hardly be guessed from her outward
+appearance. I shall leave her entirely overcome by the
+warmth of her reception, her fine qualities, and the admirable
+example which she sets here.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, September 27, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a most
+unexpected piece of news which grieved me deeply: Madame
+de Broglie is dead of brain fever, though she was so young,
+at any rate for death&mdash;a year younger than myself&mdash;though
+she was so happy, healthy, beautiful, useful, distinguished,
+and beloved. In one short week she was carried off, though
+prepared for death by her constant goodness. It has been
+no surprise to her.</p>
+
+<p>Almost the same day, but after a longer illness, amid the
+dissipations of too worldly a life, died Lady Elizabeth
+Harcourt. She was of the same age, and also handsome,
+but I think in no way prepared for the dread passage.</p>
+
+<p>With the death of my brother-in-law, the Prince of
+Hohenzollern-Hechingen, I have heard of three deaths
+during the last week. Last month Anatole de Talleyrand
+died; in the month of July Madame de Laval; on May 17
+M. de Talleyrand; on April 28 my father-in-law; in March
+my uncle Medem. In less than seven months eight persons
+have disappeared who were bound to me by ties of blood,
+friendship, or intercourse. Death surrounds me on every
+hand, and I can no longer trust either to the freshness of my
+daughter or to the cares of others; only the goodness of
+God can be infallibly trusted, and on His infinite mercy I
+must rely, and confide my loved ones to His care.</p>
+
+<p>During the last two days of her life Madame de Broglie
+was delirious, and chanted the Psalms so loudly that one
+could hear her from one end of her residence to the other.
+When she was not singing she talked to her brother and
+her daughter who had died years before.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, October 3, 1838.</em>&mdash;I am again in this beautiful
+spot, so rich in memories and so deprived of life and movement.
+I reached here yesterday in the moonlight, which
+suits the place so well, and which M. de Talleyrand always
+pointed out to us with such admiration. It was an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+unpleasant journey: broken carriages, tired horses, bad
+postillions, torn harness, and abominable roads, as they
+are being repaired or constructed afresh; in short, a series
+of petty obstacles, which troubled and vexed us, and made
+us late. M. de Talleyrand's old dog, Carlos, was strangely
+excited at our arrival, and pulled Mlle. Henriette by her
+dress, as if he would say, "Come and help me to look for the
+missing one."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 9, 1838.</em>&mdash;I am now again in Paris, though
+I cannot conceal the fact that a stay in this town makes me
+sadder than ever. How I long for my workmen, my garden,
+the soft skies of Touraine, the quiet of the country, the
+restfulness of the fields, time to think and to reflect, of
+which I am here deprived by constant business and worry!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 12, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to the Convent
+of the Sacr� C&oelig;ur, where I stayed a long time with the
+Archbishop of Paris. He gave me an exact translation of
+the letter of secularisation sent by Pius VII. to M. de
+Talleyrand. It is a curious document, and shows that even
+though M. de Talleyrand, with his habitual carelessness, had
+mistaken the text, the general sense had been known to him,
+and that he had every reason to say that Rome could not be
+too exacting without self-contradiction. As, however, the
+letter had preceded the marriage of M. de Talleyrand, and
+as that marriage was not authorised by the Church, it was
+actually necessary for him to retract. This was done <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in verba
+generalia</i>, as Rome admitted, and so every one should be
+satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>When I returned home I gave orders that I should not be
+disturbed during the evening, and busied myself in putting
+the papers that I had found at M. de Talleyrand's house into
+some order. I shall complete this work only by degrees, for
+it causes me keen emotion. For instance, I came upon a
+note which M. de Talleyrand sent to me from his room to
+mine on February 6, 1837,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[97]</a> in which he told me that at his
+supreme hour his only anxiety would be my future and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184">184</a></span>
+my happiness. I cannot say how this scrap of paper has
+agitated me.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 13, 1838.</em>&mdash;M. de Montrond came to see me
+yesterday. He showed himself extremely kind and soothing;
+but the true nature of things peeps out invariably, and
+towards the end of his call, which had been spent in expressions
+of regret for M. de Talleyrand's death, he let fall a
+phrase to this effect: "Do you propose to become a lady of
+the Faubourg Saint-Germain?" I was able to reply that
+I had no need to do anything of the kind, that my position
+was plain: a lady of rank and independent means, unwilling
+to sacrifice my opinions here or my position there; too
+deeply attached to the memory of M. de Talleyrand not to
+be on good terms with the Tuileries, and too good company
+not to live happily with my family and my own friends. He
+replied that I had not forgotten to speak like M. de
+Talleyrand himself. Then he rose, took my hand, and asked
+me if I would not be kind to him, saying that he was alone
+in the world, that he was very anxious for opportunities to
+talk of M. de Talleyrand with me sometimes, and then he
+began to weep like a child. I told him that he would always
+find me ready to listen to him, and to reply, if he spoke of
+M. de Talleyrand, a subject of inexhaustible interest to
+myself. Human nature is remarkable in its great diversity
+and its astonishing contrasts.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 17, 1838.</em>&mdash;I have only had two satisfactory
+incidents since my return: the arrival of my son Valen�ay,
+who is so good to me, and a long conversation with the Abb�
+Dupanloup, which went on yesterday for two hours at my
+house. Our minds are in sympathy, and, what is better, we
+are marvellously alert to divine one another's feelings, and
+both noticed it, owing to the strange and rapid coincidence
+of our expressions. He has a rapidly working mind, and for
+that reason pleased M. de Talleyrand, while with him one
+is never embarrassed or hampered, and transitional ideas
+are never clogged; his clearness of mind is never marked
+by dryness, because he has a sweet and most affectionate
+soul. My long intercourse with M. de Talleyrand has made
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+it difficult for ordinary people to get on with me; I meet
+minds which seem slow, diffuse, and ill-developed; they are
+always putting on the brake, like people going downhill;
+I have spent my life with my shoulder to the wheel in uphill
+work. In M. de Talleyrand's lifetime I took more pleasure
+in the society of others, because I fully enjoyed my own
+society with him; perhaps also because I sometimes felt the
+need of rest at some lower elevation. But to-day I feel that
+I am being overcome, in a moral sense, by what the English
+call creeping paralysis; in short, yesterday I was able to
+spread my wings for a moment, and it did me good. I complained
+to him of the want of system in my life, of the
+weariness and oppression which were the result of overstrain.
+He spoke of my reading, and told me that he thought I
+should be deeply attracted by patristic literature; he promised
+to sketch out a little course of reading for me within
+my range. He is no inquisitive or indiscreet converter of
+souls; he is a good and intelligent man, a pure and lofty
+soul, discreet and moderate, whose influence can never be
+anything but wise, gentle, and restrained.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 18, 1838.</em>&mdash;The Princess Christian of
+Denmark, who is at this moment at Carlsruhe, is no longer
+young; but fifteen years ago, when she came to Paris, she
+was very pretty; her complexion, hair, and shoulders were
+especially beautiful. Her features were less striking, and
+those are the most permanent elements in beauty. I know
+that she and her husband have retained a very kindly feeling
+for the present royal family of France. Princess Christian
+is the granddaughter of the unfortunate Queen Mathilda
+of Denmark. Prince Christian's first wife was a mad woman
+with dreadful manners.<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[98]</a> She went to Rome for refuge and
+to join the Catholic Church, and there she plunged into the
+most ridiculous mummeries. Her husband adored her, and
+if the King of Denmark had not insisted upon a separation
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186">186</a></span>
+Prince Christian would have remained under her yoke. He
+still corresponds with her, and has never ceased to regret her
+loss. The present Princess Christian, though prettier, is
+quite sensible, but has never had much influence with her
+husband, owing, it is said, to the fact that she has no
+children. The first wife was the mother of Prince Frederick,
+who is an exile in Jutland.</p>
+
+<p><em>Paris, October 20, 1838.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went with Pauline
+to the Com�die-Fran�aise to hear Mlle. Rachel, who is
+now causing so great a sensation. I was not at all pleased.
+They all acted very badly, though Mlle. Rachel is not so
+bad as the rest. They played <cite>Andromaque</cite>, in which she
+took the part of Hermione, the part of irony, scorn, and
+disdain. She went through it accurately and intelligently,
+but there is no sympathy or attraction in her acting. She
+has a thin voice, is neither pretty nor beautiful, but very
+young, and might become an excellent actress if she had
+good training. The rest of the company is wretched. I was
+very bored, and returned home benumbed.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 21, 1838.</em>&mdash;The Duchesse de Palmella, whom
+I saw yesterday, told me a strange thing. She said that the
+Duke of Leuchtenberg, the first husband of Queen Do�a
+Maria, had never been her husband; that on his arrival in
+Portugal he was attacked with scurvy, which made him contagious
+and greatly disgusted his wife, who adores the little
+Coburg. She is now expecting her confinement.</p>
+
+<p>With Pauline I called upon the Duchesse d'Orl�ans,
+who seemed to have recovered very well from her confinement.
+Her child, which she was kind enough to show us,
+is really charming. She has every reason to be as proud
+of him as she is.</p>
+
+<p>We came home for an audience granted me by the Infanta
+Carlotta, the wife of Don Francisco. Like myself, they are
+both staying in the Galliffet residence.<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[99]</a> It was a curious
+interview. The Infanta is a much bolder figure than
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187">187</a></span>
+Madame de Zea, and much taller. She is very fair, with
+a face which, though washed out, is none the less stern, with
+a rough manner of speaking. I felt very ill at ease with her,
+although she was very courteous. Her husband is red-haired
+and ugly, and the whole tribe of little Infantas, boys and
+girls, are all utterly detestable. The eldest of the princesses
+is well brought up, inclined to talk, and graciously took
+notice of Pauline. In my opinion, this Infanta would be
+a most unpleasant Sovereign.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, October 31, 1838.</em>&mdash;During the last two days I have
+seen a great deal of the Comtesse de Castellane. She speaks
+of only one thing which she wants, and for which she is
+working with incredible energy. I cannot complain, as her
+efforts show how much she thinks of my daughter, to whom
+she wishes to marry the young Henri de Castellane. Yesterday
+I went to consult the Archbishop on the point. He, as
+well as the Abb� Dupanloup, seems to think that of all the
+possible openings that have hitherto appeared Henri de
+Castellane would offer the best chance of domestic happiness,
+by reason of his personal merits. Both of them say that
+Pauline ought to choose for herself, after due examination.
+Examination requires acquaintanceship; to become
+acquainted they must see one another; and to see one
+another they must meet. And so I have reached a new
+phase in my life, when I am obliged to give a young man
+the run of my house in order to see what he is worth. I
+have known M. de Castellane personally for many years,
+but I have lost sight of him for a long time; besides, he is
+going to marry Pauline, and not me. He is clever and well-educated,
+hard-working, and, I think, ambitious. He is very
+correct and polite, lives a retired life, and goes only into the
+best society; he is a good son and a good brother, has an
+excellent name, but no title at present, and no prospect;
+has few family ties, and wishes to live in the same house as
+myself at Paris, though with a separate establishment. He
+is respectful to his mother, but not on confidential terms
+with her; wishes to have a religious wife, though he does
+not practise the forms of religion himself. He is to have
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188">188</a></span>
+twenty thousand francs income when he marries, and thirty
+thousand more from his grandmother. He has a childless
+uncle who is worth forty-two millions. For the moment the
+uncle will not give or promise or guarantee anything, but
+he is very anxious for the marriage, and as he is eccentricity
+personified he may come down handsomely some day. The
+Abb� Dupanloup advises me to speak to Pauline on the
+subject without any constraint, and also to tell her of other
+proposals made for her hand. She does not like Jules de
+Clermont-Tonnerre, and thinks he looks vulgar; the Duc de
+Saulx-Tavannes horrifies her&mdash;as a matter of fact he has the
+figure of an elephant, while there is madness in the family on
+both sides. The Duc de Guiche is not yet nineteen years of
+age, has no property whatever, a number of brothers and
+sisters, a rather foolish mother, while his family are always
+in extremities. The Marquis de Biron is very rich and a
+good fellow; he is a childless widower, but extremely stupid,
+and a red-hot Carlist. Pauline has recently seen M. de
+Castellane on two occasions, and likes him greatly; but she
+says she would like to know more of him, to make certain of
+his principles and belief. I tell her that there is no hurry,
+that she can very well wait, and that in any case I shall not
+consent to any marriage taking place until our business
+affairs have been wound up, the will declared, and the anniversary
+of the 17th of May over. This is understood, though
+the parties would like a promise to be given before that
+date, without celebrating the marriage. I can also understand
+that they would like to make certain of Pauline, but I
+do not propose to have our throats cut in that way. Madame
+Ad�la�de, who is much afraid that Pauline's marriage might
+prevent her from going to the Tuileries, is a warm supporter
+of M. de Castellane. She let me know that M. de Talleyrand,
+to her knowledge, had thought of him. This is true, but he
+was more inclined to M. de M�rode, though family arrangements
+made the proposal impossible; besides, Pauline likes
+M. de Castellane much better than M. de M�rode. Another
+who has been mentioned to me is Elie de Gontaut, the
+younger brother of the Marquis of Saint-Blancard, but he is
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+a young fop, and, though rich, his position as younger
+brother is very pronounced, and that would not please
+Pauline. In short, there is a perfect crowd of suitors, and
+I do not know to whom I should listen. One point is
+certain, and I shall make it perfectly clear: that Pauline
+herself will have to make the choice.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[100]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190">190</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="medium">CHAPTER IV<br />
+1840</h2>
+
+<p>The Duchesse de Sagan, eldest sister of the Duchesse de
+Talleyrand, had died in the winter of 1840. A number of
+business difficulties were involved by the disposal of her
+property, and the Duchesse de Talleyrand resolved upon a
+journey to Prussia, which she had not visited since her
+marriage. She was accompanied by her eldest son, M. de
+Valen�ay, while her correspondent, M. de Bacourt, who had
+been appointed French Minister to the United States, went
+to take up his new post at Washington, where he remained
+for several years.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Amiens, May 16, 1840.</em>&mdash;I cannot say with what fear I
+think of my departure from Paris this morning and of the
+real trials upon which we are to enter. I am now on the
+way to Germany, while you are starting for America.<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[101]</a> But
+to return to my journey of to-day: the roads are heavy, the
+postillions brought us along rather badly, and we did not
+arrive here until nine o'clock in the evening. I have read a
+good deal of the life of Cardinal Ximenes. It is a sober and
+a serious book, correctly written, but cold, and progress in it
+is difficult. I do not, however, regret my trouble with it, for
+I know but little of this great character, and he is worth
+studying.</p>
+
+<p>The country is beautifully green and fresh, with bushy
+vegetation. We had pleasant weather, in spite of a few
+showers, but twenty times I told myself that travelling was
+the most foolish of all professions; to be carried along these
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+interminable roads, bumped upon their rough surface,
+delivered to the tender mercies of postillions, fleeing from all
+one loves, going as rapidly as possible towards things and
+people who are quite uninteresting; thus spending one's life
+as though it were eternal, and only realising its shortness
+when it is at an end.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Lille, May 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;This morning before leaving Amiens
+we heard mass in the fine cathedral. The 17th of May is
+a date of special import to myself. I gave myself some
+credit for going to mass so far from the house of the rector
+of the Academy, M. Martin, with whom we put up; then
+it was raining hard, and the Picard streets are very dirty and
+the pavement detestable.</p>
+
+<p>The cathedral is really magnificent; strength, grace, and
+boldness are combined; stained-glass windows alone are wanting,
+as the light is too bright. I prayed with all my heart
+for the dead and for the living, and for the travellers who are
+to entrust themselves to the sea or traverse unknown lands.</p>
+
+<p>On the road from Amiens to this town I read the <cite>Diable
+boiteux</cite>, the merits of which do not attract me in the least.
+The stories are too monotonous and uninteresting, and the
+constant tone of mockery and satire, which is not supported
+by the fine verse of Boileau, quite disgusted me. However,
+I have read it, and am glad it is over. I now know the
+nature of this book, which has had a certain reputation.</p>
+
+<p>We had a better journey than yesterday. Our servants
+have gone to the office to arrange for to-morrow's journey,
+which will be complicated by the Belgian railways. After
+the mediocrity of Amiens and Arras, where I had some
+broth this morning, Lille strikes one as a large if not a
+great town, but I must admit that at present my travelling
+curiosity is benumbed and my interest remarkably dull.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Li�ge, May 18, 1840.</em>&mdash;We have been fourteen mortal
+hours on the journey from Lille to this town, notwithstanding
+the help of the railway. The fact is that to make
+use of the railway it is necessary to make a round of twenty
+leagues, which considerably diminishes the advantage of it.
+From Courtrai one must go up to Gand, touch Malines, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192">192</a></span>
+then to Li�ge by Louvain and Tirlemont. A vast amount
+of time is wasted in stoppages at the numerous stations.
+Moreover, if one takes one's own carriage time is required to
+put it on a truck and take it off again, while the expense for
+the freight of carriages is so heavy that nothing is saved by
+the railway. It is certainly a marvellous invention, and the
+machinery is interesting. All is worked with perfect punctuality
+and order, but at the same time it is an unpleasant way
+of travelling, to my taste. There is no time to see anything;
+for instance, we passed along the outer walls of several
+towns which I should have liked to examine; we did not even
+pass through villages, but went straight across country, with
+no other event than occasional tunnels, cold and damp, in
+which the smoke of the engine becomes thick enough to choke
+one. Even though the wind carries away the smoke, it and
+the rattling of the engine would make you imagine yourself
+upon a steamboat. Imagination was the easier in my case as
+sickness and a certain stupefaction never left me. In short, I
+arrived worn out and more and more displeased with the
+fatigues and weariness of my enterprise. At Menin we were
+told to get out in a bitter wind to be searched by the Custom
+House officials; only when the examination was half over did
+they ask for our passports; upon seeing our rank the Inspector
+of Customs checked the ardour of his subordinates and allowed
+us to go. The fortress of Menin is most carefully kept, and
+as clean and well restored as it can be; and yet, if I am not
+wrong, I think that our protocols had required its destruction.</p>
+
+<p>I was struck with great admiration for the wealth and the
+good cultivation of all Belgium, and if I had been able to
+satisfy my taste for old buildings by visiting Ghent, Malines,
+and other places I should have been consoled.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Bergheim, May 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;To travel from Li�ge to
+Cologne would have been too long a day, so we are sleeping
+here in a very clean little inn, though we have no means
+of warming ourselves, in spite of the fact that the wind is
+icy. It is something of a hardship to be forced to go
+without a fire or to be suffocated by a cast-iron stove. I
+am undoubtedly a very ungrateful daughter of Germany,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193">193</a></span>
+as I find numberless material discomforts which I did not
+suspect in past years, but which now cause me considerable
+exasperation.</p>
+
+<p>I was greatly struck by the delightful country through
+which we passed on the road from Li�ge to Aix-la-Chapelle
+by way of Verviers. Chaudfontaine especially is a charming
+spot. The direct road would have been through Battice,
+but this road is out of use and repair, and we were directed
+from Li�ge to Verviers. The richness and beauty of the
+countryside, the activity of the factories, and the river
+valleys made the scene entirely animated and agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>I was struck by the changed appearance of Aix-la-Chapelle.
+Although the watering season had not yet commenced, the
+town was as animated as possible; there are plenty of fine
+shops and new houses. At the same time I should not care
+to take the waters there, as there is nothing countrified about
+the place, and the walks are all too distant. To-day I read
+a large part of a book by the Pr�sident de Brosses, <cite>Italy
+a Hundred Years Ago</cite>. It is written with vigour and cheerfulness,
+wit and fancy, but the spirit of the eighteenth
+century and the writer's peculiar cynicism are obvious at
+every page.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Cologne, May 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;We have reached here so early
+that we have decided to travel another dozen leagues to-day,
+after seeing Frau von Binzer, changing our money, and buying
+some eau de Cologne. How cold it is here! The change
+of climate becomes more and more perceptible.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Elberfeld, May 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;Frau von Binzer is an extremely
+ugly person, but cheerful, sensible, clever, and very loyal.
+She spent last year with my sister, the Duchesse de Sagan,
+and had only left her for six weeks when she was overtaken
+by death. She wept bitterly in speaking of my sister, and
+assured me that her death was a happy deliverance; that
+she was so sad, so wearied, irritated, and disgusted with
+everything that her temperament had visibly changed.
+She seems to have had fits of actual despair, to have
+suffered a great deal during the last weeks, and to have
+had several presentiments of her death. She made her will
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194">194</a></span>
+on the evening before her last journey to Italy, in the course
+of five minutes, while she had some friends in the house taking
+tea. She told Frau von Binzer what she was doing, to her
+great astonishment. She had intended to make another will,
+but death came upon her as a punishment for her dilatoriness.
+Frau von Binzer was so grieved at the rapidity of our departure
+from Cologne that I could not refuse to take lunch with
+her. She lives a long way from the hotel where I had put
+up, and I therefore had a considerable walk to her house
+and back. My walk was prolonged because she insisted
+upon taking me out of my way to show me the Stock
+Exchange, an old and curious house of the Templars, the
+Town Hall, with its curious tower and doorway, and the
+cathedral, which the Crown Prince of Prussia has taken
+under his patronage, and which is being rapidly restored;
+the results will be admirable. We stopped for a moment
+in front of the Church of St. Mary of the Capitol, where
+Alpaide, the mother of Charles Martel, is buried. We also
+looked at two houses belonging to old aristocratic families
+in the time of the Hansa, which are in Byzantine style.
+At the same time Cologne is a very ugly town, and
+the Rhine is by no means beautiful at the spot where we
+crossed it.</p>
+
+<p>Here we are, twelve leagues from Cologne, in the prettiest
+town conceivable, which reminds one of Verviers; the country
+about it is also pretty, and somewhat Belgian in character.
+All is clean and well cared for. The Prussian roads are
+truly admirable, the postillions go much better, and the
+horses are kept in good condition. In this respect and in
+many others the country has undergone a remarkable
+change. At the same time the iron stoves, the beds, and
+the food cause me discomfort. The railway is progressing,
+and it is intended to continue the line to Berlin. The work
+is being pushed on with great rapidity, and from Li�ge
+nothing is to be seen but navvies, machinery, and other
+preparations for this transformation scene.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Mersheden, May 21, 1840.</em>&mdash;We reached Arnberg at five
+o'clock. This seemed a little early to finish our stage, so we
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195">195</a></span>
+continued our journey for six leagues more. Now we are in
+a typical village inn, but fairly clean, and with very obliging
+people. We might have found better accommodation at the
+next stage, but I could not bring myself to expose the
+servants any longer to the frightful weather. I have rarely
+seen any more dreadful; hail, rain, blasts, and storms all
+came down upon us. None the less I noticed that we were
+passing through country almost as pretty as that which we
+saw yesterday. It reminded me at times of the valley of
+Baden and of the narrower valley of Wildbad. I am still
+reading the <cite>Italy</cite> of the President de Brosses, which is
+amusing, but not entirely attractive. I will copy two
+passages which seem to me fairly applicable to our present
+mode of life: "Generally speaking, the inconveniences and
+the causes of impatience during a long journey are so many
+that one should avoid the further vexation of economy in
+small matters. It is certainly hard to be cheated, but we
+should satisfy our self-esteem by telling ourselves that we are
+cheated willingly and because we are too lazy to be angry."
+That is a piece of advice which I am inclined to practise
+too often. Here is the other passage which also suits my
+case: "In foreign countries we should be on our guard
+against satisfaction of the sight and weariness of the heart.
+There is as much as you please to amuse your curiosity,
+but no social resources. You are living only with people
+who have no interest in you or you in them, and however
+kind they are, it is impossible for either party to go to
+the trouble of discovering interest in the other when
+each knows that they are ready to part and never to meet
+again."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Cassel, May 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;The weather to-day was as bad as
+yesterday, and the country not so pretty. Cassel is quite as
+small a town as Carlsruhe, and looks even less like a residential
+city. The suburbs especially are very poor. I found
+nothing to admire but a hill covered with magnificent oak-trees,
+which took us a long time both to ascend and descend.
+I feel the cold most bitterly, and everything here is so late
+that the lilac is hardly in flower.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196">196</a></span>
+On arriving I sent for newspapers, in which I saw an
+account of the long-delayed visit of the Hereditary Grand
+Duke of Russia to Mannheim. Poor Grand Duchess
+Stephanie! A year ago such a visit would have been an
+event; to-day it is mere empty courtesy, and it must have
+cost her an effort to receive it graciously. The only matter
+of interest to me in the newspaper was the bad account given,
+with no attempt at concealment, of the King of Prussia's
+health. This slow illness must change all the habits of the
+royal family and of Berlin society. I shall certainly not
+regret the entertainments, but I shall be sorry to be unable
+to pay my respects to the King, who was very kind to me in
+my youth.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Nordhausen, May 23, 1840.</em>&mdash;It did not rain to-day, but
+it is cold enough for frost. To-morrow we have forty-one
+leagues to travel if we are to reach Wittenberg, a severe
+task which seems to me impossible. Fortunately we have
+done with the roads and the postillions of Hesse, which
+have remained faithful to the old Germanic aberrations.
+In Prussia both the posting system and the roads are
+excellent, the villages and their inhabitants look greatly
+superior, but for the last twenty-four hours, though the
+country is not precisely ugly, it has lost the richness
+and attractiveness which struck me on the road from Lille
+to Arnberg.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Wittenberg, May 24, 1840.</em>&mdash;Forty-two leagues in twenty-four
+hours in a country where no one knows what going
+ahead means, is really excellent progress.</p>
+
+<p>This town is an old acquaintance of my youth. When we
+used to go from Berlin to Saxony and from Saxony to Berlin,
+Wittenberg was always the second halt, for at that time
+macadamised roads were unknown. Progress was made at
+a walking pace, ploughing through deep sand. To-morrow
+I expect to cover twenty-seven leagues in nine or ten hours,
+which occupied two days in those earlier times. From
+Nordhausen to this point the country is ugly, and the
+inevitable pine-tree forests have reappeared. The cradle
+of my youth was certainly far from beautiful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197">197</a></span>
+My curiosity was aroused by Eisleben and Halle, through
+which we passed. The former of these towns was Luther's
+birthplace. His house is well preserved, and there is a small
+museum there of all kinds of things relating to him and
+to the Reformation. I only saw the outside of the house,
+which is of no special interest, but at the door I bought
+a small description of Eisleben and its curiosities, which
+has made me quite learned.</p>
+
+<p>Halle is very ugly, in spite of a few Gothic exteriors,
+past which I drove. Moreover, these university towns have
+invariably a character of their own, which is provided
+by the crowd of wretched students, with their noise and
+want of manners, who loaf about the carriages, with long
+pipes in their mouths, and seem quite ready to cause a
+disturbance.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;The rain has been coming down
+again all day, and my re-entry to my native town was made
+under no agreeable auspices. Fortunately I had no reason
+to regret that the countryside was not in sunshine, for the
+scenery from Wittenberg here is atrocious. I had forgotten
+to some extent my native land, and was surprised to find it
+so hideous. However, I must make an exception of the
+bridge of Potsdam, which is really pretty. The bank of the
+Havel is bright and graceful with the wooded slopes which
+surround it, covered as they are with pretty country houses.
+Even Potsdam, which is only a summer residence, looks more
+like a capital town than Cassel, Stuttgart, or Carlsruhe; but
+half a league further on everything is as dry and dismal
+as possible, until the suburbs of Berlin, which gave me a
+real surprise on the side from which we reached the town.
+This happened to be an English quarter, with iron gateways
+before the houses, and a number of gardens between
+the gateways and the houses, which are small, but very well
+kept.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin itself is a handsome town, but thinly populated,
+while as regards carriages, cabs are the dominant feature, and
+sadness is therefore its chief characteristic. I am staying at
+the Russicher Hof. Opposite is the Castle; a pretty bridge
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198">198</a></span>
+and the museum on the left; on the right are the quays. It
+is a pleasant aspect, and my room on the first floor is almost
+too magnificent.</p>
+
+<p>My man of business, Herr von Wolff, told me that the
+King's condition was regarded as desperate, and that yesterday
+he sent for his eldest son, and entrusted him with the business
+of government. The scene is said to have been very touching.
+The King's illness is intestinal catarrh, which seems incurable.
+It is also said that he has had the deplorable privilege of bad
+doctors in Berlin, where the doctors are excellent. He can
+take no food, and is visibly wasting away; but death is not
+thought to be imminent. The day before yesterday he
+walked as far as his window to see the troops march past,
+and those who saw him were horrified by the change in his
+appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The whole town is in sadness, and the royal family in
+despair. The Princess of Liegnitz is quite as ill as the King,
+with severe gastritis, and is thought to be in great danger.</p>
+
+<p>M. Bresson, who has just spent an hour with me, is in
+despair at the King's condition. He will see no one except
+the Princess of Liegnitz, his doctors, and the Prince of
+Wittgenstein. He has seen the Crown Prince for a moment,
+but none of his other children, and says he feels too weak
+to see any one else. A messenger has just been despatched
+to the Russian Empress, to stop her progress at Warsaw,
+where she is to arrive to-morrow. The King would be in no
+condition to bear this interview, much less the lamentable
+scenes which the Emperor Nicholas would certainly make.
+The Empress is also said to be in a very sad way. This
+approaching death will be a great blow, which will re-echo
+near and far.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 26, 1840.</em>&mdash;I slept fairly well. My bed is
+not quite so narrow or so extraordinary as some that I have
+found on the journey from Cologne to Berlin. Unless one is
+prepared to sleep on nothing but feathers, nothing is to be
+found but thin, hard mattresses nailed on to deal boards.
+The bedclothes are of a remarkable character, while the sheets
+look like towels. I had several of them sewn together, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199">199</a></span>
+thus succeeded in covering my bed. As regards bedrooms,
+Germany is undoubtedly in a state of savagery, even more so
+than with regard to food, which is extraordinary enough at
+times, though in Berlin even M. de Valen�ay admits that it is
+good. The cleanliness is perfect, and the furniture tasteful.
+There are carpets everywhere, and the iron stoves are replaced
+by fine porcelain stoves, which give no smell and heat the
+room excellently, but it is disappointing to be forced to use
+them on the 26th of May. M. Bresson utters terrible groans
+about the climate.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not strange that I should have felt no emotion whatever
+upon re-entering this town where I was born and where
+I was largely brought up? I examined it with the same
+curiosity as I felt towards Cologne and Cassel, and that was
+all. I have no feeling of that special patriotism which I
+have long felt for Germany. I am a complete stranger both
+to things and people, entirely unconnected with the place,
+speaking the language with some hesitation; in short, I am
+not at home, or rather ill at my ease, and ashamed at being
+so. I do not think it would be thus if I were to return to
+London. I do not think I should then be delighted; I
+should probably burst into tears; but at any rate I should
+feel some emotion, as I feel at Valen�ay. I am less afraid of
+that which stirs my feelings than of that which freezes them.</p>
+
+<p>Everything goes on here so early that one must be ready
+at dawn. Waking up is nothing, but getting up is difficult.
+I am extremely tired, even more than when travelling,
+because when once ensconced in my carriage, which is very
+soft, I can rest in silence, inaction, and sleep, whereas here
+things are very different.</p>
+
+<p>My man of business from Silesia was at my house at nine
+o'clock. He is going away this evening to make preparations
+for my arrival. At eleven o'clock Herr and Frau von Wolff
+came in. They told me that the Duke of Coburg was
+negotiating to buy the estate of Muskau from Prince P�ckler
+for his sister, the Grand Duchess Constantine. The garden
+of Muskau is said to be the most beautiful in Germany. It
+is only ten leagues from my house.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200">200</a></span>
+M. Bresson came in at midday to tell me that there was
+some improvement in the King, that he had been able to
+take some soup and to walk round his room. He urged me
+at the same time not to put off my calls upon the chief
+ladies of the Princesses.</p>
+
+<p>Midday is the fashionable hour for calls here, so I started
+off with M. de Valen�ay. First we went to the Countess of
+Reede at the Castle. She is the chief lady of the Crown
+Princess, and was an intimate friend of my mother. She was
+not at home, nor was the Baroness of Lestocq, lady-in-waiting
+to the Princess William, the King's sister-in-law. We also
+went to the Countess of Wincke at the King's palace to call
+upon the Princess of Liegnitz. She is an old lady belonging
+to the palace of the late Queen, of which I retained some
+confused idea from my youth. She received us with an
+old aristocratic air which pleased me. The Countess of
+Schweinitz, at the new palace of Prince William, the King's
+son, was also at home. Countess Kuhneim, at the Teutonic
+Palace, where the Princess Charles of Prussia resides, was
+out.</p>
+
+<p>Frau von Schweinitz told me that Prince William was to
+start to-morrow to meet his sister, the Empress of Russia,
+and to stop her from coming here. We also went to see the
+Werthers, who were delighted to talk of Paris; and then to
+the house of Madame de Perponcher, with whom I played
+a great deal in my youth. She was not at home.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin is really a very fine town. The streets are wide and
+laid out in regular lines, the houses are tall and regular,
+there are many palaces and fine buildings, fine squares with
+trees, gardens and walks, and yet it is gloomy. There is
+obviously a lack of wealth to fill the fine setting. The
+carriages of private individuals are so much like cabs that
+I was deceived by the resemblance for some time. The
+horses and liveries and everything of the kind are dreadfully
+shabby.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday we dined with M. Bresson, who lives in a
+beautiful house which my sister the Duchess of Acerenza
+occupied in past years. The rooms are fine and beautifully
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201">201</a></span>
+furnished for Berlin, but spoilt by a horrible portrait of the
+French King, whose hand is stretched over a vast charter&mdash;quite
+an atrocity! The other guests were von Humboldt,
+Lord William Russell, and M. de Loy�re, who is attached to
+the French Embassy. Herr von Humboldt talked in his
+usual style of all the rivers, all the mountains, all the
+planets, and of the whole universe. He did not forget his
+neighbours, whom he did not treat with superlative charity.
+Princess Albert seemed to me to be very much in his bad
+books, and also to some extent in those of M. Bresson.
+Lord William Russell is always taciturn, as a Russell should
+be. He says he is not displeased with his position, and
+anything that separates him from Lady Russell always suits
+his taste. As for M. Bresson, he is obviously bored, and
+the nine years he has spent here have completely exhausted
+his patience. I think that he greatly fears the approaching
+death of the King as likely to affect his position. He
+complains of the effects of the climate, and is obviously
+beating against his bars.</p>
+
+<p>In the middle of this dinner Princess William, the King's
+daughter-in-law, asked me to wait upon her at half-past six.
+I therefore went. She lives in a charming palace, beautifully
+arranged; the conservatories are decorated with marble,
+the floors are magnificent, and the furniture is beautiful; in
+short, the whole is in exquisite taste. The Princess was
+alone, and received me most graciously. I stayed a long
+time.</p>
+
+<p>The general fear of a visit from the Russian Imperial
+family is very curious. The royal family is preoccupied
+with the business of avoiding anything of the kind, and use
+a thousand devices for the purpose. They seem to be afraid
+of them as of a devastating torrent.</p>
+
+<p>I have just had a call from Madame de Perponcher. Her
+queenly bearing and her regular features have survived the
+passing of her youth. She is a clever woman, and her
+conversation is animated.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 27, 1840.</em>&mdash;A special luxury in Berlin, to be
+found in all the houses belonging to people of importance,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202">202</a></span>
+are the wide windows, which light the rooms brilliantly, and
+give a bright appearance to the houses.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I had a private audience of the Crown
+Princess, who lives in a part of the Castle properly so called.
+Her large private room is handsome and curious. The
+Princess is very polite, but a little cold and timid, with
+beautiful blue eyes, a dull complexion, strong and by no
+means attractive features; she limps a little. The conversation
+became animated upon the arrival of the Crown
+Prince. He showed me great cordiality, and had just come
+from the King, who was perceptibly better. This improvement
+has revived all their spirits, but there is still a grave
+reason for anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>I dined with Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law;
+her husband has delayed his departure. At dinner there
+were the Crown Prince and Princess, and the two Princes of
+W�rtemberg, the sons of Prince Paul; the latter are starting
+to-morrow to meet their sister, the Grand Duchess Helena,
+who is going to Ems, and then to Italy. The other guests
+were Prince George of Hesse, brother of the Duchess of
+Cambridge; a Russian general and an English officer who
+had come to look at the man&oelig;uvres; Werther, his wife, and
+his son, who is going to Paris to take the place of Arnim till
+the new appointment is made; and the Count and Countess
+of Redern. The Countess is a Hamburg heiress, entirely ugly;
+she looks like a blonde Jewess, which is to be ugly twice over.</p>
+
+<p>I sat near the Crown Prince, who asked me many questions
+about Versailles, and was then interested in all the recollections
+of our youth; he has grown very stout and old.</p>
+
+<p>At seven o'clock in the evening I was requested to visit
+Princess Albert, and invited to stay for tea and supper. It is
+impossible to imagine anything which takes up so much time
+as Court life here. The only satisfactory point is that everyone
+withdraws before ten o'clock at night; but at that time
+one is more exhausted than one would be at two o'clock
+in the morning at Paris.</p>
+
+<p>I think that of all the persons I have seen here Princess
+Albert has filled me with the greatest curiosity and interest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203">203</a></span>
+At first I thought her face long and narrow, her mouth large,
+and the lower part of her face, when she laughed, very ugly,
+while the want of eyebrows was remarkable; but by degrees
+I have grown used to her, and find her actually pleasant.
+Her teeth are white, she has a cheerful laugh and lively eyes,
+her figure is pretty, and she is tall, like myself; but it is too
+obvious that she laces very tightly, which is the more noticeable
+as she is never at rest; she wriggles, gesticulates, laughs,
+fidgets, and talks somewhat at random; she never crosses a
+room except at a run and a skip, and does not shine in point
+of dignity of bearing, but on the whole she is by no means
+unpleasant, and I think that men might find her somewhat
+attractive. She was very kind to me, with a frankness and
+good-nature in putting her questions as if she had always
+known me, and poking fun right and left at her family to
+begin with; she astonished me greatly. The fact is that
+she is a spoilt child, accustomed to do and say anything
+she likes, and is regarded here as quite beyond restraint.
+She goes away to The Hague when her family would like her
+to stay in Berlin, and comes back when they think she intends
+to make a long stay in Holland. In short, she is a
+strange being. Her husband is very delicate. Their palace,
+though pretty outside, seemed to me rather poor within. At
+her house I saw no one except the Princess of W�rtemberg,
+Madame de Perponcher (reasons of etiquette forbid her to
+receive M. de Perponcher, as the Diplomatic Body are
+excluded from royal residences), Herr von Liebermann,
+Prussian Minister at St. Petersburg, and the Prince and
+Princess William, the King's son, who arrived late.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot be anything but grateful for the reception that
+has been offered to me here, but the want of rest overpowers
+every other consideration, and I should like to be back in my
+dear Rochecotte.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 28, 1840.</em>&mdash;This morning I had an audience
+of Princess Charles. She has charming features, a fine figure,
+a high colour, tired eyes, beautiful manners, and a kind and
+pleasant way of speaking. Her appearance, on the whole, is
+insignificant, but she shows much kindness of heart. Her
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204">204</a></span>
+husband is simply vulgar. At the present moment he has a
+mania for seeing operations, and watches all the new experiments
+in surgery. Berlin is just now much excited by a mode
+of curing squinting, practised by Dieffenbach. Out of two
+hundred cases he has had only one failure, and that was due
+to the impatience of the patient. It is a very clever idea, and
+people come in from all parts to be made beautiful instead of
+ugly.</p>
+
+<p>Here every one professes surprise at the resemblance
+between Madame de Lazareff and myself.</p>
+
+<p>I have called upon Princess P�ckler, the wife of the
+traveller; she is a lady who is largely supported by the
+Court; but she was not at home. In the afternoon I called
+upon Princess William, the Queen's sister-in-law, who was
+extremely kind to me. She has been very beautiful, and
+some remnants of her beauty still remain. She is a leading
+member of the sect of the Pietists. She introduced me to
+her unmarried daughter, a pretty princess of fifteen years
+of age, whose face pleased me greatly.<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>Princess William is the sister of the Dowager Grand
+Duchess of Mecklenburg, step-mother to the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans.</p>
+
+<p>I am going to the theatre to see a ballet, in the box of the
+Countess of Redern, who insisted upon my coming. Then I
+shall finish my day with the Werthers, who are giving a
+party for me. I am quite overwhelmed by my busy life,
+which is so utterly different from the idle existence I have
+led for the last two years.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 29, 1840.</em>&mdash;The ballet here is very well done.
+The King takes great interest in it, and gives an annual subscription
+of a hundred and twenty thousand crowns to the
+Opera, which is a great deal for this country. There are
+many pretty dancers, the theatre is beautiful and the
+orchestra excellent. I have been unable to judge of the
+singers, as I did not go till the opera was over.</p>
+
+<p>At the Werthers' I found a rout going on, which was much
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+like all other parties of the kind. The women were well
+dressed, but not pretty, the social intercourse somewhat cold,
+while the men in the service wore their uniforms, which gave
+them a stiff appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The King's condition gave less satisfaction yesterday; he
+had had a fainting fit after expressing a wish to eat herrings,
+which was speedily satisfied. However, the Princes went to
+the theatre. The doctors persist in saying that his state is
+not desperate. This is the opinion, among others, of a
+certain Dr. Sch�nlein, who has been appointed professor at
+the university here; he comes from Z�rich with a very great
+reputation, and the King has been induced to see him in
+consultation. Princess Frederick of the Low Countries is
+expected. She is her father's favourite, and he is as anxious
+to see her as he is afraid of the Russian visits. Princess
+William, the King's sister-in-law, whose eldest daughter is
+married to Darmstadt, told me that the Hereditary Grand
+Duke of Russia is deeply in love with Princess Marie, his
+future bride, and she is beginning to feel the same towards
+him.</p>
+
+<p>I was to have dined to-day with the Crown Prince, but as
+the King had had another fainting fit the High Marshal
+came to tell me that the dinner would not take place. The
+King's precarious condition causes much anxiety to some
+people who are fond of him, and to others who respect him
+for political considerations. No one, not even the heir, was
+prepared for this crisis, and to their sadness is added perplexity
+and hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning I went for a drive in the Tiergarten,
+the Bois de Boulogne of Berlin, and saw the spot where I had
+been daily taken for a walk in my youth. It is a very pretty
+wood on the edge of the town, well planted, partly in English
+style, bounded by the Spree, and full of pretty country houses.
+It is a very popular resort at Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>I dined with Lord William Russell, where I heard that
+there was some small excitement in the Ministry at London,
+though nothing was likely to come of it. The present
+Cabinet is as used to defeats as Mithridates to poison.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206">206</a></span>
+This morning Herr von Humboldt came to fetch us, and
+took his niece, Frau von B�low, and myself to the Museum.
+He had told all the directors, professors, and artists to be
+ready. I therefore saw everything in the greatest detail.
+The building is fine and well arranged, the classification
+perfect and intelligent, and the light well managed. The
+King has acquired some excellent examples of every style of
+art; an ancient bust of Julius C�sar in greenish basalt is one
+of the most beautiful things I know. The Museum is very
+rich in pictures of the ancient German school; the Etruscan
+vases are quite first-rate; the fifteenth-century china is very
+curious; the intaglios and the medals are in perfect order
+and tastefully set out. The officials, who are clever and full
+of artistic erudition, did me the honours with great courtesy.
+I replied by asking many questions, and was attentive to the
+answers; but the visit lasted for three hours, and I was
+standing all the time, and eventually I nearly collapsed.</p>
+
+<p>I then went to a great dinner with M. Bresson. As I was
+starting for it the Prince of Wittgenstein arrived; he had
+been requested by the King and the Princess of Liegnitz to
+express to me in the kindest terms their regret at their
+inability to see me. The King was not quite so ill, and had
+been able to see Princess Frederick of the Low Countries, his
+favourite daughter, for whom he had telegraphed, and who
+had hastened to come to him. The Prince of Wittgenstein
+was most obliging; he is a stout personage, and is greatly
+downcast at the moment and heart-broken at the King's
+danger. He has a very kindly feeling for France, and is very
+friendly with Princess William, the king's daughter-in-law,
+who overwhelms me with kindness.</p>
+
+<p>At M. Bresson's dinner Herr von Humboldt, as usual,
+relieved every one else of the trouble of talking, which is very
+convenient for lazy persons like myself.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, May 31, 1840.</em>&mdash;To-day is an important day in
+the history of the country, and one of which the King
+awaits the issue with impatience. The Great Elector
+ascended the throne on May 31, 1640, Frederick the Great
+on May 31, 1740, and I am assured of the existence of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207">207</a></span>
+prophecy that the Crown Prince will ascend the throne on
+May 31, 1840.</p>
+
+<p>I went to mass in a church which is hardly a church: it
+is a great round hall, covered with a single cupola, surrounded
+with columns, with a large window between each column.
+Nothing could be less solemn and less Catholic.</p>
+
+<p>I dined with Prince Radziwill, who took me up after dinner
+to the rooms of his late mother, where I had been a great
+deal in my youth. They are no longer used, and are just as
+I had known them. Nobody could be kinder than all the
+Radziwills have been to me. The daughter of the late Princess
+married the nephew of Prince Adam Czartoryski. She is now
+in the country. The two Radziwill Princes married two sisters,
+the daughters of Prince Clary. They all had plenty of children,
+and live as a very happy family in the same house.</p>
+
+<p>I had gone home after the dinner, when I received a
+message from Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law,
+asking me to pay her a visit. I found her alone, and she
+kept me talking for an hour. The latest news of the King
+was very sad. He told his chief groom of the chamber that
+he had no hope of recovery, but would not speak of his
+death for fear of affecting those about him. He is said to
+have insisted upon being carried to-morrow to the window of
+his room, at the moment of the solemn function which has
+been largely advertised, and the preparations for which he
+has supervised from his bed. The Crown Prince, in the
+King's name, is to lay the first stone of a monument in
+honour of Frederick II. at the entry of the promenade Unter
+den Linden. The whole garrison, all the state bodies, and all
+Berlin, are to be present at this ceremony. Stands have been
+erected for the public. My son and myself are to find a place
+on the balcony of Princess William, where the Princesses
+will be.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening at the house of the Prince of Wittgenstein,
+where I went, was Madame de Kr�dener, <em>n�e</em> Lerchenfeld,
+natural daughter of the Count Lerchenfeld and of the
+Princess of Thurn and Taxis. At St. Petersburg she was
+at first a favourite of the Empress, but was afterwards
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208">208</a></span>
+somewhat discarded because the Emperor appeared to be taken
+with her. She strongly resembles the late Queen of Prussia,
+which may be explained by her birth, but she has not her
+majestic bearing; she is, however, a handsome woman.</p>
+
+<p>I hear from Paris that there is an attempt to gather the
+household of the Emperor Napoleon for a mission to fetch
+his remains from St. Helena. Marchand, his groom of the
+chamber, was asked if he wished to accompany the mission;
+at first he hesitated, and then accepted on the condition that
+he should be allowed to sit at the table of the Prince de
+Joinville; to satisfy him he has been appointed captain on
+the staff of the National Guard, and he is to go, and will
+sit at the Prince's table! I abstain from comment.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 1, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have just returned from the
+ceremony, which was really most beautiful and imposing.
+The thought of the King's dangerous condition, which
+every one had at heart, gave a singularly touching and
+solemn aspect to this national celebration, the last at
+which the poor King could be present. And in what
+manner was he present? In bed at his window! Fortunately
+the weather was less disagreeable than it has lately
+been. The Crown Prince laid the first stone of the monument
+which is to support the equestrian statue of Frederick the
+Great. Is it not strange that there is no statue of him
+as yet in Berlin? Yesterday was the anniversary of his
+accession a hundred years ago; but as it was a Sunday
+the celebration was postponed till to-day. Each regiment
+in the army was represented by a detachment. The army
+is really superb, and splendidly equipped. Besides the
+state bodies, the authorities, the Consistory, a detachment
+of the Landwehr, deputations from the guilds of arts
+and crafts, with their bands, surrounded the square, which
+is magnificent and was most beautifully decorated. Around
+the monument could be seen all those who had served
+under Frederick II., dressed as they were at that time, and
+carrying the flags captured during the Seven Years' War.
+The King himself had considered every detail of this fine
+ceremony, and had given the most positive orders to forbid
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209">209</a></span>
+any manifestation of applause for himself; but the silent
+and profound respect, the perfect order and the sadness
+of the spectators was sufficiently striking and touching.
+When the foundation-stone was lowered, salvos were fired,
+bells rang, drums beat, and the old tattered flags were lowered;
+at that moment most of the spectators burst into tears.
+Nothing of the sort could be looked for in a republican
+atmosphere or in our revolutionary regions.</p>
+
+<p>On the balcony where I was placed I saw Prince Frederick
+of the Low Countries, who introduced me to his wife. She
+was overcome with grief; she is not pretty, but looks kind
+and natural. The young Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia,
+who arrived this morning, was present; the Crown Prince of
+Prussia introduced me to him. He is said to have grown
+very fat. I expected to see a very insignificant young man,
+but he is quite the contrary, although I do not care about
+his complexion.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 2, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening I went to tea
+with Madame de Perponcher, whose <em>salon</em> is, in my opinion,
+the pleasantest in Berlin. She is very conversational and
+well-mannered, while she is simple and restrained. She is a
+central point of society, and her mother's position with the
+Crown Princess has helped her largely. There I heard that
+no change has taken place in the King's condition, though
+something of the kind had been feared owing to the excitement
+of the day.</p>
+
+<p>The suite of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia are
+staying at the same hotel as myself, at the King's expense.
+They make a fearful uproar, and consume the more food as
+their board costs them nothing. It is impossible to say how
+the Russians are detested here.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 3, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I was at a great dinner
+given by the Werthers. The King was said to be better;
+he had had some sleep, and felt the moral relief of passing
+the fatal date. During the dinner I received a message from
+the young Princess William asking me to call upon her after
+dinner in outdoor dress. I went, and we drove out. She
+took me to Charlottenburg, which she showed me in full detail,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210">210</a></span>
+and especially the country house which the King has had
+built there, where he prefers to stay.</p>
+
+<p>I was glad to see the portraits of the Duc d'Orl�ans and
+the Duc de Nemours which were drawn here at the time
+when they passed through Berlin. The King bought them
+for his private room. When we came back the Princess
+made me stay to tea, and I spent all the time alone with
+her.</p>
+
+<p>This morning when I was finishing breakfast M. Bresson
+came to tell us that the King was <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in extremis</i>. In the
+afternoon I stopped before his palace; he was still alive, and
+had even recovered sufficient consciousness to demand the
+reading of the newspapers. There is a crowd about the
+palace; many people are in tears, and the behaviour of the
+population is perfect.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I dined at the house of
+M. Bresson with Princess P�ckler, who is starting for Muskau
+to meet her husband. He is returning from Vienna after an
+absence of six years; she speaks of him with admiration. She
+is a little old woman of wit, intelligence, and tact, and has
+gained considerable reputation in different circles.</p>
+
+<p>Only yesterday was the publication begun of bulletins
+upon the King's health; he might be dead at the present
+moment. Hitherto he had forbidden any announcements; I
+do not think he knew anything of it yesterday. He has
+preserved his consciousness, and is quite calm, simple, and
+dignified.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Since last night the King has been in a kind of agony,
+from which he sometimes gains relief by a few drops of
+coffee. He can still speak a little, and says not a word about
+his condition, though he realises its gravity to the full. The
+whole family, even the grandchildren, are at the palace, and
+the Ministers also. The crowd still throngs the square and
+shows the same interest.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;The King was still alive yesterday
+at eight o'clock in the evening. He had said farewell to his
+children and solemnly handed his will to his Ministers; he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211">211</a></span>
+then declared that he had done with this world and wished to
+see no one except the Princess of Liegnitz and the pastor for
+whom he sent, intending to devote his remaining time to
+securing his peace of mind and in considering the life to come.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 6, 1840.</em>&mdash;Herr von Humboldt has just left
+me. The King was very feverish last night; he can hardly
+speak, and seems to have lost all interest. What a long
+struggle for a man of seventy! All the Mecklenburg family
+has arrived. The appearance of the Duke of Cumberland
+has caused some consternation, and the Emperor Nicholas
+will be here to-morrow in spite of every attempt to prevent
+his arrival. There is an obvious intention to surround the
+new Sovereign from the moment of his accession, and this may
+damage his public reputation, for the people are apprehensive,
+and do not hide their fears. It is an interesting time for
+spectators, and I am perhaps watching the sowing of seed
+which will produce great consequences.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time I wished to fulfil my promise of going to
+see Frau von B�low at Tegel, which is three leagues from
+Berlin. At first I found the wind very unpleasant, but when
+we entered a forest which began half-way I was pleasantly
+sheltered, and the scent of the pine-trees was delightful. On
+leaving the pine-trees we reached a superb lake, the shores
+of which were wooded with trees in leaf&mdash;an unusual sight
+here.</p>
+
+<p>At one end of the lake is the fortress of Spandau, at the
+other the park, the castle of Tegel, and the monument raised
+by the late Herr Wilhelm von Humboldt to his wife. It is
+very pretty. The castle is by no means extraordinary, but
+contains some fine artistic works brought from Italy, and a
+good portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by G�rard. The
+monument is a column of porphyry upon a granite base, and
+the capital is in white marble. The column supports a white
+marble statue of Hope by Thorwaldsen, and is surrounded
+half by an iron railing and half by a great stone bench. All
+is in excellent taste, and the only point which displeased me
+was that Frau von Humboldt, her husband, her eldest son,
+and one of the children of Frau von B�low are really buried
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+at the foot of this column. I cannot bear graves in gardens;
+my belief requires a common cemetery or vault in a church or
+chapel&mdash;in short, a spot consecrated to prayer and reflection,
+and undisturbed by worldly tumult.</p>
+
+<p>I drove round the lake, and then took the road back to
+Berlin. At the gates of the town I met Lord William
+Russell, who told me that the King was at his last gasp, and
+that orders had been given to close the theatres. My son,
+whom I found at our hotel on the point of coming in, gave
+me the same news. He had just been watching the operation
+for curing squinting, and was full of admiration for
+Dieffenbach, his dexterity, and the result of the operation.
+Of the two patients, both young girls, one did not say a
+word, and the other cried a great deal. The mere demonstration
+would have made me want to scream. The whole
+operation lasts from seventy to eighty seconds. The operator
+is helped by three pupils; one raises the upper eyelid, the
+second depresses the lower lid, and the third wipes away the
+blood between the two incisions. The first incision divides
+the lower part of the white of the eye; then with a little hook
+Dieffenbach draws forward the muscle covered by that part,
+cuts it through, and the operation is over. This muscle, in
+the case of people who squint, is too short, and brings the
+eye too close to the nose. As soon as it is cut through the
+pupil goes to its proper place.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 7, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening the King had
+reached the end, the death-rattle set in, and there was that
+motion of the hands, mechanical but terribly symptomatic,
+which common people call "picking things up to pack."
+He was unable to speak, and seemed to have lost consciousness.</p>
+
+<p>I am extremely guarded here in discussing either politics or
+religion; I hear a great deal, and listen with interest to
+anything I am told about the state of this country, but I am
+not imprudent in my answers. Prudence here is easier than
+in France, where it is almost impossible not to be overcome
+by the contagion.</p>
+
+<p>I have just been told that the Emperor Nicholas has
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213">213</a></span>
+arrived; I do not think he will see the King, from whose
+room all are excluded, though he is still alive.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;The King died yesterday at twenty-two
+minutes past three in the afternoon, surrounded by
+all his family, whose hands he clasped without speaking.
+He died in the arms of the Princess of Liegnitz, for
+whom the royal family and the public are showing the
+greatest respect. She has perfectly fulfilled her duty. The
+Prince Royal fell fainting at the moment when the King
+expired. Grief is general and widespread. The Emperor
+Nicholas is said to have lamented loudly; he arrived from
+Warsaw in thirty-seven hours, accompanied only by General
+Benkendorff.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening the troops took the oath to the new
+Sovereign. The Government has issued a proclamation everywhere
+of the death, which is touching, simple, and perfectly
+correct.</p>
+
+<p>I have been to Frau von Schweinitz to hear news of
+Princess William, who takes the title of Princess of Prussia,
+as her husband is heir-presumptive, though he is not Crown
+Prince, since he is the brother, not the eldest son, of the new
+King. The will had been opened. The late King has ordered
+a military funeral; his body will be placed in the cathedral
+by day, and, in accordance with his wishes, taken to Charlottenburg
+by night, to be placed in the same vault with the late
+Queen, his wife. I have just visited this monument in the
+park of Charlottenburg, yesterday afternoon. It is enclosed
+in a temple in ancient style at the end of a long walk of
+pines and cypress-trees; within the temple, between two
+candelabras beautifully carved in white marble, is to be seen,
+upon a raised platform, a bed of white marble, upon which
+the Queen's statue is gracefully and simply recumbent,
+wrapped in a long robe with open sleeves. The bare arms
+are crossed over the breast, the neck is bare, and the head
+wears only the royal circlet. It is a masterpiece, especially
+for the drapery, which is remarkably true to nature, and the
+best work of Rauch, the Prussian sculptor, whom the late
+Queen had educated at Rome. The general effect is beautiful,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214">214</a></span>
+but too mythological; the religious touch which death
+imperiously claims is wanting.</p>
+
+<p>The King will lie in state to-morrow and the day after in
+military dress. The body will not be embalmed, and will be
+interred on Thursday, in accordance with his orders. He
+also ordered the pastor to pray at his bedside immediately
+after his death and aloud in the middle of his family, exhorting
+them to peace and concord. This was done, and it is
+to be hoped that his prayer will be heard, though there is no
+immediate appearance that any one heeds it. The immediate
+withdrawal of the Prince of Wittgenstein and of Herr von
+Lottum was expected, but the new King begged them not to
+leave him, at any rate at first. The public is glad to see the
+father's old servants thus retained by the son, and the more
+so as their relations with the Prince Royal were not entirely
+agreeable and an earlier change was expected. It is to be
+hoped that there will be no change at all. Such is the
+summary of a conversation on my part with M. Bresson and
+Lord William Russell; after which I went to see the collection
+of pictures belonging to Count Raczynski, the best
+private collection in Berlin. A large cartoon by a pupil of
+Cornelius of Munich, representing one of the great battles of
+Attila, is the best thing there. Tradition relates that the
+battle was continued in the sky, and that those who perished
+go on fighting, like shadows in the clouds, at certain
+times of the year; the two battles are to be seen in the
+cartoon. The design is admirable and well executed. The
+rest of the collection did not greatly attract me.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Lieven writes from Paris: "We have had
+a curious week here: the Ministry was defeated in the
+Chamber upon the law for the funeral of Napoleon, and
+attempted revenge by sowing discord between the Chamber
+and the country; after more mature reflection, and after the
+proposed subscription had been a partial failure, the matter
+was dropped, and the letter of Odillon Barrot concluded it.</p>
+
+<p>"The Duc d'Orl�ans, in Africa, has had a fresh attack
+of dysentery, which was very dangerous for twenty-four
+hours."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215">215</a></span>
+Now an extract from a letter from the Duc de Noailles:
+"Notwithstanding the complete fiasco concerning the Imperial
+remains, Thiers retains his strength, and will become
+complete master. The proposal of Remilly,<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[103]</a> which was in
+sight, will not come up for discussion this year. There
+will be no dissolution between the two sessions; after next
+session dissolution is certain; the new Chamber will be
+moderately, but certainly more Left. Thiers is determined
+neither to urge on nor to check progress in this direction;
+to guide the movement, but to follow it, as he thinks that
+strength and the majority are there to be found. He hopes
+to be able to restrain the Left, but in case of failure he has
+determined rather to obey it than to resign. So we are
+definitely embarked upon this path, and this is the great
+event of the winter; the consequences, but not the rapidity,
+of the movement can be calculated."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 9, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday after dinner I called
+upon the Countess of Reede, the chief lady of the new
+Queen's Court. There I saw the reigning Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz, brother of the late Queen and of
+the late Princess of Thurn and Taxis, a great friend of
+M. de Talleyrand. He spoke of my uncle in the warmest
+terms, which touched me deeply, saying that he had experienced
+much kindness from him under the Empire. I
+was there informed that, besides the King's will properly
+so called, which dates from 1827, and of which I know
+nothing, there is a codicil containing arrangements for the
+funeral, and in such detail that the position of the troops
+in the streets is pointed out. A letter to his successor has
+also been found, which is said to be full of the wisest counsel;
+while encouraging his son to avoid innovations of every kind
+without due consideration, the King also advises him to
+avoid any retrogressive step out of harmony with the spirit of
+the age. It is said that this letter will be published.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216">216</a></span>
+When I returned home Herr von Humboldt came to see
+me, and kept me up while he told me many stories which
+were doubtless curious, and would have interested me were it
+not for his overpoweringly monotonous manner. In any
+case, he is very well informed of all that goes on here, and
+clever at ferreting out new information.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian and the other Courts are starting on
+Wednesday, the day after the King's funeral. I think
+that the King and Queen will be glad to breathe a little
+freely.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 10, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday the director of the
+Museum came to fetch me, and took me, with my son, to the
+studio of Rauch, a very clever sculptor and a very pleasant
+man. He showed us several statues intended for the Walhalla
+of Bavaria; the model of the statue of Frederick II.,
+the first stone of which I had seen laid; and a Danae for
+St. Petersburg; then a little statue, half natural size, of a
+young girl fully dressed and holding a little lamb in her
+arms, which was very pretty, and I liked it greatly. Before
+we went home I was taken to see the Egyptian Museum,
+which is in a building apart. Although the collection is
+said to be admirable, I could feel no pleasure in looking at
+the hideous colossi and the numerous mummies.</p>
+
+<p>When I returned home I had a call from Prince Radziwill,
+who came from the Castle, where, with the chief officers of the
+garrison, he had been passing in parade before the lying-in-state
+of the late King. The King was laid out with his face
+uncovered, wrapped in his military cloak, with his little cap on
+his head, as he had ordered in his codicil.</p>
+
+<p>The King has bequeathed a hundred thousand Prussian
+crowns, or three hundred and fifty-five thousand francs, to
+the town of Berlin, and other sums to K�nigsberg, Breslau,
+and Potsdam, as being the four towns of his kingdom in
+which he has resided. He has bequeathed the little palace
+in which he lived as Crown Prince, which he would not leave
+as King, and in which he died, to his grandson, the son
+of Prince William, who will probably be King one day.
+The Princess of Leignitz retains the palace by the side of it,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217">217</a></span>
+in which she was living, the domain of Erdmansdorff, in
+Silesia, and an income of forty thousand crowns, to be paid
+by the State. It seems that the King had left from fourteen
+to twenty million crowns in his private chest. He has ordered
+that each soldier present at his funeral shall receive a crown,
+and each non-commissioned officer two crowns. He has also
+ordered that his body shall be followed, not only by all the
+clergy of Berlin, but by all those of the neighbourhood; they
+are coming in from Stettin, Magdeburg, and every part of
+the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>M. Bresson was much depressed by the King's death, but
+has recovered his spirits on seeing that the Prince of
+Wittgenstein is to be retained at Court, at any rate for the
+moment. The new King is treating his father's old servant
+most admirably.</p>
+
+<p>A strange incident which has caused much displeasure was
+the sight of the Russian officers in the suite of the Emperor
+Nicholas on duty before the body of the late King together
+with the Prussian officers. The Emperor issued the request,
+and the authorities did not venture to refuse, but some ill-feeling
+has been shown, and the very scanty liking for Russia
+has been further diminished.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 11, 1840.</em>&mdash;I spent the whole of yesterday
+paying farewell calls, and when I was calling upon Frau von
+Schweinitz, the Princess of Prussia sent for me. With her
+I found the Prince of Prussia, and both were very kind
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>The King informed me through the Countess of Reede
+that he hoped to see me later, on my return, at Sans Souci.
+He has ordered the Chief Marshal to find me a good place
+for this morning's ceremony. The Emperor of Russia is
+starting this evening for Weimar and Frankfort, where he
+wishes to see his future daughter-in-law.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I went to the ceremony, and just as I was
+starting out the King sent word telling me to go through
+the Castle, and the Princess of Prussia sent me her liveried
+servants to secure me a place. I thus reached the church by
+way of the royal apartments. I was in a stand opposite the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218">218</a></span>
+Princess of Leignitz, who was well enough to be present at
+the ceremony; she was heavily veiled, like all the ladies, and
+I could not distinguish her features. The church was not
+draped, which gave it too bright an appearance, and the
+sombre nature of the ceremony suffered in consequence. The
+organ, the singing, and the sermon by the pastor, the great
+emotion of the old servants and children of the deceased, the
+terrible salvos of cannon, and the beautiful tolling of all the
+bells were imposing. Before withdrawing the new King
+offered a prayer of considerable length in a low voice on his
+knees by the coffin. The whole family followed his example,
+after which the King embraced all his brothers, his wife, his
+sisters, nephews, and uncles&mdash;in short, the whole of his family.
+The Emperor of Russia, who has a fine but terrible face,
+did the same. There was thus a great deal of embracing
+for a church. My own opinion is that in the house of
+God one should be occupied only with worship; but between
+a Protestant temple and the Church the difference is
+considerable.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Hanover, who arrived an hour before the
+ceremony, was present. He is old, and though he looks somewhat
+uncivilised he appeared to me like an old lamb by the
+side of a young tiger when I compared him with the Emperor
+of Russia.</p>
+
+<p>I propose to start to-morrow for Silesia.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Crossen, June 12, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left Berlin this morning at
+half-past seven in mild and cloudy weather. Thanks to the
+excellent roads, the good horses, and the capital post service,
+we accomplished thirty-six leagues in thirteen hours and a
+half, which is satisfactory travelling in any country. As far
+as Frankfort-on-the-Oder, which we crossed in the middle of
+the day, the country is chiefly remarkable for its dismal and
+barren character. When the valley of the Oder is reached
+the country becomes less flat and more smiling. Frankfort
+is a large town of thirty-two thousand souls, for whom
+excitement is provided by three large fairs during the year;
+but apart from those times it is very empty. There is
+nothing attractive about the town. Crossen, where I am at
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219">219</a></span>
+this moment, which is also on the Oder, is not so large a
+town, but more pleasantly situated. I am now only a few
+hours from my own property, and shall arrive there in good
+time to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 13, 1840.</em>&mdash;I am now upon my own
+estates. It is a strange impression to find a home of one's
+own at so vast a distance from the spot where one's life is
+usually passed, and also to find this home as clean and well
+ordered, though all is quite simple, as if one always lived
+there.</p>
+
+<p>This morning when I started from Crossen it was raining,
+and the rain continued as far as Gr�nberg, a large fortress,
+where I found Herr and Frau von Wurmb, who had come to
+meet me. Frau von Wurmb is the daughter of a state
+councillor in the Prussian service, Herr von G�cking, to whom
+the late King had entrusted me during my period of wardship.
+She married a Westphalian gentleman, Herr von Wurmb,
+who had formerly served in the Prussian armies, until his
+delicate health obliged him to resign. For many years he
+has lived in Wartenberg, a little town which belongs to me.
+There, at first under the direction of Hennenberg, and since
+his death alone, he has supervised my estates, forests, &amp;c.
+Frau von Wurmb, as my guardian's daughter, was a constant
+companion of my youth. She was very well brought up.
+People of good society in Germany do not object to conducting
+the business of those whom they regard as great lords;
+for instance, the cousin of Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minister
+at London, manages my sisters' money.</p>
+
+<p>Herr and Frau von Wurmb preceded me here. The last
+few leagues traverse sand and pine forests, but at the
+entrance to a small hamlet, which does not deserve the name
+of village, is a pleasant avenue which leads to a planted
+court, in the middle of which is a large house; fine trees
+hide the outbuildings, which are not an agreeable sight. At
+the back of the house is a pleasant view: a garden very well
+planted and kept up, full of flowers, many of them rare; the
+garden is cleverly joined to a field, at the end of which is a
+very pretty wood. A streams runs through the garden and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220">220</a></span>
+keeps it fresh. The house is of double depth: it is a long
+rectangle, with thirteen windows in front; it is spoilt by its
+enormous roof, a necessary protection against the long-lasting
+snow in winter, and also by the yellow orange colour with
+which the bricks have been painted. The interior is not bad.
+In the middle is a vaulted hall, with a staircase in the background;
+to the right of the hall, is a large room with three
+windows, and further on a little library with two windows
+opening upon a very pretty greenhouse, which is connected
+with the orangery; there I have fifty orange-trees of
+moderate size. On the left of the hall is my bedroom, a
+large dressing-room, wardrobes, bathroom, and the maid's
+room. These rooms are doubled in the following way:
+behind the library is a room containing the rooms opening
+from the dining-room; behind the drawing-room is the
+dining-room; while behind my own room and the adjoining
+ones are the servants' rooms, a bedroom, and a large dressing-room.
+On the first floor are four gentlemen's rooms, with
+cupboards, of which only two are furnished, and a large
+billiard-room. In the attics are six servants' rooms, a store-room,
+and a lumber-room. The living rooms and my own
+look southwards, and so do not get the view of the garden;
+but I prefer to have the sun, even if I must look upon the
+courtyard, especially in a house which has no cellar; there is,
+however, no trace of dampness. The ground floor is very
+prettily furnished, and the floors are inlaid with all kinds of
+wood, and are surprisingly pretty considering that they were
+done here. On the first floor there is only the room now
+occupied by M. de Valen�ay, which is furnished, and that
+somewhat scantily. In fact, the house contains only what is
+absolutely necessary, and I am glad that I brought some
+plate; Herr von Wurmb is lending me many things. However,
+we shall do, and I feel better here than I have done for
+a long time, because here I have at least silence and rest
+about me. This is the heart of the country; I do not regret
+it, and feel a certain pleasure in the noise of the cows and
+the bustle of haymaking, which shows me once again that I
+am really of a very countrified nature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221">221</a></span>
+There is a fairly good little portrait of my mother in the
+drawing-room, and a very bad one of myself, while in a
+smaller room are lithographs of the Prussian royal family.
+The library is somewhat restricted, but contains five hundred
+excellent books in English, French, and German. I have
+already been round the garden, which is quite pretty. The
+gardener comes from the King's gardens in Charlottenburg,
+and has been to Munich and Vienna to perfect himself.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;This morning at eight
+o'clock, in spite of the cold and bitter wind, which seem to
+be characteristic of Prussia, I started in the carriage to drive
+four leagues for mass and high mass too. Wartenberg is two-thirds
+Catholic, while G�nthersdorf is entirely Protestant.
+The Catholic church is at the entrance to Wartenberg, a
+town over which I have some seigneurial rights; each house
+pays me a small tax. The road runs through my woods for
+two leagues until we reach the high-road. The church was
+full, the priest at the entrance with the holy water and
+a beautiful address, while my seat was strewn with country
+flowers. There was nothing wanting: a procession, the
+blessing of the Sacrament, the sermon, prayers for the royal
+family and for myself, and a beautiful organ accompaniment,
+while the children of the Catholic school sang very well. I
+think the whole ceremony lasted nearly three hours. Frau
+von Wurmb, who lives in one of my houses a short distance
+from the town, with a pretty garden round it, was expecting
+me to lunch. There was no one present except her own
+family, which is numerous.</p>
+
+<p>After lunch Herr von Wurmb asked me to see all the
+servants of my estates, who had come together from various
+points to pay their respects. Then began a long march past.
+They form a regular staff, all nominated by myself and
+paid from my purse. Such is the custom here upon large
+estates: an architect, a doctor, two bailiffs, two collectors,
+an agent, a treasurer, and a head keeper, four Catholic priests
+and three Protestant pastors, and the mayor of the town;
+all true gentlemen and very well educated, speaking and
+introducing themselves perfectly. I did my best to please
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+every one, and made a complete conquest of the priest of
+Wartenberg, to whom I promised some embroidery of my
+own making for his church. When I went away Herr
+von Wurmb went with me for part of the road to a very
+pretty enclosure: an acre or two of forest surrounded with
+palings, divided by walks, with a little piece of water, a
+good gamekeeper's house, where the pheasants are brought
+up most carefully. We saw the sitting hens and the little
+pheasants in coops, and also the full-grown birds, which
+were near the water or flying in the trees. Nearly six
+hundred are sold each year. Roe deer and hares also
+abound.</p>
+
+<p>It was five o'clock when I got back. After dinner I went
+to sleep with weariness, for the day had been long, and the
+cold increased the drowsiness produced by the open air.</p>
+
+<p>I am here without newspapers or letters, which I do not
+miss, and wait patiently until the post is pleased to make
+its way to this remote corner of the world. I have already
+told myself that this country would form a very pleasant
+retreat from the shocks by which Western Europe is always
+more or less threatened, and in times of revolution one
+would not mind the severity of the climate.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 15, 1840.</em>&mdash;Loving a country life as I
+do, I have every possibility of satisfying my desire here, for
+as I wish to see everything in a short time I have not a
+moment to lose; so to-day I started at nine o'clock in the
+morning and returned to Wartenberg, to the old Jesuit
+convent called the Castle. It is a considerable building, with
+cloisters; the cells of the monks have been transformed into
+pretty rooms, which are now inhabited by the treasurer, the
+bailiff, one of the chief stewards, the doctor, the Protestant
+pastor and the Protestant school, while there is a very pretty
+Catholic chapel, with fresco paintings and an image of
+miraculous power which attracts a large number of pilgrims
+on the 2nd of July every year. There is a collection of fine
+ornaments and sacred vessels of some value. A little glazed
+cupboard contains the coins and medals offered <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ex voto</i>;
+from my chain I took off the little silver medal with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223">223</a></span>
+the effigy of M. de Qu�len, and placed it with the other
+offerings.</p>
+
+<p>This visit was lengthy, and I concluded it by unearthing
+from a dusty spot the portraits of the old landowners who
+had left this property to the Jesuits by will. After giving
+orders for the restoration of the portraits I went to see the
+brewery, the distillery, and the stockyards, where cattle are
+bred for sale at Berlin. All this is on a very large scale. I
+have even a winepress, for my vintage is a good one, and also
+a large plantation of mulberry trees; the silkworms are
+bred, the silk wound off and sent to Berlin, where it is
+woven.</p>
+
+<p>After all this inspection we went to see two farms at
+Wartenberg; then a very agreeable road between beautiful
+plantations, all made since my reign began, which extend for
+two leagues, brought us to the summit of a wooded hill, from
+the top of which there is a splendid view over the Oder&mdash;an
+unusual thing in this part of Silesia. On the road my son
+Louis was able to get a shot at some roebuck. I returned
+here at six o'clock in the evening. Fortunately the weather
+was respectable.</p>
+
+<p>I have just opened an old writing-desk, in which I have
+found papers of my youth&mdash;letters from the Abb� Piatoli and
+many affecting things of the kind, such as the wedding
+present given me by the Prince Primate; this is a bird in a
+golden cage which sings and flaps its wings. Then there are
+engravings and pieces of embroidery. They have recalled so
+many shadows of the past. There is something remarkably
+solemn in this past thus suddenly revived with such intense
+verisimilitude.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;I set out at ten o'clock in
+the morning, and returned at eight in the evening. First I
+visited two farms which belong to the seigniory of Wartenberg,
+in the second of which I had lunch. I also visited the
+church, for in this country both the churches and their
+incumbents are dependent upon the overlord.</p>
+
+<p>After lunch we crossed the Oder by a ferry, and went as far
+as Carolath, which is well worth seeing. It is a very large
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224">224</a></span>
+castle upon a considerable elevation, and was built at different
+times. The earliest part goes back to the days of the
+Emperor Charles IV. Neither within nor without are there
+any traces of style or careful work, but there is something
+grandiose about the general appearance. There is nothing in
+the way of gardens except planted terraces going down to the
+Oder. The view is admirable, the more so as the opposite
+banks are very well wooded with magnificent old oak-trees
+upon an expanse of turf covered with cattle and horses
+reared in the Prince's stables. The town of Beuthen and the
+fortress of Glogau make a good effect in this countryside.
+The village is pretty, several factories provide animation, and
+a pretty inn adds a touch of gracefulness. The castle lords,
+husband and wife, with their youngest daughter, were away
+on business. The eldest daughter, a pretty young person,
+was at the castle with a young cousin and an old steward of
+the Prince; they received me most kindly. A three-horsed
+carriage was harnessed, and after crossing the Oder by a ford
+we drove through the great oak-trees which I mentioned
+above, in the midst of which the Princess has built a delightful
+cottage, where we were given tea. Unfortunately I was
+devoured by gnats, and returned with a swollen face, while a
+slight sunstroke in addition completed my overthrow. In
+this strange climate cold is so rapidly followed by heat that
+one is always caught by surprise. However, I am very glad
+to have seen Carolath. It is a curious spot; Chaumont,
+on the banks of the Loire, gives a fairly good idea of it.</p>
+
+<p>This morning we started again at nine o'clock, my son and
+myself, to visit some of my estates upon the other side of the
+Oder. The district is called Schwarmitz, and is more exposed
+to inundations than any other. A nephew of the late Herr
+Hennenberg farms it; he lives at Kleinitz, another of my
+estates, but he had come to meet me at the dykes, which
+toilsome constructions I visited. His wife, the Protestant
+and Catholic clergyman, the head gamekeeper, and a crowd
+of people were waiting for us at the farm, together with an
+excellent lunch. After the meal we went through the farm
+in detail, two farmhouses and a fine strip of oak forest, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225">225</a></span>
+then returned by way of Saabor. This is an estate belonging
+to the younger brother of Prince Carolath. If the
+castle and park were properly kept up they would be
+preferable to the castle and park of Carolath, though the
+situation is not so good. It is, however, very fine, and the
+forecourt most beautiful. The landowner has been ruined,
+and was very anxious for me to buy Saabor, which is surrounded
+by my estates, but topographical circumstances are
+no sufficient reason for concluding such a bargain.</p>
+
+<p>Letters from Paris, which have hitherto gone astray, tell me
+the following news: Private correspondence from Africa gives
+the most harassing details about that vexatious country.
+Marshal Val�e is again asking for troops and money.</p>
+
+<p>The Prefect of Tours, M. d'Entraigues, has run away from
+the uproar which threatened him in his prefecture. The
+Sub-Prefect of Loches is the only victim who has been
+sacrificed to the demands of the Deputy, M. Taschereau.
+The nephew of Madame Mollien is transferred from the
+prefecture of the Ari�ge to that of Cantal, and thus becomes
+the Prefect of the Castellanes. M. Royer-Collard tells me
+that he has saved M. de Lezay, the Prefect of Blois, and
+M. Bourbon.<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[104]</a> With this object he asked an interview of
+M. Thiers, with which he seems to have been well satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>M. de La Redorte is now Ambassador at Madrid; his wife
+is too ill to accompany him. This is an unexpected step
+forward in his career, and a push which will cause vexation
+to all who will have their own promotion delayed in consequence.
+I suppose the King must have made this concession
+to his Prime Minister, whose close friend M. de La
+Redorte is, by way of recompense for his non-intervention
+in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc d'Orl�ans on his return from Africa is said to
+have found the Duchesse d'Orl�ans in excellent health;
+the measles from which she has suffered, by removing the
+centre of irritation, has restored her digestion, so that she is
+able to take food and grow stronger. I am delighted to
+hear it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226">226</a></span>
+<em>G�nthersdorf, June 18, 1840.</em>&mdash;It has been raining all day,
+and I was therefore obliged to abandon the project of visiting
+a small piece of land belonging to me, half a league away,
+which is called Drentkau. I gave a dinner to twelve people,
+clergy and local authorities. I shall have to give two more
+to do the correct thing. My household is only arranged for
+twelve people, and I cannot have more guests at one time.</p>
+
+<p>My son Louis jabbers German with such effrontery that he
+is making rapid progress. I have had a call from Prince
+Frederick of Carolath, the owner of Saabor. His position
+in this province is analogous to that of a lord-lieutenant in
+an English county.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;I visited two schools within
+my jurisdiction; they are Catholic schools, and in an excellent
+state of efficiency. The education given to the children
+surprised me, and I was most delighted and edified. I gave
+some prizes by way of encouragement, and have undertaken
+to provide for the career of a boy of twelve whose energy and
+intelligence are really marvellous, though he is too poor to
+enter the seminary, for which he feels a special vocation.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Sagan, June 21, 1840.</em>&mdash;The day before yesterday at
+G�nthersdorf I received a letter which decided me to come
+here. Herr von Wolff wrote to me from Berlin saying that
+transactions were in progress here of a very irregular nature
+and against the interests of my children; that he was coming
+to put the matter right, and advised me to come on my side.
+I therefore started from G�nthersdorf yesterday morning
+with M. de Valen�ay. The journey took us six hours. I
+put up at the inn; as things are I do not think it advisable
+to go to the castle, but how strangely I was impressed with
+the necessity! Here, where my father and sister lived and
+where I spent so much time in my youth, I have to go to
+an inn!</p>
+
+<p>After an hour's conversation with Herr von Wolff we went
+to the castle. I recognised everything except things that had
+been taken away with some undue haste, and which perhaps
+will have to be brought back. My eldest sister's old man of
+business wept bitterly. He is on very bad terms with Herr
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+von Gersdorff, who looks after the affairs of my sister, the
+Princess of Hohenzollern. I saw him, but did not talk business,
+in the first place because the matter affects my son and
+not myself, and also because I wished to avoid any open
+breach.</p>
+
+<p>Sagan is really beautiful so far as the castle and park are
+concerned, though the neighbourhood is inferior to that in
+which my own estates lie; but the house is magnificent. I
+found some old figures of my father's time, which revived
+sad memories. It was a pleasure to see the portraits of
+my family.</p>
+
+<p>There is here a certain Countess Dohna, who was brought
+up first with my mother and then with my eldest sister, and
+who married a man of very good position in the country. In
+her youth she was quite like a child of the house. She came
+yesterday to tea with me, and I was delighted to see her and
+talk with her of my poor sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, and
+of her last visit a short time before her death.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I went to mass in the charming church of
+the Augustine monks, where my father has rested for thirty-nine
+years. I was greatly affected by the whole service, and
+by the music, which was excellent.</p>
+
+<p>After that I went to see the Countess Dohna, who came with
+me to the castle. I wished to look at the outbuildings, which
+I had not seen yesterday. In the stables I found an old gilt
+carriage lined with red velvet, and almost exactly resembling
+the carriage of the Spanish Princes at Valen�ay. In that
+carriage my father left Courlande and came here. The business
+man of my sister, the Princess of Hohenzollern, sells
+everything which does not belong to the fief, and put up this
+carriage for sale. I bought it at once for a bid of thirty-five
+crowns.</p>
+
+<p>I dined at two o'clock, according to the custom of the
+town, and afterwards we went to the end of the park to visit
+a little ancient church where my sister de Sagan told me that
+she wished to place my father's body and to be buried herself.
+The little church must be restored, which will be quite easy.
+It might be made a very suitable and retired burial-place.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+<em>G�nthersdorf, June 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have now returned to my
+own fireside, of which I am quite fond. Before leaving Sagan
+this morning I received calls from many of the local people,
+and went through a long business conference. The whole
+Sagan question is so complicated that it will last a long
+time. Wolff, Wurmb, and my eldest sister's old business
+man advised me to simplify the matter by asking my sister,
+who still owes me some money for Nachod,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[105]</a> to surrender the
+allodial forests of Sagan, which will thus come back to my
+sons some day. I do not object, for these forests are superb,
+but this is a further question. There are some preliminary
+points which should be settled first and will take time. The
+business men urge me strongly to spend the whole year in
+Germany. I cannot spend the winter in so cold a climate,
+but I should like to come back next spring for the fine
+weather. I believe my son is right in saying that he is
+very fortunate in making his first appearance in this country
+with myself.</p>
+
+<p>On my way back I stayed for two hours at Neusalz, which
+is a curious town to visit. Half of it is occupied by a colony of
+Moravian brothers, whose customs nearly resemble those of the
+Quakers. They are somewhat unusual, especially the custom
+which they call the Feast of Love. In their church they sing
+and pray and take coffee and cakes in the most perfect silence
+and with the most perfect gluttony. They are very industrious,
+very avaricious, somewhat hypocritical, and amazingly clean.
+They address one another in the second person singular.
+They have missionaries, and their branches spread throughout
+the world. Besides the Moravian church, Neusalz has a
+Catholic and a Protestant church. The latter is quite new,
+and very pretty. I visited it to see a present given by the
+reigning King of Prussia; this is a very handsome Christ
+after Annibale Carrache. I also examined in full detail the
+splendid ironworks, where many castings are made.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 23, 1840.</em>&mdash;It is beautiful weather.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229">229</a></span>
+This evening my garden is green, fresh, and sweet-smelling.
+There are times and seasons of climate, nature, and mind
+which are especially prone to raise regrets in the heart, and
+notwithstanding the actual comfort with which I am surrounded
+I feel somewhat depressed to-day. I have been
+going through papers the whole morning with my business
+man, and afterwards went with him to inspect the Protestant
+school in this village.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;I spent yesterday from ten
+in the morning till nine in the evening in visiting the most
+distant part of my estates, which include a town, three farms,
+and a little forest. In one of the farms the remains of an old
+Gothic castle have been transformed into a barn. I lunched
+with a retired lieutenant who is married and works my farms,
+upon one of which is a good dwelling-house; the farms have
+always been held together, first by the grandfather and then
+by the father of the present holder. His wife is expecting a
+child, and they hope that the lease will be renewed to the
+fourth generation. I went to look at the church and the
+town, which is three parts Catholic. I was very warmly
+received. The position of a great overlord is very different
+here from in France, and my son's head is quite turned by it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>G�nthersdorf, June 26, 1840.</em>&mdash;To-morrow I must return
+to Berlin, while my son will go on to Marienbad. I have
+recovered my strength in the open-air life that I have led
+among the woods. Yesterday I went to see the worst of my
+farms, which is called Heydan, and is wrested by main force
+from the sand.</p>
+
+<p>I had my neighbour to dinner, Prince Carolath of Saabor,
+a stout man between fifty and sixty years of age, very pleasant
+and polite.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Frankfort-on-the-Oder, June 28, 1840.</em>&mdash;I spent the whole
+of yesterday out of doors in rain and hail. I could have
+wished for better weather for the sake of the good people
+who had prepared receptions for me, and also for my own
+sake, as I could form but a very inadequate judgment of the
+two recently made farms; one is called Peterhof, after my
+father, and the other Dorotheenaue, after myself. These
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230">230</a></span>
+farms have been established upon lands by the help of which
+the peasants of Kleinitz have been enabled to buy their freedom
+from forced labour. Beautiful forests surround these
+lands. The agent in residence belongs to a family of
+Courlande, which followed my father to Silesia. A striking
+portrait of my father, who had made a present of it to his
+follower, adorns his room. He values it highly, and so I
+could not ask him to sell it to me, as I was tempted to do.</p>
+
+<p>When I arrived here I found a very kind letter from the
+Duc d'Orl�ans, referring most properly to the death of the
+King of Prussia and to his successor. This is what he says
+about France: "The apparent agitation has subsided, but
+there are still clouds upon the horizon; though the storm
+has been cleverly averted, it has not entirely dispersed.
+However, the interval between the sessions will pass off well.
+Only the King and M. Thiers are in the foreground, and
+neither is willing to embarrass the other. Both wish to
+smooth their path, and no question will arise to divide them.
+For my part, I wish every success to our great little Minister,
+who can confer vast benefits upon this country."</p>
+
+<p>I was sorry to say good-bye to my son; he is a good child,
+natural, tractable, and quiet. I am glad that he was pleased
+with Silesia, and that he has shown so good a spirit in every
+respect. Moreover, in him I had a relative at hand, and
+I begin to feel the great difference between solitude and
+isolation. For a long time I confused these two conditions,
+which are so similar and yet so different; the one I can bear
+very well, the other makes me afraid.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, June 29, 1840.</em>&mdash;I arrived here yesterday at three
+o'clock in the afternoon. I found many letters, but none
+of any interest. However, Madame Mollien says that the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans is with child, and adds that the digestive
+disturbance has returned from which the measles seemed to
+have relieved her. Madame Ad�la�de, who also writes, seems
+to be well pleased with the way in which the review of the
+National Guard passed off, and especially with the reception
+of the Duc d'Orl�ans upon his return from Africa. Some
+of the officers attached to him are dead, and many of them
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231">231</a></span>
+have been left behind wounded or ill; he himself has grown
+very thin.</p>
+
+<p>Here at Berlin, according to what I hear from different
+people whom I saw yesterday evening, the moderation, the
+goodness, and the wisdom of the new King give great satisfaction.
+He works hard, is accessible to everybody, and shows
+every respect for the friends and the wishes of his father.
+Herr von Humboldt has brought me all kinds of gracious
+messages from Sans Souci; the Prince and Princess of Prussia
+have sent others; Madame de Perponcher told me that there
+would be a grand Court of Condolence on Friday next, and
+explained what costume would be worn.</p>
+
+<p>The only change under the new Government is that the
+King works with each of his Ministers separately, whereas
+the late King would only talk with the Prince of Wittgenstein
+and work only with Count Lottum. Herr von Altenstein,
+who was Minister of Worship and Education, died three
+weeks before the late King, and no fresh appointment has yet
+been made. There is much anxiety to know who will fill this
+important post. The choice will give some indication of the
+direction in which affairs will be guided. The nomination for
+that very reason is a matter of great perplexity to the King.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, July 1, 1840.</em>&mdash;My great objection to towns is the
+calls that have to be made and received. In spite of the fact
+that I am only a bird of passage here I have to suffer this
+inconvenience. I have made a large number of calls and
+received a great many yesterday morning and evening. The
+Prince of Prussia, who started this morning for Ems, was with
+me for a long time, and told me that the Empress of Russia
+was well pleased with her future daughter-in-law, and the
+young Princess will travel to Russia with the Empress herself.</p>
+
+<p>Lord William Russell also came to see me. He told me
+that Lady Granville had <em>ordered</em> Mr. Heneage, who is
+attached to her husband's Embassy at Paris, to accompany
+Madame de Lieven to England.</p>
+
+<p>I went with Wolff to see the studio of Begas, a German
+painter trained at Paris under the eyes of Gros. He is very
+talented.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232">232</a></span>
+There has been an earthquake in the department of Indre-et-Loire,
+which was felt at Tours; at Candes, four leagues
+from Rochecotte, several houses have been overthrown. At
+Rochecotte nothing has happened, thank heaven, but this
+subterranean convulsion frightens me; another event of the
+kind might easily ruin all my work of restoration, and my
+artesian well might run dry.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Potsdam, July 2, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left Berlin yesterday at eleven
+o'clock in the morning by the railway. I was in the same
+carriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia, the King's cousin,
+Lord William Russell, and Prince George of Hesse. When
+I got out of the train, which reaches Potsdam in less than an
+hour, I found the carriage and the servants of the Princess of
+Prussia, with an invitation to visit her at once at Babelsberg,
+a pretty Gothic castle which she has built upon a wooded
+height overlooking the valley of the Havel. It is a small
+residence, but very well arranged, with a beautiful view. We
+sat there talking for an hour. Her carriage remained at my
+disposal in Potsdam after it had brought me back. When I
+had dressed I went to Sans Souci, where the King dines at
+three o'clock. Both he and the Queen were most kind and
+friendly. After dinner he took me to see the room where
+Frederick II. died, and that King's library. He insisted that
+I should follow him to the terrace, which is a fine piece of
+work. Then I was handed over to the Countess of Reede,
+the Queen's chief lady, and to Humboldt, who drove me to
+the Marble Palace, where are many beautiful objects of art,
+and also to the New Palace, where the great summer festivities
+are held. The Princess of Prussia came to meet us, and took
+me to Charlottenhof, which was made by the reigning King
+from the models, plans, and design of a villa belonging to
+Pliny. It is a charming sight, full of beautiful things
+brought from Italy, which harmonise admirably, an inconceivable
+confusion of flowers and fresco paintings as at
+Pompeii, with fountains and ancient baths, all in the best
+taste. The King and Queen were there, and we had tea.
+The King then took me with him in a pony chaise and drove
+me through splendid avenues of old oak-trees to Sans Souci,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233">233</a></span>
+where he insisted that I should stay to supper. Supper was
+served in a little room without ceremony, and there was more
+conversation than eating. This went on very pleasantly and
+easily until eleven o'clock. The King promised me his
+portrait, and has been most kind in every way. He made
+me promise to come and see him again at Berlin, and was, as
+they say here, very <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">herzlich</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This morning Humboldt came of his own accord to suggest
+that before going to lunch with the Princess of Prussia I
+should see the Island of the Peacocks, with its beautiful
+conservatories and curious menagerie. The King's boatmen
+and the overseers of the botanical gardens waited on me, and
+I brought back some splendid flowers. We reached the
+Princess of Prussia a little late. After lunch she took me
+in the pony chaise to see Glinicke, the pretty villa of Prince
+Charles, who is at this moment at the baths of Kreuznach
+with his wife. Thence I returned to Potsdam and to Berlin
+by the railway.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, July 3, 1840.</em>&mdash;Madame de Perponcher came for
+me to-day at four o'clock. She took me through the rooms
+of her mother, the Countess of Reede, so that we avoided the
+crowd and were the first to reach the Court of Condolence
+which was held by the Queen at Berlin. She was seated on
+her throne in a room hung with black; the shutters were
+closed, and the room was lighted only by four large candles,
+according to old etiquette. The Queen wore a double veil,
+one streaming behind and the other lowered before her face;
+all the ladies were dressed in the same way, and it was
+impossible to distinguish faces. Each made a silent bow
+before the throne, and that was all. It was strangely sad and
+lugubrious, but a very noble and imposing ceremony. The
+men who passed before the throne were in uniform, with their
+faces uncovered, but any gold or silver on their uniforms was
+covered with black crape.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Berlin, July 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;My stay at Berlin has now come to
+an end. I went to high mass this morning, a less meritorious
+act here than elsewhere, on account of the admirable
+music.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234">234</a></span>
+<em>Herzberg, July 6, 1840.</em>&mdash;I started this morning from Berlin
+by railway as far as Potsdam, where I stayed for lunch.
+When I got out of the train I found a footman with a very
+affectionate farewell letter from the Princess of Prussia. I
+have been spoilt to the last moment. I feel most deeply
+grateful, for every one has shown me a kindness and a
+cordiality which I had only experienced in England before
+now.</p>
+
+<p>I have finished the <cite>Stories of the Merovingian Age</cite>, by
+M. Augustin Thierry. The book is not without interest or
+originality; as a picture of strange and unknown customs,
+it is valuable. I have begun the Dialogues of F�nelon on
+Jansenism, a book which is little known and almost forgotten,
+though admirably written, and sometimes as striking
+as the <cite>Provincial Letters</cite>.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>K�nigsbruck, July 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;I came here yesterday at six
+o'clock in the evening to see my niece, the Countess of Hohenthal.
+The lady of the place is taller, fairer, more intelligent,
+quite as pleasant, and in my opinion prettier and kinder than
+her sister, Frau von Lazareff. Her other sister, Fanny, is an
+excellent and cheerful character, and if her health were better
+she would be pretty. The Count of Hohenthal is a thorough
+gentleman who admires and adores his wife. Miss Harrison,
+once the governess of these ladies, is a prudent and loyal
+person who has acted as their mother, and is respected as such
+in the household. K�nigsbruck is a great house, rather vast
+than beautiful, at the entrance to a small town. Its position
+would be picturesque and the view agreeable if it were not
+almost choked by the outbuildings, which, in the German
+style, are placed far too near the castle. The country is
+a transition-point between the barrenness and flatness of
+Prussia and the rich productivity of Saxony.</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from a letter from M. Royer-Collard,
+written from Paris when he was about to start for
+the Bl�sois: "Thiers came even to-day to sit down here
+in silence with M. Cousin, who represented the companion
+brother of the Jesuit. Thiers speaks very disdainfully of
+the Ministries which preceded his own, and modestly of his
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235">235</a></span>
+successes as Minister of the Interior; in any case, he is very
+kind to me."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>K�nigsbruck, July 9, 1840.</em>&mdash;To-day I went over the castle
+in detail. It might afford opportunity for beautification in
+several directions; but such is not the local taste, as the
+lords work their estates themselves and prefer the useful to
+the agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>My niece had told me that the King and Queen of Saxony
+had expressed a wish to see me; I therefore wrote yesterday
+to Pillnitz, where the Court now is, to ask their Majesties for
+an interview. When the answer arrives I shall arrange for
+my departure.</p>
+
+<p>My nieces generally spend their winters at Dresden, and
+told me that the French Minister, M. de Bussi�res, was in
+very bad odour there. He is regarded as an unpleasant
+character and in bad style. He has introduced some disagreeable
+customs, and deeply wounded the Queen by various
+tactless remarks concerning her. There is a general wish for
+his removal to some other diplomatic post.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Dresden, July 11, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left K�nigsbruck this morning,
+and was glad to see once more the pretty suburbs of Dresden.
+I am now about to dress and to start for Pillnitz.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Dresden, July 12, 1840.</em>&mdash;The castle of Pillnitz is neither
+very beautiful nor curious. The gardens are only moderately
+good, but the situation on the banks of the Elbe is charming;
+the country is delightful and fertile. The whole royal
+family of Saxony were assembled there yesterday. The
+Queen, whom I had known long ago at Baden, before her
+marriage, is the tallest woman I know; she is very kind, well
+educated, and simply anxious to please. The King had dined
+several times with M. de Talleyrand at Paris; he is a frank
+and natural person, especially when his shyness, which is
+obvious at first, has time to wear off. Princess John, the
+Queen's sister, and the twin sister of the Queen of Prussia, is
+strikingly like the latter, but she has been so worn out by
+constant child-bearing that she hardly has the strength to
+move or to utter more than a few words. I had also known
+her at Baden, when she was very pretty and agreeable. Her
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236">236</a></span>
+husband, Prince John, is one of the most learned royal
+personages of his time, always busy with deep matters; his
+dress and appearance are very careless, and there is something
+of the German professor about him. Princess Augusta, the
+Queen's cousin, had nearly all the sovereigns of Europe as
+her suitors thirty years ago: Napoleon mentioned her name
+in the council where his marriage was decided; none the
+less she remained single, and, moreover, has become a very
+pleasant old maid. She was never pretty, but was fresh and
+bright, with individual points of beauty. Her expression
+remains kind and attractive. Finally, I made a conquest
+of Princess Amelia, the King's sister, who writes comedies.
+She is a witty and imaginative person, and her conversation
+is lively and sparkling; she showed remarkable kindness
+to me.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner I was taken into a very fine room to change
+my dress, and was strongly tempted to theft by the many
+fine examples of old Dresden china. The Queen sent for me,
+and I was taken to her room, where she asked me questions,
+as the Princesses had done. Everybody came in soon in out-of-door
+dress, and we started in carriages for a long drive.
+The vine is largely grown about Dresden. Above the royal
+vineyards the King has built a little summer-house, which
+reminds me of that of the Grand Duchess Stephanie at
+Baden. This was the object of our drive, and the view from
+it is superb: on the right was Dresden, opposite the Elbe,
+with its smiling banks, and on the left the mountain chain
+known as Saxon Switzerland. Tea was served in the
+summer-house and after a pleasant conversation I said farewell,
+when all kinds of warm messages were exchanged. My
+carriage had followed me, and brought me back to Dresden
+by ten o'clock in the evening.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Dresden, July 13, 1840.</em>&mdash;As yesterday was Sunday I went
+to mass in the morning in the chapel of the castle, where the
+music is famous throughout Germany. It is the only place
+where singers are still to be heard in the style of Crescentini
+and Marchesi. This celebrated music did not satisfy me; it
+was too operatic in style, too noisy and dramatic, instead of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+suggesting a religious calm; moreover, these mutilated voices,
+notwithstanding their brilliancy, have a certain unpleasant
+harshness and shrillness. I never cared for the voice of
+Crescentini, whom I heard at her best at Napoleon's Court.</p>
+
+<p>After mass we visited the interior of the castle, where
+Bendemann, one of the most distinguished artists of D�sseldorf,
+is now painting frescoes in the great hall where the
+King opens and closes the sessions of the States. It will be
+a fine piece of work in respect both of its composition and
+execution, but it will never have the brilliancy which only
+Italy can give to this style of painting, and which is so
+indispensable to it. I was much interested by the apartments
+of the Elector Augustus the Strong, which were
+furnished in the fashion of his age, and have never been
+used since, except by the Emperor Napoleon. They contain
+a great number of specimens of Buhl furniture, lacquer-work,
+gilt copper, old china, and inlaid wood, but these things are
+kept in bad condition and badly arranged, and do not make
+a quarter of the effect they should produce. The castle
+from the outside looks like an old convent, but there are some
+curious architectural details in its interior courts which
+remind me of the castle of Blois, though they cannot vie with
+it. Nothing can give grace, lightness, and elegance to architectural
+work like the everlasting white stone which belongs
+exclusively to the centre of France. Here the stone is very
+dark.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening I had a visit from the Baron of Lindenau,
+Minister of Education and Director of Museums. He
+played an important political part in the affairs of Saxony
+during the co-regency of the present King. I had known
+him formerly at the house of my late aunt, the Countess of
+Recke. He is a distinguished man, and I was glad to see him
+again.</p>
+
+<p>My nephew took us this morning to see the Japanese
+Palace, which contains the royal library, the manuscripts,
+the intaglios, medals, and engravings. I went through
+twenty vaulted chambers, which contain all known specimens
+of china, of every age and every country. There were some
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238">238</a></span>
+very beautiful and very curious things among them. This
+collection is especially rich in Chinese specimens. Then we
+went on to the royal china manufactory, which has preserved
+the fine paste so greatly admired in old Saxon china, which
+is now sold by curiosity dealers.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner I went to the historical museum called the
+Zwinger, which is arranged after the style of the Tower of
+London. Herr von Lindenau had sent word of my coming
+to the chief directors, who are most learned men, and explained
+everything to us delightfully. The picture gallery
+and the treasury I had seen upon other occasions, and did
+not visit them again.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Teplitz, July 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;It is not a long journey from
+Dresden here&mdash;only eight short hours, through charming
+country. The hills prevent rapid progress, but the variety
+and the attractiveness of the scenery compensate for the
+delay. Some of the scenery recalls the Murgthal, and other
+parts Wildbad. The Erzgebirge, at the foot of which
+Teplitz lies, makes a sufficient background, though it is
+not an imposing mountain range. The mountains are,
+moreover, well wooded, the village is very pretty, flowers
+are grown, and the roads are excellent. Immediately after
+my arrival I had a visit from my niece, Princess Biron, who
+married my eldest nephew. She took me in her carriage to
+see the town, which is not far off, the pretty promenades,
+and the village of Sch�nau, which is close to the town and
+contains the chief watering-places. It is all very nice, and
+prettily built; but Teplitz may be as pretty as it likes&mdash;it
+cannot equal dear Baden. The society of the place is also
+different, and seems to me to be very moderate here. It is
+said that the death of the King of Prussia will make a great
+difference, as he came every year.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Biron is a pleasant person; though not pretty, she
+has a noble bearing, and is deeply loved and respected in her
+husband's family.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Teplitz, July 15, 1840.</em>&mdash;I am starting for Carlsbad, where
+I shall see my two sisters this evening, from whom I have
+been separated for sixteen years. This unduly long absence
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239">239</a></span>
+has changed my habits, and I have lost touch with their
+interests; so I begin the day with some emotion.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 16, 1840.</em>&mdash;Fifteen hours' travelling to-day,
+during which I did not stop for a moment. I had to cover
+twenty-six leagues, continually going uphill or down. After
+Teplitz the country is pretty as far as Dux, the castle of
+Count Wallenstein, where Casanova wrote his memoirs; after
+that the country becomes extremely dull. It was ten o'clock
+when I arrived. My sisters were sitting opposite one another
+playing patience. Jeanne, the Duchess of Acerenza, welcomed
+me very naturally; Pauline, the Princess of Hohenzollern,
+with some embarrassment, which immediately communicated
+itself to me. We only talked of indifferent matters, and they
+gave me tea. I then went to a house opposite, where my
+sister Jeanne has hired a room for me.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles writes from
+Paris telling me that he dined with M. Thiers at the house
+of the Sardinian Ambassador,<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[106]</a> and had a long talk with him.
+He found M. Thiers profoundly interested in Africa, willing
+to spend vast sums there, to wage a great war and keep up an
+army of eighty thousand men, and to build the continuous
+lines which have been so largely discussed, to surround the
+whole plain of the Mitija.<a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[107]</a> He attempts to prove that these
+efforts will produce marvellous results in two or three years:
+the real possession of Africa, a large colonising movement,
+and a splendid port on the Mediterranean. The Duc de
+Noailles also tells me that Madame de Lieven is at London,
+and is greatly pleased with her reception.</p>
+
+<p>Another correspondent says: "The King does not seem to
+come to terms with his Ministry, although he is said to be on
+the best footing with the several members of it. Having
+lost a game, the King has now to win one, and is waiting
+his opportunity patiently. M. Guizot still seems to be the
+fashion in England.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[108]</a> He bets at the racecourse, and has
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240">240</a></span>
+won two hundred louis. Surely M. Guizot on the turf is
+one of the strangest anomalies of our age!"</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday my sisters took me to see the various springs
+and the shops, which are very pretty. I then dined with
+them at three o'clock, my brother-in-law, Count Schulenburg,
+being present.<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[109]</a> Then we went for a drive along the valley,
+which greatly resembles the valley of Wildbad. There I
+found some old acquaintances&mdash;the Prince and Princess Reuss-Schleiz,
+the Count and Countess Solms, son of the old
+Ompteda by her first marriage, the Countess Karolyi, called
+Nandine, the old L�wenhielm, with his wife, whose first married
+name was Frau von D�ben, Liebermann, and an old Princess
+Lichenstein. I returned home at ten o'clock, rather wearied
+with this succession of faces.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 18, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to pay a call
+to the Countess of Bj�rnstjerna, who lives in the same house
+as myself. She is starting for Hamburg this morning, where
+she will hear whether she is to meet her husband at Stockholm
+or London. Her eldest son is marrying the only daughter of
+her sister, Countess Ugglas, who died some years ago. It
+has been pleasant to meet some one to remind me of London,
+the best time of my life, even in the form of this little
+Bj�rnstjerna. I have also been to see an old man of eighty
+years who always used to live with my aunt, the Countess of
+Recke, and whom I had missed at Dresden, where I hoped to
+find him. He usually lives there in a house the use of
+which was bequeathed to him by my aunt, and which reverts
+to myself after the death of this poor old man. We both
+grew sad over the memories of my good aunt.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner I went for a drive with my sisters along a
+pretty road cut out of the mountain-side, and visited a china
+factory, where there were some pretty things. Pottery has
+been a comparatively widespread industry in Bohemia for
+some time, but remains much behind the Saxon manufacture.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I spent very much as
+the former day, and as I shall probably spend every day of
+my stay here. I always wake up early, write till nine o'clock,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241">241</a></span>
+get up and dress. At ten o'clock I go to my sisters, and
+stay talking to them till midday. I then pay some necessary
+calls, and return home to read. I go back to my sisters at
+three o'clock for dinner, then take them for a drive in a
+carriage that I have hired. At six o'clock they sit in front
+of their door to see the people go past. I stay with them
+for a time, and then return to my room, and finally go back
+to them at eight o'clock for tea.</p>
+
+<p>My sister Hohenzollern has brought all the curious letters
+that had belonged to my mother, and which my sister the
+Duchesse de Sagan had seized. She proposed to keep a third
+of them, and we therefore divided them. My share contains
+the letters of the late King of Poland,<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[110]</a> of the Emperor
+Alexander, of the brothers and sisters of Frederick the Great,
+Goethe, the Emperor Napoleon to the Empress Jos�phine,
+the great Cond�, Louis XIV., and in particular a letter from
+F�nelon to his grand-nephew whom he called Fanfan.<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[111]</a> This
+letter is enclosed in a paper on which the Bishop of Alais, M. de
+Bausset, has written a signed note testifying to the authenticity
+of this letter, so that there are two autographs in one.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;I went to mass yesterday in an
+enormous crowd, for this country is essentially Catholic. The
+little chapels, the great crucifixes, the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ex-votos</i>, scattered about
+the mountains, are all visited on Sundays by the people, who
+leave small candles and flowers there. I went to visit two of
+these little shrines, which increase the beauty of the landscape,
+apart from their religious meaning.</p>
+
+<p>I then went to see my sisters in the usual place. Countess
+L�on Razumowski and Princess Palfy were with them. I
+was introduced, but did not find them very interesting.
+Countess Razumowski is the leader of the pleasure-seeking
+society here; they spend their days in tea and supper parties
+in the style of the Russian ladies at Baden.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Tatitcheff is also here, and told us that a young
+Russian who had come straight from Rome said that the
+Pope was in a desperate condition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242">242</a></span>
+In the evening a Mrs. Austin, a clever English lady,
+brought letters of introduction to my sisters. She sees a
+good deal of M. Guizot at London, is always quoting his
+remarks, and boasts of her acquaintanceship with Lady
+Lansdowne.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a very touching
+letter from the Abb� Dupanloup. He has been for rest and
+retirement at the Grande Chartreuse, whence his letter is
+dated. He proposes to return to Paris at once to help in the
+consecration of the new Archbishop.<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[112]</a> He speaks with much
+concern about the condition of the French clergy, whose
+irritation he describes as very great.</p>
+
+<p>I have also a letter from the Princesse de Lieven from
+London. She says: "The Ministry is very weak, but it is
+likely to continue in life, though vitality will be feeble. The
+Queen has entirely recovered her popularity since the attempt
+to assassinate her.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[113]</a> She really behaved with great courage
+and coolness, most creditable and unusual at her age. She
+is very fond of her husband, whom she treats as a small boy.
+He is not so clever as she, but is very calm and dignified.
+M. Guizot has an excellent position here, is universally respected,
+and perfectly happy. Herr von Brunnow cuts a poor
+figure. He and his wife are thought to be quite ridiculous
+and out of place. The little Chreptowicz, daughter of Count
+Nesselrode, who is here, is very vexed and ashamed about it.
+Alava has lost his cheerfulness. Lady Jersey's hair is grey.
+Lord Grey looks very well, but is very peevish."</p>
+
+<p>It is said here that Matusiewicz is dangerously ill of
+gout at Stockholm, and that M. Potemkin has gone raving
+mad at Rome. This is likely to cause some changes in the
+Russian diplomatic service, and perhaps will bring my cousin,
+Paul Medem, from Stuttgart.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 27, 1840.</em>&mdash;I propose to start the day after
+to-morrow for Baden. A certain Herr von H�bner arrived
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243">243</a></span>
+yesterday. He is an Austrian<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[114]</a> with a post in the office of
+Prince Metternich. He brought me a pressing invitation
+from the Prince to go and see him at K�nigswarth, which
+is only six hours by road from here. I sent a refusal, but in
+terms of warm regret; it would not be kind to my sisters if
+I were to cut my stay short by a day or two after so long a
+separation, and I also fear the foolish interpretations which
+our newspapers might place upon my action. Frederic Lamb,
+Esterhazy, Tatitcheff, Fiquelmont, Maltzan, and other
+diplomatists are gathered at K�nigswarth. This will attract
+attention, and I am not anxious that my name, which has
+not yet been sufficiently forgotten, should be made the
+subject of delightful journalistic comments.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Carlsbad, July 30, 1840.</em>&mdash;I am leaving Carlsbad at midday
+this morning, and going with my sister Acerenza to L�bichau,
+in Saxony, an estate which belongs to her; my mother is
+buried there. She will then meet my sister Hohenzollern at
+Ischl, for which she also starts to-day. We part upon the
+best terms, and I have promised to pay them a visit at
+Vienna on my next journey to Germany.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>L�bichau, July 31, 1840.</em>&mdash;I arrived here yesterday evening,
+after a journey through a picturesque and mountainous
+country, well wooded and well watered. I have been travelling
+in the pretty duchy of Saxony-Altenburg, a fertile,
+smiling, and populous district, where I spent every summer
+until the time of my marriage. I revisited it afterwards upon
+several occasions. Many recollections give me an interest
+in the country, and sometimes arouse emotion. Some old
+faces of past times still remain to greet me. I went into the
+room where my mother died, and which my sister now uses,
+and we went to see her grave at the end of the park. I
+also went to the presbytery to see the wife of the pastor,
+who was a faithful companion of my youth; one of her
+daughters is my godchild, and is a pretty young person.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>L�bichau, August 1, 1840.</em>&mdash;It rained all yesterday, and it
+was impossible to go out. I spent my time in going over the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244">244</a></span>
+house and looking at the rooms which I had occupied at
+different periods. Some people from the neighbourhood
+came in to see us, including the deaconess, Fr�ulein Sidonie
+von Dieskau, a great friend of my mother. I often used to
+go to her house in my youth. She is a very lively and
+clever person, and bears her sixty-two years admirably.</p>
+
+<p>Here I found a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who
+says: "Lady Sandwich gave an evening party recently. You
+would never guess who was engaged to amuse the company&mdash;a
+hypnotist! The Marquise de Caraman was overheard
+saying to the young Duc de Vicence, 'If we were alone I
+should like to be hypnotised, but I dare not before all these
+people; I should be afraid of showing my excitement.'
+Marshal Val�e will be continued in his African command,
+notwithstanding the criticism to which he is exposed, on
+account of the difficulty of finding any one to take his place.
+The Flahaut have returned in a very softened frame of mind,
+and well disposed to the Government; they often go to
+Auteuil, where M. Thiers has set up house. The marriage
+of Lady Acton with Lord Leveson is settled for this month;
+it will take place in England, where the Granvilles have been
+called by the serious illness of their daughter, Lady Rivers.
+Lord Granville does not greatly approve of this marriage;
+much pressure has been necessary to obtain his consent, but
+his son's passion has overcome all obstacles."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>L�bichau, August 2, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went with my
+sister a distance of a short half-league to visit a summer
+residence in the middle of the park, in which I spent several
+summers. My mother made me a present of it, and I gave it
+back to her when I was married. It is now in somewhat
+poor repair, but I was glad to see it again. On our return
+I went into the village to recall some memories.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Schleitz, August 3, 1840.</em>&mdash;This town is the residence of
+the Prince of Reuss LXIV. Three years ago it was burnt
+down. The castle is quite new, built in the style of a
+barracks, with two very insignificant towers; it is a pity,
+for the country is beautiful, especially towards Gera, where
+I dined with the deaconess von Dieskau, of whom I spoke
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245">245</a></span>
+above, and who is one of the pleasantest recollections of
+my youth. She is very comfortably settled.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Nuremberg, August 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening I reached
+Bayreuth at a late hour, and started again early this morning.</p>
+
+<p>A mere walk through the streets of N�remberg will
+show any observer the peculiarities of the town. Octagonal
+balconies in the form of projecting towers in the middle or
+at the corners of the houses, with gables, almost all overhanging
+the street, are most characteristic. The number of
+niches with statues of saints would make one think that the
+country was Catholic; yet the town is entirely Protestant;
+but the vandalism of the Reformation was as rabid here as
+elsewhere, and the good taste of the inhabitants has preserved
+from a sense of artistic value what they no longer appreciate
+for religious reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening at the last posting station before
+Bayreuth I met some travellers whom I did not know but
+who seemed to be important people. The husband came up
+to my carriage and asked me if I had heard the news. I
+replied that I had not. He then told me that he belonged
+to Geneva, and that he was taking his invalid wife to
+Marienbad; that on leaving Geneva he had seen one of his
+friends from Paris, who told him of the news that a convention
+had been signed at London between Austria, Prussia,
+Russia, and England against the Pasha of Egypt, and that
+the French King was furious in consequence; that M. Thiers
+had immediately ordered the sudden mobilisation of two
+hundred thousand men to march to the northern frontier,
+and of ten thousand sailors.<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[115]</a> As I no longer see the newspapers,
+I am very doubtful what to think of such news, and
+do not know what to make of these apparent contradictions.</p>
+
+<p>I was told that on September 1 a fifteen days' camp
+would take place here; twenty thousand troops, the whole
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246">246</a></span>
+Bavarian Court, and other princes will make it a brilliant
+affair.</p>
+
+<p>In <em>Galignani</em> I saw the news of the death of Lord Durham;
+I do not think he will be greatly regretted.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>To return from my aberrations, the Church of St. Sebald
+is ill-proportioned and the decorations are very tawdry,
+but it contains one fine monument. This is a great silver
+reliquary covered with gold bands, placed in an openwork
+monument of cast iron, remarkable for its delicacy and
+gracefulness; the ornamentation is extremely rich and the
+design admirable. The Town Hall, the large hall painted
+with frescoes by Albert D�rer, where several Imperial Diets
+have been held, is worth seeing, and also the room in
+which are hung the portraits of those citizens of Nuremberg
+who were benefactors to their native town by founding
+religious houses. A chapel of St. Maurice which has been
+transformed into a museum has some interesting pictures of
+the old German school. The bronze statue of D�rer in one of
+the squares, which was modelled by Rauch of Berlin, and
+cast here, has nobility of bearing and makes a fine effect.
+The old castle, upon an elevation, overlooks the town, and from
+it may be gained a general view of the countryside. Though
+it is somewhat mean in appearance, it has the merit of
+indisputable antiquity. The King and Queen of Bavaria
+inhabit it when they are here. An old linden-tree planted
+in the middle of the court by the Empress Cunegonde must
+be eight hundred years old if the chronicle is to be believed;
+one may reasonably doubt such antiquity, though the fact
+remains that this tree has seen many events.</p>
+
+<p>The Church of St. Lawrence is very fine and imposing; the
+tabernacle and the pulpit are masterpieces. Two fountains,
+one of cast iron and the other of stone, in two of the squares
+are very noteworthy for curious details of sculpture, but the
+little threads of water which they spout make them look
+more like <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ex-votos</i> than fountains. The house of the
+Emperor Adolphus of Nassau and the house of the Hohenzollerns,
+who for a long time were Burgraves of Nuremberg,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247">247</a></span>
+with several other houses in the hands of private individuals,
+are curious. The mania for restoration has reached N�remberg;
+the results would be highly praiseworthy were it not
+for the habit of painting in glaring colours houses with
+sculptured fronts which should especially be left in the natural
+colour of the stone. The cemetery of St. John contains the
+tombs of all the illustrious men of the town. The Rosenau,
+the public walk, of which the inhabitants are very proud, is
+damp and badly kept. I finished my round with a visit to the
+toy shop which has been famous for centuries; all kinds of
+figures and grotesques are there made, cleverly carved in wood.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 7, 1840.</em>&mdash;I am now at Baden, and felt
+quite overcome when I just now entered it alone. The sight
+of the Jagd-Haus, of the little chapel, the poplar-trees upon
+the road&mdash;in fact, something at every step awoke memories
+and regrets. I am staying in a clean little house on the
+Graben, opposite the Strasburg Hotel. Houses are being
+built in every direction; Baden will soon be a large town,
+and much less attractive to me. As I read the letters which
+you write me from America<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[116]</a> I often think they would have
+greatly interested M. de Talleyrand, and would have reminded
+him of many things, but if poor M. de Talleyrand
+had lived I do not think he would have allowed you to go
+into exile so far away; although he often said that a
+politician to complete his education should certainly go to
+America, as a distant point of view from which to judge old
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;Herr von Blittersdorf whom I
+saw with his wife, told me of another wild attempt of Louis
+Bonaparte, who had disembarked at Boulogne-sur-Mer and
+had attempted to arouse a revolt.<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[117]</a> The news was telegraphed,
+so that there were no details.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248">248</a></span>
+The King of W�rtemberg is here; he has just left the
+watering-place of Aix in Savoy. His daughter and son-in-law,
+the Count of Neipperg, are with him; they go out a
+great deal, give parties, and so on. Herr von Blittersdorf
+also told me that the news from Paris was of a very warlike
+character; for his part he did not understand either how war
+was possible, seeing that every party had important reasons
+for avoiding it, or again how it could be prevented in view
+of Lord Palmerston's measures, which have been ratified by
+the northern Powers,<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[118]</a> while public opinion in France was
+unanimous and excited; and the Pasha of Egypt again had
+gained a success, whereas disasters alone could have stopped
+the coercive measures for which the convention stipulated.
+On this question the French King is said to be in full agreement
+with M. Thiers, and to have stated that he would prefer
+war to revolution. M. Guizot has been reproached because
+he did not give warning in sufficient time to stop the signing
+of the convention. He defends himself by saying that he did
+give notice, but was left without instructions. Such is the
+statement of Herr von Blittersdorf. He is very anxious
+about the situation, and especially about the frontier position
+of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which would be inconvenient in
+times of war. He says that the position of the duchy is the
+more difficult on account of the want of a fortress, the
+building of which he has urged for the last twenty-eight
+years upon Austria, though he has not been able to attain
+it. I came back very anxious in view of the possibility of
+war.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 9, 1840.</em>&mdash;To-day I fell back into my usual
+habits when taking the waters. I found some of the faces
+of former years. My son, M. de Valen�ay, arrived from
+Marienbad. During the day I had a call from Count
+Woronzoff Dashkoff, who has come from Ems. The waters
+seem to have greatly benefited the Empress of Russia; he
+says that the Duke of Nassau treated the Grand Duchess
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249">249</a></span>
+Olga very coldly, and that Princess Marie of Hesse was quite a
+success among the Russian grandees. Count Woronzoff says
+that she has bad teeth and does not think much of her beauty.</p>
+
+<p>I then saw Herr von Blittersdorf, who says that the King
+of W�rtemberg, Princess Marie, his daughter, and even the
+Count of Neipperg, regret the marriage, which places them in
+a false position. The Princess is said to be in bad health, and
+by no means rich. All these stories seem foolish, the more so
+as the Count of Neipperg is quite an insignificant person.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Rohan has also arrived; he told me of the
+death of Madame de La Rov�re (Elizabeth of Stackelberg), a
+young and handsome lady, happy and beloved, and a friend of
+my daughter Pauline. Poor Frau von Stackelberg! She has
+thus lost three children of full age and very dear to her in
+less than six months. These are heavy blows; she is a real
+angel, and has been a sufferer all her life.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 10, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have a letter from the
+Duchesse d'Albuf�ra, who is very anxious about her son-in-law,
+M. de La Redorte, the Spanish Ambassador. He reached
+Barcelona at a very gloomy time. She says that he has done
+extremely well, and that the authorities at Paris are very
+pleased with his attitude from the outset.</p>
+
+<p>All my letters talk of war in a tone which reduces me to
+despair. Madame de Lieven was the first to send the news to
+Paris of the famous convention of the four Powers, which she
+announced with a cry of triumph in a letter to Madame de
+Flahaut. This Russian Princess showed herself most delighted
+and overjoyed at having some excitement worthy of her, but
+how will she settle that with M. Guizot? It seems that these
+rumours of war reduce Madame de Flahaut to despair, as she
+has recovered her affection for the Tuileries.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Noailles is, I hear, very proud because he has
+predicted the disturbance now in progress. I cannot sufficiently
+remember any of his speeches to recall his prophecies. In any
+case, it is a poor consolation for the evils which threaten
+European society.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 12, 1840.</em>&mdash;I dined with the Wellesleys;
+Princess Marie and the Count of Neipperg were there. After
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250">250</a></span>
+seeing the latter I am the less able to understand the
+marriage. The King of W�rtemberg is said to be displeased
+with his son-in-law, who adopts a contemptuous attitude;
+the Count is susceptible and hard to please, and the poor
+Princess is torn between her husband and her father, as also
+is society between the husband and the wife; in short, the
+position is false and foolish for everybody. The Princess is
+the chief sufferer, and, though not pretty, she is a pleasant
+person; there is something wrong about her figure&mdash;her
+movements are neither free nor easy.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I went to a concert given by the Countess
+Strogonoff. Princess Marie and the Grand Duke of Baden
+were also there. High society in general was well represented.
+I saw nothing of any particular note, and fortunately
+made no new acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I read the manifesto
+of the new Archbishop of Paris, Mgr. Affre, on the occasion
+of his enthronement. Two points in it seemed to me to show
+great affectation: he attempted to reassure the Government
+about the moderation of his political views, and he refused to
+say a single word about his predecessor, which is against
+all custom and good taste. If he would not speak of his
+predecessor's administration of office or of his personality, he
+might at least have praised his charity, which is incontestable;
+he would not have compromised himself, and would have
+avoided the foolishness of silence.</p>
+
+<p>Herr von Blittersdorf told me at his wife's house that he
+was startled by the exasperation which was produced in
+France by the absolute silence of the Queen of England
+with reference to France in her Speech upon the prorogation
+of Parliament. He told me also that England had
+resolved to break with France on the Eastern question,
+because she had recently acquired accurate information concerning
+the intrigues of M. de Pontois, to prevent any reconciliation
+of the Sultan with the Pasha.<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[119]</a> England was also
+aware of the assurances given to the latter, that he need not
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251">251</a></span>
+take the severity of the Powers seriously, and might continue
+his enterprise, trusting to the help of France. Lord Palmerston
+complains of this duplicity. On the other hand it is asserted
+that the prospects of peace between the Porte and Egypt
+are hampered by Lord Ponsonby; in short, it is a hopeless
+tangle. Let us trust that it will not be settled by cannon-shots.</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from a letter from M. Bresson
+from Berlin which I have just received: "I have been suddenly
+overwhelmed with work, and not of the pleasantest kind. The
+evil is great, and will not be entirely repaired. How often
+have I thought that if M. de Talleyrand were alive and at
+London this would not have happened! I wish also he could
+be at Berlin and everywhere, for I am not very successful in
+making people listen to reason. Yet this is the most unworthy
+transaction of modern times, though quite worthy to bear the
+names of Lord Palmerston, von B�low, and Neumann. Herr
+von B�low acted without authorisation. At first there was
+an outcry against him, then there was a wish to do as the
+majority were doing, and his fine masterpiece was ratified
+with very few restrictions. The four Courts will let me hear
+of it within six months. Mehemet Ali will send them about
+their business and wait for them to blockade him, an enterprise
+if possible more ridiculous than that of La Plata,<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[120]</a> and
+one which will be far more expensive. I hope that he will
+not cross the Taurus to delude our friends of St. Petersburg.
+The chief politicians look for a double moral effect upon
+France and upon Mehemet Ali, thanks to the Syrian insurrection.
+You can see how careful their calculations have
+been. Apart from this there is the insult of the clandestine
+negotiations and the notification to M. Guizot of the fact
+that these had been signed forty-eight hours after everything
+was over and when he was thinking of something entirely
+different, so you may easily judge of our feelings. If the
+good old King of Prussia were still alive we should not have
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252">252</a></span>
+seen such stupidity. Herr von B�low would have had a
+wigging, or rather he would never have gained the upper
+hand. He thought he had flattered and won men over and
+could rely upon the passions aroused by the inheritance of a
+Prince whom Prussia will daily regret more and more. In
+short, I am in a very bad temper, and I take no trouble to
+hide it. We now know exactly what there is behind words
+and protestations. I trust that the people will also learn
+what the resentment of France can mean." In this outburst
+the natural impetuosity of M. de Bresson is obvious, but I
+also seem to see that the action of the Powers was inspired
+rather by tactlessness than by real hostility, and from this fact
+one may derive some hopes of peace.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I received so pressing
+an invitation from the Grand Duchess Stephanie to visit her
+at her estate of Umkirch, in Briesgau, where she now is, that I
+resolved to pay her a visit after completing my cure here.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen my cousin, Paul Medem, who came from
+Stuttgart, where he had just shown his letters of credit as
+Russian Minister. He does not believe in the possibility of
+the war, and as proof of his conviction has just invested two
+hundred thousand francs in the French Funds.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;I was very agreeably surprised
+to receive the portrait of the King of Prussia, with a kind
+autograph letter. The portrait is an admirable and striking
+likeness, painted by Kr�ger.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Nesselrode brought her son to see me, who
+has just come from London. He left Madame de Lieven
+absorbed by the European conflict, on bad terms with
+Brunnow, very cold towards Lady Palmerston, and furious
+because she had not been let into the secret of the signature
+of the famous convention. She involuntarily helped to
+mystify M. Guizot by assuring him that there could be no
+truth in the idea or she would have known it herself.
+She belongs to the French Embassy, is treated as such, and
+people go on laughing at her. She is at home until lunch-time;
+as soon as M. Guizot appears the door is closed, no
+one is admitted, and any one with her takes his leave. Her
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253">253</a></span>
+position seems, in truth, to be ridiculous and impossible,
+and she is only supported by the Sutherlands, with whom she
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from Paris from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra,
+who says: "What can I tell you of the war? The Press is
+urging it forward by every means; every day bellicose
+articles fill the newspapers and excite people's minds. I am
+assured, however, that the King is quite calm and has no fear
+of an outbreak, but can the progress of public opinion be
+checked? It is said that orders have been issued to mobilise
+the National Guard in France; we may expect to see every
+means of defence prepared. People are not calm enough
+to see that in this way war may be aroused. Every fresh
+measure increases the general agitation.</p>
+
+<p>"In any case I am convinced that the Government itself
+does not know what the result will be. I trust that
+diplomacy may avoid any resort to cannon-shot. I have
+been to see the Duchesse d'Orl�ans at Saint-Cloud; she is
+very thin, but does not complain of her health; she is often
+to be seen driving in the Bois, with the Duc d'Orl�ans riding
+by the carriage. Madame de Flahaut is at Dieppe, and her
+husband at Paris; he often dines with the Prince Royal.
+His position is likely to become embarrassing during the
+trial of Louis Bonaparte."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Baden, August 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;My son M. de Valen�ay, who
+has returned to Paris, tells me he has seen the Duc d'Orl�ans,
+who says: "Thiers and Guizot seem to distrust one another
+profoundly. Guizot supposes that Thiers wished to throw
+the responsibility of the present crisis upon him and allowed
+suspicions to arise that he had not kept his Government
+informed. He has therefore sent copies of his despatches
+to his friends in Paris, who threaten to use them if the
+Ambassador is attacked. According to these friends, Guizot
+informed Thiers accurately of the course of events, but the
+latter declined to give him instructions or to reply before
+consulting Mehemet Ali, but simply sent instructions to
+London to say neither yes nor no. Palmerston, on the
+other hand, wished to drive Thiers into a corner. Thiers
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254">254</a></span>
+on his side said: 'Palmerston is playing diamond cut
+diamond, but I will balk him,' an expression which seems
+to have become a diplomatic term. At length Palmerston,
+worried and impatient, is said to have settled the business.
+There is a strong feeling in favour of war; Guizot, however,
+still believes in peace, but he writes that as a matter of fact
+a mere spark, a blow given to a sailor, would be enough
+to fire the most terrible war in the world."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Umkirch, August 26, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday when I was half-way
+from Baden on the road here a formidable storm burst,
+and we were obliged to take shelter in a barn; hailstones
+fell as big as nuts. Notwithstanding the delay I arrived at
+six o'clock in the evening. The Grand Duchess had kindly
+sent her horses to meet me at Friburg. When I arrived
+Herr von Schreckenstein told me I should find her in bed,
+where she had been with a chill since the evening before.</p>
+
+<p>The new lady-in-waiting, Frau von Sturmfeder, a widow
+who seems to be about fifty years old, with pleasant manners,
+took me to the Duchess. I found her very feverish, but no
+less talkative than usual; very exasperated by her invalid
+state, and nearly as much by the arrival of Duke Bernard of
+Saxe-Weimar, who was paying her an unexpected visit.
+After half an hour Princess Marie took me to dinner. The
+large assembly room and the dining-room are in a separate
+building, a hundred yards away from the castle; nothing
+could be more inconvenient; after rain and without goloshes
+it would be impossible to get there.</p>
+
+<p>I already knew Umkirch. I did not care for it in past
+times, nor does it please me any better now. The main
+residence is small and the rooms are low; mine, however,
+which is on the first floor, has a fine view of the
+mountains.</p>
+
+<p>At dinner all the guests were assembled&mdash;that is to say,
+Princess Marie; Duke Bernard, with his <em>aide-de-camp</em>, old
+Madame de Walsh, who is here on a visit, though her days
+of official service are over; her son and daughter-in-law, the
+Baroness von Sturmfeder; Herr von Schreckenstein; Fr�ulein
+Bilz, a little hunchbacked music-mistress; and M. Mathieu,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255">255</a></span>
+the French painter, who is giving lessons to Princess Marie.
+After dinner I went back to the invalid, and stayed with her
+until tea-time. She seems delighted to see me. She continues
+very anxious to see her daughter married, and has just had an
+offer from Prince Hohenlohe; he, however, was thought to
+be not sufficiently distinguished, and his request has been
+refused; the old Count of Darmstadt would also be ready to
+marry her, but he is thought to be too old and too ugly.
+There is an idea that Prince Frederick of Prussia, the Prince
+of D�sseldorf, exhausted and wearied by the extravagance of
+his wife, will procure a divorce, and will then turn his thoughts
+to Princess Marie, who would be quite ready to take him.
+Such is the desire at this moment. They would like me to
+send a good account of the Princess to Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>Very little interest is shown in Louis Bonaparte, whom
+they would like to see confined in a fortress.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Walsh, who is a friend of the Abb� Bautain,
+told me that he had just been summoned to Paris by M.
+Cousin and by the new Archbishop; there is apparently a
+proposal to form a faculty for advanced theological study,
+with M. Bautain at the head of it. He is certainly an
+intelligent and talented man, but not entirely reconciled to
+Rome. Hot-headed and ambitious, his relations with his
+bishop have long been strained; he has not that readiness
+to submit upon points of doctrine which is inherent in
+Catholicism and the foundation of its permanency. His
+appointment will therefore arouse some mistrust among the
+clergy, and not without reason. I shall hear the truth of the
+whole matter at Paris from the Abb� Dupanloup.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Saxe-Weimar, though heavy in appearance,
+is not without common sense and learning. To my great
+astonishment I found him a strong supporter of the house
+of Orl�ans; he asserted his strong affection for the Duchesse
+d'Orl�ans, his niece, and entrusted me with a letter for her.
+He is very anti-Russian and anti-English, and went so far as
+to say that if war should break out the King of the Low
+Countries ought to make common cause with France. He
+is at this moment on the unattached list, and is provisionally
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256">256</a></span>
+established at Mannheim, whence he is very anxious to make
+a journey to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Duchess and Princess Marie knew all about the
+presents and the trousseau given by Russia to Princess
+Marie of Hesse. The Emperor gave her two rows of pearls
+with a sapphire clasp, supposed to be worth two hundred
+thousand francs; the Empress gave her a bracelet to match;
+and her <em>fianc�</em>, the Grand Duke, gave her his portrait framed
+in diamonds and a parasol adorned with emeralds and pearls,
+together with maps of the Russian Empire and views of
+St. Petersburg nicely bound, and, lastly, the present left by
+the will of the late Empress Marie to her grandson's future
+wife, which is a S�vign� in three pieces, each as large as a
+breastplate.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Lun�ville, August 27, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left Umkirch this morning,
+and spent fourteen hours in traversing a long road which is
+made longer by the pass over the mountains. I crossed the
+Vosges by the Col du Bonhomme. Many factories and workshops
+give some life and animation to the country, which is
+sometimes bright and lively. Vegetation is poor and the
+outlines of the hills too monotonous.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Vitry-sur-Marne, August 28, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left Lun�ville at
+seven o'clock this morning, stopped at Nancy for two and a
+half hours, and arrived here at ten in the evening, which may
+be called good going.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Ay, August 30, 1840.</em>&mdash;On my road here yesterday I
+stopped at Ch�lons, where I met M. de La Boulaye, who was
+there for the session of the General Council. I was very glad
+to see him; he is a pleasant man in mind as well as character,
+and I think even more of the one than of the other every
+day of my life. He gave me the Paris news which he had
+heard from M. Roy, who had come straight from that Babylon
+to preside over the Council-General of Marne. The night
+before he left Paris he had seen the King, who talked upon
+the questions of the day, and said: "Thiers is urging me to
+war, to which I reply: 'Very well, but the Chambers must be
+convoked.' He then answers: 'We shall get nothing from
+this Chamber; it should be dissolved.' 'Oh, no, my dear
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257">257</a></span>
+Minister; on that point I prefer to take the Chamber as I
+find it and make the best of things.'"</p>
+
+<p>M. Roy also said that the news of the ratification of the
+London Treaty reached Paris on the 22nd, and was not
+published till the 24th. During that time the terrible
+excitement on the Stock Exchange ruined more than one
+broker, forced M. Barbet de Jouy to flee, enriched M. Dosne,
+the father-in-law of M. Thiers, with seventeen hundred francs
+and M. Fould with several millions. The latter has taken
+M. de Rothschild's place in the confidence of the Ministry.
+The public outcry was such that the Guardian of the Seals,
+M. Vivien, was obliged to give orders for the information to
+be published. This information will produce no effect, as is
+natural, but it shows that the scandal has gone very far. It
+seems that in consequence the chief personage in the Ministry
+has lost much ground in public opinion; he is thought to
+have guided the diplomacy of the country very casually, and
+to have concealed interesting news from the public in a most
+unusual way. The whole of the manufacturing and speculating
+world is said to tremble at the thought of war, and to
+exert a very strong influence upon the public.</p>
+
+<p>I reached here at about three o'clock in the afternoon
+in African heat. I am glad to be back again in a warm
+climate, with its flowers, its fruits, its beautiful nights, and
+its blue sky.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from the Princesse de Lieven written from
+London on August 22. She says: "General anxiety concerning
+the situation is becoming apparent here. All goes
+well, or rather there is no anxiety upon questions of foreign
+policy, however serious the complications may be. French
+newspapers, and even the French military preparations, are
+regarded with scorn, but at last the people are beginning to
+rub their eyes; they are astonished to find that what is
+known as French humbug may mean something, and that
+this something may be neither more nor less than a general
+war, waged, as far as France is concerned, with dreadful
+weapons&mdash;weapons which were wisely laid aside for ten
+years, and which France will perhaps be forced to raise once
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258">258</a></span>
+more; in short, uneasiness is spreading, and I cannot help
+seeing in the fact the opening of the way to an understanding,
+in spite of the obstacles which the sense of self-esteem may
+meet with on the road. This is my point of view. My
+politics are concerned with my set of rooms,<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[121]</a> which I like and
+wish to keep. The Duke of Wellington loudly asserts that
+he is Turkish, and more Turkish than anybody, but that
+Turkey will not have peace with France, and that peace must
+be preserved before all things. Leopold is greatly interested;
+he proposes to return to Belgium. M. Guizot has been at
+Eu and Windsor; his present life suits him, and he looks
+very well."</p>
+
+<p>My niece, the Countess of Hohenthal, who has been to
+Dresden to see her uncle Maltzan when he went there from
+K�nigswarth, sends me some news concerning the stay of the
+Empress of Russia in Saxony: "The Empress of Russia has
+shown such coldness to the Saxon Court that the King and
+Queen of Prussia, who have delighted everybody, have been
+reduced to despair. She would not stay at Pillnitz, where
+many preparations for her comfort had been made; she
+refused to use the Court carriages, and went about the shops
+and streets like a boarding-school girl, without the least sense
+of decorum. She refused to dine at Court, and only looked
+in for a moment at a concert given in her honour. The
+King of Prussia was ready to give the portfolio of Foreign
+Affairs to my uncle Maltzan, but he preferred to retain his
+post at Vienna. It is said that his refusal is due to the fact
+that he is wildly in love with Princess Metternich."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, August 31, 1840.</em>&mdash;Once again I am in this great
+Paris, doubtless populous, and yet so empty for me. This
+morning at ten o'clock I reached my little house,<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[122]</a> which
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259">259</a></span>
+seems to me like a pleasant little inn, only I am astonished
+by its small size, which suits my habits and my tastes so little
+that I could certainly have chosen nothing better in order
+to realise my intention of visiting Paris only when absolutely
+obliged.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 3, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a long visit
+from M. Mol�, who blames M. Guizot, and relates his infinite
+blunders with great complacency; he blames M. Thiers, and
+draws a vivid picture of his bumptiousness, his casual ways,
+and so on. Nor does the King escape his criticism as regards
+the present crisis, which entirely occupies all minds here. He
+says that the greatest swashbucklers are dying with fear of
+war; that really people are ashamed and vexed because they
+have been led astray and induced to regard as impossible
+what, however, has happened, while they are angry at finding
+themselves isolated when lasting alliances have been dangled
+before their eyes. But amid the general panic certain points
+are so well advertised by conversations and continual publications
+that it daily becomes more difficult to solve the
+problem, and the only possibility is to cut the knot. Commercial
+interests have been suddenly paralysed, and business
+in general is suffering heavily. Rothschild, who has quarrelled
+with M. Thiers, has lost even more millions than M. Fould
+has gained. M. Mol� explains all this very cheerfully.</p>
+
+<p>I went to dinner with the wife of Marshal d'Albuf�ra.
+The poor woman was in despair, for that morning she had
+seen her daughter start for Spain in the most deplorable
+state of health. She has kept one of her grandchildren with
+her. She is really a most warm-hearted person. Her account
+of the present political situation differs entirely from that of
+M. Mol�; she is no less frightened by the serious nature of
+events, but attributes them to other causes. She is never
+tired of praising the capacity, the energy, and the cleverness
+of M. Thiers, his inexhaustible resource, and his complete
+harmony with the King. One fact she told me which would
+hardly please M. Bresson: that M. de La Redorte was given
+the choice of going to Berlin and preferred Madrid. She
+says that M. de La Redorte has been very successful in Spain,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260">260</a></span>
+and that the King and Ministers are never weary of praising
+the distinguished tone of his despatches.</p>
+
+<p>At nine o'clock I went to see Madame de Castellane.
+There the panegyric upon the late M. de Qu�len was discussed,
+which led the conversation to the new Archbishop,
+M. Affre. His nomination was brought about by M. de
+Montalembert in the following way: M. de Montalembert
+has become a strong partisan of the Ministry, and M. Thiers
+thinks that with his help he will be able to confine the ranks
+of the clergy to distinguished men. As a matter of fact,
+M. de Montalembert is only connected with the democratic
+section of the young clergy, who form a party by themselves,
+including the Abb�s C&oelig;ur, Combalot, Lacordaire, and Bautain,
+which is not regarded as orthodox in the sense that the old
+clergy are. This party also contains some distinguished young
+priests like the Abb� Dupanloup, the Abb� Petetot, the Cur� de
+Saint-Louis-d'Autin, and others; in fact, there is quite a schism.</p>
+
+<p>When I returned home I found a letter from M. Bresson,
+of which the following is an interesting passage: "The
+position is very serious, and the Prussian King's first appearance
+in foreign policy is not happy. There is no frankness
+or nobility in following all these fine protestations with an act
+of provocation and injustice towards ourselves, who have never
+been guilty of a single act of bad faith towards Prussia.
+Such action calls for vengeance, and I am by no means a
+sufficiently humble Christian not to thirst for it. I am well
+aware that they are sorry at what has happened and are
+embarrassed by it, but they have been carried away by that
+great windbag B�low further than they wished at a time
+when his voracious appetite has been followed by a fit of
+indigestion; but the harm has now been done, and it is
+irreparable. They have shown their real feelings, and what
+confidence can we have for the future? In short, I am
+utterly disgusted, and I should be glad to resign my post;
+I am also ill and depressed, and have a longing for Rome.
+I wish to leave my mind fallow and to sit in real sunshine
+and get warm. I have spent twenty-four years in exile
+working without intermission, and I can stand it no longer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261">261</a></span>
+I am utterly bored, and do not want the good relations which
+I have been able to maintain here to break down during my
+tenure of office, as they seem likely to do. One fault leads
+to a second, and one wrongdoing begets another. Besides,
+I have been personally affronted; I have been loyal and they
+have not been. My resentment will find vent, and whether
+upon the King or the Minister is all the same to me. I will
+make them repent their want of gratitude and courtesy
+towards our King, after calling him the Palladium of
+Europe, in speaking to me and M. de S�gur." In this
+vehement style the impetuosity of M. Bresson will be
+obvious, but the truth is I think things have gone so far
+as to make him wish for another post.</p>
+
+<p>To-morrow the Paris Stock Exchange account is made up.
+The probable losses are estimated at twenty-four to twenty-five
+millions&mdash;a very great disaster.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I went to the
+Tuileries to keep an appointment with Madame Ad�la�de.
+I also saw the King there, who was well and cheerful, in a very
+easy frame of mind, convinced that there would be no war,
+and certainly not anxious for one. He flattered himself that
+the four Powers would soon be persuaded that they were
+working in the wrong direction and be forced to fall back
+upon his intervention, and that he would thus be called to
+play the part of mediator, &amp;c. He is very greatly hurt that
+the Powers should have put him in such a position, but is
+too sensible to listen to the invectives and the uproar of the
+Ministerial Press. He has no greater leanings towards
+M. Thiers than he used to have, but he understands that
+it is now impossible to break with him, and hopes to use him
+to extort certain concessions from the Powers, which he alone
+could induce the country to accept. There is an element of
+truth and cleverness in these ideas, though also a certain
+amount of illusion. Madame's feelings are those of the King,
+though she is extremely bitter against M. Guizot, and accuses
+him of showing the most utter diplomatic incompetence.
+She repeated more than twenty times: "Oh, if only our dear
+Prince de Talleyrand were alive, if only our good General
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262">262</a></span>
+S�bastiani had remained at London, we should not be in this
+position!"</p>
+
+<p>I had hardly returned home when the Duc d'Orl�ans called
+upon me, and stayed for a long time. He is far more anxious,
+and at the same time far more decided, than his father. His
+exasperation with the Powers is extreme, chiefly on account of
+the way in which events have come to pass. On July 16 Guizot
+sent news that nothing had happened or would happen; on
+the 17th he had a letter from Lord Palmerston asking him
+to call, and when he reached the house Lord Palmerston
+simply read the famous memorandum. Guizot became pale
+and agitated, and could find nothing to say except that he
+would inform his Government, and left Lord Palmerston as
+though thunderstruck. Now he and his friends throw the
+whole of the blame upon Thiers. Thiers replies vigorously
+that they are in the wrong, and gives details, so that relations
+are greatly strained. Thiers is horrified at the possibility of
+war, but instead of calming the journalists of his party he is
+so entirely dominated by them that he not only cannot check
+them, but thinks himself bound to tell them everything.
+The result is that secrecy is impossible; the Diplomatic Body
+is affronted and action in general is hampered. Meanwhile
+all the preparations announced by the newspapers have been
+made, and even doubled. The Duc d'Orl�ans is himself taking
+the business in hand. Thirty-four million francs have already
+been expended. All the forces in Algiers are being recalled,
+and the authorities have made up their minds to abandon the
+colony without regret, telling themselves that they have had
+the advantage of training their soldiers and their officers.
+The Chambers will not be summoned until all chances of
+peace have disappeared, when it is expected that all these
+expenses will be certainly approved. The Queen is the most
+warlike of the whole royal family; the blood of Maria
+Theresa is aroused; she is furious with the action of the
+Powers, and says that if war breaks out she will ask the
+Archbishop of Paris to bless the swords of her five sons
+and make them swear upon the Holy Sacrament never to
+sheath them again until France and their dynasty are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263">263</a></span>
+restored to the chief place in Europe. As she usually
+interferes in no way, this vigour has astonished and
+embarrassed the King.</p>
+
+<p>M. Guizot, to return to him, is an object of ridicule at the
+Ch�teau, especially since the return of the Duc de Nemours
+from London, for he tells numberless stories at the expense
+of the little ambassador. He asks for the addresses of tailors,
+wishes his trousers to be tight-fitting, bets at the races,
+thinks he has a good eye for a horse, devotes his attention
+to his carriages and his table, is utterly frivolous, and, to
+complete his ridiculous appearance, brags in front of Mrs.
+Stanley and tries to make Madame de Lieven jealous, and it
+is said with some success. This field of operations, in short,
+is being cleverly worked.</p>
+
+<p>After the Duc d'Orl�ans had gone I had a call from the
+Abb� Dupanloup, who gave me some curious details concerning
+the Paris clergy, among whom a silent but very definite
+opposition has arisen against Mgr. Affre. The vulgarity and
+rudeness of his manner rouses exasperation against him every
+day. He has admitted his entire hatred of the memory and the
+friends of the late Mgr. de Qu�len; even my poor self am an
+object of his dislike; and as for the Sacr� C&oelig;ur, it is a case
+of persecution. The Abb� began to laugh when I said,
+"Then we have become the Fort-Royal of the Jesuits!" Mgr.
+Affre does not venture to interfere with the Abb� Dupanloup
+or his little seminary, and even goes out of his way to please
+him, because of the Abb�'s widespread relations, which make
+him a favourite with M. Jaubert, Minister of Public Works,
+with the Princesse de Beauffremont, a pronounced Carlist,
+with Madame de La Redorte, and with Madame de Gramont,
+of the Sacr� C&oelig;ur. Moreover, in the course of the week
+which preceded the nomination of the Archbishop, M. Thiers
+sent for him to ask his opinion about the state of the clergy.
+M. Thiers, with his usual tactlessness, had made an appointment
+at the same time with M. de Montalembert, who
+brought with him Mgr. Affre. The parties arrived simultaneously,
+and were astounded at meeting one another. While
+they were thus awaiting the Minister with surprise, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264">264</a></span>
+was closeted with M. Royer-Collard. Eventually the four
+men confronted one another for a few moments&mdash;a memorable
+scene.</p>
+
+<p>The Abb� Dupanloup renewed his promise to come and see
+me at Rochecotte in October; at the same time he did not
+hide the fact that he might be unable to come if he saw that
+the Archbishop was unduly disturbed, for he has to respect
+his feelings for the sake of his little seminary.</p>
+
+<p>In the papers seized with Louis Bonaparte proofs were
+found that the undertaking was financed by Russia, with the
+connivance of the Carlist party, led by Berryer, and the name
+of M. Thiers was too frequently mentioned. The King forbade
+the Chancellor to pursue his action in this direction
+for two reasons: firstly, because M. Thiers would have been
+obliged to give evidence which would have embarrassed and
+complicated the general situation to a far greater extent;
+and, secondly, because the King thinks it useless to show his
+foreign enemies to what an extent they can count on positive
+support from Russia. What will be the end of these
+conflicting interests and this general complication?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;Paris was greatly excited the
+day before yesterday and yesterday by the numerous gatherings
+and bands of workmen. The newspapers give full
+details. Much money has been found upon those who have
+been arrested, which is supposed to come from the Russo-Bonapartists;
+such, at least, is the opinion of the Government.
+Every day reveals some new social disease, and the
+age is racked by cruel sickness.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I went to the Sacr� C&oelig;ur for a long talk with
+Madame de Gramont, whom I found uneasy and disturbed.
+She gave me full details of the harassing treatment laid upon
+her by the new Archbishop, and also of his new style of
+ruling the Paris clergy, to which they are by no means
+accustomed. For instance, he reprimanded the poor old
+incumbent of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin for the reason that he
+himself had been slandered in his parish, for which he
+regarded the incumbent as responsible. In a certain sacristy
+he saw some young priests laughing at his vulgar manners,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265">265</a></span>
+and addressed them with strong language. He wishes to
+force certain incumbents to resign. In short, there is general
+disturbance throughout the diocese.</p>
+
+<p>I also went to Madame de Jaucourt, whom I found alone,
+aged and isolated, but lively. She told me a fact which I
+should have thought impossible a few days ago, but which
+I am now more inclined to believe: that the Queen and
+Madame gave sixty thousand francs to M. de Montalembert's
+newspaper, the <cite>Univers catholique</cite>. For some time in this
+paper accounts have been noticed of the King's conversations
+with foreign ambassadors.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Castellane came to ask me to dine with her
+to-day, and with M. Mol�, who will read us his speech upon
+the occasion of his admission to the French Academy, where
+he is taking the place of M. de Qu�len.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I saw M. Hottinger, the banker, who is much
+disturbed about the situation. He sees, with great uneasiness,
+that the efforts of diplomacy can be nullified at any
+moment by the will of the Pasha of Egypt, in whose hands
+it is obvious that the question of peace or war now rests.
+Conspiracies and risings at Constantinople continually complicate
+all these questions for the worse. It is certain that
+only a miraculous Providence could disperse these heavy
+clouds. At Marseilles trade has come to a standstill and
+people are warehousing their stocks; not a single ship is
+leaving the port, and every one is anxiously awaiting the
+issue.</p>
+
+<p>At one o'clock I went to Saint-Cloud to see Madame
+Ad�la�de; then I went to the Queen, and afterwards to the
+Duchesse d'Orl�ans: she is really charming, distinguished,
+witty, gracious, and self-restrained; her conversation is most
+agreeable and attractive. Madame Ad�la�de seemed to me
+to think that peace will be preserved; heaven grant that she
+is right!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 7, 1840.</em>&mdash;The revolt is now breaking out
+with fresh audacity. Guns from the Invalides are galloping
+to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, the assembly is beating continuously
+and troops are on the march, while the National
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266">266</a></span>
+Guard is concentrated at the different mayors' houses; in
+short, this is a case of battle. So far our Faubourg Saint-Germain
+is peaceful, but it must be admitted that if the
+combat is not soon concluded the left bank of the Seine will
+be no better off than the right. I am told that the bands
+scattered through Paris are largely composed of Poles and
+Italians, wandering people without a fixed home, never
+sleeping twice in the same house, and therefore difficult to
+seize. Since yesterday they have been threatening to set
+Paris on fire, by way of simplifying their task. The foremen
+of the factories, who have long known of the proposed
+movement, had warned the Chief of Police, who had, however,
+no legal authorisation to take adequate precautions. It
+was even impossible to prevent yesterday's terrible outbreak.
+To-day there is a general panic, and the troops and guns are
+ordered to do police work. Let us hope they will again
+stand firm.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday evening at eight
+o'clock I heard that the troops had driven the rioters out
+of Paris, and that the town was tranquil; public buildings,
+however, were guarded, on account of threats of incendiarism.
+In the afternoon I saw M. Mol�, who seemed to be quite
+overwhelmed by the fact that public stocks had gone down
+four francs. He also told me of the definite rupture of the
+Doctrinaires with M. Thiers, whose manifesto was inserted
+in a Rouen newspaper, and has been quoted in M. Mol�'s
+newspaper, <cite>La Presse</cite>. This conflict is said to be most
+energetic.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> is also very bitter against M.
+Thiers. Business men on the Stock Exchange are making
+outcries against him, and his position is becoming very
+difficult. A more pressing interest is the other war, the first
+demonstration of which seems to have been brought about in
+Syria by the action of Admiral Napier. It is certainly said
+that this Admiral is a madman, and that as he is backed by
+the hot-headed Lord Ponsonby this demonstration does not
+emanate from the English Government, but we wonder
+whether this Government will disavow it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267">267</a></span>
+<em>Paris, September 10, 1840.</em>&mdash;The general calm has outwardly
+at least been re-established at Paris. Yesterday I
+dined at Saint-Cloud, which has been restored and furnished
+by the King in a magnificent fashion; splendid Gobelin
+tapestry is to be seen there, copies from Rubens representing
+the life of Marie de' Medici. The King took me round all
+the rooms, and talked a little of every subject on the way,
+constantly saying that he was anxious for peace and would do
+all he could to preserve it, but thought his task must be
+facilitated; this is not being done, either at home or abroad.
+His hatred of the Russians and his bitterness towards England
+are extreme. He has a special, and not unreasonable,
+grudge against England, on account of present events in
+Spain. Queen Christina was convinced that if she could
+only see Espartero she could induce him to become her
+personal adherent, and had therefore invited him to Madrid.
+On his refusal she undertook the journey which was her ruin.
+In her absence public feeling was manufactured in the
+capital; she is now obliged to return under the most
+ominous auspices. Probably her daughter will first be
+taken from her, and after that what will be done with her?
+This is the question which the King continually asks himself,
+uneasily repeating: "I fear the poor woman is ruined."<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[123]</a> He
+says that England finances and encourages the anarchist
+movement; that Espartero is entirely English, and that if a
+general war bursts out we may expect to see him invade
+France as an English ally.</p>
+
+<p>The King had heard that the King of Prussia had set the
+Archbishop of Cologne at liberty and authorised him to
+return to Rome, but that the Archbishop would not take
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268">268</a></span>
+advantage of this permission until he had received fresh
+instructions from Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The Duchesse de Nemours has a most inexpressive countenance
+and a monotonous tone of voice, which somewhat
+counteracts the effect of her brilliant youth. The Duc de
+Nemours remains as stupid as ever. The Duc d'Aumale is
+now regarded as a man. He seems lively and inclined to
+talk. Princesse Cl�mentine is growing faded, and takes less
+trouble to please. The Queen and the Duchesse d'Orl�ans
+are the two bright stars. M. Dupin, who was also dining
+at Saint-Cloud, was loudly groaning and haranguing about
+the weakness of the Government in their treatment of the
+rioters, saying that as long as they were addressed with the
+words "gentlemen and fellow toilers" incendiarism and
+plunder might be expected. The day before yesterday these
+workmen during the night disarmed two outposts in the
+Rue Mauconseil, though it must be said that the soldiers
+made no attempt to defend themselves. The result was
+a fresh panic at the Stock Exchange yesterday. The fear,
+the grief, and the ruin which have overtaken a number of
+people cannot be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>The other day M. de Montrond was saying that M. de
+Flahaut was anxious to go to London as ambassador, but
+they are too glad to be rid of Guizot to recall him here,
+notwithstanding the dissatisfaction which he causes on the
+other side of the Channel.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Paris, September 11, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have decided to start at the
+end of the morning for Jeurs to visit the Comtesse Mollien,
+where I shall sleep.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday evening on returning home I continued reading
+the accounts of the trial of Madame Lafarge, as I had fallen
+behind.<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[124]</a> If she is innocent of the crime, so much the better
+for her relations, but the evidence of the two expert bodies,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269">269</a></span>
+her enormous purchases of arsenic, and the sudden transition
+from complete repugnance to excessive tenderness for her
+husband would always make me suspect her so far as to
+desire another nurse if she had to mix my potions.</p>
+
+<p>I am especially shocked by Madame Lafarge's behaviour
+at one point, and by the uproarious laughter with which she
+greeted the emphatic and really ridiculous evidence of one
+of the witnesses; such frivolity seems to me to be rather a
+proof of impudence than of innocence. The more innocent
+a person might be, the more she would suffer under such
+an accusation, and while preserving a clear conscience her
+mind would be filled with other ideas than any which could
+produce such bursts of laughter. Her behaviour there shows
+a terrible lack of refinement and a complete failure to
+realise her position, for when the accusation concerns husband-poisoning,
+whether one is accuser or accused, I can
+hardly conceive of any inclination to hilarity. On the
+whole, whether she is a poisoner or not, she is obviously an
+unpleasant adventuress.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Courtalin, September 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;I left Jeurs very early
+yesterday, after being, as usual, kindly and hospitably entertained.
+The day before yesterday I took a stroll with
+Madame Mollien in the valley of the Juine, which extends
+from Etampes to Corbeil; it is well watered, well wooded,
+and populous; great rocks peep out among the trees, as in
+certain parts of the forest of Fontainebleau. The three chief
+residences in this valley are Gravelles, belonging to M. de
+Perregeaux, Chamarande, belonging to M. de Talaru, and
+M�nilvoisin, belonging to M. de Choiseul-Praslin. The first
+two of these I already knew, and Madame Mollien took me
+to see the third. It is a stately and spacious residence; the
+approaches and the park are handsome, but the general
+appearance is depressing. This is characteristic of all the
+residences in this district. They have no outlook, shut in as
+they are in this narrow valley. They lack space and air, but
+not water, of which there is such an abundance that dampness
+is unavoidable. The waters of the Juine turn a number of
+mills, some of which are so large as to look like castles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270">270</a></span>
+I arrived here yesterday evening, and found all the Montmorency
+family assembled with a M. de Roothe, an old man
+of seventy-eight, son of the last wife of Marshal Richelieu.</p>
+
+<p>The only subject of discussion yesterday evening in the
+drawing-room was the case of Madame Lafarge. Here, as
+everywhere, very opposite opinions prevail concerning her.
+Those who think her innocent say that her husband did not
+die of poisoning, but from taking cantharides as a tonic for
+nervous debility, and that the rapid change in his wife's
+behaviour is to be attributed to his recovery from this
+failing, and also the pleasure with which she saw him enter
+her room by the window when he did not come in by the
+door. Those who persist in thinking Madame Lafarge
+guilty say that the first experts should be believed, who
+performed their analysis after the first post-mortem, rather
+than the second, who went to work when putrefaction had set
+in. They also emphasise the evil tendencies, established by
+yesterday's evidence, of the accused: her habits of lying and
+playing a part; her evil reputation from her youth; the
+haste with which her family attempted to get rid of her by
+marriage, even going so far as to apply to a matrimonial
+agency. She is the granddaughter of a certain Madame
+Collard, who before her marriage bore the sole name of
+Hermine; she was brought up by Madame de Genlis, and
+was generally supposed to be her daughter and the daughter
+of the Duc d'Orl�ans, father of the present King of France.
+This ancestry of hers is supposed to account for the keen
+interest taken in her case at the Tuileries. The accusation
+concerning the diamonds is differently regarded in different
+circles. Mdmes. de L�autaud, de Montbreton, and the Nicolai,
+belonging to the Faubourg Saint-Germain and that clique,
+think her capable of theft and poisoning; the democracy, who
+are delighted to find a society lady guilty, regard the fable
+which Madame Lafarge invented about Madame L�autaud as
+true. Party spirit appears in everything and destroys all
+feelings of equity and justice.</p>
+
+<p>I have just received a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuf�ra,
+of which the following is an extract: "I was at Auteuil with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271">271</a></span>
+Madame Thiers the evening of the day before yesterday.
+Considerable uneasiness prevailed about current events; these
+are moving rapidly and becoming very complicated. The
+decision to fortify Paris had thrown the Stock Exchange
+into excitement; it is a measure which will be enormously
+expensive to carry out, and will rouse much apprehension.
+M. Thiers said that all his efforts were intended to gain time
+to finish his preparations; he added that if we could prolong
+the matter until April next we should be in a state of defence,
+and he said that no one could be more keenly interested
+in the question than the King and Queen. As regards
+Spain, he seems very uneasy and doubtful of the result; he
+receives telegrams every day. On the 7th the Queen-Regent
+was still at Valencia, but he thinks that she will perhaps have
+to fight a battle to return to her capital. The Town Council
+of Madrid appoint fresh Ministers every day, and anarchy
+there seems complete."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Courtalin, September 15, 1840.</em>&mdash;At dinner-time two new
+arrivals appeared, the Duc de Rohan and his son the Prince
+of L�on. They brought certain information that M. Anatole
+Demidoff had married Princesse Mathilde de Montfort in
+return for the payment of the father's debts by M. Demidoff.
+He is moved only by considerations of vanity, and has so
+acted in order to become connected with the King of
+W�rtemberg and the King of Russia, but the connection is
+said to be unfavourably regarded by the two Sovereigns, and
+not likely to bring him much satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Bonn�table, September 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;The day before yesterday,
+in the evening, after all the usual gossip of the Courtalin
+drawing-room, we had some amusing anecdotes very well told
+by M. de Roothe concerning his father-in-law, Marshal
+Richelieu.<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[125]</a> He was married during three different reigns,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272">272</a></span>
+and the first marriage was ordered by Louis XIV., who had
+found a perfumed cap of the young fool too near the bed of
+the Duchesse de Bourgogne.</p>
+
+<p>I am astonished by the thought that I have dined with
+a man whose father-in-law had been at the feet of that
+charming Princess and had been scolded by Madame de
+Maintenon. M. de Roothe said that Marshal Richelieu was
+always a lady's man, and that an hour before his death, when
+his daughter-in-law came to his bedside, and said that she
+thought he was better and looked stronger, he answered:
+"Ah, the fact is that you see me through your fair eyes."
+M. de Roothe gave the following account of his mother's
+marriage with Marshal Richelieu: A few years previously,
+when her first husband was still alive, as she was driving with
+him, they passed a carriage overturned and broken upon the
+Pont Neuf; they stopped to learn to whom the accident had
+happened, and whether they could help the sufferers. It was
+the Marshal Richelieu whom they picked up and took home
+to his house in their carriage. The next day the Marshal
+called to thank M. and Madame de Roothe; he was struck
+with the beauty of the latter, and renewed his visits so
+constantly that people remarked upon it to Madame de
+Roothe, telling her that the Marshal's reputation was such
+that it might be dangerous to receive him too often, in spite
+of his eighty years. Madame de Roothe therefore kept out
+of his way. Some time afterwards she became a widow, and
+was left with four children in such straitened circumstances
+that she was obliged to sell her horses. Marshal Richelieu,
+disguised as a horse-dealer, appeared as purchaser, said that
+he could not come to an agreement with Madame de Roothe's
+servants, and asked to see her herself. He was taken in, and
+a recognition followed. To cut explanations short, she told
+him that she had changed her mind and would not sell her
+horses. M. de Richelieu withdrew, but in order to help the
+poor widow he induced the King, without her knowledge, to
+find rooms for her in the Tuileries, the very rooms where we
+have seen the Vicomtesse d'Agoult and Madame Ad�la�de.
+Madame de Roothe accepted the King's kindness. Some
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273">273</a></span>
+months afterwards she learnt that she owed it to the Marshal,
+and she thought it her duty to write and thank him. He
+came to call upon her, fell at her feet, and said: "If you are
+comfortable in these rooms, allow me at least to say that they
+are unworthy of you, and that the Richelieu residence would
+suit you much better." The proposal was accepted, and the
+marriage took place. Madame de Roothe became with child,
+but the Duc de Fronsac was furious at the thought that a
+birth might prejudice his rights, and induced a chambermaid
+to give his mother-in-law a draught which brought on a
+miscarriage.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I travelled rapidly, thanks to good roads, good
+horses and postillions, and in particular to a hurricane which
+blew on our backs and swept the carriage, servants, and
+horses along in its blast. I found the Duchesse Mathieu
+de Montmorency in good health, but slightly deaf. Her
+chaplain is ill, and the customs of the house are consequently
+altered.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from M. Bresson. His account of the
+political situation is as follows: "Things here have become
+somewhat calmer; the matter will blow over, but resentment
+and distrust will remain. People will no longer meet with
+the same cordiality, and will be continually on their guard;
+in short, the ground is by no means as clear as it was, a thing
+which M. de Talleyrand never liked, but I think that the
+main storm has turned aside, and if you have made plans for
+a journey to Prussia next year you need not abandon them
+for any possible war. Herr von Werther has been rather
+seriously ill. The Prince of Wittgenstein comes back to-morrow
+from Kissingen. Frau von Reede, seventy-four years
+of age as she is, is the leader of society at K�nigsberg. We
+shall have some splendid festivities for the Huldigung.<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[126]</a> The
+nobles of the Mark of Brandenburg have alone subscribed
+twenty thousand crowns. All this brilliant prospect does
+not restore my good-humour; my health is certainly changed
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274">274</a></span>
+by the climate, and my character by isolation and exile. I
+have reached one of those periods in life, one of those frames
+of mind, when change is required at any cost, and it is for
+change that I hope. My best days are past; my few remaining
+ties in this world will soon be broken, and I ought to try
+to strengthen my connection with my country. You would
+do me a very great service if you could induce my patroness,
+Madame Ad�la�de, to smooth the path for my retirement."</p>
+
+<p>I have an idea that M. Thiers will soon have no trouble
+in finding high diplomatic posts for his friends, owing to a
+large number of voluntary resignations.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;I am now at Valen�ay, a
+spot so full of memories that it seems to me like a native
+land. M. and Madame de Valen�ay are alone here with
+their children. They both seem very glad to see me again,
+and I am always happy to be back at Valen�ay. Here
+I am less cut off than elsewhere from an eventful past,
+and the dead are less far away than anywhere else.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;M. and Madame de
+Castellane arrived here yesterday from their native Auvergne,
+which seems by no means a pleasant district in which to
+live. There are no high-roads to their residence, but only
+badly made paths, which must be traversed in a litter or on
+horseback. The snow is already upon their mountains, where
+there are no trees and no cultivation, nothing but grass
+for the cattle; there is no fruit and no vegetables, no game,
+and no doctor within easy reach. Pauline has grown thin
+and sunburnt; her husband is very thin, and I hope they
+will pick up at Rochecotte, where we are all going. Their
+little daughter, Marie, is most satisfactory, fair, fat, and
+fresh, always in a good temper, laughing and restless, a little
+angel whom I was very glad to see again, and her mother
+with her.</p>
+
+<p>To-day is St. Maurice's Day, formerly the most festive and
+animated of days at Valen�ay. This year it will be celebrated
+only by a mass for the repose of the soul of our dear
+M. de Talleyrand. It will be celebrated in the chapel where
+he rests.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275">275</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, September 24, 1840.</em>&mdash;The great Lafarge drama
+is now concluded; she has been condemned. The reflection
+which came to me upon reading the verdict is that the
+appearance of this woman, her speeches, her gesture, and her
+bearing, produced a very striking effect and secured her
+conviction. It is a verdict which could by no means be
+inferred from the facts, for she has shown for a long time
+great presence of mind, while her counsel were extremely
+talented, and the Public Prosecutor displayed a tactlessness
+akin to rudeness. Public sympathies were widely divided,
+and Madame Lafarge was supported by a powerful family.
+The extraordinary and unusual element in this case is that I
+can see no one, not even the condemned person, who is in any
+way attractive. Apart from the prisoner herself, there is
+Denis, who seems to be a bad man; her mother Lafarge, who
+is too anxious about the will; the deceased man, whose
+business transactions were a trifle shady; Madame de
+L�autaud, very frivolous; Madame de Montbreton, who
+was too fond of hypnotism; Madame de Nicola�, who did
+not look after her daughters properly. As the accusers
+of Madame Lafarge numbered so few estimable persons,
+she must have strongly impressed the jury with her guilt
+for them to bring in a verdict against her.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles has
+been to Paris to call upon Madame de Lieven on her
+return from London, and writes to me as follows: "I
+found the Princesse much changed. There are still hopes
+of peace, and the Government is moving in that direction.
+The King retains his confidence. The proposals of Mehemet
+Ali have opened a new stage in the business, which may
+prevent war, but nothing is settled; if the matter drags
+on until the spring Thiers will then be more warlike than
+he now is, as we shall then have an army which we do not
+now possess. There is a kindlier feeling towards Prussia
+than towards the other three Powers. It seems that Berlin
+has already had more than enough of the convention, and
+that Herr von B�low is loudly abused for his presumption
+and his blindness."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276">276</a></span>
+From another source I hear as follows: "Uneasiness
+at London is spreading through every class. The English
+Ministry declares its astonishment at the measures taken
+in France and at the energy displayed by the King.
+I believe that Lord Palmerston is very anxious. The
+Princesse de Lieven read a letter to M. de Montrond from
+Lady Cowper which does not conceal the uneasiness and
+uncertainty of those about her. They say Lord Holland
+stands entirely aloof from events. I have certain information
+to the contrary; he writes letters of six pages to
+Mr. Bulwer on current business, and shows as much
+keenness as any young man. He is said to be a very
+strong opponent of France. In both England and Scotland
+the harvest is a bad one, which adds to the embarrassments
+of the English Cabinet. Meanwhile, though spirits
+are rising at Saint-Cloud, the breach seems to be widened
+by the exchange of notes in very bitter language. The
+whole matter is very confused, and it is impossible to
+forecast the result with any certainty."</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday M. de Maussion came here from Paris, or rather
+from M. Thiers, at whose house he has been living. He
+says that Madame de Lieven is regarded as a spy in the
+house of M. Thiers, where she is accused of all kinds
+of treachery. He also says that M. de Flahaut comes
+to M. Thiers every morning with a bundle of letters
+from England, that he poses as a man of importance,
+and that he and his wife are intriguing more vigorously
+than ever. He adds that M. de Flahaut is starting for
+England in order to be absent during the trial of Louis
+Bonaparte, but his wife is giving out that he has a
+secret and important mission to the English Cabinet, to
+repair the tactlessness of M. Guizot. There is a wish to
+remove M. Guizot, but M. Thiers does not want him in
+Paris for the meeting of the Chambers, so M. de Flahaut
+is thrown back upon the embassy at Vienna, and it is
+thought that he will obtain it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;Frau von Wolff writes to
+me from Berlin under date the 19th of this month: "Our
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277">277</a></span>
+town is astir with preparations for the ceremonies to take
+place the day after to-morrow at the entry of the King and
+Queen, and is also busy with the entertainments which will
+be given when the oath of fidelity is taken. An enormous
+number of strangers are coming in from every quarter. You
+will have seen in the German newspapers how enthusiastically
+the King was welcomed at K�nigsberg and with what royal
+dignity he ascended the throne of his ancestors. All who
+were present agreed in saying that the King's impromptu
+speech after the oath was more moving than anything they
+have known. The speech was so unprepared that the Queen
+halted as though with astonishment when she saw the King
+suddenly rise and approach the railing; there he stopped, and,
+raising one hand to heaven, he uttered in a strong, sonorous
+voice which went to every heart and was heard at the end of
+the enclosure, the simple words of hope for the future. He
+moved many to tears, and shed tears himself. We need
+only pray to heaven to preserve us the blessings of peace;
+hitherto the prospects of war have not shaken the general
+confidence. The King's energy and activity in the work of
+government is incomparable. To judge from the beginning
+he has made, Prussia will make giant strides under his rule;
+but I repeat, to enjoy the golden age which seems to smile
+upon us peace must be preserved."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 28, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we were amused
+by a small dramatic performance during the evening, which
+began by the dialogue between Agrippine and N�ron,<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[127]</a> played
+in costume by M. de Montenon, who took the part of N�ron,
+and my son-in-law as Agrippine, a truly feminine monstrosity.
+Then <cite>Le Mari de la Veuve</cite> was acted with much vigour, balance,
+and spirit by my son Louis, my daughter Pauline, Mlle.
+Cl�ment de Ris, and Mlle. de Weizel. Then we had two
+scenes from the <cite>D�pit amoureux</cite> by Mlle. Cl�ment de Ris,
+M. de Montenon, M. and Madame d'Entraigues, and finally
+<cite>Pass� Minuit</cite> by MM. de Maussion and de Biron, which
+greatly amused the pit. After the performance there was
+supper and a dance, and all passed off very cheerfully.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278">278</a></span>
+<em>Valen�ay, September 29, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have a number of letters,
+one of which says: "The meeting of the Cabinet has been
+called at London for Monday the 7th. It is thought unlikely
+that Lord Palmerston will be able to carry his own views, and
+the Ministers are said to be by no means unanimous; for
+this reason some hope survives that peace may be maintained;
+on the other hand, nothing is known of the nature of the
+instructions sent to the Mediterranean, and the whole situation
+is very uncertain."</p>
+
+<p>Now for Madame de Lieven. She begins with many moans
+over her health, and ends: "My health, however, is not so
+bad as that of Europe. What a disturbance everywhere!
+War is the most likely consequence. To think that people
+could allow things to reach this point and that not a man in
+Europe can conduct a piece of business properly! Prince
+Metternich must be dead. Every one desires peace passionately,
+and see to what the wild love of peace has brought
+Europe! Indeed, the whole world must be mad! The crisis
+must be settled in a few weeks. I am told that Vienna is
+making great efforts, but Palmerston is very obstinate. In
+France there has been an outcry, and much more also than
+mere outcry. What self-respecting persons would think of
+retreating? I should like a talk with you; we have seen
+better times, and I have many things to tell you of London
+which would astonish you. My dear Duchesse, if war breaks
+out I am bound to be the first to leave Paris and France,
+and where shall I go? It is abominable!"</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Valen�ay, September 30, 1840.</em>&mdash;M. Mol� writes as follows:
+"The Comte de Paris has been very ill&mdash;in fact, in the greatest
+danger; he is better, but not cured. No doubt you know
+that Madame de Lieven has returned; her friend M. Guizot&mdash;and
+I am certain of my facts&mdash;will soon break with his
+master and superior, M. Thiers. The discussion upon the
+Address will be the latest date for the accomplishment of
+this great event."</p>
+
+<p>The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra says: "Anxiety continues to
+prevail here; people are asking what answer is to be sent to
+the proposals of Mehemet Ali, but many people think that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279">279</a></span>
+thunderbolts will be the answer. In France armaments are
+being organised upon a very large scale. The Duchesse de
+Massa has arrived in time to close the eyes of Marshal
+Macdonald, her father. It is thought that his marshal's
+baton will go to General S�bastiani. The Princesse de
+Lieven receives a written despatch from our London
+Ambassador every day."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Tours, October 2, 1840.</em>&mdash;Here I find a letter from M. de
+Sainte-Aulaire, who writes from Vienna on September 23:
+"The matter would proceed excellently, if it were conducted
+here; but discussion takes place at Vienna and Berlin, and
+negotiations at London, where, I believe, a very different
+temper unfortunately prevails."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday's newspapers contain
+a long explanatory note from Lord Palmerston, addressed to
+the English Minister in Paris, Mr. Bulwer, which puts the
+Eastern question in a very different light from that given by
+the French narratives.<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[128]</a> We have also news of the capture
+of Beyrout,<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[129]</a> which is a strong beginning to the course of
+coercive measures. What will be the result?</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;My son-in-law has a letter
+from Paris telling him that the <em>salon</em> of M. Thiers on the
+day when the news arrived of the capture of Beyrout was
+so bellicose that it threatened to throw the whole world into
+a conflagration. However, in the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> of the
+3rd instant I saw a small article on this question urging
+calm and moderation, and when I consider the inspired
+nature of this paper I have become a little calmer.</p>
+
+<p>I had expected that the pleadings of M. Berryer on behalf
+of Prince Louis Bonaparte would display a seditious tendency,
+would be blustering, rash, and outrageous. I was greatly
+surprised to find that I could read them without the slightest
+emotion. But I have often noticed that when one reads
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280">280</a></span>
+Berryer's speeches they do not produce an effect in harmony
+with his reputation, and that one must hear him to be
+dazzled and attracted, to such an extent does he possess the
+outer and attractive qualities of an orator.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 6, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra
+writes from Paris: "Events in the East are of a very alarming
+nature, and so also is the language of the Ministerial newspapers,
+for which the moderation of the Saint-Cloud organ<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[130]</a>
+is but a small compensation. The former journalists
+threaten M. Thiers that they will break with him if he does
+not begin war. Prussia and Austria seem decidedly anxious
+not to make war upon us or upon anybody; it is difficult
+to understand the situation. M. de Flahaut is at London
+staying with Lord Holland, who sees the Ministers every day
+and tells his wife that he is trying to convince them of our
+real position, but this officious service will probably have no
+great result, as people at London seem to have made up their
+minds. I have seen Lady Granville; both she and her
+husband are greatly depressed. They still hope that war
+will not break out, and I know that Lord Granville is doing
+all he can to produce a calmer frame of mind. Everybody one
+meets is uneasy and anxious, nor will they talk of anything
+but of the memorandum, of Beyrout, of Espartero and the fortifications;
+they go to bed in excitement and awake painfully
+anxious. You are lucky to be far away from such a turmoil.
+Nobody pays attention to the trial of Louis Bonaparte;
+M. d'Alton-Sh�e alone voted for death, after a violent speech.
+The proposal was badly received by the rest of the Chamber."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 7, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I heard a sad
+piece of news&mdash;the death of my poor friend the Countess
+Batthy�ny at Richmond on the 2nd. She had recently felt
+an improvement in her health, which had induced her to
+consider the possibility of coming to live at Paris.</p>
+
+<p>I hear from Paris: "M. Mol� is at Paris for the trial of
+Louis Bonaparte, in which M. Berryer was a complete failure.
+All minds are absorbed by the bombardment of Beyrout
+and the possible consequences. There is a universal outcry
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281">281</a></span>
+against M. Thiers. Madame de Lieven is rather ill; she is
+feverish, and sees visitors in her long chair. She professes
+a close attachment for M. Guizot, but is said to show a
+tendency to coldness."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter from
+Madame de Lieven, begun on the 5th and finished on the
+6th. The following is an extract from the part dated the
+5th: "In England nothing has been decided; the Ministers
+are not agreed; however, the peace party is predominant, to
+which Palmerston himself pretends to belong, though he
+does not offer any means of finding a solution satisfactory to
+France; moreover, his hands are not free, as he must ask for
+Russia's consent at every moment. Since the bombardment
+of Beyrout Thiers seems to think his position no longer
+tenable unless he makes some bold stroke; his colleagues are
+not all of his opinion, and the King is not in favour of extreme
+measures. However, some decision must be made. Lord
+Granville is very anxious. Things have gone so far that
+change is inevitable. It was even said yesterday that Thiers
+wished to send two hundred thousand men to the Rhine and
+a French fleet to Alexandria to oppose the English. This
+would be an act of madness. The situation is very dangerous,
+and assuming that Thiers breaks with the Government, where
+are people to be found sufficiently resolute to undertake the
+heavy burden now before them?"</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th she writes: "The three or four councils held
+within the last two days have ended in the resolution to send
+a protest to the English Government in which a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">casus belli</i>
+will be laid down, and I think that Alexandria and Saint-Jean
+d'Acre will be the points at issue; but if one of these
+towns were to be attacked at this moment what would become
+of the protest? The English Government has on its side
+addressed notes to its allies to modify the treaty; negotiations
+are going on with tolerable frankness, but meanwhile
+military operations are also proceeding. They say that the
+King is not in entire agreement with M. Thiers concerning
+the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">casus belli</i>; he is also said to be especially satisfied with
+M. Cousin, who is on good terms with Admiral Roussin and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282">282</a></span>
+M. Gouin. I am told on good authority that the meeting of
+the Chambers is arranged for the early days of November,
+and that the protest of which I told you will be decided
+this morning. Saint-Jean d'Acre will not be mentioned
+in it."</p>
+
+<p>This interesting letter gave much food for our conversation.
+The Duc de Noailles, who is here, and who has brought his
+manuscript, read us a passage on quietism.<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[131]</a> It is clearly
+written, and in a good and brisk style, with well-chosen
+quotations which enliven the subject.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 11, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we heard of the
+sudden death of Arthur de Mortemart,<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[132]</a> a fine young fellow,
+who was to inherit a magnificent fortune, and also, though I
+did not know the fact, to marry the daughter of the Duc de
+Noailles, who set off immediately upon hearing the sad news.
+Arthur de Mortemart was twenty-seven years of age, and an
+only son. It is a dreadful blow to his family.</p>
+
+<p>M. Mol� writes: "The Chambers are being convoked for
+the 28th, and my friends insist that I should return to Paris
+between the 15th and 20th. I agree, but we shall have
+nothing but the remarkable and barren pleasure of exchanging
+our condolences. We are advancing with fatal rapidity
+towards a revolutionary Government, which may lead to even
+more bloodshed than before. God alone knows how long it
+will last and what will take its place. However, if the
+newspapers do not mislead and divide the right-minded
+party we should emerge successfully, with courage, but our
+domestic difficulties make the situation irremediable; foreign
+affairs would easily be settled if our home policy inspired any
+confidence. In any case, the Chamber will have to decide the
+whole matter, but there is little hope that it will rise to the
+greatness of its task. I do not know what will happen to my
+reception at the Academy in the midst of all this. I am
+ready, and notwithstanding the arguments of M. Villemain,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283">283</a></span>
+who seems to be intimidated, I shall omit nothing from my
+eulogy of Mgr. de Qu�len, and I invoke the great day."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 12, 1840.</em>&mdash;A letter from M. de Barante
+at St. Petersburg tells me: "I am waiting for news from
+elsewhere, for at St. Petersburg nothing is decided, nor in
+reality do people greatly care. Peace would be perhaps the
+wiser course, but war is more in conformity with the sentiments
+which people have been professing for ten years; so
+they will only do what England wishes. You can make your
+conjectures in accordance with this view; you know Lord
+Palmerston and all his political environment, of which I
+have no idea."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;Madame de Montmorency
+writes to say that M. Demidoff has written to M. Thiers for
+authorisation to announce his wife at Paris as Her Royal
+Highness Madame the Princesse de Montfort. Madame
+Demidoff has written personally to Madame Thiers, whom
+she knew in Italy, on this subject, and the King has given
+his consent.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra
+writes: "Peace now seems to be a trifle nearer. Negotiations
+have been resumed, and people are agreed in saying that if
+war is to break out it will not be for a considerable time, and
+that many diplomatic notes will be exchanged before we reach
+that extremity. General de Cubi�res, Minister of War, had
+resigned because he thought the majority in the Council too
+warlike, and his opinion was that we should be unable to
+wage a successful war with the Powers and must avoid the
+possibility. His resignation, however, has not been accepted,
+as the negotiations and prospects of peace have been resumed,
+at any rate for the moment. The French memorandum has
+brought many over to the side of M. Thiers. The vacant
+Presidency of the Chamber is a post which occupies many
+minds; opinions are divided between M. Odilon Barrot and
+M. Sauzet. The Comte de Paris has fallen ill again, and his
+parents are very uneasy."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;Madame de Lieven writes:
+"The English Cabinet has welcomed the French note. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284">284</a></span>
+peace party is gaining strength, but the issue does not lie in
+that direction. St. Petersburg, which is a long way off, must
+be consulted, and during these delays the newspapers are able
+to interfere. The memorandum of Thiers has caused much
+satisfaction at Paris, and some embarrassment to Lord
+Palmerston; at St. Petersburg it will be thought that he
+says aloud what has hitherto been whispered. As for
+Austria, Apponyi claims that the narrative is inaccurate
+where Austria is concerned. In any case, the decision is
+imminent, and will be known on November 15. The four
+Powers care nothing about the war or about France; so
+we may ask in what direction or for what reason France
+will take action. Unfortunately there is a general idea
+that peace and M. Thiers are incompatible. This would
+be quite dangerous, for excitement is high, and Thiers in
+the scales can outweigh war."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;The newspapers contain an
+account of a fresh attempt to assassinate the King, made
+by a certain Darm�s.<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[133]</a> The constant repetition of these
+attempts makes one tremble, and it is impossible to avoid
+uneasiness.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday my son-in-law received letters from Paris which
+say that the wind seems to blow in the direction of war.
+Lord Palmerston is stated to be anxious to insist upon the
+full enforcement of the treaty. Our Minister thinks himself
+certain of a majority, rather because of the apprehension
+with which his opponents would view their own
+accession to power in the present situation, than of any
+confidence inspired by the Cabinet. After the attempted
+assassination by Darm�s the Duc d'Orl�ans is said to have
+declared that he was strongly in favour of war, and would
+rather be killed on the banks of the Rhine than murdered
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285">285</a></span>
+in a Paris slum. All our letters agree that excitement is
+running high and that conditions are both complicated
+and serious.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 21, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday the papers
+announced the abdication of Queen Christina. This event
+will not form an agreeable page in the annals of M. de La
+Redorte's Spanish embassy.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de Noailles writes as follows: "Many people are
+saying that Thiers will resign, and many say that he is in a
+difficulty upon the subject. He does not see how he can
+appear before the Chambers. He would like to arrange a
+retreat which would leave him at the head of a party, by
+making people believe that he was unable to persuade the
+King to take the energetic resolutions which the national
+honour requires. On the other hand, thus to be eclipsed, to
+leave every one in difficulty, after raising and provoking all
+these questions, to evade discussion and responsibility before
+the Chambers, would certainly be disgraceful. However,
+people who are best informed think that he will resign. The
+speech from the throne is now the only point upon which he
+can disagree and request permission to retire.</p>
+
+<p>"Prussia definitely refuses to let any horses go out of its
+territory. It is hoped that some will be found in Normandy
+and Holland. The situation is extremely embarrassing, for
+we are certainly not ready for war, and cannot be before
+spring, and yet loans have already been effected to the
+amount of four hundred and fifty millions. The deficit
+will be a bottomless pit. If stocks fall to ninety-nine, when
+by law sixteen millions a month must be redeemed, and if
+money is taken from the savings banks, the Treasury will be
+in a hopeless difficulty. The Syrian expedition seems to
+have no immediate result; Ibrahim allows the allies to seize
+the seaboard, which is separated from the rest of the country
+by a chain of mountains which runs along the sea, and which
+the disembarked troops cannot cross. He holds all this
+country, which is overawed by his army and dare not revolt,
+and is waiting for the storms to drive away the fleet, which
+cannot then return before spring. I have seen a letter from
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286">286</a></span>
+Lady Palmerston, strongly inclined to peace. Guizot also
+writes that Downing Street is now calmer.</p>
+
+<p>"The King is very depressed by this further attempt to
+assassinate him, and Thiers feels that the credit of the
+Ministry is not improved by the event. The Deputies who
+are already here and those who are arriving are said to be
+inclined for peace. I hear that the Chamber of Peers is
+tempted, if it has the courage&mdash;which I doubt&mdash;to adopt a
+patronising and embarrassing attitude towards the Ministry."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 23, 1840.</em>&mdash;Madame Ad�la�de, in a very
+kind answer to a letter from myself, writes as follows about
+the attempted assassination "The King's first word after
+the explosion to the Queen and to myself was, 'Well, it
+seems that you must always be in this fatal carriage,' a truly
+touching remark."</p>
+
+<p>I have the following from Madame de Lieven: "Granville
+yesterday handed in Lord Palmerston's answer to the note of
+the 8th. I believe that this answer undertakes to revoke the
+proposal for the Pasha's deposition, if he submits; you will
+see that this does not help matters. All that can now be
+said is that the general attitude and language upon either
+side is gentler, and may possibly lead to an understanding.
+Lord Palmerston will not explain himself more clearly, as he
+is waiting for news of some brilliant successes in Syria; so far
+he has waited in vain. The tone of the French Ministry is
+less warlike; they say that war may arrive in spring, if winter
+does not settle everything. Here you see a change, and
+diplomacy at Paris is inclined to believe in peace. We shall
+see what the Chambers will do; their action will be important
+both upon events and individuals.</p>
+
+<p>"The King has not appeared in the town since the shot was
+fired at him. On this subject the foreign newspapers comment
+far more suitably than the French.</p>
+
+<p>"The dissensions in the English Cabinet are said to be more
+obvious, and Palmerston is thought to be in the minority.
+M. de Flahaut, who arrives to-morrow, will enlighten us upon
+this subject. Madame de Flahaut is now very anti-Palmerston,
+because she naturally fears the possibility of war between
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287">287</a></span>
+her two native lands.<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[134]</a> Lord John Russell has gone over to
+the majority against Palmerston, and, feeble though he is, his
+influence is important. Things in general are in incredible
+confusion, but I am really beginning to hope that there is a
+little more prospect of peace than there has been for the last
+few days."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 24, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday my son-in-law
+heard that the French Ministry had resigned upon the occasion
+of the speech from the Crown, which it wished to devote
+to the subject of the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">casus belli</i>, against the King's desires.<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[135]</a></p>
+
+<p>My son, M. de Dino, tells me that the Grand Duke of
+Tuscany has made M. Demidoff Prince of San Donato, a
+name derived from his silk manufacture, and has given him
+the title of Excellency. The Pope<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[136]</a> has sent the dispensations
+for the marriage. The dowry of the young Princess is
+settled at two hundred and fifty thousand francs, with twenty-five
+thousand francs pin-money.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, October 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;Queen Christina is apparently
+intending to settle at Florence, where her sentimental
+interests are centred. She has two children by Mu�oz,
+whom she adores, and has managed to save an income of
+fifteen hundred thousand francs.</p>
+
+<p>The little Comte de Paris is very ill, in continuous fever,
+which wastes him away. The Duc d'Orl�ans is greatly
+distressed, and the Duchesse is in bed very weak and unhappy.
+She is not allowed to move for fear of a miscarriage,
+as she is now in her eighth month. The poor royal family
+is receiving some heavy blows.</p>
+
+<p><em>Rochecotte, November 2, 1840.</em>&mdash;Queen Christina is not
+going to Italy; Nice, Paris, and then Bordeaux, such are said
+to be her movements. She wishes to remain near Spain, in
+order to keep an eye upon the progress of events.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288">288</a></span>
+Madame de Lieven writes as follows, the day before
+yesterday: "You see what has happened here; things are
+becoming very stormy; M. Guizot must be very courageous
+to embark in such a vessel. At London the general tone is
+becoming much milder, and will continue to improve in favour
+of the new Ministry, but a great deal will have to be done to
+satisfy the madmen here, and an ill interpretation will be
+placed upon English self-satisfaction. Thus there are many
+difficulties which are far from a solution. The Chamber will
+be in a state of continual storm, an interesting spectacle, but
+likely to become frightful. The King is said to be delighted
+that he has got rid of Thiers, and to be charmed with his new
+Ministers;<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[137]</a> I wish I could believe that his satisfaction was
+likely to last. Thiers says that he will not oppose Guizot;
+this is nonsense. The Comte de Paris is better. The Duc
+d'Orl�ans is not satisfied with the change of Ministers, but
+King Leopold is very pleased."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;A letter which I have
+just received from M. Mol� contains the following: "The
+outgoing Ministry was ruining everything, and in three
+months would have involved us in war with the whole of
+Europe, and given us a revolutionary Government into the
+bargain. I do not know what the new Ministry will do, but
+it cannot do worse, or even as badly. The method of its
+formation has obliged me to stand aloof&mdash;an easy part to
+play, and one which I usually prefer, the more so as when I
+do take part I never do so by halves."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;My son, M. de Dino, writes
+from Paris that great preparations are being made to
+decorate the route by which the procession will pass bringing
+back the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena, and that a
+strange idea has been proposed, to have a row of the effigies
+of all the Kings of France. I suppose they will be placed
+there to present arms to the usurper. Really, people are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289">289</a></span>
+absurd nowadays; in any case, this fine idea emanates from
+the Cabinet of M. Thiers, and not from the present Ministry.</p>
+
+<p>A letter from Madame Mollien says: "Yesterday evening,
+in the middle of the theatre, Bergeron, the foremost of all
+the King's assassins, entered a box, where was seated M. Emile
+de Girardin, the editor of <cite>La Presse</cite>, to whom, without saying
+a word, he gave a box on the ears. M. Girardin bounded up
+like a madman; his wife, who is twice as big and strong as
+he is, caught him by his collar, shouting, 'Don't go out! You
+shall not go out! He is an assassin!' The result is said to have
+been an incredible scene; everybody intervened, all were in a
+quarrelsome state of mind, and in the corridors and vestibule
+nothing could be heard except challenges and appointments."</p>
+
+<p>Here is an extract from another letter in a different strain:
+"M. Guizot and Madame de Lieven are the Ministers of
+Foreign Affairs, and I have a fear that M. de Broglie must
+be content with the fate of the Sultan's wife, Valid�.
+M. Mol� has not been offered a position; the King continually
+repeats that M. Mol� declined to lend a hand; this
+is not the case. At so serious a crisis no thinking man
+would use such language, but the matter is most easily
+explained in this way. The <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> has since
+been carefully working upon the scruples of M. Mol�, and
+said to him: 'If you refuse to support the Cabinet, which is
+Conservative, the Left will come into power, and it will be
+your fault. It is a crime against the country,' &amp;c. This
+attitude seems to resemble the case of parents who, when
+they have a son dangerously ill, say to a girl, 'If you do
+not grant him an interview he will die, and it will be your
+fault.' If I were a girl I assure you that in this case I
+should look after myself. My opinion is that M. Mol�
+should remain a member of the Academy and nothing more.
+Moreover, he will be none the worse off for that. Do you
+know that Maurice de Noailles is to become a priest? It is
+said that Barante will be Ambassador at London. I hope
+so."</p>
+
+<p>My son-in-law hears that Maurice de Noailles is entering the
+Church in despair, because he could not marry the daughter
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290">290</a></span>
+of the Duc de Noailles. I admit that I do not believe this
+story as yet, and await some confirmation of it.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 6, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday's post brought
+me a long letter from M. de Salvandy: "We are emerging
+from a Ministerial crisis, which has passed off with little
+incident, except that M. Mol� has remained outside the
+new combination. He feels, with much exasperation, that
+some supreme influence has secured his exclusion. At the
+outset of the crisis M. de Montalivet worked very hard to
+find a post for M. Mol� in the new Cabinet: he went about
+everywhere, and declared on all sides that his co-operation was
+indispensable, to M. Mol� more emphatically than to any
+one. I could not help saying to M. Mol� that so much zeal
+seemed suspicious, and that I could not but infer some bad
+result. However, M. Mol�'s chances of office never amounted
+to anything, nor has he been treated with any of that ceremony,
+which might outwardly have soothed his feelings; in
+fact, practically no notice has been taken of any member of
+the Ministry of April 15. Only upon the last day were they
+considered in the least. The new body was brought together
+with such little thought that no effort was made to secure
+M. Passy, who was ready to come in unconditionally, but was
+united with M. Dufaure; the latter based his refusal upon a
+personal dislike for M. Martin du Nord rather than upon
+political motives. M. Passy and M. Dufaure had no objection to
+myself or to M. Laplagne. Thus it would have been possible
+with no great difficulty to gather round Marshal Soult and
+M. Guizot some members of the Ministries of April 15 and
+May 12. These would have formed a good nucleus for a
+majority, at once compact and permanent. Instead of this,
+a Ministry has been lumped together, and it is expected that
+the dangers evoked by M. Thiers will provide votes at first,
+while the future can take care of itself. When the Cabinet,
+however, was formed, it was remembered that no measures
+had been taken to secure the adherence of the Left Centre,
+or even of the Conservative party. Then they took steps to
+repair this mistake, and the Ministers all came to me.
+M. Guizot, whom I had not seen since the Coalition, came
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291">291</a></span>
+wearing his order, to ask me solemnly for my co-operation.
+I did not hide the fact that it was rather late, and that this
+fashion of forming a Ministry without paying attention to
+any one, or respecting M. Mol� and his party by the observance
+of outward formality, increased the difficulty of a
+situation, which was already complicated enough. When
+I heard M. Guizot I remembered what I was saying to the
+Duc d'Orl�ans a few days ago, that of the two rivals it was
+difficult to say which is the more futile; that if Thiers is
+futile without, Guizot is so within; in fact, Guizot has not a
+notion of the domestic dangers, the Parliamentary difficulties,
+and the general peril caused by the abstention of M. Passy and
+M. Dufaure; for they, added to Lamartine and myself, would
+form a possible Cabinet intermediate between that of to-day
+and that of M. Odilon Barrot, whether we took M. Mol�,
+M. de Broglie, or even M. Thiers for our leader. In short,
+their confidence and presumption have been inexplicable, while
+they have completely forgotten the apostasy of 1839, which
+is aggravated by this fresh change of creed and colour.
+They are convinced that their theories can be resumed at the
+point where they had dropped them, and talk of safeguards,
+order, and resistance with the same authority. They have
+no notion of the fury which this language is likely to arouse
+among their adversaries, and regard us as cold and disagreeable.
+However, we shall support them, for we are men of
+honour before all things, and I am equally certain that there
+will be a majority on the general question. Thiers has
+brought things to such a point that his restoration would
+mean both revolution and war; but the humiliation abroad
+which Guizot's Cabinet will have to confront is likely to be
+a crushing burden. Honourable men do not pardon Thiers
+for making this humiliation inevitable, and in three months
+no one will pardon Guizot for yielding to it. In my opinion
+he will have to give way in a short time, but if he performs
+the double service of bringing us through a great difficulty
+without increasing it and of paving the way for a new
+Conservative majority he will have done a good deal. I do
+not despair, and for my part will certainly help him. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292">292</a></span>
+left me and went on to open conciliatory measures with
+M. Mol�.</p>
+
+<p>"The immediate cause of Thiers' rupture with the King
+is as follows: In the speech Thiers demanded further
+measures, that is, an additional hundred and fifty thousand
+men&mdash;making six hundred and fifty thousand in all, the
+mobilisation of the National Guards, camps upon the Rhine
+and the Alps, in short, war. The King tried to compromise
+by saying that his Ministers would explain what they had
+done and what they intended to do. Thiers refused; it
+seems as though there was no sincerity on either side.
+Thiers felt that his position was untenable: the Left was
+trembling, the Conservatives would venture anything in
+their fright, and his own foolishness will not bear discussion.
+The King on his side was bold enough to regard his
+attempted assassination by Darm�s as a possible starting-point
+from which to turn the struggle against himself and
+overthrow his Cardinal de Retz, while he ran no risk for his
+power, but a very great deal of risk for his life.</p>
+
+<p>"The Conservative party thus seems to be reorganised by
+the return of the large majority of the Doctrinaires and the
+probable support of the Left Centres, who are in terror, but
+the Doctrinaire party is divided; M. Duvergier de Hauranne
+and M. Piscatory follow M. de R�musat and M. Jaubert
+from the Left; M. Broglie is divided between the two camps;
+M. Thiers continues to rely upon him, and flatters himself
+that he has been strongly defended by him in the Chamber
+of Peers; M. Guizot, on the other hand, calculates that he
+will accept the London Embassy; to this he attaches great
+importance, although M. de Broglie will not be able to lend
+him all the strength of which he will deprive M. Thiers by a
+long way; however, he will not weaken him, and that is
+something. Failing M. Thiers, Madames de Barante and
+de Sainte-Aulaire will fight for London. There is no doubt
+that M. de la Redorte will be retired, as he has cut a poor
+figure in the Peninsula. There will be many changes in
+the Diplomatic Body. I know that I have been thought of
+for an embassy, but I have not yet considered my reply.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293">293</a></span>
+M. Guizot has gained nothing from London; something
+may be obtained from Lord Melbourne, but nothing from
+Lord Palmerston, and it is not certain that Europe is less
+inclined to the latter than to the former. The condition of
+the Comte de Paris still causes alarm. Chomel, to whom I
+have spoken, but he is rather a pessimist, has no hope
+except that the poor young Prince may live long enough
+to spare the Duchesse d'Orl�ans a great grief during her
+confinement."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 8, 1840.</em>&mdash;M. d'Entraigues, our Prefect,
+who has been here since the evening of the day before
+yesterday, received yesterday by a courier a telegram sent to
+him at Tours with news of the nomination of the President, the
+Vice-President and the Committee of the Chamber of Deputies.
+The nominations in general are, thank heaven, favourable
+to the Cabinet and supported by a good majority. This
+beginning is a trifle consoling. If fear inspires wisdom, so
+much the better.</p>
+
+<p>I have a letter from the Duc de Noailles, who tells me
+that there is no truth in the rumour that his cousin M.
+Maurice is to enter the Church. People are indeed wonderfully
+clever in inventing and spreading stories and providing
+them with so many details as to make one believe what is
+utterly unfounded. The Duc de Noailles also says: "The
+royal session is said to have been a most mournful ceremony;<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[138]</a>
+on the one side was much outcry of obvious meaning, while
+on the Left there was menacing silence; in the middle was
+the King shedding tears at a certain passage in his speech.
+The speech was wanting in dignity, and a pacific attitude
+should be more dignified; it was drawn up by Guizot. The
+desire for peace was too obvious, and it was not a success.
+The Ministry are sure of a majority for some time, but as the
+fear of war dies away they will lose it. Syria has been
+given up as a bad job by the Government. If the Pasha submits,
+all will be over; if he resists and is attacked in Egypt it
+is difficult to say how an explosion will be avoided here. Thiers
+said to Guizot on his arrival: 'Now it is your turn. There are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294">294</a></span>
+only two men in France, yourself and I; I am the Minister of
+the revolution, you of the Conservative movement; if one is not
+in power the other must be. We cannot act in concert, but
+we can live upon good terms. I shall put no obstacle in your
+way, and make no attempt to inconvenience you.' None
+the less he is already intriguing in the Chamber, and an
+agitation will be raised to support him."</p>
+
+<p><em>Rochecotte, November 12, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Abb� Dupanloup
+arrived here yesterday to consecrate my chapel. The ceremony
+is to take place immediately. Yesterday's post brought
+news of the confinement of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans. I am
+delighted to hear of the birth of a second son.<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[139]</a> Madame de
+Lieven writes that she is somewhat dissatisfied with the
+beginning which the new Ministry has made.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;I had wished the first
+mass said in my chapel to be for the repose of the soul of
+M. de Talleyrand, but an inaugural mass cannot be one of
+mourning. At the ceremony of the day before yesterday,
+therefore, colours were worn in honour of St. Martin; yesterday's
+mass was for the dear departed. The altar is exactly
+where his bed used to stand in the room which has been
+replaced by the chapel; the coincidence affected me deeply.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;M. de Salvandy, who has
+most obligingly undertaken to send me a little weekly
+bulletin, tells me that the Diplomatic Body at Paris was
+almost as keenly excited by the last note from Lord
+Palmerston as the Chamber itself.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[140]</a></p>
+
+<p>It seems that Count Apponyi has written everywhere
+pointing out the danger of urging France to revolution and to
+war when she is attempting to throw off the yoke of anarchy.
+Lord Granville and Herr von B�low disavow the acts of
+Lord Palmerston. If he really wished to drive France to
+extremities, it may be believed that neither Austria nor
+Prussia would support him. Even Russia seems to have
+moderated her language.</p>
+
+<p>My son-in-law writes me from Paris on the 15th: "The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295">295</a></span>
+state of affairs here seems to me very confused. The transition
+from revolutionary provocation to a demeanour of
+humility can only be effected amid uproar in order to put
+shame out of countenance. To this end everybody is working.
+There is a general cry for peace and for the support of the
+former Ministry, and a general outcry against the cowardice
+and degradation of the supreme power, though no one can say
+exactly what should have been done. These indeterminate
+attacks never produce a really embarrassing situation, and
+as they make an uproar without doing any harm, the men
+against whom they are ineffectually directed obtain the
+credit of success. It thus seems generally admitted that the
+Ministry will gain a majority. M. Guizot, for instance, was
+saying the day before yesterday in his <em>salon</em>, with the heroic
+air characteristic of General Guizot: 'Gentlemen, we have
+just begun the campaign; the war will be long and severe,
+but I hope that we shall gain the victory.' Though the
+Chamber desires peace at any price, it is not compliant.
+The greater its anxiety, the louder its outcries, which will
+only end with its unregretted fall. The Address, which is to
+be drawn up, people say, by M. Passy or M. de Salvandy,
+will be very bellicose, so much so as to embarrass the
+Government, although it had been decided to create as little
+trouble as possible on this point.</p>
+
+<p>"You will have read the answer of Lord Palmerston to
+the memorandum of October 8. It is an important matter.
+His disdain for us is obvious, and is not even disguised by
+forms or ceremonies. It seems, moreover, that this feeling
+towards us has grown remarkably of late. None the less
+the note has caused much embarrassment to M. Guizot, who
+had told everybody that since his entry upon office the
+situation in England had entirely changed and that Lord
+Palmerston was an altered character. He summed up his
+views in these words: 'I have peace in my pocket.' This is
+how he explained Lord Palmerston's note when he was
+talking at the house of the President of the Chamber<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[141]</a> two
+days ago: 'Lord Palmerston has a theological mind; he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296">296</a></span>
+will let no objection pass without an answer, so that this
+note means nothing; it is merely a question of principle.'
+M. Dubois, of the Loire-Inf�rieure, who is a clever man, and
+a strong supporter of the new Ministry, then took M. Guizot
+aside and told him that he would be making a great mistake
+if he repeated that observation in the Chamber. M. Guizot
+merely answered by repeating his statement, with which he
+was so delighted that he caused it to be inserted that evening
+in his own newspaper, <cite>Le Messager</cite>, in the form of a note at
+the foot of the memorandum, merely suppressing the term
+'theological.' At the same time the incident has caused some
+stir, which has not yet died away, and would make M. Guizot
+cut a ridiculous figure if things seemed what they are in this
+country. The Ministry proposes to make peace, and everybody
+thinks that it will be successful. After that it will
+perish, for no obvious reason, in a hurricane; this also seems
+to be generally believed. Then M. Mol�, who now remains in
+isolation, will come to power. He will probably be welcomed
+by every one, not because he is any more popular in the
+Chamber than he used to be, but because every one's energy is
+exhausted, while the King remains master. The matter will
+depend upon the King, who is ill-disposed to M. Mol� at this
+moment, and uttered a remark concerning him which others
+attribute to M. Guizot, but which is too good to come from
+more than one source: 'M. Mol� is an excellent looker-on,
+but is a bad actor.' I have an idea that the remark is mine,
+and that some one stole it from me five years ago.</p>
+
+<p>"The Syrian campaign is decidedly favourable to the
+allies. The English have displayed much energy. They are
+inducing the Turks to strike hard, and everything is yielding
+before them; the force of Ibrahim was a myth. At every
+moment we are expecting the news of the capture of Saint-Jean
+d'Acre, which will be an important success both here and
+there. The saddest part of it is that there is no certainty
+concerning the possible safety of Egypt. Already rumours
+are present of a probable revolt at Alexandria, of the assassination
+of the Pasha by knife or poison; while you have seen
+that Lord Palmerston, with his theological mind, no longer
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297">297</a></span>
+speaks of the deposition of the Pasha as he did three weeks
+ago. There is no certainty that we shall not yield upon that
+point here, and it would be a tremendous concession.</p>
+
+<p>"So much for the present. I now turn to the past.
+Thiers has shrunk in everybody's eyes: his timidity has been
+invariably as great as his imprudence and his superficiality.
+He dismissed the French Consul at Beyrout because he wished
+to serve the Pasha in Syria by calming the revolt, and it has
+never been possible to induce him to send reliable agents
+to Syria for the purpose of finding out the exact extent of
+Ibrahim's power. Hence we have been deceived, and the
+attitude of France has been guided by unrealised expectations.
+M. de Broglie thinks that the King was greatly
+mistaken in dismissing the Ministry of M. Thiers, because he
+would in any case have fallen a victim to public ridicule at
+this moment. This opinion is based upon the fact that if one
+stakes a large sum upon one card and it does not appear
+the ridicule is universal. The person to whom he was
+speaking on the matter yesterday evening thought, on
+the other hand, that while the Chamber might fear war,
+it would never have been strong enough to overthrow the
+Cabinet.</p>
+
+<p>"The speech drawn up by Thiers did not propose a new
+levy of a hundred and fifty thousand men, but merely wished
+to anticipate the new levy by three months, whether for
+peace or for war, this being the levy ordinarily made in the
+spring. Moreover, the tone of the speech was quite moderate;
+but the fact is that neither he nor the King was sincere and
+it was a mere pretext on either side.</p>
+
+<p>"There was a Ministerial crisis, of which we had no
+suspicion, after the capture of Beyrout. The Ministry
+wished to make a demonstration by sending the fleet to
+Alexandria, but the King was opposed to this idea. M. de
+Broglie was asked to mediate between the two parties, and
+patched the matter up, on the theory that it was impossible
+at that moment to appoint a permanent Ministry if those in
+power resigned upon such a question. He was also opposed
+to the idea of sending a fleet to Alexandria, believing that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298">298</a></span>
+the measure was good in itself, as likely to cause the allies
+anxiety while giving them no reason for complaint, and
+thinking it a measure which an absolute Government would
+have every right to carry out; but in French practice, on
+the other hand, as soon as this measure had been executed,
+the Press would have driven the fleet into action, whether
+they wished or not, and war would have been the result. All
+this argument, in any case, is based upon the fact that this
+measure or anything like it could only be carried out by
+violent means of which the public must hear, such as a
+resignation, a crisis, and so forth. If the matter had been
+quietly arranged with the private knowledge of the King, the
+case would have been very different. Moreover, M. de Broglie
+is by no means well disposed towards the King. He says,
+however, that it is all a matter of indifference to him apart
+from the outward disturbance; that he will support any
+possible Ministry, that not only will he make no attempt to
+overthrow them, but will not even try to shake their
+stability, seeing that any of the said Ministries are always
+more reasonable than the Chamber. In short, he says that
+he is part of the Ministerial suite, an avowal which no one
+had yet ventured to make, and that he greatly envies you
+the prospect of spending his winter in the country. His
+calmness is quite Olympian, though tempered with bitter and
+piercing irony.</p>
+
+<p>"M. Guizot tells his friends in confidence that he has
+induced M. de Broglie to accept the London Embassy. I
+believe nothing of the kind, but I forgot to ask him yesterday
+evening. M. Mol� seemed to me to be utterly cast
+down; he is a kind of Jeremiah singing madrigals, and is
+greatly changed."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 22, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday my son-in-law
+wrote to his wife saying that the diplomatic correspondence
+was read privately before the Commission of the Address in
+the Chamber of Deputies. It represents M. Thiers as an
+incompetent and impossible Minister, M. Guizot as a wise
+ambassador and a dangerous auxiliary, Lord Palmerston as
+a resolute and strong character; it shows that Thiers had
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299">299</a></span>
+attempted to deceive and blind the eyes of every one and to
+take them in, and was simply laughed at, as also was France.
+He also writes that the Duc d'Orl�ans made his little impromptu
+speech before the Chamber of Peers with admirable
+tact, grace, and nobility.</p>
+
+<p>Another note has been received from Lord Palmerston,
+milder in tone than the former, but still raising anxiety upon
+the Egyptian question. M. Mounier has been officially sent
+to London to try and secure some concession.</p>
+
+<p>My son Valen�ay writes to me to say that Madame de
+Nesselrode is at Paris for six weeks; that she will not appear
+at Court, and therefore will not go into society, but will
+live quietly by herself, and is delighted with her idea. I
+do not know whether Count Nesselrode will be equally
+delighted.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 23, 1840.</em>&mdash;My son-in-law writes
+that M. Walewski, who had been sent to Egypt as an envoy
+to Ibrahim, thought that he was still writing despatches
+for the Ministry of March 1, and had announced that in
+spite of all his efforts he could not induce Ibrahim to pass
+the Taurus. This despatch seems to be causing a great
+sensation.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 24, 1840.</em>&mdash;My son-in-law writes:
+"There is a vague rumour that some arrangement will be
+made in Syria and Egypt which will not be the ruin of the
+Pasha. This is in consequence of his complete submission to
+the Powers, but we shall boast of it here, and the majority
+will appear to believe it. For some time past there have
+been terrible arguments between Thiers and Guizot, face
+to face, and the worst of it is for them both that the
+bystanders support one of them against the other; consequently
+they will dig the pit in which they will both
+fall. Thiers is almost entirely ruined, and Guizot will be in
+the spring after he has refused, as he will, to pave the way
+for M. Mol�, who will certainly enter upon office if the King
+wishes."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 25, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have been reading with
+admiration the noble farewell of Queen Christina to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300">300</a></span>
+Spanish nation.<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[142]</a> It seems to belong to another time and to
+an age when there was still something divine in the language
+of kings. This touching manifesto is said to have been
+drawn up by Se�or de Offalia, who has also left Spain.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 26, 1840.</em>&mdash;What a dreadful speech
+M. Dupin has made! I am certainly the most peaceful
+creature in France, but I cannot understand how any one
+can descend to such depths. A descent so useless, so tactless,
+and so clumsy that it really seems as if he were trying to
+win a wager.</p>
+
+<p>The wife of the Marshal d'Albuf�ra tells me that the
+Comtesse de Nesselrode met M. Thiers at her house, and
+that he put out all his efforts to charm the Comtesse.
+Madame de Nesselrode takes such sudden fancies that she
+might get excited even over M. Thiers.</p>
+
+<p>The English have captured Saint-Jean d'Acre. Their
+little Queen has been confined of a daughter.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[143]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 28, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles
+writes: "You will see by reading the reports of yesterday's
+session in the Chamber of Deputies the excitement which
+pervaded the assembly. This establishes and confirms peace
+with disgrace. These events will be a heavy burden upon
+the future of the present dynasty. I think that the consequence
+at home will be a kind of reform in the Chamber,
+which will produce a dissolution, and also another Chamber,
+in which we shall be forced to endure a Left Ministry led by
+Thiers."</p>
+
+<p>Madame Mollien writes to me: "Queen Christina is
+pretty; her complexion is superb, her skin fine and white;
+she has a gentle look and a clever and gracious smile, but
+those who wish to think her charming must look no lower
+than her head; in full detail she is almost a monstrosity,
+quite as much as her sister the Infanta. She came to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301">301</a></span>
+France unattended by any of her ladies, though the newspapers
+are pleased to speak of some Do�a, who, if she does
+exist, is probably nothing but a chambermaid. At Paris
+there are some Spanish ladies who will perform some kind
+of attendance upon her; at the present moment the Duchess
+of Berwick is so acting. Her suite is composed of only two
+men, who are both young; one especially, the Count of
+Raquena, does not seem to be more than twenty. He is a
+little man with fair moustaches, and looks like a comedy
+lieutenant. I do not know when the Queen will start. She
+says she is very happy here. I am afraid she will be too
+happy and stay too long. These royal visits always cause
+a certain amount of disturbance, which soon wearies the
+inhabitants of the Tuileries. She dines there every day,
+though she is staying in the royal palace. Her interview
+with her sister was very cold, but it passed off without any
+scene, and nothing more was expected."</p>
+
+<p>The Duchesse de Bauffremont sent me news of the marriage
+of her grandson with the second Mlle. d'Aubusson; the eldest
+daughter is marrying Prince Marc de Beauvau. Gontran's
+marriage will not take place for a year, as the young lady is
+only fifteen; she will be enormously rich. Her mother is
+Mlle. de Boissy. Her father has been ill for ten years, and
+his property is in the hands of executors. Gontran is not
+yet nineteen, and a very handsome young fellow.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 29, 1840.</em>&mdash;The day before yesterday
+the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> was very curiously filled with the
+speeches of M. Passy and M. Guizot, throughout which
+M. Thiers must have felt himself somewhat uneasy. On the
+whole these explanations are not very creditable to the
+cleverness of any one except to the skill and the dignified
+tenacity of Lord Palmerston. It appears to me that all the
+French actors have emerged from the business somewhat
+bespattered, including even the little Bourqueney.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, November 30, 1840.</em>&mdash;The discussions in the
+Chamber have induced me to read the newspaper through,
+and I am not sorry, for it is a curious drama, though one in
+which the situation is more interesting than the people, whose
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302">302</a></span>
+appearance becomes ever more threadbare as they adopt the
+most certain means of degradation, want of straightforwardness,
+simplicity, and truth in their dealings. Moreover, this
+discussion is like the Day of Judgment; whether they like it
+or not, every one is stripped of his fine feathers, and truth is
+forced to the forefront. Hitherto M. Villemain seems to me
+to speak the truth in the most suitable and striking language,
+but he is only in a position to speak for one side of the
+matter, though this, in my opinion, is the side to which blame
+chiefly attaches.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 1, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles tells
+me: "I had a long talk yesterday with M. Guizot, and I
+told him that recent events and all that discussion has
+brought forth will considerably complicate the present
+situation for a long time. He thinks, on the contrary, that
+the difficulties are only momentary, and that public feeling
+upon this question will be as short-lived as it was upon the
+Polish war eight years ago.<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[144]</a> I also had a long talk with
+Berryer concerning his speech; he is thinking it over, and
+has some good ideas; his conclusion will probably give the
+Ministry a set-back. He will say that war is obviously
+impossible at this moment, but that peace as formulated by
+the Ministry is not acceptable to the Chamber, and that the
+Address should be referred to a new commission. Odilon
+Barrot and M. Dufaure have already proposed this idea,
+which might easily become popular. I also met Thiers at
+the Chamber, and walked about for ten minutes with him.
+I reminded him that I had already prophesied the events
+that have come to pass, because in this great business nothing
+could be done without alliances, while France was united to
+an ally who was opposed to her interests and obviously likely
+to abandon her. He replied that France even alone could
+have prevented action, at the expense, however, of great
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303">303</a></span>
+energy and a large display of force. He throws the whole
+responsibility upon the King; he says that it is a case of
+inertia upon the throne, and that with inertia in high places
+and also naturally ingrained in the nation, nothing can be
+done; that if the Duc d'Orl�ans had been King the course
+of events would have been different; that he would perhaps
+have perished, but have perished with dignity, and would not
+have left France in her present state of humiliation and hopelessness,
+in which she will long continue. In any case, he is
+entirely devoted to the Left, and M. Odilon Barrot drew the
+bonds tighter yesterday. Madame de Lieven is, I think, really
+attached to Guizot, for she no longer goes to the sessions of the
+Chamber, and confines herself to asking news of them with
+much anxiety."</p>
+
+<p>I now come to an extract from a letter from the Princesse
+de Lieven herself: "Thiers seems to have decided that he
+will no longer serve the King. He says that he will wait for
+the Duc d'Orl�ans. Syria is lost for the Pasha. It is hoped
+and believed that he will yield to the summons of the English
+Admiral Stopford. I suppose that the French Government is
+advising him to do so; then the matter will be concluded
+with no glory for France, we must admit, and with every
+credit to Lord Palmerston. There are many people who
+strongly object to this latter result. The Ministers here
+expect a decent majority of fifty or sixty in favour of the
+Address, after which they will get on as well as they can.
+M. Guizot seems very tired, but is full of courage. At Vienna
+people are delighted with the change of Ministry and full of
+confidence in the present Ministers. I have no news of public
+opinion as yet from St. Petersburg. I am a little curious to
+hear what our Russian public will say about this great affair
+which has been settled without any active interference on the
+part of us Russians; it will cause us some astonishment.
+You will probably ask me whether there is a Russian public;
+the question is not unreasonable, but there is one, as far as
+the East is concerned. When I was at London as Ambassadress
+I ventured to call Turkey our Portugal; my own Court much
+appreciated the epigram, but the English did not. No haste
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304">304</a></span>
+is shown here to nominate a London Ambassador; I think
+they would prefer the Egyptian business to be settled first.
+We shall certainly have to wait until the middle of December.
+Madame de Flahaut does not know what to do, torn as she is
+by the whims and fancies which are natural to her and the
+extreme desire of her husband for a diplomatic post. The
+King greatly wished his ambassadors to call upon Queen
+Christina in a body; many of them felt scruples upon the
+point, but at length they decided to go, regarding her as
+nothing more than the widow of Ferdinand VII., and in fact
+she is nothing more now. The Queen of England is said to
+have had a very easy confinement, and will probably have
+seventeen children like her grandmother. Madame de
+Nesselrode lives at the Chamber of Deputies; she is in love
+with Thiers, and has joined the Opposition extremists; she
+is finding life quite pleasant here. I see very little of her as
+her time is taken up with the debates in the Chamber and
+with theatres. My ambassador is crushed beneath the weight
+of all the great Russian ladies who are grouped together in
+Paris. I am sorry for him, for I can believe that it is entirely
+tiresome."</p>
+
+<p>I would have been ready to make a bet that Madame de
+Nesselrode would conceive a violent fancy for Thiers, if it
+were only to rival Madame de Lieven's fancy for Guizot.
+After reading the speech of M. Barrot and the series of
+invectives which he aimed directly at Guizot, I began to
+wonder yesterday how such things could be said and heard
+without leading to further explanations by means of swords
+and pistols.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 3, 1840.</em>&mdash;The following are the most
+important passages from the bulletin sent by M. de Salvandy,
+under date December 1, before and during the session of the
+Chamber. He says: "Have you heard at Rochecotte a
+pleasant epigram by Garnier Pag�s, who is to speak to-day?
+'I would strip them both, and their ugliness would then be
+obvious.' This epigram very well sums up the situation.
+M. Thiers retains his revolutionary attitude, but that is all;
+he remains incompetent to many and impossible to all.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305">305</a></span>
+M. Guizot is far from having gained all that M. Thiers has
+lost. He has immense talent, admirable strength of mind in
+times of storm, the gift of overaweing all hostile revolts in the
+Assembly, and the art of raising the minds of his audience
+to consider questions with him upon a higher plane and from
+a wider point of view; these are his special advantages,
+though he has never made the best of them. Yet he grows
+stronger, though he raises no defences, and rests his power
+upon the majority without permanently establishing it.
+The soil declines to be cultivated. M. Thiers is like a
+mistress who is asked only to behave herself; anything will
+be permitted to him, and his reputation will not suffer.
+M. Guizot is the woman of strict morals who has been a
+failure and is blamed for everything. This struggle between
+the Ambassador and the Minister, in spite of attempts to
+soften it, does harm to the Chamber and to public opinion.
+He is not even pardoned for his firm resolve to abandon the
+principles of the Coalition, as if people would have preferred
+him faithful to infidelity personified. The speech of Dufaure
+seems to many people a manifesto intervening between the
+Cabinet and M. Thiers; the action of Passy and Dupin in
+this direction has caused much anxiety. My name is coupled
+with this movement because no one imagines that Ministers
+in retirement are not displeased to be employed. M. Mol�
+is represented as hovering above all, although he has no
+connection with the sphere in which the Ministry of May 12
+predominates, for that Ministry, I think, regards it as a point
+of honour to preserve its consistency by holding aloof from
+M. Mol�, as Jaubert thinks to remain consistent by retaining
+his seat among the others, whom he wounds and annoys by
+his constant outcries against the King and his enthusiasm for
+M. Barrot. Such is our position. The ground seems to be
+crumbling beneath us. Alas for our country, which should
+be strong and cannot be governed! Our Chamber is really
+the &OElig;il de B&oelig;uf of the democracy.<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[145]</a> Favourites, male and
+female, disturb everything by their intrigues, and spend the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306">306</a></span>
+time in overthrowing one another, with the result that ruin
+is universal. I am going to the Chamber, where MM. de
+Lamartine and Berryer will cross swords, and shall close
+this letter there.</p>
+
+<p>"<em>P.S.</em>&mdash;Berryer has just spoken, a clever, brilliant, and
+perfidious speech. He has protected Thiers by going
+straightway to the Tuileries. There he has displayed his
+thunderbolts and launched anathemas against M. Guizot
+the Ambassador, which have been definitely applauded three
+times by the Assembly. M. de Lamartine is now rising to
+reply."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 4, 1840.</em>&mdash;The speech of M. Berryer
+shows the state of the country from one point of view and
+that of M. de Lamartine from another. These two speeches
+seem to me to be the most brilliant effort on the part of
+one orator and the most lofty on the part of the other
+that the whole discussion upon the Address has produced.
+M. de Lamartine, for whom in general I have but a moderate
+liking, greatly pleased me with his reply which seems to be
+wise, well supported by facts, well thought out, and well
+delivered, with excellent touches of straightforward feeling,
+which had its effect upon the Assembly.</p>
+
+<p>We are assured that the mission of M. Mounier to London
+is intended to secure the help of England for the proposal of
+a marriage between the innocent Isabella with her cousin
+Carlos, Prince of Asturias.</p>
+
+<p>The remains of Napoleon have now been brought to
+Cherbourg. In Paris no preparations are said to have yet
+been made for this ceremony, which in my opinion will be
+very ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 5, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had a letter
+from M. Royer Collard, from which the following is a striking
+extract: "A week ago, madame, I was a prisoner in the
+Chamber, following a great debate upon the Address with
+close interest. The audience have alternately expressed dissatisfaction
+with the chief actors, but not from the same
+point of view. The faults of Thiers are those of the
+Minister, and the faults of Guizot those of the man. I do
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307">307</a></span>
+not know whether you noticed in the newspapers that I was
+led to make a declaration in Guizot's favour which he greatly
+needed, as he was in a difficulty, for no one believed a word
+of what he was saying, although he spoke the truth. The
+next day he came over to my place to thank me, boldly
+crossing the whole Chamber for the purpose. I did not accept
+his thanks, and told him that I had done nothing for him,
+but had been thinking only of myself. He then buttonholed
+me in a corridor. I maintained a distant attitude and
+refused to converse. The difference between the two men is
+that Providence has not granted Thiers the power of distinguishing
+between good and evil; Guizot has this power,
+but will not use it. He is therefore the more guilty, but not,
+perhaps, the more dangerous. If one could regard any
+decision of to-day as irrevocable, I should say that they are
+both utterly ruined. I wish they were, but I am not sure
+of it."</p>
+
+<p>My son-in-law hears that the effect of Berryer's speech has
+been tremendous. It seems to have dealt a death-blow to
+M. Guizot, and a vigorous thrust in higher quarters. The
+Carlists are overjoyed. I am inclined to think that they
+regard the event as more important than it really is. Thiers
+loudly praises Berryer, and tells any one who will listen to
+him that in point of art nothing is superior to it, and that
+in 1789 no better performance was achieved.</p>
+
+<p>The Princesse de Lieven, to whom some one related the thrust
+that Guizot had received, answered that he had not been hit.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the ceremony in honour of the remains of
+Napoleon will take place on the 15th of this month. How
+opportunely his ghost arrives!</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 6, 1840.</em>&mdash;I hear from a correspondent:
+"I have no certain confirmation of Demidoff's death,
+but I know from a sure source that he had a very unpleasant
+journey to Rome, and afterwards some harassing interviews
+with the Cardinal's Secretary of State and with the Russian
+Minister, after which he was obliged to leave the Papal
+States, in accordance with orders. The consequent excitement
+then caused him one of his worst attacks. Apparently
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308">308</a></span>
+he told a Greek priest that his children would all be brought
+up in the Greek religion, while he told the Catholic authorities
+that they would be brought up as Catholics. Moreover,
+he said, with his usual assurance, that with money anything
+could be gained from the Court of Rome, and that he had
+sent a hundred thousand francs to the Pope for the dispensations
+which he has procured. Cardinal Lambruschini,
+indignant at this story, inserted an article in the <cite>Gazette
+romaine</cite>, which has been circulated everywhere, and which
+denies the statement, affirming very positively that M. Demidoff
+only paid ninety francs for his dispensations&mdash;namely,
+the cost of their postage. The Russian Minister then refused
+to intercede with the Roman Court on behalf of Demidoff.
+Demidoff abused him, in consequence, and after all this fine
+performance was obliged to leave Rome; and if he is not
+dead with fury he is none the less in an awkward position."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 7, 1840.</em>&mdash;The chief news of the day is
+the rejection of M. Odilon Barrot's amendment by a majority
+of more than a hundred.</p>
+
+<p>One or two clever epigrams current at Paris are these:
+MM. Jaubert and Duvergier de Hauranne&mdash;in short, the
+Doctrinaire section that has gone over to the Left&mdash;are known
+as the unrestrained schismatics from the Doctrine. In other
+circles partisans of Mgr. Affre, the Archbishop of Paris, are
+known as the <em>affreux</em> (frightful). People must have their
+joke.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 9, 1840.</em>&mdash;Madame Mollien informs me
+that, as the Address is now voted, men's minds are beginning
+to turn to the ceremony of the Remains, as the people of
+Paris call it. The expenses of the ceremony will amount to
+a million; thousands of workmen are busy day and night
+with preparations, and thousands of loafers spend their time
+looking on until nightfall. What foolishness all this comedy
+is, coming at such a time and in such circumstances! I
+think that the rock of St. Helena would have been a more
+fitting sepulchre, and perhaps a safer resting-place, than
+Paris, with its storms and revolutions.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309">309</a></span>
+<em>Rochecotte, December 10, 1840.</em>&mdash;M. Raullin writes to say
+that the Stock Exchange gambling was discussed at the
+session of the Chamber, and M. Thiers actually wept. He
+also says that the hatred and acrimony which embroil all
+these people is quite unparalleled, and that it is impossible to
+talk with any one unless you share their particular form of
+madness. Thiers wished to fight a duel with M. de Givr�,
+which was prevented by R�musat. M. Jaubert is also slightly
+infected by the disease. Madame Dosne is in bed, a result of
+the effects of the last session of the Chamber at which she
+was present. The revelations made upon the subject of the
+Stock Exchange gambling have overwhelmed her.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Saint-Aulaire writes from Vienna saying that he
+is going to stand for election to the French Academy; he
+displays great disgust with public affairs, and there is every
+probability that this feeling will become general.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 13, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday, as my solitude
+was more complete than usual, I returned, as I constantly
+do, to my recollections of the past. It occurred to me to
+write a few lines upon certain mental characteristics of
+M. de Talleyrand, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>His mind was strong, but his conscience was weak, for it
+needed enlightenment. The age in which he lived, his
+education, and the position into which he was forced were all
+incompatible with that reflection which can illuminate the
+soul. His natural want of sensitiveness also disinclined him
+for the serious work of self-examination and left him in
+darkness. Thus his unusual mental powers were entirely
+devoted to political interests. He was swept away by the
+terrible movement of his age, and threw the whole of his
+energies into it. If stress was required his energy was great;
+he could live without repose and rest, and deprived others of
+it as well as himself, but when he had attained his object he
+would relapse into a lengthy indifference, upon which he
+cleverly prevented any encroachment. He could be idle so
+gracefully that no one could disturb him without self-reproach,
+but he had a keen and accurate eye for a situation
+and a penetrating perception of its possibilities, while his
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310">310</a></span>
+mind was tempered with excellent common sense. When he
+took action he worked but slowly at first, but with rapidity
+and precipitation as the crisis approached. The attitude of
+carelessness, which he abandoned as little as possible, was
+most disastrous to him in private life, for he carried it to
+excess. His door was always open, his rooms were constantly
+invaded, while his indifference to the reliability and moral
+worth of the men who made their way to him was deplorable.
+At the same time he saw everything through his half-closed
+eyes, but he took little trouble to judge men, and even less to
+avoid those of whom he thought least. In conversation, if
+he felt no need of opposition, he allowed people to talk or
+act as they would, but if he felt himself attacked he was
+immediately aroused, and the answer was a crushing blow; he
+overthrew his opponent on the spot, though he never retained
+any bitterness of feeling for him. He speedily relapsed into
+his indifference, and as easily forgot an impropriety as he
+sincerely pardoned an insult. In any case, he was rarely
+called upon to defend himself. His dignity was natural and
+simple, so well protected by his reputation, his great past,
+and by the apparent indolence which was known to be only
+a mask, that I have rarely seen even the worst characters
+venture to show their true nature with him. I have often
+heard him say with real satisfaction: "I was a Minister
+under the Directory; all the hobnailed boots of the
+Revolution have tramped through my room, but no one
+ever ventured upon familiarity with me." He spoke the
+truth; even his nearest and dearest addressed him only with
+respectful deference. I am, moreover, convinced that his
+overpowering dignity was supported by a natural characteristic
+which could be felt even beneath his indolence. This
+was a cool courage and presence of mind, a bold temperament
+and instinctive bravery which inspires an irresistible
+taste for danger in any form, which makes risk attractive and
+hazard delightful. Beneath the nobility of his features, the
+slowness of his movements, and his luxurious habits there
+was a depth of audacious boldness which sometimes peeped
+out, revealed a wholly different order of capacities, and made
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311">311</a></span>
+him by force of contrast one of the most original and most
+attractive characters.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 14, 1840.</em>&mdash;Among the letters which
+I received yesterday I had one from Berlin from M. Bresson,
+who says: "Frankfort is by no means a misfortune for
+Herr von B�low; he has long desired it for private reasons;
+the post ranks as at least equal to that of London. The
+strange outcome of Eastern events has restored the credit
+of those responsible for the negotiations. The men who
+made the loudest outcry against B�low are to-day warmest
+in his praises. We are so indulgent to those who show
+daring that I am myself inclined to regard them as correct.
+Humboldt has no political influence over the King of
+Prussia; no one has any as yet, and it is impossible to say
+exactly at present what attitude he will adopt. Some recent
+nominations of members of the Pietists have slightly
+damaged his popularity; his liking for them is not shared
+by the country. Lord William Russell extends the area of
+his amusements more and more; he is now divided between
+three ladies, one of whom attracts him with some frequency
+to Mecklenburg. Prince Wittgenstein no longer takes any
+share in public business; he has had several attacks and will
+not live long. I need not tell you what I felt concerning
+the discussion upon the Address; existing conditions make
+life abroad most unpleasant. Is it true that Flahaut is going
+to Vienna to replace Saint-Aulaire? If so, I shall certainly
+be left here. The wind of favour does not blow in my
+direction. A certain street and house very well known to
+you are not so well disposed to me as they were." This last
+passage alludes to Talleyrand's residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin,
+where Madame de Lieven now lives.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed of the death of the young Marie de La
+Rochefoucauld, daughter of Sosth�ne and granddaughter of
+the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency. This poor woman
+has survived her contemporaries, her children, and her grandchildren.
+Heaven has severely tried the high courage and
+profound faith with which she is endowed.</p>
+
+<p>I am also informed that at the much-talked-of ceremony
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312">312</a></span>
+of the Remains the Queen and the Princesses will be in
+mourning as for Louis XVIII. It seems that everybody is
+mad; the newspapers only speak of the funeral, or rather of
+the triumphal procession and of the religious honours which
+will everywhere be paid to the remains of Napoleon. After
+all, Napoleon, twice in forty years, will have performed the
+same service for the French. He will have reconciled them
+to religion, for it seems that it is quite curious to see the
+crowds upon their knees surrounding the clergy who bless
+these remains. Curious, too, is the general wish that their
+hero should have the benediction of the Church. Strange are
+the people who accept order personified in the midst of
+actual anarchy for the sake of a revolutionary idea, for it
+seems clear to me that there is no other motive for all these
+honours, which are paid, not to the legislator, but to the
+usurper and to the conqueror.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 15, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday I had some
+news from Madame de Lieven, the chief points of which I
+will copy: "Egypt is now done for. Napier was rather violent,
+contrary to his instructions, but at the same time he has
+succeeded. Napier wished to show his learning, and is asking
+the Pasha to restore the reign of the Ptolemys, a strange
+position for a vassal, but there it is. At Constantinople the
+principle of hereditary succession will be recognised for his
+family, and he will afterwards surrender the fleet. At
+London delight is great and Lord Palmerston cannot contain
+himself. Relations between the two countries remain
+very strained; it is not war, but cannot be called peace.
+The discussion upon the Address has been forgotten in view
+of the funeral of Napoleon; this will be a superb ceremony,
+and I hope it will be nothing else.</p>
+
+<p>"Queen Christina has gone, after making a conquest of your
+King. She will go to Rome, but not to Naples, where her
+daughter has not been recognised. The whole of Russian
+female society is here; five of the palace ladies are at Paris
+and only four left at St. Petersburg. The ambassadors have
+declared that they will not be present at the funeral. Most
+of them have adopted this idea independently, but Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313">313</a></span>
+Granville asked for instructions; after some hesitation he
+was told to do as the others did. The confinement of the
+Queen of England was perfectly easy."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 17, 1840.</em>&mdash;We have not yet heard
+how the funeral passed off at Paris the day before yesterday.
+Some uneasiness prevailed. The Duchesse de Montmorency
+told me: "There is an idea of attacking the English
+Embassy and wrecking the house. Some soldiers have
+been placed within the residence and Lady Granville has
+moved. It is estimated that eight hundred thousand people
+will be on foot. My children went to the Pecq, and thought
+that everything was very well conducted; there was a general
+silence when the boat came in, and all heads were bared.
+General Bertrand was on the right of the coffin, General
+Gourgaud on the left, M. de Chabot before it, and the Prince
+of Joinville went to and fro giving orders and had all the
+decorations removed which were not religious. The priests
+were there with surplices and many candles, and there was
+nothing worldly or mythological."</p>
+
+<p>The newspapers speak of great excitement. I shall be
+delighted when the evening post tells us how it has all
+gone off. I have written to secure my grandson Boson a
+view of the ceremony. Foolish, incoherent, contradictory,
+and ridiculous as it may be, still the solemn arrival of the
+coffin brought back from St. Helena will be very imposing,
+and he will be glad one day to have seen it. Unfortunately
+at his age he will be merely impressed, and will be unable to
+draw any of the strange conclusions which the sight should
+inspire&mdash;the complete forgetfulness of the oppression and the
+universal maledictions with which Europe resounded twenty-six
+years ago; to-day nothing remains but the recollections
+of Napoleon's victories, which make his memory so popular.
+Paris, proclaiming her eager love of liberty, and France,
+humiliated before the foreigner, are doing their utmost to
+honour the man who did most to reduce them to servitude
+and was the most terrible of conquerors.</p>
+
+<p>In the newspapers we have read a description of the
+decorations in the Champs Elys�es, with the row of kings
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314">314</a></span>
+and great men. The great Cond� at least should not have
+found a place among them. Cond� offering a crown to his
+grandson's assassin! What I think should be fine is the
+hearse. I like the idea of Napoleon brought back to France
+on a buckler....</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 18, 1840.</em>&mdash;Yesterday we awaited the
+post most anxiously, and by some fatality the box was broken
+and we had to go to bed without letters. Fortunately my
+son Dino, who had been at Tours, brought back a copy of a
+telegram received by the Prefect which said that everything
+went off very well, apart from a small demonstration by some
+fifty men in blouses, who tried to break through the lines in
+the Place Louis XV., but were driven back.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 19, 1840.</em>&mdash;At last our letters have
+come. Madame Mollien, who was at the Church of the
+Invalides in the King's suite, says: "This ceremony was just
+as unpopular in the position where I was placed as it was
+popular in the streets of Paris. For every reason people are
+delighted that yesterday is over. Before entering the church
+we met in a kind of room, or rather chapel without an altar,
+which had already been used for the same purpose at the
+funeral of the victims of Fieschi. The royal family, the
+Chancellor, the Ministers, the Households, and even the tutors,
+waited together for two hours. The time was chiefly spent in
+speculation upon the progress of the procession and in attempts
+to derive some heat from two enormous fireplaces that had
+been hastily constructed and avoid the volumes of smoke
+which they belched into the room. Recollections of the
+Emperor were conspicuous by their absence; people talked
+of any subject except that. The Chancellor<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[146]</a> was noticeable
+for his cheerfulness and his comical outbursts against the
+smoke. The Queen was feverish, but nothing could prevent
+her from accompanying the King, and she went home from
+the Invalides really ill. I can tell you nothing of the scene
+within the church. I was so shut in on my stand that I saw
+nothing, and could hardly hear the beautiful mass by Mozart,
+divinely sung."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315">315</a></span>
+The following is another account: "The hearse, in my
+opinion, was really admirable; nothing could be more
+magnificent and imposing; the departmental standards
+borne by subalterns made an excellent effect, and the
+trumpets playing a simple funeral march in unison impressed
+me deeply. I liked, too, the five hundred sailors from <cite>La
+Belle Poule</cite>, whose austere appearance contrasted with the
+general splendour; but a ridiculous effect was produced by
+the old costumes of the Empire, which looked as though they
+had been brought out from Franconi's. The progress of the
+hearse was not followed sufficiently closely by the crowd, so
+that the people rushed along in too noisy a fashion. There
+were some unpleasant shouts of 'Down with Guizot!' 'Death
+to the men of Ghent!' Some red flags were also seen, and
+the <cite>Marseillaise</cite> was heard once or twice, but these attempts
+were immediately checked. The Prince de Joinville has
+grown brown and thin, but he is handsome and looked
+very well. He was warmly welcomed throughout the
+procession yesterday."</p>
+
+<p>The Duchesse d'Albuf�ra saw the procession pass from
+Madame de Flahaut's house, who had invited the old ladies
+who had figured under the Empire, the wife of Marshal Ney,
+the Duchesse de Rovigo, &amp;c., with a number of modern society
+figures or strangers. The eighty thousand troops are said to
+have given the ceremony the aspect of a review rather than of
+a funeral. The Marshal's wife reasonably disliked the attitude
+of the people, which was neither religious nor impressive nor
+respectful.</p>
+
+<p>I have also a letter from M. Royer Collard, who says
+nothing about the ceremony, at which he was not present;
+but in answer to a statement of mine, expressing my astonishment
+at his silence concerning Berryer's speech, he says:
+"If I were to give you my plain opinion of the protagonists
+in the debate upon the Address, I should be tempted to use
+very violent language. M. Berryer is supporting the cause
+of good by evil methods, an imaginary good by what is
+certainly wrong, and the cause of order by means of confusion.
+He has the outward graces of an orator, but not the essential
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316">316</a></span>
+points. He makes no impression upon men's minds, and
+nothing will be left to him but his name. You ask my
+opinion of M. de Tocqueville. He has a fund of honest
+motives which is not adequate for his purposes, and which
+he imprudently expends, but some remnants of which will
+always be left to him. I am afraid that in his anxiety to
+succeed he will wander into impossible paths by an attempt
+to reconcile irreconcilable elements. He extends both hands
+simultaneously, the right hand in welcome to the left, and
+the left hand to ourselves, and regrets that he has not a third
+hand behind him which he could offer unseen. He proposes
+to present himself for election to the French Academy in place
+of M. de Bonald. My first vote is promised to Ballanche,
+but he will have my second. His opponents&mdash;for there is an
+opposition&mdash;say that his literary success has already brought
+him into the Institute, the Chamber, and will give him an armchair
+at Barrot's house, and that he can therefore wait." Our
+hermit of the Rue d'Enfer displays a considerable spice of malignity
+beneath his excellent qualities. The notion of a third
+hand is very persuasive, a capital metaphor, in my opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 20, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles also
+sends me a small account of the funeral, and says that the
+crowd of onlookers watched the procession going by almost
+as if it were that of the B&oelig;uf-Gras, and that the people in the
+church were entirely absorbed by the question of the cold and
+the business of wrapping themselves up; that the service was
+confused and that the social spectacle was the main point in
+everybody's mind. The obvious inference seems to me to be
+that there are no more Bonapartists in France. The fact is
+that there is nothing in this country except newspaper articles.</p>
+
+<p>My son-in-law is told that a proposal is to be brought forward
+in the Chamber to efface the figure of Henry IV. from
+the star of the Legion of Honour and to replace it by the
+effigy of Napoleon. As a matter of fact there will be nothing
+more extraordinary in destroying the image of one's ancestor
+than in staining one's coat of arms.<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[147]</a></p>
+
+<p class="date"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317">317</a></span>
+<em>Rochecotte, December 23, 1840.</em>&mdash;I have a letter from
+M. de Salvandy, of which the following are the essential
+points: "A note has arrived from Lord Palmerston stating
+that Napier's convention has been ratified, and guaranteeing
+the fact in the name of England.</p>
+
+<p>"M. Thiers will be president of the Commission concerning
+the fortifications, and will report their proceedings to the
+Chamber; thus he will have the Cabinet on the stool of
+repentance and be able to keep the Chamber in check. It
+thus appears that M. Thiers is by no means so weak as was
+thought, and that M. Guizot's position is by no means
+assured. In this general state of uncertainty anything is
+possible. The credit of the Chamber is shaken by it within,
+and a European disturbance may very well follow. Austria
+has presented a very moderate note upon the question of
+armaments, but Germany will not disarm."</p>
+
+<p>M. de Salvandy says the same as my other correspondents
+with regard to the funeral. He complains that there was too
+much gold, which was to be seen in every possible position.
+Apparently those who arranged the ceremony thought that
+it was the best means of representing glory. He also said
+that nothing could be less religious than the religious
+ceremony. This is natural when one has an archbishop
+who cannot walk or pray or use incense. I notice in the
+<cite>Moniteur</cite> a phrase which is quite admirable: "<cite>De
+Profundis</cite> was sung by Duprez and the prayer by the
+Archbishop."</p>
+
+<p>M. de Salvandy says that during the ceremony M. Thiers
+was remarkably hopeful at the outset, very angry at the
+conclusion, and preoccupied throughout; apparently he had
+set his hopes upon a day which, thank heaven, has been
+a failure. Even in the church he attempted to begin a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318">318</a></span>
+discussion with M. Mol� concerning Napoleon's thoughts and
+chances during the Hundred Days.</p>
+
+<p>Now I have an extract from a letter sent by Frau von
+Wolff from Berlin: "Hitherto nothing has disturbed the
+perfect harmony between the Sovereign and his people; on
+political questions there is practically no difference of opinion
+among them, so we are almost all orthodox in this respect; but
+religious opinions are strongly divided, and from this point
+of view the first steps of the King are watched with some
+anxiety. It is to be hoped that the King will never sacrifice
+true merit to sectarian prejudice. With regard to the new
+nobility which the King has just created, it will be difficult
+for me to give you a precise explanation, for the institution
+seems to be still somewhat vague. The King hopes to
+obviate the inconvenience of a poor nobility&mdash;and the Prussian
+nobility is usually poor&mdash;by introducing new titles and
+attaching them to territorial estates, so that the title will
+pass only to those children or descendants who inherit land,
+and will become extinct if the succession leaves the family.
+This idea has not been greatly appreciated so far. People
+fear possible complications and entanglements and it is
+thought that the institution will hardly survive, as it is
+not in harmony with Germanic custom."</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 27, 1840.</em>&mdash;The Duc de Noailles tells
+me that M. de Tocqueville has withdrawn his candidature
+for the Academy. The Duc has just been to dinner with
+M. Pasquier, where he met Mgr. Affre; he speaks of him as
+a regular peasant; even the enemies of Mgr. de Qu�len
+noticed the difference at the ceremony in the Invalides.
+It was Mgr. de Qu�len who officiated for the victims of
+Fieschi. Mgr. Affre is an appropriate prelate for this
+wretched age, which is so devoid of dignity wherever it is
+looked for.</p>
+
+<p class="date"><em>Rochecotte, December 30, 1840.</em>&mdash;I hear from Paris that a
+despatch in a mild and friendly tone has arrived from
+Russia for communication to the Government, saying that
+the isolation of France is regarded with regret and that
+there is a readiness to begin the usual measures for bringing
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319">319</a></span>
+France into the train of negotiations since a Conservative
+Ministry has been re-established at Paris. The despatch was
+read to M. Guizot and then to the King. Can it betoken a
+desire for a closer union? I hardly think so, but I do think
+that there is a general wish to avoid war in Russia as well
+as elsewhere; that there is a wish to calm the feelings of
+France and induce her to disarm, and that disarmament may
+follow elsewhere, for these general armaments are the ruin
+of Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumh"><a id="Page_320">320</a></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321">321</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="medium"><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX<br />
+I<br />
+<em>Message from President Jackson of the United States</em></h2>
+
+<p>Since the last session of the Congress the validity of our claims
+upon France, as arranged by the treaty of 1831, has been recognised
+by both branches of the Legislature, and the money has
+been voted for their satisfaction, but I regret to be obliged to
+inform you that payment has not yet been made.</p>
+
+<p>A short summary of the most important incidents in this
+lengthy controversy will show how far the motives, by which
+attempts are made to justify this delay, are absolutely indefensible.</p>
+
+<p>When I took office I found the United States applying in vain
+to the justice of France for the satisfaction of claims the validity
+of which has never been doubted, and has now been admitted
+by France herself in the most solemn manner. The long-standing
+nature of these claims, their entire justice, and the aggravating
+circumstances from which they sprang, are too well known to
+the American people for a further description of them to be
+necessary. It is enough to say that for a period of ten years
+and more, with the exception of a few intervals, our commerce
+has been the object of constant aggression on the part of France,
+which usually took the form of condemning ships and cargo in
+virtue of arbitrary decrees, contravening both international law
+and the stipulations of the treaties, while ships were burnt on
+the high seas, and seizures and confiscations took place under
+special Imperial rescripts in the harbours of other nations then
+in French occupation or under French control.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322">322</a></span>
+Such, as is admitted, has been the nature of our grievances,
+grievances in many cases so flagrant that even the authors of
+them never denied our right to satisfaction. Some idea of the
+extent of our losses may be gained by considering the fact that
+the burning of vessels at sea and the seizure and sacrifice in
+forced sales of American property, apart from awards to privateers
+before condemnation was pronounced, or without such
+formality, have brought the French Treasury a sum of twenty-four
+millions of francs, apart from considerable customs dues.</p>
+
+<p>For twenty years this business has been the subject of
+negotiations, which were interrupted only during the short
+period when France was overwhelmed by the united forces of
+Europe. During this period, when other nations were extorting
+their claims at the bayonet's point, the United States suspended
+their demands in consideration of the disasters that had overpowered
+the brave people to whom they felt themselves bound,
+and in consideration of the brotherly help which they had
+received from France in their own times of suffering and danger.
+The effect of this prolonged and fruitless discussion, disastrous
+both to our relations with France and to our national character,
+was obvious, and my own course of duty was perfectly clear to
+me. I was bound either to insist upon the satisfaction of our
+claims within a reasonable period or to abandon them entirely.
+I could not doubt that this course was most conformable to the
+interests and honour of the two countries.</p>
+
+<p>Instructions were therefore given from this point of view to
+the Minister who was once more sent to demand satisfaction.
+When Congress met on October 10, 1829, I considered it my
+duty to refer to these claims and to the dilatory attitude of
+France, in terms sufficiently strong to draw the serious attention
+of both countries to the matter. The French Minister then in
+power took offence at the message, under the idea that it contained
+a threat, upon which basis the French Government did
+not care to negotiate. The American Minister refuted the
+interpretation which the French authorities attempted to place
+upon the message, and reminded the French Minister that the
+President's message was a communication addressed not to
+foreign governments, but to the Congress of the United States,
+and that in this message it was his duty under the Constitution
+to provide this body with information upon the state of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323">323</a></span>
+Union with reference both to foreign as well as to domestic
+affairs. That if, again, in the performance of this task he deemed
+it his duty to call the attention of the Congress to the consequences
+which might result from strained relations with another
+Government, one might reasonably suppose that he acted under
+a sense of duty in thus frankly communicating with another
+branch of his own Government, and not that he acted with the
+object of threatening a foreign Power. The French Government
+was satisfied and negotiations were continued. These were concluded
+by the treaty of July 4, 1831, which partially recognised
+the justice of our claims, and promised payment to the amount
+of twenty-five millions of francs in six annual instalments. The
+ratifications of the treaty were exchanged at Washington on
+February 2, 1832. Five days later the treaty was presented to
+Congress, which immediately passed the Acts necessary to
+secure to France the commercial advantages conceded to her
+by the arrangement. The treaty had been previously ratified
+with full solemnity by the King of France, in terms which are
+certainly no mere formality: "We, regarding the above convention
+as satisfactory in all and each of the conclusions which it
+contains, declare, both for ourselves and for our heirs and
+successors, that it is accepted, approved, ratified, and confirmed,
+and by these presents, signed with our hand, we do accept,
+approve, ratify, and confirm it, promising upon our faith and
+word as King to observe and to secure its observance inviolably
+without contravention at any time and without permitting direct
+or indirect contravention for any reason or pretext whatsoever."
+The official announcement that ratifications had been exchanged
+with the United States reached Paris while the Chambers were
+in session. The extraordinary delays prejudicial to ourselves by
+the introduction of which the French Government have prevented
+the execution of the treaty, have already been explained to Congress.
+It is sufficient to point out that the session then opened
+was allowed to pass without any effort being made to obtain the
+necessary funds; that the two following sessions also went by
+without any action resembling a serious effort to secure a decision
+upon the question; and that not until the fourth session, nearly
+four years after the conclusion of the treaty, and more than two
+years after the exchange of ratifications, was the law referring
+to the execution of the treaty put to the vote and rejected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324">324</a></span>
+Meanwhile the United States Government, in full confidence
+that the treaty concluded would be executed in good faith,
+and with equal confidence that measures would be taken to
+secure payment of the first instalment, which was to fall due
+on February 2, 1833, negotiated a bill for the amount through
+the Bank of the United States. When this bill was presented
+by bearer the French Government allowed it to be protested.
+Apart from the loss incurred by non-payment, the United
+States had to meet the claims of the bank, which asserted infringement
+of its interests, in satisfaction of which this institution
+seized and still holds a corresponding amount from the
+State revenues.</p>
+
+<p>Congress was in session when the decision of the Chambers
+was communicated to Washington, and an immediate announcement
+of this decision on the part of France was a step which
+was naturally expected from the President. The profound
+discontent shown by public opinion and the similar excitement
+which prevailed in the Congress, made it more than probable
+that a recourse to immediate measures for securing redress
+would be the consequence of any appeal made upon this question
+to Congress itself.</p>
+
+<p>With a sincere desire to preserve the peaceful relations which
+have so long existed between the two countries, I wished to avoid
+this step if I could be convinced that in thus acting, neither the
+interests nor the honour of my country would be compromised.
+Without the most complete assurance upon this point I could not
+hope to discharge the responsibility which I assumed in allowing
+the Congress to adjourn without giving it an account of the affair.
+These conditions seemed to be satisfied by the assurances which
+were given to me.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government had foreseen that the feeling in the
+United States aroused by this second rejection of the credit vote
+would be as I have described it, and prompt measures had been
+taken by the French Government to anticipate the consequences.
+The King personally expressed through our Minister at Paris his
+profound regret for the decision of the Chambers and promised
+to send a ship of war with despatches to his Minister here, forthwith
+authorising him to give every assurance to the government
+and the people of the United States that the treaty would be in
+any case faithfully performed by France. The warship arrived
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325">325</a></span>
+and the Minister received his instructions. Professing to act in
+virtue of these instructions he gave the most solemn assurances
+that immediately after the new elections, and as soon as ever the
+Chamber would allow, the French Chambers would be convoked
+and that the attempt to obtain the necessary credit would be
+renewed; that all the constitutional power of the King and his
+Ministers would be exerted to secure this object. It was understood
+that he pledged himself to this end, and this Government
+expressly informed him that the question ought to be decided at
+a date sufficiently near to enable Congress to learn the result at
+the commencement of the session.</p>
+
+<p>Relying upon these assurances, I undertook the responsibility
+of allowing Congress to separate without offering any communication
+upon the matter.</p>
+
+<p>Our expectations, reasonably based upon promises so solemnly
+given, were not realised. The French Chambers met on
+July 31, 1834, and though our Minister at Paris urged the French
+Ministers to lay the matter before the Chambers, they refused.
+He then insisted that if the Chambers had been prorogued without
+coming to any conclusion in the matter, they should be again
+convoked in time to enable their decision to be known at
+Washington before the meeting of Congress. This reasonable
+demand was not only refused, but the Chambers were prorogued
+until December 29, a date so remote that their decision in all
+probability could not have been obtained in time to reach
+Washington before the Congress was forced to adjourn by the
+terms of the Constitution. The reasons given by the Ministry
+for their refusal to convoke the Chambers at a nearer date were
+afterwards shown to have been by no means insurmountable, for
+the Chambers were convoked on December 1 for the special
+purpose of considering home affairs, though this fact did not
+become known to our Government until after the last session of
+the Congress. As our reasonable expectations were thus deceived,
+it was my imperative duty to consult Congress as to the advisability
+of reprisals, in case the stipulations of the treaty were not
+promptly carried out. For this purpose a communication was
+indispensable. It would have been unworthy of us in the course
+of this communication to refrain from an explanation of all the
+facts necessary for an exact comprehension of the affair, or to
+shrink from truth for fear of offending others. On the other
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326">326</a></span>
+hand, to have gone a step further with the object of wounding
+the pride of a government and a people with whom we have so
+many reasons to cultivate friendly relations to our mutual
+advantage would have been both imprudent and disastrous.</p>
+
+<p>As past events had warned us of the difficulty of drawing up
+the most simple statement of our grievances without wounding
+the feelings of those who had become responsible for redressing
+them, I did my best to prevent any interpretation of the message
+containing the recommendations placed before Congress as a threat
+to France. I disavowed any such design and further declared
+that the pride and the power of France were so well known that
+no one would expect to extort satisfaction by fear. The message
+did not reach Paris until more than a month after the Chambers had
+met, and to such an extent did the Ministry disregard our legitimate
+claims, that our Minister was informed that the matter would
+not be made a Cabinet question when it had been brought forward.</p>
+
+<p>Although the message was not officially communicated to the
+Government and although it contained definite declarations that
+no menace was intended, the French Ministers determined to
+regard the conditional proposal of reprisals as a threat and as an
+insult, which the national honour made it their duty to reject.</p>
+
+<p>The measures by which they proceeded to show their resentment
+of this supposed insult were the immediate recall of their
+Minister from Washington, the offer of passports to the American
+Minister at Paris, and a declaration in the legislative Chambers
+that diplomatic relations with the United States Government
+were suspended.</p>
+
+<p>After they had thus avenged the dignity of France, they
+proceeded to show their justice. For this purpose a law was
+immediately presented to the Chamber of Deputies asking for
+the funds necessary to perform the terms of the treaty. As this
+proposal afterwards became a law, the terms of which are now
+one of the chief subjects of discussion between the two nations,
+I am bound to retrace the history of this law.</p>
+
+<p>The Financial Minister in his explanation alluded to the
+measures which had been taken in answer to the supposed insult,
+and represented the performance of the treaty as imperative upon
+the honour and justice of France. As the mouthpiece of the
+Ministry he declared that the message, until it had received the
+sanction of Congress, was merely the simple expression of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327">327</a></span>
+President's personal opinion. On the other hand he declared
+that France had entered into engagements which were binding
+upon her honour. In accordance with this point of view, the
+only condition upon which the French Ministry proposed to
+consider the payment of the money was to defer this payment
+until it was certain that the United States Government had done
+nothing which could injure the interests of France, or, in other
+terms, that Congress had not authorised any measure hostile to
+France.</p>
+
+<p>At this moment the French Cabinet could not have known
+what was the attitude or the decision of Congress, but on
+January 14 the Senate decided that there was no reason for the
+moment to take any legislative measures with reference to the
+business proceeding between the United States and France, and
+no decision upon the subject was made in the Representative
+Chamber. These facts were known at Paris before March 28,
+1835, when the Commission which had been considering the bill
+of indemnity presented its report to the Chamber of Deputies.
+This Commission repeated the opinions of the Ministry, declared
+that the Congress had put aside the proposals of the President,
+and proposed the adoption of the law with no other restriction
+than that originally stated. The French Ministry and the
+Chambers thus knew that if the position they had adopted, and
+which had been so frequently stated to be incompatible with the
+honour of France, was maintained, and if the law was adopted in
+its original form, the money would be paid and this unfortunate
+discussion would come to an end. But this flattering hope was
+soon destroyed by an amendment introduced into the law at the
+moment of its adoption, providing that the money should not be
+paid until the Government had received satisfactory explanations
+concerning the President's message of December 2, 1834. What
+is still more remarkable, the President of the Council<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[148]</a> adopted
+this amendment and consented to its insertion in the law. As
+for the pretended insult which had induced them to recall their
+Minister and send our Minister his passports, not until then did
+they propose to ask for an explanation of this incident. The
+proposals and opinions which they had declared could not reasonably
+be imputed to the American people or government were
+put forward as obstacles to the accomplishment of an act of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328">328</a></span>
+justice towards this government and people. They had declared
+that the honour of France required the performance of an undertaking
+into which the King had entered unless Congress adopted
+the proposals of the message. They were certain that Congress
+had not adopted them and none the less they refused to perform
+the terms of the treaty until they had obtained from the President
+an explanation of an opinion which they had themselves characterised
+as personal and ineffectual. The supposition that I had
+intended to threaten or to insult the French Government is as
+unfounded as any attempt to extort from the fears of that nation
+that which its feelings of justice would have made it refuse,
+would have been foolish and ridiculous; but the Constitution of
+the United States obliges the President to explain to Congress
+the situation of the country and the American people cannot
+admit the intervention of any Government whatever upon earth
+in the free performance of the domestic duties which the Constitution
+has imposed upon its public officials. The discussions
+proceeding between the different branches of our Government
+concern ourselves alone, and our representatives are responsible
+for any words which they may utter only to their own constituents
+and to their fellows in office. If, in the course of these discussions,
+facts have been inaccurately stated, or wrong inferences have
+been drawn from them, correction will necessarily follow when
+the mistakes are perceived, from their love of justice and their
+sense of self-respect; but they will never submit to be
+questioned upon that matter as a right by any foreign Power.
+When these discussions lead to action, then our responsibility to
+foreign Powers begins, but it is then a national and not an individual
+responsibility. The principle upon which a demand is
+issued for an explanation of the terms of my message would also
+justify the claim of any foreign Power to demand an explanation
+of the terms employed in a committee report or in the speech of
+a member of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>It is not the first time that the French Government has taken
+offence at messages from American presidents. President
+Washington and President Adams, in the performance of their
+duties to the American people, encountered ill-feeling on the
+part of the French Directory. The grievance raised by the
+Minister of Charles X. and removed by the explanations offered
+by our Minister at Paris, has already been mentioned when it
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329">329</a></span>
+was known that the Minister of the reigning King took offence
+at my message last year by interpreting it in a sense which the
+very terms of it forbade. Our last Minister at Paris in reply to
+the last note which showed dissatisfaction with the language of
+the message, sent a communication to the French Government
+under date January 28, 1835, which was calculated to remove
+all the impressions that undue susceptibility might have received.
+This note repeated and recalled to the attention of the French
+Government the disavowal contained in the message itself of any
+intention to use intimidation by threats; it declared in all truth
+that the message did not contain either in words or intention
+any accusation of bad faith against the King of the French; it
+drew a very reasonable distinction between the right of complaining
+in measured terms of the failure to perform the terms of the
+convention, and an imputation that the delay in performance
+was due to evil motives; in short it showed that the necessary
+exercise of this right was not to be regarded as an offensive
+imputation. Although this communication was made by our
+Minister without instructions and entirely upon his own responsibility,
+my approbation has since made it a governmental act and
+this approbation was officially notified to the French Government
+on April 25, 1835. However, it produced no effect. The law
+was passed with the unfortunate amendment, supported by the
+King's Ministers and was definitely approved by the King.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the United States are reasonably inclined to
+pursue a pacific policy in their dealings with foreign nations;
+the people must therefore be informed of the loyalty of their
+government to this policy. In the present case this policy was
+carried to the furthest limits compatible with due self-respect.
+The note of January 28 was not the only communication which
+our Minister took the responsibility of offering upon the same
+subject and from the same point of view; when he found that
+it was proposed to make the payment of a just debt dependent
+upon the accomplishment of a condition which he knew could
+never be performed, he thought himself bound to make a further
+attempt to convince the French Government that, if our self-respect
+and our regard for the dignity of other nations prevented
+us from using any language which might give offence, at the
+same time we would never recognise the right of any foreign
+government to require an explanation of communications passing
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330">330</a></span>
+between the different branches of our public service. To prevent
+any misunderstanding the Minister recalled the language
+used in a preceding Note and added that any explanation
+which could be reasonably asked or honourably given, had already
+been furnished and that the annexation of this demand to the
+law as a condition, was not only useless but might be regarded
+as offensive and would certainly never be fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>When this last communication, to which I called the special
+attention of the Congress, was submitted to me, I conceived the
+hope that its obvious intention of securing a prompt and honourable
+settlement of the difficulties between the two nations would
+have been achieved, and I therefore did not hesitate to give it
+my sanction and my complete approbation. So much was due
+from me to the Minister who had made himself responsible for
+the act. The people of the United States were publicly
+informed of it and I am now communicating it to the people's
+representatives to show how far the Executive power has gone
+in its attempts to restore a good understanding between the two
+countries. My approval would have been communicated to the
+French Government if an official request for it had been received.</p>
+
+<p>As the French Government had thus received all the explanations
+which honour and principle could allow, we hoped that
+there would be no further hesitation in paying the instalments
+as they fell due. The agent authorised to receive the money
+was instructed to inform the French Government of his readiness;
+by way of reply he was informed that the money could
+not then be paid because the formalities required by the act of
+the Chambers had not been fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>As I had received no official communication concerning the
+intentions of the French Government, and as I was anxious to
+conclude this disagreeable affair before the meeting of Congress,
+I instructed our Minister at Paris to inquire into the final determination
+of the French Government and if the due payment of
+the instalment was refused, to return to the United States
+without further explanations.</p>
+
+<p>The results of this last step have not yet reached our knowledge,
+but we expect information daily. I trust that information
+may be favourable. As the different powers in France have
+recognised the justice of our rights and the obligations imposed
+upon them by the treaty of 1831, and as no real cause
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331">331</a></span>
+remains as an excuse for further delay, we may hope that
+France will at length adopt that course of procedure demanded
+no less imperiously by the interests of the two nations than by
+the principles of justice. When once the treaty has been
+carried out by France, few causes of disagreement will remain
+between the two countries, and in short there will be nothing
+that cannot be surmounted by the influence of a pacific and
+enlightened policy and by the influence of that mutual good will
+and those generous recollections which will, we trust, then be
+revived in all their early strength; but in any case, the question
+of principle which has been raised by the new turn given
+to the discussion is of such vital importance to the independent
+action of the government, that we cannot abandon it or make it
+the subject of a bargain without compromising our national
+honour. I need not say that such a sacrifice will never be made
+by any act of mine. I will never stain the honour of my country
+to relieve myself of my obligation to tell the truth and to
+do my duty; nor can I give any other explanations of my official
+act than those required by honour and justice. This determination,
+I feel sure, will meet with the approbation of my constituents.
+My knowledge of their character is very inadequate
+if the sum of twenty-five millions of francs should outweigh for
+a moment in their eyes any question which affects their national
+independence; and if unfortunately a different impression should
+prevail they would rally, I feel certain, about their chosen
+Government vigorously and unanimously, and silence for ever
+this degrading imputation.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus frankly submitted to the Congress the further
+steps which have taken place since last session, in this interesting
+and important affair and also the views of the Executive
+power concerning it, it only remains for me to add, that as soon
+as the information expected by our Minister has been received,
+it will become the subject of a special communication.<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[149]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332">332</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2 class="medium">II<br />
+<em>Speech by the</em> <span class="smcap">Duc de Broglie</span>, <em>President of the Council,
+Chamber of Deputies in the Session of January 6,
+1836, on the subject of Poland</em>.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I do full justice to the high ideals and the noble passions
+with which the orator whom you have just heard has been
+inspired;<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[150]</a> but I will venture to remind him that he has not done
+full justice to the Government and to the Ministry of 1831 in
+expressing his apparent belief that the difficulties of that period
+prevented our Cabinet from showing that interest in the Polish
+nation which a French Government will always feel for Poland.</p>
+
+<p>At that moment, difficult and dangerous as it was, when the
+domestic circumstances of France were very perplexing, the
+French Government did for the Polish nation all that it was its
+duty to do. It did more than any other nation, and if history
+ever reveals the diplomatic correspondence of the French
+Government at that time, I venture to think that full justice
+will be done to the illustrious man who was then President of
+the Cabinet.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[151]</a></p>
+
+<p>What was done at that time in the interests of humanity and
+justice, the Government has never ceased to do whenever it
+thought that its intervention could be of any use to the population
+of Poland.</p>
+
+<p>But in the presence of so enlightened a Chamber as this, it is
+unnecessary to recall the fact that the intervention of a foreign
+Power in the domestic administration of another state must be
+conducted with every care and precaution. There is often a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333">333</a></span>
+reason to fear that such intervention, far from calming irritation
+and exasperation and far from weakening political animosity, may
+arouse these passions to greater power. In a word, such a task can
+only be fulfilled by the constant exercise of care and precaution.</p>
+
+<p>I trust that the Chamber will understand me if I say that the
+French Government has never neglected any opportunity of
+intervening in the interests of humanity, but the Chamber will
+also understand perhaps that this is not the right moment for
+serving humanity and that it is indeed against the wishes of the
+Chamber to press the Government to further efforts in this place.
+It is to be feared that words actuated by generous feeling may
+indeed produce an effect entirely contrary to the sentiments which
+inspires them and may merely be translated abroad into greater
+ill-feeling. There is a fear, in short, that the cause of humanity
+may be betrayed in the very wish to serve it and without the
+knowledge of those who desire to defend it (General cries of
+Hear, Hear).</p>
+
+<p>On this point I shall say no more. The former speaker has
+himself pointed out the difference that should characterise the
+observations of one who speaks for the Government, and those of
+an isolated member of the Chamber. The Chamber will certainly
+understand that it is not for me to reply severally to the observations
+which have been laid before you, because any answer
+to these observations will have an undue importance as coming
+from myself.</p>
+
+<p>As to the other branch of the question, the existence of
+treaties which the first speaker has discussed, and to which the
+second<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[152]</a> has also referred; I will speak upon the matter as
+shortly as I can. As far as I know, absolutely no one in Europe
+would assert that treaties should not be faithfully executed both
+in their letter and their spirit, but in the article of the treaty
+to which the two orators have referred, different principles are
+enounced; principles which are not incompatible, and should
+indeed be reconciled; on the one hand the Independence of
+Poland, and on the other the Union of Poland with Russia. In
+this article the principle is laid down that representation and
+certain national institutions should exist; but execution has been
+delayed until we know what these institutions are to be, and
+under what form they will be established.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334">334</a></span>
+This article was not drawn up with all the clearness that might
+have been desired. The possibility is thus open that the several
+Powers who signed the treaty of 1815 may interpret it in different
+senses, and emphasise more or less the principles therein enounced.
+It may be&mdash;I am only putting a hypothetical case&mdash;that the several
+Powers will not agree upon the application of these principles,
+or upon the nature of the action that lies before them. Are we
+to say that the moment a difference of opinion arises, we should
+immediately have recourse to force? The Chamber cannot
+countenance such an idea. The maintenance of relations between
+the Powers is upon the same footing as the maintenance of harmony
+between the public bodies. The mere fact that divergence
+of opinion is possible is no reason for an appeal to force. Discussion,
+reason, and time will enable the truth to prevail.</p>
+
+<p>Well, gentlemen, I am confident that the Chamber will understand
+without further words from myself upon the question now
+before it, that there are divergences of opinion between the
+different Powers upon certain points. We consider that negotiations,
+discussion, and time will enable the truth to prevail, and
+we trust that upon this point you will agree with us. (Loud
+applause.)<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">&nbsp;[153]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335">335</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2 class="medium"><a name="III" id="III"></a>III<br />
+<em>Eulogy upon</em> <span class="smcap">Count Reinhart</span>, <em>delivered at the Academy
+of Moral and Political Science, by the</em> <span class="smcap">Prince de
+Talleyrand</span>, <em>in the Session of March 3, 1838</em>.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I was in America when the kindness of my friends
+appointed me a member of the Institute, and thus connected
+me with the study of Moral and Political Science,
+to which society I have had the honour to belong since its
+origin.</p>
+
+<p>On my return to France my first care was to attend the sessions
+of the Institute, and thus to show the members of that time,
+many of whom we have every reason to regret, what pleasure
+I felt at finding myself one of their number. During the first
+session at which I was present the committee was reappointed,
+and I received the honourable post of secretary. The six
+months' report which I drew up, with all the care that I could
+bring to it, was perhaps of a too deferential character, as I was
+giving an account of work to which I was a complete stranger.
+It was work which doubtless had cost much research and much
+labour to one of our most learned colleagues, and was entitled,
+"Dissertations upon the Riparian Laws." At the same time
+in our public meetings I delivered some lectures which I was
+then allowed to insert in the Memoirs of the Institute. Forty
+years have elapsed since that date, during which this chair
+has been forbidden to me, first by long absences, and also
+by duties to which I was obliged to devote the whole of
+my time, and I may add by the discretion which times of
+difficulty make incumbent upon a man whose business is
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336">336</a></span>
+political; and, finally, by the infirmities which old age usually
+brings or aggravates.</p>
+
+<p>But to-day I feel it necessary&mdash;and, indeed, regard it as a
+duty&mdash;to appear for the last time in memory of a man known
+throughout Europe, a man who was my friend, and who was our
+colleague since the formation of the Institute. I come forward
+publicly to testify to our esteem for his person and to our regret
+for his loss. His position and mine enable me to reveal several of
+his special merits. His principal, but not his sole title to glory consists
+in a correspondence extending over forty years, necessarily
+unknown to the public, who will probably never hear of it. I
+asked myself, "Who will speak upon that matter within these
+walls? Who will have any reason to speak of it except myself,
+who have known so much of it, who have been so pleased by
+it, and so often helped by it in the course of the Ministerial
+duties which I have had to perform under three very different
+reigns?"</p>
+
+<p>Count Reinhart was thirty years of age and I was thirty-seven
+when I first met him. He entered public life with a large stock
+of information; he knew five or six languages, and was familiar
+with their literatures. He could have attained celebrity as a
+poet or historian or geographer, and in this latter capacity
+he became a member of the Institute at the time of its
+foundation.</p>
+
+<p>At that time he was already a member of the Academy of
+Science in G�ttingen. Born and educated in Germany, he had
+published in his youth certain poems which had attracted the
+attention of Gessner, Wieland and Schiller. At a later date, when
+his health forced him to take the waters of Carlsbad, he was
+fortunate enough to meet and to know the famous Goethe, who
+so far appreciated his taste and his knowledge as to apply to
+him for information upon any outstanding features in French
+literature. Herr Reinhart promised to keep him informed.
+Undertakings of this nature among men of first-rate intellectual
+power are invariably mutual, and soon become bonds of friendship.
+The intimacy between Count Reinhart and Goethe
+gave rise to a correspondence which is now being printed in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Having thus reached that time of life when a man must
+definitely choose that career for which he thinks himself best
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337">337</a></span>
+fitted, we shall see that Herr Reinhart formed a resolution by
+no means consistent with his character, his tastes, his own
+position, and that of his family: remarkable as the fact was for
+that age, in preference to the many careers in which he could
+have been independent, he chose one in which independence
+was impossible, and gave his preference to diplomacy. His
+choice was a good one; he was fitted to occupy any post in
+this profession, and filled all posts in succession and all with
+distinction.</p>
+
+<p>I will venture to assert that his early studies had fitted him
+admirably for his profession. His work in theology especially
+had brought him distinction in the seminary of Denkendorf and
+in the Protestant faculty of T�bingen; it had given him a
+strength and dexterity in argument which may be noted in every
+document from his pen. Lest I should seem to be pursuing a
+paradoxical idea, I may recall the fact that several of our great
+diplomatists were theologians, and have all made their mark in
+history by their conduct of the most important political affairs of
+their age. Cardinal Chancellor Duprat was as completely versed
+in canon law as jurisprudence, and fixed, in conjunction with
+Leo X., the principles of the Concordat which in large part
+survives to-day; Cardinal d'Ossat, notwithstanding the opposition
+of several great Powers, succeeded in reconciling Henry IV.
+with the Court of Rome; his surviving correspondence is still
+recommended for study to those of our young men who propose
+to follow a political career; Cardinal de Polignac, a theologian,
+poet, and diplomatist, after many unhappy wars, was able to
+preserve the conquests of Louis XIV. to France by the treaty of
+Utrecht.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, too, amid theological books collected by his father,
+afterwards Bishop of Gap, was begun the education of M. de
+Lionne, to whose name fresh lustre has recently been added by
+an important publication.</p>
+
+<p>The names which I have quoted will suffice to justify my idea
+of the influence which I conceive to have been exerted upon
+Count Reinhart's mind by the early studies to which his father's
+education had directed him.</p>
+
+<p>The varied and profound information which he had acquired
+qualified him to perform at Bordeaux the honourable, if modest,
+duties of tutor in a Protestant family in that town. There he
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338">338</a></span>
+naturally began relations with several men whose talents, whose
+mistakes, and whose death brought such renown to our first Legislative
+Assembly. Count Reinhart was easily induced by them to
+enter the service of France.</p>
+
+<p>I feel in no way obliged to follow in detail the many vicissitudes
+of his long career. The numerous posts which were entrusted to
+him, sometimes of importance, at other times of inferior rank,
+seem to have followed in no consecutive order, and, indeed, to
+denote a want of gradation which we could hardly understand at
+the present time; but in that age neither positions nor persons
+were subject to prejudice. In other times favour, and more rarely
+discrimination, called men to eminent positions, but during the
+time of which I speak, for good or for evil, positions were won
+by force, and such a system naturally produced confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Thus we shall see Count Reinhart as First Secretary to the
+London Embassy; in a similar position at Naples; as Plenipotentiary
+Minister to the Hanseatic towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and
+L�beck; head of the third division in the Department of
+Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence; Foreign
+Minister; Plenipotentiary Minister in Switzerland; Consul-General
+at Milan; Plenipotentiary Minister for the area of
+Lower Saxony; Resident in the Turkish provinces beyond the
+Danube, and Chief Commissioner of commercial relations in
+Moldavia; Plenipotentiary Minister to the King of Westphalia;
+head of the chancery in the Department of Foreign Affairs;
+Plenipotentiary Minister to the Germanic Diet and to the free
+town of Frankfort; and, finally, Plenipotentiary Minister at
+Dresden. How many posts, how much work, and how many
+interests were thus confided to the care of one man! And
+this at a time when talent seemed likely to be the less
+appreciated, as war appeared to be the chief arbitrator in
+every difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>You will not expect me, gentlemen, to give you any detailed
+account with dates of the works which Count Reinhart produced
+in the various posts which I have just enumerated; such an
+account would need a volume. I need only speak to you of the
+manner in which he fulfilled his official duties, whether he was
+Head of a Department, Minister, or Consul.</p>
+
+<p>Count Reinhart had not at that time the advantage which he
+might have had a few years later of seeing excellent models for
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339">339</a></span>
+his imitation; but he was well aware what high and different
+capacities should distinguish the head of a department of Foreign
+Affairs. His delicate tact showed him that the habits of such a
+head should be simple, regular, and retiring; that, remote from
+the uproar of the world, he should live for business alone, and
+bring to it an impenetrable secrecy; that while always ready to
+give an answer concerning facts and men, he should have constantly
+present to his memory every treaty, know the dates of
+them, their history, have a correct knowledge of their strong
+points and their weaknesses, their antecedent and consequent
+circumstances; that he should know the names of the chief
+diplomatists and even their family relations; and that while
+using this knowledge, he should be careful not to disturb the
+penetrating self-esteem of the Minister, and that if he should
+ever induce that Minister to share his own opinions, his success
+should remain concealed. He knew that he could only shine by
+reflection elsewhere, but he was also aware that so pure and
+modest a life would naturally command every respect.</p>
+
+<p>Count Reinhart's faculty of observation did not stop at that
+point. It had shown him how unusual is the combination of
+qualities necessary for a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Such a
+Minister must, in fact, be endowed with a kind of instinct
+which will give him prompt warning and prevent him from
+compromising himself before any discussion begins: he must
+be able to appear frank while remaining impenetrable; must
+be reserved and yet seem careless; must discriminate even in
+the nature of his amusements; his conversation must be
+simple, varied, attractive, always natural, and sometimes open.
+In a word, he must never cease for a single moment in the
+twenty-four hours of the day to be Minister of Foreign
+Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, unusual as these capacities are, they could
+hardly be adequate if loyalty did not give them that support
+which they almost always require. I am bound to mention
+the fact here in opposition to a prejudice generally current.
+Diplomacy is not a science of duplicity and trickery; if good
+faith is required anywhere, it is especially necessary in political
+transactions, for it alone can make them permanent and
+durable. Attempts have been made to identify reserve with
+duplicity; good faith will never authorise duplicity, but it may
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340">340</a></span>
+admit reserve, and reserve has the special faculty of increasing
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p>Dominated by a sense of honour and of his country's interests,
+by the honour and interests of his Sovereign, by the
+love of liberty founded upon a respect for order and uniform
+justice, a Minister of Foreign Affairs, when he is equal to his
+task, occupies the highest position to which any lofty mind
+could aspire.</p>
+
+<p>Much as is required of a competent Minister, how much more
+is required of a good Consul. The claims upon a Consul are
+infinitely varied and are of a totally different order from those
+which may affect the other officials of a Foreign Office. They
+require an amount of practical experience which can only be
+acquired by a special education. Within the area of their
+jurisdiction Consuls are required to perform for their compatriots
+the duties of judges, arbitrators, and mediators; often
+they are officers of the Civil State; they act as notaries, and
+sometimes as Admiralty officers; they watch and report upon
+sanitary affairs; their position enables them to give an accurate
+and complete idea of the state of trade, of navigation, and of
+manufactures in the country where they reside. Count Reinhart,
+who neglected nothing to secure the accuracy of that
+information with which it was his business to provide his Government,
+or the correctness of the decisions which as a political
+agent, as Consul and Admiralty officer, he was obliged to
+give, had made a profound study of international and
+shipping law. This study had induced him to think that a
+time would come when clever combinations would establish a
+general system of commerce and navigation in which the interests
+of every nation would be respected, and the basis of
+which would be so strong that not even war itself could alter
+the principle of it, though it might interrupt some of its results.
+He was also able to decide certainly and promptly all questions
+of interchange, arbitration, conversion of money, weights and
+measures, while no claims were ever raised in dispute of the
+information which he provided or of the judgments which he
+delivered. It is also true that the personal consideration which
+he enjoyed throughout his career gave much influence to his
+intervention in any matter which he conducted or in any dispute
+upon which he had to pronounce.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341">341</a></span>
+Wide as a man's knowledge may be and vast as his capacity,
+the complete diplomatist is but very rarely met with. Yet
+Count Reinhart might have attained this distinction if he had
+had one additional capacity. The clearness of his view and
+intelligence was admirable; he could write an excellent account
+of anything that he had seen or heard; his style was resourceful,
+easy, clever, and attractive. Of all the diplomatic correspondence
+of that age, the Emperor Napoleon, who had every right to be
+fastidious, showed a preference for the despatches of Count
+Reinhart; but admirably as he wrote, he could only express
+himself with difficulty. For action his intelligence required
+more time than conversation could provide, and for the easy
+reproduction of his mental speech he was obliged to work alone and
+unaided. Notwithstanding this real inconvenience, Count Reinhart
+always succeeded in performing his commissions thoroughly well.
+Whence did he derive the inspiration which enabled him to
+succeed?</p>
+
+<p>The source of his power, gentlemen, was a real and profound
+belief which governed all his actions, the sense of duty. The
+strength of this belief is not often entirely realised. A life entirely
+devoted to duty is easily separated from ambition. Count
+Reinhart's life was given up to the duties which he had to perform,
+nor was there in him any trace of personal ambition or
+any claim to rapid promotion. The religion of duty to which
+Count Reinhart was faithful all his life, consists in perfect submission
+to the orders and instructions of superiors; in constant
+vigilance added to much perspicacity, which never leaves those
+superiors ignorant of what they ought to know; in a strict
+adherence to truth in every official report, whether agreeable or
+unpleasant; in an impenetrable discretion and a regularity of
+life which secure confidence and esteem; in decorum of outward
+conduct and in continual care to give the acts of his Government
+that colouring and that interpretation demanded by the interest
+of the affairs under his charge.</p>
+
+<p>Though advancing age had warned Count Reinhart that it was
+time for rest, he would never have asked to be relieved, fearing
+that he might seem to show coldness in his pursuit of a career
+which had been life-long. The royal kindness, with its invariable
+attention, considered his necessities and gave this great servant
+of France a most honourable post, by calling him to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342">342</a></span>
+Chamber of Peers. Count Reinhart did not long enjoy this
+honour and died almost suddenly on December 5, 1837. He
+was twice married, and had a son by his first wife, who is
+now pursuing a political career. The best wish that we can
+offer the son is that he may resemble his father as nearly as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343">343</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2 class="medium">IV<br />
+<em>Memorandum addressed by</em> <span class="smcap">Lord Palmerston</span> <em>to the French
+Government and handed to</em> <span class="smcap">M. Thiers</span> <em>by</em> <span class="smcap">Mr. Bulwer</span>
+<em>at the beginning of September</em> 1840.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>, <em>August 31, 1840.</em></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>Various reasons have prevented me from sending you
+earlier and transmitting through you to the French Government
+certain observations which Her Majesty's Government desire to
+make upon the Memorandum which was handed to me on
+July 24 by the French Ambassador to this Court, in reply to
+the Memorandum which I had handed to His Excellency on the
+17th of that month; but I am now able to fulfil this task.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government observes with great satisfaction
+the friendly tone of the French Memorandum and its assurances
+of keen desire to maintain peace and the balance of power in
+Europe. The Memorandum of July 17 was conceived in a spirit
+no less friendly towards France, and Her Majesty's Government
+is equally anxious that France should be able to keep peace
+in Europe and prevent the smallest disturbance of that equilibrium
+which now exists between the Powers.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government has been equally delighted to see
+the declarations contained in the French Memorandum stating
+that France wishes to act in concert with the other four Powers
+with reference to the affairs in the Levant.</p>
+
+<p>On this point the sentiments of Her Majesty's Government
+correspond in every respect with those of the French Government:
+for, in the first place, throughout the negotiations which
+have proceeded upon this question for more than twelve
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_344">344</a></span>
+months, the British Government has constantly been anxious
+that a concert of the five Powers should be established, and
+that all five should agree to a common line of action; Her
+Majesty's Government though not bound to defer, as proof of
+this desire, to the other proposals which have been made from
+time to time to the French Government, and to which reference
+has been made in the French Memorandum, can unhesitatingly
+declare that no European Power can be less influenced than
+Great Britain by private views or by any desire and hope of
+exclusive advantage which might arise in her favour from the
+conclusion of the questions in the Levant. On the contrary, in
+these matters the interests of Great Britain are identical with
+those of Europe in general, and are based upon the maintenance
+of the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire as a
+guarantee for the preservation of peace and as essential to the
+maintenance of the balance of power in general.</p>
+
+<p>To these principles the French Government has promised its
+full adherence, and offered it in more than one instance, especially
+in a despatch from Marshal Soult, under date July 17,
+1839. This despatch was officially communicated to the four
+Powers. It has also offered support in a collective note, dated
+July 27, 1839, and in the speech of the King of the French to
+the Chambers in December 1839.</p>
+
+<p>In these documents the French Government declares its
+determination to maintain the integrity and independence of
+the Ottoman Empire under the reigning dynasty as essential to
+the balance of power and as a guarantee for the preservation of
+peace; in a despatch from Marshal Soult the French Government
+has shown its resolution to oppose by action and influence
+any combination which might be hostile to the maintenance of
+this integrity and this independence.</p>
+
+<p>Hence the Governments of Great Britain and of France are
+entirely agreed upon the object towards which their policy
+should be directed. The only difference existing between the
+two Governments is a difference of opinion concerning the
+means regarded as most advisable to obtain this common end.
+On this point, as the French Memorandum observes, a difference
+of opinion may naturally be expected.</p>
+
+<p>On this point a great difference of opinion has arisen between
+the two Governments, which seems to have become stronger
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345">345</a></span>
+and more pronounced in proportion as the two Governments
+have more completely explained their respective views, and this
+fact for the moment prevents the two Governments from acting
+in concert to attain their common purpose. On the one hand,
+Her Majesty's Government has repeatedly pointed out her
+opinion that it would be impossible to maintain the integrity of
+the Turkish Empire and to preserve the independence of the
+Sultan, if Mehemet Ali were to be left in possession of Syria, as
+the military key of Asiatic Turkey, and that if Mehemet Ali
+were to continue to occupy this province as well as Egypt, he
+would be able at any time to threaten Bagdad from the south,
+Diarbekir and Erzeroum from the east, Koniah, Brousse, and
+Constantinople from the north; and that the same ambitious
+spirit which has driven Mehemet Ali under other conditions to
+revolt against his Sovereign, would soon induce him hereafter to
+take up arms for further invasions; and that for this purpose he
+would always maintain a large army on foot; that the Sultan,
+on the other hand, would be continually on guard against the
+possible danger, and would also be obliged to remain under
+arms, so that the Sultan and Mehemet Ali would continue to
+maintain arms upon a war footing for the purpose of observing
+one another; that a collision would be the inevitable result of
+these continual suspicions and mutual alarms, and that even
+if there should be no premeditated aggression upon either side,
+any collision of the sort would necessarily lead to foreign intervention
+in the Turkish Empire, while such intervention, thus
+provoked, would produce the most serious discord between the
+Powers of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government has pointed out as probable, if
+not as certain, an even greater danger than this, which would
+result from the continued occupation of Syria by Mehemet Ali;
+namely, that the Pasha, trusting to military force and wearied
+by his political position as a subject, would carry out an intention
+which he has frankly avowed to the Powers of Europe that he
+would never abandon, and would declare himself independent.
+Such a declaration upon his part would incontestably amount to
+a dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and, what is more,
+this dismemberment might happen under such conditions as
+would make it more difficult for the European Powers to act
+in concert for the purpose of forcing the Pasha to withdraw
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346">346</a></span>
+such a declaration, and more difficult than it is for them
+to-day to combine their forces and oblige him to evacuate
+Syria.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government has therefore invariably asserted
+that the Powers which are anxious to preserve the integrity of
+the Turkish Empire and to maintain the independence of the
+Sultan should unite in helping the latter to re-establish his
+direct authority over Syria.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government, on the other hand, has asserted
+that if Mehemet Ali were once assured of the permanent occupation
+of Egypt and Syria he would remain a faithful subject
+and become the strongest support of the Sultan; that the Sultan
+could not govern if the Pasha were not in possession of this
+province, the military and financial resources of which would
+then be of greater use to him than if they were in the hands of
+the Sultan himself; that every confidence might be placed in
+the sincerity with which Mehemet Ali had renounced all
+ulterior views, and in his protestations of faithful devotion to
+his Sovereign; that the Pasha is an old man, and upon his death,
+even if his rights are recognised as hereditary, the totality of his
+acquired power would revert to the Sultan, because all possessions
+in Mohammedan countries, of whatever nature, are in
+reality held only upon tenure for lifetime.</p>
+
+<p>The French Government has also maintained that Mehemet Ali
+will never be willing to evacuate Syria of his own accord and
+that the only means by which European Powers could use force
+would be operations by sea which would be inadequate, or by
+land which would be dangerous; that these operations by sea
+would not expel the Egyptians from Syria and would merely
+rouse Mehemet Ali to begin an attack upon Constantinople;
+while the measures which might be taken in such a case to
+defend the capital and in particular any operations on land
+undertaken by the troops of the allied Powers to expel the army
+of Mehemet Ali from Syria, would be more fatal to the Turkish
+Empire than the state of things could possibly be which these
+measures would be intended to remedy.</p>
+
+<p>To these objections Her Majesty's Government replied that
+no reliance could be placed upon the recent protestations of
+Mehemet Ali; that his ambition is insatiable and would only be
+increased by success; and that to provide him with the opportunity
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347">347</a></span>
+of invading, or to leave within his reach the objects of his
+desire would be to sow the seeds of inevitable collisions; that
+Syria is no further from Constantinople than a large number
+of well-administered provinces are from their capitals in other
+States and can be as well governed from Constantinople as from
+Alexandria; that it is impossible for the resources of this province
+to be of any use to the Sultan in the hands of a governor
+who might turn them against his master at any moment and that
+they would be more useful if they were in the hands or at the
+disposal of the Sultan himself; that, as Ibrahim had an army at
+his orders, he had also the means, upon the decease of Mehemet
+Ali, of securing his own succession to any power of which the
+latter might be possessed at his death; that it was not fit that
+the Great Powers should advise the Sultan to conclude a public
+arrangement with Mehemet Ali, with the secret intention of
+hereafter breaking the arrangement upon the first occasion that
+might seem opportune.</p>
+
+<p>None the less the French Government maintained its opinion
+and refused to take part in an arrangement which included the
+use of coercive measures.</p>
+
+<p>But the French Memorandum laid down that in the course of
+recent circumstances no positive proposal has been made to
+France upon which she was called to explain her attitude and
+that consequently the resolution which England communicated
+to her in the Memorandum of July 17, doubtless in the name of
+the four Powers, must not be considered as actuated by refusals
+which France has not made. This passage obliges me briefly to
+remind you of the general course of negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>The original opinion conceived by Her Majesty's Government,
+of which the five Powers were informed, including France, in
+1839, was that the arrangement between the Sultan and Mehemet
+Ali which might secure a permanent state of peace in the Levant,
+would be of a nature to confine the power delegated to Mehemet
+Ali to Egypt alone and would re-establish the direct authority
+of the Sultan throughout Syria, both in Candia and in all the
+towns of the Holy Land; thus interposing the desert between
+the direct power of the Sultan and the province of which the
+administration would be left to the Pasha. And Her Majesty's
+Government proposed that by way of compensation for the
+evacuation of Syria, Mehemet Ali should receive an assurance
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348">348</a></span>
+that his male descendants should succeed him as governors in
+Egypt, under the sovereignty of the Sultan.</p>
+
+<p>To this proposal the French Government raised objections
+saying that such an arrangement would doubtless be the best if
+there were any means of executing it, but that Mehemet Ali
+would offer resistance and that any measures of violence which
+the allies might employ to reduce him, would produce effects
+which might be more dangerous to the peace of Europe and to
+the independence of the Porte, than the actual state of affairs
+between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali could possibly be; that
+although the French Government thus refused to agree to
+England's plan, during the long space of time which had subsequently
+elapsed, it had not proposed any plan of its own.
+Further, in September 1839, Comte S�bastiani, the French Ambassador
+at the Court of London, proposed to draw a line from
+the east to the west of the sea, nearly from Beyrout to the desert
+near Damascus and to declare that all the land to the south of
+this line should be administered by Mehemet Ali and that all to
+the north should be under the immediate authority of the Sultan.
+The French Ambassador then gave Her Majesty's Government
+to understand that if such an arrangement were admitted by the
+five Powers, France would unite with the four Powers, in case of
+need, for the use of coercive measures, with the object of forcing
+Mehemet Ali to submission.</p>
+
+<p>I pointed out to Comte S�bastiani that such an arrangement
+was open, though in a less degree, to all the objections applicable
+to the present relative position of the two parties and that
+consequently Her Majesty's Government could not accede to it.
+I observed that it seemed inconsistent on the part of France to
+express her willingness to force Mehemet Ali to agree to an
+arrangement which would obviously be incomplete and inadequate
+to secure the proposed object, while objecting to
+coercive measures when they were proposed for the purpose
+of forcing consent to the arrangement desired by Her Majesty,
+the execution of which, as France admitted, would entirely
+fulfil the desired object.</p>
+
+<p>To these arguments Comte S�bastiani replied that the objections
+advanced by the French Government to the employment of
+coercive measures against Mehemet Ali, were founded upon
+considerations of domestic government, and that these objections
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349">349</a></span>
+would be removed if the French Government was enabled to
+prove to the nation and to the Chambers that it had obtained
+the best possible conditions for Mehemet All and that he had
+refused to accept them.</p>
+
+<p>As this insinuation was not admitted by Her Majesty's
+Government, the French Government communicated officially
+on September 27, 1839, its own plan, which was that Mehemet
+Ali should become a hereditary governor of Egypt and of all
+Syria, and governor for life of Candia, surrendering nothing but
+the district of Adana and Arabia. The French Government did
+not say a word as to its knowledge of Mehemet Ali's inclination
+to adhere to this arrangement, nor did it declare that if he
+refused to agree, France would take coercive measures to compel
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously Her Majesty's Government could not consent to this
+plan, which was open to more objections than the present state
+of things, the more so as the gift to Mehemet Ali of the legal
+and hereditary title to a third of the Ottoman Empire, which he
+now occupies only by force, would have been to begin the positive
+dismemberment of the Empire.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government, therefore, being desirous to
+show its readiness to come to an agreement with France upon
+these questions, stated that it would yield its well-founded
+objection to any extension of Mehemet Ali's power beyond
+Egypt and would join the French Government in recommending
+the Sultan to grant to Mehemet Ali, apart from the pashalik of
+Egypt, the administration of the lower part of Syria, to be
+bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cape Carmel to the
+southern extremity of the Lake of Tiberias, and by a line from
+this point to the Gulf of Akaba, provided that France would
+join the four Powers in coercive measures if Mehemet Ali
+refused this offer. This proposal, however, was not accepted by
+the French Government, which now declared its inability to join
+in coercive measures or to be a party to an arrangement to
+which Mehemet Ali would not consent.</p>
+
+<p>While these discussions were proceeding with France, separate
+negotiations were in progress between England and Russia, of
+which full details and information have been sent to the French
+Government. Negotiations with France were suspended for a
+time at the outset of this year, firstly because a change of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350">350</a></span>
+Ministry was expected, and secondly because a change of Ministry
+took place.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of May, however, Baron von Neumann and
+myself resolved, upon the advice of our respective governments,
+to make a last effort with the object of inducing France to begin
+a treaty which was to be concluded with the other four Powers,
+and we submitted to the French Government, through M. Guizot,
+another proposal for an arrangement between the Sultan and
+Mehemet Ali. One objection put forward by the French Government
+to the last proposals of England was that although it was
+proposed to give Mehemet Ali the strong position extending
+from Mount Carmel to Mount Tabor, he would be deprived of
+the fortress of Acre.</p>
+
+<p>To overcome this objection Baron von Neumann and myself
+proposed that the northern frontiers of the part of Syria to be
+administered by the Pasha should extend from Cape Nakhora to
+the furthest point of the Lake of Tiberias, thus including within
+the boundary the fortress of Acre; and that the eastern frontier
+should extend along the western coast of the Lake of Tiberias
+and thence to the Gulf of Akaba. We declared that the
+government of this part of Syria could be granted to Mehemet
+Ali for life only, and that neither England nor Austria would
+consent to grant Mehemet Ali hereditary rights over any part of
+Syria. I further declared to M. Guizot that I could go no further
+in the way of concessions in the hope of securing the co-operation
+of France, and that this was our last proposal. Baron von
+Neumann and myself communicated these facts separately to
+M. Guizot: Baron von Neumann first, and myself the next day.
+M. Guizot told me he would inform his Government of this
+proposal and of the facts which I had laid before him, and that
+he would let me know the answer as soon as he had received it.
+A short time afterwards the plenipotentiaries of Austria, Prussia,
+and Russia informed me that they had every reason to believe
+that the French Government, instead of deciding upon the proposal
+for themselves, had sent it to Alexandria to learn the
+decision of Mehemet Ali; that the four Powers who had undertaken
+the business were thus confronted, not with France, but
+with Mehemet Ali; that, apart from the inevitable delay, this
+was an action which their respective courts had never intended
+to take and one to which they would never consent; and that
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351">351</a></span>
+the French Government had thus placed the plenipotentiaries in
+a very embarrassing position. I agreed with them that their
+objections were justified with regard to the conduct which they
+attributed to the French Government, but that M. Guizot had
+said not a word to me of what would be done. Mehemet Ali
+had been informed that the French Government at that moment
+was fully occupied with parliamentary questions and could
+naturally ask for time before sending an answer to our proposals,
+and that in any case delay could do no great harm. About
+June 27, M. Guizot came to me and read me a letter addressed
+to him by M. Thiers, containing the answer of the French
+Government to our proposal. This answer was a formal refusal.
+M. Thiers said that <em>the French Government positively knew that
+Mehemet Ali would not consent to a division of Syria unless he were
+forced to do so; that France could not co-operate in coercive measures
+against Mehemet Ali under these conditions, and that therefore she
+could not become a party to the proposed arrangement</em>.</p>
+
+<p>As France had thus refused to yield to England's ultimatum,
+the plenipotentiaries were bound to consider what steps should
+be adopted by their Governments. The position of the five
+Powers was this: the five had declared their conviction that in
+the interests of the balance of power and of the peace of Europe
+it was essential to preserve the independence and integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire under the reigning dynasty; all five had
+declared that they would use all their influence to maintain
+this integrity and this independence; but France, on the one
+hand, insisted that the best means to secure this result was to
+abandon the Sultan to the mercies of Mehemet Ali and to
+advise him to submit to the conditions which Mehemet might
+impose upon him in order to preserve peace <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sine qua non</i>; while
+on the other side the four Powers regarded any further military
+occupation of the Sultan's provinces by Mehemet Ali as likely
+to destroy the integrity of the Turkish Empire and to be fatal to
+its independence; they therefore thought that it was advisable
+to confine Mehemet Ali within narrower limits.</p>
+
+<p>After about two months of deliberations, France not only
+refused to consent to the plan proposed by the four Powers as
+an ultimatum upon their part, but further declared that she
+would not become a party to any arrangement to which
+Mehemet Ali did not voluntarily consent without the use of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352">352</a></span>
+force. It only remained then for the four Great Powers to
+adopt as an alternative the principle laid down by France,
+which consisted in the complete submission of the Sultan to the
+demands of Mehemet Ali; or to act upon their principles and
+force Mehemet Ali to accept an arrangement compatible in form
+with the rights of the Sultan, and compatible in content with
+the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. If the former alternative
+were adopted, the co-operation of France would be secured; in
+the latter alternative the hope of that co-operation must be
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The keen desire of the four Powers to secure the co-operation
+of France has been shown by the fact that they have continued
+their efforts for several months in the course of negotiations.
+They are well aware of the value of French support, not only
+for the particular object which they have in view, but also with
+reference to the general and permanent interests of Europe.
+But what they failed to secure, and what they esteemed, was
+the co-operation of France in the maintenance of peace to
+secure the eventual safety of Europe and the practical execution
+of the principles to which the five Powers had declared
+their agreement. They desired the co-operation of France, not
+only for themselves and for the advantage and opportunity of the
+moment, but also for the good which it might have conferred,
+and for the future consequences which might have resulted
+from it. They wished to co-operate with France to do good, but
+they were not prepared to co-operate with her in doing evil.</p>
+
+<p>Thinking, therefore, that the policy advised by France was
+unjust, and in no way judicious with regard to the Sultan; that
+it might become the cause of misfortunes in Europe; that it was
+inconsistent with the public engagement undertaken by the five
+Powers, and that it was incompatible with the principles which
+they had wisely emphasised, the four Powers felt that they could
+not make the sacrifice demanded of them, and buy the help of
+France at so high a price&mdash;if, indeed, that could be called co-operation
+which merely consisted in allowing events to follow
+their natural course. As the four Powers were thus unable to
+adopt the views of France, they determined to accomplish their
+mission.</p>
+
+<p>This determination, however, was not unexpected and the
+probable eventualities had not been hidden from France. On
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353">353</a></span>
+the contrary, upon several occasions during the course of negotiations,
+and no later than October 1 last, I had pointed out to
+the French Ambassador that our desire to remain united with
+France must have a limit, that we were anxious to go forward
+with France but not disposed to come to a standstill with her,
+and that if she could not contrive to act in harmony with the
+four Powers, she must not be astonished if she saw them come
+to an understanding between themselves and acting apart from
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Comte Sabastiani told me that he foresaw that we should thus
+act, and that he could predict the result; that we were bound to
+try and conclude our arrangements without the help of France, and
+that we should find that our means were inadequate; that France
+would be a passive spectator of events; that after a year or eighteen
+months of useless efforts we should recognise that we had been mistaken,
+and that we should then apply to France; that this Power
+would then co-operate to settle these matters upon a friendly basis
+with as much friendliness after our failure as she would have shown
+before our attempt, and that she would then probably persuade us
+to agree to conditions to which we refused our consent at the
+moment.</p>
+
+<p>Similar indications were given to M. Guizot with regard to the
+line which would probably be taken by the four Powers if they
+were unsuccessful in coming to an arrangement with France.
+The French Government has therefore refused the ultimatum of
+the four Powers, and by the act of refusal has enounced afresh
+a principle of action which it knew could not be adopted by the
+four Powers: a principle which consisted in the idea that no
+settlement of the difficulties between the Sultan and his subject
+could take place except under conditions which the subject could
+accept voluntarily, or, in other terms, could dictate; hence, the
+French Government must have been prepared to see the four Powers
+determined to act apart from France; and when the four Powers
+had come to this determination, they could not be represented
+as breaking with France, or as excluding France from the arrangement
+of a war to be carried on by Europe. On the contrary, it
+was France who broke with the four Powers, for it was France
+who laid down for herself a principle of action which made co-operation
+with the other Powers impossible.</p>
+
+<p>At this point, without attempting further controversial observations
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_354">354</a></span>
+with reference to the past, I feel obliged to point out that
+the voluntary retirement on the part of France was not entirely
+due to the course of negotiations at London, but that, unless Her
+Majesty's Government has been strangely misled, it was decided
+even more definitely in the course of negotiations at Constantinople.
+The five Powers declared to the Sultan by a Collective
+Note, which was handed to the Porte on July 27, 1839, by their
+representatives at Constantinople, that their unanimity was complete,
+and these representatives requested the Porte to refrain
+from any direct negotiations with Mehemet Ali, and to make no
+arrangement with the Pasha without the concurrence of the five
+Powers. However, Her Majesty's Government has good reason to
+believe that during the last few months the French representative
+at Constantinople has decisively isolated France from the other
+four Powers, and has energetically and repeatedly pressed the
+Porte to negotiate directly with Mehemet Ali, and to conclude
+an arrangement with the Pasha, not only without the concurrence
+of the four great Powers, but under the mediation of France
+alone, and in accordance with the special views of the French
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the line of conduct followed by Great Britain, the
+French Government must recognise that the views and opinions
+of Her Majesty's Government have never varied, from the outset
+of these negotiations, except in so far as Her Majesty's Government
+has offered to modify its views with the object of securing the
+co-operation of France. These views have been from time to time
+frankly expressed to the French Government, and have been
+continually supported in the most urgent manner by arguments
+which seemed conclusive to Her Majesty's Government. From
+the very outset of the negotiations, the declarations of principle
+made by the French Government induced Her Majesty's
+Government to believe that the two Governments had only to
+agree upon the means of carrying out their common principles.
+If the intentions of the French Government concerning these
+means differed from the views of England even at the outset of the
+negotiations, France has certainly not the right to refer to the
+difference between France and England as unexpected, seeing
+that the French Government recognised its existence a long
+time previously. If the intentions of the French Government
+with regard to the measures to be taken have undergone a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_355">355</a></span>
+change since the opening of negotiations, France certainly has
+not the right to impute to Great Britain a change of political
+intention which proceeds from France, and not from England.</p>
+
+<p>But in any case, when four out of five Powers have agreed upon
+a definite line of conduct, and when the fifth has resolved to
+pursue an entirely different policy, it would be unreasonable to
+require the four to abandon, in deference to the fifth, opinions
+to which they are daily more resolved to adhere and which refer
+to a question of vital importance for the chief and future interests
+of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>But as France continues to maintain the general principles
+which she laid down at the outset and continues to consider the
+maintenance of the integrity and independence of the Turkish
+Empire as necessary to preserve the balance of power; as again
+France has never refused to admit that the arrangement which the
+four Powers wished to introduce between the Sultan and the
+Pasha would be the best solution if it could be secured, and as
+again the objections of France referred not to the object proposed
+but to the means by which it is to be gained, her opinion
+being that the end is good, but that the means are inadequate
+and dangerous; Her Majesty's Government is confident that the
+isolation of France, which no one regrets more than Her Majesty's
+Government, will not be of long duration.</p>
+
+<p>When the four Powers, in concert with the Sultan, have succeeded
+in introducing an arrangement of this nature between
+the Porte and his subjects, there will then be no further point
+of disagreement between France and her allies, nor will there
+be any obstacle to prevent France from undertaking with the
+other Powers such engagements for the future as may seem
+necessary to secure the good results of an intervention by the
+four Powers in favour of the Sultan, and to preserve the
+Ottoman Empire from any recurrence of the dangers to which
+it is exposed.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty's Government impatiently awaits the moment
+when France will be able to resume her position in the concert
+of the Powers and trusts that that moment will be accelerated
+in the interests of the full development of the moral influence
+of France. Although the French Government, for reasons of
+its own, has refused to participate in the coercive measures to
+be employed against Mehemet Ali, this Government certainly
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_356">356</a></span>
+cannot object to the employment of such measures with the object
+of inducing the Pasha to submit to the arrangements which are
+to be placed before him, and it is obvious that more than one
+argument might be adduced and that more than one prudential
+consideration might be urged upon the Pasha with more efficacy
+by France as a neutral Power and a non-participant in this affair,
+than by the four Powers which are actively engaged in the
+prosecution of coercive measures.</p>
+
+<p>In any case Her Majesty's Government is confident that Europe
+will recognise the justice of the proposal which has been put
+forward by the four Powers, for their purpose is just and
+disinterested. They are not seeking to gather any advantage
+for themselves or to establish any exclusive sphere of influence,
+or to acquire any territory, and the object which they have
+in view should be as profitable to France as to themselves,
+because France, like themselves, is interested in the maintenance
+of the balance of power and in the preservation of the
+general peace.</p>
+
+<p>You will send officially to M. Thiers a copy of this despatch.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">I am, &amp;c.,<br />
+(Signed)<span class="i2 smcap">Palmerston</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(From the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> of October 2.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_357">357</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="header">
+<h2 class="medium">V<br />
+<em>Manifesto to the Spanish Nation.</em></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Spaniards!</span></p>
+
+<p>As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness
+for me, my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in
+prayer that the God of mercy would shed His grace and His
+blessing upon us.</p>
+
+<p>When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul
+and the first thought of my heart was to raise my voice in
+friendship, the voice with which I have ever spoken to you
+with a sense of unspeakable tenderness, both in good and bad
+fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only
+consolation in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God
+and to you, to my father and to my children.</p>
+
+<p>Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and
+barren recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent
+of the realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions;
+on the contrary, I have done everything to calm them and
+would gladly see them at rest. The language of self-restraint
+alone is consonant with my affection, my dignity, and my
+glory.</p>
+
+<p>When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish
+hearts, rumour had informed me of your great exploits and your
+high qualities. I knew that in every age you had leaped forward
+to the combat with the noblest and most generous ardour to
+defend the throne of your Sovereigns; that you had defended it
+at the price of your blood, and that in days of glorious memory
+you had deserved well of your country and of Europe. I then
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_358">358</a></span>
+swore to devote myself to the happiness of a nation which had
+shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings. The Almighty
+heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that you
+were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have
+kept it.</p>
+
+<p>When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the
+reins of State from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands,
+my gaze fell alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle,
+and the Spanish nation, thus uniting the three objects of my
+love in order to recommend them to the protection of heaven in
+one prayer. My painful experiences as mother and wife while
+my husband's life and my daughter's throne were endangered
+could not distract me from my duties as Queen: at my voice
+universities were opened; at my voice long-standing abuses disappeared
+and useful reforms, wisely considered, were brought
+forward; at my voice those who had sought in vain a home as
+exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to their hearths
+and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts of
+justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the
+grief and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned;
+for myself I reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all
+joy.</p>
+
+<p>At a later date, when God had called my august husband to
+Himself, who left the government of the whole realm in my
+hands, I strove to guide the State as a merciful Queen-Regent
+(<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">justiciera</i>). During the short period which elapsed since my
+elevation to power until the convocation of the first Cortes, my
+power was unique, but it was not despotic, or absolute, or arbitrary,
+for it was limited by my will. The most dignified people in
+the realm and the Council of Government, which I was bound to
+consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all
+matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion
+demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the
+sovereign power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously
+convoked the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores
+of the realm.</p>
+
+<p>I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If
+others have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for
+their actions before God, who holds laws sacred.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_359">359</a></span>
+oath to it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and
+greatest of sacrifices&mdash;I laid down the sceptre and I was forced
+to abandon my daughters.</p>
+
+<p>In referring to the events which have brought these cruel
+tribulations upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity
+demands, with self-restraint and in words well weighed.</p>
+
+<p>I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by
+the Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously
+demanded by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which
+was only concluded by the renunciation which I signed at
+Valencia. During this deplorable period, the municipality of
+Madrid revolted against my authority, an example followed by
+other important towns. The rebels insisted that I should condemn
+the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me; that
+I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should
+annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I
+had sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that
+I should endanger the unity of the Regency.</p>
+
+<p>I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire
+loss of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without
+recognising the right of force, a right recognised neither by
+divine nor human laws, and the existence of which is incompatible
+with the Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions;
+I could not accept the third condition without infringing the
+Constitution, which regards as law any measure voted by the
+Cortes and sanctioned by the supreme head of the State, and
+which places a law once sanctioned beyond the sphere of the
+royal authority; I could not accept the fourth condition without
+accepting my own disgrace, passing condemnation upon myself
+and undermining the power which the King had left me and
+which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed,
+and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I
+had sworn never to surrender to the hands of factious men.</p>
+
+<p>My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the
+face of my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the
+monarchy, has brought down upon the defenceless woman,
+whose voice now speaks to you, a series of griefs and sufferings
+which no human language could express. You will not have
+forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my misfortunes from city to
+city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for one of those decrees
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_360">360</a></span>
+of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted injustice and
+ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the small
+number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me,
+while the large number of those who loved me had so far lost
+courage as to offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony
+of their affection. There were some who offered me their
+swords, but I did not accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in
+isolation to the certain prospect of reading one day a new list of
+martyrs who had fallen victims to their loyalty. I might have
+stirred up a civil war, but civil war could not be aroused by
+myself, who have just given you the peace that my heart
+desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the past; my
+mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told
+myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure
+to death, but that she must not stir up war between them.</p>
+
+<p>Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my
+sceptre become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of
+thorns. At length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre
+and my crown to breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim
+but with a calm brow, a clear conscience, and a soul without
+remorse.</p>
+
+<p>Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this
+account of it that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so
+doing I have performed the last of my duties. She who was
+your Queen asks nothing more of you than that you will love
+her daughter and honour her memory.</p>
+
+<p>Marseilles, November 8, 1840.</p>
+
+
+<p class="signature">(Signed) <span class="i2 smcap">Maria Christina</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_361">361</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2>BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="center">[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted
+in more detail in the Biographical Index of vol. i.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="alphabet">A</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a
+desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen years.
+He was eventually captured in 1847 by General Lamorici�re, sent to
+France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at Amboise. Napoleon III. set
+him at liberty, and he afterwards remained loyal to France. He
+died in Syria, where he had withdrawn.</li>
+
+<li>ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de Courlande,
+married in 1801 Fran�ois Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc d'Acerenza.
+She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de Courlande, and sister of
+the Duchesse de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and
+married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was
+Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.</li>
+
+<li>AD�LA�DE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over
+whom she exerted a great influence.</li>
+
+<li>ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of
+Germany in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion
+of Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him,
+and he was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at
+the battle of G�llheim.</li>
+
+<li>AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840. On
+June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the Faubourg
+Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while beseeching the insurgents
+to surrender. He died two days later in consequence of this
+wound.</li>
+
+<li>AGN�S SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine.
+Agn�s Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his
+favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comt� of Penthi�vre,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_362">362</a></span>
+the manors of Roquessi�re, Issoudun, and Vernon-sur-Seine, and
+finally the seat of Beaut� in the Bois de Vincennes, whence she took
+the name of Dame de Beaut�.</li>
+
+<li>ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>ALBUF�RA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de
+St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuf�ra,
+who died in 1826.</li>
+
+<li>ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.</li>
+
+<li>ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He secretly
+married the Countess of Albany.</li>
+
+<li>ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King Louis-Philippe
+on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed on
+July 11 following.</li>
+
+<li>ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from
+1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under
+King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and
+Education.</li>
+
+<li>ALTON-SH�E DE LIGNI�RES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874).
+Peer of France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional
+Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence
+of the ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the
+advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his
+political connections.</li>
+
+<li>ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer,
+known for his wit.</li>
+
+<li>ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Fr�d�ric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he became
+Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor at the
+Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III. requested him to
+undertake the education of the Prince Royal, afterwards Frederick
+William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon was influential
+there until his death. He married three times: in 1792, Marie
+Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824, Louise Moli�re, who
+died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille d'Harley and de Verquignieulle,
+of an old Belgian family.</li>
+
+<li>ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the
+famous Dr. Andral.</li>
+
+<li>ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the Spanish
+Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of Frias and
+became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his wife's family.</li>
+
+<li>ANGOUL�ME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin, after
+his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in 1824. In
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_363">363</a></span>
+1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Th�r�se Charlotte, only
+daughter of King Louis XVI. He was Commander-in-Chief of the
+French Army sent to Spain in 1823, captured the fort of Trocadero,
+and showed his moderation by the ordinance of Andujar. He died
+in exile at Goritz, and left no children.</li>
+
+<li>ANGOUL�ME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Th�r�se Charlotte of
+France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie Antoinette.
+At her birth she received the title of Madame Royale. She shared
+the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the Directory consented to
+exchange her for the commissaries sent back by Austria. She married
+her cousin, the Duc d'Angoul�me, and returned to Paris with him in
+1815. Exiled once more in 1830, she never returned to France, and
+died at Frohsdorf.</li>
+
+<li>ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during
+the minority of Louis XIV.</li>
+
+<li>ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of
+Fran�ois II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles VIII. and
+Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of Brittany, to
+which she was heiress.</li>
+
+<li>APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was
+first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then Ambassador
+at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at London and
+then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808 he married
+Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.</li>
+
+<li>ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier, he
+became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France. From
+1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and retained
+the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his death.</li>
+
+<li>ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he
+retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement here
+he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote memoirs, &amp;c.
+His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+and his daughter the Mother Superior Ang�lique de Saint Jean,
+Abbess of Port Royal.</li>
+
+<li>ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first
+studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of the
+Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port Royal. He
+composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of Port Royal, and
+with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of Arnauld
+d'Andilly.</li>
+
+<li>ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Ang�lique de Sainte Madeleine (1591-1661).
+Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She was
+Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen. She
+introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_364">364</a></span>
+ARNAULD, Mother Superior Ang�lique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She
+was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal, as
+was her aunt, the Mother Superior Ang�lique de Sainte Madeleine.
+She has a large place in the records of Port Royal worthies; she also
+wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &amp;c.</li>
+
+<li>ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent
+to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short time at
+Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he retired from politics.</li>
+
+<li>ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister
+of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de
+Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse
+Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.</li>
+
+<li>ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche.
+Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la
+Vauguyon.</li>
+
+<li>ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of Engineers
+in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns of the Empire,
+and under the Restoration became <em>aide-de-camp</em> to the Duc d'Orl�ans.
+Under the July monarchy he filled various diplomatic posts, and
+became Peer of France in 1840. He retired into private life after 1848.</li>
+
+<li>AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In
+1823 he married Mlle. Rouill� du Boissy du Coudray, and died insane
+in 1842.</li>
+
+<li>AUBUSSON, Mlle. No�mi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of
+the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince Gontran
+of Bauffremont.</li>
+
+<li>AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge.
+She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse
+Cassel.</li>
+
+<li>AUMALE, Henri d'Orl�ans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King
+Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Am�lie. He distinguished himself
+by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left France in 1848 and
+returned after 1871. He again became an exile, and did not return
+until 1889. His talents as historian procured his entry to the French
+Academy. He bequeathed to the Institute of France his beautiful
+estate of Chantilly.</li>
+
+<li>AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many
+German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">B</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother
+Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus
+Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_365">365</a></span>
+BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude
+de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She
+married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden,
+who died in 1818.</li>
+
+<li>BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke
+Charles Louis of Baden and of St�phanie de Beauharnais. She
+married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in 1863.</li>
+
+<li>BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in
+1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in 1812.
+In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John Hobart
+Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince
+Metternich.</li>
+
+<li>BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de
+Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became
+Lady of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de
+Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship.
+The Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and
+mind.</li>
+
+<li>BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for some
+time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing establishment
+which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris, where he became
+intimate with Madame de Sta�l, Chateaubriand, Joubert, etc. He
+became a member of the French Academy in 1844.</li>
+
+<li>BALZAC, Honor� de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and remarkable
+contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his profound analysis
+of human passion.</li>
+
+<li>BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively
+auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic missions,
+Prefect of the Vend�e and of the Loire-Inf�rieure, then Deputy, Peer
+of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. As writer and historian
+he was most successful and his History of the Dukes of Burgundy
+secured him a seat in the French Academy.</li>
+<li>
+BARANTE, the Baronne de. <em>N�e</em> d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she was
+renowned for her beauty.</li>
+
+<li>BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a
+brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy of
+Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the throne-room of
+the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became director of the
+Academy of D�sseldorf in succession to Schadow whose daughter he
+had married.</li>
+
+<li>BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum
+of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_366">366</a></span>
+BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.</li>
+
+<li>BARTHE, F�lix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.</li>
+
+<li>BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the
+Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X. Under
+Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was compromised
+and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak upon
+the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to London.
+Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the <cite>National</cite> after
+the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a Deputy, and for a
+short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under the Empire he held
+aloof from politics.</li>
+
+<li>BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the
+chief members of the Tory Party.</li>
+
+<li>BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). <em>N�e</em> Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.</li>
+
+<li>BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). <em>Aide-de-camp</em> to the
+Duc d'Orl�ans.</li>
+
+<li>BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.</li>
+
+<li>BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the
+Duc de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de
+Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of
+the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Th�odore
+de Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de
+Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married,
+in 1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.</li>
+
+<li>BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made
+a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in 1817.
+The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He wrote a
+Life of F�nelon and a Life of Bossuet.</li>
+
+<li>BAUTAIN, the Abb� (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where
+he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of Philosophy
+at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders in 1828.
+In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him Vicar-General.
+The Abb� Bautain pursued almost every branch of human
+knowledge.</li>
+
+<li>BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of
+Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden; she
+married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in
+1825.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_367">367</a></span>
+BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of Bavaria
+in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King Louis abdicated
+in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of Germany.</li>
+
+<li>BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick
+of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.</li>
+<li>
+BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King
+Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess
+Marie of Prussia.</li>
+
+<li>BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first wife, in
+1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as his second wife
+Mlle. Ad�le de Gontaut-Biron.</li>
+
+<li>BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury. Assassinated
+at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry II., King of
+England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a martyr.</li>
+
+<li>BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros,
+with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in 1825
+he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King of Prussia,
+Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.</li>
+
+<li>BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).</li>
+
+<li>BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orl�ans (1812-1850).
+Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in
+1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the Austrians
+drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831, where she
+attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and her foreign
+ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under an obvious pseudonym,
+a work in four volumes, entitled <cite>An Essay on the Formation of
+Catholic Dogma</cite>, which aroused much discussion. When Piedmont
+declared war upon Austria in 1848 the Princess hastened to Milan,
+fitted out and paid a battalion. After the peace she was exiled, and
+returned to Paris, where she gained a living for the most part with
+her pen, as her property had been confiscated by the Austrian Government.
+It was not restored to her until 1859, when she returned to
+Italy and plunged eagerly into politics.</li>
+
+<li>BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff
+of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime Minister
+at Stuttgart, where he died.</li>
+
+<li>BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.</li>
+
+<li>BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of
+War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor Napoleon I.
+and under the first Restoration.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_368">368</a></span>
+BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.</li>
+
+<li>BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.</li>
+
+<li>BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, <em>n�e</em> Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of
+M. Merlin.</li>
+
+<li>BERTIN L'A�N�, Louis Fran�ois (1766-1841). French publicist. Founded
+the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> with his brother, Bertin de Veaux.</li>
+
+<li>BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the <cite>Journal
+des D�bats</cite>. She married M. Bertin the elder.</li>
+
+<li>BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon I.,
+whose <em>aide-de-camp</em> he was, and whom he followed to Elba and
+St. Helena.</li>
+
+<li>BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada
+was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado. She
+was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the Palace.
+Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the eldest sister
+of the Empress Eugenie.</li>
+
+<li>BILZ, Fr�ulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress to
+Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then Lady
+of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.</li>
+
+<li>BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). <em>N�e</em> von Gerschau. She married, in
+1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.</li>
+
+<li>BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun, sister
+of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a widower
+at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the Comte Etienne
+de Biron.</li>
+
+<li>BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married,
+in 1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.</li>
+
+<li>BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the
+Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny
+married General von Boyen.</li>
+
+<li>BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte,
+daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish
+Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She
+married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish
+Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.</li>
+
+<li>BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in
+Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and
+Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic Confederation
+in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe in 1835. In
+1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle. Brentano.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_369">369</a></span>
+BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative
+of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. He
+became an <em>�migr�</em> in 1791, and returned to France when the Empire
+was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and became
+Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the French
+Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to support
+the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the return of
+religious ideas to France.</li>
+
+<li>BONAPARTE, Madame L�titia (1750-1836). L�titia Ramolino, of an
+Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles Bonaparte,
+by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was her second
+son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she retired to Rome,
+where she lived in seclusion.</li>
+
+<li>BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I., Joseph
+Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of a merchant,
+sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary. He shared in the
+<em>coup d'�tat</em> of the 18th Brumaire, and several times governed France
+in the absence of Napoleon. In 1806 he was appointed King of
+Naples and transferred to the throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost
+in 1813; after the downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the
+United States, and then to Florence, where he died.</li>
+
+<li>BONAPARTE, J�r�me* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.</li>
+
+<li>BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.</li>
+
+<li>BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King
+of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an
+adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at Boulogne,
+he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to restore the Empire
+for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual confinement, he was
+imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled to Belgium, and returned
+to France after the revolution of 1848. He was elected President of
+the Republic on November 16 of the same year. Four years later the
+Empire was proclaimed, and Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the
+name of Napoleon III.</li>
+
+<li>BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and
+grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of Comte
+de Chambord.</li>
+
+<li>BOSSUET, Jacques B�nigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he
+was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in 1652.
+He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux. In 1670
+he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and composed for
+that prince several educational works (Discourses upon Universal
+History, &amp;c.) and showed himself a zealous defender of French
+liberty.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_370">370</a></span>
+BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the
+Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force during
+the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army of Italy.
+In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was also attached
+to the Court under the Restoration. He became member of the
+Academy of Medicine in 1820.</li>
+
+<li>BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice,
+was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon I.
+with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made peer of
+France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.</li>
+
+<li>BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had
+married Mlle. Adrienne de Vand&oelig;uvre.</li>
+
+<li>BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French
+diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>BRETZENHEIM VON REG�CZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline,
+daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince
+Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.</li>
+
+<li>BR�Z�, Marquis de Dreux&mdash;(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the
+last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult at
+the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he retired and
+became peer of France after his father's death in 1829. In the Upper
+Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders of the Legitimist
+party against the government of Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.</li>
+
+<li>BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. <em>N�e</em> Anna Pieri, of a noble family of Sienna.
+She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a long time
+Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of Dalberg. She
+died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna, whither she had accompanied
+the Empress Marie Louise.</li>
+
+<li>BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as
+auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805. In
+1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of 1848
+he retired to private life.</li>
+
+<li>BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.</li>
+
+<li>BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). <em>N�e</em> Albertine de Sta�l.</li>
+
+<li>BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte
+d'Haussonville.</li>
+
+<li>BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of
+letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very successful.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_371">371</a></span>
+BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.</li>
+
+<li>B�LOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>B�LOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and
+wife of Baron Heinrich von B�low, with whom she resided in London
+from 1830 to 1834.</li>
+
+<li>BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached
+to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly
+resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister Plenipotentiary
+in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the daughters of Lord
+Cowley he represented his country in the United States, in Tuscany
+and at Constantinople in 1858.</li>
+
+<li>BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at
+Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then Minister
+at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in 1838, at Turin in
+1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became Privy Councillor and
+accompanied in 1851 the Prince of Schwarzenberg to the conference
+of Dresden. In 1852 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+He resigned in 1859.</li>
+
+<li>BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married in
+1829 Count Buol. From her mother, <em>n�e</em> Baroness of Herding, she
+inherited an enormous fortune.</li>
+
+<li>BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter
+of Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the
+Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth, six
+days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She had
+several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.</li>
+
+<li>BUSSI�RE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, <em>Charg� d'affaires</em>
+at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe raised him to the
+peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private life.</li>
+
+<li>BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic
+poet.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">C</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>CALATRAVA, Don Jos� Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and defender
+of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he was unable
+to return to Spain until the Constitution was re-established in 1820.
+As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was obliged to take ship for England
+during the period of the French occupation. In 1830 he joined the
+Junta in power at Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa,
+he joined the National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen
+had taken the oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power
+returned to his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he
+was made a Senator.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_372">372</a></span>
+CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French Education.</li>
+
+<li>CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.</li>
+
+<li>CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King
+Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in
+intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a
+morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom
+he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family of
+Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an appanage
+which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her children during
+their life.</li>
+
+<li>CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed
+several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by Pope
+Pius VII. as legate <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">a latere</i> to the French Government, and while
+occupying this position he concluded the concordat of 1801. He was
+appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town crowned Napoleon as
+King of Italy.</li>
+
+<li>CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden.
+Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de Janeiro
+and at Madrid.</li>
+
+<li>CARAMAN, Marquise de. C�sarine Gallard de B�arn married the Marquis
+Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.</li>
+
+<li>CARIGNAN, Prince Eug�ne de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of Villefranche
+and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia, Charles
+Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was an Admiral
+in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom during the wars of
+1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he had several children to
+whom King Humbert gave the title of Counts of Villefranche Soissons,
+though he recognised no kind of tie with the house of Savoy.</li>
+
+<li><a name="CARIGNAN" id="CARIGNAN"></a>CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de Villefranche
+of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with Mlle. de la
+Vauguyon.</li>
+
+<li>CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of
+Spain.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry
+general in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His
+first wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters,
+and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom he
+had no children.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the
+Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married in
+1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_373">373</a></span>
+CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter
+of Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz
+and became a widow in 1888.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest
+daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the
+Prussian army and Councillor at Gr�nberg, Silesia. He had married
+the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the
+Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married Ferdinand
+IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him to declare
+war upon the French Republic, and she brought down upon him the
+vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States, Queen Caroline
+withdrew to Austria and died at Sch�nbrunn. She was the mother of
+Queen Marie Am�lie.</li>
+
+<li>CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy,
+daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of
+Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.</li>
+
+<li>CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.</li>
+
+<li>CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.</li>
+
+<li>CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the
+eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a journalist,
+a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He was intimate with
+Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the Great, and Catherine II. In
+distress and pecuniary want he followed Count Waldstein-Dux to
+Bohemia to become his librarian. At Dux he composed his memoirs,
+an unrepentant confession of his life, and a more lively than moral
+picture of society.</li>
+
+<li>CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cord�lia Greffulhe. Married
+in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of
+France.</li>
+
+<li>CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
+Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and Councillor-General
+of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844. In 1839
+he married Mlle. Pauline de P�rigord, grand-niece of the Prince de
+Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino, author of these
+memoirs.</li>
+
+<li>C�SAR, Julius (101-40 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>). A famous Roman General, celebrated for
+his conquest of Gaul.</li>
+
+<li>CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac,
+followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_374">374</a></span>
+profound attachment for the House of Orl�ans. He had been appointed
+French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly after of
+pleurisy.</li>
+
+<li>CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council
+of State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of
+Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of registration
+and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and Finance Minister
+in 1829.</li>
+
+<li>CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son of the
+Duc de P�rigord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de Saint-Aignan,
+and was left a widower in 1835.</li>
+
+<li>CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied
+the mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840,
+when she was well advanced in years.</li>
+
+<li>CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not
+care for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to
+him at Heidelberg.</li>
+
+<li>CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of
+Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346,
+and was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the
+famous "Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the
+Empire and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first
+Prince of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the
+Universities of Prague and Vienna.</li>
+
+<li>CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.</li>
+
+<li>CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
+Married in 1761 King George III. of England, by whom she
+had a very large number of children.</li>
+
+<li>CHASTELLUX, Madame de, <em>n�e</em> Z�phyrine de Damas. She married as
+her first husband M. de Vog��.</li>
+
+<li>CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of
+letters.</li>
+
+<li>CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of
+the Comte Ren� de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of Fran�ois de Roug�,
+Comte du Plessis Belli�re.</li>
+
+<li>CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to establish a
+proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A pupil of Corvisard,
+Chomel became the doctor of King Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the
+Comte de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_375">375</a></span>
+served for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made
+Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of
+Alexander II.</li>
+
+<li>CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry general,
+who played an important part in the wars in which Austria was involved
+after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at the attacks made
+upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866 against Prussia in Bohemia,
+although a court-martial had entirely exonerated him.</li>
+
+<li>CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.</li>
+
+<li>CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.</li>
+
+<li>CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the
+Countess Louise Chotek.</li>
+
+<li>CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in 1791.
+He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of division and
+served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much reputation during the
+war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when he joined Napoleon, he
+withdrew to the United States and did not return until the armistice
+of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and a member of the Liberal
+opposition, and after 1830 he was appointed Governor of Algiers, but
+was a failure at the Siege of Constantine and was superseded. He
+then retired.</li>
+
+<li>CL�MENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Ronci�re le Noury. She
+was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the ch�teau
+of Beauvais near Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>CL�MENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Cl�mentine d'Orl�ans,
+daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus of
+Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.</li>
+
+<li>CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the
+Duc Aim� de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and Peer
+of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de Crillon.</li>
+
+<li>COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Do�a Maria
+da Gloria, Queen of Portugal.</li>
+
+<li>COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded
+his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess Louise
+of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he married
+Princess Antoinette of W�rtemberg.</li>
+
+<li>C&OElig;UR, The Abb� (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who were
+traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous banker
+of Charles VII., the Abb� C&oelig;ur was professor of philosophy in the
+seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris and attentively
+followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain and Cousin, and then
+devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he preached a course of Lenten
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_376">376</a></span>
+sermons at Saint Roch, after which King Louis-Philippe gave him the
+cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1848 he was appointed to the
+Archbishopric of Troyes. He delivered the funeral oration over
+Mgr. Affre.</li>
+
+<li>COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer
+in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed cavalry
+colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was appointed
+aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the service
+of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his grandfather,
+Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After vain efforts
+to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of the Ordinances,
+M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July monarchy. In 1837 he was
+knight of honour to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans, and in 1843 was promoted
+to field-marshal.</li>
+
+<li>COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and
+daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc
+de Coigny in 1822.</li>
+
+<li>COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the
+circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.</li>
+
+<li>COMBALOT, the Abb� Th�odore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He
+was ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of
+Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines. His
+sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political character.</li>
+
+<li>COND�, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Cond�, first
+Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien. He was
+famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen, and Lens.
+After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of the Fronde, the
+Prince de Cond� was restored to his command at the time of the treaty
+of the Pyrenees and performed admirable service during the wars in
+Flanders and in the Franche Comt�.</li>
+
+<li>CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English
+politician.</li>
+
+<li>CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State,
+deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of Timon.</li>
+
+<li>CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the
+School of D�sseldorf. He studied for several years at Frankfort-on-Maine
+and at Rome. His composition was magnificent and his
+power of drawing remarkable.</li>
+
+<li>COSS� BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the administration
+under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and entered the
+Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter of the
+July Monarchy.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_377">377</a></span>
+COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). <em>N�e</em> Comtesse de Medem, she
+married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four daughters.
+The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of these memoirs.</li>
+
+<li>COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.</li>
+
+<li>COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.</li>
+
+<li>CR�MIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A
+member of the National Defence in 1870.</li>
+
+<li>CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known
+as the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard
+at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him
+at Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the
+Conservatory at Naples.</li>
+
+<li>CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French
+anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he
+had a large and select practice.</li>
+
+<li>CUBI�RES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military school
+of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz and at
+Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the rank of
+captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during the campaign
+of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with glory at Waterloo.
+When he was retired by the Second Restoration he obtained the post
+of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in 1832 was given the command
+of the expeditionary force of Ancona. He was appointed general and
+was twice Minister of War in 1839 and 1840. In 1847 he was involved
+in a deplorable affair and accused of bribing the Minister Teste to
+secure the concession of the salt-mines of Gouh�nans. He was then
+tried before the Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and
+fined ten thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court
+of Appeal of Rouen.</li>
+
+<li>CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son
+of George III., King of England.</li>
+
+<li>CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* <em>N�e</em> Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.</li>
+
+<li>CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of
+Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.</li>
+
+<li>CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orl�ans. He
+belonged to another branch of the family of the famous naturalist
+who bears that name.</li>
+
+<li>CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of
+letters on the staff of the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite>, and appointed by King
+Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc d'Aumale,
+whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of instructions.
+He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_378">378</a></span>
+CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of
+Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.</li>
+
+<li>CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin
+Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married in
+1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his second
+wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.</li>
+
+<li>CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony
+Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832
+Prince Adam Czartoryski.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">D</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and Archchancellor
+of the same name.</li>
+
+<li>DARM�S. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October 15,
+1840.</li>
+
+<li>DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the hereditary
+Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.</li>
+
+<li>DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.</li>
+
+<li>DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He entered
+the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him into disgrace
+under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then Duc d'Orl�ans,
+extricated him from his troubles by making him Librarian of the
+Palais Royal.</li>
+
+<li>DEMERSON, the Abb� (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in
+1819 and was the incumbent of Saint S�verin, then of Saint Germain
+l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to Notre Dame
+de Paris.</li>
+
+<li>DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San
+Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King Jerome
+of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de Montfort.</li>
+
+<li>DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged
+some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an
+incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his
+agent.</li>
+
+<li>DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his father
+in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel.</li>
+
+<li>DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as his
+first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he was
+divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_379">379</a></span>
+Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a son, Frederick,
+who succeeded him as Frederick VII.</li>
+
+<li>DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of
+Prince Christian, <em>n�e</em> Princess of Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg.</li>
+
+<li>DESJARDINS, the Abb� (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was Vicar-General
+of Bayeux, went into exile in England and afterwards in
+America during the revolution and did not return to France till 1802.
+He became superintendent of foreign missions at Paris, when the
+Emperor Napoleon arrested him on suspicion, imprisoned him at
+Vincennes and then exiled him to Verceil. When he returned to
+France at the Restoration, he refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823
+and that of Ch�lons in 1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at
+Paris.</li>
+
+<li>DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist
+who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly in
+the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of which he was
+director from 1840.</li>
+
+<li>DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived at
+Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of the
+castle of L�bichau.</li>
+
+<li>DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte
+Alexandre de P�rigord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his father
+became Duc de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). <em>N�e</em> Fr�ulein von Steinach, she
+married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat at Sagan
+and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that neighbourhood.</li>
+
+<li>DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen
+Marie Am�lie.</li>
+
+<li>DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV.
+and brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's
+death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize the throne.</li>
+
+<li>DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the
+Infanta Carlotta.</li>
+
+<li>DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a stockbroker
+in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and became
+Receiver-General for Finist�re, and four years later Receiver-General
+for the North. He became Governor of the Bank of France and one
+of the chief shareholders in the mines of Anzin, and largely increased
+his fortune.</li>
+
+<li>DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_380">380</a></span>
+DOSNE, Mlle. F�licie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious woman,
+she devoted her whole life to her sister and brother-in-law and published
+in memory of M. Thiers in 1903, some of his posthumous papers,
+under the title of "The Occupation and Liberation of the Territory"
+(1871-1875). She died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.</li>
+
+<li>DOUDAN, Xim�n�s (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the Duc de
+Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the Duc, who held
+him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his services as private
+secretary.</li>
+
+<li>DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inf�rieure and member of the Royal
+Council of Education and director of the normal school.</li>
+
+<li>DUCH�TEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.</li>
+
+<li>DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French
+statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal Constitutional
+party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and Minister of Public
+Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in 1848 and became
+Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from politics under the Second
+Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of Justice. He afterwards
+obtained a seat in the Senate and secured the passing of the law of
+Guarantees.</li>
+
+<li>DUPANLOUP, F�lix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished priest,
+his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms. After 1835
+he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and Superior of the
+little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took an active part in
+the discussions concerning the freedom of education. In 1849 he was
+appointed Bishop of Orl�ans, was a member of the Academy in 1854
+and became famous for his defence of the Papal Chair at the time of
+the Italian expedition. In 1869 he was present at the Council of
+Rome and returned to Orleans, remaining with his flock during the
+war. After the conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of
+the assembly by his grateful people.</li>
+
+<li>DUPIN, Andr� Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.</li>
+
+<li>DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached to
+the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor voice.</li>
+
+<li>D�RER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with
+a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He excelled
+in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely improved by him.</li>
+
+<li>DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.</li>
+
+<li>DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician.
+One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July monarchy
+and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He was a member
+of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned and exiled after
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_381">381</a></span>
+the <em>coup d'�tat</em> of December 2, 1851, but was able to return to France
+in 1862. He then abandoned active politics and wrote a history of
+parliamentary government in France, which secured his admission
+to the Academy in 1870, in place of the Duc de Broglie.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">E</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King
+Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of
+Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William IV.
+Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived in
+retirement.</li>
+
+<li>ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of
+Lord Grey.</li>
+
+<li>ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness
+of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion of
+her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.</li>
+
+<li>ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her,
+a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and
+America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg. She
+had acquired a large fortune.</li>
+
+<li>EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of
+Savoy. This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor
+Charles Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552,
+received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the battle
+of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered his duchy of
+which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559 by the treaty of
+Cateau Cambr�sis, and married Margaret of France, sister of Henry II.
+His statue, the work of the sculptor Marochetti, stands in the centre
+of the square of San Carlo at Turin.</li>
+
+<li>ENTRAIGUES, Am�d�e Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours.
+He married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and
+owner of the ch�teau of la Mousti�re, near Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt concerning
+his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and sometimes
+as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the diplomatic
+career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent of Louis XV. The
+revolution deprived him of his pension and reduced him to giving
+fencing-lessons; and only through the help of some friends did he
+escape poverty.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_382">382</a></span>
+ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and
+had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to Peru
+in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the death of
+Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria Christina.
+His success against the Carlists secured his nomination in 1836 as
+commander-in-chief of the army of the North and as Viceroy of
+Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent had abdicated, the Cortes
+transferred the regency to Espartero, but he was defeated in 1842,
+and retired to England till 1847. In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his
+power for a short space of time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the
+crown, which he refused in view of his great age and the want of an
+heir.</li>
+
+<li>ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant
+generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a marshal
+under the July monarchy.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">F</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>F�NELON, Fran�ois de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop
+of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the
+doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by Bossuet.
+He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.</li>
+
+<li>FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of
+Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in favour
+of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.</li>
+
+<li>FERRUS, Guillaume Marie Andr� (1784-1861). A French doctor. He
+introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bic�tre, of which
+he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting doctor to
+the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of Medicine
+and a commander of the Legion of Honour.</li>
+
+<li>FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia Bonaparte,
+he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his nephew
+Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief almoner
+and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and died
+there.</li>
+
+<li>FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King Louis-Philippe,
+July 28, 1835.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_383">383</a></span>
+FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in Lorraine,
+he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in the
+campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister to
+Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He was
+appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for several
+years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then became
+Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs in
+1848. His only daughter had married Prince Edmond Clary.</li>
+
+<li>FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825, Mlle.
+de Marmier.</li>
+
+<li>FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under
+Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.</li>
+
+<li>FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English
+admiral, Lord Keith.</li>
+
+<li>FLAHAUT, Cl�mentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and
+Comtesse de Flahaut.</li>
+
+<li>FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a great
+favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body in 1804,
+he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor appointed him
+High Master of the University; in 1810 he was called to the Senate
+and afterwards supported the Restoration.</li>
+
+<li>FOULD, B�n�dict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had founded
+the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim &amp; Co. He was deputy from
+1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from 1843.</li>
+
+<li>FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He
+made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated and
+killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was defeated.
+Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in expiation of his
+violent life. His niece Constance married King Robert.</li>
+
+<li>FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was appointed
+Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though constantly loyal
+to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a strong leaning to
+liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works from an early age.</li>
+
+<li>FRAN�OIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles V.</li>
+
+<li>FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia
+and founder of the Prussian military power.</li>
+
+<li>FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son
+of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess Charlotte
+of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled for
+some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until 1848.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_384">384</a></span>
+FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg
+(1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the
+Prussian Army.</li>
+
+<li>FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded
+his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a Princess
+of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She died in 1810
+and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage with the Countess
+Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title of Princess of Liegnitz.</li>
+
+<li>FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended
+the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in
+1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.</li>
+
+<li>FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man
+of letters.</li>
+
+<li>FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he
+only survived three years.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">G</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took an
+active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was appointed
+Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received the Grand Cross
+of the Order of the Bath.</li>
+
+<li>GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844;
+Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was himself
+succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.</li>
+
+<li>GARNIER-PAG�S (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the
+Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the Republican
+party. He was then prosecuted several times after the insurrection
+of 1832 and acquired great popularity.</li>
+
+<li>GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). F�licit� Ducrest de Saint Aubin married
+the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt, Mme. de Montesson,
+introduced her to the household of the Duc d'Orl�ans who
+soon selected her as the governess of his children. Mme. de Genlis
+became an exile in 1792, returned to France after the 18th of Brumaire
+and became the correspondent of Napoleon I., whom she provided
+with information about the customs and etiquette of the old Court.
+She lived in retirement after 1814. She was the author of a large
+number of works, of which her books on education are the most
+remarkable.</li>
+
+<li>G�RARD, Fran�ois Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter
+who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and
+Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed
+remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_385">385</a></span>
+G�RARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.</li>
+
+<li>GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took
+part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony. He
+was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in 1848. He
+had married a Countess of Freudenstein.</li>
+
+<li>GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian
+Army. He resigned and married Fr�ulein Marianne von Schindel.
+In 1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern
+and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.</li>
+
+<li>GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General Alexandre
+de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a famous publicist
+and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was a deputy from
+1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he married the widow of
+Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he was judicially separated
+in 1872.</li>
+
+<li>GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was
+mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative
+Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of
+the Legion of Honour.</li>
+
+<li>GIROLET, the Abb�* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation of
+Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.</li>
+
+<li>GIVR�, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at an
+early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and Rome;
+when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and became a
+contributor to the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite>. In 1837 he was appointed
+deputy and voted with the Orl�anist majority.</li>
+
+<li>GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King
+George III. of England.</li>
+
+<li>G�CKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State
+Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.</li>
+
+<li>GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author
+of Faust, Werther, &amp;c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister of
+State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.</li>
+
+<li>GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children
+of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.</li>
+
+<li>GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy
+to the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic
+at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the
+war and remained for six years in this difficult post.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_386">386</a></span>
+GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic
+School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the
+portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers
+Ministry.</li>
+
+<li>GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801, distinguished
+himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at Jena, at
+Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took a glorious
+part in the Russian and French campaigns; he accompanied the
+Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings with one of his companions
+in exile forced him to separate from them. In 1818 he
+published a book called "The Campaign of 1815," and in consequence
+his name was struck off the army list of Louis XVIII., but he returned
+to the service under Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of
+division and chose him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied
+the Prince de Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the
+ashes of Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.</li>
+
+<li>GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of
+Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacr� C&oelig;ur, and Mother
+Superior of the Paris house.</li>
+
+<li>GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time
+Ambassador at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of
+Devonshire.</li>
+
+<li>GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter
+of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in 1833.
+Throughout her life she was very intimate with the Marquise de
+Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary fame.</li>
+
+<li>GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was
+one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for his
+struggles with the Emperor of Germany.</li>
+
+<li>GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.</li>
+
+<li>GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). <em>N�e</em> Ponsonby.</li>
+
+<li>GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and
+beauty.</li>
+
+<li>GRIVEL, the Abb� Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a
+preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to
+deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French Academy.
+He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and was
+appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.</li>
+
+<li>GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His father
+was a miniature painter and his first master. He then entered the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_387">387</a></span>
+studio of David. Forced to enter the army he acquired a special
+talent for battle pictures in the course of the military operations.
+From Charles X. he afterwards received the title of baron.</li>
+
+<li>GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and
+statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of Bayeux,
+where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In 1829 the
+Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio of education
+and public worship in his ministry. In the Council of Ministers he
+declared against the ordinances of July 1830, but signed them none
+the less. When tried with his colleagues by the Chamber of Peers, he
+was condemned to disfranchisement and perpetual confinement. The
+amnesty of 1836 restored him to liberty.</li>
+
+<li>GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the
+Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at
+Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs when
+war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had married an
+English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.</li>
+
+<li>WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the
+Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was
+separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and became an
+independent state. He had married Princess Frederica of Prussia,
+after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage with a Belgian,
+the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.</li>
+
+<li>GUIZOT, Fran�ois Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman and
+historian.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">H</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. St�phanie
+Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.</li>
+
+<li>HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton,
+a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the aide-de-camp
+of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became President of the
+United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer and devoted his life
+to the perpetuation of his father's memory, whose life he wrote and
+whose works he published.</li>
+
+<li>HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of the
+Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand
+Duchess, n�e St�phanie de Beauharnais.</li>
+
+<li>HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland;
+ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the death of his
+brother King William IV. of England.</li>
+
+<li>HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King
+of Hanover.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_388">388</a></span>
+HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).</li>
+
+<li>HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande, who
+afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of Hohenthal
+and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with Countess
+Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.</li>
+
+<li>HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French politician
+and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy, and a
+member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member of the
+French Academy.</li>
+
+<li>H�LIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life in
+Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an official at
+the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</li>
+
+<li>H�LIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.</li>
+
+<li>HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in
+1840.</li>
+
+<li>HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the Courts
+of Berlin.</li>
+
+<li>HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the Prussian
+service.</li>
+
+<li>HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had
+married a Princess of Baden.</li>
+
+<li>HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of
+Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William III.
+and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.</li>
+
+<li>HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of
+Louis II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary
+Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor
+Nicholas I., in 1855.</li>
+
+<li>HOHENLOHE-�RINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major
+of cavalry in the service of W�rtemberg.</li>
+
+<li>HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the
+King of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.</li>
+
+<li>HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). <em>N�e</em> Princess of Biron
+Courlande.</li>
+
+<li>HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In
+1800 he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse
+de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline,
+Princess of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_389">389</a></span>
+HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859).
+Son of Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the
+Princess of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince
+Constantine abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern,
+in favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the
+title of Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg,
+by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic
+marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he had
+two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.</li>
+
+<li>HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the
+famous Fox.</li>
+
+<li>HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first
+marriage.</li>
+
+<li>HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M.
+Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810
+he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the
+Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of
+the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and
+governor of the Bank of France.</li>
+
+<li>HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799.
+English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign Office in
+1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in 1834, and at
+Brussels in 1846.</li>
+
+<li>H�BNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of
+Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became
+secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and
+political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a
+prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the conclusion
+of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was first Minister and
+then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867 he was appointed
+Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic service, and spent
+his time in travel and literary work.</li>
+
+<li>HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian service
+and for some time Minister of War. He had also been Austrian
+Minister at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that of
+the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where she
+lived, she became the patroness of the Abb�s Bautain, Gratry and
+Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of the
+Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier.
+Born of an old Alsatian family.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_390">390</a></span>
+HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian
+philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became
+Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of education
+and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed Plenipotentiary
+Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the Conference at Prague,
+and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He was extraordinary envoy
+at London in 1816, then Minister of State and a member of the Commission
+entrusted with the preparation of the Prussian Constitution in
+1818. In 1819 he resigned his posts and devoted his attention to
+literary work.</li>
+
+<li>HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and
+man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New World,
+and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them display.
+He was a brother of the foregoing.</li>
+
+<li>HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of
+Dachr�den. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.</li>
+
+<li>HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von
+Humboldt.</li>
+
+<li>HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French
+politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a conspiracy
+against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States, and did not
+return to France until after the fall of the Empire. In 1815 he was a
+deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United States, and afterwards
+to Portugal. In 1828 he held the portfolio of Naval Affairs in the
+Martignac Ministry, but resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came
+into power. After 1830 he supported the desperate cause of the Duc
+de Bordeaux, and afterwards lived in retirement.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">I</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet
+Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation. He
+invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was marching upon
+Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by the intervention
+of the European Powers. Some years afterwards, when war broke
+out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over the Turks at Nezib in
+1839, but the treaty of London of July 15, 1840, and the bombardment
+of the Syrian ports by the English fleet obliged him to abandon
+the conquest of Syria for a second time. He then devoted his time
+to the domestic administration of Egypt.</li>
+
+<li>ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.</li>
+
+<li>ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who
+held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by his
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_391">391</a></span>
+revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of the
+Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into trouble and
+he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards he accomplished
+several missions to the different courts of Europe, and was
+even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">J</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh President
+of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from France
+in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five millions for the
+ships taken from the United States under the Empire. After holding
+the Presidency twice in succession, he retired into private life.</li>
+
+<li>JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied
+Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and interpreter
+to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of Requests, and then
+Charg� d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819 he was Secretary and
+Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a Member of the Academy
+of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830, and was made a Peer of France
+by Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte Fran�ois (1798-1874). A French politician
+and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of
+Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844,
+when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into private
+life.</li>
+
+<li>JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). <em>N�e</em> Mlle. Charlotte de Bontemps.</li>
+
+<li>JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the
+most famous in London.</li>
+
+<li>JOINVILLE, Fran�ois d'Orl�ans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of
+King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the
+remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married
+Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of Brazil.</li>
+
+<li>JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A
+nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822,
+M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a member
+of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of Honour.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">K</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince Ludwig
+of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in 1823.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_392">392</a></span>
+KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV. of
+England and mother of Queen Victoria.</li>
+
+<li>KR�DENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter of the
+Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the Baron of
+Kr�dener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had two children.
+Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series of adventures she
+became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia, and then became a
+religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris when the allies entered
+the town, and obtained great influence over the Emperor Alexander I.
+Expelled from Germany and from Switzerland she took refuge at her
+estates near Riga, and began a connection with the Moravian
+Brothers. She started for the Crimea in 1822 with the intention of
+founding an asylum for criminals and sinners.</li>
+
+<li>KR�DENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the
+foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la Tour et
+Taxis, <em>n�e</em> Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia and
+of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who brought her up at his house
+and whose wife adopted her. In 1825 she married Herr von Kr�dener,
+and her second husband in 1850 was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp
+to the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia.</li>
+
+<li>KR�GER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.</li>
+
+<li>KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend
+of Princess Charles of Prussia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">L</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>LA BESNARDI�RE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who
+lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.</li>
+
+<li>LABORDE, Comte L�on de (1807-1869). Arch�ologist and traveller, and
+for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a deputy,
+and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the Louvre from
+1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in 1868.</li>
+
+<li>LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.</li>
+
+<li>LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she
+gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She
+possessed the ch�teau of Marais near Paris, where she often gave
+dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Mol�.</li>
+
+<li>LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.</li>
+
+<li>LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil
+of the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of the
+Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_393">393</a></span>
+devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at Toulouse
+and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the department of
+Gers, and several times held the portfolio of finance. King Louis-Philippe
+entrusted to him the administration of the property of the
+Duc d'Aumale.</li>
+
+<li>LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican
+of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French
+Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.</li>
+
+<li>LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was
+the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his
+arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted assassination
+Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was recognised by M. Ladvocat.</li>
+
+<li>LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to
+avoid all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken
+the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her dispositions.</li>
+
+<li>LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge,
+who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corr�ze); he was an incompetent
+man of business, always reduced to extremities. He married Marie
+Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning him.</li>
+
+<li>LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M.
+Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was condemned
+to perpetual imprisonment.</li>
+
+<li>LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States
+General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of his
+time.</li>
+
+<li>LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an
+important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under King
+Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician.
+He entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in
+1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after 1848.</li>
+
+<li>LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord
+Melbourne and heir to his title.</li>
+
+<li>LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine,
+Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X. He
+received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI. appointed
+him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of Briefs, and Prefect
+of the Congregation of Studies. After the events of 1848 he followed
+Pius IX. to Gaeta.</li>
+
+<li>LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of
+Lansdowne in 1819.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_394">394</a></span>
+LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline de
+P�rigord.</li>
+
+<li>LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. <em>N�e</em> Louise Suchet,
+daughter of the Marshal d'Albuf�ra.</li>
+
+<li>LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosth�ne de. Duc de Doudeauville
+(1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the Restoration.
+He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had paid much
+attention to literature.</li>
+
+<li>LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the
+daughter of the Duc de Sosth�ne de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville
+and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.</li>
+
+<li>LA ROV�RE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg. A
+Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with the
+Marquis de la Rov�re and died soon after her marriage. Her tomb of
+white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.</li>
+
+<li>LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his
+father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a warm
+supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the ranks
+of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the <em>coup d'�tat</em> of
+December 2, 1852.</li>
+
+<li>LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and
+diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de Boullongue
+had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the mother of the
+Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs.
+She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette
+de Biron Courlande.*</li>
+
+<li>L�AUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Cl�mentine de Nicola�
+daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola�, <em>n�e</em> Lameth.
+Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to a theft of
+diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and which she
+asserted had been handed to her by Madame de L�autaud.</li>
+
+<li>LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of the
+French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a director of
+the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer of France,
+called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer of the Legion
+of Honour.</li>
+
+<li>LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris
+for many years.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_395">395</a></span>
+LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed the
+title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He had
+married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.</li>
+
+<li>LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman
+who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he
+became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become Ambassador
+to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness Anne of
+Grosschlag.</li>
+
+<li>LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor
+of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the Court of
+Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse Homburg, and
+sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.</li>
+
+<li>LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short
+time he was the husband of Do�a Maria, Queen of Portugal.</li>
+
+<li>LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord
+Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to the
+Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he inherited his
+title and entered the House of Lords. He held Government offices
+at different times, and eventually retired in 1886 with Mr. Gladstone.</li>
+
+<li>LEZAY MARN�SIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of
+France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.</li>
+
+<li>LIAUTARD, the Abb� (1774-1842). He studied at the College of Sainte
+Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the decree of
+August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant pupils of the
+Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he entered the seminary
+of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest in 1804. Afterwards he
+founded the college which was to become the College of Stanislas and
+then became the chief priest of Fontainebleau after refusing the
+bishopric of Limoges.</li>
+
+<li>LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the Landgr�fin
+Josephine of F�rstenberg, and had married in 1792 Prince
+Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.</li>
+
+<li>LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian diplomatist
+at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.</li>
+
+<li>LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for
+twenty-two years Ambassador at London.</li>
+
+<li>LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). <em>N�e</em> Doroth�e de Benkendorff.</li>
+
+<li>LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach contracted
+a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick William III.
+of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of Liegnitz.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_396">396</a></span>
+LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent
+by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.</li>
+
+<li>LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German
+astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and
+became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically
+to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an astronomical
+museum at Dresden.</li>
+
+<li>LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic Priest
+who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.</li>
+
+<li>LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French
+surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second Restoration.</li>
+
+<li>LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active
+part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After
+Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion Saint-Cyr,
+he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he remained
+until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he commanded the
+first military division and the sixth army corps at Waterloo, where he
+was captured by the English. From 1815 to 1818 he was exiled and
+then lived in retirement until 1823, when he entered the Chamber of
+Deputies. He was made Peer of France and Marshal in 1831, and
+successfully opposed the outbreaks which took place at Paris in 1831
+and 1834.</li>
+
+<li>LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame d'Arberg
+and sister-in-law of General Klein.</li>
+
+<li>L�WENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856).
+Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of
+Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held a
+corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight years.
+He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.</li>
+
+<li>L�WENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fr�ulein von Sch�nburch-Wechselburg
+married as her first husband, in 1806, Count Gustavus of
+D�ben, then the Swedish charg� d'Affaires at Vienna. In 1812 she
+was left a widow, and in 1826 married the Count of L�wenhielm, who
+had previously been the husband of a Baroness of Gur.</li>
+
+<li>L�WE-WEIMAR, the Baron Fran�ois Adolphe de (1801-1854). He
+belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to
+Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself
+in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission in
+Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he distinguished
+himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera epidemic.
+Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.</li>
+
+<li>LOGERE, M. de. Attach� to the French legation at Berlin.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_397">397</a></span>
+LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and
+Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and
+afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fr�ulein Frederica
+of Lamprecht.</li>
+
+<li>LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.</li>
+
+<li>LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose political
+fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people were leaving the
+opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of Charles X., nephew
+of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing the dynasty of the
+Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the Court of Peers and
+executed.</li>
+
+<li>LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of
+King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the Low
+Countries.</li>
+
+<li>LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth
+Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William III.</li>
+
+<li>LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King of
+Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria, wife of
+the Emperor Ferdinand II.</li>
+
+<li>LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in
+the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a
+Countess Batthy�ny.</li>
+
+<li>LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory
+party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in
+succession the highest political posts in his country. His second wife
+was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he vigorously supported
+the Bill for the admission of Jews into Parliament.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">M</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish family,
+he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and the Empire.
+In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and did not return to
+the service until 1809, when his distinguished conduct at Wagram
+gained him the title of the Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of
+Napoleon I. he was appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor
+of the Legion of Honour, a post which he held until 1831.</li>
+
+<li>MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum.
+Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin of
+King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession of
+Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight of
+the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in 1869,
+and retired into private life in 1870.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_398">398</a></span>
+MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born
+of a noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779
+the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his death
+she lived very quietly at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended
+the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but his
+domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he introduced
+Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops in European
+style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a firman of 1839.</li>
+
+<li>MAILL�, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles Fran�ois Armand de la Tour-Landry,
+Duc de Maill�, was before the Revolution first Gentleman of
+the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an <em>�migr�</em> with the Prince and
+held aloof from politics until the fall of the Empire. He took a large
+share in the Royalist movement of 1814, and resumed his former duties
+under King Louis XVIII., who made him a Peer of France. He
+refused to take the oath to the July monarchy,</li>
+
+<li>MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King
+Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.</li>
+
+<li>MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French diplomatist,
+and member of several Cabinets.</li>
+
+<li>MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Fran�oise Weygold, was
+born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison, at that
+time Major.</li>
+
+<li>MALESHERBES, Chr�tien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son
+of Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under
+Louis XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died
+himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French Academy.</li>
+
+<li>MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the
+Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister Plenipotentiary
+to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of Golz.</li>
+
+<li>MANNAY, the Abb� Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice,
+where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest he
+became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims.
+When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and Scotland,
+and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Tr�ves. He resigned in 1814
+and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was appointed Bishop of
+Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a great friend of the Prince
+de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the
+Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the chamber
+of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards Governor of
+Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired to the convent of
+the Sacr� C&oelig;ur, where she took the veil.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_399">399</a></span>
+MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barb�* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and
+politician, for a long time president of the financial court.</li>
+
+<li>MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the
+Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St
+Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of
+Julius C�sar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed
+Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him with
+his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in 1823, the
+daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg. In 1840 he
+was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring back the remains
+of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made Knight and afterwards
+Officer of the Legion of Honour.</li>
+
+<li>MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method
+became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at
+Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his presence,
+but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended a career
+which had brought him both honour and riches.</li>
+
+<li>MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter
+of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.</li>
+
+<li>MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French diplomatist.</li>
+
+<li>MARIA II., OR DO�A MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of
+Portugal.</li>
+
+<li>MARIE AM�LIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King
+of the French.</li>
+
+<li>MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I.,
+King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand VII.,
+King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and Queen-Regent, and
+in 1834 married Ferdinand Mu�oz, officer in the Life Guards, who was
+made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had been obliged to leave the
+country and hand over the regency to Espartero, Duke of the Victoire,
+Queen Christina returned to Spain in 1843, and then governed in the
+name of her daughter, Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854,
+withdrew to Paris, and lived there until her death.</li>
+
+<li>MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France,
+Henry IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.</li>
+
+<li>MARIE D'ORL�ANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King Louis-Philippe
+and wife of Prince Alexander of W�rtemberg.</li>
+
+<li>MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with
+Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she
+secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After the
+Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom she had
+three children. Her third husband was the Count de Bombelles.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_400">400</a></span>
+MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and
+Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.</li>
+
+<li>MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married,
+about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill, afterwards
+Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was the favourite
+of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great influence.</li>
+
+<li>MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father
+adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he
+studied at the Lyc�e Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in the
+studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years at Rome.
+He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality, entered the
+diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St. Petersburg.</li>
+
+<li>MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Com�die Fran�aise.</li>
+
+<li>MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847).
+Magistrate and French politician.</li>
+
+<li>MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Fran�ois* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters
+and politician.</li>
+
+<li>MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal Macdonald.</li>
+
+<li>MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of
+Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.</li>
+
+<li>MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the
+daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.</li>
+
+<li>MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist
+in the Russian service.</li>
+
+<li>MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe, he
+entered the army and became an officer. He was a very intimate
+friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant relation, and was
+also well known to the Dosne family. He became the friend of M.
+Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.</li>
+
+<li>MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871).
+Augusta, Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary
+Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married
+in 1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess
+was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans.</li>
+
+<li>MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She
+married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orl�ans, by whom she had two children,
+the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became a widow in
+1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of the Hereditary
+Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in 1819, with a
+Princess of Saxe-Weimar.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_401">401</a></span>
+MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded
+his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in
+1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise of
+Prussia.</li>
+
+<li>MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of the
+Duchess de Dino.</li>
+
+<li>MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A patron
+of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and his kindness
+Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael Angelo, by whom
+his mausoleum at Florence was designed.</li>
+
+<li>MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as
+a merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in
+1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and
+proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their
+revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1, 1811.
+In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his lieutenant
+was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the Sultan at his
+mercy. A European coalition in which France declined to take part,
+deprived him of the fruits of this victory, but for himself and his
+descendants he secured the Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty
+of the Porte. He introduced great reforms into his country.</li>
+
+<li>MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician,
+brother of Lady Palmerston.</li>
+
+<li>M�RODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his
+cousin Mlle. Th�r�se de M�rode.</li>
+
+<li>METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and statesman.</li>
+
+<li>METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince
+Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.</li>
+
+<li>MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who had
+attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler and a
+benefactor of Lavau.</li>
+
+<li>MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter,
+sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of draughtsmen,
+he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome after
+the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola which is its chief
+glory.</li>
+
+<li>MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and
+man of letters.</li>
+
+<li>MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of Hastings.
+He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of England.</li>
+
+<li>MOL�, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old
+parliamentary family.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_402">402</a></span>
+MOL�, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. <em>N�e</em> Mlle. de la Briche.</li>
+
+<li>MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars
+of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second Restoration
+and recalled in 1818 to his duties as Inspector-General. He
+commanded the second Army Corps during the Spanish War in 1823
+and was then made Marshal and Peer of France. Under the July
+government, he was governor of the Invalides and Grand Chancellor
+of the Legion of Honour.</li>
+
+<li>MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie
+Am�lie.</li>
+
+<li>MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist
+and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal
+Catholicism.</li>
+
+<li>MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic
+School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the Liberals.
+Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior in 1830 and
+afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship. As the supervisor
+of the civil list he founded the museum of Versailles, increased
+the museum of the Louvre, and restored the palaces of Fontainebleau,
+Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He entered the Academy of Fine Arts
+in 1840. The events of 1848 sent him back to private life.</li>
+
+<li>MONTBRETON, Madame de. Cl�mence Marie de Nicola�, daughter of the
+Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola�, whose name appears in the
+Lafarge trial.</li>
+
+<li>MONTEBELLO, Napol�on Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the
+famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a
+Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He
+supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.</li>
+
+<li>MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant
+visitor at the Castle of Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie, daughter
+of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de Bacquencourt,
+married her cousin-german in 1809, who was aide-de-camp to
+Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She was the first lady
+at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orl�ans.</li>
+
+<li>MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French
+Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and at
+Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince Paul
+of W�rtemberg by a morganatic marriage.</li>
+
+<li>MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of
+Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of W�rtemberg.
+She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff, Prince de
+San Donato.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_403">403</a></span>
+MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). <em>N�e</em> Mlle. de Matignon.
+She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse
+de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of
+Duc on his father's death in 1846.</li>
+
+<li>MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense
+de Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval.
+Her only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosth�ne de la
+Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.</li>
+
+<li>MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name
+of <em>la Grande Mademoiselle</em>; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston
+d'Orl�ans.</li>
+
+<li>MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and
+sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.</li>
+
+<li>MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who
+died from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October
+1840.</li>
+
+<li>MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Fran�oise Bertaut married in 1639
+Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On the
+death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de
+Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme. de
+Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.</li>
+
+<li>MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the
+Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar
+and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title of
+Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown Buildings.
+Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made him a Peer in
+1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers and showed
+much talent in many discussions.</li>
+
+<li>MU�OZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the
+Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen
+Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a morganatic
+marriage with him three months after the death of Ferdinand VII.
+Mu�oz showed no ambition and only consented to become Duke of
+Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the Golden Fleece.</li>
+
+<li>MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of
+King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a
+very early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy
+Council, aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of
+Lord Munster.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_404">404</a></span>
+MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I.
+She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess
+of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815
+and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she died.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">N</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went
+through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the retired
+list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro of Portugal with
+successful results. On his return to England he was elected member
+of the House of Commons in 1834, appointed Commodore in 1839,
+Rear-Admiral in 1846, and Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported
+the Turkish Fleet during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he
+was less fortunate and failed before Cronstadt.</li>
+
+<li>NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King Francis I.
+and of Isabella of Spain.</li>
+
+<li>NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the
+King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand II.
+in 1832.</li>
+
+<li>NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the Count
+of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith, by whom
+he had two children. His son bore the title of Count Mascali.</li>
+
+<li>NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (<em>See</em><a href="#SYRACUSE"> Syracuse</a>, Count of.)</li>
+
+<li>NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which had
+been settled in Prussia for several generations. The Countess Neale
+was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia and married Prince
+Antoine Radziwill in 1795.</li>
+
+<li>NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790, and
+had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In 1813 he
+was general of division; afterwards he supported the Bourbons, took
+part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in the Chamber of Peers
+until his death.</li>
+
+<li>NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and
+Major-General in the army of W�rtemberg. He married as his second
+wife in 1840 Princess Maria of W�rtemberg.</li>
+
+<li>NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orl�ans, wife of
+Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she obtained
+the Principality of Neuch�tel. She has left graceful and lively
+memoirs of her life.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_405">405</a></span>
+NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards
+Imperial Chancellor of Russia.</li>
+
+<li>NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count
+Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.</li>
+
+<li>NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of
+the Duke of Beaufort, in England.</li>
+
+<li>NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de la
+Moskowa. <em>N�e</em> Agla� Louise de Lascans, she had married Marshal
+Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under Queen Marie
+Antoinette which had brought her daughter into connection with the
+Dauphine during their youth.</li>
+
+<li>NICOLA�, the Marquise Scipion de, <em>n�e</em> Lameth. She was the mother of
+Madame de L�autaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were implicated
+in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the Lafarge
+trial.</li>
+
+<li>NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and controversialist,
+one of the most remarkable writers of Port Royal where he lectured
+upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal he wrote against the
+Jesuits and was involved in the prosecutions directed against the
+Jansenists. He was obliged to leave France in 1679 and could only
+return through the intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of
+Paris.</li>
+
+<li>NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had
+conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who was
+fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.</li>
+
+<li>NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he
+succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the Duc
+Jean de Noailles.</li>
+
+<li>NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de
+Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.</li>
+
+<li>NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842 his
+cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de Noailles.</li>
+
+<li>NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was the
+granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne was
+notorious and her husband began a suit against her for divorce in 1836,
+which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord Melbourne, notwithstanding
+the strong presumption against him. Mrs. Norton was
+separated from her husband and acquired a certain notoriety in
+English literature by her novels and newspaper articles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_406">406</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="alphabet">O</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.</li>
+
+<li>O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell,
+whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.</li>
+
+<li>OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he was
+secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he became
+Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828; Minister of the
+Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister in 1837.</li>
+
+<li>OLLIVIER, l'Abb� Nicolas Th�odore. Born in 1798. Priest of Saint-Roch
+at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.</li>
+
+<li>OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). <em>N�e</em> the Countess of Schlippenbach.</li>
+
+<li>ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of
+Holland in 1840.</li>
+
+<li>ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the
+Emperor Paul of Russia.</li>
+
+<li>ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the
+road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired a
+column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot died
+Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."</li>
+
+<li>ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called
+<em>Philippe Egalit�</em>. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.</li>
+
+<li>ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
+Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.</li>
+
+<li>ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all the
+wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic service
+in 1828.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">P</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and Ambassador
+at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married Edward,
+Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V. and settled
+at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of Anne of Austria
+through her beauty and her wit. After a life of pleasure and political
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_407">407</a></span>
+intrigue she suffered an overthrow by the influence of Mazarin and
+spent her last days in retirement. On her death Bossuet delivered a
+funeral oration upon her, one of the most remarkable that he
+composed.</li>
+
+<li>PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of Hohenfeld
+and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.</li>
+
+<li>PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had
+married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a Portuguese
+statesman.</li>
+
+<li>PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time
+Foreign Minister.</li>
+
+<li>PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.</li>
+
+<li>PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orl�ans and
+Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of the
+Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.</li>
+
+<li>PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble geniuses
+of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist and philosopher.
+A quarrel between the Jansenists and the Jesuits gave him the
+opportunity of showing himself the most powerful writer in Port
+Royal.</li>
+
+<li>PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France.
+Appointed Chancellor in 1837.</li>
+
+<li>PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy and
+member of the Institute.</li>
+
+<li>PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of
+several Cabinets.</li>
+
+<li>PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff,
+married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in 1827.</li>
+
+<li>PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince Charles
+of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her possession
+of this title.</li>
+
+<li>PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he
+was executed.</li>
+
+<li>P�RIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert Ren� de
+Talleyrand-P�rigord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan, who
+died in 1854.</li>
+
+<li>P�RIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse
+de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_408">408</a></span>
+P�RIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valen�ay by his
+first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the title of
+Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.</li>
+
+<li>PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in
+Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of
+Frederick William III.</li>
+
+<li>PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Ad�la�de, Countess of
+Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.</li>
+
+<li>PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to
+the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts under
+the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King Louis-Philippe
+made him a Peer of France in 1831.</li>
+
+<li>PETETOT, the Abb� Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of the
+Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis d'Antin and
+of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the Order for more than
+twenty years, resigning in 1884.</li>
+
+<li>PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An <em>�migr�</em> during the Revolution
+and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the Restoration and
+joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice under M. de Vill�le, he
+supported every retrograde measure. In 1829 he became Minister of
+the Interior under the Polignac Ministry and helped to draw up the
+ordinances which provoked the July Revolution. He was arrested and
+tried by the Court of Peers and condemned to perpetual imprisonment.
+He spent six years at the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after
+which he lived in complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand
+near Bordeaux.</li>
+
+<li>PIATOLI, the Abb� Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took orders.
+Princess Lubomirska, <em>n�e</em> Czartoryska, who was travelling in Italy,
+appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince Henry Lubomirski. The
+Abb� came with her to Poland in 1787, and Count Ignatius Potocki,
+who was struck with his capacity, secured him the post of Secretary
+to King Stanislas Augustus. The Abb� Piatoli persuaded the King to
+join the Polish patriotic party himself and drew up the Constitution
+of May 3, 1791, after taking the chief share in discussion upon it.
+After the second partition of Poland he left the country and became
+tutor to the household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards,
+through the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post
+in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful imagination
+and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the principles of Voltaire.</li>
+
+<li>PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barb� Chiaramonti, a Benedictine monk,
+and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the bishopric of Imola
+in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He reorganised his papal
+states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon, and came to Paris to crown
+him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years afterwards, having refused to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_409">409</a></span>
+drive out the enemies of France, he saw his states invaded and his
+provinces were united to the French Empire. As he had excommunicated
+the French Emperor he was forced to undergo a rigorous
+confinement at Fontainebleau. The Congress of Vienna restored his
+possessions in 1814, and he returned to them. He was so generous as
+to grant a refuge in Rome to several members of the family of the
+deposed Emperor.</li>
+
+<li>PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rar�court de la
+Vall�e Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary gentleman
+of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the Legion of
+Honour. He married Mlle. de Fr�nilly in 1819.</li>
+
+<li>PISCATORY, Th�obald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under
+the Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he
+was elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative
+majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in
+Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he was
+made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He abandoned
+political life after the coup d'�tat of 1851.</li>
+
+<li>PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie, daughter
+of the Marquis of Barb� Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance.
+Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France at an early
+age for Greece, where she died.</li>
+
+<li>PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the
+Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated
+the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orl�ans.</li>
+
+<li>POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X.
+He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of
+Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.</li>
+
+<li>POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns, daughter
+of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the Marquis de Choiseul
+and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de Polignac.</li>
+
+<li>POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de
+Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644, he
+fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun in 1662.
+Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent to Stockholm as
+Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him Minister of Foreign
+Affairs, and under his administration the glorious peace of Nimwegen
+was signed. He again fell into disfavour and did not return to office
+until after the death of Louvois.</li>
+
+<li>PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople
+from 1822 to 1827.</li>
+
+<li>PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French diplomatist
+under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary Minister of France in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_410">410</a></span>
+Brazil and then in the United States; afterwards he was French
+Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846 he entered the Chamber of
+Peers.</li>
+
+<li>POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and
+privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840 and
+died at Naples.</li>
+
+<li>POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a
+diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as Ambassador
+at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Th�obald de (1805-1847). He took
+the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour to
+the Duchess d'Orl�ans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of
+Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845.
+In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal S�bastiani. Both came
+to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his wife in a fit of
+madness and then committed suicide.</li>
+
+<li>PREISSAC, Comte Fran�ois Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the Gironde
+and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de Francfort, daughter
+of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry Regiment.</li>
+
+<li>PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817).
+He took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector of
+Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the Archbishop of
+Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he became Prince
+Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, Sovereign Prince of
+Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of Dalberg solemnised
+at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of the Princess of Courlande
+with the Comte Edmond de P�rigord, afterwards Duc de Dino, and
+after his father's death Duc de Talleyrand.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince Ludwig
+of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister
+of Queen Louise.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke of
+Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne, daughter
+of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in 1804, Prince
+William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King Frederick
+William III. As his elder brother had no children, he assumed the
+title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick William IV. came
+to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King in 1861, and in 1870
+became the first Emperor of Germany of the House of Hohenzollern.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
+married, in 1829, Prince William, son of Frederick
+William III. She afterwards became the Empress Augusta.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_411">411</a></span>
+PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King Frederick
+William III. and of Queen Louise.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the
+Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in
+1827.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King Frederick
+William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of the Low
+Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he contracted a
+morganatic marriage with Fr�ulein von Rauch, who was given the
+title of Countess of Hohenau.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the
+King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of Prussia,
+the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she had two
+children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian court.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of
+Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess of
+Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian Navy.
+He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese Elssler,
+who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.</li>
+
+<li>PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing. In
+1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King in
+1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.</li>
+
+<li>P�CKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in
+the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian service, in
+which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in 1817 the daughter
+of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated in 1826. In 1863 he
+became a Member of the House of Lords in Prussia. He travelled a
+great deal, and was a lover of parks and gardens.</li>
+
+<li>P�CKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married the
+Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817 she
+divorced him to marry Prince Hermann P�ckler, from whom she
+separated in 1826.</li>
+
+<li>PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attach� to the Prussian Legation at
+Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess
+Lottum.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">Q</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>QUATREM�RE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an
+early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art, and
+produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy at Paris
+to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the Council of the Five
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_412">412</a></span>
+Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in 1815; Professor of Arch�ology
+in 1818; and he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and
+Literature and of the Academy of Fine Arts.</li>
+
+<li>QU�LEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de Talleyrand
+P�rigord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in 1821.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">R</p>
+<ul>
+
+<li>RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the
+daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth spent
+in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first appearance
+at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the Th��tre Fran�ais,
+where she gave an admirable exposition of the finest parts of Corneille
+and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a tour in America and contracted
+a pulmonary disease, of which she soon died.</li>
+
+<li>RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the
+Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon and
+Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing his
+salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of the
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service to diplomatists
+in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy man, and
+made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed to the Crown.
+He wrote several books upon art; his political correspondence has
+also been published. In 1816 he married Princess Anna Radziwill.
+He was a member of the House of Lords and a Privy Councillor.</li>
+
+<li>RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince Ferdinand
+of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married
+Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.</li>
+
+<li>RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the
+service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army corps,
+and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife, whom he
+married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who died in 1827.
+In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He was the eldest
+son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia.</li>
+
+<li>RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of Prince
+Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa Chotek, married
+Prince William Radziwill in 1832.</li>
+
+<li>RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). L�ontine, third daughter
+of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw Radziwill,
+youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_413">413</a></span>
+RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French
+service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served the
+Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus,
+and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of France.</li>
+
+<li>RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in
+the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.</li>
+
+<li>RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he
+bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish artillery
+officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier Corps and died
+with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a great gambler, and
+led a most adventurous life.</li>
+
+<li>RATISBONNE, the Abb� Marie Th�odore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish
+banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law when
+he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was known as
+a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation of Notre Dame
+of Sion.</li>
+
+<li>RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Th�odore Ratisbonne.
+He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the congregation
+of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.</li>
+
+<li>RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor.
+He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811, where
+he was greatly patronised by the Court.</li>
+
+<li>RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.</li>
+
+<li>RAVIGNAN, the Abb� de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his
+career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left the
+world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the Jesuit Order.
+He was distinguished for his lofty morality and his power as a
+preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of Monseigneur de Qu�len,
+Archbishop of Paris.</li>
+
+<li>RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who
+received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.</li>
+
+<li>RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.</li>
+
+<li>R�CAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the deep
+friendship which united her with the greatest literary personalities of
+her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.</li>
+
+<li>RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess of
+Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774, the
+Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost her only
+daughter in the following year. She travelled a great deal in Italy
+and Germany, and was in connection with all the literary men of her
+age. She was herself the author of several works.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_414">414</a></span>
+REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt
+married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William
+and Henry.</li>
+
+<li>REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner, a
+member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain at
+the Court of the Emperor William I.</li>
+
+<li>REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a
+Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern.
+She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.</li>
+
+<li>REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); <em>n�e</em> Krusemacht, daughter and
+sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the
+Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief lady at
+the Court of the Crown Princess.</li>
+
+<li>REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at W�rtemberg,
+he studied at the University of T�bingen and knew Goethe. He
+entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was Plenipotentiary
+Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799 replaced the Prince de
+Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was made a Peer
+of France in 1832, after having been made Count in 1814. He was a
+Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the
+Academy of Moral and Political Science.</li>
+
+<li>REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the Legion
+of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and was member
+of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.</li>
+
+<li>R�MUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and politician.</li>
+
+<li>RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during the
+Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.</li>
+
+<li>REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856).
+General and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional
+commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.</li>
+
+<li>RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter
+of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.</li>
+
+<li>RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of
+French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite of
+the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His father
+had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was Major-General
+when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de Ribeaupierre
+devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian Minister at Constantinople
+and Berlin. He was made a Count in 1856 and married
+Mlle. Potemkin.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_415">415</a></span>
+RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a brilliant
+figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he entered the
+French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On the female
+side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal, godson of Louis
+XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first saw service under
+Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed dexterity in arranging
+an agreement between France and Austria. After some military
+exploits in Germany during the Seven Years War, he spent the
+remainder of his life in intrigue and pleasures.</li>
+
+<li>RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral.
+Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.</li>
+
+<li>RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer and
+of the sister of the Abb� Louis, he left the military school at Fontainebleau
+in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of Prussia, Poland,
+Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830, he joined the first
+expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and though he displayed
+incontestable bravery during the retreat, the gravest charges were
+brought against him by General Clausel. The Council of War unanimously
+acquitted him in 1837, but he was relegated to the command of
+the subdivision of the Indre until 1848 and placed on the retired list
+in 1849.</li>
+
+<li>RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny
+and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.</li>
+
+<li>RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower, daughter
+of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt, Lord Rivers.</li>
+
+<li>ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed
+his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France and
+entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of sub-lieutenant
+of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of Prince de L�on, he was
+present at the battle of Wagram and became aide-de-camp to the
+Emperor. In 1814 he was made a prisoner but was exchanged soon
+afterwards. Under the Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the
+Duc de Berry, then first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally
+Field Marshal in 1824. After 1830 he retired.</li>
+
+<li>ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de
+Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose third
+wife she was.</li>
+
+<li>ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de Richelieu.</li>
+
+<li>ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de Rosamel.
+A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in 1823. He
+went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he became
+Naval Minister in the Mol� Ministry, and in 1839 entered the Chamber
+of Peers.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_416">416</a></span>
+ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice
+Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his popularity
+and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded to his seat
+in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of the learned
+astronomer William Rosse.</li>
+
+<li>ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish origin,
+was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre on her
+marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure in aristocratic
+salons by reason of her intellectual grace and her dignified
+conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to reappear upon the
+stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went to America and died
+of cholera in Mexico.</li>
+
+<li>ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the
+second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches
+of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.</li>
+
+<li>ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme
+Rothschild, settled at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>ROUG�, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he
+married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uz�s.</li>
+
+<li>ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of
+a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected. With
+Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the eighteenth
+century.</li>
+
+<li>ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at Constantinople
+from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.</li>
+
+<li>ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie Ren� Savary. Aide-de-camp
+to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards commander
+of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was ordered to
+carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc d'Enghien in
+1804, and was then appointed General. After the battle of Friedland,
+he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he succeeded Fouch� as Minister
+of Police. After 1815, the English refused to send him to St. Helena
+with Napoleon and the Restoration condemned him to death, but he
+escaped and was afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the
+army of Algeria, terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed
+fine strategical roads.</li>
+
+<li>ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy
+he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable reforms
+into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of Peers
+under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.</li>
+
+<li>ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher
+statesman and Member of the Academy.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_417">417</a></span>
+RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.</li>
+
+<li>RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the scientist,
+Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the scaffold of the
+Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a German physician
+and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow. Her drawing-room
+at Paris was famous.</li>
+
+<li>RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Th�odore de (1789-1860). He took part in the
+wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General G�rard in
+1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal; after
+1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in retirement.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and Ambassador
+at Berlin.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several Ministries
+and twice Prime Minister.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly
+Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of W�rtemberg, second wife of
+the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She was
+left a widow in 1801.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne,
+Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke Constantine
+of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna
+Feodorovna.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of Frederick
+William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicholas of
+Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince Paul
+of W�rtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe Altenburg.
+She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, youngest son
+of the Emperor Paul.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son of
+the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander II.,
+married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.</li>
+
+<li>RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the Emperor
+Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the Hereditary Prince of
+W�rtemberg, who succeeded his father in the same year.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_418">418</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="alphabet">S</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of
+Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In 1800
+to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and (3) to
+Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died suddenly
+at Vienna and left no children.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica and
+one of the fathers of the church.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to
+King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT CYRAN, the Abb� de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne
+studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with the
+Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and obtained the
+Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous disciples and
+friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon, etc. He attacked
+the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept him in prison for
+four years.</li>
+
+<li>SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow
+of an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France,
+diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.</li>
+
+<li>SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. <em>N�e</em> Louise Charlotte Victoire de
+Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M. de
+Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). <em>N�e</em> Hortense de Beauharnais,
+she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and mother
+of Napoleon III.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer and
+member of the French Academy.</li>
+
+<li>SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the
+Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the
+history of his time.</li>
+
+<li>SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of
+Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal Guard
+and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In 1816 he
+married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a daughter who
+became the Duchesse d'Aumale.</li>
+
+<li>SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the Emperor
+Francis I. of Austria.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_419">419</a></span>
+SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and
+politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.</li>
+
+<li>SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer
+and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.</li>
+
+<li>SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore,
+married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died in
+1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count Walewski.</li>
+
+<li>SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a
+peer in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of
+the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine, when
+his old ducal family became extinct.</li>
+
+<li>SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice in
+1836.</li>
+
+<li>SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the
+service of the Low Countries.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733). Afterwards
+King of Poland, elected after the death of John Sobieski by intrigue
+and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick
+Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the
+throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and promulgating
+a liberal Constitution for his people. An enlightened, liberal,
+and well-educated prince, he died in consequence of a fall from his
+horse, leaving no children.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King Maximilian
+of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his brother,
+King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married Princess Amelia
+of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and was distinguished
+throughout his life for his great virtue and his learning.</li>
+
+<li>SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King
+Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.</li>
+
+<li>SCH�NBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of the
+Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of Sch�nburg
+Waldenburg.</li>
+
+<li>SCH�NLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich.
+He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_420">420</a></span>
+SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time
+first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and
+governor of the houses and property of this princess.</li>
+
+<li>SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served
+in the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had
+married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.</li>
+
+<li>SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian
+lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan,
+the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage was
+soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the property of
+the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an apoplectic stroke
+and was buried there.</li>
+
+<li>SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a
+soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the
+marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the
+occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which had a
+fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his wife perished
+in the flames.</li>
+
+<li>SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fr�ulein Dullack, married, in
+1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840, chief
+lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth the Princess
+of Saxe-Weimar.</li>
+
+<li>S�BASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at
+Constantinople, Naples, and London.</li>
+
+<li>S�BASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the
+Duc de Gramont. She had become an <em>�migr�</em> at the age of sixteen
+with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow,
+whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General
+S�bastiani, whose second wife she was.</li>
+
+<li>S�GUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). F�licit� d'Aguesseau, sole heiress
+of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count Octave de S�gur,
+major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died in 1818.</li>
+
+<li>S�MONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the
+Court of Peers.</li>
+
+<li>SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre C�sar Charles Guillaume
+de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the
+Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for the
+exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed Vice-Admiral
+and entered the Chamber of Peers.</li>
+
+<li>S�VIGN�, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most distinguished
+ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of remarkable letters.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_421">421</a></span>
+SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the opponent
+of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles VIII. there
+in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked by Louis XII.,
+who deprived him of his states and forced him to flee into Germany.
+The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of Milan allowed Sforza to
+reconquer that province, but in 1500 he was defeated and captured at
+Novaro by the French. He was imprisoned at Loches, and died ten
+years later.</li>
+
+<li>SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of Dudley,
+fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs. Jordan.</li>
+
+<li>SIEY�S, the Abb� (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and politician
+during the Revolution.</li>
+
+<li>SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was commissioned
+by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy Michael
+Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent reproduction,
+a tenth less in size than the original, is at the School of Fine
+Arts in Paris.</li>
+
+<li>SIM�ON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests
+at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had strong
+artistic tastes.</li>
+
+<li>SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859).
+Cavalry captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by
+her first marriage.</li>
+
+<li>SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name,
+Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.</li>
+
+<li>SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian of
+Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was the
+mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.</li>
+
+<li>SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of the
+Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.</li>
+
+<li>STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain
+to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and
+took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married
+Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples at
+St. Petersburg.</li>
+
+<li>STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). <em>N�e</em> Caroline de Ludolf,
+she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left a widow
+she settled at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon, married
+in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of the English
+Parliament.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_422">422</a></span>
+STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became
+famous in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the
+Empire. In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.</li>
+
+<li>STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count of
+Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the acquaintance
+of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off and married her.
+She was well received in St. Petersburg society, but owing to her
+false position, she could not obtain for a long time the Order of
+St. Catherine, which was her great ambition. She died at an advanced
+age between 1860 and 1870, after carefully tending her
+husband, who had become blind.</li>
+
+<li>STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of M�nchingen
+had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and
+was Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of
+Baden.</li>
+
+<li>SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. <em>N�e</em> Lady Carlisle. She
+was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.</li>
+
+<li><a name="SYRACUSE" id="SYRACUSE"></a>SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). L�opold de Bourbon, son of
+Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He was
+promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never received
+any command.</li>
+
+<li>SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). <em>See</em> <a href="#CARIGNAN">Carignan</a>, Philiberte de.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">T</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return from
+exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French Ambassador
+at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State and a
+member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into retirement
+upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de Rosi�re-Saraus,
+widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by whom he had no
+children, so that the house of Tonnerre became extinct with him.</li>
+
+<li>TALLEYRAND-P�RIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre
+Ang�lique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-P�rigord, was Archbishop
+of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.</li>
+
+<li>TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of
+Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain of
+France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had abandoned
+the church into which he had been forced to enter, and was one of
+the best politicians of his time.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_423">423</a></span>
+TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). <em>N�e</em> Catharine Werl�e,
+of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802 with the
+Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor Napoleon, a
+marriage which was immediately dissolved.</li>
+
+<li>TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as <em>le bel Archambaud</em>.
+He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was
+executed in 1793 during the Revolution.</li>
+
+<li>TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron
+Augustin de Talleyrand and of Ad�laide de Montigny.</li>
+
+<li>TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law;
+some interesting publications gained him a great reputation among
+scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial Library
+upon its reorganisation.</li>
+
+<li>TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian diplomatist.
+Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he remained
+until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord Chamberlain
+to the Emperor Nicholas.</li>
+
+<li>TAURY, the Abb� Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny; he
+was selected in 1832 by the Abb� Tournet, founder of the community
+of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as Superior General
+of that community. In 1845 he was appointed Vicar-General at Niort.
+He died of an apoplectic stroke when he was descending from the
+pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.</li>
+
+<li>TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George III.,
+George IV., and William IV. of England.</li>
+
+<li>THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke
+Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess
+Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples, who
+married her in 1837.</li>
+
+<li>THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal, liberal
+deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in 1848.</li>
+
+<li>THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of
+"Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of Merovingian
+Times."</li>
+
+<li>THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.</li>
+
+<li>THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the stockbroker.</li>
+
+<li>THORWALDSEN, Barth�lemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.</li>
+
+<li>TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber
+of Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition.
+On the <em>coup d'�tat</em> of December 2, he joined the representatives who
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_424">424</a></span>
+signed the act of accusation against Louis Bonaparte and was
+imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a short time afterwards
+and returned to private life. He was the author of "Democracy in
+America," and of the <em>Ancien R�gime</em>.</li>
+
+<li>TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in the
+Cortes and several times Minister.</li>
+
+<li>TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa, daughter
+of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen
+Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince Charles de la Tour et Taxis,
+Privy Councillor to the Emperor of Austria and Postmaster-General,
+an office which had been in his family since 1695.</li>
+
+<li>TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess
+Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at
+Versailles.</li>
+
+<li>TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of
+Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in 1824.
+His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he married the
+Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">V</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>VAL�E, Marshal Sylvain Charles (1773-1846). Fought in the campaigns
+of the Revolution and the Empire with distinction, and received the
+title of Comte from Napoleon. He supported the Second Restoration,
+and Charles X. made him a peer of France. In 1837 he gained his
+Marshal's baton at the capture of Constantine and then became
+Governor-General of Algeria. In 1840 he resigned this command in
+favour of General Bugeaud.</li>
+
+<li>VALEN�AY, Madame de. Wife of Jacques d'Etampes, Marquis de la
+Fert�-Imbault, Marshal of France, who lived from 1590 to 1668.</li>
+
+<li>VALEN�AY, the Duc de* (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-P�rigord,
+Duc de Talleyrand and de Valen�ay, Duc de Sagan after the death of
+his mother, eldest son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand and of Princess
+Dorothea of Courlande.</li>
+
+<li>VALEN�AY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). <em>N�e</em> de Montmorency.</li>
+
+<li>VALEN�AY, Yolande de (1833-1835). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse
+de Valen�ay; she died of scarlatina when young.</li>
+
+<li>VANDOEUVRE, Baron William de (1779-1870). Auditor to the Council
+of State in 1806 and then deputy for the Aube; he became Peer of
+France in 1837. He married Mlle. Dassy.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_425">425</a></span>
+VATRY, the Baron de (1793-1871). Alph�e Bourdon Vapereau de Vatry,
+aide-de-camp to Prince J�r�me Bonaparte. He left the army under
+the Restoration, became a stockbroker and made a large fortune. He
+was a deputy from 1835 to 1848.</li>
+
+<li>VATRY, the Baronne de. Died in 1881. She was the daughter of
+M. Hainguerlot, and married Baron Alph�e de Vatry who died in 1871.</li>
+
+<li>VAUGUYON, Mlle. Pauline de la (1783-1829). Daughter of the Duc de
+la Vauguyon; she married in 1810 the Baron of Villefranche of the
+house of Carignan. She died of burns received in an accident at her
+villa at Auteuil and left three children: (1) a daughter who married
+Prince Massimo of Arsoli; (2) another daughter who married the
+Count of Syracuse of the house of Naples; (3) a son by name Eug�ne,
+who was recognised by the King of Sardinia as a prince of the blood.</li>
+
+<li>V�RAC, the Marquis de (1768-1858). Armand de V�rac served for some
+time in the army of the Princes and then returned to France; he was
+exiled by Napoleon to Belgium eight years later. Under the Restoration
+he became a Peer of France and Governor of the Ch�teau of
+Versailles.</li>
+
+<li>VERNET, Horace (1789-1863). A famous French painter who followed
+the Algerian campaign and painted several battle scenes illustrating it.</li>
+
+<li>VERQUIGNIEULLE, the Marquise de. Flore Marie de Proudhomme
+et d'Harlay de Verquignieulle, married in 1836 M. Ancillon whose
+third wife she was. On his death in 1837, she returned to live in
+Belgium, her native country.</li>
+
+<li>VERTOT, the Abb� de (1655-1735). R�ne Aubert de Vertot first entered
+a religious vocation and became in succession a Capuchin monk under
+the name of Father Zacharie, a Premonstratensian and a member of
+the Order of Cluny. Then, being tired of the cloister life, he joined
+the secular clergy and became priest of Croissy-la-Garenne and of
+other places. He published a "History of the Revolutions in Portugal,"
+but his favourite work was a "History of the Roman Republic."</li>
+
+<li>VESTIER, Phidias (1796-1874). Architect and Inspector of the historical
+monuments in the department of Indre-et-Loire. He was made a
+Knight of the Legion of Honour after building the railway station at
+Tours in 1849. He was the grandson of a painter, several of whose
+works are in the Louvre. Largely supported by the Duchesse de
+Talleyrand, he built numerous residences at Paris and several country
+houses in the valley of the Loire.</li>
+
+<li>VICENCE, the Duc de (1815-1896). Armand Alexandre Joseph Adrien
+de Caulaincourt first entered upon a diplomatic career, which he
+abandoned in 1837. Under the July monarchy he was a deputy,
+under the Second Empire a Senator, and was made Commander of
+the Legion of Honour in 1868.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_426">426</a></span>
+VILLEFRANCHE, Comte Eug�ne de (1753-1785). This prince of the
+house of Carignan served in the French Army and was given by
+Louis XVI. the command of an Infantry Regiment which took the
+name of <em>Savoie Carignan</em>. He incurred the royal disfavour on account
+of his marriage with Mlle. Magon Laballue, left the army and died at
+an early age, and in obscurity at Domart in Picardie.</li>
+
+<li>VILLEFRANCHE, Baron Joseph Marie de (1783-1825). Son of the foregoing.
+He had a brilliant career in a cavalry regiment under the
+Empire, which was continued under the Restoration, and in 1823 he
+followed the Duc d'Angoul�me into Spain. He died suddenly in a
+carriage of an apoplectic stroke. He had married the daughter of the
+Duc de la Vauguyon.</li>
+
+<li>VILLEGONTIER, Comte Louis de la (1776-1849). Prefect of the Allier
+in 1816, then Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine and Peer of France in 1819; he
+took the oath to the Government of Louis-Philippe and supported his
+policy until 1848, when he retired into private life.</li>
+
+<li>VILL�LE, Comte Guillaume Aubin de (1770-1840). Brought up in the
+Seminary of Saint Sulpice, he became an <em>�migr�</em> during the Revolution
+and was ordained priest at D�sseldorf; when he returned to France
+in 1802 he devoted himself to preaching. Louis XVIII. appointed him
+Bishop of Soissons; in 1824 he became Archbishop of Bourges and
+entered the Chamber of Peers at the same time. After 1830 he
+remained adverse to the new Government, and refused the Cross of the
+Legion of Honour in 1839. When Don Carlos was driven from Spain
+and interned at Bourges, the Archbishop offered him his palace for his
+residence, and received from this Prince the grand cordon of
+Charles III.</li>
+
+<li>VILLEMAIN, Abel Fran�ois* (1790-1870). French professor, writer, and
+politician.</li>
+
+<li>VINCKE, Frau von (1766-1845). Fr�ulein von Vincke married her relative,
+Herr von Vincke, and became lady-of-honour to Queen Louise of
+Prussia, who was very fond of her. After the death of this Princess
+she held a high position at court and in Berlin society.</li>
+
+<li>VIVIEN, Alexandre Fran�ois Auguste (1799-1854). In 1840 he was
+Minister of Justice in the Thiers Ministry, and lent his name to the
+decree suppressing the deputy judges for the Court of the Seine.</li>
+
+<li>VOLTAIRE, Arouet de* (1694-1778). A French philosopher who exerted
+a vast influence upon the history and literature of the eighteenth
+century.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">W</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>WAGRAM, Prince Napoleon Louis de (1810-1888). Son of the famous
+Marshal Berthier. He was a Peer of France in 1836 and Senator in
+1848.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_427">427</a></span>
+WALEWSKI, Comte Alexandre (1810-1868). French politician and
+Minister under Napoleon III. He was the natural son of the Emperor
+Napoleon I., and of the Countess Marie Walewska, whom the Emperor
+had known at Warsaw in 1807.</li>
+
+<li>WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier, born in Bohemia, and one
+of the greatest generals during the Thirty Years War.</li>
+
+<li>WALSH, Countess Agatha. Left a widow as early as 1806, she became
+first lady at the court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden and
+did not retire until 1839. Her son, Theophilus, was a constant visitor
+at the Baden court.</li>
+
+<li>WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). A Scotch novelist.</li>
+
+<li>WASA, Princess (1811-1854). Louise Stephanie, daughter of the Grand
+Duke Charles of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, <em>n�e</em> Stephanie of
+Beauharnais.</li>
+
+<li>WEIZEL, Mlle. de. A very intimate friend of the family of Entraigues
+and of the Baron and Baronne Finot, who lived near Valen�ay.</li>
+
+<li>WELLINGTON, the Duke of* (1769-1852). A famous English General,
+the opponent of Napoleon and several times a member of the Cabinet.</li>
+
+<li>WERTHER, Baron* (1772-1859). Prussian diplomatist, Ambassador at
+Paris, and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin.</li>
+
+<li>WERTHER, Baroness* (1778-1853). By birth the Countess Sophia
+Sandizell.</li>
+
+<li>WERTHER, Baron Charles (1809-1894). Son of the foregoing. In 1869
+he took the place of the Count of Golz as Ambassador at Paris, and
+through his instrumentality a breach in relations took place, which
+led to the outbreak of the 1870 war. In 1874 he was appointed
+Ambassador at Constantinople, and retired to Munich in 1877.</li>
+
+<li>WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of
+letters.</li>
+
+<li>WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn- (1770-1851). Household
+Minister to King Frederick William III. of Prussia, and one of the
+most important personages at the Berlin court.</li>
+
+<li>WOLFF, Herr von. Councillor to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior
+for many years.</li>
+
+<li>WOLFF, Frau von. Daughter of the Councillor of Justice. Herr
+Hennenberg.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_428">428</a></span>
+WOLOWSKI, Louis (1810-1876). Born at Warsaw, he was naturalised in
+France after the Polish revolution of 1830, and devoted himself to the
+study of law and economic problems, in which he became a master.</li>
+
+<li>WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan (1791-1854). Russian Minister at
+Munich from 1824 to 1828, and at Turin till 1832. He then became
+Councillor of the Empire at St. Petersburg and Chief Master of Ceremonies
+at the Court. He was an enlightened patron of the arts.</li>
+
+<li>WURMB, Herr Friedrich Karl von (1766-1843). Staff Officer at Berlin.
+He resigned to marry Fr�ulein von G�cking, and became land agent to
+the Duchesse de Dino at Deutsch-Wartenberg.</li>
+
+<li>WURMB, Frau von (1783-1862). Wilhelmina of G�cking, daughter of the
+Councillor of State to the Finance Ministry.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Duke Alexander of (1804-1855). He entered the Austrian
+Military Service, but after contracting a morganatic marriage in 1835
+with a Countess Rheday he settled at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, the King of* (1781-1862). William I.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Princess Maria of* (1816-1863). Daughter of King
+William I. and wife of General Neipperg.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of* (1818-1877). Sister of the foregoing.
+She married William III., King of the Low Countries. She
+was a very distinguished Princess, and an intimate friend of the
+Emperor Napoleon III.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Prince Paul of (1785-1852). Brother of King William I.
+He married, in 1825, Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, by whom
+he had several children. He afterwards contracted a morganatic
+marriage with an English woman and settled at Paris.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1808, and son of the
+foregoing. He remained in the service of W�rtemberg.</li>
+
+<li>W�RTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of. Born in 1813, and brother of the
+foregoing. He entered the Prussian service.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="alphabet">X</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>XIMENES DE CISNEROS, the Cardinal of (1436-1517). A famous
+Spanish statesman and Archbishop of Toledo. He performed the
+greatest services to Charles V., who showed himself most ungrateful,
+and dismissed him after using his influence to procure his nomination
+as King of Castile and of Aragon.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_429">429</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="alphabet">Z</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco* (1772-1850). Spanish diplomatist.
+He belonged to one of the most ancient families of the reconquest.</li>
+
+<li>ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Do�a de.* Died in 1848. By birth she was Do�a
+Maria Antonia de Anduaga, of a family living in Guipuscoa, which
+included several diplomatists among its members. She was Lady
+Noble of the Order of Maria Louisa.</li>
+
+<li>ZO�. A negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval and then in
+the service of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, with whom she
+ended her life.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="end">Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne &amp; Co. Limited</span>
+Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London</p>
+
+
+<div class="header">
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h2 class="normal">FOOTNOTES:</h2>
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Mascara, in Algiers, was captured by the French in 1835.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> <em>See</em> <a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a>. In 1834 Jackson had claimed an indemnity of twenty-five
+millions, in very haughty terms, from the Government of Louis
+Philippe as compensation to the United States for the loss of ships seized
+under the Empire; in the event of refusal, confiscation was threatened of
+all French estates within the territories of the Union. While the claim was
+entirely legitimate, the insulting form in which it was presented delayed a
+settlement, until President Jackson retracted his words in the communication
+to which reference is here made.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> The Address of the 221 (March 3, 1830). This was a reply to a speech
+from the throne, and plainly expressed the displeasure of the 221 Deputies
+at seeing M. de Martignac deposed from the Presidency in favour of the
+Prince Jules de Polignac.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> The speech to which reference is made will be found in the Appendix
+to this volume.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> M. Humann submitted to the Chamber as a necessary measure a scheme
+for the conversion of Government 5 per cent. bonds, which had already been
+attempted in vain by M. de Vill�le in 1824. The Chamber was inclined to
+receive the idea favourably, but the Cabinet showed some ill-temper as it
+had not been previously consulted, and M. Humann resigned. A question
+was asked in the Chamber on this subject on June 18, and discussion was
+opened by the Duc de Broglie. "We are asking," he said, "whether the
+Government intends to propose the measure in the course of this session.
+I answer, No; is that clear?" This last remark excited general disfavour,
+and was the subject of adverse comment forthwith.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> This is again a reference to the former Ministers of Charles X. Certain
+people were energetically striving to secure the liberation of these unfortunate
+political prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> In 1835, in consequence of Fieschi's attempt, the Ministry proposed
+three severe legal enactments dealing with the jury and the sentences in
+cases of rebellion, and, most important of all, with the Press. The discussion
+upon these laws continued in the Chamber from August 13, 1834, to
+September 29, and ended in a complete success for the Government.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Marie Christine, Princess of Savoy, died in giving birth to the prince
+who was afterwards Francis II., the last King of Naples.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The author of these memoirs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> The sentence which condemned Fieschi, P�pin, and Morey to death.
+They were executed at the Barri�re Saint-Jacques on February 19.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> The Cabinet was as follows: M. Thiers, President of the Council and
+Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Sauzet, Keeper of the Seals; M. de
+Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M. d'Argout, Financial Minister;
+M. Passy, Minister of Commerce and Public Works; M. Pelet de la Loz�re,
+Minister of Education; Marshal Maison, Minister of War; Admiral
+Duperr�, Minister of Naval Affairs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Extract from a letter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> Prince Charles of Naples, brother of the Duchesse de Berry, was the
+nephew of Queen Marie Am�lie.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Reference is here made to an action for divorce brought against Mrs.
+Norton by her husband, which made a great stir in England at this time.
+The intimacy of Mrs. Norton with Lord Melbourne was well known. However,
+the verdict given in the following June acquitted Lord Melbourne,
+but Mrs. Norton and her husband separated.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> This work was published after the death of the Comte de R�musat in
+1878, by his son Paul.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> This plan was not entirely carried out; the Abb� alone was buried at
+Saint-Patrice.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> The Princess Louise was the daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia,
+the youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married Prince Antoine
+Radziwill in 1796.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Queen Wilhelmina of the Low Countries was the daughter of King
+Frederick William II. of Prussia, and sister of the king then reigning,
+Frederick William III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> M. Bresson was the French Minister at Berlin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Princess Albert of Prussia was a princess of the Low Countries.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> We have been unable to find them.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> An estate belonging to the Duchesse de Dino in Silesia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Princess Metternich had used some discourteous terms concerning the
+assumption of the crown by Louis-Philippe in 1830.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> The Liberal ideas of the Archduke Charles had induced Prince Metternich
+to remove this prince from the Court and to regard him with
+suspicion. They had almost quarrelled.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> Extract from a letter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> Daughter of the Marshal of Albuf�ra.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> Yolande de Valen�ay.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> The Baroness of Mengden, niece of the Princesse de Lieven, afterwards
+lived at Carlsruhe, where she was abbess of a noble chapter. She was very
+tall, especially in the upper part of her body, and any one seated by her
+side at dinner was obliged to raise his head in order to see her face. As
+she was very good-natured, she became to some extent her aunt's drudge;
+at Valen�ay, when the Princesse de Lieven stayed there, she gave her niece
+her jewel-box to keep when she was out driving, so that the Baroness
+of Mengden could rarely take part in these excursions.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> French Ambassador at St. Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> On the evening of June 25, 1836, a young man aged twenty-six, named
+Louis Alibaud, shot at the king in the court of the Tuileries when Louis-Philippe
+was reviewing the National Guard and the drummers were beating
+a march.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> English Ambassador at Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Reis Effendi was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Turkey.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> The widow of Napoleon I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> Siey�s died at Paris, June 28, 1836.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> General Fagel had been the ambassador of the King of the Low
+Countries in France under the Restoration.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> M. Decazes then acted as chief referendary to the Chamber of Peers.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> A violent newspaper quarrel brought about a meeting between Armand
+Carrel, editor of <cite>Le National</cite>, and Emile de Girardin, editor<cite>La Presse</cite>.
+A pistol duel took place on July 28 in the wood of Vincennes. Armand
+Carrel was severely wounded in the stomach, and died the next day, after
+expressing a definite wish for burial in a cemetery without any Church
+service.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> In the month of June 1836 a conflagration, supposed to be caused by
+the carelessness of some plumbers, completely destroyed the chestnut beam-work
+of the cathedral, which was the admiration of visitors and was known
+as "the Forest." A great number of old windows were broken or melted, and
+the bells were seriously damaged. For several hours the fire threatened to
+spread to the whole of the lower town. The important work of repair
+lasted for several years.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> The Comte Paul de P�rigord.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> M. Thiers.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> The institution of the famous Madame Campan, now the school of
+Ecouen.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> French Ambassador in Spain.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> This estate was the Val Richer, where M. Guizot lived until his death.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Mol�, President of the
+Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Guizot, Minister of Public
+Instruction; M. Persil, Minister of Justice; M. Duch�tel, Financial
+Minister; M. de Gasparin, Minister of the Interior, with M. de R�musat as
+Under-Secretary of State; M. Martin du Nord, Minister of Commerce and
+Public Works; General Bernard, Minister of War; and Admiral Rosamel,
+Minister of Naval Affairs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> <em>See</em> above, p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> St. Maurice was the patron saint of the Prince de Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> This note upon Valen�ay was printed in 1848 by Crapelet, Rue de
+Vaugirard, at Paris, with the dedication to which the author here refers.
+This curious work is quoted by Larousse in his great "Dictionnaire
+universel du Dix-neuvi�me Si�cle," under "Valen�ay." It has become
+scarce, but several copies exist.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> The Obelisk of Luxor was given to King Louis-Philippe by Mehemet
+Ali, Pasha of Egypt. It was removed from its place before the Temple of
+Luxor, carried to Paris, and erected in the Place de la Concorde in 1836.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> With the Comtesse Camille de Sainte-Aldegonde.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> On October 26, 1836, Prince Louis Bonaparte, accompanied by his
+friend M. de Persigny, and supported by Colonel Vaudrey, attempted to
+begin a military revolt and to overthrow the king, Louis-Philippe.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Afterwards Napoleon III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Charles X. had just died at Goritz, in Austria, on November 6, 1836.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> The Queen of Portugal had been forced, after several outbreaks, to
+accept the Radical Constitution of 1820. In November she began a counter-revolution,
+helped by Palmella, Terceira, and Saldanha, believing, at the
+instigation of England, that the population of Lisbon would support her,
+and proposing to dismiss her Ministers. She had been wrongly informed
+concerning the popular feeling, and was forced to abandon the struggle.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> M. de Polignac, who was a prisoner at Ham, had demanded from
+M. Mol� his transference to a sanatorium.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> His punishment had been commuted to perpetual banishment.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> The Ministry was composed as follows: M. Mol�, President of the
+Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Barthe, Minister of Justice;
+M. de Montalivet, Minister of the Interior; M. Lacave-Laplagne, Financial
+Minister; M. de Salvandy, Minister of Public Instruction. General Bernard,
+Admiral de Rosamel, and M. Martin du Nord retained their portfolios; M. de
+R�musat, Under-Secretary of State, followed his Minister into retirement.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> Marianne Leopoldine, Archduchess of Austria-Este, born in 1771,
+married the Elector Charles Theodore of Bavaria. After her husband's
+death she married the Grand Master of his Court, the Comte Louis Arco.
+This princess died in 1848.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> On December 27, 1836, at the opening of the Parliamentary session,
+another attempt was made upon the life of King Louis-Philippe as he was
+driving to the Palais Bourbon with three of his sons. The criminal was
+Meunier, a young man aged twenty-two, who was condemned to death by
+the Chamber of Peers; but the King eventually secured a commutation of
+his penalty to perpetual banishment on the occasion of the marriage of the
+Duc d'Orl�ans.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> The birthday of Louis-Philippe.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> This embassy of honour was sent to meet the royal bride; the meeting
+took place at Fulda on May 22, 1837.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> The reference is to a law concerning the estimates for the secret
+police fund.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> The Comte de Lezay-Marnesia.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> The Comtesse de Lobau.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> On the occasion of the marriage of the Duc d'Orl�ans an amnesty was
+granted by ordinance dated May 8 to all who were in prison for crimes or
+political delinquencies.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> Fr�ulein Sidonie von Dieskau, of whom mention will be made later on
+the occasion of the Duchesse de Talleyrand's journey to Germany.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> Baron Werther was Prussian Minister at Paris from 1824.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> Comte Lehon was Belgian Minister.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> Mgr. Gallard.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> His Excellency Mohammed Nouri Effendi.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> At the Palace of the Tuileries the Pavillon Marsan was occupied by the
+Duc and Duchesse d'Orl�ans, while the Pavillon de Flore was occupied by
+Madame Ad�la�de, sister of King Louis-Philippe.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> The Castle of Mecklenburg, where the princess had been brought up.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> As Rochecotte was without any water-supply, and the hillside upon
+which the castle was built was quite bare, hydraulic rams were introduced.
+These were the first imported to France. The Duchesse de Dino had
+them made in England, and insisted that French measures should be
+transposed exactly into English, and English into French, with the result
+that when they were set up at Rochecotte, where they still stand, the
+measurements were found to be exact.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> Lu�ay de Male is a dependency of the estate of Valen�ay. By its architecture
+the castle of Lu�ay seems to belong to the same age as that of
+Valen�ay. It is in a fine situation, overlooking the ironworks, the fine
+lake which provides it with water, the town of Lu�ay, and picturesque
+ravines.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> In 1836 Marshal Clausel, who was then Governor of Algeria, attacked
+the Bey of Constantine unsuccessfully; upon his failure the army, which
+was weakened, was obliged to raise the siege of the town and to retreat
+by forced marches in the midst of continual attacks from the Arab
+troops. General de Rigny, who was stationed in the rearguard, bore the
+whole weight of this disastrous retreat. In spite of his efforts he found that
+his general had singled him out in an order of the day for a formal accusation
+of treacherous insinuations and advice, and had declared him a rebel
+and an unworthy officer. General de Rigny demanded to be judged by a
+court-martial, and secured a verdict of acquittal, which was unanimously
+given in 1837.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> Careggi forms part of the town of Fiesole, near Florence. Several
+villas stand about the neighbourhood, the most famous being that which
+was built by the Medici, which contains several Renaissance masterpieces.
+The Grand Dukes of Tuscany offered the use of it to distinguished
+foreigners who stayed at Florence. In this way M. Thiers occupied it in
+1837. In 1848 the Princess of Parma sought refuge there in her flight
+from the revolutions. This villa still belongs to the house of Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> <em>See</em> p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> It was proposed to erect upon the Pantheon a colossal statue of Renown
+to replace the cross removed in 1831 from what was at that time the Church
+of Sainte-Genevi�ve. Cortot was commissioned with this work, and set up
+a model in carton-pierre. Criticism unanimously condemned it, and the
+statue was taken down after some time.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> Baron Louis died at Vry-sur-Marne, near Paris, on August 26, 1837.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> Francis Macdonald had been appointed Minister of War at Naples by
+King Murat in 1814.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> Princess Louisa of Baden, the eldest daughter of the Grand Duchess
+Stephanie of Baden, had married a Prince Wasa. Her household was constantly
+disturbed by quarrels, which the Grand Duchess was continually
+trying to heal, though for a long time without success.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> The Archbishop of Cologne and the Prussian Government differed on
+the question of mixed marriages. The Archbishop wished to appeal to the
+Pope, and the Government had him arrested on November 28, 1837. He
+remained a prisoner for four years at Minden, and never re-entered his
+diocese, where his coadjutor took his place on his death in 1845. The
+Archbishop of Cologne, Baron Droste de Vischering, was born in 1773.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> The Duchesse de Dino suffered from a much more severe illness than
+she relates. It is to this period that she ascribed those inward changes
+which then took place in the case of M. de Talleyrand, and gradually
+brought him back to the Christian faith.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> A book recently published by M. Jean Hanotau, <cite>Letters of Prince
+Metternich to the Comtesse de Lieven</cite> (1818-1819), shows that it was Prince
+Metternich who set these two ladies against one another.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> M. de Flahaut and General Baudrand were in constant rivalry with
+one another. They were continually quarrelling about their official duties
+in attendance upon the Duc d'Orl�ans, and in February 1838 they were
+intriguing to be sent to the coronation of Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> For the speech of M. de Talleyrand <em>see</em> <a href="#III">III</a> Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> The Abb� de Ravignan had taken the place of Lacordaire in the pulpit
+of Notre-Dame.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> The reference is to the letter which the Prince de Talleyrand wrote to
+Rome retracting the errors of his life, which had incurred the censure of
+the Church.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> Better known under the title of <cite>La Chute d'un Ange</cite> (<cite>The Fallen Angel</cite>),
+the opening of the poem called <cite>Jocelyn</cite>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> The manuscript in question was an account of the last moments of the
+Prince de Talleyrand, written by the Abb� Dupanloup, afterwards Bishop
+of Orleans. The author never printed it, and bequeathed it, with all his
+papers concerning the Prince de Talleyrand, to M. Hilaire de Lacombe, who
+sent them to the Abb� Lagrange, afterwards Bishop of Chartres. He only
+used them for purposes of frequent quotation in the life of the Bishop
+Dupanloup, which he wrote some years ago, and two chapters of which are
+devoted to M. de Talleyrand. These papers are now in the possession of
+M. Bernard de Lacombe. The letter of the Duchesse de Talleyrand, transcribed
+in this volume, is reproduced here, although I have already published
+it in <cite>Le Temps</cite> of April 30, 1908.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> M. de Talleyrand had spoken strongly in favour of the Concordat. The
+Pope was aware of the fact, and on March 10, 1802, addressed a Papal letter
+to him which authorised him to re-enter civil life, though expressed in
+somewhat vague terms.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> The Archbishop de Qu�len, who was out of sympathy with the Government
+of 1830, was threatened in 1831 by an insurrection which pillaged the
+Archbishop's residence in Paris. As he then had no official residence, he
+took refuge first in the Convent of the Ladies of St. Michel of Paris, and
+then in that of the Ladies of the Sacr� C&oelig;ur at Conflans, a short distance
+outside the town.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> <cite>The Eighteenth Century.</cite></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> The funerals of the Prince de Talleyrand, of his brother, the Duc de
+Talleyrand, and of the little Yolande de P�rigord, daughter of the Duc and
+Duchesse de Valen�ay, who died in childhood, took place on September 6,
+1838, at Valen�ay. The three coffins were placed in a vault which the
+Prince de Talleyrand had constructed during his lifetime.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> The Prince de Talleyrand's footmen.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> Zo� was a negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval, to whom
+she showed the greatest devotion. In 1838, after the death of the Vicomtesse,
+Zo� was taken into service by the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency,
+daughter-in-law of Madame de Laval, who lived upon the estate of
+Bonn�table, where Zo� ended her days in peace.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> February 6 is St. Dorothea's Day, the patron saint of the Duchesse de
+Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> The first wife of Prince Christian of Denmark was Princess Charlotte of
+Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Unfaithful to her husband, she was separated
+from him in 1809, and divorced by order of the king in 1810. She died in
+1840 at Rome, where she had lived after her conversion to Catholicism.
+She was born in 1784, and married in 1806.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> After the death of the Prince de Talleyrand the Duchesse de Talleyrand
+sold the residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin to the Rothschilds. This
+house she had inherited from the Prince. She then settled in a large suite
+of rooms in the residence of the Marquis de Galliffet, Rue de Grenelle.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> Mlle. Pauline de P�rigord did in fact marry M. de Castellane, on
+April 11, 1839. He then assumed the title of Marquis from his grandfather,
+who had just died. His father, General de Castellane, afterwards Marshal
+of France, yielded the title to him on the occasion of his marriage and
+never bore it himself. From his grandmother, who brought him up, the old
+Marchioness de Castellane, <em>n�e</em> Rohan-Chabot, whose first husband, the Duc
+de la Rochefoucauld, had left her a large fortune, M. de Castellane received
+as a wedding-gift the property of Aubijou, in Auvergne, in the department
+of Cantal, which will often be mentioned in these memoirs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Extract from a letter to M. de Bacourt.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> The daughter of Princess William of Prussia to whom reference is here
+made married the King of Bavaria a short time afterwards.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> After the vote upon the secret service funds in March 1840 one of the
+Deputies, M. Remilly, attempted to embarrass the Ministry by a proposal
+for Parliamentary reform, providing that Deputies should not be promoted
+to salaried posts or secure promotion for their Parliamentary life in the
+following year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> M. Bourbon de Sarty was the prefect of Marne.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> Nachod, an estate in Bohemia with a vast castle built by the Piccolomini,
+had been bought by the Duc de Courlande. His eldest daughter,
+Wilhelmine de Sagan, had inherited it, and died there in 1839. Nachod
+was then sold to the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe, who still retain it.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> The vast plain of the Mitija is situated to the south of Algiers, and
+extends between two mountainous zones of the Atlas and the Sahel. It is
+famous for its fertility, for which reason the Arabs call it "the Mother of the
+Poor."]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> M. Guizot was then Ambassador at London.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> The third husband of the eldest sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, last King of Poland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> M. L�on de Beaumont, the son of F�nelon's sister.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> Mgr. Affre.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> On June 6, 1840, a young man named Oxford, afterwards thought to be
+mentally weak, fired two pistol-shots at Queen Victoria as she was driving
+through the streets of London, accompanied by her husband, Prince
+Albert.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> Herr von H�bner was Austrian Ambassador in France under the Second
+Empire, before the Italian War.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> The complications of the Eastern question nearly plunged France into
+war about this time. Syria had revolted, and the English, who objected to
+the power of the Egyptian Viceroy, Mehemet Ali, joined Prussia, Austria,
+and Russia, excluding France, whom Lord Palmerston knew to be unduly
+favourable to Egypt, and secretly signed the treaty at London on July 15,
+1840, restoring Syria to the Sultan.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> Extract from a letter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> On August 6, 1840, Prince Louis Bonaparte took advantage of the
+excitement caused by the approach of the date when Napoleon's remains
+were to be brought back to Paris, and made an attempt at Boulogne-sur-Mer
+to restore Napoleon's dynasty to the throne of France. On this occasion
+the Prince was arrested and tried before the Chamber of Peers. He was
+defended by Berryer, and was condemned to perpetual confinement in the
+castle of Ham in 1846. He succeeding in escaping, and went first to
+Belgium, and thence to England.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> Lord Palmerston secured the signing of a convention by which the four
+Powers undertook to give the Porte any necessary support to reduce the
+Pasha and protect Constantinople as far as needful against his attacks.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> In 1840 the Sultan was Abdul Mejed, who ascended the throne the
+preceding year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> Rosas secured his appointment in 1829 as Governor of Buenos Ayres in
+1835. This dictator had a serious quarrel with France owing to his refusal
+to satisfy the claims of the French residents. After a long blockade the
+quarrel was satisfactorily terminated in 1840 by Admiral de Mackau.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> The Princesse de Lieven had hired in the house recently bought by
+M. de Rothschild in the Rue Saint-Florentin the first-floor rooms, which
+the Prince de Talleyrand had occupied for many years when he was in
+possession of this residence. The Princesse thought that there she could
+recover the political atmosphere which suited her taste. She stayed there
+until her death in 1857.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> The Duchesse de Talleyrand had bought a little house with a court and
+garden at Paris in the Rue de Lille, No. 73, in the year 1840. This house,
+which in size was a mere temporary abode, was bought in 1862 by the
+Comtesse de Bagneux.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> After ending the civil war (aroused by Don Carlos on the death of his
+brother, Ferdinand VII.) by the capitulation of Bergara, Marie Christina
+attempted to begin a reactionary policy. In 1840 she presented to the
+Cortes the law of the <i lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ayuntamientos</i>, intended as a restriction upon municipal
+freedom. An insurrection at once broke out in Barcelona, and rapidly
+spread to Madrid and a large number of other towns. This movement was
+supported by Espartero. The Queen-Regent summoned him and commissioned
+him to form a Ministry on September 16, 1840, but he imposed
+such severe conditions upon her that she thought acceptance impossible.
+On October 2 she resigned the regency.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> Madame Lafarge, with whom several people in French society were
+compromised, was first accused of stealing diamonds and then of poisoning
+her husband. The first accusation was never entirely cleared up, but the
+second was proved. The Court of Assizes condemned Madame Lafarge to
+penal servitude. She remained in prison for twelve years, at the end of
+which she was pardoned owing to her enfeebled health. She died a few
+months later, in 1852.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> At the age of fourteen the Duc de Richelieu, then Duc de Fronsac,
+married Mlle. de Noailles, by order of King Louis XIV. In 1734, after the
+sieges of Kehl and Philippsburg, where he greatly distinguished himself,
+Richelieu married Mlle. de Guise, Princess of Lorraine, and at the age of
+eighty-two he married a third wife, Madame de Roothe. It is said that
+after the marriage ceremony he went home to change his clothes, threw
+down the ribbon of his order on the bed, and said to his footman: "You can
+go; the Holy Spirit will do the rest."]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> King Frederick William IV. was not exactly crowned, but he went
+to K�nigsberg to receive the homage (<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">die Huldigung</i>) of his subjects,
+who took the oath of fidelity to him through their Deputies on September
+10, 1840.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> From Racine's tragedy <cite>Britannicus</cite>, Act IV. scene ii.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> The memorandum addressed by the French Government to Lord
+Palmerston will be found in the Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> Beyrout had been taken from Turkey by Ibrahim Pasha, whose
+victories had subjugated the whole of Syria for the Viceroy of Egypt. As
+this expedition threatened the Ottoman Empire, and, in fact, nearly
+brought about a European war, the town of Beyrout was bombarded and
+captured from Mehemet Ali by an Anglo-Austrian squadron in 1840.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> <em>I.e.</em> the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> This piece is to be found in the <cite>History of Madame de Maintenon and
+the Chief Events of the Reign of Louis XIV.</cite>, the first part of which was
+to appear in 1848.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> The only son of the Duc de Mortemart, who died in consequence of a
+fall from a carriage.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a> On October 15, 1840, about six o'clock in the evening, Louis-Philippe
+was returning from Paris to Saint-Cloud with the Queen and Madame
+Ad�la�de. They were driving along the Quai des Tuileries, and had reached
+the Poste du Lion, when an explosion was heard; but the weapon which the
+assassin Darm�s had used against the King had burst and the charge had
+exploded backwards. As soon as the assassin had been arrested and imprisoned
+it became necessary to amputate his left hand, which was entirely
+shattered.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a> Madame de Flahaut was an Englishwoman, daughter of Admiral
+Keith (Lord Elphinstone). He was ordered to notify Napoleon I., when he
+sought hospitality on the English coast in 1815, that he was a prisoner of
+the allies. He was also ordered to prepare for the prisoner's transport
+to St. Helena.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> Thiers and his Ministry went out on October 29, 1840, and were
+replaced by M. Guizot. Thiers was not to return to power under the reign
+of Louis-Philippe.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a> The Pope was then Gregory XVI.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a> The new Cabinet was composed as follows: Minister of War and President
+of the Council, Marshal Soult; Foreign Affairs, M. Guizot; Public
+Works, M. Teste; the Interior, M. Duch�tel; Finance, M. Humann;
+Education, M. Villemain; Justice, M. Martin du Nord; Commerce,
+M. Cunin-Gridaine; Naval Affairs, Admiral Duperr�.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">[138]</a> The opening session of the Chamber of Deputies.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">[139]</a> The Duc de Chartres.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">[140]</a> Lord Palmerston was unwilling to make any concessions.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">[141]</a> M. Sauzet.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">[142]</a> This manifesto of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation will be found
+in the Appendix.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">[143]</a> Victoria, Crown Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, was born on
+November 21, 1840. By her marriage with Prince Frederick William of
+Prussia she afterwards became Empress of Germany. She was the mother
+of the Emperor William II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">[144]</a> A conflict arising from the revolution of July 1830 broke out in Poland,
+where the Russians and the insurgents fought terrible battles under the
+walls of Warsaw. On September 7, 1831, Warsaw was obliged to capitulate
+in spite of a desperate resistance, and the event caused great grief and
+sympathy throughout France. An attempt was made to begin a revolt in
+Paris and to overthrow the Ministry of Casimir-Perier, who had recognised
+the impossibility of supporting Poland.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">[145]</a> An allusion to the &OElig;il de B&oelig;uf in the castle of Versailles, where Court
+intrigues were hatched.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">[146]</a> The Duc Pasquier.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">[147]</a> An allusion to the deed to which Louis-Philippe placed his signature in
+February 1831, the day after the Archbishop's residence was destroyed and
+Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois was plundered. M. Laffitte, who was too inclined
+to consider resistance to sedition impossible, induced the Sovereign to
+publish the following decree: "In future the State seal will represent an
+open book, bearing these words, 'Charter of 1830,' surmounted by a closed
+crown with a sceptre and a hand of justice in saltire, and tricolour flags
+behind the escutcheon, with inscription, 'Louis-Philippe, King of the
+French.'" Thus it was that the lilies disappeared which had hitherto been
+represented upon the State seal throughout the realm.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">[148]</a> At that time the Duc de Broglie.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">[149]</a> From the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> of January 1, 1836.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">[150]</a> M. Odilon Barrot.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">[151]</a> M. Casimir Perier.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">[152]</a> M. Saint-Marc Girardin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">[153]</a> From the <cite>Journal des D�bats</cite> of January 7, 1836.</p>
+
+     </div>
+   </div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino v.2/3,
+1836-1840, by Duchesse De Dino
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF THE DUCHESSE DE DINO V.2/3 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 44646-h.htm or 44646-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/6/4/44646/
+
+Produced by H�l�ne de Mink, D Alexander and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/44646-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/44646-h/images/cover.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93590aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-h/images/cover.jpg
diff --git a/old/44646-h/images/frontis.jpg b/old/44646-h/images/frontis.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acae7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/44646-h/images/frontis.jpg